title: Nut (goddess)

text: Nut appears in the creation myth of Heliopolis which involves several goddesses who play important roles: Tefnut (Tefenet) is a personification of moisture, who mated with Shu (Air) and then gave birth to Sky as the goddess Nut, who mated with her brother Earth, as Geb. From the union of Geb and Nut came, among others, the most popular of Egyptian goddesses, Isis, the mother of Horus, whose story is central to that of her brother-husband, the resurrection god Osiris. Osiris is killed by his brother Set and scattered over the Earth in 14 pieces, which Isis gathers up and puts back together.


title: Nut (goddess)

text: Ra, the sun god, was the second to rule the world, according to the reign of the gods. He decreed, "Nut shall not give birth any day of the year." At that time, the year was only 360 days. Nut spoke to Thoth, god of wisdom, and he had a plan. Thoth gambled with Khonsu, god of the Moon, whose light rivaled that of Ra's. Every time Khonsu lost, he had to give Nut a piece of his moonlight. Khonsu lost so many times that Nut had enough moonlight to make five extra days. Since these days were not part of the year, Nut could have her children. She had five children on each of the five days: Osiris, later ruler of the gods and then god of the dead; Horus the Elder, god of war; Set, god of evil and the desert; Isis, goddess of magic; and Nephthys, goddess of water. When Ra found out, he was furious. He separated Nut from her husband Geb for eternity. Her father, Shu, was given the job to keep them apart. Nevertheless, Nut did not regret her decision.


title: Nut (goddess)

text: Nut was the goddess of the sky and all heavenly bodies, a symbol of protecting the dead when they enter the afterlife. According to the Egyptians, during the day, the heavenly bodies—such as the Sun and Moon—would make their way across her body. Then, at dusk, they would be swallowed, pass through her belly during the night, and be reborn at dawn.


title: Nut (goddess)

text: Nut is also the barrier separating the forces of chaos from the ordered cosmos in the world. She was pictured as a woman arched on her toes and fingertips over the Earth; her body portrayed as a star-filled sky. Nut's fingers and toes were believed to touch the four cardinal points or directions of north, south, east, and west.


title: Nut (goddess)

text: Because of her role in saving Osiris, Nut was seen as a friend and protector of the dead, who appealed to her as a child appeals to its mother: "O my Mother Nut, stretch Yourself over me, that I may be placed among the imperishable stars which are in You, and that I may not die." Nut was thought to draw the dead into her star-filled sky, and refresh them with food and wine: "I am Nut, and I have come so that I may enfold and protect you from all things evil."


title: Nut (goddess)

text: She was often painted on the inside lid of the sarcophagus, protecting the deceased. The vaults of tombs were often painted dark blue with many stars as a representation of Nut.


title: Nut (goddess)

text: The Book of the Dead says, "Hail, thou Sycamore Tree of the Goddess Nut! Give me of the water and of the air which is in thee. I embrace that throne which is in Unu, and I keep guard over the Egg of Nekek-ur. It flourisheth, and I flourish; it liveth, and I live; it snuffeth the air, and I snuff the air, I the Osiris Ani, whose word is truth, in peace.<nowiki>"</nowiki>


title: Nut (goddess)

text: "The Book of Nut" is a modern title of what was known in ancient times as "The Fundamentals of the Course of the Stars". This is an important collection of ancient Egyptian astronomical texts, perhaps the earliest of several other such texts, going back at least to 2,000 BC. Nut, being the sky goddess, plays the big role in the "Book of Nut". The text also tells about various other sky and Earth deities, such as the star deities and the decans deities. The cycles of the stars and the planets, and the time keeping are covered in the book.


title: Damon Herriman

text: Damon Herriman is an Australian actor. He is known for his film and television work in Australia and the United States. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Dewey Crowe in "Justified". In 2019, he portrayed the cult leader and criminal Charles Manson in both the Netflix series "Mindhunter" and in the Quentin Tarantino film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood".


title: Damon Herriman

text: Damon Herriman was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He began acting in local television commercials at the age of eight, but it was not until he was cast as Frank Errol in "The Sullivans" two years later that his career began to take off. He continued to work solidly as a child actor, with a return to "The Sullivans" a year later, as well as the Australian series "The Patchwork Hero", "Sara Dane", "For the Term of His Natural Life" and "Taurus Rising." He received three Logie Award nominations for his performance in "The Sullivans".


title: Damon Herriman

text: After appearing in "The Flying Doctors", for which he won the Penguin Award for Excellence in a Performance by a Juvenile, and the children's mini-series "Elly & Jools", Herriman was cast as Mark Jorgensen, the bespectacled best friend of Ben Mendelsohn's Danny Clark in the Australian cult comedy classic, "The Big Steal".


title: Damon Herriman

text: As well as continuing to work solidly in film, television and theatre, Herriman has also written and/or directed many successful short films, including the Tropfest finalists "They" and "The Date". In 2004, he won the Best Screenplay award at Flickerfest for the short film "Soar", in which he also performed. He was a performer and contributing writer on the ABC sketch comedy series, "The Elegant Gentleman's Guide to Knife Fighting".


title: Damon Herriman

text: Herriman's other Australian work includes playing Claudia Karvan's workmate and friend George Wagstaffe in the critically acclaimed Foxtel series "Love My Way"; Marcus Dwyer in the comedy series, "Laid"; simpleton Reg in the Australian feature, "100 Bloody Acres"; as well as the title role in the ABC telemovie, "The Outlaw Michael Howe". In 2014, he was seen as manager Chris Murphy in the miniseries "", as well as appearing in Josh Lawson's debut feature, "The Little Death". Other recent Australian credits include Abe Forsythe's feature, "Down Under"; the Foxtel series, "Secret City" and "Mr Inbetween"; the Oscar nominated short, "The Eleven O'Clock"; the ABC telemovie, "Riot"; Jennifer Kent's second feature, "The Nightingale"; and the Foxtel mini-series, "Lambs of God". In 2019 he won the AACTA award for Best Lead Actor in a film for his performance in "Judy and Punch".


title: Damon Herriman

text: His American career began in 2004, playing the creepy roadkill truck driver in the US horror film "House of Wax". Since 2005 he has worked regularly in the United States, starting with such productions as "The Unit"; "Redbelt" (both written and directed by David Mamet); "Breaking Bad"; "Wilfred"; "Cold Case"; and mysterious hitman Mr. Jones on the CBS crime series, "Vegas".


title: Damon Herriman

text: He played the convicted kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby, Bruno Hauptmann, in the Clint Eastwood-helmed "J. Edgar" (2011), and one of the Cavendish gang in Gore Verbinski's "The Lone Ranger" (2013). Next he appeared in the Vince Gilligan/David Shore series for CBS, "Battle Creek"; the homeless Romeo in the Starz limited series, "Flesh and Bone"; and the violent hitman Buddy in the first season of the HBO/Cinemax series, "Quarry". In 2019, he played Charles Manson in both Quentin Tarantino's film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" and the television series "Mindhunter".


title: Damon Herriman

text: In 2019, he appeared as Paul Allen Brown in Steven Conrad's Epix series "Perpetual Grace, LTD". In 2021, he was the voice of Kabal in "Mortal Kombat", with stuntman Daniel Nelson portraying the character in the suit.


title: Damon Herriman

text: In 2018 he was awarded the Orry-Kelly Award, recognising a body of work that contributes to Australia's national identity.


title: Heat capacity

text: Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K).


title: Heat capacity

text: Heat capacity is an extensive property. The corresponding intensive property is the specific heat capacity, found by dividing the heat capacity of an object by its mass. Dividing the heat capacity by the amount of substance in moles yields its molar heat capacity. The volumetric heat capacity measures the heat capacity per volume. In architecture and civil engineering, the heat capacity of a building is often referred to as its thermal mass.


title: Heat capacity

text: where formula_3 is the amount of heat that must be added to the object (of mass "M") in order to raise its temperature by formula_4.


title: Heat capacity

text: The value of this parameter usually varies considerably depending on the starting temperature formula_5 of the object and the pressure formula_6 applied to it. In particular, it typically varies dramatically with phase transitions such as melting or vaporization (see enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of vaporization). Therefore, it should be considered a function formula_7 of those two variables.


title: Heat capacity

text: The variation can be ignored in contexts when working with objects in narrow ranges of temperature and pressure. For example, the heat capacity of a block of iron weighing one pound is about 204 J/K when measured from a starting temperature "T" = 25 °C and "P" = 1 atm of pressure. That approximate value is adequate for temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C, and surrounding pressures from 0 to 10 atmospheres, because the exact value varies very little in those ranges. One can trust that the same heat input of 204 J will raise the temperature of the block from 15 °C to 16 °C, or from 34 °C to 35 °C, with negligible error.


title: Heat capacity

text: At constant pressure, heat supplied to the system contributes to both the work done and the change in internal energy, according to the first law of thermodynamics. The heat capacity is called formula_8


title: Heat capacity

text: A system undergoing a process at constant volume implies that no expansion work is done, so the heat supplied contributes only to the change in internal energy. The heat capacity obtained this way is denoted formula_9 The value of formula_10 is always less than the value of formula_8 (formula_10 < formula_8)


title: Heat capacity

text: No change in internal energy (as the temperature of the system is constant throughout the process) leads to only work done by the total supplied heat, and thus an infinite amount of heat is required to increase the temperature of the system by a unit temperature, leading to infinite or undefined heat capacity of the system.


