title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: On the October 14 episode of "SmackDown", Sheamus and Solo Sikoa competed in a fatal four-way match to earn an opportunity at the Intercontinental Championship. During the match, Bloodline members Sami Zayn and Jey Uso interferred on Sikoa's behalf. The Brawling Brutes (Ridge Holland and Butch) then came out to defend their stablemate, Sheamus, and a brawl broke out between the two teams. The following week, The Bloodline attacked and injured Sheamus. After defeating Zayn and Sikoa on the October 28 episode, Holland and Butch earned a match against The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) for the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship at Crown Jewel.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: After being absent for a few weeks due to an attack by Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and Iyo Sky), Alexa Bliss and Asuka made their return on the October 31 episode of "Raw". That night, they challenged Sky and Kai to a match for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship and defeated them to win the title. The next day, a championship rematch was scheduled for Crown Jewel.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: During the October 31 episode of "Raw", it was announced that Bray Wyatt would be making an appearance at Crown Jewel. Wyatt had been released from WWE in July 2021 and made his return to the company at Extreme Rules. Since his return, he had made cryptic promos about his future, while also being haunted by a figure from his past named Uncle Howdy, who first appeared on the October 28 episode of "SmackDown".


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: The pay-per-view opened with Bobby Lashley facing Brock Lesnar. During Lesnar's entrance, Lashley shoved Lesnar into the steel steps, who injured his knee. Lashley performed a spear on Lesnar, threw Lesnar back into the ring, after which, the bell rang to officially start the match. After the match officially began, Lashley performed a spear on Lesnar, who rolled out of the ring and hobbled at ringside. Lashley performed a third spear on Lesnar through the barricade. Lashley performed a fourth spear on Lesnar for a nearfall. As Lashley tried to apply the Hurt Lock on Lesnar, Lesnar countered and performed three German Suplexes and an F-5 on Lashley for a nearfall. Lashley then dominated Lesnar, however, Lesnar attempted a second F-5 only for Lashley to perform a spine buster. In the closing moments, Lashley applied the Hurt Lock on Lesnar, who appeared to fade, however Lesnar kicked the turnbuckle to break the hold. Lashley still kept the Hurt Lock applied, however, Lesnar landed on top of Lashley, and as Lashley's shoulders were on the mat, the referee counted the pin, thus Lesnar won the match. Following the match, an incensed Lashley applied the Hurt Lock on Lesnar.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: Next, Alexa Bliss and Asuka defended the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship against Damage CTRL (Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky). In the climax, as Bliss attempted Twisted Bliss on Kai, Nikki Cross appeared and performed a twisting neckbreaker on Bliss while the referee was distracted by Asuka and Sky. Kai then pinned Bliss to win the title.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: After that, Drew McIntyre faced Karrion Kross (accompanied by Scarlett) in a Steel Cage match. During the match, as McIntyre attempted to escape from the cage's door, Scarlett incapacitated McIntyre and the referee with pepper spray. Kross then took advantage and attempted to escape, however, McIntyre applied the ankle lock on Kross to prevent Kross from escaping. Scarlett then locked the door to prevent McIntyre from escaping, McIntyre started to climb the cage in order to escape. Scarlett quickly opened the door to allow Kross to escape, however, McIntyre was able to escape the cage before Kross did, thus McIntyre won the match.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: In the fourth match, The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor, Damian Priest, and Dominik Mysterio, accompanied by Rhea Ripley) faced The O.C. (AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson). In the closing moments, as Styles attempted for the Phenomenal Forearm on Bálor, Ripley lifted Styles onto her shoulders and threw Styles face first onto the ring apron. Bálor performed the Coup De Grâce on Styles to win the match.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: The next match saw Braun Strowman face Omos. Omos won a test of strength at the start of the match and began to dominate Strowman. Omos performed two powerslams on Strowman, both times were nearfalls. Strowman mounted a comeback and attempted the Strowman Freight Train on Omos, however, Omos stopped Strowman. In the closing moments, Omos charged towards Strowman, who was at the corner only for Strowman to move and perform a powerslam on Omos to win the match.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: Next, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defended the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship against The Brawling Brutes (Ridge Holland and Butch). In the end, The Usos performed a 1D on Butch from the top rope to retain the title.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Bianca Belair defended the Raw Women's Championship against Bayley in a Last Woman Standing match. This was the first women's championship match contested in Saudi Arabia with a stipulation. Midway through, Bayley trapped Belair in an equipment case, but Belair managed to escape before the 10 count. After attacking Bayley with weapons in the ring, Belair trapped Bayley between a ladder and wedged it below the turnbuckle. Bayley was unable to escape before the 10 count, thus Belair retained.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: Before the main event, Bray Wyatt came out to address the fans. Wyatt spoke about his family and stated that he wanted to be great. Wyatt then stated that he became a monster (seemingly referring to his "Fiend" persona) and he wanted to change and rewrite his story. Wyatt was then interrupted by Uncle Howdy on the TitanTron, who stated that Wyatt would eventually give in to his inner demons and it will feel so good.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: In the main event, Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship against Logan Paul. Midway through the match, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) came out to assist Reigns and attacked Logan's "Impaulsive" co-hosts, Mike Majlak and George Janko, who were seated at ringside. Logan's brother Jake Paul then came out and took out The Usos. Solo Sikoa then came out to confront Jake, but The Usos emerged and Logan then took out The Usos. After Logan re-entered the ring, Reigns performed a superman punch and a spear on Paul to retain his championship.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: After the event, Logan Paul took to social media to reveal that he had suffered a torn meniscus, MCL, and potentially his ACL during his match.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: On the following episode of "Raw", Bianca Belair, Alexa Bliss, and Asuka declared their war was not over and challenged Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and Iyo Sky) to a WarGames match at Survivor Series WarGames which was accepted. Damage CTRL subsequently recruited Nikki Cross to their team.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: Also on "Raw", The O.C. (AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson) confronted The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor, Damian Priest, Dominik Mysterio, and Rhea Ripley) and introduced the returning Mia Yim as their solution to deal with Ripley. The two teams brawled with The O.C. getting the upper hand. The following week, a match between Bálor and Styles was made official for Survivor Series WarGames, with Yim also joining Bianca Belair's WarGames team and Ripley joining Damage CTRL's team.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: On the November 7 episode of "Raw", Seth "Freakin" Rollins issued an open challenge for the United States Championship, which was accepted by Bobby Lashley; however, he viciously attacked Rollins before the match. After the beat down, Austin Theory ran out and cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on a weakened Rollins; however, Rollins retained the title thanks to interference from Lashley. A triple threat match between the three for the title was scheduled for Survivor Series WarGames.


title: Crown Jewel (2022)

text: Also on "SmackDown", as The Bloodline (Roman Reigns, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), Solo Sikoa, Sami Zayn, and Paul Heyman) were about to address the fans in attendance, they were interrupted by The Brawling Brutes (Butch and Ridge Holland), who introduced a healed up Sheamus. Drew McIntyre also came out to assist the Brutes and the two teams fought to end the show. On the November 18 episode of "SmackDown", it was confirmed that The Brawling Brutes and McIntyre would face The Bloodline in a WarGames match at Survivor Series WarGames. Later that night, after Butch defeated Sami Zayn in a first round match of the "SmackDown" World Cup tournament, a brawl between The Bloodline and The Brawling Brutes followed. In the end, Kevin Owens made his return from injury and joined The Brawling Brutes' WarGames team.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operated a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten destinations in Africa. The carrier joined Star Alliance in , making it the first African carrier to sign with one of the three major airline alliances.


