title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the nation had to deal with the restrictions of rationing and the prospects of conscription. In March 1942, the War Production Board (WPB) regulated the manufacture of men's suits and all clothing that contained wool. To achieve a 26% cut-back in the use of fabrics, the WPB issued regulations for the manufacture of what "Esquire" magazine called, "streamlined suits by Uncle Sam". The regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of the wide-cut zoot suits and full women's skirts or dresses. Most legitimate tailoring companies ceased to manufacture or advertise any suits that fell outside the War Production Board's guidelines. But the demand for zoot suits did not decline; a network of bootleg tailors based in Los Angeles and New York City continued to produce the garments. Youths also continued to wear clothes which they already owned.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Meanwhile, American soldiers, sailors, and Marines from across the country travelled to Los Angeles in large numbers as part of the war effort; they were given leave while awaiting to be shipped out to the Pacific theater. Servicemen and zoot suiters in Los Angeles were both immediately identifiable by their dress. Some servicemen and others in the community felt that the continued wearing of zoot suits represented the youths' public flouting of rationing regulations. Officials began to cast wearing of zoot suits in moral terms and associated it with the commission of petty crime, violence and the snubbing of national wartime rules. In 1943, many servicemen resented the sight of young Latinos wearing zoot suits after clothing restrictions had been published, especially as most came from areas of the country with little experience or knowledge of Mexican-American culture. Although Mexican-Americans were overrepresented in the armed forces, they were not common or respected enough to defuse these tensions.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: One of the first conflicts between the sailors and the zoot suiters was in August 1942, near Chinatown. The sailors who trained in the Chavez Ravine went to Chinatown on leave. A sailor and his girlfriend were walking when four zoot suiters blocked the sidewalk in front of them. The zoot suiters refused to let them pass and pushed the sailor into the street. The young zoot-suiter and the sailor stood their ground in silence until finally, the sailor backed away.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Zoot suit fashion found its origins in the urban black scene during the 1940s. This style of clothing cultivated a sense of racial pride and significance; however, the fashion statement soon made its way into the wardrobes of young Southern Californian Mexican Americans, Italians and Filipinos, who became the quintessential wearers of the zoot suit. The transfer and sharing of the zoot suit fashion indicated a growing influence of African American popular culture on young Mexican American, Italian American and Filipino Americans. Additionally, “analysis of the Los Angeles zoot-suit riot and journalists' and politicians' in and the outfit's connections with race relations, slang, jazz music and dance permit an understanding of the politics and social significance of what is trivial in itself -- popular culture and its attendant styles”.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The zoot suit was originally a statement about creating a new wave of music and dress, but it also held significant political meaning. The flamboyant and colorful material indicated a desire to express oneself against the boring and somber slum lifestyle. The zoot suit provided young African American and Mexican youth a sense of individualistic identity within their cultures and society as they discovered “highly charged emotional and symbolic meaning” through the movement, music, and dress.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The zoot suit typically included bright colored fabric, long suit coats that often reached the knees, wide shoulders, and gathered or tapered pants. The arm and ankle areas were often much tighter than the rest of the fabric, giving the whole look a triangular shape.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Often the suit was paired with accessories such as chains and leather soled-shoes, which were typically worn to exaggerate and prove a point of rebellion standing against the wealth and status that many of these youth were unable to access due to their economic and racial identities.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The urban, Mexican-American youth often called themselves "pachucos". The female parallels were called "pachucas" and wore tight sweaters and relatively full, flared skirts, often paired with high hair-dos, large earrings, and heavy makeup. Many young Mexican-American women who were not pachucas avoided these clothing styles and hairstyles in order to avoid being seen as troublemakers by white people. Some women even reported that they had heard of pachucas hiding knives in their hair.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Pachucas formed their own gangs, joined the male pachuco gangs, and carried weapons. This behavior was often said to have been a divergence from the expected feminine beauty and manners of the middle-class. Often, for parents of Mexican-American girls, the pachucas "embodied not only a dissident femininity but a threatening, distinctly American identity as well". For some young women, the characteristics of the style promoted a sense of social mobility and "cultural hybridity" that was expressed through "increased interracial/ethnic relations, bilingualism, and pachuco slang".


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Pachucas and Chicanas were less referred to in the media, partly because they threatened the gender and sexuality norms that existed at the time. When acknowledged, they were regarded mainly as secondary members to the male gang members. Many scholars exclude the pachuca narrative in major events in the Chicano movement. Events like the Sleepy Lagoon Incident of 1942 and Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 have been described as "a boyish fight over a pretty girl" and a brawl involving "homeboys". However, records show that many women also participated in these events and had important roles in shaping their outcomes. Both men and women were attacked by the so-called "Downey Boys," and both pachucos and pachucas came back to the 38th Street neighborhood where they had been beaten and moved onward to Williams Ranch when they found an empty 38th Street. Claims have asserted that there were women screaming and yelling as the fighting ensued.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Continuing into the end of World War II, Mexican-American women were at the center of much conflict between Anglo-American servicemen and Mexican American youths. In the weeks before the riots, servicemen reported that pachucos had been harassing, molesting, raping, and insulting their wives, girlfriends, and relatives. One local Los Angeles newspaper included a story of two young women who had allegedly been abducted in downtown and raped in a "zoot suit orgy". Many of these reports began building up and was one of the major instigators of the coming riots, as servicemen had declared that they will take matters into their own hands since the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) had supposedly done nothing to stop the attacks from pachucos on their women. On the contrary, Horace R. Cayton, a writer for the "Pittsburgh Courier", "attributed the riots to non-Mexican servicemen, who he claimed envied Mexican American male zooters and desired the 'pretty brown creatures' with whom they consorted". However, the press was dominated by the stories which often claimed that "loose . . . girls of the Los Angeles Mexican quarter" were responsible for taking advantage of unaware sailors who had money.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Following the Sleepy Lagoon case, U.S. service personnel got into violent altercations with young Mexican Americans in zoot suits in San Jose, Oakland, San Diego, Delano, Los Angeles, and smaller cities and towns in California. During this period, the immense war buildup attracted tens of thousands of new workers to factories and shipyards in the West Coast, including African Americans from the South in the second wave of the Great Migration.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The most serious ethnic conflicts erupted in Los Angeles. Two altercations between military personnel and zoot suiters catalyzed the larger riots. The first occurred on May 30, 1943, at around 8:00 p.m., four days before the start of the riots. A dozen sailors, including Seaman Second Class Joe Dacy Coleman, were walking down Main Street in Los Angeles when they spotted a group of Mexican women on the opposite side. The group, except for Coleman, crossed the street to speak to the women. Coleman continued, walking past two zoot suiters when the sailor turned and grabbed the arm of one of the young men.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: On the night of June 3, 1943, about eleven sailors got off a bus and started walking along Main Street in Downtown Los Angeles. Encountering a group of young Mexicans in zoot suits, they got into an argument. The sailors later told the LAPD that they were jumped and beaten by this gang, while the zoot suiters claimed the altercation was started by the sailors. The LAPD responded to the incident, including many off-duty officers who identified as the Vengeance Squad. The officers went to the scene "seeking to clean up Main Street from what they viewed as the loathsome influence of pachuco gangs".


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The next day, 200 sailors got a convoy of about 20 taxicabs and headed for East Los Angeles, the center of Mexican-American settlement. The sailors spotted a group of young zoot suiters and assaulted them with clubs. They stripped the boys of the zoot suits and burned the tattered clothes in a pile. They attacked and stripped everyone they came across who were wearing zoot suits. Media coverage of the incidents then started to spread, inducing more people to join in the mayhem.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: During the next few days, thousands of servicemen and residents joined the attacks, marching abreast down streets, entering bars and movie houses, and assaulting any young Mexican American males they encountered. In one incident, sailors dragged two zoot suiters on-stage as a film was being screened, stripped them in front of the audience, and then urinated on their suits. Although police accompanied the rioters, they had orders not to arrest any, and some of them joined in the rioting. After several days, more than 150 people had been injured, and the police had arrested more than 500 Mexican American civilians on charges ranging from "rioting" to "vagrancy".


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Marching through the streets of downtown Los Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot suiter they could find. Pushing its way into the important motion picture theaters, the mob ordered the management to turn on the house lights and then ran up and down the aisles dragging Mexicans out of their seats. Streetcars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked from their seats, pushed into the streets and beaten with a sadistic frenzy.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The local press lauded the attacks, describing them as having a "cleansing effect" to rid Los Angeles of "miscreants" and "hoodlums". As the riots progressed, the media reported the arrest of Amelia Venegas, a female zoot suiter charged with carrying a brass knuckleduster. While the revelation of female pachucos' (pachucas) involvement in the riots led to frequent coverage of the activities of female pachuca gangs, the media suppressed any mention of the white mobs that were also involved.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: The Los Angeles City Council approved a resolution criminalizing the wearing of "zoot suits with reat pleats within the city limits of LA" with the expectation that Mayor Fletcher Bowron would sign it into law. Councilman Norris Nelson had stated, "The zoot suit has become a badge of hoodlumism." No ordinance was approved by the City Council or signed into law by the Mayor, but the council encouraged the WPB to take steps "to curb illegal production of men's clothing in violation of WPB limitation orders". While the mobs had first targeted only pachucos, they also attacked African Americans in zoot suits who lived in the Central Avenue corridor area. The Navy and Marine Corps command staffs intervened on June 8 to reduce the attacks, confining sailors and Marines to barracks and ordering that Los Angeles be declared off-limits to all military personnel; this was enforced by Navy Shore Patrol personnel. Their official position was that their men were acting in self-defense.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: As the riots subsided, the most urgent concern of officials was relations with Mexico, as the economy of Southern California relied on the importation of cheap Mexican labor to assist in the harvesting of California crops. After the Mexican Embassy lodged a formal protest with the State Department, Governor Earl Warren of California ordered the creation of the McGucken Committee (headed by Los Angeles bishop Joseph McGucken) to investigate and determine the cause of the riots. In 1943, the committee issued its report; it determined racism to be a central cause of the riots, further stating that it was "an aggravating practice (of the media) to link the phrase "zoot suit" with the report of a crime". The governor appointed the Peace Officers Committee on Civil Disturbances, chaired by Robert W. Kenny, president of the National Lawyers Guild to make recommendations to the police. Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all citizens equally. Mayor Fletcher Bowron downplayed the role racial prejudice played in the riots and blamed Mexican youth gangs.