title: Heat capacity

text: Heat capacity of a system undergoing phase transition is infinite, because the heat is utilized in changing the state of the material rather than raising the overall temperature.


title: Heat capacity

text: The heat capacity may be well-defined even for heterogeneous objects, with separate parts made of different materials; such as an electric motor, a crucible with some metal, or a whole building. In many cases, the (isobaric) heat capacity of such objects can be computed by simply adding together the (isobaric) heat capacities of the individual parts.


title: Heat capacity

text: However, this computation is valid only when all parts of the object are at the same external pressure before and after the measurement. That may not be possible in some cases. For example, when heating an amount of gas in an elastic container, its volume "and pressure" will both increase, even if the atmospheric pressure outside the container is kept constant. Therefore, the effective heat capacity of the gas, in that situation, will have a value intermediate between its isobaric and isochoric capacities formula_21 and formula_22.


title: Heat capacity

text: For complex thermodynamic systems with several interacting parts and state variables, or for measurement conditions that are neither constant pressure nor constant volume, or for situations where the temperature is significantly non-uniform, the simple definitions of heat capacity above are not useful or even meaningful. The heat energy that is supplied may end up as kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (energy stored in force fields), both at macroscopic and atomic scales. Then the change in temperature will depends on the particular path that the system followed through its phase space between the initial and final states. Namely, one must somehow specify how the positions, velocities, pressures, volumes, etc. changed between the initial and final states; and use the general tools of thermodynamics to predict the system's reaction to a small energy input. The "constant volume" and "constant pressure" heating modes are just two among infinitely many paths that a simple homogeneous system can follow.


title: Heat capacity

text: The heat capacity can usually be measured by the method implied by its definition: start with the object at a known uniform temperature, add a known amount of heat energy to it, wait for its temperature to become uniform, and measure the change in its temperature. This method can give moderately accurate values for many solids; however, it cannot provide very precise measurements, especially for gases.


title: Heat capacity

text: The SI unit for heat capacity of an object is joule per kelvin (J/K or J⋅K). Since an increment of temperature of one degree Celsius is the same as an increment of one kelvin, that is the same unit as J/°C.


title: Heat capacity

text: The heat capacity of an object is an amount of energy divided by a temperature change, which has the dimension L⋅M⋅T⋅Θ. Therefore, the SI unit J/K is equivalent to kilogram meter squared per second squared per kelvin (kg⋅m⋅s⋅K ).


title: Heat capacity

text: Professionals in construction, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and other technical disciplines, especially in the United States, may use the so-called English Engineering units, that include the pound (lb = 0.45359237 kg) as the unit of mass, the degree Fahrenheit or Rankine (°K, about 0.55556 °K) as the unit of temperature increment, and the British thermal unit (BTU ≈ 1055.06 J), as the unit of heat. In those contexts, the unit of heat capacity is 1 BTU/°R ≈ 1900 J/°K. The BTU was in fact defined so that the average heat capacity of one pound of water would be 1 BTU/°F. In this regard, with respect to mass, note conversion of 1 Btu/lb⋅°R ≈ 4,187 J/kg⋅°K and the calorie (below).


title: Heat capacity

text: In chemistry, heat amounts are often measured in calories. Confusingly, two units with that name, denoted "cal" or "Cal", have been commonly used to measure amounts of heat:


title: Heat capacity

text: Most physical systems exhibit a positive heat capacity; constant-volume and constant-pressure heat capacities, rigorously defined as partial derivatives, are always positive for homogeneous bodies. However, even though it can seem paradoxical at first, there are some systems for which the heat capacity formula_23/formula_4 is "negative". Examples include a reversibly and nearly adiabatically expanding ideal gas, which cools, formula_4< 0, while a small amount of heat formula_23 > 0 is put in, or combusting methane with increasing temperature, formula_4> 0, and giving off heat, formula_23 < 0. Others are inhomogeneous systems that do not meet the strict definition of thermodynamic equilibrium. They include gravitating objects such as stars and galaxies, and also some nano-scale clusters of a few tens of atoms close to a phase transition. A negative heat capacity can result in a negative temperature.


title: Heat capacity

text: According to the virial theorem, for a self-gravitating body like a star or an interstellar gas cloud, the average potential energy "U" and the average kinetic energy "U" are locked together in the relation


title: Heat capacity

text: If the system loses energy, for example, by radiating energy into space, the average kinetic energy actually increases. If a temperature is defined by the average kinetic energy, then the system therefore can be said to have a negative heat capacity.


title: Heat capacity

text: A more extreme version of this occurs with black holes. According to black-hole thermodynamics, the more mass and energy a black hole absorbs, the colder it becomes. In contrast, if it is a net emitter of energy, through Hawking radiation, it will become hotter and hotter until it boils away.


title: Heat capacity

text: According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, when two systems with different temperatures interact via a purely thermal connection, heat will flow from the hotter system to the cooler one (this can also be understood from a statistical point of view). Therefore, if such systems have equal temperatures, they are at thermal equilibrium. However, this equilibrium is stable only if the systems have "positive" heat capacities. For such systems, when heat flows from a higher temperature system to a lower temperature one, the temperature of the first decreases and that of the latter increases, so that both approach equilibrium. In contrast, for systems with "negative" heat capacities, the temperature of the hotter system will further increase as it loses heat, and that of the colder will further decrease, so that they will move farther from equilibrium. This means that the equilibrium is unstable.


title: Heat capacity

text: For example, according to theory, the smaller (less massive) a black hole is, the smaller its Schwarzschild radius will be and therefore the greater the curvature of its event horizon will be, as well as its temperature. Thus, the smaller the black hole, the more thermal radiation it will emit and the more quickly it will evaporate.


title: Billy Bob Thornton filmography

text: The following is the filmography of American actor, filmmaker, singer, songwriter and musician Billy Bob Thornton.


title: 42 Dugg

text: Dion Marquise Hayes (born November 25, 1995), known professionally as 42 Dugg, is an American rapper. He is jointly signed to rappers Lil Baby and Yo Gotti's respective labels 4 Pockets Full (4PF) and Collective Music Group (CMG), in conjunction with Interscope Records. He is known for his collaborations with Lil Baby, including "Grace" and "We Paid", the latter becoming his first top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His second mixtape "Young & Turnt 2" garnered acclaim and marked his debut on the "Billboard" 200. His fourth mixtape, "Free Dem Boyz", was released in 2021, peaking at number 8 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: 42 Dugg

text: Hayes was born on November 25, 1995, and raised on the East Side of Detroit, Michigan near Whittier Avenue & Wayburn Street. The numbers "42" in Dugg's name is a numerical reference to a local Crips LC set known as the Hustle Boys. At age 15 he was arrested and sentenced to 4 years in prison for carjacking, though a fight with an inmate while incarcerated extended his prison time to a total of 6 years. He spent a month in solitary confinement on two occasions. During these times he practiced his lyric writing and he was released at age 22. He met fellow rapper Lil Baby in 2017. He grew up listening to Yo Gotti and Jeezy.


title: 42 Dugg

text: Hayes first gained traction for tracks "The Streets" and "STFU". After writing slam poetry with Lil Baby, he signed to Lil Baby's 4 Pockets Full (4PF) and Yo Gotti's Collective Music Group (CMG), in conjunction with Interscope Records. 42 Dugg received national attention when he was featured on Lil Baby's February 2020 track "Grace", peaking at number 48 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. He was also featured on Lil Baby's track "We Paid" in May 2020, peaking at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. This boosted sales of his mixtape "Young & Turnt 2", peaking at number 58 on the "Billboard" 200 and number six on "Billboard"s Independent Albums chart. Hayes followed this success by doing guest features on songs for other artists such as Marshmello, Lil Keed, Meek Mill, Blac Youngsta, Big Sean, T.I., Kaash Paige, Tory Lanez and Latto.


title: 42 Dugg

text: On February 21, 2021, a shooting occurred at Roddy Ricch and 42 Dugg's music video shoot, which left three people injured in Atlanta. OMB Peezy was later charged with the shooting with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. All three injured survived.


title: 42 Dugg

text: In May 2021, "Billboard" named 42 Dugg the "R&B/Hip-Hop Rookie of the Month". That same week, on May 21, 2021, Dugg released the 19-track mixtape, titled "Free Dem Boyz", a dedication to all of his incarcerated friends. The project features the "standout" single, "4 da Gang" featuring Roddy Ricch; as well as other guest features from Lil Durk, Rowdy Rebel, and Fivio Foreign. Also in 2021, he was featured on the annual "XXL" Freshman Class.


title: 42 Dugg

text: 42 Dugg usually employs a slurred vocal style with auto-tune into his music. His whistle has been noted as his signature sound that also kicks off nearly every song on his 2020 mixtape "Young and Turnt Vol 2".


title: 42 Dugg

text: In 2019, Hayes was seen firing a gun in an Atlanta gun range, which he was prohibited from doing due to a prior felony conviction. He was sentenced to three years of probation and ordered to pay a $90,000 fine. On June 5, 2020, Hayes fled from a traffic stop in a rented SUV after running through a stop sign and spent two months as a fugitive. Authorities worked with the rental company to try to catch Hayes. Police captured Hayes on August 4, 2020, and charged him with a third-degree felony for fleeing from police. He was released on a $20,000 bond. Having violated the terms of his release for the gun range incident, he was sentenced to six months in a federal prison camp.


title: 42 Dugg

text: On May 5, 2022, Hayes was arrested in Michigan at Willow Run Airport after failing to report to serve his prison sentence. In April of the same year, he tried to avoid incarceration by filing a court document in which he claimed to be a sovereign citizen immune from federal laws.


title: John Bishop

text: John Marcus Bishop (born 30 November 1966) is an English comedian, presenter, actor and former footballer.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop formerly played football as a midfielder for Winsford United F.C., Crewe Alexandra F.C., Runcorn F.C., Rhyl F.C.,


title: John Bishop

text: Hyde United F.C., Southport F.C., Stalybridge Celtic F.C., Northwich Victoria F.C., Caernarfon Town F.C. and Holywell Town F.C. His television debut came on "The Panel", and he subsequently appeared in seasons 3 and 4 of the E4 teen drama "Skins" and the Ken Loach film "Route Irish". He has also hosted his own shows such as "John Bishop's Britain" (2010–2011), "John Bishop's Only Joking" (2013), and "The John Bishop Show" (2015, 2022).


