title: Lhasa

text: Between 1987 and 1989, Lhasa experienced major demonstrations, led by monks and nuns, against the Chinese Government. After Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992, Lhasa was mandated by the government to undergo economic liberalization. All government employees, their families and students were forbidden from practicing their religion, while monks and nuns were not allowed to enter government offices and the Tibet University campus. Subsequent to the introduction of the economic development policies, the influx of migrants has dramatically altered the city's ethnic mix in Lhasa.


title: Lhasa

text: In 2000 the urbanised area covered , with a population of around 170,000. Official statistics of the metropolitan area report that 70 percent are Tibetan, 24.3 are Han, and the remaining 2.7 Hui, though outside observers suspect that non-Tibetans account for some 50–70 percent. Among the Han immigrants, Lhasa is known as 'Little Sichuan'.


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa has an elevation of about and lies in the centre of the Tibetan Plateau with the surrounding mountains rising to . The air only contains 68 percent of the oxygen compared to sea level. The Lhasa River, also Kyi River or Kyi Chu, a tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River (Brahmaputra River), runs through the southern part of the city. This river, known to local Tibetans as the "merry blue waves", flows through the snow-covered peaks and gullies of the Nyainqêntanglha mountains, extending , and emptying into the Yarlung Zangbo River at Qüxü, forms an area of great scenic beauty. The marshlands, mostly uninhabited, are to the north. Ingress and egress roads run east and west, while to the north, the road infrastructure is less developed.


title: Lhasa

text: Chengguan District is located on the middle reaches of the Lhasa River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, with land that rises to the north and south of the river.


title: Lhasa

text: Chengguan District is bordered by Doilungdêqên District to the west, Dagzê County to the east and Lhünzhub County to the north.


title: Lhasa

text: The term "Chengguan District" is the administrative term for the inner urban area or the urban centre within a prefecture, in this case the Prefectural-city of Lhasa. Outside of the urban area much of Chengguan District is mainly mountainous with a near nonexistent rural population.


title: Lhasa

text: Owing to its very high elevation, Lhasa has a borderline cool semi-arid (Köppen: "BSk")/monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dwb") using the isotherm with frosty winters and mild summers, yet the valley location protects the city from intense cold or heat and strong winds. Monthly possible sunshine ranges from 53 percent in July to 84 percent in November, and the city receives nearly 3,000 hours of sunlight annually. It is thus sometimes called the "sunlit city" by Tibetans. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of and the warmest month is June with a daily average of , though nights have generally been warmer in July. The annual mean temperature is , with extreme temperatures ranging from . Lhasa has an annual precipitation of with rain falling mainly in July, August and September. The driest month is December at and the wettest month is August, at . Summer is widely regarded the "best" of the year as rains come mostly at night and Lhasa is still sunny during the daytime.


title: Lhasa

text: The 11th edition of "Encyclopædia Britannica" published between 1910 and 1911 noted the total population of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity was about 30,000; a census in 1854 made the figure 42,000, but it is known to have greatly decreased since. "Britannica" noted that within Lhasa, there were about a total of 1,500 resident Tibetan laymen and about 5,500 Tibetan women. The permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000). The city's residents included traders from Nepal and Ladak (about 800), and a few from Bhutan, Mongolia and other places. The "Britannica" noted with interest that the Chinese had a crowded burial-ground at Lhasa, tended carefully after their manner and that the Nepalese supplied mechanics and metal-workers at that time.


title: Lhasa

text: In the first half of the 20th century, several Western explorers made celebrated journeys to the city, including William Montgomery McGovern, Francis Younghusband, Alexandra David-Néel, and Heinrich Harrer. Lhasa was the centre of Tibetan Buddhism as nearly half of its population were monks, Though this figure may include monks from surrounding monasteries who travelled to Lhasa for various celebrations and were not ordinarily resident there.


title: Lhasa

text: The majority of the pre-1950 Chinese population of Lhasa were merchants and officials. In the Lubu section of Lhasa, the inhabitants were descendants of Chinese vegetable farmers, some of whom married Tibetan wives. They came to Lhasa in the 1840s–1860s after a Chinese official was appointed to the position of Amban.


title: Lhasa

text: According to one writer, the population of the city was about 10,000, with some 10,000 monks at Drepung and Sera monasteries in 1959. Hugh Richardson, on the other hand, puts the population of Lhasa in 1952, at "some 25,000–30,000—about 45,000–50,000 if the population of the great monasteries on its outskirts be included."


title: Lhasa

text: The total population of Lhasa Prefecture-level City is 521,500 (including known migrant population but excluding military garrisons). Of this, 257,400 are in the urban area (including a migrant population of 100,700), while 264,100 are outside. Nearly half of Lhasa Prefecture-level City's population lives in Chengguan District, which is the administrative division that contains the urban area of Lhasa (i.e. the actual city).


title: Lhasa

text: The urban area is populated by ethnic Tibetans, Han, Hui and other ethnic groups. The 2000 official census gave a total population of 223,001, of which 171,719 lived in the areas administered by city street offices and city neighborhood committees.


title: Lhasa

text: The census was taken in November, when many of the ethnic Han workers in seasonal industries such as construction would have been away from Tibet, and did not count the military.


title: Lhasa

text: A 2011 book estimated that up to two-thirds of the city's residents are non-Tibetan, although the government states that Chengguan District as a whole is still 63% ethnic Tibetan. , half of Tibet's Han population resided in Chengguan District of Lhasa, where bilingual or wholly Chinese teaching was common in the schools.


title: Lhasa

text: Competitive industry together with feature economy play key roles in the development of Lhasa. With the view to maintaining a balance between population growth and the environment, tourism and service industries are emphasised as growth engines for the future.


title: Lhasa

text: Many of Lhasa's rural residents practice traditional agriculture and animal husbandry. Lhasa is also the traditional hub of the Tibetan trading network. For many years, chemical and car making plants operated in the area and this resulted in significant pollution, a factor which has changed in recent years. Copper, lead and zinc are mined nearby and there is ongoing experimentation regarding new methods of mineral mining and geothermal heat extraction.


title: Lhasa

text: Agriculture and animal husbandry in Lhasa are considered to be of a high standard. People mainly plant highland barley and winter wheat. The resources of water conservancy, geothermal heating, solar energy and various mines are abundant. There is widespread electricity together with the use of both machinery and traditional methods in the production of such things as textiles, leathers, plastics, matches and embroidery. The production of national handicrafts has made great progress.


title: Lhasa

text: With the growth of tourism and service sectors, the sunset industries which cause serious pollution are expected to fade in the hope of building a healthy ecological system. Environmental problems such as soil erosion, acidification, and loss of vegetation are being addressed. The tourism industry now brings significant business to the region, building on the attractiveness of the Potala Palace, the Jokang, the Norbulingka Summer Palace and surrounding large monasteries as well the spectacular Himalayan landscape together with the many wild plants and animals native to the high altitudes of Central Asia. Tourism to Tibet dropped sharply following the crackdown on protests in 2008, but as early as 2009, the industry was recovering. Chinese authorities plan an ambitious growth of tourism in the region aiming at 10 million visitors by 2020; these visitors are expected to be domestic. With renovation around historic sites, such as the Potala Palace, UNESCO has expressed "concerns about the deterioration of Lhasa's traditional cityscape."


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa contains several hotels. Lhasa Hotel is a 4-star hotel located northeast of Norbulingka in the western suburbs of the city. Completed in September 1985, it is the flagship of CITS's installations in Tibet. It accommodates about 1000 guests and visitors to Lhasa. There are over 450 rooms (suites) in the hotel, and all are equipped with air conditioning, mini-bar and other basic facilities. Some of the rooms are decorated in traditional Tibetan style. The hotel was operated by Holiday Inn from 1986 to 1997 and is the subject of a book, "The Hotel on the Roof of the World". Another hotel of note is the historical Banak Shöl Hotel, located at 8 Beijing Road in the city. It is known for its distinctive wooden verandas. The Nam-tso Restaurant is located in the vicinity of the hotel and is frequented especially by Chinese tourists visiting Lhasa.


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa contains several businesses of note. Lhasa Carpet Factory, a factory south of Yanhe Dong Lu near the Tibet University, produces traditional Tibetan rugs that are exported worldwide. It is a modern factory, the largest manufacturer of rugs throughout Tibet, employing some 300 workers. Traditionally Tibetan women were the weavers, and men the spinners, but both work on the rugs today.


title: Lhasa

text: The Lhasa Brewery Company was established in 1988 on the northern outskirts of Lhasa, south of Sera Monastery and is the highest commercial brewery in the world at and accounts for 85 percent of contemporary beer production in Tibet. The brewery, consisting of five-story buildings, cost an estimated US$20–25 million, and by 1994, production had reached 30,000 bottles per day, employing some 200 workers by this time. Since 2000, the Carlsberg group has increased its stronghold in the Chinese market and has become increasingly influential in the country with investment and expertise. Carlsberg invested in the Lhasa Brewery in recent years and has drastically improved the brewing facility and working conditions, renovating and expanding the building to what now covers 62,240 square metres (15.3 acres).