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: On June 16, 1943, a week after the riots, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt commented on the riots in her newspaper column. "The question goes deeper than just suits. It is a racial protest. I have been worried for a long time about the Mexican racial situation. It is a problem with roots going a long way back, and we do not always face these problems as we should." The "Los Angeles Times" published an editorial the next day expressing outrage: it accused Mrs. Roosevelt of having communist leanings and stirring "race discord".


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: On June 21, 1943, the State Un-American Activities Committee, under state senator Jack Tenney, arrived in Los Angeles with orders to "determine whether the present Zoot Suit Riots were sponsored by Nazi agencies attempting to spread disunity between the United States and Latin-American countries". Although Tenney claimed he had evidence the riots were "[A]xis-sponsored", no evidence was ever presented to support this claim. Japanese propaganda broadcasts accused the U.S. government of ignoring the brutality of U.S. Marines toward Mexicans. In late 1944, ignoring the findings of the McGucken committee and the unanimous reversal of the convictions by the appeals court in the Sleepy Lagoon case on October 4, the Tenney Committee announced that the National Lawyers Guild was an "effective communist front".


title: Zoot Suit Riots

text: Later scholars generally characterize the Zoot Suit riots as a "pogrom against the Mexican American community". Many post-war civil rights activists and authors, such as Luis Valdez, Ralph Ellison, and Richard Wright, have said they were inspired by the Zoot Suit Riots. Cesar Chavez and Malcolm X were both zoot suiters as young men and later became political activists.


title: Box Office Mojo

text: Box Office Mojo is an American website that tracks box-office revenue in a systematic, algorithmic way. The site was founded in 1998 by Brandon Gray, and was bought in 2008 by IMDb, which itself is owned by Amazon.


title: Box Office Mojo

text: Brandon Gray began the site on August 7, 1998, making forecasts of the top-10 highest-grossing films in the United States for the following weekend. To compare his forecasts to the actual results, he started posting the weekend grosses and wrote a regular column with box-office analysis. In 1999, he started to post the Friday daily box-office grosses, sourced from Exhibitor Relations, so that they were publicly available online on Saturdays and posted the Sunday weekend estimates on Sundays. Along with the weekend grosses, he was publishing the daily grosses, release schedules, and other charts, such as all-time charts, international box-office charts, genre charts, and actor and director charts. The site gradually expanded to include weekend charts going back to 1982, grosses for older films, an international section expanded to cover the weekly box office of 50 countries, international release schedules, as well as box office results from up to 107 countries.


title: Box Office Mojo

text: In 2002, Gray partnered with Sean Saulsbury, and grew the site to nearly two million readers. In 2003, a subscription model was introduced (Premier Pass) to limit certain data and features to subscribers. From 2002 to 2011, Box Office Mojo had forums, which had more than 16,500 registered users. On November 2, 2011, the forums were officially closed along with any user accounts, and users were invited to join IMDb's message boards. The IMDb forums were closed on February 20, 2017.


title: Box Office Mojo

text: In July 2008, the company was purchased by Amazon.com through its subsidiary, IMDb and the Premier Pass features and content later became free. On October 10, 2014, all traffic to Box Office Mojo was redirected to IMDb's box office page, before returning the following day.


title: Box Office Mojo

text: On October 23, 2019, Box Office Mojo unveiled a dramatic redesign resembling IMDb, and was rebranded as "Box Office Mojo by IMDbPro". The redesign was heavily criticized for being difficult to navigate and moving much of its content behind a paywall. Several features previously provided for free, such as box-office data for franchises, genres, actors, filmmakers, distributors, budgets, and inflation-adjusted figures, were moved to IMDbPro, the subscription service of IMDb. On March 31, 2020, though, certain features that were locked behind the paywall were freed. These include the brand, franchise, and genre lists, which were put under an "Indices" section.


title: Trabant

text: Trabant () is a series of small cars produced from 1957 until 1991 by former East German car manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau. In total, four different models were made, the Trabant 500, Trabant 600, Trabant 601, and the Trabant 1.1. The first Trabant model, the Trabant 500, was a modern car when it was introduced in 1957. It featured a duroplast body mounted on a one-piece steel chassis (a so-called unibody), front-wheel drive, a transverse two-stroke engine, and independent suspension. Because this 1950s design remained largely unchanged until the introduction of the last Trabant model, the Trabant 1.1 in 1990, the Trabant became symbolic of the former East Germany's stagnant economy and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in general. Called "a spark plug with a roof", 3,096,999 Trabants were produced. Older models have been sought by collectors in the United States due to their low cost and fewer restrictions on the importation of antique cars. The Trabant also gained a following among car tuning and rally racing enthusiasts.


title: Trabant

text: The German word "Trabant", derived from the Middle High German "drabant", means "satellite" or "companion". The car's name was inspired by the Soviet Sputnik satellite. The cars are often referred to as "Trabbi" or "Trabi". Produced without major changes for nearly 30 years, the Trabant became the most common automobile in East Germany. It came to symbolize the country during the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, as images of East Germans crossing the border into West Germany were broadcast around the globe.


title: Trabant

text: Since its manufacturer was a state monopoly, acquiring a Trabant took about ten years. East German buyers were placed on a waiting-list of up to thirteen years. The waiting time depended on their proximity to Berlin, the capital. Official state price was 7,450 GDR marks and the demand to production ratio was forty three to one (1989). The free market price for a second-hand one was more than twice the price of a new one, and the average worker had to wait ten to thirteen years on a waiting list, or, if available, pay more than double for a second hand model.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant had a steel unibody frame, with the roof, boot lid, bonnet, wings and doors made of duroplast, a hard plastic made from recycled cotton waste from the Soviet Union and phenol resins from the East German dye industry. It was the second car with a body made of recycled material; the first was the AWZ P70 Zwickau, produced from 1955 to 1959. The material was durable, and the average lifespan of a Trabant was 28 years.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant's build quality was poor, reliability was terrible, and it was loud, slow, and poorly designed.


title: Trabant

text: The engine for the 500, 600 and the original 601 was a small two-stroke engine with two cylinders, accounting for the vehicle's modest performance. Its curb weight was about . When it ceased production in 1989, the Trabant delivered from displacement. It took 21 seconds to accelerate from zero to its top speed of .


title: Trabant

text: The engine produced a very smoky exhaust and was a significant source of air pollution: nine times the hydrocarbons and five times the carbon-monoxide emissions of the average 2007 European car. Its fuel consumption was . Since the engine was two-stroke, oil had to be added to the fuel tank at a 50:1 (or 33:1) ratio of fuel to oil at each fill-up. Contemporary gas stations in countries where two-stroke engines were common sold a premixed gas-oil mixture at the pump. Because the Trabant had no fuel pump, its fuel tank was above the motor so fuel could reach the carburettor by gravity; this increased the risk of fire in front-end accidents. Earlier models had no fuel gauge, and a dipstick was inserted into the tank to determine how much fuel remained.


title: Trabant

text: Known for its dull colour scheme and cramped, uncomfortable ride, the Trabant is an object of ridicule for many Germans and is regarded as symbolic of the fall of the Eastern Bloc. Known as a "spark plug with a roof" because of its small size, the car did gain public affection.


title: Trabant

text: Its design remained essentially unchanged from its introduction in the late 1950s, and the last model was introduced in 1990, the 1980s model had no tachometer, no indicator for either the headlights or turn signals, no fuel gauge, no rear seat belts, no external fuel door, and drivers had to pour a mix of gasoline and oil directly under the bonnet/hood. In contrast, the West German Volkswagen Beetle received a number of updates (including improvements in efficiency) over a similar period.


title: Trabant

text: VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau had its origins in the former Auto Union/DKW business which has operated out of the site prior to the war, and the company's first products were essentially copies of pre-war DKW designs. Following the partition of Germany, Auto Union re-established itself in West Germany (ultimately evolving into Audi), leaving VEB Sachsenring with the two stroke engine inherited from DKW.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant was the result of a planning process which had been intended to design a three-wheeled motorcycle. In German, "Trabant" is an astronomical term for a moon (or other natural satellite) of a celestial body.


title: Trabant

text: The first of the Trabants left the VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau factory in Saxony on 7 November 1957. It was a relatively advanced car when it was formally introduced the following year, with front wheel drive, unitary construction and independent suspension. The Trabant's greatest shortcoming was its engine. By the late 1950s, many small West European cars (such as the Renault) had cleaner, more-efficient four-stroke engines, but budgetary constraints and raw-materials shortages mandated an outdated (but inexpensive) two-stroke engine in the Trabant. It was technically equivalent to the West German Lloyd automobile, a similarly sized car with an air-cooled, two-cylinder four-stroke engine. The Trabant had a front, transversely mounted engine and front-wheel drive in an era when many European cars were using rear-mounted engines or front-mounted engines with rear-wheel drive. Its greatest drawback was its largely unchanged production; the car's two-stroke engine made it obsolete by the 1970s, limiting exports to Western Europe.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant's air-cooled, engine—upgraded to in 1962–63—was derived from a pre-war DKW design with minor alterations during its production run. The first Saab car had a larger (764 cc), water-cooled, two-cylinder two-stroke engine. Wartburg, an East German manufacturer of larger sedans, also used a water-cooled, three-cylinder, , two-stroke DKW engine.


title: Trabant

text: The original Trabant, introduced in 1958, was the P 50. Trabant's base model, it shared a large number of interchangeable parts with the latest 1.1s. The 500 cc, P50 evolved into a version with a fully synchronized gearbox in 1960, and received a , engine in 1962 as the P 60.