title: South African Airways

text: The airline entered voluntary business rescue in December 2019 as a result of many years of financial losses, and suspended all operations the following year. In June 2021, the government announced that in an attempt to revive the airline, it had entered into a partnership with the Takatso Consortium, which would hold a 51% controlling stake. The South African Civil Aviation Authority confirmed on 4 August 2021 that SAA's air operator's certificate had been reissued with an approved fleet of eight aircraft.


title: South African Airways

text: The airline restarted operations on 23 September 2021, despite not having concluded the investment agreement with the proposed private partners. Nonetheless, SAA was recognised as the second best airline in Africa by Skytrax in 2021, despite not having flown a single scheduled flight for 18 months.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways was founded in 1934 after the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. The airline was initially overseen and controlled by South African Railways and Harbours Administration. Anti-apartheid sanctions by African countries deprived the airline of stopover airports during apartheid, forcing it to bypass the continent with long-range aircraft. During this time, it was also known by its Afrikaans name, Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL, ), which has since been dropped by the airline. In 1997 SAA changed its name, image and aircraft livery and introduced online ticketing services. In 2006, SAA was split from Transnet, its parent company, to operate as an independent airline. It remains one of the largest of South Africa's state-owned enterprises. SAA owns Mango, a low-cost domestic airline, and has established links with Airlink and South African Express. It is a member of the Star Alliance.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways was formed on 1 February 1934 following the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. Forty staff members, along with one de Havilland DH.60 Gypsy Moth, one de Havilland DH.80A Puss Moth, three Junkers F.13s and a leased Junkers F13 and Junkers A50 were among the acquired aircraft. Upon acquisition, the government changed the airline's name to "South African Airways". It then came under control of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration (now Transnet). Charter operations started that year. On 1 February the following year, the carrier acquired Suidwes Lugdiens / South West Airways (now Air Namibia), which had since 1932 been providing a weekly air-mail service between Windhoek and Kimberley. During this time, South African ordered three Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft, which were delivered in October 1934 and entered service 10 days later. These aircraft were configured to carry 14 passengers, along with four crew. They enabled thrice-weekly Durban–Johannesburg services, with weekly services on the Durban–East London–Port Elizabeth–George/Mossel Bay–Cape Town route. On 1 July 1935, SAA moved its operations to Rand Airport as it became increasingly obvious that Johannesburg would become the country's aviation hub, which coincided with the launching of Rand–Durban–East London–Port Elizabeth–Cape Town services. From July the following year a weekly Rand–Kimberley–Beaufort West–Cape Town service commenced; in April 1936, all Rand–Cape Town services were taken over from Imperial Airways. A fourth Ju 52/3m soon joined the fleet.


title: South African Airways

text: Orders for a further ten Ju 52/3m aircraft, along with eighteen Junkers Ju 86s and seven Airspeed Envoys (four for the airline and three for the South African Air Force) were placed. This raised the number of Ju 52s to fourteen, although three older models were sold when deliveries of the newer Ju 52s began. The airline experienced a rapid expansion during this time, but also suffered its first accident; one of the newly delivered Ju 52s crashed after takeoff from Rand Airport in July 1937, with one reported fatality. From 1 February 1934 until the start of World War II, SAA carried 118,822 passengers, 3,278 tonnes of airmail and 248 tonnes of cargo, which were served by 418 employees. On 24 May 1940, all operations were suspended.


title: South African Airways

text: Following World War II, frequencies were increased and more routes were opened, which necessitated the conversion of three South African Air Force Envoys to passenger layout. These aircraft would prove to be unsuitable for passenger and cargo services and were returned to the SAAF after the arrival of the Junkers Ju 86s. The main aircraft of SAA in the 1930s was the Junkers Ju 52. Other types used in the 1930s included eighteen Junkers Ju 86s, which served from 1937 onwards.


title: South African Airways

text: The slow growth continued during the 1940s, though the airline was effectively-closed for the duration of World War II. In 1944, SAA began operating 28 Lockheed Lodestars to restart domestic services and by 1948 SAA operating nineteen examples. These were withdrawn in 1955.


title: South African Airways

text: On 10 November 1945, SAA achieved a longtime company goal by operating a route to Europe when an Avro York landed in Bournemouth, England, after the long flight from Palmietfontein Airport near Johannesburg. These were replaced by the Douglas DC-4 from 1946-onwards, which in turn was replaced by the Lockheed Constellation on international routes in 1950. Also of note in the postwar era was the DC-3 Dakota, of which eight served with SAA, the last example being withdrawn as late as 1970.


title: South African Airways

text: On 10 November 1945, the airline introduced its first intercontinental service, the 3-day "Springbok Service", operated by the Avro York, which was routed Palmietfontein–Nairobi–Khartoum–Cairo–Castel Benito–Hurn Bournemouth. A weekly service was initially flown, but this later increased to 6 times weekly due to high passenger demand. The Douglas DC-4 Skymaster debuted with SAA in May 1946 between Johannesburg and Cape Town, which coincided with the introduction of the Douglas DC-3 on the Johannesburg–Durban route.


title: South African Airways

text: From 1946, passengers and cargo carried increased, along with the size of SAA's fleet and staff. As the Skymasters arrived, out went the Avro Yorks, back to BOAC. Air hostesses were introduced in September 1946: at first on domestic routes, then on "Springbok Services". The two de Havilland Doves were introduced at the end of the year; these aircraft were utilised on internal services for a short time and were sold within a few years. The 28-seat Vickers Viking served the airline briefly, before being sold to British European Airways.


title: South African Airways

text: Palmietfontein Airport replaced Rand Airport as SAA's hub in 1948. In June 1948, SAA began to show films onboard its Skymaster aircraft.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA received four Lockheed Constellations, its first pressurised aircraft, in August 1950. They provided scheduled service to London's Heathrow airport. Initially, the route from Johannesburg was flown via Nairobi, Khartoum and Rome. The Constellation's higher speed and longer range enabled fewer stops and greatly reduced the flying time to London.


title: South African Airways

text: The jet age arrived in South Africa on 3 May 1952 when a BOAC de Havilland Comet arrived in Palmietfontein after a 24-hour journey from England with five refuelling-stops en route. South African chartered two Comets from the British airline on 4 October 1953, when Comet G-ANAV left London for Johannesburg. On the same day, "Tourist Class" was introduced on the 58-seat Lockheed Constellation used on the Springbok Service. The two chartered aircraft sported both BOAC and SAA titles and logos, but were operated by South African crews.


title: South African Airways

text: In 1956 Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens introduced the Douglas DC-7B, capable of long-range operations and then probably the fastest piston-engine airliner in the world. SAA exploited the aircraft's performance by introducing it between Johannesburg and London with only one fuel-stop at Khartoum. This was known as the "East Coast express", taking 21 hours to complete, versus BOAC's inaugural Comet flight between the two cities of 24 hours. This later became the "West Coast express" when the technical stop at Khartoum was transferred to Kano, Nigeria, resulting in a shortened flying of 18 hours. The fortnightly "Wallaby" service, routed Johannesburg–Mauritius–Cocos Islands–Perth, Australia, started in November 1957.


title: South African Airways

text: After a host of accidents involving SAA's and other airlines' Comets, the airline ordered three Boeing 707-320 "Intercontinentals" on 21 February 1958, with the first delivered on 1 July 1960. Three months after arrival, on 1 October 1960, the Boeing 707 was deployed on the airline's flagship "Springbok Service", trimming the flying time to London to 13 hours. Other changes brought about by the 707 were a livery change, to an orange tail with blue and white markings, as well as improved comfort, range and speed. A 707 replaced the DC-7B on the "Wallaby" route in 1967; Cocos Islands was dropped, while Sydney became the terminus. Flights to New York, via Rio de Janeiro, started on 23 February 1969 using a 707. The first 707 of SAA landed in Europe in October 1961 with a nine-hour flight to Athens.


