title: Red Riding Hood (2011 film)

text: "Red Riding Hood" has a 10% approval rating at review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 208 reviews, with an average score of 3.75/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Amanda Seyfried is magnetic in "Red Riding Hood"s starring role, but she's let down by her uninspired leading men and a painfully clichéd script." Metacritic calculated a score of 29 out of 100 based on the opinions of 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Red Riding Hood (2011 film)

text: "USA Today" complimented the production design, but wrote that, "it's a foolish story, marred by a strange blend of overacting and bland, offhand performances." Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four, stating it is "a movie that cross-pollinates the "Twilight" formula with a werewolf and a girl who always wears a red-hooded cape, although I don't recall her doing any riding... it has the added inconvenience of being serious about a plot so preposterous, it demands to be filmed by Monty Python."


title: Red Riding Hood (2011 film)

text: The teaser trailer and the poster were released in November 2010, featuring "The Wolf", a new song written exclusively for the film by Swedish act Fever Ray.


title: Red Riding Hood (2011 film)

text: The novelization by Sarah Blakley-Cartwright received criticism for not including the story's final, concluding chapter, which instead was only made available for download online following the release of the film.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Eric Robert Greitens (; born April 10, 1974) is a former American politician who was the 56th governor of Missouri from January 2017 until his resignation in June 2018 amid allegations of sexual assault and campaign finance impropriety.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Born and raised in St. Louis, Greitens graduated from Duke University in 1996 and received a doctorate from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, as a Rhodes scholar in 2000. During his four tours of duty as a U.S. Navy SEAL officer, he rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, commanded a unit targeting al-Qaeda, and was awarded a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart. Later, after being a White House fellow, Greitens founded a nonprofit organization, The Mission Continues, to benefit veterans. In 2013, "Time" included him in its list of the 100 most influential people in the world.


title: Eric Greitens

text: A Democrat during his early life, Greitens announced in 2015 that he had become a Republican. He ran for governor of Missouri as a Republican in 2016. Greitens prevailed over three opponents in the Republican primary and then defeated Democratic Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster in the general election. He was Missouri's first Jewish governor. One of Greitens's signature accomplishments in office was signing Missouri's right-to-work law, which was later repealed by statewide referendum.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In February 2018, Greitens was charged with felony invasion of privacy and later with campaign-related offenses. He was indicted on felony charges of computer tampering in April 2018; all charges were dropped in May 2018. Greitens resigned from office on June 1, 2018, after the Missouri General Assembly commenced a special session to consider impeachment. In early 2018, Greitens's former hairdresser accused him of sexual assault. A bipartisan Special Investigative Committee in the Missouri state legislature found the woman "overall credible" and issued a report on the incident.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens later unsuccessfully attempted a return to public office, running for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by retiring incumbent Roy Blunt in the 2022 election; he lost the Republican primary to Missouri Attorney General Eric S. Schmitt, who went on to become the senator-elect.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens was born on April 10, 1974, in St. Louis, Missouri, to Becky and Rob Greitens. Greitens's mother was a special education teacher and his father was an accountant for the Missouri Department of Agriculture. His mother is Jewish and his father is Catholic, and Greitens was raised Jewish. He grew up as a Democrat. Greitens graduated from Parkway North High School in 1992.


title: Eric Greitens

text: After high school, Greitens majored in ethics, philosophy, and public policy at Duke University. He graduated in 1996 with an A.B. "summa cum laude". Greitens won a Harry S. Truman Scholarship and was selected as a Rhodes scholar, which allowed him to pursue graduate studies at Oxford University. He was a member of Lady Margaret Hall and studied development studies, receiving a M.Phil. in 1998 and a Ph.D., for research on humanitarian organization efforts on behalf of children in war-torn countries, in 2000.


title: Eric Greitens

text: During his 2016 campaign for governor, Greitens said, "I have worked in Cambodia with kids who lost limbs to land mines and are survivors of polio. I've worked in Bolivia with children of the street. I've worked in one of Mother Teresa's homes for the destitute and dying." For six weeks as a college student, Greitens worked at two refugee camps, the Puntizela camp outside Pula, Croatia, and the Gasinci camp outside Osijek, Croatia. Both are described in his book. Refugee camps in Croatia were temporary homes for Bosnians crossing the border. Greitens also traveled to Rwanda and Zaire as a volunteer U.N. photographer.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens matriculated at the United States Navy's Officer Candidate School in Pensacola, Florida, in January 2001, graduating in May of that year as an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. He then began Basic Underwater Demolitions/SEAL (BUD/S) training in Coronado, California, graduating with Class 237 in February 2002.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens rose to be a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy Reserve. During his active duty career, he was deployed four times, to Iraq, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, and Southeast Asia. He was the commander of a joint special operations task unit, a Mark V Special Operations Craft detachment, and an al-Qaeda targeting cell.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2005, Greitens left full-time active duty to take a one-year White House fellowship. Appointed by President George W. Bush, Greitens developed a program to get architecture and engineering students involved in rebuilding efforts after Hurricane Katrina. He remained a Navy reservist and led a program that recruited advisers for special military operations around the world. As a White House fellow, he also worked in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).


title: Eric Greitens

text: After his fellowship, he volunteered for a six-month tour in Iraq that began in October 2006. On March 28, 2007, two suicide bombers detonated trucks carrying chlorine gas at the Fallujah government complex where Greitens and other military personnel were sleeping. The attack was the seventh chlorine bombing in the Al Anbar province of Iraq by Al-Qaeda. Greitens was among about 15 who were wounded, and he received a Purple Heart after sustaining injuries from the bombing. He was also awarded the Bronze Star and Combat Action Ribbon.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens has criticized the Veterans Administration, saying of its employees, "Even if you're only 40 percent disabled, they'll give you 100 percent disability in some cases" and "You have to think about the incentives of government workers. Guys in the VA don't get paid to help veterans lead productive lives. Their metrics are on how many people sign up for benefits." He feels such overuse strains the VA system and prevents vets from reintegrating into general society.


title: Eric Greitens

text: During a deployment in Thailand, Greitens learned of drug use by Navy personnel and initiated an investigation that led to their removal. In the Philippines, his crew effectively shut down a transit site for a terrorist organization, according to an evaluation report.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In January 2019, Greitens (then in the Individual Ready Reserve) sought to be reinstated to the Navy's Selected Reserve. Navy officials, including Vice Admiral Robert P. Burke (then the Chief of Naval Personnel) and Brendan McLane (then the head of the Navy Recruiting Command) did not want to give Greitens a "major misconduct waiver" that would allow him to return, due to the allegations of sexual assault against him; the SEALs told Navy leadership that "he would not meet criteria for re-entry to the SEAL community given his age and unfavorable promotion likelihood." But under pressure from Vice President Mike Pence, the Navy allowed Greitens to return, granting him a "red carpet" medical clearance. Upon his return, however, the Special Warfare Command denied Greitens reentry into the SEALs. He was instead a general unrestricted line officer, a classification for reservists tasked with office duties. After spending two years as an active member of the Navy Reserve, Greitens resigned his commission in the Navy Reserve on May 1, 2021, two months after he launched his U.S. Senate campaign.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens taught public service at the Truman School of Public Affairs and was an adjunct professor of business ethics in the MBA program at the Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis.


title: Eric Greitens

text: After returning from Iraq, Greitens founded The Mission Continues, a nonprofit organization that places veterans with volunteer organizations to encourage public service, build community connections, and improve career skills.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In total, as CEO of The Mission Continues, Greitens received $700,000 in compensation from the nonprofit. He worked without pay in 2007 and 2008; was paid $150,000 from mid-2010 through 2011 after receiving a grant from the Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation; and was paid $200,000 in each of the years 2011, 2012, and 2013. He stepped down as CEO in 2014 and left the board of the organization in 2015. Greitens's compensation as head of the nonprofit became an issue in his subsequent political campaigns. Experts on nonprofit compensation said that his salary as head of the nonprofit was higher than similarly situated activities, although not extravagant in light of the organization's mission, as well as Greitens's education and career background.


title: Eric Greitens

text: The Associated Press reported in March 2018 that Greitens had used the charity's email account to arrange political meetings about his gubernatorial campaign, which is prohibited by federal tax law. He was also accused of using the charity's list of donors to raise money for his campaign, a violation of campaign finance law. On December 28, 2018, "The Kansas City Star" reported that the Missouri attorney general had dropped the investigation against the nonprofit.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens's military experience formed the basis for his career as a speaker at corporate events and as author of three books:


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens was a popular speaker before his political career. His second and third books displayed the SEALs insignia on their covers, and he charged as much as $75,000 for a speech in Asia. In 2016 an anonymous group charged in a YouTube video that he had exaggerated his record in books and television appears and was unduly benefiting from his time in the SEALs; Greitens responded by releasing his military records and publishing a video he uploaded to his channel with testimonials from SEALs and Marines with whom he had served.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens grew up as a Democrat. In 2015, he wrote a Fox News op-ed announcing that he had become a Republican. He said he had been raised in the tradition of Harry Truman and had even been recruited as a Democratic candidate for Congress, but was pushed rightward after seeing the Department of Veterans Affairs fail to help many of his brothers in arms. He recalled being angered at how the Democrats' only solution was to "spend more money" on the VA. "The problem is that most Democrats seem to think more money and bigger government are the solutions to virtually every single problem", he wrote. He said he believed Democrats no longer had the right ideas to stand up for the middle class.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On September 26, 2015, Greitens announced his candidacy for governor of Missouri as a Republican. Shortly after a June 30, 2016, quarterly deadline for filing campaign contributions, he received the largest ever single contribution in a Missouri campaign, $1.975 million, which meant he did not have to reveal it until October, months after the primary. The source was a previously unknown Superpac, "SEALS for Truth". SEALS for Truth had received the money from the American Policy Coalition (APC), another Superpac, on the same day APC received the entire amount. Greitens had assured voters he intended to increase transparency while reducing corruption in state politics as a campaign focus. APC, about which there was almost no information online, was headed by Ohio lawyer David Langdon, who had incorporated it in Kentucky in 2015. Between the 2010 election cycle and early 2015, at least 11 groups connected to Langdon spent at least $22 million on ballot initiatives against abortion and same-sex marriage and on federal and state elections around the country, as tabulated by the Center for Public Integrity. On March 12, 2017, the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" and "The Kansas City Star" editorial boards published a joint editorial criticizing Greitens for "secret fundraising and secret spending" and for tactics such as ordering that "[s]ecurity staffers block reporters from getting close to him". In 2018, Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley, a Republican running for the U.S. Senate, announced the opening of an investigation of Greitens's 2016 campaign financing.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens won the August 2 Republican primary with 236,250 votes (34.6%) to businessman John Brunner's 169,425 (24.8%), Lieutenant Governor Peter Kinder's 141,498 (20.7%), and former Speaker Catherine Hanaway's 136,350 (19.9%). Democrat-turned-Republican Greitens faced Republican-turned-Democrat Chris Koster in the general election on November 8, 2016, and won with 51.3% of the vote to Koster's 45.4%.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On April 28, 2017, the Missouri Ethics Commission fined Greitens's campaign $1,000 for violating state campaign ethics rules regarding campaign disclosure. Greitens did not contest the fine.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens identifies himself as a conservative outsider, and is a member of the Republican Party. He has called himself a "Make America Great Again" candidate, and has often voiced opposition to leading Republicans such as Mitch McConnell for being insufficiently conservative. He has opposed federal matching grants for state projects, saying they "unbalance" state budgets, and has voiced support for block grants instead.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens has supported public infrastructure investment as a tool for economic development and to reduce unemployment. As governor, he introduced a $25 million "Jobs and Infrastructure Fund" to state-sponsor construction of communications, utilities, transportation and other infrastructure at the request of private companies looking to expand into Missouri. He initially opposed public funding or tax credits for construction of the Centene Stadium in St. Louis on land owned by the Missouri Department of Transportation, but later said he was "willing to work with" investors.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens opposed the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, calling it "irresponsible socialist legislation". He has voiced support for continuing construction of the Keystone Pipeline.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In February 2017, Greitens signed a bill making Missouri the 28th right-to-work state. In response, unions that opposed the law filed a referendum to overturn it, and on August 7, 2018, Missouri voters voted to overturn it.


title: Eric Greitens

text: The Greitens administration sided with agriculture industry in opposing the Obama administration's proposed "Waters of the United States" (WOTUS) rule.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens supported the Missouri Steel Mill Bill, legislation that allowed utility regulators to approve lower electricity rates for industrial companies using large amounts of energy. The legislation was drafted in response to the March 2016 Noranda smelter closure. During the final weeks of the regular 2017 legislative session, the Missouri House of Representatives passed an amendment by State Representative Don Rone Jr. designed to help bring industrial jobs to the state. The bill met with opposition in the Senate led by Senator Doug Libla and failed. Greitens called a special legislative session in May 2017, bringing the Missouri General Assembly back to the Capitol to pass the legislation one week after its regular session adjourned. After calling the session, he held rallies urging lawmakers to approve the bill. Ultimately, the General Assembly passed the legislation and Greitens signed it into law on June 16, 2017. After the special session, Magnitude 7 Metals LLC announced that the firm would restart two of the plant's three production lines. After the announcement, Greitens accepted an invitation to meet with President Donald Trump at the White House to discuss jobs.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2018, Greitens proposed a package of $800 million in state tax cuts. He specifically proposed a 10% reduction in the top individual state income tax rate (reducing it from 5.9% to 5.3%) and a reduction in the state corporate income tax rate by almost one-third, from 6.25% to 4.25%, which would give Missouri the nation's second-lowest corporate rate. Greitens also proposed the creation of a non-refundable state tax credit for low-income workers, and applying the Missouri sales tax to online purchases for the first time.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens identifies himself as "pro-life". After the session on the Steel Mill Bill, he called a second special session to pass anti-abortion legislation. He went on a statewide tour with former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee in support of the legislation. The bill required that doctors explain the risks of abortion to a patient 72 hours before performing an abortion, called for annual inspections of abortion clinics, added new whistle-blower protections for clinic employees, and heightened requirements for pathologists who provide services to abortion facilities. Greitens also specifically targeted a St. Louis law that banned employers and landlords from discriminating against women who have had an abortion. Alison Dreith, the executive director of NARAL Pro Choice Missouri, said the session was "political theater"; Greitens signed the wide-ranging anti-abortion measure into law in June 2017, at a private ceremony with legislators who sponsored the bill and anti-abortion lobbyists. The law was unsuccessfully challenged in the courts. Greitens also opposes embryonic stem cell research. In 2022, he called the overturning of "Roe v. Wade" a "huge victory."


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens has been condemned by both Planned Parenthood and NARAL Pro-Choice America. Missouri Right to Life, one of the largest anti-abortion organizations in the state, endorsed Greitens's 2022 U.S. Senate campaign, but did not endorse his 2016 gubernatorial campaign after finding he had accepted a $125,000 donation from embryonic stem cell researcher Julian Robertson.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens staunchly opposed proposals to accept the Medicaid expansion in Missouri under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The proposals would have expanded health insurance coverage eligibility to about 300,000 Missourians. Greitens also called for the ACA to be repealed and replaced.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens has called the opioid epidemic a "modern plague". In 2018, he issued an executive order to create a prescription drug monitoring program, directing the Department of Health and Senior Services to build a database to help identify suspicious patterns of prescriptions of controlled substances, including opioids. Greitens was widely praised for calling attention to the epidemic, but received some criticism from state legislators who considered the order an abuse of executive power. Three months after the order was issued, no prescription monitoring program was functionally operating, leaving Missouri "de facto" the only state without one. The program was later recodified by the Missouri Senate and signed into law by Governor Mike Parson in 2021.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens administration officials sent notices to 8,000 doctors who were not following best practices for prescribing opioids within the state's Medicaid program, instructing them to change their prescribing patterns and consider referring people on long-term opioids to addiction programs. The "Kansas City Star" reported that Greitens also started filling vacancies on the medical licensing board with physicians who were "willing to get tough on colleagues who contribute to the opioid crisis."


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017, Greitens named Drew Juden director of the Missouri Department of Public Safety (which oversees the Missouri State Highway Patrol, Missouri National Guard, Missouri Gaming Commission, and other bodies). Greitens's successor, Mike Parson, ousted Juden in August 2018. In November 2018, Parson and his DPS Director, Sandy Karsten, asked State Auditor Nicole Galloway to conduct an audit into the department covering Juden's time as director; the request noted that an internal review had "raised concerns about questionable use of taxpayer dollars." The audit report, released in 2019, determined that the office under Juden had "abused" the state contracting process by using a legislative grant for local equipment to steer funds to the Missouri Police Chiefs Charitable Foundation, a group with which Juden was affiliated, and that the financial maneuver cost the state "approximately $16,000 in interest." The auditor's office also criticized Juden's use of annual leave (finding that Juden did not claim annual leave when he when on vacation, and was thus overpaid by some amount for "unused" leave) and a state vehicle (finding that his usage was 44% higher than previous or subsequent DPS directors'). Juden denied any wrongdoing, framing the findings as a political attack, and Greitens defended Juden's conduct.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens signed a "Blue Alert" law modeled after the Amber Alert system for missing children. He pursued the idea to allow public broadcasts of information that could assist in the apprehension of individuals who commit violence against police officers. The measure was part of a package of crime-related changes to state law the Missouri House and Senate approved in May 2017. It also enhanced penalties for assaults on law enforcement officers and created the state crime of illegal reentry for persons deported from the United States for committing a crime who return and commit a felony.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017, Greitens granted a stay of execution to Marcellus Williams, who had been set to be executed that day. DNA tests, using technology unavailable at the time of the killing, on the knife used in the killing matched an unknown male, not Williams. Greitens appointed a board of five retired judges to investigate the case and make a recommendation.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017, St. Louis police officer Jason Stockley was acquitted of first-degree murder for shooting Anthony Lamar Smith in 2011. Protests erupted in St. Louis. Before the verdict, Greitens—who was openly critical of his predecessor Jay Nixon's response to the Ferguson unrest—preemptively activated the Missouri National Guard and scheduled 12-hour shifts for the St. Louis municipal police, in anticipation of civil unrest. He said he would preserve the right to peacefully protest but would oversee the prosecution of persons engaging in looting, violence, or other criminal activity.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In December 2017, Greitens commuted the life prison sentence of Judy Henderson, who had been jailed for 35 years after being convicted of the July 1981 robbery-murder of jeweler Harry Klein. Greitens went to Chillicothe Correctional Center to meet with Henderson, then 68, and sign the commutation papers. Authorities believe her boyfriend, Greg Cruzen, shot Klein and paid four witnesses to lie about Henderson's role; the same defense attorney represented Henderson and Cruzen at trial. On his last day in office, Greitens granted Henderson a pardon.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017 the Missouri Housing Development Commission voted 8 to 2 to zero out the state's low-income housing tax credit for 2018. Greitens phoned into the meeting and voted to zero out the tax credits while Lieutenant Governor Mike Parson voted to keep them. Greitens wrote, "special interests abused low income housing tax breaks to make themselves rich."