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop had a regular Sunday slot on Liverpool radio station Radio City called "Bishop's Sunday Service". He is also known for his charity work, most notably raising £4.2 million for Sport Relief 2012.


title: John Bishop

text: John Joseph Bishop was born at Mill Road Hospital in the Liverpool suburb of West Derby on 30 November 1966, the son of housewife Kathleen (née Hackett) and labourer Edward Bishop, a couple from nearby Huyton. He has an older brother, footballer Eddie, and two older sisters, Kathy and Carol. He grew up mostly in the Cheshire towns of Runcorn and Winsford, attending Murdishaw West Primary School and Brookvale Academy in the former. He briefly studied English at Newcastle Polytechnic, and gained a BA in Social Science from Manchester Polytechnic. He later became a medical representative for the pharmaceutical company Syntex, where he worked until leaving in 2006 to pursue his comedy career full-time at the age of 40.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop performed stand-up comedy for the first time in Manchester in October 2000, and the following year, made it to the final of all the major new act competitions, including "So You Think You're Funny", the "Daily Telegraph" Open Mic Awards, the BBC New Comedy Awards, and the City Life North West Comedian of The Year Award, which he won. In 2002, he was named best newcomer by BBC Radio Merseyside, and in 2004, he won the North West Comedy Award for best stand-up. In 2009, Bishop appeared as the first act on "Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow" in Manchester. That year, he appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, where his show "Elvis Has Left the Building" was nominated for an "Eddie" (Edinburgh Comedy Award).


title: John Bishop

text: In 2009, Bishop appeared in Channel 4's series "Comedy Showcase" and was a contestant on "Celebrity Mastermind". He also appeared in the BBC Three sitcom "Lunch Monkeys" as fireman Terry. He has appeared five times on 5 Live's "Fighting Talk" quiz show, claiming four victories on the programme. His material is drawn from his life's experiences, including fatherhood, cycling around the world, playing semi-professional football, and working as a nightclub doorman. Bishop's first television appearance was in 2007 on the RTÉ topical-comedy show "The Panel", where he was a regular panelist until 2008. He then went onto the Channel 4 panel show "8 out of 10 Cats" before appearing on the BBC's "Live at the Apollo". In December 2009, Bishop started his own TV show on LFC TV called "John Bishop Meets...", where he interviewed former Liverpool football players.


title: John Bishop

text: In 2010, Bishop was a celebrity team captain on "What Do Kids Know?" with Rufus Hound, Joe Swash and Sara Cox on Watch. He has also appeared on BBC's "Mock the Week", and Radio 4's "Act Your Age". In series 3 and series 4 of "Skins", Bishop portrayed Emily and Katie Fitch's father. In 2010, Bishop appeared in Ken Loach's "Route Irish", which premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Bishop is a regular panelist on Sky1 show, "A League of Their Own", as well as a stand-up/sketch show for BBC One titled "John Bishop's Britain". On 11 July 2010, Bishop came runner-up in the second-ever game of "How Many Peter Jones'?" on ITV's "James Corden's World Cup Live". He has appeared as a panellist on BBC programmes "Have I Got News for You", "Would I Lie to You?", and on "QI". On 28 October 2010, he also guest hosted an episode of series 40 of "Have I Got News For You".


title: John Bishop

text: On 12 February 2010, during an appearance on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" it was revealed that prior to his TV breakthrough, Bishop had worked as a warm-up for the show. In March 2011, Bishop and fellow comedians Alan Carr, James Corden, Catherine Tate, and David Walliams appeared in the video for Take That's single "Happy Now" for Comic Relief. On 24 June 2012, he appeared on "Desert Island Discs". On 28 August and 4 September 2012, he appeared in "Accused" as Peter for two episodes. In late 2012, Bishop appeared on BBC genealogy series "Who Do You Think You Are?" and on an ITV one-off episode called "Panto!", where he starred as a local Morecambe disc jockey called Lewis Loud. As of January 2013, Bishop hosts "John Bishop's Only Joking" on Sky 1.


title: John Bishop

text: On 28 July 2013, Bishop headlined the Vodafone comedy festival in Dublin's Iveagh Gardens. Before the gig, a reporter called Brian Boyd interviewed him about his recently replenished marriage and how his wife eventually found him funny again.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop's autobiography titled "How Did All This Happen?" was published in October 2013. In November 2013, he hosted the 2013 Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium theatre in the presence of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.


title: John Bishop

text: In December 2014, he appeared in "A Night in with Olly Murs" where he and Olly Murs had a lip-sync battle. In 2015, Bishop presented his own variety show on BBC One called "The John Bishop Show".


title: John Bishop

text: In May 2015, Bishop appeared as a special guest at the Liverpool date of Murs's Never Been Better Tour and performed "Troublemaker" with him.


title: John Bishop

text: In January 2016, he took part in the BBC series "Stargazing Live", appearing from the European Astronaut Centre, and following Tim Peake's astronaut training programme with a simulated spacewalk, underwater.


title: John Bishop

text: Since September 2016, Bishop has presented "" for the W channel. Two series have been aired: the show will return for a third series.


title: John Bishop

text: On 21 September 2016, Bishop was confirmed to have a role in ITV drama series "Fearless", which aired in 2017.


title: John Bishop

text: On 29 September 2016, Bishop announced that he would be going on tour for the fifth time in October and November 2017 with a show titled "Winging It".


title: John Bishop

text: In August 2019, Bishop began presenting a football programme called "Back of the Net" for Amazon Prime Video with Peter Crouch and Gabby Logan.


title: John Bishop

text: On 8 September 2020, Bishop and writer, actor and director Tony Pitts launched their new podcast called "Three Little Words". This podcast was launched on the "Crowd Network" podcasting platform, which has financial backing from John Bishop and was started by a group of ex-BBC executives.


title: John Bishop

text: On 1 January 2021, Bishop announced that he would join the cast of "Doctor Who" as Dan Lewis, a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. On 28 January, it was announced that Bishop would appear as a contestant on the 4th series of "The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off" in the spring of that year.


title: John Bishop

text: At the 2010 British Comedy Awards, Bishop won the Best Male Comedy Breakthrough Artist award. He became the Number 1 "Star in a reasonably priced car" on "Top Gear" on Sunday 23 January 2011 after he appeared on the BBC Two show. He drove the Kia Cee'd around the test track in 1 minute and 42.8 seconds to become the fastest star in the latest reasonably priced car, knocking Tom Cruise off the top. Bishop's record lasted nearly half a year until being knocked off by Rowan Atkinson (1 minute 42.2 seconds) on Sunday 17 July 2011. He was also the fastest in the "League of Their Own" skeleton race, beating Georgie Thompson and James Corden.


title: John Bishop

text: On 18 July 2014, Bishop was awarded an honorary fellowship at Liverpool John Moores University in recognition of his contribution to the arts and charity work during a ceremony at Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral.


title: John Bishop

text: On 11 July 2018, Bishop won the Celebrity Animal Champion award at the RSPCA Honours Awards for his work with rescue animals. On 25 July 2019, Bishop received an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Manchester Metropolitan University for his charity work, and the contributions he has made to comedy and the arts.


title: John Bishop

text: On 30 March 2010, Bishop took part in "Channel 4's Comedy Gala", a benefit show held in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital, filmed live at the O2 Arena in London.


title: John Bishop

text: In 2012, Bishop completed a triathlon from Paris to London in five days to raise money for the BBC charity Sport Relief. His "week of hell" began at the Eiffel Tower on 27 February, where he cycled to Calais. The next day, he rowed across the English Channel as part of a team including Davina McCall, Andrew Flintoff, and Denise Lewis, then ran from Dover to London in three days, finishing in Trafalgar Square on 2 March. On 23 March, during the Sport Relief telethon, it was announced that his efforts had raised £4.2 million. Also in 2012, he took part in The Justice Collective for their cover of The Hollies single "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" for charities in aid of Hillsborough disaster victims. On 27 May 2012, he took part in the Soccer Aid match for Unicef, playing for the England team, who won 3–1 against the Rest of the World.