title: South African Airways

text: The jets arrived during a period when most African countries, except SA's neighbours, denied South African airlines the use of their airspace, necessitating long detours. In 1967 the Skymasters, Constellations and DC-7Bs were being retired, replaced by the Boeing 727 trijet the following year to complement the Boeing 707. The choice of 727 was based on the geography of the destinations to which it would fly; for example Johannesburg is high and hot, where the 727's wings and other technical capabilities enable it to operate out of such airports.


title: South African Airways

text: On 13 March 1968, SAA ordered five Boeing 747-200Bs. The first, "Lebombo" (registered as ZS-SAN), was delivered on 22 October 1971 after a 3-stop flight from Seattle. It was placed into service in December and proved very popular. SAA eventually operated 23 brand-new "Jumbo Jets", including the −200M (first delivered in 1980), −300 (1983), −400, and the long-range Boeing 747SP, first delivered on March 18–19, 1976 with a nonstop delivery flight of ZS-SPA from Everett, Washington, USA to Cape Town. The 747SP, especially, was acquired to overcome the refusal of many countries to allow SAA to use their airspace by exploiting its long-range capabilities, as well as to serve lower-density routes which were unsuited to the 747-200. Six were delivered starting 19 March 1976. As above, to demonstrate the 747SP's performance, the first one was delivered from Seattle to Cape Town non-stop, an airliner distance record that stood until 1989. The first 747SP arrived in South Africa on 19 March 1976. As the 747 entered service, its smaller siblings, the 707s, were converted to combi (passenger/cargo) configurations and high-density seating. All of SAA's Vickers Viscounts were sold by March 1972 after being replaced by Boeing 737s.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA opened a route to Asia, with Boeing 707 flights to Hong Kong via an intermediate stop at the Seychelles Islands in June 1974. In 1980, SAA began nonstop flights to Taipei using a Boeing 747SP; Mauritius had earlier replaced the Seychelles for the Hong Kong service. South Africa became one of the few countries in the world to recognize the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan.


title: South African Airways

text: Because some African countries denied SAA the use their airspace, SAA bypassed the 'bulge' of Africa, usually via Ilha do Sal - a detour of almost . Another bypass was via Tel Aviv, which doubled the distance and flying time involved. European airlines were allowed to fly over Africa when flying to South Africa, usually via Nairobi and later nonstop.


title: South African Airways

text: On 26 December 1980, the last South African Airways Boeing 707 service was operated between Paris and Johannesburg. Its touchdown ended the 20-year career of the 707. The quadjet was replaced by the world's first wide-body twinjet, the Airbus A300, which had entered revenue service in 1976. The 727s were eliminated by 1983, replaced by the more economical Boeing 737. When countries withdrew landing rights for SAA, the airline leased its aircraft and crews to Canada, Mauritius, Brazil, Morocco and Luxembourg.


title: South African Airways

text: Due to international opposition to apartheid during the 1980s, SAA's offices were attacked. In Harare, Zimbabwe, its offices were badly-damaged after protesters went on a rampage.


title: South African Airways

text: The US Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 banned all flights by South African–owned carriers, including SAA. In 1987, SAA's services to Perth and Sydney in Australia were ended, in light of the Australian Government's opposition to apartheid. The South African Airways Museum Society opened its doors to the public at Jan Smuts International Airport (which was renamed the OR Tambo International Airport in 2006). The organisation was formed by South African Airways employees and outside parties with the mission of preserving South African aviation history, especially SAA itself. Based at Transvaal Aviation Club, Rand Airport, Germiston, it was founded after the restoration of the CASA 352L. Since then, many aircraft have joined SAA Museum Society's collection relating to South African aviation.


title: South African Airways

text: With the demise of apartheid in 1990, SAA started services to former and new destinations in Africa and Asia. On 1 June 1990, South African companies signed a domestic air travel deregulation act. Flights to New York City's JFK International Airport resumed in November 1991 and SAA's planes were able to fly for the first time over Egypt and Sudan, on 8 September. The airline launched flights to Milan on 1 June during the year, and services to Athens were re-introduced. Also, an interline with Aeroflot was established.


title: South African Airways

text: The first of SAA's eight Boeing 747-400s, named "Durban", arrived in South Africa on 19 January 1991. The airplane was unusual in that two different turbofan engines were operated. Six Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-powered examples were ordered; the other two, part of an unfulfilled Philippine Airlines order, had General Electric CF6-80C2B5Fs. Winglets, structural changes and fuel-efficient engines enabled these aircraft to fly non-stop from South Africa to the East coast of the United States. The arrival of Boeing's newest jumbo jet perhaps overshadowed the acquisition by SAA of the world's first commercial fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320, to assist and enhance services within the country and on regional services. Boeing 767s arrived in August, 1993 and flew on African, Southern European and Middle Eastern routes. They were retired within ten years.


title: South African Airways

text: During 1992, SAA began flights to Miami with a Cape Town to Miami International Airport nonstop Boeing 747-400 route, and re-entered Australia, flying nonstop to Perth with a same-day return "shuttle" service to Sydney. This year also saw codesharing agreements with American Airlines and Air Tanzania. There were nonstop flights to Bangkok and Singapore; the latter was discontinued by 1996. The airline Alliance, a partnership between SAA, Uganda Airlines and Air Tanzania, also began. SAA greeted its passengers in four different languages during domestic flights: English, Zulu, Afrikaans and Sotho, while passengers on international flights were also greeted in the destination's language.


title: South African Airways

text: On 24 April 1994, South African Express (SA Express), a feeder airline service of South African, began operating after a 3-year preparation process begun in 1991, when the regional airline was granted its operating license. SAA initially held a 20% stake in SA Express (Alliance Airline Holdings held 51%, SA Enterprises, 24.9% and Abyss Investments, 4.1%). SA Express took over some of South African's low-density domestic routes.


title: South African Airways

text: In 1995, Lufthansa started a codesharing agreement with SAA, and SAA commissioned Diefenbach Elkins and Herdbuoys to lead its change of image. SAA's Voyager and American Airlines' AAdvantage frequent flier clubs joined.


title: South African Airways

text: As of April 1996, South African employed 11,100 people, of whom 3,100 were engineers. It owned and operated 48 aircraft, and served 34 destinations from its hubs at Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg.


title: South African Airways

text: In 1997, SAA replaced the Springbok emblem and the old national colours of orange, white and blue with a new livery based upon the new national flag, with a sun motif. The airline's name on its aircraft retained the Afrikaans name "Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens". As a symbol of the new rainbow nation following the release of Nelson Mandela, one of SAA's 747-300s, named "Ndizani" (registration ZS-SAJ), was painted in bright colours. This special-liveried 747-300 transported South African athletes to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The airline started online ticket sales and formed an alliance with SA Airlink and SA Express.


title: South African Airways

text: In 1998, services to Copenhagen Airport were stopped. A new airline president and CEO, Coleman Andrews, was appointed. The arrival of the American saw a comprehensive and controversial overhaul of the airline, changing the management of SAA. Mr Andrews was hired by Transnet, the state-owned parent company, to remedy the problem of dwindling passengers, which Transnet's market research had revealed was caused by "failure to fly on time, unfriendly and minimally-trained staff, poor food and SAA fares being 12–25% above its competitors". He was credited with rescuing World Airways from the brink of bankruptcy earlier in the decade. During his first 18 months as CEO, South African Airways' market value increased fivefold.


title: South African Airways

text: In June 1999, Transnet entered into a sale agreement with Swissair in which Transnet sold 20% of its shareholding in SAA to Swissair for R1,4 billion and also included an option to sell and transfer a further 10% to Swissair, thereby increasing its stake to 30%. In 2002, the South African government repurchased the shares.


title: South African Airways

text: Swissair's costly purchases of SAA's and many other large international airlines' shares led directly to its own shocking bankruptcy filing, on April 1, 2002.