title: Trabant

text: The updated P601 was introduced in 1964. It was essentially a facelift of the P 60, with a different front fascia, bonnet, roof and rear and the original P50 underpinnings. The model remained nearly unchanged until the end of its production except for the addition of 12V electricity, rear coil springs and an updated dashboard for later models.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant's designers expected production to extend until 1967 at the latest, and East German designers and engineers created a series of more-sophisticated prototypes intended to replace the P601; several are displayed at the Dresden Transport Museum. Each proposal for a new model was rejected by the East German government due to shortages of the raw materials required in larger quantities for the more-advanced designs. As a result, the Trabant remained largely unchanged for more than a quarter-century. Also unchanged was its production method, which was extremely labour-intensive.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant 1.1 was a 601 with a better-performing 1.05-liter (), VW Polo engine. With a slightly modified look (including a floor-mounted gearshift), it was quieter and cleaner than its predecessor. The 1.1 had front disc brakes, and its wheel assembly was borrowed from Volkswagen. It was produced from 1989 to 1991, in parallel with the two-stroke P601. Except for the engine and transmission, many parts from older P50s, P60s and 601s were compatible with the 1.1.


title: Trabant

text: In mid-1989, thousands of East Germans began loading their Trabants with as much as they could carry and drove to Hungary or Czechoslovakia en route to West Germany–the so-called "Trabi Trail". Many had to get special permission to drive their Trabants into West Germany. The cars did not meet West German emissions standards and polluted the air at four times the European average.


title: Trabant

text: A licensed version of the Volkswagen Polo engine replaced the Trabant's two-stroke engine, the result of a trade agreement between East and West Germany. The first prototypes were built in 1988, with pre-series cars appearing in 1989, but series production only began in May 1990 - By which time the two German states had already agreed to reunification. The locally built EA111-series engine was given the model code BM 820 by the East Germans; the plant also made 1.3-liter versions for the Wartburg 1.3 (BM 860) and the Barkas utility vehicle (BM 880). The model, the Trabant 1.1, also had minor improvements to its brake and signal lights, a renovated grille, and MacPherson struts instead of a leaf-spring-suspended chassis.


title: Trabant

text: By April 1991, after only eleven months, the Trabant 1.1 was discontinued. In total, 3.7 million Trabant vehicles had been produced. However, it soon became apparent that there was no place for the Trabant in a reunified German economy. Its inefficient, labour-intensive production line had only survived thanks to government subsidies.


title: Trabant

text: The Zwickau factory in Mosel (where the Trabant was manufactured) was sold to Volkswagen AG; the rest of the company became HQM Sachsenring GmbH. Volkswagen redeveloped the Zwickau factory into a centre for engine production; it also produces some Volkswagen Golfs and Passats.


title: Trabant

text: According to Richard Leiby, the Trabant had become "a symbol of the technological and social backwardness of the East German state." Trabants became a symbol of the GDR's serious flaws in the West after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when many were abandoned by their Eastern owners who migrated west. Unlike the Lada Niva, Škoda Estelle, Polski Fiat (design licensed from the Italian car manufacturer) and Yugo, the Trabant had negligible sales in Western Europe.


title: Trabant

text: A Trabant could be bought for as little as a few Deutsche Marks during the early 1990s, and many were given away. Although prices recovered as they became collectors' items, they remain inexpensive cars. In her "Bodywork" project, performance artist Liz Cohen transformed a 1987 Trabant into a 1973 Chevrolet El Camino. The Trabant was planned to return to production in Uzbekistan as the Olimp during the late 1990s, but only one model was produced.


title: Trabant

text: Former Bulgarian Foreign Minister and Atlantic Club of Bulgaria founding president Solomon Passy owned a Trabant which was blessed by Pope John Paul II in 2002 and in which he took NATO Secretaries General Manfred Wörner, George Robertson, and Jaap de Hoop Scheffer for rides. In 2005, Passy donated the vehicle (which had become symbolic of Bulgaria's NATO accession) to the National Historical Museum of Bulgaria. In 1997, the Trabant was celebrated for passing the moose test without rolling over, as the Mercedes-Benz W168 had; a Thuringian newspaper's headline read, "Come and get us, moose! Trabi passes A-Class killer test".


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant entered the world of diplomacy in 2007 when Steven Fisher, deputy head of mission at the British Embassy in Budapest, used a 1.1 (painted as close to British racing green as possible) as his diplomatic car. American Trabant owners celebrate the fall of the Berlin Wall with the Parade of Trabants, an annual early-November rally held in Washington, D.C. The event, sponsored by the privately owned International Spy Museum, includes street tours in Trabants, rides, live German music and displays about East Germany.


title: Trabant

text: The Herpa company, a Bavarian miniature-vehicle manufacturer, bought the rights to the Trabant name and showed a scale model of a "newTrabi" at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. Plans for production included a limited run, possibly with a BMW engine. A Trabant nT model was unveiled two years later in Frankfurt.


title: Trabant

text: The Trabant nT consortium includes Herpa, the German specialized-auto-parts manufacturer IndiKar and the German automobile-engineering company IAV. The group was looking for investment, design and production in the Trabant's original hometown of Zwickau, with sales "in 2012". The Trabant nT electric car would be equipped with a asynchronous motor powered by a lithium-ion battery.


title: WWE Day 1

text: WWE Day 1 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, January 1, 2022, at the State Farm Arena in Atlanta, Georgia, and was the company's only PPV and livestreaming event to take place on New Year's Day. Its title alluded to its New Year's scheduling and was WWE's first PPV to have the New Year's theme since New Year's Revolution in 2007.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Seven matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated Seth "Freakin" Rollins, Kevin Owens, Bobby Lashley, and defending champion Big E in a fatal five-way match to win Raw's WWE Championship by pinning Big E. Lesnar was originally scheduled to face Roman Reigns for SmackDown's Universal Championship, but that match was canceled hours before the event due to Reigns testing positive for COVID-19. In other predominant matches, Edge defeated The Miz, Becky Lynch defeated Liv Morgan to retain the Raw Women's Championship, and in the opening bout, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) to retain the SmackDown Tag Team Championship.


title: WWE Day 1

text: The scheduling of Day 1 caused the cancelation of the event, which was usually held in late December. Day 1 was also WWE's first event to be branded as a "Premium Live Event", a term the company introduced to refer to their events airing on PPV and WWE's livestreaming platforms. It would also be a one-off event by WWE, as another event was scheduled for 2023, but was canceled.


title: WWE Day 1

text: On July 23, 2021, the American professional wrestling promotion WWE announced that it would be holding a pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event on Saturday, January 1, 2022, at the State Farm Arena in Atlanta, Georgia, which would feature wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands. The State Farm Arena is the home venue of the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association, and the announcement was made by the Hawks' all-star point guard Trae Young. Due to the event taking place on the first day of the year, it was titled Day 1, marking WWE's first PPV event to take place on New Year's Day. The idea for Day 1 was conceived by WWE president Nick Khan. The company previously ran a New Year's-themed PPV event called New Year's Revolution from 2005 to 2007, but each of its events were held shortly after New Year's Day. As revealed on the day of the event, it was also WWE's first event to be promoted as a "Premium Live Event", a term the company introduced to refer to their major events that are available via PPV and the livestreaming services Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Tickets for the event went on sale on August 27, 2021. One of the official theme songs was "Straightenin" by the hip hop trio Migos. On December 10, 2021, WWE announced that the trio would be making a special appearance at Day 1.


title: WWE Day 1

text: The scheduling of Day 1 caused WWE to cancel their annual event for Raw and SmackDown, which had been scheduled for December 19, 2021. Wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer reported that TLC was canceled to allow WWE to focus on Day 1 after November's Survivor Series. There would have also only been two weeks between TLC and Day 1, followed by the Royal Rumble in late January.


title: WWE Day 1

text: The event included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown".


title: WWE Day 1

text: On the October 25 episode of "Raw", Seth "Freakin" Rollins won a ladder match to become the number one contender for the WWE Championship. On the November 29 episode, it was announced that Rollins would receive his title match against WWE Champion Big E at Day 1. That same night, however, WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville set up a non-title match between Big E and Kevin Owens, who had also competed in the ladder match, where if Owens won, he would be added to the title match, much to the displeasure of Rollins, who had been at odds with Owens over the past few weeks. In an attempt to sabotage the match, Rollins interfered, thus Owens won by disqualification and was added to the championship match, making it a triple threat match. The following week, after Big E had defeated Owens in a steel cage match with Rollins on commentary, Bobby Lashley came out and viciously attacked the three. On the next episode, Lashley, who Big E had defeated for the title in September, explained his actions and demanded to be added to the championship match at Day 1; however, Owens and Rollins took exception while Big E stated that it did not matter who he faced as he would still be champion after Day 1. Pearce and Deville then came out and scheduled Lashley to face Owens, Rollins, and Big E, respectively, where if he won each match, he would be added to the championship match. Lashley was successful and was added to the WWE Championship match at Day 1, making it a fatal four-way match. Furthermore, free agent Brock Lesnar was added to the match following the announcement of Roman Reigns' positive COVID-19 diagnosis on January 1, thus making it a fatal five-way match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: On the November 29 episode of "Raw", Edge made his return from hiatus, which was his first post-draft appearance since the 2021 WWE Draft results went into effect on October 22. Edge, who was drafted to Raw, then listed off names of potential opponents he had not yet faced. The Miz, along with his wife Maryse, interrupted, with Miz also making his return from hiatus after filming the 30th season of "Dancing with the Stars". Miz felt disrespected as his return was not promoted like Edge's was and also because he was not on Edge's list of potential opponents. After a heated verbal exchange, Miz teased fighting Edge, however, Miz rejected and departed. The following week, Edge was a guest on "Miz TV". After another heated verbal exchange between the two, Miz challenged Edge to a match at Day 1, and Edge accepted.