title: John Bishop

text: In 2014, Bishop once again took part in Sport Relief as a team captain for the "Clash of the Titans" event, competing against Sebastian Coe and his team. In May 2014, Bishop donated £96,000 to the Hillsborough Family Support Group after being moved by personal statements delivered by the victims' families at their inquests. On 8 June 2014, he took part in his second Soccer Aid football match, again playing for England, this time losing 4–2 to the Rest of the World. On 5 June 2016, he took part in his third Soccer Aid match, playing on England's team.


title: John Bishop

text: In 2020, Bishop donated 100 laptops to his former school, Brookvale Academy, as he warned of a “gulf” in society risks leaving children behind.


title: John Bishop

text: On 19 April 2016, Bishop served as host for a comedy gig at the Royal Albert Hall in aid of Teenage Cancer Trust.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop competed in the Ciaran Geddes memorial match at the Deva Stadium, scoring two goals while playing with his brother Eddie for Chester.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop has been married to his wife Melanie since 1993, though they were separated for 18 months starting in 2000. They have three sons: Joe (born 1994), Luke (born 1996), and Daniel (born 1998). Until 2019, they lived at Whatcroft Hall in Northwich, Cheshire. The property is a Grade II listed Georgian mansion. In April 2019, he sold the home for £6.2 million to the HS2 rail project, despite his vocal criticism of the project.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop enjoys playing football and is an avid Liverpool FC fan, a fact frequently brought up on the show "A League of Their Own", on which he was a panelist. In July 2010, he took part in protests against then-owners of Liverpool FC, Tom Hicks and George Gillett, and later took part in a celebrity-studded protest video on YouTube.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop pre-recorded a video message for the 2011 Labour Party conference, which was held in Liverpool.


title: John Bishop

text: Bishop has been a vegetarian since 1985, which he discussed on BBC Two's "Something for The Weekend" and his episode on food on his stand-up show "John Bishop's Britain". In 2013, PETA declared him to be one of the "Sexiest Vegetarians" of the year.


title: John Bishop

text: In September 2016, Bishop was ranked tenth place on "Forbes" Top 10 Highest Paid Comedians List, earning £5.4 million a year, making him the UK's highest earning comedian.


title: John Bishop

text: On 30 December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Bishop revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 on Christmas Day and described it as the "worst illness [he has] ever had".


title: John Bishop

text: While driving in Wales on 21 July 2021, Bishop crashed his Land Rover Discovery after swerving to avoid another driver who had swerved to avoid a "big chicken". He was on his way to take a ferry to Ireland and was unhurt.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz (; ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants. A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people. Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the () seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years.


title: Shiraz

text: The earliest reference to the city, as "Tiraziš", is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE. The modern city was restored or founded by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. It was the capital of Iran during the Zand dynasty from 1750 until 1800. Two famous poets of Iran, Hafez and Saadi, are from Shiraz, whose tombs are located on the north side of the current city boundaries.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is one of the top tourist cities Iran and it is known as the city of poets, literature, and flowers. It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens due to the presence of many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen throughout the city, such as Eram Garden. Shiraz is also a famous tourist destination in the world. Every year many tourists come around the world visit Shiraz. Shiraz has historically had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silverware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called and in the villages and among the tribes. Dominant industries in the city include the production of cement, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork, and rugs. Shiraz also has a major oil refinery and is a major centre for Iran's electronic industries: 53 percent of Iran's electronic investment has been centred in Shiraz. The city is home to Iran's first solar powerplant. Recently, Shiraz's first wind turbine has been installed above Mount Babakuhi near the city.


title: Shiraz

text: The earliest reference to the city is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE, found in June 1970, while digging to make a kiln for a brick factory in the south western corner of the city. The tablets written in ancient Elamite name a city called "Tiraziš". Phonetically, this is interpreted as /tiračis/ or /ćiračis/. This name became Old Persian /širājiš/; through regular sound change comes the modern Persian name "Shirāz". The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd-century CE Sassanid ruin, east of the city. By some of the native writers, the name Shiraz has derived from a son of Tahmuras, the third Shāh (King) of the world according to Ferdowsi's Shāhnāma.


title: Shiraz

text: Though, there is no definitive record of its existence prior to the late 7th century CE, few archaeological finds dating from 1933 and beyond indicate that the site or vicinity of Shiraz was likely settled in the pre-Islamic era as early as the 6th century BCE. A number of Sasanian-era remains have been discovered around the city, including reliefs at Barm-e Delak to the east and Guyim to the northwest, and ruins of Sasanian fortresses at Qasr-e Abu Nasr to the east and Fahandezh. The latter is identified with the fortress of Shahmobad mentioned as being in Shiraz by the 10th-century geographical work, "Hudud al-'alam". The names "Tirrazish" and "Shirrazish" were found on Elamite tablets in Persepolis, while Sasanian and early Islamic-era clay seals found at Qasr-e-Abu Nasr mention the name "Shiraz" alongside the name of the Sasanian administrative district of the area, Ardashir-Khwarrah. According to the diplomat and academic John Limbert, this indicates that the name "Shiraz" is traced back to the Elamite "Shirrazish" and that both refer to a settlement that existed at the site of Qasr-e-Abu Nasr.


title: Shiraz

text: Interpretations of what type of settlement ancient Shiraz was vary. According to Berney and Ring, the lack of references to Shiraz in early Persian sources suggests the city could not have been more than a way-station in the plain in which it lays. On the other hand, according to Abdolmajed Arfaee, Achaemenid-era Shiraz must have been one of the most important settlements in the area. He bases this on its frequent appearance in the Persepolis Administrative Archives (84 different tablets) as well as the number of workers present – in groups as large as 490. Most textual references to Shiraz involve rations for workers; it is never mentioned as a travel destination. Arfaee says that Sasanian Shiraz was relatively insignificant before its re-foundation in the early Islamic period. According to John Limbert, however, Shiraz prospered between the 6th and 8th-centuries CE and was possibly the administrative center for the Shiraz plain until the modern city of Shiraz was founded.


title: Shiraz

text: The present city of Shiraz was founded or restored in 693 by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, the brother of the Umayyad viceroy of the eastern half of the caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, or the latter's kinsman Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Muslim army had conquered the wider region of Fars, where the site of Shiraz is located, in several expeditions launched from their garrison town of Basra between 640 and 653, and specifically captured the immediate area around Shiraz early on, in 641. This area did not possess any cities, though there were a number of forts which were forced to pay tribute to the Arabs. The Sasanians held firm in Istakhr, their capital in Fars, until the Arabs captured it in a heavy battle in 653, during which the plain of Shiraz had been utilized as an Arab campground. Because of Istakhr's deep association with the Sasanian Empire and the Zoroastrian religion, the Arabs sought to establish in nearby Shiraz a rival cultural and administrative center. Thus, during its initial founding in 693, the city was planned to be much larger than Isfahan. However, the initial ambitions were not realized and Shiraz remained a "provincial backwater" in the shadow of Istakhr until at least the late 9th century, according to Limbert. This is partly attributed to the reticence of the largely Zoroastrian population of Fars to inhabit the Islamic Arab city. As the population gradually shifted to Islam from Zoroastrianism and Istakhr concurrently declined, Shiraz grew into the practical center of Fars.


title: Shiraz

text: According to Muslim traditional sources, Shiraz was used as a hideout by three of the brothers of the Shia Muslim imam Ali al-Ridha following the latter's death in 817/18 and later by one of the brothers' sons, Ali ibn Hamza ibn Musa, until he was found and executed by the Abbasid authorities in circa 835. As Abbasid authority waned during this period, regional dynasties emerged with considerable autonomy. In the late 9th century, the Iranian Muslim Saffarid dynasty under Ya'qub ibn al-Layth made Shiraz the capital of their autonomous state, which encompassed most of modern-day Iran. In 894, Ya'qub's brother and successor, Amr, founded the city's first congregational mosque, today known as the Atigh Jame' Mosque.


title: Shiraz

text: The Iranian Buyid dynasty under Imad al-Dawla Ali ibn Buya ousted the Saffarids in 933 and his nephew and successor, 'Adud al-Dawla Fana Khusraw, took over and ruled Fars between 949 and 983, and added Iraq, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate, to his Shiraz-based domains in 977; the Abbasids thenceforth became a puppet state of the Shiraz-based dynasty. Shiraz developed into the largest and most prosperous city of Fars and an important economic and cultural center of the caliphate. Adud al-Dawla had a large library, a hospital and several mosques, bazaars, caravanserais, palaces and gardens built in the city, while south of it he erected a fortified camp for his troops, known as Kard Fana Khusraw, in 974. One of the congregational mosques built by Adud al-Dawla has survived until the present day. Two Zoroastrian fire temples also existed in Shiraz, catering to the Persians who had not converted to Islam. One of Adud al-Dawla's palaces stretched out for nearly three miles and consisted of 360 rooms.


title: Shiraz

text: Under the Buyids, Shiraz was divided into twelve quarters and had eight gates. It owed its economic prosperity to the booming agricultural trade of Fars. The city largely consumed the agricultural products of the province, including grapes, linen, wool, cotton, collyrium, rose, violet and palm-blossom water. It was also a market for rug weavers and painters to sell their pricey products, a testament to the residents' wealth. At the time, wine, grains, gold and silver were exported from the Farsi port cities of Siraf and Najairam. Adud al-Dawla patronized scientific, medical and Islamic religious research in Shiraz.