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa has many sites of historic interest, including the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Sera Monastery and Norbulingka. The Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and the Norbulingka are UNESCO world heritage sites. However, many important sites were damaged or destroyed mostly, but not solely, during China's Cultural Revolution of the 1960s. Many have been restored since the 1980s.


title: Lhasa

text: The Potala Palace, named after Mount Potala, the abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara, was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama. After the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the government converted the palace into a museum. The site was used as a meditation retreat by King Songtsen Gampo, who in 637 built the first palace there in order to greet his bride Princess Wen Cheng of the Tang dynasty of China. Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. The palace underwent restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million) and was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994.


title: Lhasa

text: The Lhasa Zhol Pillar, below the Potala, dates as far back as circa 764 CE. and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing. The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in 763 CE during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom.


title: Lhasa

text: Chokpori, meaning 'Iron Mountain', is a sacred hill, located south of the Potala. It is considered to be one of the four holy mountains of central Tibet and along with two other hills in Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet.", Chokpori (Vajrapani), Pongwari (Manjushri), and Marpori (Chenresig or Avalokiteshvara). It was the site of the most famous medical school Tibet, known as the Mentsikhang, which was founded in 1413. It was conceived of by Lobsang Gyatso, the "Great" 5th Dalai Lama, and completed by the Regent Sangye Gyatso (Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho) shortly before 1697.


title: Lhasa

text: Lingkhor is a sacred path, most commonly used to name the outer pilgrim road in Lhasa matching its inner twin, Barkhor. The Lingkhor in Lhasa was long enclosing Old Lhasa, the Potala and Chokpori hill. In former times it was crowded with men and women covering its length in prostrations, beggars and pilgrims approaching the city for the first time. The road passed through willow-shaded parks where the Tibetans used to picnic in summer and watch open air operas on festival days. New Lhasa has obliterated most of Lingkhor, but one stretch still remains west of Chokpori.


title: Lhasa

text: The Norbulingka palace and surrounding park is situated in the west side of Lhasa, a short distance to the southwest of Potala Palace and with an area of around , it is considered to be the largest man made garden in Tibet.


title: Lhasa

text: It was built from 1755. and served as the traditional summer residence of the successive Dalai Lamas until the 14th's self-imposed exile. Norbulingka was declared a 'National Important Cultural Relic Unit", in 1988 by the State council. In 2001, the Central Committee of the Chinese Government in its 4th Tibet Session resolved to restore the complex to its original glory. The Sho Dun Festival (popularly known as the "yogurt festival") is an annual festival held at Norbulingka during the seventh Tibetan month in the first seven days of the Full Moon period, which corresponds to dates in July/August according to the Gregorian calendar.


title: Lhasa

text: The Barkhor is an area of narrow streets and a public square in the old part of the city located around Jokhang Temple and was the most popular devotional circumambulation for pilgrims and locals. The walk was about one kilometre () long and encircled the entire Jokhang, the former seat of the State Oracle in Lhasa called the Muru Nyingba Monastery, and a number of nobles' houses including Tromzikhang and Jamkhang. There were four large incense burners ("sangkangs") in the four cardinal directions, with incense burning constantly, to please the gods protecting the Jokhang. Most of the old streets and buildings have been demolished in recent times and replaced with wider streets and new buildings. Some buildings in the Barkhor were damaged in the 2008 unrest.


title: Lhasa

text: The Jokhang is located on Barkhor Square in the old town section of Lhasa. For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. It is in some regards pan-sectarian, but is presently controlled by the Gelug school. Along with the Potala Palace, it is probably the most popular tourist attraction in Lhasa. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace," and a spiritual centre of Lhasa. This temple has remained a key center of Buddhist pilgrimage for centuries. The circumambulation route is known as the "kora" in Tibetan and is marked by four large stone incense burners placed at the corners of the temple complex. The Jokhang temple is a four-story construction, with roofs covered with gilded bronze tiles. The architectural style is based on the Indian vihara design, and was later extended resulting in a blend of Nepalese and Tang dynasty styles. It possesses the statues of Chenresig, Padmasambhava and King Songtsan Gampo and his two foreign brides, Princess Wen Cheng (niece of Emperor Taizong of Tang) and Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal and other important items.


title: Lhasa

text: Ramoche Temple is considered the most important temple in Lhasa after the Jokhang Temple. Situated in the northwest of the city, it is east of the Potala and north of the Jokhang, covering a total area of 4,000 square meters (almost one acre). The temple was gutted and partially destroyed in the 1960s and its famous bronze statue disappeared. In 1983 the lower part of it was said to have been found in a Lhasa rubbish tip, and the upper half in Beijing. They have now been joined and the statue is housed in the Ramoche Temple, which was partially restored in 1986, and still showed severe damage in 1993. Following the major restoration of 1986, the main building in the temple now has three stories.


title: Lhasa

text: The Tibet Museum in Lhasa is the official museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region and was inaugurated on October 5, 1999. It is the first large, modern museum in the Tibet Autonomous Region and has a permanent collection of around 1000 artefacts, from examples of Tibetan art to architectural design throughout history such as Tibetan doors and construction beams. It is located in an L-shaped building west of the Potala Palace on the corner of Norbulingkha Road. The museum is organized into three main sections: a main exhibition hall, a folk cultural garden and administrative offices.


title: Lhasa

text: The Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet was unveiled in the Potala Square in May 2002 to celebrate the 51st anniversary of the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, and the work in the development of the autonomous region since then. The 37-metre-high concrete monument is shaped as an abstract Mount Everest and its name is engraved with the calligraphy of former CCP general secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin, while an inscription describes the socioeconomic development experienced in Tibet in the past fifty years.


title: Lhasa

text: There are four mosques in and around Lhasa. The earliest mosque, called "Khache Lingka", dates to 1650 and is located west of the city, and consists of two compounds. The Lhasa Great Mosque is the most prominent and built by the early 1700s. The Dokdé Mosque, north of Lhasa, has an adjacent cemetery and is dated to 1716. The fourth mosque, commonly known as "Small Mosque" (but also Barkor or Rapsel Alley Mosque) was built in the early 1900s.


title: Lhasa

text: There are some night spots that feature cabaret acts in which performers sing in Chinese, Tibetan, and English. Dancers wear traditional Tibetan costume with long flowing cloth extending from their arms. There are a number of small bars that feature live music, although they typically have limited drink menus and cater mostly to foreign tourists.


title: Lhasa

text: There are 2 universities of Tibet University and Tibet Tibetan Medical University and 3 special colleges of Lhasa Teachers College, Tibet Police College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College in the Lhasa city.


title: Lhasa

text: Tibet University (Tibetan: བོད་ལྗོངས་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ་) is the main university of Tibet Autonomous Region. Its campus is located in Chengguan District, Lhasa, east of the city-centre. A forerunner was created in 1952 and the university was officially established in 1985, funded by the Chinese government. About 8000 students are enrolled at the university. Tibet University is a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Tibet Autonomous Region. It is a member of the prestigious Project 211, and is sponsored under the Double First Class Disciplines initiative.


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa has been served by rail since 2006, when the Qinghai–Tibet Railway opened for passenger operations. Reaching an elevation of 5,072 metres above sea level, the Qinghai-Tibet railway is the world's highest railway by elevation. It connects Lhasa with Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, some away, and ultimately links Lhasa with other major cities with China's extensive railway network. Five trains arrive at and depart from Lhasa railway station each day. Train number Z21 takes 40 hours and 53 minutes from Beijing West, arriving in Lhasa at 13:03 every day. Train Z22 from Lhasa to Beijing West departs at 15:30 and arrives in Beijing at 08:20 on the third day, taking 40 hours, 50 minutes. Trains also arrive in Lhasa from Chengdu, Chongqing, Lanzhou, Xining, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other cities. To counter the problem of altitude differences giving passengers altitude sickness, extra oxygen is pumped in through the ventilation system and available directly on each berth with close open control by a flap for convenience of passenger, and personal oxygen masks are available on request. Within the soft sleeper cabins there are 64 seats per train, which have an electrical plug for electronics.


title: Lhasa

text: A third railway, the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, which links Lhasa with Nyingchi County and into the interior ultimately terminating in Chengdu, began construction in June 2015.


title: Lhasa

text: For onward rail travel in South Asia, the closest major station in India is New Jalpaiguri, Siliguri in West Bengal. However, extension of the Indian railway system to Sikkim will make it easier for onward connections through the South Asian railway network. There are preliminary plans to link Lhasa by rail with Kathmandu.


title: Lhasa

text: As per a Chinese Tibetan spokesperson, extension of this rail line to Kathmandu with tunnelling under Mount Everest was expected to be completed by 2020.


title: Lhasa

text: Lhasa Gonggar Airport (IATA: LXA), built in 1965, is the aviation hub of Tibet. It is located south of the city proper. It takes around half an hour to get there by car via the Lhasa Airport Expressway; prior to the completion of the expressway in 2011, the trip to the airport took over an hour. , there are daily flights serving major Chinese cities including Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, and there are also occasional scheduled services to Kathmandu in Nepal. Lhasa Airport is the hub of Tibet Airlines, which offers regional services to other destinations in Tibet such as Nyingchi, Ngari Prefecture, Shigatse, and Qamdo.


title: Lhasa

text: The Qinghai–Tibet Highway (part of G109) runs northeast toward Xining and eventually to Beijing and is the most-used road in Tibet. The Sichuan–Tibet Highway (part of G318) runs east towards Chengdu and eventually to Shanghai. G318 also runs west to Zhangmu on the Nepal border. The Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (G219) runs north from Lhasa to Yecheng, and then to Xinjiang. This road is rarely used due to the lack of amenities and petrol stations. A new , four-lane highway between Lhasa and the Gonggar Airport was built by the Transportation Department of Tibet at a cost of RMB 1.5 billion. This road is part of National Highway 318 and starts from the Lhasa railway station, passes through Caina Township in Qushui County, terminating between the north entrance of the Gala Mountain Tunnel and the south bridgehead of the Lhasa River Bridge, and en route goes over the first overpass of Lhasa at Liuwu Overpass.