title: WWE Day 1

text: On the November 8 episode of "Raw", Liv Morgan won a fatal five-way match to earn a Raw Women's Championship match against Becky Lynch. The title match took place on the December 6 episode where Lynch retained the title by using the ropes as leverage during the pin. The following week, Lynch celebrated her win and insulted Morgan. An irate Morgan then came out, lambasted Lynch for cheating to win, and demanded a rematch at Day 1. The two then brawled where Lynch attacked Morgan's arm using the steel steps. Lynch then accepted Morgan's challenge.


title: WWE Day 1

text: At Crown Jewel, Roman Reigns defeated Brock Lesnar to retain the Universal Championship with help from The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). On the following night's "SmackDown", an irate Lesnar attacked Reigns, The Usos, other wrestlers of the SmackDown roster, and security personnel due to being cheated out of the championship. WWE official Adam Pearce suspended Lesnar indefinitely and Lesnar responded by performing two F-5s on Pearce, who later fined Lesnar $1 million. On the November 26 episode, Sami Zayn won a battle royal to become the number one contender for the Universal Championship. Immediately after the match, however, it was announced that Lesnar's suspension was lifted and he would return the following week. That episode, Lesnar convinced Zayn to face Reigns for the title that night. WWE official Sonya Deville made it official and that the winner would defend the Universal Championship against Lesnar at Day 1. Before the match, however, Lesnar attacked Zayn, which allowed Reigns to quickly defeat Zayn and retain the title, officially scheduling Reigns to defend the championship against Lesnar at Day 1. On the December 17 episode, as Reigns believed that Paul Heyman was responsible for Lesnar's return due to Heyman formerly being Lesnar's advocate, Reigns fired Heyman as his special counsel, and Lesnar saved Heyman from a beat down from Reigns and The Usos. On the day of the event, however, the match was canceled due to Reigns testing positive for COVID-19, with Lesnar instead being added to Raw's WWE Championship match due to his status as a free agent.


title: WWE Day 1

text: On the Day 1 Kickoff pre-show, Sheamus and Ridge Holland took on Cesaro and Ricochet. During the match, Holland suffered a broken nose after a botched twirl-whirl by Ricochet. Medical personnel arrived and escorted Holland backstage. In the end, Sheamus performed a Brogue Kick on Cesaro to win the match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defending the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The New Day (King Woods and Kofi Kingston). During the match, Jey performed an Uso Splash on Kingston for a nearfall. Kingstin performed the SOS on Jey for a nearfall. The Usos then performed a Double Uso Splash on Kingston, however, Woods broke up the pin attempt. Jimmy caught Woods with a Superkick. In the end, The Usos performed the 1D (which was The Dudley Boyz's 3D finisher) on Kingston to retain the title.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Next, Drew McIntyre took on Madcap Moss (accompanied by Happy Corbin). In the end, McIntyre performed the Claymore Kick on Moss to win the match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: After that, RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford). In the closing moments, Riddle threw Ford in the air and Orton performed an RKO on Ford to retain the title. Special guests Migos were at ringside for the match and celebrated with RK-Bro after the match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Backstage, while Drew McIntyre was being interviewed following his victory, Happy Corbin and Madcap Moss attacked McIntyre from behind with a steel chair. Moss placed the chair around McIntyre's neck and Corbin struck the chair using a metal tress, injuring McIntyre's neck.


title: WWE Day 1

text: In the fourth match, Edge took on The Miz (accompanied by Maryse). During the match, Miz applied the Figure Four Leglock only for Edge to touch the ring rope to void the submission. As Edge applied a Crossface on Miz, Maryse placed Miz's foot on the bottom rope to void the submission. As Edge attempted a Spear, Miz avoided Edge and performed the Skull Crushing Finale on Edge for a nearfall. In the closing moments, as Maryse was distracting the referee, WWE Hall of Famer and Edge's wife Beth Phoenix came out and chased Maryse backstage. Edge performed a Spear on Miz to win the match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: In the penultimate match, Becky Lynch defended the Raw Women's Championship against Liv Morgan. Early in the match, Morgan applied the Dis-Arm-Her on Lynch, who touched the ring ropes to void the submission. Morgan performed a Sunset Flip Powerbomb on Lynch for a nearfall. At ringside, Morgan trapped Lynch's arm into the steel steps and kicked the steps, as Lynch had done to her a few weeks prior. Back in the ring, Morgan continued to stomp on Lynch in the corner targeting her arm. In the end, as Morgan attempted the Oblivion, Lynch countered and performed the Manhandle Slam on Morgan to retain the title.


title: WWE Day 1

text: In the main event, Big E defended the WWE Championship in a fatal five-way match against Seth "Freakin" Rollins, Bobby Lashley, Kevin Owens, and Brock Lesnar. During the match, Lesnar performed multiple German Suplexes on the other wrestlers except Lashley. Big E performed a clothesline on Lesnar taking him out of the ring. Lashley then performed a Spear on Lesnar through the barricade near the timekeepers area. Rollins performed a Suicide Dive on Lesnar followed by Rollins and Owens performing Frog Splashes on Lesnar temporarily taking Lesnar out. Big E performed a Powerbomb on Lashley through the announce table. In the ring, Owens performed the Pop-up Powerbomb on Big E for a nearfall. Lesnar returned to the ring and performed F-5's on Rollins, Owens, and Big E. Lashley then performed a Spear on Lesnar for a nearfall. As Lashley applied the Hurt Lock on Lesnar, Big E broke it up. Big E attempted a Big Ending on Lesnar, but Lesnar reversed into an F-5 and pinned Big E to win the WWE Championship for a sixth time.


title: WWE Day 1

text: On the following episode of "Raw", new WWE Champion Brock Lesnar reunited with Paul Heyman, who announced that Lesnar's first challenger for the title would be determined by Day 1's originally scheduled fatal four-way match between Bobby Lashley, Kevin Owens, Seth "Freakin" Rollins, and Big E. Lashley won the bout to face Lesnar for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Also on the following "Raw", The Miz and Maryse berated Edge and Beth Phoenix, after Phoenix had distracted Miz at Day 1. Edge and Phoenix then challenged Miz and Maryse to a mixed tag team match at the Royal Rumble. Miz accepted, despite Maryse's displeasure.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Liv Morgan interrupted Raw Women's Champion Becky Lynch and wanted another rematch at the title. Bianca Belair interrupted, also staking a claim to a title match. Doudrop confronted WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville for an opportunity at the title. Deville and Pearce scheduled Morgan, Belair, and Doudrop to face each other in a triple threat match the following week to determine Lynch's challenger for the title at the Royal Rumble, which was won by Doudrop.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Universal Champion Roman Reigns opened the following episode of "SmackDown", only for his originally scheduled Day 1 opponent and new WWE Champion, Brock Lesnar, along with Paul Heyman, to interrupt him. Lesnar challenged Reigns to a champion vs. champion match, however, Reigns declined and then responded with a Superman Punch on Lesnar. Reigns and a double crossing Heyman then cost Lesnar the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble. Lesnar then won the Royal Rumble match and chose to challenge Reigns for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 38. Lesnar also won the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match at Elimination Chamber to regain the title, thus converting his Universal Championship match against Reigns at WrestleMania into a Winner Takes All Championship Unification match.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Also on the following episode of "SmackDown", The Usos defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The New Day (Kofi Kingston and King Woods) in a street fight; this was also The New Day's final opportunity at the titles. The Usos retained after performing the 1D on Kingston through a table.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Drew McIntyre was reported to require surgery on his neck, however, he made a surprise return at the Royal Rumble during the Royal Rumble match and eliminated Happy Corbin and Madcap Moss. Due to them almost ending his career, McIntyre declared he would continue targeting Corbin and Moss, and a rematch with Moss was scheduled for Elimination Chamber.


title: WWE Day 1

text: Day 1 was scheduled to return to the State Farm Arena on January 1, 2023, and become an annual New Year's Day event for WWE. However, on October 16, 2022, it was reported that the 2023 event was canceled due to conflicts involving streaming partner Peacock's simulcast of a scheduled Sunday Night Football game to be televised by NBC on the night of the event. While WWE did not officially announce the cancellation, a WWE Live event was instead scheduled to be held at the State Farm Arena on December 27, 2022. Additionally, during Survivor Series WarGames on November 26, the annual Royal Rumble was promoted as the company's first PPV and livestreaming event of 2023.


title: Big Country

text: The height of the band's popularity was in the early to mid 1980s, although it has retained a cult following for many years since. The band's music incorporated Scottish folk and martial music styles, and the band engineered their guitar-driven sound to evoke the sound of bagpipes, fiddles, and other traditional folk instruments.


title: Big Country

text: Big Country comprised Stuart Adamson (formerly of Skids, vocals/guitar/keyboards), Bruce Watson (guitar/mandolin/sitar/vocals), Tony Butler (bass guitar/vocals) and Mark Brzezicki (drums/percussion/vocals). Before the recruitment of Butler and Brzezicki an early incarnation of Big Country was a five-piece band, featuring Peter Wishart (later of Runrig and now a Scottish National Party MP) on keyboards, his brother Alan on bass, and Clive Parker, drummer from Spizz Energi/Athletico Spizz '80.


title: Big Country

text: Adamson auditioned Parker (1981) at The Members' rehearsal room in Ladbroke Grove, London and the next day was called on to play drums on demos for CBS Records at their Whitfield Street studios. The demos were produced by Adam Sieff and just featured Adamson, Parker and Watson. Adamson had asked bassist Dave Allen from Gang of Four to join the band but he declined. Adamson asked Parker to join the band, which led to eight months of rehearsal in Dunfermline in a disused furniture warehouse.


title: Big Country

text: The culmination was a concert at the Glen Pavilion in Dunfermline and an interview with BBC Radio Scotland where the CBS Studio demos were utilised. The band then played live with Alice Cooper's Special Forces tour for two concerts in February 1982 at Brighton and Birmingham.


title: Big Country

text: Butler and Brzezicki, working under the name 'Rhythm for Hire,' were brought in to play on "Harvest Home." They immediately hit it off with Adamson and Watson, who invited them to join the band.