title: Shiraz

text: The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols, when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan. Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane, when in 1382 the local monarch, Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. For this reason the city was named by classical geographers "Dar al-'Elm", the House of Knowledge. Among the Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sa'di and Hafiz, the mystic Ruzbehan, and the philosopher Mulla Sadra. Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed "The Athens of Iran".


title: Shiraz

text: As early as the 11th century, several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz. In the 14th century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants. During the 16th century it had a population of 200,000 people, which by the mid-18th century had decreased to only 55,000.


title: Shiraz

text: In 1504, Shiraz was captured by the forces of Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty. Throughout the Safavid empire (1501–1722) Shiraz remained a provincial capital and Emam Qoli Khan, the governor of Fars under Shah Abbas I, constructed many palaces and ornate buildings in the same style as those built during the same period in Isfahan, the capital of the Empire. After the fall of the Safavids, Shiraz suffered a period of decline, worsened by the raids of the Afghans and the rebellion of its governor against Nader Shah; the latter sent troops to suppress the revolt. The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked. At the time of Nader Shah's murder in 1747, most of the historical buildings of the city were damaged or ruined, and its population fell to 50,000, one-quarter of that during the 16th century.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of Karim Khan Zand, who made it his capital in 1762. Employing more than 12,000 workers, he constructed a royal district with a fortress, many administrative buildings, a mosque, and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran. He had a moat built around the city, constructed an irrigation and drainage system, and rebuilt the city walls. However, Karim Khan's heirs failed to secure his gains. When Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, eventually came to power, he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city's fortifications and moving the national capital to Tehran. Although lowered to the rank of a provincial capital, Shiraz maintained a level of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf. Its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the Qajar dynasty. Many of the famous gardens, buildings and residences built during this time contribute to the city's present skyline.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is the birthplace of the co-founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the Báb (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad, 1819–1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation. For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Baháʼís, and the city, particularly the house of the Báb, was identified as a place of pilgrimage. Due to the hostile climate towards Baháʼís in Iran, the house has been the target of repeated attacks; the house was destroyed in 1979, to be paved over two years later and made into a public square.


title: Shiraz

text: In 1910, a pogrom of the Jewish quarter started after false rumours that the Jews had ritually murdered a Muslim girl. In the course of the riots, 12 Jews were murdered and about 50 were injured, and the 6,000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions.


title: Shiraz

text: During the Pahlavi dynasty, Shiraz became the center of attention again. Many important landmarks like Tombs of Poets' such as Sa'di and Hafiz, were constructed and presented to the public.


title: Shiraz

text: Lacking any great industrial, religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative center, although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the 1979 revolution.


title: Shiraz

text: The city's municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects.


title: Shiraz

text: Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Arg of Karim Khan and of the Vakil Bath, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the Qur'an Gate and the mausoleum of the poet Khwaju Kermani, both located in the Allah-u-Akbar Gorge, as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz-born poets Hafiz and Saadi.


title: Shiraz

text: Several different construction projects are currently underway that will modernize the city's infrastructure.


title: Shiraz

text: After the Iranian Revolution, Shiraz was re-established as the capital of Iranian Art and Culture among the people. Shiraz is known as the capital of Persian Art, Culture and Literature. However, the current government has tried to re-brand the city as "Sevomin haram-e ahle beit" meaning "Third home of Saints" referring to the Shahcheragh shrine and some other holy places in the city.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is located in the south of Iran and the northwest of Fars province. It is built in a green plain at the foot of the Zagros Mountains above sea level. Shiraz is south of Tehran.


title: Shiraz

text: A seasonal river, Dry River, flows through the northern part of the city and on into Maharloo Lake. As of 1920, the area had a large forest of oak trees.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens. Due to population growth in the city, many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments. Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens, many illegal developments still endanger them.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz's climate has distinct seasons, and is overall classed as a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSk"), though it is only a little short of a hot semi-arid climate ("BSh") or a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification "Csa"). Summers are hot, with a July average high of . Winters are cool, with average low temperatures below freezing in December and January. Around of rain falls each year, almost entirely in the winter months, though in some cases as much as this has fallen in a single month (as in January 1965 and December 2004), whilst in the year from July 1965 to June 1966 as little as fell. The wettest year has been 1955/1956 with as much as , though since 1959 the highest has been around in each of 1995/1996 and 2004/2005. Due to Shiraz' high elevation and low latitude, the UV index is extremely high during summer which is further exacerbated by the high frequency of sunshine.


title: Shiraz

text: Despite being in a relatively dry climate, extreme weather is not a rare occasion. On 25 March 2019, flash floods from heavy rains has resulted in 19 deaths and over 200 injuries.


title: Shiraz

text: The highest record temperature was on 3 July 2022 and the lowest record temperature was on 5 January 1973.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.


title: Shiraz

text: Agriculture has always been a major part of the economy in and around Shiraz. This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts. Shirāz is famous for its carpet production and flowers as well. Viticulture has a long history in the region, and Shirazi wine used to be produced here. Shiraz is also an Iranian center for IT, communication, electronic industry, and transportation.


title: Shiraz

text: The Shiraz Special Economic Zone or the SEEZ was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacturing in electronics and communications.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is a major shopping destination in Iran and the Middle East, with more than 25 malls and 10 bazaars.


title: Shiraz

text: The Persian Gulf Complex, located at the north end of the city, is the largest mall in the world in terms of the number of shops.


title: Shiraz

text: The Vakil Bazaar, one of the oldest bazaars in the world, is located in the old city centre of Shiraz. Featuring courtyards, caravansarais, and bath houses, its shops sell different types of spices, Persian rugs, copper handicrafts and antiques.


title: Shiraz

text: , Shiraz has a population of 1,700,665 the majority of whom are Persian. Most of the population of Shiraz are Muslim. Shiraz also was home to a 20,000-strong Jewish community, although most emigrated to the United States and Israel in the latter half of the 20th century. Along with Tehran and Isfahan, Shiraz is one of the handful of Iranian cities with a sizable Jewish population and more than one active synagogue.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is known as the city of poets, gardens, wine, nightingales and flowers. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; carpet-weaving, and the making of the rugs called gilim (Shiraz Kilim) and the blanket called Jajim in the villages and among the tribes.


title: Shiraz

text: The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the Eram garden and the Afif abad garden. According to some people, Shiraz "disputes with Xeres [or Jerez] in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of sherry." Shirazi wine originates from the city; however, under the current Islamic regime, liquor cannot be consumed except by religious minorities.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is proud of being mother land of Hafiz Shirazi, Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets. Saadi, a 12th- and 13th-century poet was born in Shiraz. He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. When he reappeared in his native Shiraz he was an elderly man. Shiraz, under Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy (1231–1260) was enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. He seems to have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz. Hafiz, another famous poet and mystic was also born in Shiraz. A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, a 13th-century astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist was from Shiraz. In his "The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens", he also discussed the possibility of heliocentrism.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is home to a vibrant academic community. The Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946. Much older is the august Madrasa-e-Khan, or Khan Theological School, with about 600 students; its tile-covered buildings date from 1627.


title: Shiraz

text: Today Shiraz University is the largest university in the province, and one of Iran's best academic centers. Other major universities in or nearby Shiraz are the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz University of Technology, and Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology.


title: Shiraz

text: The Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology is the largest provincial library serving the public.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz International Airport serves as the largest airport in the southern region of Iran. After undergoing renovation and redevelopment work in 2005, Shiraz Airport was identified as the second-most-reliable and -modern airport in Iran (after Imam Khomeini International Airport of Tehran) in terms of flight safety including electronic and navigation control systems of its flight tower.


title: Shiraz

text: Construction of a metro system was started in 2001 by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization. The plan is to create six lines. The length of the first Line is , the length of the second line will be approximately . The length of the third line will be . 21 stations were built in route one.


title: Shiraz

text: The first three lines, when completed, will have 32 stations below ground, six above, and one special station connected to the railway station. The first line was started in October 2014 between Shahid Dastgheib (airport) Metro Station and Ehsan stations. A single ticket costs 10000 rials, with trains operating every 15 minutes. Line 1 is extended from the airport To Ehsan Square (northern part).