title: Lhasa

text: The closest seaports are Kolkata and Haldia in West Bengal, India. The Nathu La pass offers Chinese companies access to the port of Kolkata (Calcutta), situated about from Lhasa, for trans-shipments to and from Tibet.


title: Lhasa

text: The Lhasa Stadium, which has a capacity of 20,000, is located in Lhasa. It is used mostly for football matches.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Dollhouse is an American science fiction television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon under Mutant Enemy Productions. It premiered on February 13, 2009, on the Fox network and was canceled on November 11, 2009. The final episode aired on January 29, 2010. Production wrapped in December 2009, with a total of 27 episodes produced including the original pilot.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The show revolves around a corporation running numerous underground establishments (known as "Dollhouses") around the globe that program individuals referred to as Actives (or Dolls) with temporary personalities and skills. Wealthy clients hire Actives from Dollhouses at great expense for various purposes, including heists, sexual encounters, assassinations, expert counsel, and all manner of unique experiences. The series primarily follows the Active known as Echo, played by Eliza Dushku, on her journey toward self-awareness. Dushku also served as series producer.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: "Dollhouse" initially received mixed reviews and underwhelming ratings, but improved enough to be renewed for a second season. After the second-season finale, the series was canceled.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The story follows Echo (Eliza Dushku), a "doll" or "Active" for the Los Angeles "Dollhouse", one of several facilities, called "Houses", run by a company which hires out human beings to wealthy clients. These "engagements" range from romantic interludes to high-risk criminal enterprises. Each Active has their original memories wiped and exists in a childlike blank state until programmed via the insertion of new memories and personalities for each mission. Actives such as Echo are ostensibly volunteers who have surrendered their minds and bodies to the organization for five-year stints, during which their original personalities are saved on hard drives, in exchange for vast amounts of money and solutions to any other problematic circumstances in their lives. Echo is unique, however, in that she remembers small amounts even after personality "wipes", and gradually develops an increasingly cognizant self-awareness and personality that's resistant to erasure. This concept allows the series to examine the notions of identity and personhood.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Within The House, opinions on such matters are divided. Dollhouse director Adelle DeWitt (Olivia Williams) sees her role as merely giving people what they need; programmer Topher Brink (Fran Kranz) is initially entirely scientific and amoral, apart from brief flashes of moral quandary; while Echo's mentor in The House or "handler", Boyd Langton (Harry Lennix), an ex-cop with an unknown past, expresses concern with the ethical and theological implications of the Dollhouse's technology, using his inside role as an opportunity to limit any collateral damage. Raising intriguing questions about personality and selfhood are other dolls Victor (Enver Gjokaj) and Sierra (Dichen Lachman), who despite being continually re-wiped, begin to fall in love and retain those feelings whether wiped or imprinted with other personalities.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Meanwhile, FBI agent Paul Ballard (Tahmoh Penikett) learns of Echo's original personality, Caroline Farrell, through messages, photographs, and videos he receives anonymously. Agent Ballard becomes obsessed with rumors of the Dollhouse and risks his career trying to prove its existence. It is insinuated that Ballard has developed feelings for Echo prior even to meeting her, which leads him to continue his investigation even after being taken off the case. Meanwhile, Ballard has been casually dating his neighbor, Mellie (Miracle Laurie). While discussing the investigation over takeout, Mellie corrects Ballard when he refers to bringing "her" in, to say "them" in instead. Ballard tries to explain his slip away, but Mellie does not look completely convinced. Mellie's character up to this point on the show is portrayed as a somewhat insecure neighbor with a crush on Ballard. At the end of this episode it is revealed that Mellie is a "sleeper" doll. She has been planted by the Dollhouse to spy on Ballard. Mellie is unaware of her role in the Dollhouse and believes herself to be a young woman falling in love with an FBI agent. She is in fact a Doll known as November.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Ballard finally chases down a lead allowing him to "meet" Caroline/Echo. During the encounter, Echo is terrified of Ballard because she believes she is the personality she has been programmed with. Echo is whisked away by her handler, leaving Ballard with only Joel Mynor, the man who paid for the encounter, to question. Mynor points out the apparent connection that Ballard feels for Echo and cites it as the reason that Ballard is so driven to investigate the Dollhouse.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: As Echo continues to evolve and learns to work beyond the limits of each temporary personality imprint or default "tabula rasa" programming, she runs the risk of being sent to "the Attic", a permanent resting place for "broken" dolls and Dollhouse employees who cause problems. She is an object of fascination for the escaped doll, Alpha (Alan Tudyk), a genius and serial killer who has been driven mad by being implanted with the memories of dozens of people, becoming a gestalt-personality. Alpha, the season 1 "Big Bad", returns at the end of the first season to kidnap Caroline.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: "Epitaph One", the final episode of season one, which was not aired as part of the show's original run on US television, depicts a post-apocalyptic future where the mind-wiping technology of the Dollhouse has developed to the extent that vast numbers of people can be remotely wiped and have new personalities implanted, which has brought about the end of civilization. Many of the series' main characters' futures are shown. As the second season begins, the show's focus shifts to depict the dangers of abusing the mind-wiping technology. Each character in the L.A. Dollhouse is forced to confront their own moral complicity in an increasingly downward spiral from moral grey areas to the realization that what the Dollhouse is doing is ultimately immoral and extremely dangerous. The Dollhouse's corporate sponsor is a medical research entity known as the Rossum Corporation, whose ultimate goal is revealed to be gaining control over national governments and even innocent people with no association with the Dollhouse. Through these abilities, the leaders of Rossum can rule the world and also be immortal, jumping from body to body at will. Attempting to stop the further spread of the mind-wiping technology, the L.A. Dollhouse vows to take down Rossum and its mysterious founder, whom only Echo's original personality, Caroline, has met. They also learn that there is no person named "Rossum"—the company founder took the name from the play "R.U.R.", which is short for "Rossum's Universal Robots". This 1921 science fiction play by Karel Čapek is the origin of the word "robot".


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The final episode of the series is set in the year 2020, and takes place shortly after the events that took place in "Epitaph One". Despite its best efforts, the L.A. Dollhouse has been unsuccessful in stopping the mind-wiping technology from spreading out of control. Rossum executives use multiple bodies to live in decadence while the peoples of the world are enslaved. A now mentally unstable Topher, architect of much of the technology, devises a way of restoring everyone's original personalities and eliminating Rossum's power, but at great sacrifice to himself and others. The series concludes with the world's personalities restored, while the Earth still lies in ruins, and those with Active architecture sheltering inside the Dollhouse for one year in order to keep the memories they have acquired since their original personalities were restored some years ago, rather than being wiped and defaulting back to their memories from before the Dollhouse got hold of them.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The series stars Eliza Dushku, who worked with Whedon on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel". Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain were the showrunners, while Jane Espenson, Tim Minear and Steven S. DeKnight served as consulting producers. In addition to Joss Whedon, the writing staff included Tim Minear, Jed Whedon (Joss' brother), Maurissa Tancharoen (Jed's wife), Andrew Chambliss, Tracy Bellomo, Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain. Whedon directed a number of his own episodes, as he has done for many of the shows he created. Tim Minear and "Buffy" producer David Solomon also directed. Fox used a viral marketing campaign to promote "Dollhouse" in May 2008.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: "Dollhouse" was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Whedon's Mutant Enemy Productions, and Dushku's Boston Diva Productions, and was granted an initial thirteen-episode production commitment by Fox, with a reported license fee in the range of $1.5 to 2 million per episode. Fox decided to forego the usual practice of ordering a pilot episode of the series, opting to instead put funds towards the construction of the elaborate set and cultural context of the television series. The set was described as a "life-size Dollhouse". On July 22, 2008, Joss Whedon announced that the first episode shot, "Echo", would be pushed to be the second, saying that this "idea to do a new first episode wasn't the network's. It was mine". Despite several reshoots, "Echo" was later pulled from the run entirely; the staff of the show has since noted, during a panel on the series at the Paley Festival, a television festival held at the Paley Center for Media in New York City, that portions of the episode were used in subsequent episodes throughout the series' first season.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: "Dollhouse", as well as J. J. Abrams' "Fringe", aired during its first season with half the commercials and promo spots of most current network dramas, adding about 6 minutes to the shows' run times, as part of a new Fox initiative called "Remote-Free TV". Fox charged a premium price for this advertising space, but did not completely recoup the money that they spent. Fox later canceled Remote-Free TV.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Originally, Whedon announced he was planning to shoot a separate webisode for every "Dollhouse" episode produced. The webisodes did not materialize, however. There was originally a five-year plan for the show, with Whedon plotting how its characters would evolve through that point.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Anya Colloff and Amy McIntyre Britt, who previously worked with Joss Whedon on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel", "Firefly", and "Serenity", were the show's casting directors.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: On March 26, 2008, it was announced that Tahmoh Penikett, Dichen Lachman, Fran Kranz, and Enver Gjokaj had been cast in four principal roles for the show. On April 3, 2008, it was announced that Olivia Williams would be playing the role of Adelle DeWitt. Two weeks later, it was announced that Harry Lennix had also joined the cast. On the same day, Joss Whedon announced on whedonesque.com that Miracle Laurie and Amy Acker were to complete the cast.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Brennan Elliott and Michael Muhney auditioned for the part of Paul Ballard but lost out to Penikett. Ian Anthony Dale and Paul Campbell auditioned for Victor, but Gjokaj got the part.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: On April 9, 2009, Whedon rebutted speculation that Fox was set to cancel the show. Producer Tim Minear explained that the "missing" 13th episode (titled "Epitaph One") would be on the DVD release of the season. The reason Minear gave for that episode being dropped from the broadcast run was that the Fox network was counting the original first episode ("Echo"), which went unaired, as part of the original 13-episode order; in contrast, the Fox "production company" was required by contract to have a minimum of 13 completed episodes for international and DVD releases. According to both Minear and Whedon, the producers felt that the original first episode, having been subsequently scrapped entirely and having had its footage reused for other episodes throughout the season, should not be counted as a completed episode as part of their own 13-episode orders for international and DVD distribution but rather as a DVD extra, and thus Whedon produced a new 13th episode on a lower budget to fulfill the contractual requirements for the international broadcasts. The episode was screened at Comic-Con on July 24, 2009.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: "Epitaph One" had its world premiere in Singapore on June 17, 2009, through Season Pass, an on-demand service offered by SingTel mio TV. In the United Kingdom, the episode aired on the UK Sci Fi Channel on August 11, 2009.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Despite low ratings in its first season, "Dollhouse" was renewed for a second season of thirteen episodes. Among other factors, fan response to the show was seen as a reason for the renewal; Fox's president of entertainment stated that "if we'd canceled Joss's show I'd probably have 110 million e-mails this morning from the fans". As part of the deal, there was a cut in the show's budget, though Whedon stated that this would not affect the quality of the episodes. The second season also had changes visually; the show moved from being shot on 35 mm film to high-definition video. With the addition of new cinematographer Lisa Wiegand, Whedon wanted the show to look darker. Other visual changes included more hand-held camera work and the addition of snap zooms (an effect that moves in or pulls back very quickly, which was used extensively in "Firefly"). The series continued in its 9–10 pm Friday timeslot, with the season premiere on September 25, 2009. Season 2 of "Dollhouse" began filming on July 22, 2009, so Fox pushed back "Dollhouse"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s return to the 25th to afford Whedon and the "Dollhouse" production team sufficient time to produce enough hours to kick off the season with at least three or four consecutive episodes.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Alexis Denisof joined the cast in a recurring role as Senator Daniel Perrin, as did Summer Glau, who was originally scheduled to appear in just two episodes, a number that was later extended. Michael Hogan and Jamie Bamber, both former castmates of series regular Tahmoh Penikett on "Battlestar Galactica", each had roles as guest stars. Michele Fazekas and Tara Butters (creators of "Reaper") joined the writing staff for season 2 as replacements for former showrunners Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain (who left "Dollhouse" to join the writing staff of "Lie to Me").