title: Big Country

text: Big Country's first single was "Harvest Home", recorded and released in 1982. It was a modest success, although it did not reach the UK Singles Chart. Their next single was 1983's "Fields Of Fire (400 Miles)", which reached the UK's Top Ten and was rapidly followed by the album "The Crossing". The album was a hit in the United States (reaching the Top 20 in the "Billboard" 200), powered by "In a Big Country", their only US Top 40 hit single. The song features heavily engineered guitar sounds, strongly reminiscent of bagpipes; Adamson and fellow guitarist Watson achieved this through the use of the MXR Pitch Transposer 129 Guitar Effect. Also contributing to the band's unique sound was their use of the e-bow, a device which allows a guitar to sound more like strings or synthesizer. "The Crossing" sold over a million copies in the UK and obtained gold record status (sales of over 500,000) in the US. The band performed at the Grammy Awards and on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Big Country

text: Big Country released the non-LP extended play single "Wonderland" in 1984, while in the middle of a lengthy worldwide tour. The song, considered by some critics to be one of their finest, was a Top Ten hit (No. 8) in the UK Singles Chart but, despite heavy airplay and a positive critical response, was a comparative flop in the US, reaching only No. 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was the last single by the band to make the US charts.


title: Big Country

text: Their second album "Steeltown" (1984) was a hit as soon as it was released, entering the UK Albums Chart at No. 1. The album featured three UK top 30 hit singles, and received considerable critical acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic, but like "Wonderland" (and, in fact, all subsequent releases) it was a commercial disappointment in the US, peaking at No. 70 on the "Billboard" album chart.


title: Big Country

text: On Christmas 1984, the four members participated in the Band Aid charity record "Do They Know It's Christmas?". They are among a small handful of acts to contribute a spoken message to the B-side of the single.


title: Big Country

text: Throughout 1984 and 1985 the band toured the UK, Europe, and to a lesser extent the US both as headliners and in support of such bigger-name artists as Queen and Roger Daltrey. They also recorded prolifically, and provided the musical score to a Scottish independent film, "Restless Natives" (1985), which was released years later on the band's "Restless Natives and Rarities" (1998) collection. Big Country had backed Roger Daltrey on his 1985 solo album "Under the Raging Moon", and Tony Butler played bass and provided backing vocals on Pete Townshend's 1980 hit single "Let My Love Open the Door" and the Pretenders' 1982 hit single "Back On The Chain Gang". Both Butler and Brzezicki performed on Townshend's 1985 solo album "". Brzezicki played drums for The Cult on their 1985 "Love" album and was featured in the video for the single, "She Sells Sanctuary".


title: Big Country

text: 1986's "The Seer", the band's third album, was another big success in the UK, peaking at Number 2. It produced three further Top 30 singles, including the Irish number one hit "Look Away", which would also prove to be the band's biggest hit in the UK, peaking at No. 7. Kate Bush provided backing vocals on the album's title track, and the album received good reviews from the music press. In the US, "The Seer" sold a little bit better than "Steeltown", reaching No. 59 on the "Billboard" chart.


title: Big Country

text: In what some critics felt was an apparent attempt to regain their dwindling US following, Big Country used producer Peter Wolf for their next album, "Peace in Our Time" (1988), which was recorded in Los Angeles. It reached No. 9 in the UK Albums Chart, but sold poorly in the United States.


title: Big Country

text: The album launch took place in Moscow and was accompanied by a tour of the USSR, a political statement some felt seemed insincere. During the "Peace in Our Time" UK tour, the band were supported by Diesel Park West and Cry Before Dawn.


title: Big Country

text: "No Place Like Home" (1991) nearly broke up the band. Drummer Mark Brzezicki returned to the studio as a session drummer after leaving the band. The album found Big Country trying to reinvent themselves and shift away from their 1980s image. It was not a commercial success and was not released in America, although two re-recorded tracks showed up on 1993's "The Buffalo Skinners".


title: Big Country

text: In 1991, the band was dropped by Mercury and its distributor Phonogram, the companies that had released all of their material since 1983. After that, Big Country became a minor act, popping up in the lower echelons of the charts in the UK and Europe with the release of every subsequent album. Only one of these, 1993's "The Buffalo Skinners", received a major label release (via Chrysalis Records), and it seemed a return to form of sorts for the band, reaching the UK Top 25. The album obtained enthusiastic critical response, and although it produced two UK Top 30 singles in "Alone" and "Ships", its sales were meagre.


title: Big Country

text: 1999 saw the release of Big Country's eighth and final studio album with Adamson at the helm, "Driving to Damascus" (titled in its slightly different, augmented US release "John Wayne's Dream"). Adamson said publicly that he was pleased with the album but disappointed that it did not fare better on the charts, which led to depression. Later that year, he disappeared for a while before resurfacing, stating that he had needed some time off.


title: Big Country

text: Adamson moved to Nashville in the mid-1990s, where he met country music singer/songwriter Marcus Hummon, and together they released an alternative country studio album as The Raphaels in 2001.


title: Big Country

text: Adamson returned for the band's 'Final Fling' farewell tour, culminating in a sold-out concert at Glasgow's Barrowland Ballroom on 31 May 2000. They played what turned out to be their last gig in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in October that year.


title: Big Country

text: In November 2001, Adamson disappeared again. Numerous appeals were put on the Big Country website asking for Adamson to call home and speak to anyone in the band, the management company, or his ex-wife. The website also requested that any fans who might have been 'harbouring' the singer to contact the management company and alert them to his whereabouts. Mark Brzezicki and Tony Butler had indicated they were concerned but the reason Big Country had lasted so long was they stayed out of one another's personal lives, and both later noted they were unaware of the extent of Adamson's problems. He was found dead in a room at the Best Western Plaza Hotel in Honolulu, Hawaii on 16 December 2001.


title: Big Country

text: A memorial to Adamson was held at Carnegie Hall, Dunfermline in January 2002, followed by a tribute concert at Glasgow Barrowlands in May. It brought together the remaining members of both Big Country and Skids; Adamson's teenage children, Callum and Kirsten; as well as Steve Harley, Runrig, Simon Townshend, Midge Ure and Bill Nelson.


title: Big Country

text: In 2007, to celebrate 25 years of Big Country, founding members Bruce Watson, Tony Butler (now lead vocalist for the first time), and Mark Brzezicki reunited to embark on a tour of the UK with dates in Scotland and England and a gig in Cologne (Germany). They also released a new album, "Twenty Five Live", on the Track Records label. After the anniversary activity, the band returned to their hiatus.


title: Big Country

text: The surviving original members toured again in late December 2010 and January 2011 with Mike Peters of the Alarm and Jamie Watson, Bruce's son, added to the line-up. This line-up began more regular touring as well as writing new material for potential release, in part with the involvement of record producer Steve Lillywhite. The efforts resulted in the creation of Big Country's first single in 11 years, entitled "Another Country".


title: Big Country

text: In a September 2012 press release, Bruce Watson announced that Butler had retired from the group at the end of their last tour. He was replaced by former Simple Minds bassist Derek Forbes, who was Adamson's original choice for bassist on the initial Big Country recordings, although Forbes was not asked due to shyness on Adamson's part. The group also parted ways with longtime manager Ian Grant at the same time as Butler's departure. With the involvement of Forbes, later in 2012 and into 2013, the group recorded a new album in the Welsh town of Wrexham. The new material featured lyrics composed by Peters over band-written music; Butler still held writing credits on most of the album, with Forbes having contributed on a number of tracks as well, although he played all the album's bass parts. Titled "The Journey", the album was released through Cherry Red Records in April 2013, becoming the group's first studio record since 1999. Further performances followed throughout the year, including a month-long North American tour between July and August.


title: Big Country

text: Mike Peters left the band in November 2013 at the end of their 19-date Land's End to John O'Groats UK Tour. The band attributed Peters' departure to his inability to commit fully to Big Country, much of his time being devoted to The Alarm and solo projects. Initially, the band intended to continue as a four-piece, sharing lead vocals and returning all the songs to their original keys; Peters had required the songs to be tuned lower to accommodate his deeper voice. However, when they resurfaced in December 2013, they were joined by English singer Simon Hough, who performed most of the lead vocals as well as harmonica and additional guitar. While the status of Hough's membership was not immediately clarified, in a March 2014 podcast, Bruce Watson confirmed that Hough was now the band's fifth member. He also indicated that the group was working on new material, which would involve Hough, for potential future release.


title: Big Country

text: On 9 July 2015, the band announced that Derek Forbes would no longer be performing with Big Country, and that all forthcoming gigs would go on with a replacement, Scott Whitley. On 12 November 2021 the band announced that bassist Scott Whitley would be leaving the band to pursue other interests. His replacement is Gil Allan from Dunfermline.


title: Kay Lenz

text: Kay Ann Lenz (born March 4, 1953) is an American actress. She is the recipient of a Daytime Emmy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award, as well as nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Saturn Award.


title: Kay Lenz

text: Lenz is best known for her title role in the film "Breezy" (1973), for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female. She is also known for her roles in the film "House" (1986), as well as the television series "Midnight Caller" (1988–1989) and "Reasonable Doubts" (1991–1993). For her role in the episode "After It Happened" of "Midnight Caller", she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.


title: Kay Lenz

text: Lenz was born in Los Angeles, California to Ted Lenz, an actor and producer, and Kay Miller Lenz, who worked as a radio engineer and professional model. Her television debut was as a baby, held by a guest on a program that her father produced.


title: Kay Lenz

text: Lenz began working as a child actress, beginning with appearances in three episodes of "This Is the Life" when she was 14. She went on to appear in such television shows as "The Andy Griffith Show" (in the episode "Opie's Group" (1967) under the stage name Kay Ann Kemper) as well as in stage productions. She made a brief appearance billed as Kay Ann Kemper in "American Graffiti" (1973) as Jane, a girl at a dance. She achieved recognition for her title-role performance as the free spirit who captivates William Holden in "Breezy", directed by Clint Eastwood.