title: South African Airways

text: In 2000, SAA ordered 21 Boeing 737-800s, reportedly worth US$680 million. Five CFM 56-7B27-powered examples were requested outright from Boeing, the rest from other parties. The 737s were to be deployed on short-haul routes, replacing Airbus A300s and A320s.


title: South African Airways

text: The 737 order was followed by an Airbus order in 2002. Under CEO Andre Viljoen, South African Airways requested Airbus to overhaul its fleet at a cost of US$3.5 billion in March 2002, taking advantage of a slump in the order books of both Boeing and Airbus. The airline industry was still staggering after the September 11 attacks in the US, which led to new aircraft orders either being deferred, or cancelled altogether. SAA was in a buyers' market and the demise of Swissair, which had A340-600s about to be delivered, effected Airbus clinching the SAA deal.


title: South African Airways

text: This was part of a bigger order that covered 11 A319s, 15 A320s, nine A340-600s and six A340-300s. Three of the A340-600 aircraft came from International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC). The new Airbus A319s replaced the aging Boeing 737-200 fleet, but the Boeing 737-800s continued in service because SAA cancelled its A320 order before any aircraft were delivered.


title: South African Airways

text: Later that year, South African Airways made a successful bid for a 49% stake in Air Tanzania. The move highlighted SAA's wish to gain a foothold in eastern Africa. The bid was worth $20 million, and was SAA's first acquisition of a foreign airline. The merger failed in 2006, when new SAA management felt that the arrangement was fruitless.


title: South African Airways

text: On 1 Feb 2000, South African Airways and Delta Air Lines started to codeshare on SAA-operated nonstop Boeing 747-400 flights from Atlanta to Johannesburg, with return flights operated


title: South African Airways

text: via Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, Florida due to range limitations caused by the 5,557-foot altitude at Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport.


title: South African Airways

text: In 2001, South African Airways won the "Best Cargo Airline to Africa" award from Air Cargo News – (even though South African is mainly a passenger airline) – and South African Airways signed a codesharing agreement with Nigeria Airways to provide service from the United States to Lagos using South African Airways 747s (this codeshare agreement is no longer in effect, and SAA's flights to/from the United States no longer stop in Nigeria). The airline earned a spot on the Zagat Survey's top-ten international airlines list, opened a new website and named Andre Viljoen as chief executive officer (CEO).


title: South African Airways

text: In March 2004, South African Airways announced its application to join Star Alliance. The airline alliance accepted its application in June, with SAA joining as a full member in April 2006.


title: South African Airways

text: In July 2004, Andre Viljoen resigned as CEO of SAA. In August 2004, Khaya Ngqula was appointed as CEO of SAA. A new chairman, Professor Jakes Gerwel, was appointed in the same month.


title: South African Airways

text: In 2005, SAA became the first non-Saudi airline to fly a direct Hadj service to Medina in Saudi Arabia.


title: South African Airways

text: In July 2005, SAA started a four times weekly Johannesburg-Accra-Washington, D.C. service with a Boeing 747-400. Service was increased to daily flights in July 2006, and the 747-400 was replaced by an Airbus A340-600. Because SAA could not obtain rights to fly passengers between Ghana and the US, Dakar replaced Accra as the intermediate stop. In 2010, SAA retired the last of its 747-400 fleet.


title: South African Airways

text: On 6 June 2006, the codeshare agreement between South African Airways and Delta Air Lines was terminated because of the airlines' memberships in rival alliances (Star Alliance and SkyTeam respectively).


title: South African Airways

text: The South African government's plans called for the separation of South African Airways and its parent company Transnet. The deadline was moved from 2005 to 31 March 2006.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA joined Star Alliance on 10 April 2006, becoming the first African airline to join Star Alliance. To celebrate the occasion, and as a condition of entry, one Airbus A340-600 (registration ZS-SNC) and one Boeing 737-800 (registration ZS-SJV) were repainted in Star Alliance livery. South African Airways fulfilled 53 requirements during the accession process.


title: South African Airways

text: In May 2007, SAA launched an 18-month comprehensive restructuring programme which aimed to make the airline profitable. According to then-CEO Khaya Ngqula, this came largely after "uncompetitive ownership and aircraft lease costs, excessive head count and fuel price volatility". The programme involves: the spin-off of businesses into seven subsidiaries, thereby allowing SAA to concentrate on its core business of passenger and cargo transport; grounding SAA's Boeing 747-400 fleet; rationalising international routes (Paris was dropped altogether); the axing of 30% of the airline's managers; among other reductions. This was expected to save the airline R2.7 billion (US$378.2 million). By June 2009, R2.5 billion had been saved.


title: South African Airways

text: On 20 June 2008, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) agreed to extend South African Airways' sponsorship of the organisation another 3 and a half years. This extension succeeded two years of co-operation that "have seen a successful partnership blossom between SAA and the ATP". The deal is worth $20 million, and runs until the end of 2012. On the same day it was announced that a new ATP World Tour tournament would be held in South Africa in 2009. In 2010, the company sought to recover $4 million from then-CEO Khaya Ngqula, for allegedly spending the money on his friends and awarding business deals with organisations and individuals in which he had an interest. Among them are ATP and professional golfer Ángel Cabrera.


title: South African Airways

text: In February 2010, the airline appointed Siza Mzimela as its first female CEO. She replaced Khaya Ngqula, who was accused of mismanagement and therefore quit. Mzimela was previously CEO of SAA's domestic partner airline, South African Express (SA Express). On 1 April 2010 she took over the position from Chris Smyth, the acting CEO since Khaya Ngqula left in March 2009.


title: South African Airways

text: At the end of 2010, SAA permanently retired the two Boeing 747-400s which were temporarily re-introduced in late 2008. This was expected to save it $60 million during the fiscal year ending March 2009. SAA leased two second hand Airbus A340-300s from Airbus Financial Services (AFS) to replace the 747's.


title: South African Airways

text: On 24 February 2012 SAA's new Airbus A320-200, registration ZS-SZZ, made its first revenue flight between Johannesburg and Durban. There were twelve A320 in the fleet as of December 2016. On 16 August 2012, SAA ended its Cape Town-London route after 20 years, due to declining passenger numbers and increasing airport taxes.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA began flights to Beijing, China on 31 January 2012. Buenos Aires flights ended in 2013 and, in January 2015, SAA announced plans to end its non-stop services to Beijing and Mumbai. Services to China were replaced by Star Alliance partner Air China with a flight to Beijing. In June 2015, the acting CEO stated that London, Hong Kong, Munich, Frankfurt and Perth were the only profitable long-haul routes; all others were loss-making.


title: South African Airways

text: In September 2017, SAA began reducing its fleet and expected to cut 23% of its flights. Standard Chartered Bank was the first bank in June 2017 to call-in its SAA loan. The South African government provided R2.2 billion to settle the debt. Citibank was the second bank to refuse extending the loan facility. Together with some others, another R7.7 billion became payable at the end of September 2017. The South African treasury asked the Public Investment Corporation, which controls government pension funds, for R100 billion to help bailout state-owned enterprises, including SAA.


title: South African Airways

text: On 5 December 2019, the Government of South Africa announced that SAA would enter into bankruptcy protection, as the airline had not turned a profit since 2011 and had run out of money. In January 2020, South African Airways announced that it would suspend several routes, e.g. to Munich in order to reduce its financial struggle. In February 2020, the airline introduced its first of four newly leased Airbus A350-900s in an attempt to modernize its loss-making long-haul fleet.


title: South African Airways

text: On 5 December 2019, SAA was placed under business rescue. Les Matuson and Siviwe Dongwana were appointed as the Business Rescue Practitioners of SAA in December 2019. A Business Recovery Plan was expected by the end of February 2020, extended, then postponed. A final plan is yet to be presented.