title: Eric Greitens

text: After Greitens's appointments to the commission and the 2017 vote, Missouri did not issue $140 million in state low-income housing tax credits. The low-income housing tax credit program was cut from over $1.3 billion over the previous decade to zero. Greitens accused the low-income housing industry of conspiring to upend his political career though legal troubles and the threat of impeachment.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017, Trump appointed Greitens to the Council of Governors, an advisory group of governors dealing with issues such as national defense, the national guard and defense support to local authorities.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In February 2018, Greitens announced that members of the Missouri National Guard would train with the Israeli Home Front Command. Missouri is one of four states—along with Colorado, Illinois and Massachusetts—to train with the command, a branch of the Israel Defense Forces that focuses on civilian protection during a war or crisis.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In April 2018, Greitens signed into law legislation allowing those in the Missouri National Guard and the armed forces reserves to deduct their military income from their state taxes.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens's first two executive orders banned employees in the executive branch from accepting gifts from lobbyists and froze all new regulations through February 2017. In November 2018, a statewide referendum put heavy restrictions on lobbyist gifts, virtually banning them.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In February 2017, 170 gravestones at the Chesed Shel Emeth Jewish Cemetery in University City, Missouri, were toppled and overturned. Greitens and Vice President Mike Pence participated in the cleanup effort.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens appointed Jackson County Circuit Judge W. Brent Powell to the Missouri Supreme Court in April 2017.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In June 2017, Greitens signed Missouri's first Foster Care Bill of Rights, which outlined specific measures designed to improve the safety and quality of life of children in Missouri's foster care system. As first lady, Sheena Greitens focused on efforts to improve the lives of foster children and foster parents. The Greitens administration waived the $15 fee for foster children to obtain copies of their birth certificates; made appointments to child protection boards, many of which had previously been able to function due to lack of a quorum; and joined the National Electronic Interstate Compact Enterprise, an interstate compact to facilitate adoption and fostering across state lines.


title: Eric Greitens

text: As he took office, Greitens signed an executive order banning state employees in his administration from accepting or soliciting gifts from lobbyists. The order also banned employees in the governor's office from lobbying the executive branch while Greitens was in office. The order was later loosened by Governor Mike Parson, who allowed gifts to members of the executive branch. As lieutenant governor, Parson received meals and gifts from lobbyists worth $2,752 in his first six months in office, the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" reported.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2017, Greitens criticized fellow Republicans Denny Hoskins and Paul Wieland on social media. Hoskins and Wieland were the two Republican senators who voted to allow raises in legislative pay to take effect. (Six other senators cast no vote on the matter.) Greitens had personally pressured lawmakers to vote down the raise. Hoskins and Wieland described their meetings with Greitens as tense, with Wieland in particular characterizing the meetings as intimidation and saying that he felt insulted.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens approved a plan to cut more than two dozen state boards and commissions, in line with a 2017 Boards and Commissions Task Force report that outlined ways to eliminate 439 gubernatorial appointments and to eliminate or merge numerous state boards and commissions. He ordered the sale of 30 cars from the state's Office of Administration General Services fleet and the sale of one of the state's two state-owned passenger planes. Greitens released $4 million in biodiesel facility subsidies, which was originally withheld because of concerns about a prospective state budget shortfall.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens ended a longstanding state policy against using tax dollars to aid religious groups. His decision came a week before the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of "Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia v. Comer". The lawsuit challenged a 2012 decision by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources to deny the Columbia church a grant to replace the gravel on its playground with softer, safer material. Greitens instructed the Department of Natural Resources to allow religious organizations to apply for and be eligible to receive those grants.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On January 10, 2018, ahead of an investigative report released by St. Louis CBS affiliate KMOV the same evening, Greitens publicly disclosed that he had engaged in an extramarital affair with his hairstylist, identified only as "K.S.", in 2015. He and his wife issued a joint statement in which he acknowledged the affair, called it "a deeply personal mistake", and said that "we dealt with this together honestly and privately."


title: Eric Greitens

text: KMOV played a recording made by the hairstylist's then-husband in which she said that Greitens had invited her to his home, where she consented to having her hands taped to exercise rings above her head while she was undressed, after which she was blindfolded. In the recording, the hairstylist added that while she was blindfolded, Greitens took pictures of her without her consent and threatened to share them if she ever went public with the affair. She alleges Greitens told her: "You're not going to mention my name. Don't even mention my name to anybody at all, because if you do, I'm going to take these pictures, and I'm going to put them everywhere I can. They are going to be everywhere, and then everyone will know what a little whore you are." The woman tried to leave, but reported to a Special Investigative Committee on Oversight of the Missouri House of Representatives that Greitens pulled her into a "bear hug", "so that she was now lying on the basement floor, crying." She further testified that Greitens then coerced her into performing oral sex on him, after which he permitted her to leave. The woman also testified to the committee that in a later encounter Greitens slapped her and that, in their final encounter, he "smacked [her] and grabbed [her] and shoved [her] down on the ground."


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens denied the blackmail accusation. After initially not commenting on the question, his attorney appeared to deny that any pictures were taken; in an email, he wrote, "No violence. No picture taken. No threat of blackmail." Greitens also denied taking any such photos.


title: Eric Greitens

text: After Attorney General Josh Hawley's office said in a statement that it did not have jurisdiction to look into the matter, the circuit attorney for the City of St. Louis opened an investigation into the blackmail allegations.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On February 22, 2018, a St. Louis grand jury indicted Greitens on felony invasion of privacy charges. He was released on his own recognizance and waived his first appearance.


title: Eric Greitens

text: The judge denied a defense motion to have a bench trial rather than a jury trial and a defense motion to dismiss the indictment.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In pre-trial depositions, William Tisaby, a former FBI agent who assisted St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kim Gardner with the Greitens investigations, affirmed to defense attorneys that he had taken notes during his interview of the woman. After attorneys pressed him to turn over the notes, he changed his testimony and asserted that he had not taken notes during the interview. Video footage, initially withheld from defense attorneys but later tendered, showed Tisaby taking notes during his interview with the woman while in Gardner's presence.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Both charges against Greitens were dropped in May 2018. Prosecutors withdrew the felony invasion of privacy charge on May 14, 2018, after investigators failed to find the alleged photo that formed the basis of the charge.


title: Eric Greitens

text: The circuit attorney referred the case to a special prosecutor, Jean Peters Baker of Kansas City. Baker declined to refile charges, citing the statutes of limitations and insufficient evidence. "The Kansas City Star" confirmed that at the conclusion of Gardner's and Baker's investigations, evidence of an alleged photo was never produced.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Several Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives called on Greitens to resign after the allegations were made public. Josh Hawley, a Republican running for the U.S. Senate, called the situation "very grave". Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner, a Greitens campaign contributor and ally, called on him to resign.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On April 11, 2018, a Special Investigative Committee (SIC) of the Missouri House of Representatives released an initial 24-page report detailing allegations, deemed "credible", against Greitens by the hairstylist with whom he had had an affair. The report testimony details how Greitens took many precautions to hide the affair, including making her change clothes and leave all of her belongings in his kitchen, and blackmailed her into secrecy about the affair with a naked photo of her taken without her consent. Greitens was also physically and verbally abusive, according to the witness. The stylist accused him of unwanted kissing and sexual touching, violently slapping and spanking her, and coercing her into performing oral sex on him. In a four-page report issued on April 30, 2018, the SIC chair, Republican Representative Jay Barnes, said it found that the Greitens defense claims that the woman's testimony was inconsistent were groundless.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On May 3, the Missouri House and Senate collected enough signatures from members to call a special session to consider impeachment. House Speaker Todd Richardson, a Republican, said 29 senators and 138 House members, more than the three-fourths required in each chamber, supported convening a 30-day special session. It began on May 18, the last day of the regular session.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On May 29, 2018, Greitens announced that he would resign effective June 1, 2018. The St. Louis prosecutor's office had made a deal with him that if he resigned, it would withdraw the felony charges for using the veterans' charity email list in his campaign.


title: Eric Greitens

text: At 508 days, Greitens's gubernatorial tenure is the 10th-shortest in Missouri history. Among elected governors, his tenure is the shortest of any Missouri governor since 1861, and the fourth-shortest overall (behind only Frederick Bates, Claiborne Fox Jackson, and Trusten Polk).


title: Eric Greitens

text: In the final days of his administration, Greitens signed 77 pieces of legislation into law. Among these was a bill that cut the corporate tax rate and changed how utility companies receive rate adjustments. He also signed a law making revenge porn illegal in Missouri. He banned lab-grown meat products or meat substitutes from being labeled as "meat", provided a 5% rate reduction for utility companies, and allowed monopoly utility companies to increase fees for water services if they don't make the expected amount from utility rates. Greitens also signed bills to:


title: Eric Greitens

text: Upon Greitens's resignation, Mike Parson took office as governor. Parson initially said he intended to keep Greitens's cabinet, but in October 2021, he changed the directors of five state agencies, transferring some and ousting others.


title: Eric Greitens

text: After the dismissal of all charges against Greitens, his defense attorneys filed a police report with the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department alleging criminal misconduct by William Tisaby, a former FBI agent Gardner's office hired to investigate Greitens. In June 2018, St. Louis Circuit Judge Michael Mullen appointed Gerard Carmody as special prosecutor to investigate alleged misconduct by Tisaby. In June 2019, Tisaby was indicted on six counts of felony perjury and one count of felony tampering with evidence; prosecutors alleged that he concealed documents from defense attorneys and lied under oath during the deposition about materials that could materially affect the outcome of the Greitens case. In March 2022, Tisaby pleaded guilty to misdemeanor evidence tampering and was sentenced to one year's unsupervised probation. He admitted to failing to give Greitens's lawyers documents, including his notes from an interview with the women involved in the case. Tisaby reportedly pleaded guilty due to his health and his attorney's uncertainty about whether he could endure a full jury trial.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In July 2019, the grand jury that indicted Tisaby disbanded without any other indictments, although Carmody indicated that the investigation continued into Gardner's actions.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Gardner was never charged with any crime in connection with the Greitens investigation. But during an April 2022 proceeding before the Missouri Office of Disciplinary Counsel (which regulates the conduct of lawyers in Missouri), she admitted to misconduct, attributing it to inadvertent errors as part of a fast-moving investigation. A disciplinary hearing panel recommended that she receive a reprimand, and she agreed to the recommendation.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On December 31, 2018, the Special Investigative Committee on Oversight that was investigating Greitens released its final report. The "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" reported, "Documents and testimony showed that Greitens ran an off-the-books gubernatorial campaign in 2014 and 2015, and lied about his campaign's acceptance of a charity donor list from the Mission Continues, a veterans charity Greitens founded in 2007."