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Fox announced in October 2009 that it would not be airing any episodes of "Dollhouse" during November sweeps, and that the series would return in December, airing episodes back-to-back instead. On November 11, 2009, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that the show had been cancelled. Fox passed on ordering more episodes of the show; although it did air the entirety of the 13-episode order. After airing the back-to-back episodes in December, the final three episodes aired during January 2010.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The "Dollhouse" cast consists mainly of Actives (or Dolls) and Dollhouse employees. The Actives at the LA Dollhouse are named after the NATO phonetic alphabet (other Dollhouses are shown to use other naming systems).


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: During the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, it was announced that a comic book had been written by Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen. The book, titled "Dollhouse Epitaphs", features a new storyline to bridge the gap between the main series and "Epitaph One" and "". It was drawn by Cliff Richards and published by Dark Horse Comics.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The book was a 24-page one-off limited edition, only available in the season two DVD or Blu-ray Disc. Early copies were released at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International for those who pre-ordered either the DVD or Blu-ray Disc at the event. Both Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen were available to sign the copies.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: It was later revealed at New York Comic-Con 2010 that there will be more comics that take place in the "Dollhouse" universe. A one-shot was released on March 30, 2011, and a miniseries began with the first issue released on July 13, 2011. The one-shot, which reprints the Season 2 exclusive with additional material, is written by Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen and the miniseries is written by Andrew Chambliss. The comics are set in a future Los Angeles after the Dollhouse technology has reduced the city to ruins. The miniseries was later published in a trade paperback collection released on April 11, 2012.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: On February 12, 2009, Fox launched "Dollplay", a participation drama centered around "Dollhouse". It involved using interactive webisodes and a user forum to drive a viral marketing campaign. The campaign asked users on the Fox "Dollhouse" website to "Save Hazel!" Hazel was a character trapped inside the Dollhouse in real-time. The campaign was called "Dollplay" according to the official Fox press release and was created by the company P, "a radical production outfit from Sweden".


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Another viral marketing campaign was launched in November 2009 when the series was on hiatus. The campaign gave background on the Rossum Corporation, the technology company behind the Dollhouse, and offered clues as to how the apocalyptic future begins.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The premiere episode of "Dollhouse" helped Fox double its audience levels among women versus "", and helped the network finish in second place among adults 18–34 and in first place in the key male demographic for the night.


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Season one of "Dollhouse" had mixed reviews, with Metacritic giving it a rating of 57 out of a possible 100. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 62% based on 53 reviews with an average score of 6.34/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Joss Whedon's provocative procedural poses troubling questions about autonomy and consciousness, but repeatedly hitting the reset button on Eliza Dushku's character makes "Dollhouse" feel dispiritingly empty."


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Ellen Gray of the "Philadelphia Daily News" gave a positive review, remarking that ""Dollhouse" is less about the ninja kicks and witty banter than it is about instant transformations, and about making the audience care about a character who's likely to behave differently every time we see her. That Dushku mostly pulls this off is a happy surprise, as is "Dollhouse", which has survived "Firefly"-like trials of its own to get this far." "Salon" reviewer Heather Havrilesky was also positive, commenting that the show's combination of mystery, sly dialogue, and steady flow of action results in a "provocative, bubbly new drama that looks as promising as anything to hit the small screen over the course of the past year."


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Alternately, Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" wrote that the premise was "admittedly intriguing", but described the series as a "pretentious and risible jumble" and that Echo did not "inspire much concern or interest in the audience". He commented that the actors seemed to struggle due to the decor being so "outlandish", stating that it "simply isn't worth the trouble". Brian Lowry of "Variety" also wrote "Dushku's grasp of this vague, personality-changing character is a bit of a muddle. What's left, then, is a series with a hollow center that doesn't initially make you care about its mentally malleable protagonist." Robert Bianco of "USA Today" had a more nonchalant view of the series, describing "Dollhouse" as not boring or ordinary, and that the result is a show "that Joss Whedon's most devoted fans will debate and embrace, and a mass audience just won't get".


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: Many critics felt that the series' first season improved as it progressed. IGN Reviewer Eric Goldman believed the show became much stronger and more compelling with the episodes "Needs" and "A Spy in the House of Love". He opined of the later episodes that, "As a whole this show is definitely working better as we get away from Echo's missions of the week, and from focusing so much on just Echo and letting there be more of a true ensemble feel, with the time split amongst the Dolls." Sarah Hughes of "The Independent" was unimpressed with the first five episodes but also found that the later episodes became "as involving and addictive as Whedon's best work". Maureen Ryan of the "Chicago Tribune" liked "Dollhouse"s "unsettling" tone and found the show to be "unexpectedly moving and complex" during the second half of the first season. She called the second season renewal "a good day for unconventional television".


title: Dollhouse (TV series)

text: The second season received a more positive reception. On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 81% based on 21 reviews with an average score of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Dollhouse" feels more confident as a perverse mind-teaser in its second season after injecting its automatons with more humanity and broadening its mythology."


title: Robin Padilla

text: Robinhood Ferdinand Cariño Padilla (; born November 23, 1969), known professionally as Robin Padilla, is a Filipino politician, television personality, martial artist, actor and director currently serving as a Senator of the Philippines since June 30, 2022. He is known as the "Bad Boy" of Philippine cinema for portraying anti-hero gangster roles in films such as "Anak ni Baby Ama" (1990), "Grease Gun Gang" (1992), "Bad Boy" (1990), and "Bad Boy 2" (1992). He has also been dubbed the "Prince of Action" in Philippine cinema.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla placed first in the 2022 Senate election, garnering 27 million votes. He assumed office in the Senate on June 30, 2022, becoming the first Muslim senator of the Philippines since Santanina Rasul, who served in the Senate until 1995.


title: Robin Padilla

text: As a lawmaker, Padilla vowed to promote and work for peace not only among Muslims but among all Filipinos.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla played his first major role in the 1985 comedy film "Public Enemy No. 2: Maraming Number" "Two" starring Eddie Garcia and Nida Blanca. In 1991, Padilla played the lead roles in the super blockbuster hit movie "Maging Sino Ka Man" with the Megastar Sharon Cuneta and "Ang Utol Kong Hoodlum" With Vina Morales. Padilla figured in a filming accident when an explosion scene for "Ang Utol Kong Hoodlum" burned the actor, leaving scars around his abdomen and arms.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla wrote and starred in the 1996 film "Anak, Pagsubok Lamang" which was shot almost entirely inside the New Bilibid Prison where Padilla was incarcerated. After his release, Padilla starred in the 1998 film "Tulak ng Bibig, Kabig ng Dibdib. With" Maricel Soriano, was again injured while filming after his stunt car flipped and landed on its roof.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 1999, Padilla crossed over to television programs through the ABS-CBN comedy show "Pwedeng Pwede". In 2002, he reprised his role as Anghel in the movie "Hari ng Selda: Anak ni Baby Ama 2", a sequel to the 1990 film. The following year, he top-billed his first primetime action-drama series, "Basta't Kasama Kita". In 2005, he did two movies: the horror thriller "Kulimlim" and the comedy "La Visa Loca". He received Best Actor honors in the 2006 Gawad Urian Awards.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla's contract with ABS-CBN expired in 2006. He transferred to GMA Network and starred in the 2007 TV series Asian Treasures. He also signed a two-film contract under GMA Films, starring in "Till I Met You" and the 2009 horror-suspense film "Sundo" with Viva Films. Padilla later opted out of his exclusive contract to be able to make films for other outfits, including Star Cinema Productions, FLT Films, Millennium Cinema, and GMA Films. That same year, he played the titular role of "Totoy Bato", an adaptation of a novel by Carlo J. Caparas.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 2010, Padilla returned to ABS-CBN. His projects with the network included the 2011 sitcom "Toda Max". In 2011, Padilla directed his first TV commercial under his own production company, RCP Productions.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 2013, Padilla once again returned to GMA Network, where he featured in a cameo role in "Adarna" alongside his daughter Kylie Padilla. He also played the lead role in the 2013 action thriller 10,000 Hours under Viva Films, winning the Best Actor award in the 39th Metro Manila Film Festival and Actor of the Year in the 2014 Box Office Entertainment Awards.


title: Robin Padilla

text: On December 1, 2015, he again returned to ABS-CBN and was one of the judges for the fifth season of talent competition show "Pilipinas Got Talent".