title: South African Airways

text: In February 2020, ex-Secretary General of the ANC, Ace Magashule, stated that should the Business Rescue Practitioners take decisions not to the ANC's liking, it would intervene. Economist Jacques Jonker, then at the Free Market Foundation, criticised Magashule, pointing out that the Business Rescue Practitioners are officers of the court in terms of the Companies Act of 2008, and that it would be illegal for the ANC to intervene in the business-rescue process. When Minister of Public Enterprises Pravin Gordhan later tried to justify the notion that the business-rescue practitioners are accountable to him and not to the courts, Jonker pointed out that such a state of affairs would be unconstitutional.


title: South African Airways

text: In April 2020, following a request for further emergency financing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the South African government announced that it would stop funding the airline with immediate effect. The airline then announced plans to lay-off all remaining staff by the end of the month, sparking fears that SAA was on the brink of liquidation.


title: South African Airways

text: As of 1 May 2020, all SAA staff members were on unpaid leave of absence, including those who are reporting for duty, with no pay for the 4,708 remaining workforce. Unaudited financial statements presented in a draft report show SAA made losses of almost R16Bn in the last 3 years. SAA received R50 bn of government assistance between 2004 and 2020.


title: South African Airways

text: On 2 May 2020, the Government of South Africa announced that South African Airways would be ceasing operations after 86 years of service, and that a new flagship carrier would be created for South Africa out of the ashes of the former airline. The liquidation process was set to begin on 8 May; however, a legal battle between the liquidators and the workforce delayed the proceedings indefinitely. In July, the creditors voted to accept the restructuring plan, allowing the airline to avoid liquidation. A full domestic network was to be reinstated by December 2020.


title: South African Airways

text: On 21 August 2020, The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) appointed Rand Merchant Bank to help with negotiations with private entities interested in buying into the country's insolvent national carrier, which needs at least R10 billion to resume operations. On 30 September the airline announced that it was suspending all operations until critical funding could be agreed.


title: South African Airways

text: In September 2020, SAA suspended all flight operations as the Business Rescue Practitioners placed the airline under "care and maintenance" until further funding could be sourced.


title: South African Airways

text: In October 2020, the South African government said it was looking for partners in its efforts to bail- out the airline. On 28 October 2020, the South African government bailed SAA out with R10.5 billion in order to implement the turnaround strategy. During 2020, the airline returned 4 Airbus A319s, all of its 10 A320s, all of its 6 A330-200s, 4 A330-300s, 3 A340-300s, 3 A340-600s, and all 4 new A350-900s to their respective lessors. Both Boeing 737 Freighters also left the fleet in early 2020, ending a long history of dedicated freighter operations at the airline.


title: South African Airways

text: As of February 2021, the South African government was in talks with three potential investors to revive the airline and resume operations, with a massively-reduced workforce. The South African treasury reported that the airline had incurred a total loss of R32 billion (US$ 2.1 billion) between 2008 and 2020. The Mail and Guardian estimated that the airline had received a total of R60 billion (US$ 4 billion) in government guarantees.


title: South African Airways

text: In June 2021, the South African government relinquished its controlling stake in the airline. After extensive talks with potential investors, they selected the Takatso Consortium. The Consortium will own 51% of the airline, while the government maintains a 49% stake. The Consortium involves Harith General Partners and Global Airways. Harith General Partners is chaired by South Africa's former deputy finance minister, Jabulani Moleketi. In the address in which he announced the takeover, Pravin Gordhan, the Minister of Public Enterprises, revealed that SAA will receive a R3 billion boost in investment from the new partners.


title: South African Airways

text: In an interview on 26 November 2021, Gordhan reiterated that the South African government still expects to complete the transaction with the Takatso Consortium in early 2022, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: South African Airways

text: In October 2022, SAA expanded its fleet with the addition of 2 Airbus A320-200 and added new routes from Johannesburg to Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Windhoek, Namibia.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways is headquartered in Airways Park on the grounds of OR Tambo International Airport in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. The building was developed by Stauch Vorster Architects. Completed in March 1997 for R70 million, the current head-office building links to three older buildings.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways moved its head office from Durban to Rand Airport in Germiston on 1 July 1935. Before the head office moved to its current location, the airline's head office was in the Airways Towers in Johannesburg.


title: South African Airways

text: The business trends shown below are for the South African Airways group (including SAA, Mango, SAA Technical and Air Chefs), based mainly on the published annual reports; there are gaps and some inconsistencies, largely because the reports vary year by year in the information given and because figures are frequently restated in subsequent years. No figures appear to have been made public since SAA went into bankruptcy protection in December, 2019.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways' "Flying Springbok" logo was the symbol of the carrier from its formation in 1934 to 1997. The logo was discontinued in 1997 in favour of a new aircraft livery, but the word "Springbok" remains the airline's radio callsign.


title: South African Airways

text: On 5 June 2007, it was announced that SAA paid R55 million to the Competition Commission of South Africa because of anti-competitive behaviour such as price fixing. This fine was in addition to a R45 million fine paid by SAA on 31 May 2006 as a penalty for SAA's attempts to prevent travel agents from dealing with rival air carriers.


title: South African Airways

text: "Kulula has once again called on government to call it a day and keep its promise...that South African taxpayers will stop filling the begging bowl for ailing state-owned businesses".


title: South African Airways

text: Many other companies like Flitestar, SunAir and Nationwide had failed because they could not compete with state-funded SAA.


title: South African Airways

text: "State re-nationalisation of the industry will continue to be destructive to free and fair competition".


title: South African Airways

text: The company said it was "bizarre" that the proceeds of its income tax, fuel taxes, VAT, import duties and other government levies then were paid over to a state-owned competitor.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA has been accused of racism for rejecting white cadet pilots on the grounds of race, who met the educational and physical criteria. By filling out several dummy applications, journalists from the newspaper "Beeld" established that the online form had been programmed to reject any white applicants. The South African trade union Solidarity instituted legal action against SAA, resulting in the policy being revoked.


title: South African Airways

text: "SAA's normal recruitment process allows for the employment of white male pilots as and when vacancies exist; particularly when no candidate is available from a previously-disadvantaged background. Like all other South African companies, the airline is also required to meet statutory transformation targets. This means that, in recruiting, the airline has to ensure that the demographics of its employees match closely those of the country as a whole. This is in line with the employment equity definition which includes white females."


title: South African Airways

text: During the administration of Jacob Zuma the SAA board was implicated in a number of corruption-related controversies. Most notable were allegations of corrupt or irregular activities by then SAA Non-Executive Director and Zuma appointee Dudu Myeni, which were widely blamed for placing SAA in serious financial difficulty.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways was hit by strike action by unions starting 15 November 2019 with an agreement in principle being reached on 22 November 2019. The strike action reportedly cost the airline R50 million per day.


title: South African Airways

text: In March 2017, Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse and the South African Airways Pilots' Association (SAAPA) brought an application in the Pretoria High Court for an order to declare Dudu Myeni a delinquent director in terms of section 162(5) of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008. The application was based on Myeni's conduct whilst chair of the SAA board. During those five years (2012–2013 to 2016–2017), SAA ran up losses of R16.844bn‚ although it had previously been profitable. Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse and the South African Airways Pilots' Association (SAAPA) called six witnesses against Myeni, including four former SAA executives. Myeni was the only witness in her own defence. In closing argument, the counsel for the plaintiffs, Advocate Carol Steinberg, said during her time at SAA, Ms Myeni blocked, delayed and obstructed important initiatives to turn the airline around. She broke the law and flouted basic governance principles. The evidence in court showed a pattern of repeated misconduct: dishonesty, obstruction and interference, improperly inserting middlemen, and governance failures. Accused of bringing the embattled SAA to its knees, and based on her actions during her five-year tenure as chairperson of the SAA board, Myeni was declared a delinquent director and banned from holding any directorship position for life by Judge Ronel Tolmay at the Pretoria High Court on 27 May 2020. The judgement and evidence now goes to the National Prosecuting Authority so a criminal case can be pursued.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways flies to 13 destinations in 9 countries within Africa as of October 2022. Within South Africa, SAA operates to only three cities; however, the airline previously had an extensive domestic and regional network through its affiliate partners such as its LCC Mango Airlines, Airlink, and South African Express.