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens and his supporters have denied any criminal wrongdoing and have repeatedly called the allegations a "political witch hunt".


title: Eric Greitens

text: Before his resignation, many Republican figures mentioned Greitens as a leading contender for President of the United States. On June 2, 2019, the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" reported that Greitens had returned to the U.S. Navy as a Naval Reserve Officer.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In December 2017, Democrats accused Greitens and senior members of his staff of subverting Missouri's open records laws after the "Kansas City Star" reported that they used Confide, a messaging app that erases texts after they have been read, on their personal phones. Attorney General Hawley's office said it would investigate potential violations of the state Sunshine Law. In March 2018, Hawley cleared Greitens, finding no evidence of wrongdoing. Democrats criticized Hawley for failing to seek to interview Greitens or attempt to retrieve messages sent on the app.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In late December 2018, two attorneys sued, claiming that use of such "self-immolating" apps by elected officials and government employees violates Missouri's public records laws. Representative Gina Mitten filed House Bill 1817 in the 2018 legislative session; the bill would ban use of apps like Confide in conducting public business. In 2019, Cole County Circuit Judge Jon Beetem sided with Greitens, dismissing the claims that Greitens's office had subverted or violated any laws. Beetem also ruled that as a private citizen, St. Louis attorney Ben Sansone lacked standing to sue Greitens over alleged Sunshine Law violations.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In October 2016, the Associated Press first reported that Greitens's campaign had obtained a list of donors to The Mission Continues, the 501(c)(3) nonprofit that Greitens had founded, and that the political campaign had raised almost $2 million from donors who previously contributed money to the nonprofit. Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley said in April 2018 that an investigation by his office found evidence that Greitens's use of the donor list broke the campaign finance law, but that the decision whether to file charges against Greitens lay with Gardner. Two days later, the St. Louis Circuit Attorney's Office indicted Greitens on a felony charge for tampering with a computer in taking email and donor lists from The Mission Continues for fundraising purposes. Greitens initially denied using the list, but in April 2017 he acknowledged its use. He said the list was provided by his then-campaign manager, but the former manager denied that. In May 2018, one day after Greitens announced his resignation as governor, the St. Louis Circuit Attorney's Office announced a deal to dismiss the computer-tampering charge against Greitens; Gardner said: "I remain confident we have the evidence required to pursue charges against Mr. Greitens, but sometimes pursuing charges is not the right thing to do for our city or our state." In May 2018, Cole County Prosecutor Mark Richardson announced he would not file any additional charges against Greitens, as suggested by Hawley, related to how his gubernatorial campaign reported the receipt of a charity donor list used for political fundraising.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2020, the Missouri Ethics Commission found probable cause that Greitens's campaign had violated campaign finance law by coordinating with, and failing to report legal in-kind contributions from, outside "dark money" groups during his 2016 gubernatorial campaign. The two outside groups were LG PAC and A New Missouri; the former ran campaign ads that praised Greitens and attacking his opponents, while the latter paid for an opinion poll. The Commission ordered Greitens's campaign to pay a penalty of approximately $178,000, but the campaign had to pay only $38,000 within 45 days, with the remaining amount suspended unless Greitens broke any campaign finance laws in the next two years. The Commission stated that there was no evidence that Greitens "individually" knew of the reporting violations, but noted that "candidates are ultimately responsible for all reporting requirements." The commission stated that it did not investigate allegations that Greitens had operated an illicit "off-the-books campaign" in 2014 and 2015 because the two-year statute of limitations on that alleged offense had lapsed. Greitens's campaign agreed to the penalty settlement and denied doing anything wrong.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2020, Greitens announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2022 United States Senate election in Missouri to succeed the retiring Roy Blunt. Greitens was endorsed by former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke, and Fox News personality Kimberly Guilfoyle, the latter joining his campaign as a national chair.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Many Republican officials, strategists, and donors maneuvered to stymie Greitens's attempted comeback, believing that the scandal surrounding his resignation as governor, his extramarital affair, and the sexual assault accusation against him would make him a weak general election candidate and lead to the loss of the Senate seat to a Democrat. Notable Republican opponents of Greitens's candidacy included Karl Rove, Johnny DeStefano, and Senator Rick Scott, the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. After Greitens's wife filed an affidavit against him in March 2022 accusing him of physical abuse, Senator Josh Hawley (who endorsed another candidate, Vicky Hartzler, the previous month) called upon Greitens to drop out.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Republican megadonor Richard Uihlein funded a pro-Greitens super PAC ("Team PAC"), contributing $2.5 million to it. Other Republican megadonors, including Rex Sinquefield and August Busch, aligned against Greitens. A Republican-funded anti-Greitens super PAC ("Show Me Values PAC") was created in June 2022 and ran $6.2 million in ads through late July 2022.


title: Eric Greitens

text: Like other Republican Senate candidates in 2022, Greitens promoted the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, a far-right notion that gained currency within the Republican Party; he also accused Joe Biden of adopting policies that "are an assault on the entire idea of America." In June 2022, Greitens released a violent campaign advertisement showing him bursting into a house, wielding a shotgun and flanked by men dressed in full military gear carrying assault rifles. In the ad, Greitens declared: "Join the MAGA crew. Get a RINO hunting permit. There's no bagging limit, no tagging limit, and it doesn't expire until we save our country." ("RINO" stands for "Republican in name only"). The ad was widely criticized, removed from Facebook, and given a warning label on Twitter. Some Republicans, such as Missouri Senate Majority Leader Caleb Rowden and U.S. Representatives Barbara Comstock and Adam Kinzinger, condemned the ad. Greitens's campaign denied that the ad condones violence.


title: Eric Greitens

text: As a candidate, Greitens sought the endorsement of Donald Trump. Trump initially made no endorsement, instead praising Billy Long. Republican officials, including Scott, waged a campaign to persuade Trump not to endorse Greitens. On the eve of the primary election, Trump issued a statement endorsing "ERIC" in the primary, leaving it unclear whether he was endorsing Eric Greitens and Eric Schmitt, both of whom laid claim to the endorsement. In the primary election, Greitens was defeated, coming in third place; Schmitt won with 45.7% of the vote; Hartzler received 22.1%, Greitens 18.9%, and Long 5%. Greitens carried a few Bootheel counties, but no other region of the state.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2013, Greitens made a cameo appearance, along with other post–9/11 military veterans, in the science fiction film "Star Trek Into Darkness". He is featured in Joe Klein's book "Charlie Mike: A True Story of Heroes Who Brought Their Mission Home".


title: Eric Greitens

text: As a candidate and as governor, Greitens often publicly touted his fitness and publicized physical feats. He was a boxer in college and has a black belt in taekwondo.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2015, Greitens had an extramarital affair with his hairstylist. She accused him of coercing her to perform oral sex, undressing, kissing and touching her without her consent, and threatening to release a nude photo of her if she told anyone about their encounter. Greitens has said a 2018 report by the Missouri House Special Investigative Committee on Oversight, which concluded that the woman's accusations were credible, was discredited. Greitens's ex-wife said in a sworn affidavit that he had admitted to taking the pictures.


title: Eric Greitens

text: On April 11, 2020, Eric and Sheena Greitens announced they were ending their marriage. In court filings for their 2022 child custody case, Sheena Greitens accused him, in a sworn affidavit, of physical abuse "such as cuffing our then-3-year-old son across the face at the dinner table" and said that, because of the abuse, "steps were taken to limit his access to firearms." She said she has "photographic evidence" of the abuse injuries. Greitens's attorney has said the alleged injuries came from their son just "roughhousing with his brother."


title: Eric Greitens

text: Greitens denied allegations of abuse, claiming that they are politically motivated and that leading Republicans helped his ex-wife write the affidavit.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2008, President George W. Bush awarded Greitens the President's Volunteer Service Award for his work at The Mission Continues.


title: Eric Greitens

text: In 2012, Greitens was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL) from Tufts University. That same year he received the Bronfman Prize.