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz has 71 bus lines. Iran's third Bus Rapid Transit opened in Shiraz in 2009 with two lines, and a further two planned to open in 2010. Service is free on 5 May, the day of the city.


title: Shiraz

text: Shiraz is connected with the rest of Iran's railway network. The trains arrive and leave from Shiraz railway station, Iran's largest railway station according to surface area. It has passenger trains, operating six days per week to Isfahan, Tehran and Mashad.


title: Shiraz

text: Football is the most popular sport in Shiraz and the city has many teams in this sport. The most notable of these teams is Bargh Shiraz who are one of the oldest teams in Iran, Bargh was once a regular member of the Persian Gulf Pro League; however, financial issues and poor management have led them dropping to League 3 where they currently play. Shiraz's other major football team is Fajr Sepasi who also played in the Persian Gulf Pro League; however, now they play in the second tier Azadegan League. Shiraz is host to a number of smaller and lesser known teams as well, such as Kara Shiraz, New Bargh and Qashaei who all play in League 2.


title: Shiraz

text: The main sporting venue in Shiraz is Hafezieh Stadium which can hold up to 20,000 people. The stadium is the venue for many of the cities football matches and has occasionally hosted the Iran national football team. Shiraz is also home to another stadium, Pars Stadium, which was completed in 2017, and can host up to 50,000 spectators.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 184510 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The unit of measurement roentgen was also named after him.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth manufacturer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein. At age three his family moved to the Netherlands where his family lived. Röntgen attended high school at Utrecht Technical School in Utrecht, Netherlands. He followed courses at the Technical School for almost two years. In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Without a high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in the Netherlands as a visitor. In 1865, he tried to attend Utrecht University without having the necessary credentials required for a regular student. Upon hearing that he could enter the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance examination and began studies there as a student of mechanical engineering. In 1869, he graduated with a PhD from the University of Zurich; once there, he became a favourite student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the newly founded German "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität" in Strasbourg.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: In 1874, Röntgen became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a professor at the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. He returned to Strasbourg as a professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Giessen. In 1888, he obtained the physics chair at the University of Würzburg, and in 1900 at the University of Munich, by special request of the Bavarian government.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Röntgen had family in Iowa in the United States and planned to emigrate. He accepted an appointment at Columbia University in New York City and bought transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak of World War I changed his plans. He remained in Munich for the rest of his career.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: During 1895, at his laboratory in the Würzburg Physical Institute of the University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects from the various types of vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Tesla and Philipp von Lenard—when an electrical discharge is passed through them. In early November, he was repeating an experiment with one of Lenard's tubes in which a thin aluminium window had been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube but a cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminium from damage by the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew that the cardboard covering prevented light from escaping, yet he observed that the invisible cathode rays caused a fluorescent effect on a small cardboard screen painted with barium platinocyanide when it was placed close to the aluminium window. It occurred to Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Lenard tube, might also cause this fluorescent effect.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: In the late afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering similar to the one he had used on the Lenard tube. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electrostatic charge. Before setting up the barium platinocyanide screen to test his idea, Röntgen darkened the room to test the opacity of his cardboard cover. As he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge through the tube, he determined that the cover was light-tight and turned to prepare the next step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen noticed a faint shimmering from a bench a few feet away from the tube. To be sure, he tried several more discharges and saw the same shimmering each time. Striking a match, he discovered the shimmering had come from the location of the barium platinocyanide screen he had been intending to use next.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Röntgen speculated that a new kind of ray might be responsible. 8 November was a Friday, so he took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments and made his first notes. In the following weeks, he ate and slept in his laboratory as he investigated many properties of the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new rays came to bear his name in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: At one point while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly skeleton on the barium platinocyanide screen. He later reported that it was at this point that he decided to continue his experiments in secrecy, fearing for his professional reputation if his observations were in error.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: About six weeks after his discovery, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand. When she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!" He later took a better picture of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a public lecture.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" ("Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen"), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 January 1896, an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery of a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Würzburg after his discovery. He also received the Rumford Medal of the British Royal Society in 1896, jointly with Philipp Lenard, who had already shown that a portion of the cathode rays could pass through a thin film of a metal such as aluminium. Röntgen published a total of three papers on X-rays between 1895 and 1897. Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical speciality which uses imaging to diagnose disease.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig for 47 years until her death in 1919 at age 80. In 1866 they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They got engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's senior and his father not approving of her age or humble background. Their marriage began with financial difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted at age 6 after her father, Anna's only brother, died in 1887.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: He inherited two million Reichsmarks after his father's death. For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not seek patents for his discoveries, holding the view that it should be publicly available without charge. After receiving his Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona to research at the University of Würzburg. Although he accepted the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, he rejected an offer of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen). With the inflation following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy, spending his final years at his country home at Weilheim, near Munich. Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine, also known as colorectal cancer. In keeping with his will, all his personal and scientific correspondence were destroyed upon his death.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him". Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize to research at his university, the University of Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused to take out patents related to his discovery of X-rays, as he wanted society as a whole to benefit from practical applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1900.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: In Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Memorial Site.


title: Wilhelm Röntgen

text: World Radiography Day is an annual event promoting the role of medical imaging in modern healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with the anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. It was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative between the European Society of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, and the American College of Radiology.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Francis Martin Patrick Boyle (born 16 August 1972) is a Scottish comedian and writer. He is known for his cynical, surreal, graphic and often controversial sense of humour.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: A stand-up comedian since 1995, Boyle first gained widespread recognition as a regular panellist on the comedy show "Mock the Week" from its beginning in June 2005 until his departure in September 2009. After he left "Mock the Week", Boyle created and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show "Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights" (2010). Currently, he presents the BBC Two chat show "Frankie Boyle's New World Order" (2017–present). In 2020, he presented a four-part series on BBC Two, "Frankie Boyle's Tour of Scotland". He has embarked on a number of tours, releasing several stand-up specials.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle was born and raised in Pollokshaws, Glasgow, to Irish Catholic parents from Crolly in County Donegal. He attended St Conval's Primary and Holyrood Secondary School in Glasgow. After leaving school, he worked as a library assistant over the summer and attended Langside College. He then studied Urban Planning at Aston University for a year before leaving and beginning a BA in English literature at the University of Sussex. He graduated from university aged 22 and his first job was working in a mental health hospital. He then went to a teacher-training college in Edinburgh and had placements in schools, but by then was performing as a stand-up comedian.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle first performed stand-up at the University of Sussex Student Union, later gaining his big break after performing at The Stand Comedy Club in Edinburgh and winning an open-mic event at the 1996 Edinburgh Fringe Festival. His comedy influences include Jerry Sadowitz, Sir Billy Connolly, Bill Hicks and Spike Milligan.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle was a regular on the BBC panel show "Mock the Week" from its first episode on 5 June 2005 until 17 September 2009. A programme in which the panel comment humorously on news stories from the British media, "Mock the Week" was hosted by Dara Ó Briain, who in an episode of "Live at the Apollo" referred to Boyle as "the dark heart of "Mock the Week".". He is known for his morbid sense of humour, which plays on negative images of celebrities, politicians and society (particularly his home country Scotland). On 2 October 2009, Boyle announced via the "Mock the Week"s Facebook fan page that he was leaving the show to concentrate on other projects. Boyle has since criticised both the show's production team and the BBC Trust. He claims the show did not cover enough major news stories and was too restrictive on his risqué comedy act, because the producers and the BBC Trust were afraid of "frightening the horses". He is seen in archive footage of "Mock the Week" on the 2009 Christmas Special, which aired on 22 December 2009, as a series of "Best Bits and Festive Clips", in a compilation celebrating the show's 100th episode on 5 July 2012 as well as in archive footage on the 2012 Christmas Special, which aired on 27 December 2012.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In October 2009, Boyle piloted a sketch and stand-up show for Channel 4, entitled "Deal With This, Retards" to be produced by RDF Scotland subsidiary the Comedy Unit. Boyle mentioned on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" that the original title of the show had been dropped, due to its offensive nature, and been renamed "Tramadol Nights" and aired from the end of November 2010. An official page launched via Channel 4's official website, which confirmed that the show's full name is "Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights" and the series was made up of six episodes. Boyle caused controversy on the show with his comments about Katie Price and Dwight Yorke's disabled son, Harvey.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 21 August 2011, it was revealed that Channel 4 had given Boyle permission to record a pilot for a topical talk show in October of that year, which would be called "Frankie Boyle's Rehabilitation Programme" (despite the controversy surrounding "Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights"). Channel 4 head of comedy Shane Allen told the press that "it's very much like "Parkinson" or "Wogan", but with paedo jokes" and that the show would feature Frankie "in a studio, riffing off the audience a bit with some people challenging what he says". The pilot's format is similar to his later "Autopsy" shows and to "Frankie Boyle's New World Order", with Boyle making controversial statements which are discussed and challenged by his guests. It was included on the DVD release of "The Last Days of Sodom".