title: South African Airways

text: South African Airways' Airbus A330-200/-300 business-class seats have a pitch of 73" and 75" respectively whilst those in the A340-300s/-600s are pitched at 73" and 74" respectively; in a 2-2-2 configuration in both types. Passengers receive a welcome pack, a duvet & full-size pillow and a personal touchscreen monitor with audio/video on demand. South African Airways operates the Airbus A319 and Airbus A320-200 on its domestic and regional routes. South African Airways' A319 business-class seats have a pitch of 36" in a 3-2 configuration, whilst the A320 business-class seats have a 39" pitch in a 2-2 configuration.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA Airbus A330 and A340 economy-class seats have a pitch of 32" in a 2-4-2 configuration.Passengers receive a welcome pack, a blanket & full-size pillow and a personal touchscreen monitor with audio/video on demand. The Airbus A319 and A320 economy-class seats have a pitch of 31".


title: South African Airways

text: "Voyager" is the frequent-flyer program of South African Airways. Apart from South African Airlink and South African Express, which have an alliance with SAA, the program also partners 32 other airlines, along with many more businesses. "Voyager" consists of five tiers – "Blue", "Silver", "Gold", "Platinum" and "Lifetime Platinum". To reach a higher tier, members must fly on selected flights to allocate "Tier Miles". This differs from "Base Miles", which members can only use to receive awards.


title: South African Airways

text: SAA hosts Domestic and International Lounges around the world accessible through SAA Business and First Class Passengers, Discovery Bank Platinum and above and Investec Black Card Customers.


title: Weighing scale

text: A scale or balance is a device used to measure weight or mass. These are also known as mass scales, weight scales, mass balances, and weight balances.


title: Weighing scale

text: The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from a fulcrum. One plate holds an object of unknown mass (or weight), while known masses are added to the other plate until static equilibrium is achieved and the plates level off, which happens when the masses on the two plates are equal. The perfect scale rests at neutral. A spring scale will make use of a spring of known stiffness to determine mass (or weight). Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's stiffness (or spring constant). The heavier the object, the more the spring stretches, as described in Hooke's law. Other types of scales making use of different physical principles also exist.


title: Weighing scale

text: Some scales can be calibrated to read in units of force (weight) such as newtons instead of units of mass such as kilograms. Scales and balances are widely used in commerce, as many products are sold and packaged by mass.


title: Weighing scale

text: The balance scale is such a simple device that its usage likely far predates the evidence. What has allowed archaeologists to link artifacts to weighing scales are the stones for determining absolute mass. The balance scale itself was probably used to determine relative mass long before absolute mass.


title: Weighing scale

text: The oldest attested evidence for the existence of weighing scales dates to the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, with Deben (unit) balance weights, from the reign of Sneferu (c. 2600 BC) excavated, though earlier usage has been proposed. Carved stones bearing marks denoting mass and the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for gold have been discovered, which suggests that Egyptian merchants had been using an established system of mass measurement to catalog gold shipments or gold mine yields. Although no actual scales from this era have survived, many sets of weighing stones as well as murals depicting the use of balance scales suggest widespread usage.


title: Weighing scale

text: Examples, dating , have also been found in the Indus River valley. Uniform, polished stone cubes discovered in early settlements were probably used as mass-setting stones in balance scales. Although the cubes bear no markings, their masses are multiples of a common denominator. The cubes are made of many different kinds of stones with varying densities. Clearly their mass, not their size or other characteristics, was a factor in sculpting these cubes.


title: Weighing scale

text: In China, the earliest weighing balance excavated was from a tomb of the State of Chu of the Chinese Warring States Period dating back to the 3rd to 4th century BC in Mount Zuojiagong near Changsha, Hunan. The balance was made of wood and used bronze masses.


title: Weighing scale

text: Variations on the balance scale, including devices like the cheap and inaccurate "bismar" (unequal-armed scales), began to see common usage by c. 400 B.C. by many small merchants and their customers. A plethora of scale varieties each boasting advantages and improvements over one another appear throughout recorded history, with such great inventors as Leonardo da Vinci lending a personal hand in their development.


title: Weighing scale

text: Even with all the advances in weighing scale design and development, all scales until the seventeenth century AD were variations on the balance scale. The standardization of the weights used – and ensuring traders used the correct weights – was a considerable preoccupation of governments throughout this time.


title: Weighing scale

text: The original form of a balance consisted of a beam with a fulcrum at its center. For highest accuracy, the fulcrum would consist of a sharp V-shaped pivot seated in a shallower V-shaped bearing. To determine the mass of the object, a combination of reference masses was hung on one end of the beam while the object of unknown mass was hung on the other end (see balance and steelyard balance). For high precision work, such as empirical chemistry, the center beam balance is still one of the most accurate technologies available, and is commonly used for calibrating test masses.


title: Weighing scale

text: However, bronze fragments discovered in central Germany and Italy had been used during the Bronze Age as an early form of currency. In the same time period, merchants had used standard weights of equivalent value between 8 and 10.5 grams from Great Britain to Mesopotamia.


title: Weighing scale

text: The balance (also balance scale, beam balance and laboratory balance) was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal lever with arms of equal lengththe beamand a weighing pan suspended from each arm (hence the plural name ""scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. Technically, a balance compares weight rather than mass, but, in a given gravitational field (such as Earth's gravity), the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, so the standard masses used with balances are usually labeled in units of mass (e.g. g or kg).


title: Weighing scale

text: Unlike spring-based scales, balances are used for the precision measurement of mass as their accuracy is not affected by variations in the local gravitational field. (On Earth, for example, these can amount to ±0.5% between locations.) A change in the strength of the gravitational field caused by moving the balance does not change the measured mass, because the moments of force on either side of the beam are affected equally. A balance will render an accurate measurement of mass at any location experiencing a constant gravity or acceleration.


title: Weighing scale

text: Very precise measurements are achieved by ensuring that the balance's fulcrum is essentially friction-free (a knife edge is the traditional solution), by attaching a pointer to the beam which amplifies any deviation from a balance position; and finally by using the lever principle, which allows fractional masses to be applied by movement of a small mass along the measuring arm of the beam, as described above. For greatest accuracy, there needs to be an allowance for the buoyancy in air, whose effect depends on the densities of the masses involved.


title: Weighing scale

text: To reduce the need for large reference masses, an off-center beam can be used. A balance with an off-center beam can be almost as accurate as a scale with a center beam, but the off-center beam requires special reference masses and cannot be intrinsically checked for accuracy by simply swapping the contents of the pans as a center-beam balance can. To reduce the need for small graduated reference masses, a sliding weight called a poise can be installed so that it can be positioned along a calibrated scale. A poise adds further intricacies to the calibration procedure, since the exact mass of the poise must be adjusted to the exact lever ratio of the beam.


title: Weighing scale

text: For greater convenience in placing large and awkward loads, a platform can be "floated" on a cantilever beam system which brings the proportional force to a "noseiron" bearing; this pulls on a "stilyard rod" to transmit the reduced force to a conveniently sized beam.