title: Eric Greitens

text: "Time" named Greitens to its 2013 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. In 2014 "Fortune" featured him as one of the World's 50 Greatest Leaders.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Gaddalakonda Ganesh is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film directed by Harish Shankar and produced by Ram Achanta and Gopichand Achanta under the 14 Reels Plus banner. The film is an official remake of the 2014 Tamil film "Jigarthanda" which itself was inspired by the 2006 South Korean movie "A Dirty Carnival". The film stars Varun Tej, Atharvaa, Pooja Hegde, and Mirnalini Ravi. The film marks the Telugu debut of Atharvaa and Mirnalini Ravi. Originally titled "Valmiki", the title was changed to "Gaddalakonda Ganesh" after several controversies and a legal dispute.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: In a cinema studio, an assistant director who aspires to become a film director named Abhilash, aka Abhi is insulted by one of the directors, and there he challenges that he will become a good director with a good film in a few days. Another producer likes Abhi's hard work and suggests that he do a gangster movie. He decides to direct the biopic of a gangster. In search of a gangster, he finds the ruthless gangster named Gaddalakonda Ganesh, aka Gani lives in the town of Gaddalakonda. Abhi lands in Gaddalakonda and starts learning about Gani with the help of his friend Chintakayyi. Abhi traps Bujjama, the granddaughter of Gani's chef and she falls in love with Abhi, who realises this and reciprocates her feelings.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: After some hilarious scenes, Abhi and Chintakayyi befriends Thuppaki, one of Gani's henchmen. Later the duo learns that the Thuppaki is helping Prabhakar, one of Gani's rivals, to kill Gani for the position of Gani. However, Gani acknowledges this, plans and to kill Thuppaki. Gani also kidnaps Abhi and his friend. Abhi says the truth, and Gani feels happy that they were taking the biopic of him, and he narrates the whole story, including his criminal activities.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: From childhood, Gani starts beating people for money. Later he does settlements for M.L.A. Gani, also a fan of Sridevi. Later, Gani falls for Sridevi, aka Devi, a computer student, but she doesn't accept him because of his aimless behaviour. Later she also reciprocates his feelings after he rescues her from ragging. But Devi's father refuses to accept their relationship due to the caste system. Devi and Gani decide to elope from Gaddalakonda, and Gani refuses to kill someone for the M.L.A because he wants to leave behind his rowdyism. The M.L.A informs the police about Gani's whereabouts. The police come to the railway station and beat up Gani while Devi's father threatens Devi to marry the bridegroom whom he chose, otherwise he will order the police to kill Gani. Devi reluctantly marries a police officer who belongs to her caste. Another M.L.A, with the lawyer, comes to the police station and says that Gani's M.L.A had informed the police of Gani's whereabouts. He then goes to his M.L.A and slits his throat in front of his mother. Then Gani's mother complains against him. But Gani claims in court that his mother is a mute. From that day onwards, she refuses to speak with Gani.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Now, Bujjama learns about Abhi and confronts the latter. In the party for Abhi returning to Hyderabad, Bujjama expected Gani to act as a protagonist in his biopic. Gani agrees against to Abhi's wishes. However, Abhi changes his mind by listening to the theatre operator's words and his passion about directing a movie, but he can't do it due to his bad adaptation. Then Abhi appoints the acting coach Muni Manikyam for Gani and his gang. Later the acting coach praises Gani for his acting skill due to his ruthless behaviour, and also the acting coach humiliated Gani and his gang while they were training.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The shooting begins. The title of the film is "Settimaar". By understanding the difficulties in directing the movie, Bujjama reconciles with Abhi. But things take a turn when Gani also changes his mind and falls for Bujjama. In the audio launch, Gani announced that he gifted a villa to Abhi and wants to marry Bujjama.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The movie is released and opens with a tremendous response. At the same time, Abhi elopes with Bujjama. Gani learns of this and decides to kill Abhi. Meanwhile, Gani's craze increases due to his acting skills. The people who fear Gani are now asking for selfies with him and his autograph. The little daughter of Thuppaki, who also fears when Gani comes to fondle her, gives a kiss and praises his acting skills. Gani's mother, who refused to talk to him in the past, speaks to him. By seeing all these, Gani spares Abhi and Bujjama and gives up his rowdy career. Prabhakar's henchman asks him to include him in Gani's next movie, which is being directed by Sukumar. Abhi's paternal uncle (Devi Prasad) takes Gani's criminal evidence (tape recorder and files) and hands it over to the D.C.P, who turns out to be Devi's husband. Devi takes the evidence (tape recorder) and grinds it in a blender. When the D.C.P asks Devi why she had ground the evidence, She replies that it's because the D.C.P couldn't keep his promise to not incriminate Gani, for which in return Devi wouldn't think about Gani. This indicates that Devi still loves Gani. Later, Devi also praises him. Abhi uses Gani's gang for threatening stars like Nithin to act in his film. Abhi marries Bujjama, and Gani remains single.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: On 26 January 2019, the film officially launched. Dil Raju, Sukumar graced the launch, and proceedings took place at Ramanaidu Film Studios.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The production on the film started from February 2019. Atharvaa joined on set for shooting in March 2019. Similarly involvement of Pooja Hegde was confirmed by the team in July. Mickey J. Meyer replaced Devi Sri Prasad as music director who was initially announced.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The soundtrack is composed by Mickey J. Meyer and lyrics by Bhaskarbhatla Ravikumar and Vanamali. The song "Elluvochi Godaramma" is a remix of the song "Yeluvachhi" from the 1982 film "Devatha".


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Valmiki being from Boya Community, many people from that community protested against changing the name of the film as they are showing the lead actor in a negative role. When shooting for the film in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, the Boya community attacked the film crew, and shooting was cancelled.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The release of the film was stalled in Anantapur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh by their respective district collectors as the Boya community was protesting for title change of the film.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: In September 2019, "Boya Hakkula Porata Samithi" filed a petition in the Telangana High Court and Andhra Pradesh Valmiki Boya Sangam (APVBS) In AP High Court with PIL No:139/2019 by State General Secretary Kranthi Naidu Boya contending that the title hurt sentiments as the name of a great saint as Valmiki was being used for a character that donning the role of a villain.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Due to many controversies over the film's title and release stalling in some areas, the title was changed to "Gaddalakonda Ganesh" only 6 hours prior to the release of the film.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: In June 2019, 14 Reels Plus released pre teaser on social media platforms. On 15 August 2019 the team released teaser and started promoting by releasing singles from the album. The official trailer of the film was unveiled by 14 Reels Plus on 9 September 2019.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The film was scheduled to be released on 13 September 2019, however to avoid direct clash with "Gang Leader" it was postponed by a week, scheduling the release on 20 September.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: The Hindi dubbed version was premiered on Dhinchaak TV channel on 6 March 2022. The film was also dubbed in Malayalam as "Gajarakotta Ganesha" in 2022 and despite being a remake of the Tamil film "Jigarthanda", was also dubbed in Tamil as "Kazhugumalai Ganesan" a year earlier in 2021.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Neeshita Nyayapati writing for "The Times of India" has given 3.5/5 rating praising Varun Tej's performance as gangster.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Banda Kalyan writing for "Sakshi" gave 3/5 rating point out the only drawback of the film is forced comedy and how people are simply laughing onscreen while watching a film about a gangster.


title: Gaddalakonda Ganesh

text: Sangeetha Devi writing for "The Hindu" suggested this adaptation raises a toast to the cinema, more importantly showcases the power of the director.


title: The 4400

text: The 4400 (pronounced "the forty-four hundred") is a science fiction television series produced by CBS Paramount Network Television in association with BSkyB, Renegade 83, and American Zoetrope for USA Network in the United States and Sky One in the United Kingdom. It was created and written by Scott Peters and René Echevarria, and it starred Joel Gretsch and Jacqueline McKenzie. The series ran for four seasons from July 11, 2004, to September 16, 2007.


title: The 4400

text: In the series' pilot episode, a ball of light deposits a group of 4400 people in the Cascade Range foothills near Mount Rainier, Washington in the United States. Each of the 4400 had disappeared in a beam of green light in 1946 or after. None of them have aged from the time of their disappearance. Confused and disoriented, they have no memories of what transpired prior to their return.


title: The 4400

text: Creator Scott Peters has stated that the series was originally titled "A Light in the Sky", but looking for something unique he decided to "play around with numbers" instead and arrived at "4400" because it "just sounded cool" and "was a very round number with two 4s and two 0s".


title: The 4400

text: The National Threat Assessment Command (NTAC), a division of the Department of Homeland Security, is in charge of dealing with the return of the 4400. Dennis Ryland is the head of NTAC. Ryland assigns Tom Baldwin and Diana Skouris as the lead team to investigate the 4400. In the second season, Ryland goes to Washington and is replaced by Nina Jarvis. In the fourth season, Meghan Doyle takes over as the head of NTAC.


title: The 4400

text: Many of the returnees have trouble getting their lives back on track after being gone from the world for years. More significantly, a small number of the returnees begin to manifest paranormal abilities, such as telekinesis, telepathy and precognition, as well as other "gifts". For example, in the pilot, Shawn Farrell manifests an ability to heal the broken neck of a dead bird, bringing it back to life. In addition, one of the 4400, Lily Moore, has become pregnant between her disappearance and return.


title: The 4400

text: The first-season finale, "White Light", reveals that the 4400 were abducted not by aliens, but by humans from the Earth's future, that Kyle Baldwin was to be their "messenger", and that they were returned to avert a catastrophe.


title: The 4400

text: By the second season, it is revealed that all 4400 have a fictional neurotransmitter, promicin, in their brains, which gives them their powers. The government, afraid of what this large group would do with such power, had secretly been dosing all of the 4400 with a promicin inhibitor, which had worked on most, but not all, of the 4400. One of the inhibitor's side effects is a potentially fatal immune deficiency. The inhibitor is ultimately removed from the 4400 by a dose of promicin extracted by Kevin Burkhoff from the blood of the infant Isabelle, who was never given the inhibitor.


title: The 4400

text: At the beginning of the third season, the Nova Group, a terrorist faction made up of 4400s, emerges. Originally formed as a "defensive" group in the aftermath of the promicin-inhibitor scandal, the Nova Group eventually carries out numerous terrorist attacks against the government and NTAC. The group is responsible for many terrorist attacks including the assassination of the men involved with the promicin-inhibitor conspiracy; the attempted assassination of Ryland; the framing of Baldwin for murder; and the driving of another person to insanity.