title: Frankie Boyle

text: "The Boyle Variety Performance" was broadcast on 19 August 2012 and featured Boyle with guests Rob Delaney, Nick Helm, Katherine Ryan and Tom Stade. A few days after the show was broadcast, Boyle attracted criticism after he posted jokes on Twitter about the 2012 Summer Paralympics.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In 2014, Frankie Boyle starred in the short comedy film "Gasping" for BBC Scotland, written by Greg Hemphill. The title refers to an expression in Scottish English, communicative of an irresistible compulsion to do something, such as smoke a cigarette; or, as here, to drink alcohol. The short feature, an at-times-farcical but generally deadpan treatment of a man's attempted recovery from alcoholism.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: "Frankie Boyle's Referendum Autopsy" was released on 28 September 2014, and "Frankie Boyle's Election Autopsy" was released on 17 May 2015, through BBC iPlayer. Featuring guests Katherine Ryan and Sara Pascoe, Boyle dissected the Scottish independence referendum, 2014 and general election. "Frankie Boyle's American Autopsy" dissected the buildup and fallout of the United States presidential election, tackling topics such as feminism, entertainment, propaganda, and guns. Special guests include Sara Pascoe, Katherine Ryan, Michelle Wolf, Desiree Burch, and Richard Osman.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: A show similar to his BBC iPlayer exclusive "autopsy" shows, Boyle returned to TV on BBC Two, with his "Frankie Boyle's New World Order", which follows a very similar structure to the aforementioned programmes, where Frankie makes two statements, and discusses them with his guests. The show premiered on 8 June 2017.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: A two part travel documentary on BBC TV filmed in Russia in the lead up to the World Cup being held there. Featuring interviews with Russian football fans and others.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: A four-part travel documentary filmed around Scotland, "Frankie Boyle's Tour of Scotland", was shown on BBC Two in early 2020, it also featured Boyle performing work in progress shows prior to a stand-up tour. The stand-up special which followed, "Frankie Boyle Live: Excited for You to See and Hate This", filmed in Glasgow, was broadcast on BBC Two in July 2020.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: The 75-minute documentary "Frankie Boyle: Monarchy", about the British royal family, was announced in August 2022 as part of Channel 4's "Truth or Dare" series. Set to be Boyle's first Channel 4 programme in 10 years, it was shelved following the death of Elizabeth II in September 2022.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: A sitcom set in a small regional theatre starring David Mitchell as a happy-go-lucky writer with writer's block written by Frankie Boyle and Steven Dick, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 5 June 2014.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle contributes occasional articles to UK newspapers, including satire and opinion pieces for the British newspaper "The Guardian". He wrote a regular column for "The Sun" until 2012.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 1 October 2009, Boyle's autobiography "My Shit Life So Far" was released, published by HarperCollins. His second book "Work! Consume! Die!" was released in October 2011. Boyle's third book, "Scotland's Jesus: The Only Officially Non-racist Comedian", was released in the UK on 24 October 2013. Boyle's fourth book, "The Future of British Politics", was released 12 November 2020.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle's first fictional book, "Meantime", is a thriller set in Glasgow in the aftermath of Scottish Independence. It was published in July 2022. The book was nominated for Bloody Scotland's Debut of the Year award for crime writing. Boyle wrote for the book while in hotel rooms after a gig, saying that he would be unable to sleep due to adrenaline. Boyle said at the Edinburgh Book Festival in 2022: "I would much rather, if I could, segue into writing novels and just stay in the house and not travel so much". He said of writing, in comparison to stand-up comedy, that "you don't have to go and sell it to people". However, he said that writing fiction was "equally difficult". He planned to begin writing a second novel over Christmas 2022.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In October 2007 Boyle embarked on a stand-up tour of Britain, playing over 100 dates and enjoying a sold-out run that was extended through until December 2008. Boyle said that he planned to retire from live stand-up before he turned 40, had written his final tour, and planned to do more television work after this. Boyle performed the tour, entitled I Would Happily Punch Every One of You in the Face, between March and December 2010.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 21 November 2011, at a "Meet the Comedians" session in the Apple Store, Regent Street with Jimmy Carr, Boyle announced he was doing another tour entitled The Last Days of Sodom, despite intending I Would Happily Punch Every One of You in the Face to be his final one. He mentioned the tour would not be as long as its predecessor. His website stated it would run from July to December 2012 with more dates to be added. Tickets went on sale in December 2011.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 10 November 2008, Boyle's first DVD was released, featuring a sell-out stand-up performance given at London's Hackney Empire and some additional material, including a documentary about the tour, entitled Fuck You Scotland, and some sketches from the BBC Three comedy "Rush Hour". The DVD was described by WhatDVD.net as "certainly not one to watch with your grandparents – not unless they are pretty open-minded!"


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle has also featured in three DVD compilations of material from "Mock the Week". The compilations, entitled "Too Hot for TV", include material deemed too offensive for broadcast on TV and uncut versions of several full episodes. Boyle's second live DVD, "If I Could Reach Out Through Your TV and Strangle You I Would", was released on 15 November 2010.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 16 July 2009, Boyle's first podcast was released. Entitled "Mock the Week Musings", the podcast is a recording of Boyle testing the material he has written for "Mock the Week" to a London audience. Boyle comments on his material throughout and often informs the audience that certain jokes are not going into the show due to their reaction (or lack thereof), and the podcast carries an explicit content warning. The recording includes some audience interaction, with Boyle offering to test some of his new "put-downs" on the crowd.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Between 2013 and 2015, Boyle, along with Canadian comedian Glenn Wool hosted a number of editions of a podcast known as Freestyle, which involved Boyle and Wool speaking about topical and controversial news stories, including Madeleine McCann, Bill Cosby, and obscure takes on popular culture.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In September 2010, Boyle began publishing his comic strip "Rex Royd" in the launch issue of "CLiNT" magazine, co-written with comedian Jim Muir and with artwork by Michael Dowling. The story follows a Lex Luthor-style newspaper magnate with a super-villain alter-ego. Initially, the strip ran for first four issues of "CLiNT". The strip resumed again in November 2011, until the final issue in August 2013, when publisher Titan announced that "CLiNT" was ending.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle appeared as himself in the video game "" (2009), in a stand-up routine at Liberty City's Split Sides Comedy Club. He appeared on Real Radio Wales's weekly comedy show "Comedy Nighthorse" on 19 October 2011.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle made his theatrical stage debut playing the role of Hamm in a production of the Samuel Beckett play, 'Endgame'. The show ran in the Gate Theatre, Dublin, from February 2022 and concluded in late March.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In August 2008, complaints were received about comments he made regarding English Olympic swimmer Rebecca Adlington on "Mock the Week", saying that she "looks like someone who's looking at themselves in the back of a spoon" and that her boyfriend must be attracted to her due to an aspect of her sexual behaviour. The BBC ruled that the jokes were indeed "humiliating" and "risked offending the audience", while also calling Boyle "a brilliant member of the team". Despite this, Adlington's agent said that simply admitting mistakes was not enough, saying: "By giving Frankie Boyle a rebuke they fail to discourage others from doing the same." Adlington subsequently commented on the issue, saying "It's obviously not the nicest thing but he's a comedian, isn't he? Comedians make jokes. I cannot say I don't laugh when a comedian tells a joke about someone else. So it would be hypocritical to turn round and say you can't joke about me."


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Whilst pretending to be the late Queen Elizabeth II in the "Scenes We'd Like To See" segment of "Mock The Week", Boyle said "I've had a few medical problems this year. I am now so old, that my pussy is haunted". This caused many to complain about the state that the BBC had come to, with Conservative MP David Davies calling the joke a "disgracefully foul comment". Boyle was eventually cleared of any misconduct by the BBC Trust, although they called the comment "sexist and ageist".


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In a performance on his 2010 tour, Boyle interrupted a "long, seemingly semi-improvised skit" about Down syndrome by challenging a woman in the front row who seemed uncomfortable with the material. The audience member explained that her five-year-old daughter had the condition and strongly criticised Boyle's portrayal of people with Down syndrome. Mencap spokesman Ismail Kaji said that the comments could be misconstrued and seen as "no different to bullying".


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In April 2010, the BBC Trust's Editorial Standards Committee apologised for a joke made by Boyle on Radio 4 panel show "Political Animal" in which he likened the situation in Palestine to "a cake being punched to pieces by a very angry Jew". Boyle also made another joke where he said that he had "been studying Israeli Army martial arts. I now know 16 ways to kick a Palestinian woman in the back". In response, Boyle published a letter in which he criticised the Trust's "cowardly rebuke of my jokes about Palestine" and reprinted the jokes in question. He then criticised the BBC for not broadcasting a humanitarian appeal during the 2008–2009 Gaza War, saying that it was "tragic for such a great institution but it is now cravenly afraid of giving offence and vulnerable to any kind of well drilled lobbying." Boyle then said that the situation in Palestine "seems to be, in essence, apartheid", concluding that he had reached this position after watching a documentary about life in Palestine that he said had driven him to tears.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In 2018, Boyle accused BBC television producers of "editing out" comments he made on "New World Order" about Palestinian deaths on the Gaza border and his joke about "Israel being an Apartheid state".


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In December 2010, both Katie Price ( Jordan) and Peter Andre were said to have been left "absolutely disgusted and sickened" by a joke that was made on "Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights" about Price's disabled son, Harvey. On the show, Boyle said: "Apparently, Jordan and Peter Andre are fighting each other over custody of Harvey. Although eventually one of them will lose and have to keep him." Then he added: "I have a theory that Jordan married a cage fighter (Alex Reid) because she needed someone strong enough to stop Harvey from fucking her."


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Andre's representative also responded to the comments made by Boyle and said "We're all disgusted by these comments. Peter is angry and very upset at Harvey being mocked in this way. Children, especially a disabled youngster, should be off-limits." Both confirmed that they had sought legal action and wrote a complaint to Channel 4 regarding Boyle's jokes with Price saying: "To bully this unbelievably brave child is despicable; to broadcast it is to show a complete and utter lack of judgement. I have asked my lawyers to write to Channel 4." Ofcom confirmed that Price issued a complaint and accordingly launched an investigation into the programme. In April 2011, Ofcom ruled Channel 4 had breached broadcasting rules by transmitting the material in question but did not require the network to broadcast an apology saying that it was an "erroneous decision on a matter of editorial judgment on the broadcaster's part". Price criticised the decision not to require a broadcast apology.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle discussed the material onstage at a charity gig some months later, saying that the joke was intended to highlight how Price exploited her son, and that he felt the two aspects of Price's media profile, "her disabled son and her sexuality", did not belong together. He rejected comments that the joke may have led to playground bullying, saying that "I find it hard to believe there are kids at that school who would like to slag Harvey, but can't think of an angle."