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla is an anti-malaria advocate since 2004. He became the spokesperson for the Department of Health's "Movement Against Malaria" campaign, appearing in infomercials to promote the use of mosquito nets.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 2007, Padilla established the Liwanag ng Kapayapaan Foundation, a pre-school for underprivileged Muslim children in Quezon City. Padilla temporarily closed the school after it failed to acquire the necessary government permits to continue operations. In September 2010, the school re-opened.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla has also promoted Muay Thai in the Philippines, and donated to the Muay Association of the Philippines where he also served as chairman.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla is a supporter of President Rodrigo Duterte's anti-drug war, hailing the campaign as "most successful" and claiming that extrajudicial killings are a legitimate part of the government's anti-crime strategy.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla joined the military and he became a reserve officer in the Armed Forces of the Philippines with the rank of Captain. On July 30, 2020, he was elected by the Army's Multi-Sectoral Advisory Board (PA MSAB) as its new Strategic Communication (StratCom) Committee Chairperson. In December 2021, Padilla and other reservists running in the 2022 elections were relieved of their posts "to ensure the organization's non-partisanship" though the Army clarified this does not relieve them of being in the Reserve Force of the Army.


title: Robin Padilla

text: On May 15–17, 2021, Padilla visited Pagasa Island and saw for himself the plight of fishermen there. On July 26, 2022, he lauded the Philippine soldiers who continue to keep watch over Philippine territory in the West Philippine Sea, during a courtesy call from members of the Joint Task Unit in Pagasa Island.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla produced "Victor 88," a documentary showing the conditions of the fishermen in the area. "Victor 88" was the name of the fishing vessel he rode in visiting the West Philippine Sea.


title: Robin Padilla

text: On October 8, 2021, Padilla filed his certificate of candidacy for senator under PDP–Laban for the 2022 election. His platforms include pushing for anti-criminality measures, a crackdown on illegal drugs, the establishment of federalism and legislating community policing. Padilla stated that he is also against giving tax incentives for foreign investors and seeks to increase the minimum income of Filipino families to encourage Overseas Filipino Workers to go back home. He also said he would be hiring lawyers to help him draft laws if he win.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla won a seat in the Senate, topping the vote count. He believes it was his platform on federalism and not solely his popularity as an actor that led to his win. Senator Win Gatchalian, who is a reelectionist and in the UniTeam Alliance coalition like Padilla, has vouched for Padilla as a representative for Muslims in the Senate. Following his win, Padilla announced that he would hire lawyer Salvador Panelo to help him fulfill his role as senator.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In the 19th Congress, he voted to elect Juan Miguel Zubiri as Senate President, thus becoming part of the majority bloc. He, however, abstained in the election of Joel Villanueva as Senate Majority Leader. Padilla is the current Chairman of the Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Codes and the Senate Committee on Cultural Communities and Muslim Affairs.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed in the first week of July his first 10 bills, including the Equal Use of Languages Act; Suspension of Excise Tax on certain fuel products; Medical Cannabis Compassionate Access Act; Amending the Rice Tariffication Law; Magna Carta of Barangay Health Workers; Equality and Non-discrimination Act; Civil Service Eligibility for casual, contractual govt employees who rendered at least 5 years of service; Regionalization of Bilibid Prisons; Mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps Act; and Divorce Act of the Philippines.


title: Robin Padilla

text: He has also expressed interest in filing measures that will benefit the environment, after disclosing in a July 6, 2022 Facebook Live post that he is meeting with Sen. Loren Legarda on the matter.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In the second week of July, Padilla filed a second batch of priority bills and resolutions that touched on federalism, the creation of the Congress-Parliamentary Bangsamoro Forum, a resolution on the appointment of the Marawi Compensation Board, a resolution on joint exploration of the West Philippine Sea, the Local Development Fund Act, a Nursing Home for Senior Citizens Act, Civil Unions Act, the Eddie Garcia Act, inclusion of Philippine History in high school curriculum, and Unsung Heroes Day.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla, who chairs the Senate committee on Cultural Communities and Muslim Affairs, pushed for an investigation into why Aetas in Central Luzon have not been able to get some P19 million due them from an agreement signed in 2007.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla, in filing Senate Bill 230, sought the legalization of medical cannabis (marijuana) not only as an affordable cure for various medical ailments, but also as a potential source of revenues the Philippine government needs to fund its programs.


title: Robin Padilla

text: He noted that for the Philippines' proposed national budget for 2023, the government needs P5.268 trillion in funding for its various programs to create jobs, invest in infrastructure and digitalization, and set up other projects in line with its eight-point socioeconomic agenda - but with only P3.632 trillion coming from revenues and P2.207 trillion from borrowings. Also, he pointed out that many government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) have lost money, with subsidies to 80 GOCCs reaching P212 billion in 2021 alone, but these GOCCs generated only P38 billion or 18% in dividends. He lamented the GOCCs had net losses of some P33 billion.


title: Robin Padilla

text: The lawmaker likewise pointed out the health benefits of medical cannabis, based on 29,802 publications on the matter since 1829 - including US studies from 2016 to 2019, showing cannabis has "moderate to high quality of evidence of efficacy, effectiveness, and safety" in medical conditions where its use is allowed. He pointed out as well that the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs removed cannabis from the list of dangerous drugs in December 2020, even as cannabis has been used as medicine for more than 3,000 years. Also, he said the medical use of cannabis has been legal in 70 countries, with 4.4 million patients with access to legal cannabis products - yet these do not include Filipinos.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla started holding hearings on amendments to the 1987 Constitution, in his capacity as chairman of the Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Codes. He has indicated he will hold hearings in the provinces, to make sure all Filipinos understand the issue and have a say on the matter.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla sought an inter-agency effort in fighting fake news, and sought a probe into the matter. This was contained in his Senate Resolution 191, which he filed in September. He is poised to lead the probe as chairman of the Senate Committee on Public Information and Mass Media.


title: Robin Padilla

text: He also called on other institutions like the news industry and educational institutions to do their part against fake news.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed Senate Bill 1273 seeking more cemeteries for Muslims and indigenous people (IPs) to ensure that proper burial in accordance with their customs and tradition will be observed.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed Senate Bill 450, the proposed "Eddie Garcia Law," which outlined safety measures and other benefits for workers in the Philippine entertainment industry to protect the welfare of actors and workers in the industry.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed Senate Bill 449 seeking to give same-sex couples the same rights enjoyed by married straight couples under the law, saying it is 'high time" for the Philippines to do so. The bill includes provisions upholding the rights of such couples to a civil union. "Providing equal rights and privileges for same-sex couples will in no way diminish or trample on the rights granted to married couples," Padilla said.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed Senate Bill 232, seeking to provide additional compensation and benefits to barangay health workers. The bill, dubbed An Act Providing for the Magna Carta of Barangay Health Workers, include 20% discount on items under the Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010, transportation allowance of at least ₱1,000 per month, and a one-time retirement cash incentive of ₱100,000 for accredited BHWs who have served for at least 15 years.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla filed Senate Bill 447 assuring funding for priority development projects of local government units. Padilla said this measure aims to provide an equitable distribution of wealth to LGUs to foster development with the end goal of bridging the gap between the revenue expenditure mandates of the LGC and the General Appropriations Act.


title: Robin Padilla

text: The bill is similar to the Budget Reform Advocacy for Village Empowerment (BRAVE) bill of former Senator Panfilo Lacson. Padilla said he shares Lacson's drive to promote the principle of devolution, as well as for budget reform.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla spoke out against sexual harassment victimizing Filipinos, including overseas Filipino workers and students.


title: Robin Padilla

text: The actor-turned-legislator pushed for heavier penalties against ambassadors and diplomatic officials involved in sexual harassment cases against Filipinos abroad, after Department of Migrant Workers secretary Susan Ople cited one such case in Brunei in 2012.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Meanwhile, Padilla called on parents and students to courageously report sexual harassment in schools, saying this will haunt the students for life.