title: Kay Lenz

text: Lenz made guest appearances in "The Streets of San Francisco", "Gunsmoke", "MacGyver", "McCloud", "Cannon", and "Petrocelli", and played a lead role in the film "White Line Fever" (1975) before being cast in 1976 in the miniseries "Rich Man, Poor Man", for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award. She reprised her role for the sequel, "Rich Man, Poor Man Book II" (1977). Since the 1980s, she has played guest roles in numerous television series. She appeared in Albert Brooks' short film for a Season 1 episode of "Saturday Night Live".


title: Kay Lenz

text: In 1984, she appeared in Rod Stewart's music video for the song "Infatuation". She won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1989 for "Midnight Caller". She was also nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards for her role as flinty lawyer Maggie Zombro in the police/legal drama "Reasonable Doubts".


title: Kay Lenz

text: Lenz was the first wife of singer-actor David Cassidy. Of their marriage, Lenz says:I wasn’t used to that state-of-stardom lifestyle... When we eloped it was on the national news. All of a sudden I was getting mail from women telling me that they had three of his children.


title: Kay Lenz

text: The threats from Cassidy's fans became so frequent, Lenz retained the services of celebrity bodyguard Tommy Peacock. Lenz and Cassidy married on April 3, 1977, and divorced on December 28, 1983. She has no children.


title: Maidaan

text: Maidaan () is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language biographical sports drama film directed by Amit Sharma and produced by Boney Kapoor and Zee Studios. Based on the golden era of Indian football (1952–1962), it stars Ajay Devgn as football coach Syed Abdul Rahim along with Priyamani, Rudranil Ghosh, Abhinay Raj Singh as Australian Player and Gajraj Rao. The music is composed by A. R. Rahman. The film is scheduled for theatrical release on 17 February 2023.


title: Maidaan

text: Principal photography commenced on 19 August 2019 and experienced long delays due to COVID-19 pandemic, ultimately ending in May 2022. The film was scheduled to release in theatre on 3 June 2022 but was delayed due to impending post-production works. Now it is scheduled to release in theatre on 17 February 2023.


title: Homestuck

text: Homestuck is an Internet fiction series created by American author and artist Andrew Hussie in the first half of the 2010s. The fourth and best-known of Hussie's four "MS Paint Adventures", it originally ran from April 13, 2009 to April 13, 2016. Though normally described as a webcomic, and partly constituted by a series of single panel pages, "Homestuck" also relied heavily on Flash animations and instant message logs to convey its story, along with occasional use of browser games.


title: Homestuck

text: Its plot centers on a group of teens who unwittingly bring about the end of the world by installing the beta version of an upcoming computer game, Sburb. The teens soon come into contact with a group of Internet trolls who are revealed to be horned aliens, and these trolls work with the kids to create a new universe by completing the game. It has been noted for its complex and nonlinear plot, considerable length at over 8,000 pages and 800,000 words, and intensely devoted fan community.


title: Homestuck

text: The success of "Homestuck" has resulted in numerous related projects and sequels, including the "Hiveswap" series of adventure games.


title: Homestuck

text: In 2009, on thirteen-year-old John Egbert's birthday, he receives a beta copy of an upcoming computer game, "Sburb". Installing the game on his computer triggers a real life meteor storm, which he survives only by being transported to another dimension within the gameworld. John's friends Rose Lalonde, Dave Strider, and Jade Harley join him in the game along with their guardians, and they learn that playing the game has inadvertently triggered the destruction of Earth and that they must beat "Sburb" to create a new universe.


title: Homestuck

text: John and his friends are attacked by a ruthless villain known as Jack Noir while exploring the game world. As this is ongoing, John and his friends are also harassed by a group of twelve Internet trolls whose own session of Sburb was a failure that they blame the kids for. Among them, Karkat Vantas, Kanaya Maryam, Terezi Pyrope, and Vriska Serket each develop a relationship with the four humans, and the trolls are revealed to be an alien species simply called "trolls". The narrative shifts to a side story arc about the trolls and the specific sequence of events that led this group to play their own session of the game. The group and troll society as a whole is manipulated by the enigmatic Doc Scratch, who serves an even more mysterious master. The trolls win their session and a new universe – the universe the kids inhabit – is created. Before they can claim their prize, they are attacked by Jack Noir and forced into hiding, where they begin to troll the kids via a chat program.


title: Homestuck

text: Returning to the present, the two species cooperate to salvage the kids' game session. However, Vriska sabotages key events which results in the kids' accidentally empowering Jack Noir from a simple adversary to a seemingly-invincible monster. Rising tensions among the trolls eventually boil over, and some begin to attack and kill others; almost half the group (including Vriska) dies before Karkat manages to restore order. From Doc Scratch, the kids learn about a game mechanism called the "Scratch" that allows the humans to reset their session to escape Jack but will also inadvertently summon Lord English, Doc Scratch's master who seeks dominion over all of reality.


title: Homestuck

text: Executing the Scratch resets the kids' universe, and versions of themselves become guardians to a new group of players, who are versions of their own ancestors. As a result, John's late grandmother, Jane Crocker, is fifteen years old and the protagonist of the new arc. She leads her three friends Roxy Lalonde, Dirk Strider, and Jake English – the mother, brother, and grandfather of Rose, Dave, and Jade, respectively – through their own session of the game, while the original humans and surviving trolls journey through dimensions to the new post-scratch session over the course of three years.


title: Homestuck

text: The post-scratch version of Earth quickly becomes dominated by the Condesce, the sinister former troll empress now in service to Lord English. In lieu of trolls, the four post-scratch kids interact online with two alien cherubs, the siblings Calliope and Caliborn. While Calliope becomes a fast friend of the group, Caliborn resents their camaraderie. After the post-scratch kids enter their session, the two cherubs play their own version of Sburb in a session that sees Caliborn cheating to win by having his sister assassinated.


title: Homestuck

text: When finally uniting in the new session, the kids and trolls enact a plan to create a new universe and to defeat Lord English, the Condesce, and Jack Noir; the latter of whom escaped from the original doomed session. John Egbert develops new powers allowing him to retcon previous events within the "Homestuck" narrative. In the ensuing conflict, only John, Roxy, and one of the trolls, Terezi, survive. With Terezi's guidance, John retcons key events in the narrative, most notably Vriska's death, setting up a timeline with a clear path to victory. In the retconned narrative, the kids and trolls defeat their enemies in a giant battle and create the new universe. The comic ends with Lord English fighting an army led by Vriska, Caliborn becoming Lord English after gaining unconditional immortality, and the remaining living heroes about to enter their newly created universe.


title: Homestuck

text: While nominally a webcomic, "Homestuck" consists of a combination of static images, animated GIFs, and instant message logs. Generally, pages included a single panel, and navigational links to successive pages are phrased similarly to commands in interactive fiction games. Additionally, unlike previous works from Andrew Hussie which exclusively relied on GIF images for animation, "Homestuck" introduced complex animations and browser games made with Adobe Flash, many involving contributions from fan artists. According to academic Kevin Veale of Massey University, "Homestuck" used these various methods of engagement to manipulate its readers' experiences in order to tell a multilayered non-linear story.


title: Homestuck

text: The basic premise of "Sburb" has been described as similar to games like "The Sims", "Spore", and "EarthBound". As in Hussie's prior webcomic "Problem Sleuth", the adventure is characterized by time travel, mystery, a complex fictional universe, and frequent references to pop culture and previous adventures. Changes from previous stories include an emphasis on contemporary society, such as online gaming and Internet culture, which contrasts with the historical settings of "MS Paint Adventures" comics "Bard Quest" and "Problem Sleuth".


title: Homestuck

text: Hussie first launched an early version of "Homestuck", the "Homestuck" Beta, on April 10, 2009. The "Homestuck" Beta was published only three days after "Problem Sleuth" and ran until April 13, 2009.


title: Homestuck

text: The initial style of the webcomic was developed to be advanced by fan contributions, with the fans deciding what actions the characters would take. Later, Hussie moved away from this style because the fan input method had grown "too unwieldy and made it difficult... to tell a coherent story." While Hussie now controlled the main plot of the story and the characters' actions, he still "visit[ed] fan blogs and forums" to figure out small things to add into "Homestuck". However, throughout its run, content within "Homestuck" would cease to be updated in several named pauses. The most infamous of these pauses was the result of Andrew Hussie taking a full year to solely focus on the production of "Hiveswap" in the "gigapause".


title: Homestuck

text: On April 13, 2016, Hussie released the final chapter of the webcomic: a nine-minute-long animated short titled "[S] ACT 7". Hussie stated that an epilogue to the webcomic would be released at some point in the future. In late 2016, the comic updated with a credit sequence and more panels in the form of a Snapchat story. By the end of its run, the entire work contained over 800,000 words across at least 8,000 pages.


title: Homestuck

text: After its completion, writer Ben Tolkin said, "Do I recommend Homestuck? Should you drop everything and start reading it? You can't. Homestuck is over, and I mean over, not just that it isn't updating. 'Homestuck,' the masterpiece, was the event, the community, the shifting pace of updates, the constant chatter between fandom and author. Homestuck is done. If you missed it, you missed it." Rob Beschizza added that reading "Homestuck" now would be "like buying a DVD of Woodstock. It doesn't matter how well they played or how pretty they were; what mattered was being there."


title: Homestuck

text: A significant amount of merchandise has been sold through Hussie's shop, company, and record label What Pumpkin, including "T-shirts, hoodies, pins, books" and fan art prints. Fans have also been "recruited" to make music for the webcomic. The music has been bundled into albums, with ten major soundtrack albums having been released thus far, in addition to eighteen side albums. On April 13, 2014, the fifth anniversary of "Homestuck", Paradox Space, an anthology spin-off webcomic, was launched.