title: The 4400

text: During the third and fourth season, it is revealed that only a certain faction from the future wants to see history changed. Another faction, which prefers the status quo, opposes the 4400, and has sent their own operatives, including Isabelle Tyler and "the Marked", into the past. The exact motives of both factions were not revealed.


title: The 4400

text: Eventually, Jordan Collier, a returnee who declares himself the savior of humanity, makes promicin shots available to the general public. However, only half of the human population can actually tolerate promicin, and thus develop superhuman abilities, while the other half die upon taking the shot. Although the government outlaws promicin use, thousands of previously ordinary people have developed superhuman abilities, severely complicating NTAC's task. Collier later annexes a part of Seattle and transforms it into "Promise City", a self-proclaimed paradise open to all people with superhuman abilities. The US government attempts to reclaim Promise City but meets with little success.


title: The 4400

text: At the conclusion of the series, Danny Farell's uncontrolled ability exposed some of the residents of Seattle to promicin, resulting in about 9,000 deaths and as many newly empowered humans, while at the same time forcing the remains of NTAC (now themselves mostly promicin-positive) to ask Jordan Collier and his followers (as the only group immune to the 50% chance of death from exposure) to become the "de facto" government of Seattle. The series ended with a cliffhanger, with Collier pledging to build the future he had promised, while the government watches uneasily as Collier's militia remains in control of Seattle, now known as Promise City.


title: The 4400

text: In the series, promicin is a fictional neurotransmitter the human body produces that controls and regulates bodily functions. In the 4400, it enables every member to use parts of the cerebellum no human has previously used. This is the cause of the new abilities in each returnee. Promicin's behavior and effects are unpredictable, potentially giving any ability. However, as part of a government conspiracy, every 4400 is regularly injected with a promicin-inhibitor, suppressing their potential new abilities.


title: The 4400

text: Dr. Kevin Burkhoff devises a way to artificially create 4400 abilities through a series of promicin injections, using himself as a test subject, giving him regenerative abilities. However, the government finds out about this breakthrough and builds up its own stockpile of a much purer promicin (extracted from Isabelle Tyler), which they in turn use to create at least one group of soldiers with 4400 abilities, as demonstrated by the government's attack on Promise City. Jordan Collier steals the government's supply, and begins distributing it via human couriers to anyone who wants the shot.


title: The 4400

text: An injection of promicin has a 50% chance of either killing the person taking the injection (by way of an aneurysm) or giving them a 4400 ability. In the fourth season, Dr. Burkhoff claims to have discovered how promicin interacts with the body, thus being able to predict whether a person will survive the shot or not. It is explained that nine out of ten left-handed people who take the shot survive. In the brain there is a small part called the corpus callosum. It is essentially a bundle of neural fibres that connects the two hemispheres and it is usually slightly larger in left-handed people than it is in right-handed people. That is why left-handed people survive; the size of that part of the brain helps determine whether or not a person will be able to integrate a new neurotransmitter. With further research, Dr. Burkhoff believes a simple CAT scan will be able to tell how anyone's body will react to a promicin shot.


title: The 4400

text: There exists a substance that can eliminate all traces of promicin in the human body, effectively robbing the injected individual of any 4400 powers and in addition making this person allergic to promicin. The identity and makeup of this substance is not stated, and the only known source of it so far is from the future. A second method also exists for removing promicin from non-4400 humans, through the promicin-neutralizing ability of Jordan Collier.


title: The 4400

text: There also appears to be a substance that can counteract the anti-promicin's effects as Tom Baldwin, during his time as a member of the "Marked", uses this substance to help Isabelle Tyler regain her powers by removing her promicin allergy. Like the anti-promicin, this substance appears to be from the future.


title: The 4400

text: As discovered by Marco in the episode The Starzl Mutation; Seattle Presbyterian Hospital started using a flawed radiation machine to treat their cancer patients in 1969. The microswitches that controlled the machine were not functioning properly, so the doses were incorrect. This went on for just under five years. Once the hospital figured out what they were doing they tested everyone who had ever been exposed to it and in some cases the radiation induced a small mutation. This mutation was a slight alteration of the eleventh chromosome, named the "Starzl mutation" after the manufacturer of the faulty machine.


title: The 4400

text: The mutation is hereditary, meaning people that got it passed it onto their children. The Starzl mutation is both harmless and conserved in those offspring; they live normal healthy lives. While the offspring of a returnee normally do not retain the ability to generate promicin, a second-hand report from John Shaffner (an ex-special ops soldier) suggested that the offspring of a 4400 and a Starzl mutant will be "promicin-positive", meaning they will have abilities. This is believed by Tom Baldwin and Diana Skouris to be the reason why the abductees were returned to the Seattle area – it is the only place they are likely to encounter individuals who possess the Starzl mutation and therefore the only place they are likely to produce children with 4400 abilities.


title: The 4400

text: The promicin-inhibitor "piggybacks on glucose", after entering the brain through facilitated diffusion. It is a binding protein; that is, it binds itself to promicin in the body and neutralizes it. However, if there is no promicin for it to bind to, it remains in the body. Eventually, it builds up to toxic levels in the lymph nodes, damaging the immune system. The result is a chemically induced immunodeficiency.


title: The 4400

text: To counteract the promicin inhibitor, Dr. Burkhoff develops a serum containing Isabelle's pure promicin. This serum neutralizes the charge so the inhibitor is not able to cross membranes and can be flushed out of the body.


title: The 4400

text: "The 4400" is set in Seattle, Washington, United States, but actually filmed in the Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, area. Settings include:


title: The 4400

text: "The 4400" ran for four seasons. The first season is presented as a miniseries of five episodes, which aired weekly from July 11, 2004, to August 8, 2004, with a two-hour premiere. The second, third and fourth seasons are each 13-episode seasons (counting the two-hour premieres in the second and third seasons as two episodes). A special episode, "The 4400: Unlocking the Secrets", aired between the second and third seasons, on June 3, 2006, originally on NBC.


title: The 4400

text: Production of the third season was shot in Vancouver until July 26, 2006. The third season premiered June 11, 2006, with 4.2million viewers tuning in. Executive Producer Ira Steven Behr described the third season as "bigger and more mythic. It feels like 26 episodes instead of 13 because we're cramming so much stuff in". Billy Campbell, the actor who plays Collier, took most of the third season off to sail around the world, returning in the final four episodes.


title: The 4400

text: Production of the fourth and final season began in early 2007 for a mid-year premiere, returning with the episode "The Wrath of Graham".


title: The 4400

text: On September 14, 2000, "Variety" reported that American Zoetrope, an independent film production company owned by the family of filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, had made two television production deals; one of them being made with Viacom to produce full-length television series, having themselves been in the television production industry before with miniseries and made-for-television films like "Dark Angel" and "Moby Dick" and already produced their first full-length series "First Wave" for Space in Canada and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States. "The 4400" was the only product to ever come out of the American Zoetrope/Viacom deal, as Viacom would split at the start of 2006 into CBS Corporation and a new Viacom, the former of which took over Viacom's place as co-producer of the series.


title: The 4400

text: The theme song of the show is "A Place in Time", written by Robert Phillips and Tim Paruskewitz and performed by Amanda Abizaid. All seasons are filmed in high-definition with closed captioning. USA Network broadcast episodes after the first season in fullscreen format; the DVD releases contain the episodes in their native widescreen format.


title: The 4400

text: Subsequent to the cancellation of the series, these web sites were allowed to lapse and none of them are active any further. Most of them have now been parked.


title: The 4400

text: Writer and co-creator Scott Peters announced on December 18, 2007, that due to the ongoing Writers Guild of America strike, budgetary problems, and lower-than-anticipated ratings, "The 4400" had been cancelled and would not be returning for a fifth season.


title: The 4400

text: The soundtrack to "The 4400" was released on May 8, 2007, by Milan Records and includes music from the first three seasons, as follows:


title: The 4400

text: The last track does not appear in the series. Although not included on the soundtrack, "Life for Rent" by Dido was used in the episode "The Gospel According to Collier". The song "Where Is My Mind?" by the Pixies was later used in the series finale.


title: The 4400

text: The first season was released on Blu-ray in Germany during August 2017, with the remaining seasons releasing in the subsequent months.


title: The 4400

text: "The 4400" received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 95% approval rating.


title: The 4400

text: In November 2018, it was announced that a reboot of "The 4400" was in development at The CW. Taylor Elmore and Craig Sweeny, the latter of whom worked on the original series throughout its entire run as a writer and later as a supervising producer, would write and serve as executive producers of the "reimagined" series through their deals with the original series' producer, CBS Television Studios. Elmore would serve as showrunner should the project move forward.


title: The 4400

text: In February 2019, it was reported that the project would roll over to the next development cycle to allow Elmore and Sweeny to finish the pilot script. In February 2021, The CW ordered the show straight-to-series for the Fall 2021 season. "Riverdale" co-executive producer Ariana Jackson and Anna Fricke will serve as showrunners. In March 2021, Joseph David-Jones and Khailah Johnson were cast as series regulars. In April 2021, Brittany Adebumola, Jaye Ladymore and Amarr Wooten joined the cast as series regulars. In May 2021, TL Thompson, Cory Jeacoma, Ireon Roach, Derrick A. King and Autumn Best were also cast. The series premiered on October 25, 2021. In May 2022, the series was canceled after one season.


title: Aleph number

text: In mathematics, particularly in set theory, the aleph numbers are a sequence of numbers used to represent the cardinality (or size) of infinite sets that can be well-ordered. They were introduced by the mathematician Georg Cantor and are named after the symbol he used to denote them, the Hebrew letter aleph (formula_1).