title: Robin Padilla

text: On September 5, 2022, Padilla delivered a privilege speech stressing anew the need for joint exploration between the Philippines and China in the West Philippine Sea. He said going back to the negotiating table is a must for the country's interest.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Robinhood Cariño Padilla was born on November 23, 1969, in Daet, Camarines Norte to Casimero "Roy" Padilla Sr. and Lolita Eva Cariño. He has eight siblings—three brothers and five sisters. He is half-Igorot from his mother's side. His father, Roy, was a film director and politician who served as governor of Camarines Norte in the 1970s and assemblyman in the 1980s. His mother was an actress. His siblings BB, Rommel, and Royette, are also actors. His half-brother Casimero succeeded in their father's political endeavors, serving as a union leader, a congressman, and a three-term governor of Camarines Norte. He is also the uncle of actors Bela Padilla, Daniel Padilla, and Mark Anthony Fernandez. Robin is also the great uncle of Grae Fernandez, via his father.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 1994, Padilla was convicted for illegal possession of firearms and sentenced to a maximum of eight years in jail. In 1998, he was pardoned by President Fidel Ramos.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Formerly a Jehovah's Witness, Padilla converted to Islam, adopted the name Abdul Aziz, and married his first wife Liezl Sicangco in a Muslim ceremony while he was still serving his prison sentence. He has four children with Sicangco, including actress Kylie Padilla.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In November 2009, Padilla announced that he and Sicangco had divorced in 2007. On August 19, 2010, Padilla and Mariel Rodriguez were married at the Taj Mahal in India. Padilla and Rodriguez had met during his stint as a host of "Wowowee". Rodriguez gave birth to their first daughter in November 2016 in Delaware, and a second daughter in November 2019. Despite their marriage, Rodriguez remained a Roman Catholic. In July 2017, Padilla became a grandfather when his eldest daughter gave birth.


title: Robin Padilla

text: In 2014, Padilla campaigned for presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte and in May 2016 filed a libel case against a Twitter user for calling him an "ex-convict". In November 2016, Padilla was granted an absolute pardon from President Rodrigo Duterte to endow him full civil and political rights.


title: Robin Padilla

text: Padilla took his elementary education at Siena College of Quezon City and attended high school at Saint Louis University Boys' High School. He discontinued his studies when he was 17 to pursue his acting career.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Lorraine Toussaint () is a Trinidadian-American actress. She is the recipient of various accolades, including a Black Reel Award, a Critics' Choice Television Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint began her career in theatre before supporting performances in films such as "Breaking In" (1989), "Hudson Hawk" (1991), and "Dangerous Minds" (1995). As lead actress, she is best known for her role as Rene Jackson in the critically acclaimed Lifetime television drama series "Any Day Now", from 1998 to 2002, and her recurring role as defense attorney Shambala Green in the NBC legal drama "Law & Order". She later appeared as a regular cast member in the NBC police procedural "Crossing Jordan" (2002–03) and the TNT crime drama "Saving Grace" (2007–10).


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint received critical acclaim and an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her performance in the 2012 drama film "Middle of Nowhere", written and directed by Ava DuVernay. In 2014, she played the role of Yvonne "Vee" Parker, the main antagonist in the second season of the Netflix comedy-drama series "Orange Is the New Black", for which she received critical acclaim and a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. She also played the role of Amelia Boynton Robinson in the 2014 historical drama film "Selma", directed by Ava DuVernay. Toussaint later co-starred in the ABC fantasy-drama series "Forever" (2014–15), the Fox comedy-drama "Rosewood" (2015–17) and the AMC drama "Into the Badlands" (2018–19). Additionally, she starred in the 2019 horror film "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark".


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint was born in Trinidad and Tobago. In an interview she said: "I grew up under the British system, which I think is horrific for children -- very, very strict -- a system that did not recognize children as being individuals. You were small animals earning the right to be human. Childhood for me then felt extraordinarily powerless, and as an artistic child who learned in alternative ways, it was hell. I was beaten regularly... A good child was a fearful child, and I was a very, very, good little girl, which meant I lived in a world of silent, dark terror most of the time." Her mother was a teacher, and brought Toussaint to live in Brooklyn in the late 1960s.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint graduated from Manhattan's High School of Performing Arts in 1978. She then attended the Juilliard School's drama division as a member of "Group 11" (1978–1982), where her classmates in 1982 included Megan Gallagher, Penny Johnson Jerald, Jack Kenny, and Jack Stehlin. Toussaint graduated from Juilliard with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. She then began her career as a Shakespearean actress before tackling screen acting in television and film.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint made her screen debut in 1983. In 1986, she portrayed the widow of a man shot and killed by Boston police in the television film "A Case of Deadly Force", based on the book by Lawrence O'Donnell. She later had a recurring role of Vera Williams in the ABC daytime soap opera, "One Life to Live". While maintaining her stage career, she appeared in guest starring roles in series such as "227" and "Law & Order" (in a recurring role as defense lawyer Shambala Green). She also acted in a number of television films in the 1990s.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint made her film debut in the female lead role opposite Burt Reynolds in the crime comedy "Breaking In" (1989). The film received positive reviews from critics, but flopped in box office. In 1991, she appeared opposite Bruce Willis in "Hudson Hawk", and later co-starred alongside Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Minds" (1995). She also appeared in films "Point of No Return" (1993), "Mother's Boys" (1994), and "Black Dog" (1998). On television, Toussaint had regular roles in short-lived series "Bodies of Evidence" (CBS, 1992), "Where I Live" (ABC, 1993), "Amazing Grace" (NBC, 1995), and "Leaving L.A." (ABC, 1997).


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint had her biggest and leading role alongside Annie Potts in the Lifetime first original television drama series, "Any Day Now", starring as Rene Jackson, a successful African-American lawyer. The series received critical acclaim for both lead actresses' performances as well as the show's script writing but never attained standout ratings. In 2001, Toussaint was a promising contender for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category, though she did not receive a nomination. She was nominated five times for a NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for her role. "Any Day Now" ended after four seasons and 88 episodes.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: From 2002 to 2004, Toussaint had a regular role playing Dr. Elaine Duchamps in the NBC police procedural, "Crossing Jordan". In later years, she guest-starred on "Frasier", "Judging Amy", "The Closer", "", "ER", and "NCIS". She also was a regular, opposite Holly Hunter, in the TNT crime drama "Saving Grace" as Capt. Kate Perry from 2007 to 2010. She had a recurring role as Amelia 'Yoga' Bluman in the ABC comedy series "Ugly Betty" in 2006, and as Bird Merriweather in the NBC drama "Friday Night Lights" (2009–11). Toussaint also appeared as Jamie Foxx's character's mother in the 2009 drama "The Soloist".


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: In 2012, Toussaint received critical acclaim and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance as a hardworking mother who struggles to support her daughter's (Emayatzy Corinealdi) decision to put her life on hold to support her incarcerated husband (Omari Hardwick), of "Middle of Nowhere", a drama film written and directed by Ava DuVernay. Toussaint was a promising contender for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress category in 2013, but she did not receive a nomination.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: In 2012, she guest-starred in Shonda Rhimes' dramas "Grey's Anatomy" (as a doctor) and "Scandal" (as a bereaved and betrayed pastor's wife). In 2013, she had a recurring role in season 3 of Dana Delany's series "Body of Proof" as villainous police chief Angela Martin. Later in 2013, she joined the cast of ABC Family drama series, "The Fosters", as Sherri Saums character’s mother. This marked the first time she reunited on-screen with Annie Potts since the finale of "Any Day Now" in 2002.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint starred in the second season of Netflix's original comedy-drama series, "Orange Is the New Black" in 2014. She played the role of Yvonne "Vee" Parker, the main antagonist of season two, described as a street-tough inmate who returns to jail after a long stint as a drug dealer. Her performance earned critical acclaim. In the series Toussaint, in her 50s, appeared nude on-screen for the first time in her career. For her performance, she won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. In February 2016, Vee was ranked 28th on "Rolling Stone"'s list of "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: In 2014, Toussaint co-starred in Ava DuVernay's historical drama film "Selma", playing Amelia Boynton Robinson, a leading civil rights activist who had a key role in efforts that led to passage of the Voting Rights Act, and who was the first African-American woman in Alabama to run for Congress. That same year, she was cast in the ABC fantasy-drama series "Forever" opposite Ioan Gruffudd and Alana de la Garza. The series was canceled after a single season. Toussaint co-starred in the comedy film "Xmas", directed and written by Jonathan Levine, which was released on November 25, 2015. Also in 2015, she co-starred in "Runaway Island" and "Sophie and the Rising Sun". Later that year, Toussaint was cast in "Coco", a drama produced by Lionsgate, alongside rapper Azealia Banks. In June 2015, she joined the cast of the Fox comedy-drama "Rosewood" in the series regular role of the titular character's mother.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: In March 2016, Toussaint was cast in her role as defense attorney Shambala Green, a role she originated on "Law & Order" in 1990, on the NBC legal drama "Chicago Justice", that aired a backdoor pilot in "Chicago P.D.". On August 14, 2017, it was announced that Toussaint would join as a series regular in the third season of "Into the Badlands". She played the role of Cressida, a self-styled Prophetess in season 3.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: In 2019, Toussaint starred in the NBC limited drama series "The Village". The series was canceled after one season. She later starred in the superhero film "Fast Color" opposite Gugu Mbatha-Raw and played the role of Louise "Lou Lou" Baptiste in the horror film "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark" produced by Guillermo del Toro. The following year, she played feminist, civil rights advocate and activist Florynce Kennedy in the biographical film "The Glorias" directed by Julie Taymor. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2020. Later, she was cast opposite Idris Elba in the drama film "Concrete Cowboy". Also in 2020, Toussaint was cast as Viola "Aunt Vi" Lascombe in the CBS reboot for "The Equalizer" starring Queen Latifah.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: Toussaint has one daughter named Samara. One of Toussaint's grandparents was from Martinique. She had a blog.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Maryanne Trump Barry (born April 5, 1937) is an American attorney and a retired United States federal judge. She became an Assistant United States Attorney in 1974, and was first appointed to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. In 1999, she was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Philadelphia, PA) by President Bill Clinton.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In January 2006, she testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the nomination of her colleague Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court. She took senior status in June 2011 and in February 2019 she announced her retirement from the bench after an investigation was launched into allegations that she committed judicial misconduct by participating in fraudulent tax and financial transactions. She is the sister of former U.S. President Donald Trump.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry was born Maryanne Trump in Queens in New York City on April 5, 1937, the eldest child of real-estate developer Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. She is an elder sister of Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States. She attended Kew-Forest School. She graduated "cum laude" with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Mount Holyoke College in 1958, and a Master of Arts in public law and government from Columbia University in 1962. She later attended law school, earning her Juris Doctor from Hofstra University School of Law in 1974.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: After being a homemaker for thirteen years, in 1974 Barry became an Assistant United States Attorney, one of only two women out of sixty-two lawyers in the office of the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. She was in the civil division from 1974 to 1975 and in the appeals division from 1976 to 1982, serving as deputy chief of that division from 1976 to 1977 and chief of the division from 1977 to 1982. She served as Executive Assistant United States Attorney from 1981 to 1982. She was First Assistant United States Attorney from 1981 to 1983.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 14, 1983, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Henry Curtis Meanor. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 6, 1983, and received her commission the next day.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In 1985, she recused herself in a drug-trafficking case due to her brother Donald's relationship with the accused trafficker. Her service in the district court ended on October 25, 1999, when she was elevated to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry's reputation on the bench was that of a tough judge with strong command of her courtroom. In 1989, while a district court judge in Newark, New Jersey, she disapproved a plea bargain that would have freed two county detectives accused of protecting a drug dealer, and forced the case to trial. The detectives were convicted and received jail terms. She also presided over the conviction of Louis Manna, the Genovese crime family mobster accused of plotting to assassinate rival John Gotti.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: A Republican, Barry was nominated to serve on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by Democratic President Bill Clinton on June 17, 1999. She was nominated to fill the vacancy created when H. Lee Sarokin retired in 1996. (Clinton had nominated Robert Raymar to the seat in 1998, but that nomination had expired at the end of the year without being given a hearing by the Senate Judiciary Committee.)