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In July 2011, the "Daily Mirror" published an article strongly criticising Boyle which alleged he had been forced to quit "Mock the Week" and described him as a "racist comedian". Boyle, in response, sued the "Mirror" for libel. In October 2012, a jury found in his favour, ordering the "Mirror" to pay him £54,650 in damages, which he donated to charity.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In 2012 Boyle posted a tweet about Olympic cyclist Victoria Pendleton saying that while it was sexy that she could lift twice her own weight, she still couldn't force him off of her. This was condemned by the End Violence Against Women Coalition. In 2022 Boyle joked about whether he would rape television host Holly Willoughby before or after killing her. This was condemned by the women's rights group FiLiA which found it shocking that anyone would consider rape a suitable subject for humour. Conservative MP Caroline Nokes strongly criticized Boyle's use of rape as a subject for jokes.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On 6 March 2013, Boyle caused controversy when he was invited to perform at Russell Brand's BBC Three fundraiser "Give It Up for Comic Relief" at Wembley Arena. He made a series of jokes about Comic Relief itself, Queen Elizabeth II, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Andy Serkis, Oscar Pistorius, Pope Benedict XVI and the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal. This was deemed so distasteful that his entire six-minute performance was cut out of the broadcast version of the 3.5-hour show.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In December 2020, Boyle said in a podcast with Louis Theroux that he believes that Ricky Gervais's jokes on transgender people are "lazy" and that the English comedian should "have the same respect for trans people that he seems to have for animals. I think that's not a lot to ask". He was called a hypocrite by some other comedians and fans due to his history of jokes about killing celebrities and marginalised groups, including about transgender people.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle lives in Glasgow and has two children: a daughter (born 2004) and a son (born October 2007). He is an atheist. He has admitted that his career had caused him to neglect his family.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle is a supporter of the Glasgow-based Celtic Football Club. Throughout 2017, Boyle supported Jack Thomas, a British Paralympic swimmer who suffered a number of unfortunate career setbacks, via Twitter and through donations.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle has been known to have an interest in Gaelic Football, particularly involving County Donegal, having attended their Senior Club County Final in 2018, won by Gaoth Dobhair. Boyle also posted a picture to his Instagram account of himself and Donegal footballer Eamon McGee with the Sam Maguire Cup, a trophy awarded to the winner of the All Ireland Football Championship.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle was an alcoholic, having started drinking at the age of 15 and stopping at 26, and is also a former drug user, who now maintains a life of sobriety.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: During an interview on "The Jonathan Ross Show" in 2010, he revealed that he has a fear of flying, and travels to shows in England by train. When making the TV show "Frankie Goes to Russia" before the 2018 World Cup, he travelled there by train.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: On the premiere of the fourth series of "Frankie Boyle's New World Order", he revealed that he was infected with COVID-19 at a comedy gig early in the pandemic.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: Boyle is a supporter of Noam Chomsky and says that Chomsky has had a great influence on his political beliefs, claiming to be more left-wing than Chomsky himself.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In July 2013, he supported Shaker Aamer, the last UK resident being held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, by going on a hunger strike.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In 2013, when asked "How do you feel about Scottish independence?" Boyle replied "Yes, I think we should be independent. What have we got to lose? A Tory government? I'm looking forward to the vote just because it will be a novelty for Scottish people to fill in official forms while still in possession of their own belt and shoelaces. And imagine what Scotland's annual Independence Day celebrations will look like; the fucking D-Day Landings."


title: Frankie Boyle

text: In response to the Rwanda asylum plan unveiled by the Johnson government in 2022, Boyle denounced the scheme on Twitter, writing that "The reason you don’t have a significant fascist party in Britain is that those voters are very happy with the government." An article for "The National" noted that Boyle's opposition to the asylum plan reflected widespread popular sentiment in Scotland, as several leading Scottish politicians (including Nicola Sturgeon) had also denounced the plan.


title: Frankie Boyle

text: During the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election, Boyle criticised the two major candidates running for the position of Prime Minister, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak, on an episode of "The Last Leg". During the episode, Boyle also criticised former Prime Minister Boris Johnson for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, stating to Johnson that "You finished [your term] with a quote from "The Terminator". "The Terminator"! After you killed 150,000 f**king people during the pandemic. I don’t want to sound like I’ve got a grudge or anything, but I hope a vent opens up in the ground and clawed hands drag you screaming into hell."


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Firebird is a 2021 romantic war drama film directed, co-written, and co-produced by Peeter Rebane (in his feature directorial debut), based on Sergey Fetisov's memoir "The Story of Roman". The film stars Tom Prior (who also co-wrote and co-produced), Oleg Zagorodnii, and Diana Pozharskaya. Set in the Soviet Air Force during the Cold War, it tells the true story of forbidden love between a private and a fighter pilot.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: "Firebird" had its world premiere at the 35th on 17 March 2021. The film also screened at the 45th Frameline: San Francisco International LGBTQ+ Film Festival on 27 June 2021, where it won an honorable mention for Best First Feature. The film was released in cinemas internationally by Roadside Attractions on 29 April 2022.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Sergey, a young private in the Soviet Air Force, has only a few weeks remaining in his military service. He and his friends bristle under the tight control of the military commanders. He appears to have a budding romance with Luisa, the secretary to the base commander, and he indulges in a photography hobby that is barely tolerated by his superiors. He is assigned to assist a new fighter pilot, Roman, when he arrives. An undeniable passion between them develops, despite the threat of imprisonment that hangs over homosexual romances under the Soviet regime. Nonetheless, they consummate their attraction to one another and are nearly found out by a KGB agent.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Roman encourages Sergey to study acting in Moscow instead of returning to his family's farm when he leaves the service. A year after Sergey leaves and finds a new life in the theater, he is invited to Roman and Luisa's wedding. He attends and barely contains his disappointment in Roman and continuing love for him.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Roman and Luisa have a child together, but their marriage is a sham, and he continues to yearn for Sergey. Roman leaves his wife and son ostensibly to study in Moscow. He secretly rents an apartment with Sergey and they cohabit happily and take vacations together. However, Luisa and their son come to Moscow for Christmas and Roman and Sergey's love is revealed to her. She is enraged at both Roman and Sergey by this revelation and the two men must part.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Later, Roman is assigned to participate in the Soviet–Afghan War, where he is killed. After his death, Sergey visits Luisa, who is still very angry at him. He returns to his life as an actor in Moscow and is last seen watching a production of Igor Stravinsky's ballet, "The Firebird", which Roman had introduced him to.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Peeter Rebane first came across the story of Firebird in 2014 when Sergei Lavrentiev, film critic and actor, gave him a copy of "The Story of Roman" by Sergey Fetisov. Rebane collaborated with actor and screenwriter Tom Prior, who was previously in "The Theory of Everything" and "". Rebane and Prior interviewed Fetisov before his death in 2017 to gain materials for the film's production.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: Prior was first approached to play Sergey Serebrennikov before becoming involved in the writing process. Oleg Zagorodnii, a Ukrainian actor, was then cast to play the role of Roman Matvejev. Zagorodnii, who's been in a couple of Russian stage productions, was hesitant about taking on the role, citing his limited English.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: While in Moscow, Rebane came across Diana Pozharskaya, a Russian actress and dancer, whom he believed had the right energy to play the part. "Ninety percent of a director’s job is casting,” said Rebane. “If you cast the right personality, with the right energy for the role you are off to a good start."


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 35th on 17 March 2021, screening as part of the Hearts strand. It also screened at the 43rd Moscow International Film Festival on 24 April 2021, the 45th Frameline: San Francisco International LGBTQ+ Film Festival on 27 June 2021, the 42nd Durban International Film Festival on 23 July 2021,and the 39th Outfest Los Angeles LGBTQ Film Festival on 21 August 2021. Its Asian premiere was held at the 32nd Hong Kong Lesbian & Gay Film Festival on 17 September 2021. On 22 February 2022, it was announced that the director Peeter Rebane had granted the film's distribution rights to Roadside Attractions, which was set to release it to cinemas on 29 April 2022.


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews only as positive or negative, 55% of 49 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.60. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Randy Myers in his review for the "San Jose Mercury News" said it is "a glossy and classy melodrama that soars with passion and is elevated by strong production values, heartfelt performances and a story arc that journeys to unexpected destinations". In the "Daily Mirror (UK)", Lewis Knight said that it "is not a revolutionary Queer romance by any means but it is a glossy love story with conviction and genuine historical tragedy."


title: Firebird (2021 film)

text: In less favorable reviews, Ed Gonzalez wrote for "Slant Magazine" that the movie is suffocated by "clichés and then there are "only" clichés." Mark Keizer of The A.V. Club gave the movie a "C," praising the lead actors' chemistry and beauty but found its melodramatic screenplay does the film "no favor."


title: Decembrist revolt

text: The Decembrist Revolt () took place in Russia on , during the interregnum following the sudden death of Emperor Alexander I.