title: Aleph number

text: The cardinality of the natural numbers is formula_2 (read "aleph-nought" or "aleph-zero"; the term "aleph-null" is also sometimes used), the next larger cardinality of a well-orderable set is aleph-one formula_3 then formula_4 and so on. Continuing in this manner, it is possible to define a cardinal number formula_5 for every ordinal number formula_6 as described below.


title: Aleph number

text: who defined the notion of cardinality and realized that infinite sets can have different cardinalities.


title: Aleph number

text: The aleph numbers differ from the infinity (formula_7) commonly found in algebra and calculus, in that the alephs measure the sizes of sets, while infinity is commonly defined either as an extreme limit of the real number line (applied to a function or sequence that "diverges to infinity" or "increases without bound"), or as an extreme point of the extended real number line.


title: Aleph number

text: formula_2 (aleph-nought, also aleph-zero or aleph-null) is the cardinality of the set of all natural numbers, and is an infinite cardinal. The set of all finite ordinals, called formula_9 or formula_10 (where formula_9 is the lowercase Greek letter omega), has cardinality formula_2. A set has cardinality formula_2 if and only if it is countably infinite, that is, there is a bijection (one-to-one correspondence) between it and the natural numbers. Examples of such sets are


title: Aleph number

text: These infinite ordinals: formula_14 formula_15 formula_16 formula_17 formula_18 and formula_19 are among the countably infinite sets. For example, the sequence (with ordinality formula_20) of all positive odd integers followed by all positive even integers


title: Aleph number

text: If the axiom of countable choice (a weaker version of the axiom of choice) holds, then formula_2 is smaller than any other infinite cardinal.


title: Aleph number

text: formula_24 is the cardinality of the set of all countable ordinal numbers, called formula_25 or sometimes formula_26. This formula_25 is itself an ordinal number larger than all countable ones, so it is an uncountable set. Therefore, formula_24 is distinct from formula_2. The definition of formula_24 implies (in ZF, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory "without" the axiom of choice) that no cardinal number is between formula_2 and formula_24. If the axiom of choice is used, it can be further proved that the class of cardinal numbers is totally ordered, and thus formula_24 is the second-smallest infinite cardinal number. Using the axiom of choice, one can show one of the most useful properties of the set formula_25: any countable subset of formula_25 has an upper bound in formula_25. (This follows from the fact that the union of a countable number of countable sets is itself countable – one of the most common applications of the axiom of choice.) This fact is analogous to the situation in formula_37 : every finite set of natural numbers has a maximum which is also a natural number, and finite unions of finite sets are finite.


title: Aleph number

text: formula_38is actually a useful concept, if somewhat exotic-sounding. An example application is "closing" with respect to countable operations; e.g., trying to explicitly describe the σ-algebra generated by an arbitrary collection of subsets (see e.g. Borel hierarchy). This is harder than most explicit descriptions of "generation" in algebra (vector spaces, groups, etc.) because in those cases we only have to close with respect to finite operations – sums, products, and the like. The process involves defining, for each countable ordinal, via transfinite induction, a set by "throwing in" all possible countable unions and complements, and taking the union of all that over all of formula_39.


title: Aleph number

text: The cardinality of the set of real numbers (cardinality of the continuum) is formula_40 It cannot be determined from ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory augmented with the axiom of choice) where this number fits exactly in the aleph number hierarchy, but it follows from ZFC that the continuum hypothesis, CH, is equivalent to the identity


title: Aleph number

text: The CH states that there is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers. CH is independent of ZFC: it can be neither proven nor disproven within the context of that axiom system (provided that ZFC is consistent). That CH is consistent with ZFC was demonstrated by Kurt Gödel in 1940, when he showed that its negation is not a theorem of ZFC. That it is independent of ZFC was demonstrated by Paul Cohen in 1963, when he showed conversely that the CH itself is not a theorem of ZFC – by the (then-novel) method of forcing.


title: Aleph number

text: where the smallest infinite ordinal is denoted . That is, the cardinal number formula_43 is the least upper bound of


title: Aleph number

text: formula_45 is the first uncountable cardinal number that can be demonstrated within Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory "not" to be equal to the cardinality of the set of all real numbers; for any positive integer "n" we can consistently assume that formula_46 and moreover it is possible to assume formula_47 is as large as we like. We are only forced to avoid setting it to certain special cardinals with cofinality formula_48 meaning there is an unbounded function from formula_49 to it (see Easton's theorem).


title: Aleph number

text: To define formula_5 for arbitrary ordinal number formula_51 we must define the successor cardinal operation, which assigns to any cardinal number formula_52 the next larger well-ordered cardinal formula_53 (if the axiom of choice holds, this is the next larger cardinal).


title: Aleph number

text: In many cases formula_61 is strictly greater than . For example, for any successor ordinal α this holds. There are, however, some limit ordinals which are fixed points of the omega function, because of the fixed-point lemma for normal functions. The first such is the limit of the sequence


title: Aleph number

text: Any weakly inaccessible cardinal is also a fixed point of the aleph function. This can be shown in ZFC as follows. Suppose formula_63 is a weakly inaccessible cardinal. If formula_64 were a successor ordinal, then formula_65 would be a successor cardinal and hence not weakly inaccessible. If formula_66 were a limit ordinal less than formula_67 then its cofinality (and thus the cofinality of formula_68) would be less than formula_69 and so formula_69 would not be regular and thus not weakly inaccessible. Thus formula_71 and consequently formula_72 which makes it a fixed point.


title: Aleph number

text: The cardinality of any infinite ordinal number is an aleph number. Every aleph is the cardinality of some ordinal. The least of these is its initial ordinal. Any set whose cardinality is an aleph is equinumerous with an ordinal and is thus well-orderable.


title: Aleph number

text: The assumption that the cardinality of each infinite set is an aleph number is equivalent over ZF to the existence of a well-ordering of every set, which in turn is equivalent to the axiom of choice. ZFC set theory, which includes the axiom of choice, implies that every infinite set has an aleph number as its cardinality (i.e. is equinumerous with its initial ordinal), and thus the initial ordinals of the aleph numbers serve as a class of representatives for all possible infinite cardinal numbers.


title: Aleph number

text: When cardinality is studied in ZF without the axiom of choice, it is no longer possible to prove that each infinite set has some aleph number as its cardinality; the sets whose cardinality is an aleph number are exactly the infinite sets that can be well-ordered. The method of Scott's trick is sometimes used as an alternative way to construct representatives for cardinal numbers in the setting of ZF. For example, one can define to be the set of sets with the same cardinality as of minimum possible rank. This has the property that if and only if and have the same cardinality. (The set does not have the same cardinality of in general, but all its elements do.)


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Piranesi is a fantasy novel by English author Susanna Clarke, published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2020. It is Clarke's second novel, following her debut "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell" (2004), published sixteen years earlier. "Piranesi" won the 2021 Women's Prize for Fiction.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Piranesi lives in a place called the House, a world composed of infinite halls and vestibules lined with statues, no two of which are alike. The upper level of the House is filled with clouds, and the lower level with an ocean, which occasionally surges into the middle level following tidal patterns that Piranesi meticulously tracks. He believes he has always lived in the House, and that there are only fifteen people in the world, most of whom are long-dead skeletons. Piranesi records every day in his journals, the text of which makes up the novel.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Twice a week, Piranesi meets with the Other, a well-dressed man who enlists his help to search for a "Great and Secret Knowledge" hidden somewhere in the House. The Other occasionally brings Piranesi supplies that seem to originate from outside the House, such as shoes, electric torches, and multivitamins. When Piranesi suggests that they abandon the quest for the Great and Secret Knowledge, the Other says they have had this conversation before, and warns Piranesi that the House slowly erodes one's memories and personality.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: The Other warns Piranesi that a sixteenth person, whom both call "16," may enter the House to do him harm, and that he must not approach 16 under any circumstances or he will lose his sanity. Piranesi meets an elderly stranger he calls the Prophet, who identifies the Other as Ketterley, a rival who stole his ideas about the Knowledge. The Prophet claims that the House is a "distributary world", formed by ideas flowing out of another world. He declares he will lead 16 to the House in order to hurt Ketterley.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: While indexing his journals, Piranesi discovers references to entries he doesn't remember writing which include terms mentioned by the Prophet. The entries tell the story of an occultist from the modern world named Laurence Arne-Sayles who posited that other worlds existed and could be accessed; Ketterley was one of his students. Arne-Sayles fostered a cult-like mentality among his followers and was eventually imprisoned for kidnapping a man named James Ritter. Ritter later described being held captive in a place resembling the House.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Piranesi discovers that 16 has entered the House, and leaves a message. Piranesi avoids reading 16's reply, but interactions with the Other reveal that she is a woman named Raphael. After learning that a rare confluence of tides will soon flood the middle level of the House, Piranesi leaves a warning for 16, and discovers a message from her asking "Are you Matthew Rose Sorensen?" Reading the name gives Piranesi a vision of standing in a modern city.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Further research in Piranesi's journals reveals that someone has destroyed all entries relating to Ketterley. Piranesi pieces the destroyed pages back together from scraps he finds in gull nests, and learns the true story of how he came to the House: he was Matthew Rose Sorensen, a journalist writing a book about Arne-Sayles. When Sorensen went to interview Ketterley, Ketterley used a ritual to imprison him in the House, where he slowly lost his memory and constructed a new identity which Ketterley mockingly named Piranesi.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: On the day of the flood, Piranesi confronts Ketterley with his reclaimed memories just as Raphael returns to find him. Ketterley tries to kill them both, but drowns in the floodwaters. After the water recedes, Raphael explains that she is a British police detective investigating disappearances related to the Arne-Sayles cult. She asks Piranesi to return to his home world, where his family have, for six years since he disappeared from London, wondered what happened to him. After long deliberation, he elects to leave the House.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: In an epilogue, the narrator has adjusted to living in his home world, but often returns to the House. The narrator brings James Ritter back to visit the House, tends to Ketterley's body, and joins Raphael when she visits the House. He reflects that he is no longer quite Sorensen or Piranesi, but must construct a third identity from the remnants of the other two.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: "Piranesi" is Clarke's second novel, following her debut "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell" (2004), which sold 4 million copies worldwide and was adapted into a BBC miniseries of the same name in 2015. Shortly after its publication, Clarke became ill with what was later diagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome. Her writing became a "torturous" process. She worked on several projects, including a sequel to "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell", but found herself "incapable of making decisions": "I found it impossible to decide between one version of a sentence and another version, but also between having the plot go in this direction and having it go in that direction. Everything became like uncontained bushes, shooting out in all directions." Clarke credits a visit to the set of the "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell" miniseries with reinvigorating her confidence as an author. She had felt weighed down by the "consciousness" of her time spent inactive and unable to complete projects, and decided to "simplify" what she was asking of herself. "Piranesi" was a longtime unfinished project of Clarke's which "probably predates "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell"". She decided to return to it as she deemed it "more manageable": "I thought, it doesn't have hundreds of characters and it won't require a huge amount of research because I don't know what research I could do for it."