title: Weighing scale

text: One still sees this design in portable beam balances of 500 kg capacity which are commonly used in harsh environments without electricity, as well as in the lighter duty mechanical bathroom scale (which actually uses a spring scale, internally). The additional pivots and bearings all reduce the accuracy and complicate calibration; the float system must be corrected for corner errors before the span is corrected by adjusting the balance beam and poise.


title: Weighing scale

text: In 1669 the Frenchman Gilles Personne de Roberval presented a new kind of balance scale to the French Academy of Sciences. This scale consisted of a pair of vertical columns separated by a pair of equal-length arms and pivoting in the center of each arm from a central vertical column, creating a parallelogram. From the side of each vertical column a peg extended. To the amazement of observers, no matter where Roberval hung two equal weight along the peg, the scale still balanced. In this sense, the scale was revolutionary: it evolved into the more-commonly encountered form consisting of two pans placed on vertical column located above the fulcrum and the parallelogram below them. The advantage of the Roberval design is that no matter where equal weights are placed in the pans, the scale will still balance.


title: Weighing scale

text: Further developments have included a "gear balance" in which the parallelogram is replaced by any odd number of interlocking gears greater than one, with alternating gears of the same size and with the central gear fixed to a stand and the outside gears fixed to pans, as well as the "sprocket gear balance" consisting of a bicycle-type chain looped around an odd number of sprockets with the central one fixed and the outermost two free to pivot and attached to a pan.


title: Weighing scale

text: Because it has more moving joints which add friction, the Roberval balance is consistently less accurate than the traditional beam balance, but for many purposes this is compensated for by its usability.


title: Weighing scale

text: The torsion balance is one of the most mechanically accurate and analog balances. Pharmacy schools still teach how to use torsion balances in the U.S. It utilizes pans like a traditional balance that lie on top of a mechanical chamber which bases measurements on the amount of twisting of a wire or fiber inside the chamber. The scale must still use a calibration weight to compare against, and can weigh objects greater than 120 mg and come within a margin of error +/- 7 mg. Many microbalances and ultra-microbalances that weigh fractional gram values are torsion balances. A common fiber type is quartz crystal.


title: Weighing scale

text: A microbalance (also called an ultramicrobalance, or nanobalance) is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of the mass of objects of relatively small mass: on the order of a million parts of a gram and below.


title: Weighing scale

text: An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield. The use of a mechanically vented balance safety enclosure, which has uniquely designed acrylic airfoils, allows a smooth turbulence-free airflow that prevents balance fluctuation and the measure of mass down to 1 μg without fluctuations or loss of product. Also, the sample must be at room temperature to prevent natural convection from forming air currents inside the enclosure from causing an error in reading. Single-pan mechanical substitution balances maintain consistent response throughout the useful capacity, which is achieved by maintaining a constant load on the balance beam and thus the fulcrum by subtracting mass on the same side of the beam to which the sample is added.


title: Weighing scale

text: Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than using actual masses. As such they must have calibration adjustments made to compensate for gravitational differences. They use an electromagnet to generate a force to counter the sample being measured and output the result by measuring the force needed to achieve balance. Such a measurement device is called an electromagnetic force restoration sensor.


title: Weighing scale

text: Pendulum type scales do not use springs. These designs use pendulums and operate as a balance that is unaffected by differences in gravity. An example of application of this design are scales made by the Toledo Scale Company.


title: Weighing scale

text: A programmable scale has a programmable logic controller in it, allowing it to be programmed for various applications such as batching, labeling, filling, truck scales, and more.


title: Weighing scale

text: The scales (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance) are one of the traditional symbols of justice, as wielded by statues of Lady Justice. This corresponds to the use in a metaphor of matters being "held in the balance". It has its origins in ancient Egypt.


title: Weighing scale

text: Scales also are widely used as a symbol of finance, commerce, or trade, in which they have played a traditional, vital role since ancient times. For instance, balance scales are depicted in the seal of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Trade Commission.


title: Weighing scale

text: Scales (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance in a state of equal balance) are the traditional symbol of Pyrrhonism indicating the equal balance of arguments used in inducing epoche.


title: Weighing scale

text: Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring mass, the earliest design for such a device dates to 1770 and credits Richard Salter, an early scale-maker. Spring scales came into wide usage in the United Kingdom after 1840 when R. W. Winfield developed the candlestick scale for weighing letters and packages, required after the introduction of the Uniform Penny Post. Postal workers could work more quickly with spring scales than balance scales because they could be read instantaneously and did not have to be carefully balanced with each measurement.


title: Weighing scale

text: By the 1940s, various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make readings more accurate. Load cells – transducers that convert force to an electrical signal – have their beginnings as early as the late nineteenth century, but it was not until the late twentieth century that their widespread usage became economically and technologically viable.


title: Weighing scale

text: A mechanical scale or balance is used to describe a weighing device that is used to measure the mass, force exertion, tension, and resistance of an object without the need of a power supply. Types of mechanical scales include spring scales, hanging scales, triple beam balances, and force gauges.


title: Weighing scale

text: A spring scale measures mass by reporting the distance that a spring deflects under a load. This contrasts to a "balance", which compares the torque on the arm due to a sample weight to the torque on the arm due to a standard reference mass using a horizontal lever. Spring scales measure force, which is the tension force of constraint acting on an object, opposing the local force of gravity. They are usually calibrated so that measured force translates to mass at earth's gravity. The object to be weighed can be simply hung from the spring or set on a pivot and bearing platform.


title: Weighing scale

text: In a spring scale, the spring either stretches (as in a hanging scale in the produce department of a grocery store) or compresses (as in a simple bathroom scale). By Hooke's law, every spring has a proportionality constant that relates how hard it is pulled to how far it stretches. Weighing scales use a spring with a known spring constant (see Hooke's law) and measure the displacement of the spring by any variety of mechanisms to produce an estimate of the gravitational force applied by the object. Rack and pinion mechanisms are often used to convert the linear spring motion to a dial reading.


title: Weighing scale

text: Spring scales have two sources of error that balances do not: the measured mass varies with the strength of the local gravitational force (by as much as 0.5% at different locations on Earth), and the elasticity of the measurement spring can vary slightly with temperature. With proper manufacturing and setup, however, spring scales can be rated as legal for commerce. To remove the temperature error, a commerce-legal spring scale must either have temperature-compensated springs or be used at a fairly constant temperature. To eliminate the effect of gravity variations, a commerce-legal spring scale must be calibrated where it is used.


title: Weighing scale

text: It is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use hydraulic force to sense mass. The test force is applied to a piston or diaphragm and transmitted through hydraulic lines to a dial indicator based on a Bourdon tube or electronic sensor.


title: Weighing scale

text: Electronic digital scales display weight as a number, usually on a liquid crystal display (LCD). They are versatile because they may perform calculations on the measurement and transmit it to other digital devices. On a digital scale, the force of the weight causes a spring to deform, and the amount of deformation is measured by one or more transducers called strain gauges. A strain gauge is a conductor whose electrical resistance changes when its length changes. Strain gauges have limited capacity and larger digital scales may use a hydraulic transducer called a load cell instead. A voltage is applied to the device, and the weight causes the current through it to change. The current is converted to a digital number by an analog-to-digital converter, translated by digital logic to the correct units, and displayed on the display. Usually, the device is run by a microprocessor chip.


title: Weighing scale

text: A digital bathroom scale is a scale on the floor which a person stands on. The weight is shown on an LED or LCD display. The digital electronics may do more than just display weight, it may calculate body fat, BMI, lean mass, muscle mass, and water ratio. Some modern bathroom scales are wirelessly or cellularly connected and have features like smartphone integration, cloud storage, and fitness tracking. They are usually powered by a button cell, or battery of AA or AAA size.


title: Weighing scale

text: Digital kitchen scales are used for weighing food in a kitchen during cooking. These are usually lightweight and compact.