title: Homestuck

text: On April 13, 2019 – exactly ten years after "Homestuck" started – The Homestuck Epilogues began. The "Epilogues" are presented in purely text format with no images, completely abandoning the webcomic genre and instead being styled similarly to Archive of Our Own fanfiction. Alongside Andrew Hussie, it was also written by multiple fan writers. Though released for free online, the "Homestuck Epilogues" were also given a physical release.


title: Homestuck

text: On October 25, 2019, a sequel was launched, titled Homestuck^2: Beyond Canon. "Homestuck^2" has been written by a team of writers based on a story outline by Hussie, and the project had funding from Patreon. However, as of March 2021, "Homestuck^2"'s about page states that the work was "updated regularly for about a year until it was paused indefinitely. The creative team is now being commissioned to finish the story privately. All content will be posted here at once when the story is complete." According to a February 2021 post on Homestuck's Patreon page, "Homestuck^2 is going to be completed, but this Patreon will not be charging patrons anymore." Snake Solutions, a company commissioned to write and illustrate "Homestuck^2", has reportedly shut down.


title: Homestuck

text: Early in "Homestuck", Hussie introduced a webcomic contained within the main story titled "Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff". The webcomic, drawn within "Homestuck" by character Dave Strider, is intentionally poorly made.


title: Homestuck

text: TopatoCo produced a print publication collecting the strips. The press release from TopatoCo described "Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff" as "the worst comic strip ever". In 2017, TopatoCo announced a second "Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff" book, co-written by dril, co-drawn by KC Green, and funded through Kickstarter.


title: Homestuck

text: On September 4, 2012, Hussie announced a Kickstarter to raise funds to develop a "Homestuck" video game. "Kotaku" noted that the project had raised "more than $275,000 in hours". More than 80% of the $700,000 goal was pledged in the first day. The game reached the full $700,000 of funding in fewer than 32 hours. The campaign also reached certain "stretch goal" amounts, whereupon Hussie added MacOS and Linux support onto the proposed game. "Digital Trends" writer Graeme McMillan commented that the campaign was approaching, at the time, the record for most successful comics-related Kickstarter campaign, which was previously held by "The Order of the Stick" campaign with $1,254,120. The Kickstarter eventually raised $2,485,506, making it the "fifth game on Kickstarter to pull in a full seven figures" and the third highest funded video game in Kickstarter history at the time. An additional PayPal-based fundraiser was created to accommodate those who could not donate via Kickstarter's available methods.


title: Homestuck

text: While development was going to initially be done by game studio The Odd Gentlemen, production was later moved in-house to What Pumpkin. This coincided with a change in the game's art style from 3D to 2D. Development began in 2013, with the finished product expected in 2014; the first episode was later released in 2017.


title: Homestuck

text: Additionally, "Homestuck" has led to the creation of two visual novel games: "Hiveswap Friendsim" and Pesterquest.


title: Homestuck

text: Initially, Andrew Hussie allowed fans to contribute suggestions to the story via the MS Paint Adventures forums, but this was later deprecated when the work got more popular. Throughout much of its history, the size of "Homestuck"'s fan community was in the millions, with around a million unique visitors coming to the site daily. At one point, one of the webcomic's Flash animations caused Newgrounds to crash when it was uploaded, due to the strain that the number of views had put on the servers.


title: Homestuck

text: Actor Dante Basco is a known fan of the webcomic, having been urged to read it by friends telling him that the character Rufio, which he played as in the 1991 film "Hook", is featured in it. This interest in the webcomic led to a friendship with Andrew Hussie and resulted in the creation of a new character, Rufioh, with Basco's "typing quirks and personality". He would then team up with the Voxus Youtube Channel to voice the titular character in "Let's Read Homestuck".


title: Homestuck

text: Toby "Radiation" Fox, best known for his later creation of the videogame "Undertale", was a noted member of "Homestuck"s official Music Contribution Team. Amanda Brennan, an Internet historian, has credited much of "Undertale"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s initial success on Tumblr to Fox's association with "Homestuck".


title: Homestuck

text: Lauren Rae Orsini, in an interview with Andrew Hussie, asked Hussie whether, because of the immense size of "Homestuck" and its fandom, with more than 5,000 pages and 128 characters at the time, Hussie considered himself in control of the comic. Hussie responded that he felt "Homestuck" was "still under my control", but that the background of "Homestuck" as a movement "is not under my control, and never really was." Orsini also suggested, in a separate article, that the effort put forward by people who finish "Homestuck" is an example of effort justification.


title: Homestuck

text: "Homestuck" was compared to James Joyce's "Ulysses" by PBS Idea Channel due to the work's length and complexity. Lori Henderson of the "School Library Journal" described "Homestuck" as being "mostly black and white with splashes of color and a minimal amount of animation", but said that it worked for the webcomic and that, because the "characters are a little goofy-looking and are often shown without arms", it only "adds to the charm". Mordicai Knode of Tor Books explained that "Homestuck" has to be discussed separately between what it is as a webcomic and what its plot actually is. Comparing it to hypertext fiction and the genre's attempted use in physical novels like "Pale Fire" and "House of Leaves", Knode concluded that ""Homestuck" is the first great work of genuinely hypertext fiction. If that puts it in the same breath as "Ulysses", then so be it."


title: Homestuck

text: Bryan Lee O'Malley, creator of the graphic novel series "Scott Pilgrim", described "Homestuck" as a "massive undertaking of deftly-handled long-term serialized storytelling. It's well-written and thoughtful. It has things to say". NPR named it among its top 100 reader favorite comics and graphic novels in 2017.


title: Tár

text: Tár (stylized as TÁR) is a 2022 psychological drama film written and directed by Todd Field and starring Cate Blanchett. The film follows the rise and fall of a renowned musical composer and conductor. The supporting cast includes Noémie Merlant, Nina Hoss, Sophie Kauer, Julian Glover, Allan Corduner, and Mark Strong.


title: Tár

text: It premiered at the 79th Venice International Film Festival in September 2022, where Blanchett won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. It had a limited theatrical release in the United States on October 7, 2022, before a wide release on October 28, by Focus Features. It received acclaim from critics, who lauded the performances of Blanchett, Hoss, and Merlant, Field's direction and writing, and its cinematography, editing, and sound design. Both the New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association named it their best film of 2022, while it was also deemed one of the year's best by the American Film Institute. At the 80th Golden Globe Awards, it received nominations for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Screenplay, and Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. Despite the positive reviews, the film grossed just $5 million against a combined production and marketing budget of $35 million.


title: Tár

text: Lydia Tár is one of the greatest living composer-conductors, and first female chief conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. In an interview with Adam Gopnik at The New Yorker Festival, she promotes several new projects, including her upcoming live recording of Mahler's 5th Symphony. She relies on Francesca, her attentive personal assistant, and Sharon, her sickly wife and concertmaster. Lydia has lunch with Eliot Kaplan, a conductor who also manages a fellowship program she founded for aspiring women conductors; and talks about replacing her assistant conductor, Sebastian, presumably with Francesca, and filling an open cello position in the orchestra.


title: Tár

text: Later, Lydia guest teaches at Juilliard. She ridicules Max, a student, for lacking interest in conducting the classical masters due to his identity politics, encouraging students to look past superficial differences to the music underneath. Max subsequently storms out.


title: Tár

text: In Berlin, Lydia receives Vita Sackville-West's novel "Challenge", sent by Krista Taylor, a former fellowship program member. Dream sequences and email interactions suggest Lydia groomed Krista into a sexually transactional relationship that later fell apart. Lydia blacklists Krista, ruining Krista's chances for a conducting career.


title: Tár

text: Before a blind audition for a new orchestra cellist, Lydia sees one hopeful, the Russian Olga, in the bathroom. Attracted to Olga, Lydia secures her favors, such as changing her scorecard to ensure a spot in the orchestra, and a soloist position in the companion piece to Mahler's 5th, Edward Elgar's cello concerto. As she intensively prepares for a Mahler's 5th recording, her relationships with Francesca and Sharon become strained, as both recognize her attraction to Olga.


title: Tár

text: Lydia informs Sebastian of his imminent replacement. Incensed, he indicates the orchestra is aware of her favoritism, and that it suggests abusive behavior towards young women. He speculates Francesca will be his replacement, implying an exchange of sexual favors. Unnerved by the accusations, Lydia plans to replace Sebastian with a different candidate.


title: Tár

text: Krista kills herself, leaving a note with serious allegations against Lydia. Lydia instructs Francesca to delete any emails from or about her. Lydia retains a lawyer as Krista's parents plan to sue her. Lydia is haunted by screaming women in the distance, nightmares, chronic pain, an increasing sensitivity to sound, and enigmatic scribbles resembling those Krista once made. Her only respites are Olga, as well as her and Sharon's adopted daughter, Petra.


title: Tár

text: While trying to write new compositions, she is continually disturbed and disgusted by her middle-class neighbor who cares for a dying mother. One day, after practicing Olga's solo, Lydia follows Olga home to an abandoned, dilapidated apartment complex. Scared by a dog, Lydia trips and injures herself. She lies to Sharon and her orchestra, claiming the injuries were from an assault. Without telling Lydia, Francesca resigns upon learning she will not be replacing Sebastian.


title: Tár

text: An edited, out-of-context video of Lydia's Juilliard class goes viral, and an article with accusations against her appears in the "New York Post". Protesters meet Lydia as she returns to New York to promote her book and attend a deposition for Krista's lawsuit. At the deposition, it is implied that Francesca has shared damning emails with the plaintiff. She takes Olga along, presumably with hopes of sex, but Olga abandons her. Back home, Sharon leaves with Petra, furious with the allegations, but more so at Lydia's lack of communication or seeking her counsel as her spouse.


title: Tár

text: Lydia is removed as conductor. She sneaks into the live recording performance of Mahler's 5th and, as the music begins, rushes onstage and attacks her replacement, Eliot. Advised to lie low by her management agency, she returns to her lower-class childhood home on Staten Island, where it is revealed that her birth name is Linda Tarr. She watches a tape of her mentor Leonard Bernstein's first episode of Young People's Concerts, "What Does Music Mean". Her brother comes home and scolds her.