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: "Piranesi" was published in hardback, e-book and audio format on 15 September 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing. The audiobook version was narrated by actor Chiwetel Ejiofor.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: "Piranesi" received reviews of unanimous admiration. Sarah Ditum of "The Times" gave the novel a rave review, writing, "After all that time, she has produced a second novel that is close to perfect."


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: Ron Charles of "The Washington Post" called it "infinitely clever" and praised Piranesi's acceptance of his imprisonment for unintentionally making the novel "resonate with a planet in quarantine" due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: "Publishers Weekly" called it an "inventive" novel, praising Clarke's subtlety in progressing the novel's storyline.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: The title of the novel alludes to the 18th-century Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who produced a series of sixteen prints entitled "Imaginary Prisons" which depict enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: "Piranesi" contains several references or allusions to C. S. Lewis's series "The Chronicles of Narnia". In the "Statues" entry of Part I, the narrator of "Piranesi" notes that he dreamt of a faun "standing in a snowy forest and speaking to a female child", likely a reference to Lucy Pevensie meeting the faun Mr. Tumnus in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". When describing the character Dr. Valentine Andrew Ketterley, the text notes that he is the son of a "Ranulph Andrew Ketterley" and that "the Ketterleys are an old Dorsetshire family." Both the names and the description of the family are evocative of Andrew Ketterley, a key figure in "The Magician's Nephew" who describes his family as "a very old family. An old Dorsetshire family." This connection is further strengthened by the quotation from "The Magician's Nephew" given at the front of the novel, which was also spoken in that book by Andrew Ketterley. In addition, there are several similarities between the House of "Piranesi" and the so-called "Wood between the Worlds" of "The Magician's Nephew". Both are alternative worlds (distinct from our own) that must be reached through supernatural means, both contain life but of a less variegated nature than that in the characters' original worlds, and both induce a state of forgetfulness in newcomers, making them believe that they have always been in the new, supernatural, world.


title: Piranesi (novel)

text: The story of "Piranesi" has also been compared to the parable of the cave by Plato, who is an inspiration of Digory Kirke in "Narnia". In the story of "Piranesi", Piranesi is confined to a world filled with nothing but statues, which represent a greater reality which he is simultaneously ignorant of. In Plato's "Allegory of the cave", a character, possessing no knowledge of the outside world, is imprisoned within a dark cave with nothing but shadows, reflections of the actual world, projected on the cave wall.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: Andrés Muschietti (; born August 26, 1973) is an Argentine filmmaker who achieved wide recognition with the 2013 film "Mama" which he made with Neil Cross and his sister, producer and screenwriter Barbara Muschietti, based on their three-minute film of the same name. The short, which he made at age 35, had attracted the attention of Guillermo del Toro, who then served as executive producer on the feature adaptation.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: He gained further recognition for directing both films in the "It" film series, the first being the 2017 film adaptation of the Stephen King novel "It", which became the highest-grossing horror film of all time, and the second being its 2019 second part, "It Chapter Two". Both are distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and produced by New Line Cinema.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: Muschietti is set to direct two upcoming films, also for Warner Bros.: "The Flash" starring Ezra Miller, set in the DC Extended Universe, and a live-action adaptation of "Attack on Titan". He is also set to direct a remake of "The Howling" for Netflix.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: Muschietti was born and raised in Vicente López, Buenos Aires and has one older sister Barbara Muschietti. Both he and his sister studied at Fundación Universidad del Cine.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In 2013, Muschietti directed his debut film, the supernatural horror "Mama", which he co-wrote with Neil Cross and his sister Barbara Muschietti, with the latter also acting as producer. It was based on Muschietti's three-minute short film "Mamá", which attracted Guillermo del Toro, who stated that it had the "scariest" scenes he had "ever seen." The short convinced del Toro to executive produce the feature-length film, which starred Jessica Chastain, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Megan Charpentier and Isabelle Nelisse, and was released by Universal Pictures on January 18, 2013. The film grossed more than $146 million and had a budget of $15 million.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In September 2013, Universal hired Muschietti for a reboot of "The Mummy" franchise, but he left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences with Jon Spaihts' draft of the script.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In July 2015, after the departure of Cary Joji Fukunaga, Muschietti was hired by New Line Cinema to direct "It", the two-part adaptation of the Stephen King novel. Barbara produced along with Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Seth Grahame-Smith and David Katzenberg. The films were released in 2017 and 2019, respectively.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In April 2021, both Andy and Barbara Muschietti formed their own production company called Double Dream, with "The Flash" serving as the company’s first project.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In February 2013, Universal Pictures announced Muschietti would direct the film adaptation of the Josh Malerman novel "Bird Box", which Scott Stuber, Chris Morgan and Barbara would produce, with Eric Heisserer set to write the script. In January 2014, Muschietti was reportedly among front-runners to direct a "He-Man" film for Warner Bros. Pictures, a remake of "Masters of the Universe". In June 2014, "Deadline" reported that Muschietti was on the shortlist of directors to direct a sequel to the fantasy film "Snow White and the Huntsman" for Universal. In September 2014, Sony Pictures named Muschietti to direct the film adaptation of "Shadow of the Colossus" after Josh Trank left due to a commitment to an upcoming "Star Wars" spin-off. Barbara would co-produce the film with Kevin Misher, with Seth Lochhead set to write the screenplay.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In February 2015, "Deadline" reported that Sony was looking to hire Muschietti to direct a live-action "Robotech" project, with Gianni Nunnari and Mark Canton attached to produce, and Michael B. Gordon as screenwriter. In March 2015, Plan B Entertainment optioned the film rights to Stephen King's short story "The Jaunt" from the "Skeleton Crew" collection, with Muschietti to direct and Barbara attached as producer.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In September 2017, Deadline reported that Muschietti was attached to a film version of the book "Dracul".


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In December 2017, it was announced that Muschietti will produce alongside his sister, Barbara the adaptation of the sci-fi novel "The Electric Slate" by Simon Stålenhag to be directed by the Russo brothers.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: On October 29, 2018, it was announced that Muschietti will be directing a Warner Bros. live-action film reboot of "Attack on Titan".


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In July 2019, Warner Bros. was looking to hire Muschietti to direct a DC Extended Universe film "The Flash". In August 2019, Muschietti confirmed that "The Flash" will be his next project. "The Flash" is scheduled to be released on June 23, 2023.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: In August 2019, Muschietti was announced to produce the film adaptation of "Roadwork" from Stephen King with Pablo Trapero directing.


title: Andy Muschietti

text: Muschietti's sister, Barbara Muschietti, is also a film writer and producer. He is of Italian-Argentine ancestry.


title: Beatification

text: Beatification (from Latin "beatus", "blessed" and "facere", "to make”) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. "Beati" is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" (abbreviation "Bl.") before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".


title: Beatification

text: Local bishops had the power of beatifying until 1634, when Pope Urban VIII, in the apostolic constitution "Cœlestis Jerusalem" of 6 July, reserved the power of beatifying to the Holy See.


title: Beatification

text: Since the reforms of 1983, as a rule, one miracle must be confirmed to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified. Miracles are almost always unexplainable medical healings, and are scientifically investigated by commissions comprising physicians and theologians.


title: Beatification

text: The requirement of a miracle for beatification is waived in the case of someone whose martyrdom is formally declared by the Church.


title: Beatification

text: The feast day for a beatified person is not universal, but is celebrated only by territories, religious institutes, or communities in which the person receives particular veneration. For instance, Saint Kateri Tekakwitha was especially honored in the United States and Canada during her time as Blessed. John Duns Scotus was honored among the Franciscans, in the Archdiocese of Cologne and other places. Similarly, veneration of Blessed Chiara Badano is particular to the Focolare movement.


title: Beatification

text: The blessed, elected by popular acclamation (the vox populi) enjoyed only local veneration. While the procedure of canonization was taken in hand from the twelfth century by the papacy in Rome, that of beatification continued on a local scale until the thirteenth century before settling at the Council of Trent, which reserved to the pope the right to say who could be venerated.


title: Beatification

text: Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) markedly changed previous Catholic practice of beatification. By October 2004, he had beatified 1,340 people, more than the sum of all of his predecessors since Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590), who established a beatification procedure similar to that used today.


title: Beatification

text: John Paul II's successor, Pope Benedict XVI, personally celebrated the Beatification Mass for his predecessor at St. Peter's Basilica, on the Second Sunday of Easter, or Divine Mercy Sunday, on 1 May 2011, an event that drew more than one million people.