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: The Senate unanimously confirmed Barry on September 13, 1999. She received her commission on September 22, 1999. "I am deeply honored and very grateful for the nomination," Barry told the "New Jersey Law Journal" in 1999. "I am surprised I was approached on it. I assume that my record is good enough as a district court judge to be reached out to, and I'm glad that politics weren't a priority here."


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In January 2006, Barry testified in support of the appointment of fellow Third Circuit Judge Samuel Alito to the Supreme Court.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In a 2006 ruling, "Abou Cham v. Attorney General", Barry was harshly critical of the conduct of a U.S. Immigration Court judge in a case involving a refugee from The Gambia. The refugee petitioner was the nephew of former Gambian president Dawda Jawara, who had been deposed in a coup in 1994; the new regime had imprisoned or killed several of Cham's relatives, and outlawed their political party. Barry ruled in favor of Abou Cham; criticized Judge Donald Ferlise's questioning over a two-day hearing as bullying, belligerent, and abusive toward "an increasingly distraught petitioner"; and concluding that Cham had been "ground to bits" emotionally. Barry wrote that there was "not a modicum of courtesy, of respect or of any pretense of fairness" in Ferlise's treatment of Cham, which led Ferlise to conclude that Cham's testimony was not credible, and concluded that the Immigration Court's ruling was a "severe wound" on the American justice system. Ferlise was relieved of his duties shortly after Barry's decision.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: On June 30, 2011, Barry assumed senior status. She took inactive senior status in the first week of February 2017, about two weeks after her brother's inauguration as president.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry retired on February 11, 2019. Her retirement brought an end to an investigation of whether she had engaged in fraudulent tax schemes with her siblings that violated judicial conduct rules. The investigation closed without reaching a conclusion about the allegations.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In October 2018, "The New York Times" published an investigative report asserting that Barry, along with her father and siblings, had engaged in fraudulent and illegal activity for the purpose of limiting estate tax and gift tax liability stemming from Fred Trump's real estate enterprises. Investigative journalist Susanne Craig discovered a filing Barry had made to the Senate as part of her federal judiciary confirmation in 1983, in which she had reported a $1 million contribution from All County Building Supply & Maintenance. "The Times" reported that All County Building Supply & Maintenance was a "sham company" formed in 1992 and owned by Barry, Donald Trump, their siblings, and a cousin.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: All County Building Supply & Maintenance reportedly paid for work performed at Fred Trump's apartment buildings; those apartment buildings then reimbursed the company, but fraudulently added extra money to those reimbursements. Tax experts reportedly indicated that because All County "performed no real work, the transfer of money through the corporation was essentially a gift that evaded the 55 percent tax in place at the time". Its address was the Manhasset, New York, residence of John Walter, Fred Trump's nephew. In a follow-up article, "The New York Times" reported that the money illicitly earned by All County was split by the Trump siblings.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In October 2018, as a result of the publication of this investigation, the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance began a review of the fraud allegations against Barry and her siblings.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: On February 1, 2019, four legal professionals who had filed complaints against Judge Barry in October 2018 stemming from the allegations made in "The New York Times" were notified by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that an investigation into judicial misconduct by Barry had been launched, in regard to her alleged participation in fraudulent tax and financial transactions. Ten days later, Barry, a senior inactive judge at the time, announced her retirement from the bench, effectively ending the investigation.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry said little publicly about her brother during his presidency. In August 2020, Barry's niece, Mary L. Trump, revealed that she had surreptitiously audio-recorded 15 hours of discussions with Barry in 2018 and 2019. In those recorded discussions, Barry sharply criticized the president. Mary Trump publicly released a number of transcripts and audio excerpts of the conversations, including content that did not previously appear in Mary Trump's book published in July 2020, "Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man".


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In the recordings, Barry said of her brother: "All he wants to do is appeal to his base. He has no principles. None. His goddamned tweeting and lying... oh my God. I'm talking too freely, but you know. The change of stories. The lack of preparation. The lying. Holy shit." She added that her brother does not read books and had someone take the college entrance exam in his place. She said, "It's the phoniness of it all. It's the phoniness and this cruelty. Donald is cruel." In the recordings, Barry also criticized the Trump administration family separation policy and previous bankruptcies of Trump's businesses, adding, "You can’t trust him."


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In 2004, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor presented Barry with an award, named for O'Connor, that the Seton Hall University School of Law gives to women who excel in law and public service. At the presentation ceremony, Barry said, "I say to the women out there, remember how difficult it was for women like Justice O'Connor starting out," adding, "Even though she graduated with top grades, she had to take a job as a legal secretary. Remember how far we have come."


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: Barry's first husband was David Desmond; the couple divorced in 1980. In 1982, she married John Joseph Barry, a New Jersey lawyer. They were married 18 years before he died on April 9, 2000. She has one son from her first marriage, David William Desmond, who is a New York psychologist.


title: Maryanne Trump Barry

text: In 2016, Barry gave $4 million to Fairfield University, a Catholic institution, to fund scholarships and endow the university's Center for Ignatian Spirituality.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Get Shorty is a 1995 American gangster comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and written by Scott Frank. Based on Elmore Leonard's novel of the same name, the film stars John Travolta, Gene Hackman, Rene Russo, Delroy Lindo, James Gandolfini, Dennis Farina, and Danny DeVito. The film follows Chili Palmer (Travolta), a Miami mobster and loan shark, who inadvertently gets involved in Hollywood feature film production.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: A sequel, "Be Cool", which was also based on an Elmore Leonard novel, was released in 2005. In 2017, "Get Shorty" inspired a television series of the same name.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Ernesto "Chili" Palmer is a Miami loan shark and movie buff. When his jacket is taken by rival mobster Ray "Bones" Barboni, Chili retrieves it and breaks Bones' nose. A vengeful Bones ambushes him at his office, but Chili shoots first, grazing Bones' forehead. Bones' boss refuses to retaliate, reminding him that Chili is under the protection of Brooklyn mob boss Momo.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: After Momo dies of a heart attack, Bones takes over his operation and demands that Chili collect an outstanding debt from Leo Devoe, a dry cleaner who died in a plane crash. Chili learns from Leo's wife Faye that Leo is alive, having left the plane before takeoff; he was presumed dead when Faye identified his belongings in the crash, and she received $300,000 in life insurance, but Leo ran away with the cash. Chili tracks Leo to a Las Vegas casino, and the director of gaming asks him to collect a debt from B movie director Harry Zimm.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Surprising Harry in Los Angeles at the home of scream queen Karen Flores, Chili pitches him the story of chasing the dry cleaner’s mob debt as an idea for a movie. Harry persuades Chili to help him placate his investor Bo Catlett, owner of a limo service that serves as a drug front. Having gambled away Bo's $200,000 investment, Harry shows him the script he really wants to make, "Mr. Lovejoy", but the screenwriter's widow Doris controls the rights. Chili confronts Leo and takes his money to invest in the film, deciding to become a Hollywood producer, and rejects Bo's suggestion that they collaborate.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Bo has left $500,000 in a locker at Los Angeles International Airport for his Colombian contacts to collect. The cartel sends Yayo, who refuses to retrieve the money with the DEA watching. At Bo's cliffside home, Yayo threatens to inform on Bo if he is arrested with the cash; Bo shoots Yayo, knocking him over the deck railing, and plans to eliminate Chili in a similar fashion. He is later visited by Colombian druglord Mr. Escobar, who demands his money and his nephew, Yayo.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Warming to Chili, Karen also wants to become a producer and arranges a meeting with Hollywood star Martin Weir, her ex-husband. Interested in "Mr. Lovejoy", Martin is also intrigued by Chili's own pitch and in playing the role of Chili himself. Making Harry jealous of Chili and Karen's partnership, Bo offers him the locker money as a new investment, suggesting he send Chili to fetch it. Sensing a trap, Chili rents a nearby locker instead and is briefly interrogated by the DEA. Bo's henchman Bear demands the locker key back, but Chili subdues him, and they bond over Bear's former career as a stuntman.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: After being seduced by Doris, Harry drunkenly calls Bones and tells him that Chili has Leo's money. Having already questioned Faye, Bones flies to Los Angeles and brutally beats Harry, demanding the money. They are interrupted by Bo's associate Ronnie, whom Bones shoots dead and frames Harry. Bear has a change of heart about the plan to kill Chili, but Bo threatens him and his young daughter. Chili and Karen give in to their mutual attraction, and take a badly injured Harry to meet with Martin.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Desperate to pay the Colombians, Bo demands Leo's money from Chili and kidnaps Karen. Chili delivers the money, but Bo and Bear prepare to kill him; in the scuffle, Bo falls through the deck railing to his death, as arranged by Bear, who saves Chili. At Chili's hotel room, Bones demands Leo's money at gunpoint. Chili sends him to the airport locker, where Bones is surrounded by DEA agents.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Some time later, "Get Shorty" — the movie version of Chili's story — is being filmed, produced by Chili and Karen, directed by Harry, starring Martin as Chili and Harvey Keitel as Bones, with Bear as stunt supervisor. When Martin's prop gun fails, Harry halts filming for the day, to Doris' displeasure. Chili and Karen depart the studio lot, officially Hollywood producers.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Get Shorty also features an appearance from the real Ernest "Chili" Palmer, a Miami loan shark and mob-connected man who inspired the original character.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: The movie features an acid- and soul-jazz themed soundtrack with songs by Us3, Morphine, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Greyboy and Medeski Martin & Wood alongside original compositions by John Lurie. The soundtrack was nominated for a Grammy Award (1997 - Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television).