title: Tár

text: Sometime later, Lydia finds work conducting an orchestra in Southeast Asia. At a massage parlor/brothel, she picks her masseuse from a glass bowl. The escorts are staged and framed like her orchestra. One girl looks up into Lydia's eyes, her position the same as Olga's, and Lydia rushes outside to vomit. Lydia conducts her new orchestra in the score for the video game series "Monster Hunter" in front of an audience of cosplayers.


title: Tár

text: It was announced in April 2021 that Cate Blanchett would star in and executive-produce the film, which would be written and directed by Todd Field. In a statement accompanying the teaser trailer in August 2022, Field said that he wrote the script specifically for Blanchett, and that if she had said no, "[it] would have never seen the light of day."


title: Tár

text: In September 2021, Nina Hoss and Noémie Merlant joined the cast, and Hildur Guðnadóttir became the film's composer.


title: Tár

text: Filming began in August 2021 in Berlin. In an interview with "The Guardian" in October, Mark Strong revealed that he had finished filming scenes for the film. In November, it was reported that Sophie Kauer, Julian Glover, Allan Corduner and Sylvia Flote had joined the cast. (Kauer is a British-German classical cellist who studied at the Royal Academy of Music). All diegetic music was recorded live on-set, including Blanchett's piano playing, Kauer's cello, and the Dresden Philharmonic's performances.


title: Tár

text: "Tár" premiered at the 79th Venice International Film Festival on September 1, 2022, and had its first North American screening at the Telluride Film Festival on September 3, 2022. It had a limited theatrical release on October 7, 2022, then expanded to wide release on October 28.


title: Tár

text: The film was released for VOD on November 15, 2022, with a Blu-ray, DVD and 4K UHD release set for December 20, 2022.


title: Tár

text: A concept album was released on October 21, 2022, featuring Guðnadóttir's score with the London Contemporary Orchestra conducted by Robert Ames, as well as a rehearsal of Gustav Mahler's fifth symphony with Blanchett conducting the Dresden Philharmonic. Cellist Sophie Kauer is also heard on the album playing Elgar's Cello Concerto, backed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Natalie Murray Beale. For the week ending November 5, 2022, the Tár concept album topped "Billboard" magazine's Traditional Classical Albums at number one, ahead of albums by the actual Berlin Philharmonic.


title: Tár

text: John Mauceri served as consultant to Field's script, specifically helping inform the tenor and accuracy of Lydia Tár's comments on classical music and musicians.


title: Tár

text: In the United States and Canada, "Tár" made $158,620 from four theaters in its opening weekend. The $39,655 per-screen average was the second highest of 2022 for a limited release. It its second weekend the film made $330,030 from 36 theaters. In its third weekend it made $500,035 from 141 theaters. Expanding to 1,087 theaters in its fourth weekend, it made $1.02 million, finishing 10th. In its second of wide release, it made $729,605 (marking a drop of 30%).


title: Tár

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of 232 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's consensus reads, "Led by the soaring melody of Cate Blanchett's note-perfect performance, "Tár" riffs brilliantly on the discordant side of fame-fueled power." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 91 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Tár

text: A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" lauded Field's measured handling of the story and Blanchett's portrayal, concluding that the film "doesn't so much smash a glass ceiling as dissolve it by creative fiat" and "plants itself in a tawdry and contentious zone of contemporary discourse". In "Variety", Owen Gleiberman said that Field "enmeshes us in a tautly unfolding narrative of quiet duplicity, corporate intrigue, and—ultimately—erotic obsession" in such an organic fashion "that for a while you don't even realize you're watching a 'story.'"


title: Tár

text: Justin Chang for the "Los Angeles Times" regarded the film as "both a superb character study and a highly persuasive piece of world building", stating that the director's "storytelling draws no artificial distinction between the big and the small, the important and the mundane; everything we see and hear matters". Reviewing the film for "The Hollywood Reporter", David Rooney wrote: ""Tár" marks yet another career peak for Blanchett—many are likely to argue her greatest—and a fervent reason to hope it's not 16 more years before Field gives us another feature. It's a work of genius."


title: Tár

text: Richard Brody in "The New Yorker" describes "Tár" as "a regressive film that takes bitter aim at so-called cancel culture and lampoons so-called identity politics" and laments Field's "absence of style" in filming the music. He accuses the film of "conservative button-pushing" with a regressive, conservative and narrow aesthetic, failing to achieve dramatic unity.


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: The Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) is a species of eagle-owl that resides in much of Eurasia. It is also called the Uhu and it is occasionally abbreviated to just the eagle-owl in Europe. It is one of the largest species of owl, and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm (30 in), with a wingspan of 188 cm (6 ft 2 in), with males being slightly smaller. This bird has distinctive ear tufts, with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny. The wings and tail are barred. The underparts are a variably hued buff, streaked with darker colouring. The facial disc is not very defined and the orange eyes are distinctive.


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: Eurasian eagle-owls are found in many habitats, but are mostly birds of mountainous regions or other rocky areas, often those near varied woodland edge and shrubby areas with openings or wetlands to hunt a majority of their prey. Additionally, they inhabit coniferous forests, steppes, and other areas at varied elevations that are typically relatively remote. Eurasian eagle-owls are occasionally found amongst farmland and in park-like settings within European cities, even rarely within busier urban areas. The eagle-owl is mostly a nocturnal predator, hunting for a range of different prey species. Predominantly, their diet is composed of small mammals such as rodents and rabbits, but they also prey on larger mammals and birds of varying sizes. Other secondary prey can include reptiles, amphibians, fish, large insects and other assorted invertebrates. The species typically breeds on cliff ledges, in gullies, among rocks, or in other concealed locations. The nest is a scrape containing a clutch of two eggs typically, which are laid at intervals and hatch at different times. The female incubates the eggs and broods the young, and the male provides food for her, and when they hatch, for the nestlings, as well. Continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months. At least 12 subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl are described.


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: In addition to being one of the largest living species of owl, the Eurasian eagle-owl is also one of the most widely distributed. With a total range in Europe and Asia of about and a total population estimated to be between 250,000 and 2.5 million, the IUCN lists the bird's conservation status as being of least concern. The vast majority of eagle-owls live in Continental Europe, Scandinavia, Russia (which is almost certainly where the peak numbers and diversity of race occurs), and Central Asia. Additional minor populations exist in Anatolia, the northern Middle East, the montane upper part of South Asia and in China; in addition, an estimated 12 to 40 pairs are thought to reside in the United Kingdom as of 2016 (where they are arguably non-native), a number which may be on the rise. Tame eagle-owls have occasionally been used in pest control because of their size to deter large birds such as gulls from nesting.


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: The Eurasian eagle-owl is among the larger birds of prey, smaller than the golden eagle ("Aquila chrysaetos"), but larger than the snowy owl ("Bubo scandiacus"), despite some overlap in size with both of those species. It is sometimes referred to as the world's largest owl, although Blakiston's fish owl ("B. blakistoni") is slightly heavier on average and the much lighter weight great grey owl ("Strix nebulosa") is slightly longer on average. Heimo Mikkola reported the largest specimens of eagle-owl as having the same upper body mass, , as the largest Blakiston’s fish owl and attained a length around longer. In terms of average weight and wing size, the Blakiston’s is the slightly larger species seemingly, even averaging a bit larger in these aspects than the biggest eagle-owl races from Russia. Also, although shorter than the largest of the latter species, the Eurasian eagle-owl can weigh well more than twice as much as the largest great grey owl. The Eurasian eagle-owl typically has a wingspan of , with the largest specimens possibly attaining . The total length of the species can vary from . Females can weigh from , and males can weigh from . In comparison, the barn owl ("Tyto alba"), the world's most widely distributed owl species, weighs about 500 g (1.1 lb) and the great horned owl ("B. virginianus"), which fills the eagle-owl's ecological niche in North America, weighs around 1.4 kg (3.1 lb).


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: Besides the female being larger, little external sexual dimorphism is seen in the Eurasian eagle-owl, although the ear tufts of males reportedly tend to be more upright than those of females. When an eagle-owl is seen on its own in the field, distinguishing the individual’s sex is generally not possible. Gender determination by size is possible by in-hand measurements. In some populations, the female typically may be slightly darker than the male. The plumage coloration across at least 13 accepted subspecies can be highly variable. The upper parts may be brown-black to tawny-buff to pale creamy gray, typically showing dense freckling on the forehead and crown, stripes on the nape, sides, and back of the neck, and dark splotches on the pale ground colour of the back, mantle, and scapulars. A narrow buff band, freckled with brown or buff, often runs up from the base of the bill, above the inner part of the eye, and along the inner edge of the black-brown ear tufts. The rump and upper tail-coverts are delicately patterned with dark vermiculations and fine, wavy barring, the extent of which varies with subspecies. The underwing coverts and undertail coverts are similar, but tend to be more strongly barred in brownish-black.


title: Eurasian eagle-owl

text: The primaries and secondaries are brown with broad, dark brown bars and dark brown tips, and grey or buff irregular lines. A complete moult takes place each year between July and December. The facial disc is tawny-buff, speckled with black-brown, so densely on the outer edge of the disc as to form a "frame" around the face. The chin and throat are white with a brownish central streak. The feathers of the upper breast generally have brownish-black centres and reddish-brown edges except for the central ones, which have white edges. The chin and throat may appear white continuing down the center of the upper breast. The lower breast and belly feathers are creamy-brown to tawny buff to off-white with a variable amount of fine dark wavy barring, on a tawny-buff ground colour. The legs and feet (which are feathered almost to the talons) are likewise marked on a buff ground colour but more faintly. The tail is tawny-buff, mottled dark grey-brown with about six black-brown bars. The bill and feet are black. The iris is most often orange but is fairly variable. In some European birds, the iris is a bright reddish, blood-orange colour but then in subspecies found in arid, desert-like habitats, the iris can range into an orange-yellow colour (most closely related species generally have yellowish irises, excluding the Indian eagle-owl).