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: Warren Beatty, Dustin Hoffman and Michael Keaton were offered the role of Chili Palmer but they all declined. Sonnenfeld considered Samuel L. Jackson for the role of Bo Catlett. Steve Buscemi and Matthew McConaughey were considered for the role of Ronnie Wingate.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 7.74/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a perfect cast and a sly twist on the usual Hollywood gangster dynamic, "Get Shorty" delivers a sharp satire that doubles as an entertaining comedy-thriller in its own right." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B+" on scale of A+ to F.


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: The film opened at #1 upon its release (10/20-22) with $12.7 million. "Get Shorty" remained #1 for three consecutive weeks before being overtaken by "".


title: Get Shorty (film)

text: For his role as Chili Palmer, John Travolta received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Mary Kerry Kennedy (born September 8, 1959) is an American lawyer, author and human rights activist. She is the seventh child and third daughter of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. During her 15-year marriage to former New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, from 1990 to 2005, she was known as Kerry Kennedy-Cuomo. She is the president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, a non-profit human rights advocacy organization.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Mary Kerry Kennedy was born in 1959, in Washington, D.C. to parents Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. Three days after her birth, her father resigned as chief counsel of the Senate Rackets Committee to run his brother's campaign for presidency. She appeared, at age 3, in the 1963 Robert Drew documentary "," saying hello to U.S. Justice Department official Nicholas Katzenbach by phone from the office of her father, Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General at the time. Her father was assassinated in 1968. She is a graduate of The Putney School and Brown University and received her Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Since 1981, Kennedy has worked as a human rights activist, leading delegations into places such as El Salvador, Gaza, Haiti, Kenya, Northern Ireland, and South Korea


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: In 1988, Kennedy began serving as the president of the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Human Rights (now Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights). She was the executive director of the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial until 1995. She is the honorary president of the Robert F. Kennedy Foundation of Europe, based in Florence, Italy. She also branched the RFK Human Rights Foundation to Spain with the mission to promote the education about the defense of human rights worldwide. Since 2018, Kennedy is working side by side with the President of the RFK Human Rights Spain appointed by her, María Díaz de la Cebosa, to increase the number of citizens with a working knowledge of human rights concepts.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy is the chair of the Amnesty International Leadership Council, and her writing has been published in "The Boston Globe", "The Chicago Sun-Times", and "The New York Times". She also serves on the advisory board of the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment at Columbia University.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy also travels the country giving speeches and presentations and calling on her audiences to stand up and fight against human rights violations. In 2017, Kennedy received the Medal for Social Activism from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Bogota, Colombia for "her impactful efforts on communities throughout the world as a result of her life-long devotion to the pursuit of equal justice."


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy is the editor of "Being Catholic Now, Prominent Americans talk about Change in the Church and the Quest for Meaning;" Crown Publishing, Sept. 2008; . The book includes essays from prominent Catholics, including Nancy Pelosi, Cokie Roberts, now-former Cardinal McCarrick, Sister Joan Chittister, Tom Monaghan, Bill O'Reilly, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Doug Brinkley and others.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: In 2018, Kennedy published "Robert F. Kennedy: Ripples of Hope: Kerry Kennedy in Conversation with Heads of State, Business Leaders, Influencers, and Activists about Her Father's Impact on Their Lives". The book contains interviews from prominent individuals whose lives and careers were influenced by the legacy of Robert F. Kennedy, and explores how Kennedy's legacy touched the fields of entertainment, politics, faith, and activism. Interviewees include Tony Bennett, Harry Belafonte, Bono, Barack Obama, John Lewis and activists including Gloria Steinem and Marian Wright Edelman.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy's life has been devoted to equal justice, to the promotion and protection of basic rights, and to the preservation of the rule of law. Kennedy is the president of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. She started working in the field of human rights in 1981 as an intern with Amnesty International, where she investigated abuses committed by U.S. immigration officials against refugees from the Salvadoran Civil War in El Salvador.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: For over thirty years, she has worked on diverse human rights issues such as children's rights, child labor, disappearances, indigenous land rights, judicial independence, freedom of expression, ethnic violence, impunity, and the environment. She has concentrated specifically on women's rights, particularly honor killings, sexual slavery, domestic violence, workplace discrimination, and sexual assault. She has worked in over 60 countries and led hundreds of human rights delegations.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy established RFK Center Partners for Human Rights in 1986 to ensure the protection of rights codified under the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights. RFK Partners provides support to courageous human rights defenders around the world. The Center uncovers human rights abuses like torture, repression of free speech and child labor; urges Congress and the U.S. administration to highlight human rights in foreign policy; and supplies activists with the resources they need to advance their work. Kennedy also founded RFK Compass, which works on sustainable investing with leaders in the financial community. She started the RFK Training Institute in Florence, Italy, which offers courses of study to leading human rights defenders across the globe.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy is the author of "Speak Truth to Power: Human Rights Defenders Who Are Changing Our World", which features interviews with human rights activists including Marian Wright Edelman, the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Elie Wiesel, and more. This book has been translated into 6 languages, with more coming, and has been adapted into a play by Ariel Dorfman. It also is the foundation for the RFK Center's Speak Truth To Power program - a multi-faceted global initiative that uses the experiences of courageous defenders from around the world to educate students and others about human rights, and urge them to take action. The curriculum focuses on issues ranging from slavery and environmental activism to religious self-determination and political participation


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy has appeared numerous times on ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN and PBS as well as on networks in countries around the world, and her commentaries and articles have been published in "The Boston Globe", "The Chicago Sun-Times", "L'Unita", "The Los Angeles Times", "Marie Claire", "The New York Times", "Página/12", "TV Guide", and the "Yale Journal of International Law". As a special correspondent for the environmental magazine television program, "Network Earth", she reported on human rights and the environment. She interviewed human rights leaders for Voice of America.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy is Chair of the Amnesty International USA Leadership Council. Nominated by President Bush and confirmed by the Senate, she serves on the board of directors of the United States Institute of Peace, as well as Human Rights First, and Inter Press Service (Rome, Italy). She is a patron of the Bloody Sunday Trust (Northern Ireland) and serves on the Editorial Board of Advisors of the Buffalo Human Rights Law Review. She is on the Advisory Committee for the International Campaign for Tibet, the Committee on the Administration of Justice of Northern Ireland, the Global Youth Action Network, Studies without Borders and several other organizations. She serves on the leadership council of the Amnesty International Campaign to Stop Violence Against Women and on the Advisory Board of the Albert Schweitzer Institute and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center's National Advisory Council.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Kennedy was named Woman of the Year 2001 by Save the Children, Humanitarian of the Year Award from the South Asian Media Awards Foundation, and the Prima Donna Award from Montalcino Vineyards. In 2008, she received the Eleanor Roosevelt Medal of Honor and the Thomas More Award from Boston College Law School. World Vision and International AIDS Trust gave her the 2009 Human Rights Award.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: She has received awards from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (for leadership in abolishing the death penalty), the American Jewish Congress of the Metropolitan Region, and the Institute for the Italian American experience three I's award for outstanding efforts and achievements for human rights.


title: Kerry Kennedy

text: Lawyers for Ecuadorean plaintiffs in the long-running lawsuit against Chevron Corporation for environmental and human health damages at the Lago Agrio oil field hired Kennedy to conduct public relations for their cause. She traveled to Ecuador in 2009, after which she blasted Chevron in an article for the Huffington Post. Neither her Huffington Post piece nor the news coverage of her advocacy disclosed that she was being paid by the plaintiffs, a fact not made public until 2012. The plaintiffs' lead American lawyer reportedly paid Kennedy $50,000 in February 2010, and the plaintiffs' law firm budgeted $10,000 per month for her services, plus $40,000 in expenses in June 2010. Kennedy was also reportedly given a 0.25 percent share of any money collected from Chevron, worth US$40 million if the full amount were to be collected. Kennedy responded that she was "paid a modest fee for the time I spent on the case," but denied that she had any financial interest in the outcome.