title: Weighing scale

text: In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a beam supporting the unknown mass is measured using a strain gauge, which is a length-sensitive electrical resistance. The capacity of such devices is only limited by the resistance of the beam to deflection. The results from several supporting locations may be added electronically, so this technique is suitable for determining the mass of very heavy objects, such as trucks and rail cars, and is used in a modern weighbridge.


title: Weighing scale

text: These scales are used in the modern bakery, grocery, delicatessen, seafood, meat, produce and other perishable goods departments. Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts, mark mass and count, unit price, total price and in some cases tare. Some modern supermarket scales print an RFID tag that can be used to track the item for tampering or returns. In most cases, these types of scales have a sealed calibration so that the reading on the display is correct and cannot be tampered with. In the US, the scales are certified by the National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), in South Africa by the South African Bureau of Standards, in Australia, they are certified by the National Measurement Institute (NMI) and in the UK by the International Organization of Legal Metrology.


title: Weighing scale

text: Most countries regulate the design and servicing of scales used for commerce (for example In the European Union weighing instruments are scope of 2014/31/EU and 2014/32/EU directives. Conformity assessment procedure is carried out before placing instrument on market. Instruments are verified in use after given period of time in member states of EU. ). This has tended to cause scale technology to lag behind other technologies because expensive regulatory hurdles are involved in introducing new designs. Nevertheless, there has been a trend to "digital load cells" which are actually strain-gauge cells with dedicated analog converters and networking built into the cell itself. Such designs have reduced the service problems inherent with combining and transmitting a number of 20 millivolt signals in hostile environments.


title: Weighing scale

text: Government regulation generally requires periodic inspections by licensed technicians, using masses whose calibration is traceable to an approved laboratory. Scales intended for non-trade use, such as those used in bathrooms, doctor's offices, kitchens (portion control), and price estimation (but not official price determination) may be produced, but must by law be labelled "Not Legal for Trade" to ensure that they are not re-purposed in a way that jeopardizes commercial interest. In the United States, the document describing how scales must be designed, installed, and used for commercial purposes is NIST "Handbook 44". Legal For Trade (LFT) certification usually approve the readability as repeatability/10 to ensure a maximum margin of error of 10%.


title: Weighing scale

text: Because gravity varies by over 0.5% over the surface of the earth, the distinction between force due to gravity and mass is relevant for accurate calibration of scales for commercial purposes. Usually, the goal is to measure the mass of the sample rather than its force due to gravity at that particular location.


title: Weighing scale

text: Traditional mechanical balance-beam scales intrinsically measured mass. But ordinary electronic scales intrinsically measure the gravitational force between the sample and the earth, i.e. the weight of the sample, which varies with location. So such a scale has to be re-calibrated after installation, for that specific location, in order to obtain an accurate indication of mass.


title: Weighing scale

text: In 2014 a concept of hybrid scale was introduced, the elastically deformable arm scale, which is a combination between a spring scale and a beam balance, exploiting simultaneously both principles of equilibrium and deformation. In this scale, the rigid arms of a classical beam balance (for example a steelyard) are replaced with a flexible elastic rod in an inclined frictionless sliding sleeve. The rod can reach a unique sliding equilibrium when two vertical dead loads (or masses) are applied at its edges. Equilibrium, which would be impossible with rigid arms, is guaranteed because configurational forces develop at the two edges of the sleeve as a consequence of both the free sliding condition and the nonlinear kinematics of the elastic rod. This mass measuring device can also work without a counterweight.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn (; born 21 February 1999), better known by his nickname Win () is a Thai actor, model, and singer of Chinese descent, who made his debut in 2020.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Metawin was born in Bangkok, Thailand and he is the third among four siblings Mintra, Mesa and Metas Opas-iamkajorn.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: He started his studies at Denla Kindergarten School, and went to Assumption College a private Catholic boys school in Bangkok for his primary education, and had a brief summer course at Assumption College Bangrak. He then went to Panyarat High School for secondary education. In the 11 grade he went to Belmond–Klemme Community School District in Iowa, United States as an exchange student where he passed the General Education Development (GED). When he returned, he skipped the 12 grade and went straight to study in the faculty of economics international program at one of the universities with the most competitive entrance exams in Thailand Thammasat University, until he graduated in 2020. His graduation ceremony which has been postponed for 2 years due to the covid-19 pandemic finally be held on May 27 2022.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: During his time as an exchange student, he became a member of the school band's percussion choir where his group received a superior (Division I) rating.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: He used to play golf competitively during his childhood and won several tournaments but had to quit due to injury. He still continue playing golf recreationally as is often seen on his social media.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: In June 2020, Metawin launched his own sustainable fashion brand "VELENCE" who committed to donate part of its revenue to orphanages. In December 2020, the brand donated 100,000 baht each to Baan Phra Phon Foundation, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (Children's Hospital), The Orphanage of the Thai Red Cross Society, Thai Red Cross Society, and Mahamek Home for Children.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Later in the same year, he launched "SOURI" a confectionery business he co-owns with his sister, Mintra Opas-iamkajorn a Le Cordon Bleu alumni who also has Msc (master of science degree) in food quality and innovation from the University of Leeds.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Metawin's family owns a female Chihuahua dog named Charlotte, and in 2021, they adopted a pair of Shetland Sheepdogs named them Bentley and Cartier.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: He launched his third business "VELATO" a premium ice cream brand that started receiving their first order on September 9 2021.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Metawin entered the entertainment industry as a trainee actor under ONE31 for about a year before moving to an actor contract under GMMTV in 2019. He is known for his acting debut and leading role in "" which brought him to international prominence.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: He officially named his fandom ""snowball power"". the announcement was made on his Twitter account on February 11, 2020. The following years, his fans celebrate the anniversary of the fandom on that day.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: In the first year of his career he is named as one of the 100 Influential People in the Fashion Industry of Thailand by Vogue Magazine. He also part of the HOWE Magazine "The 50 Influential People" alongside other influencers, businessmen, and executives who have achieved success in various fields.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Due to his popularity and online presence he is signed with many local and international brands as an endorser and brand ambassador, including Shiseido, Cathy Doll, Colly Collagen, Oishi, Voodoo Pillow, Mama OK, Dunkin Donuts, Mistine, Mali, Lazada, CP Brand, DEOKLEAR, Olay, Dutch Mill, Vivo, Isuzu, TJ Nude, KFC, TaoKaeNoi, Sunsilk, Globe Telecom and many others.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: In February 2021, Metawin became the first Thai artist to be advertised in space after one of his Chinese fanclubs organized a birthday project for the actor to be greeted via the "Ladybeetle-1" commercial satellite. The advertisement, dubbed "Into the Galaxy-Special Mission", displayed a photo of Metawin as the satellite orbited the earth on 17 February, his date of birth according to the Gregorian calendar.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: International Popularity of his debut series made a Japanese movie distribution companies offer the film projects to GMMTV. "" premiered in Tokyo and initially scheduled to show in 30 cinemas across Japan in 2021, due the positive response grew almost 100 theaters in total. The Japanese release of 2gether special album rank third on Oricon Daily Album Charts on the day of its released and rank 7th on Oricon Weekly Album Charts and 4th on Billboard Japan Weekly Album Sales.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: He is one of the Influencers who contribute the highest EMV (Earned Media Value) for Milan Fashion Week Autumn-Winter 2022 with his partnership with Gucci and Dolce & Gabbana.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: Sitting in the front row at Louis Vuitton Fall-Winter 2022 Men's Spin-Off Show in Bangkok. Metawin is one of the most popular celebrities who can attract a high volume of social buzz and digital traffic at the moment.


title: Metawin Opas-iamkajorn

text: According to Launchmetrics Metawin ranked first as top voice, post and influencer in Milan Men's Fashion Week for his appearance in the front row of Prada Spring-Summer 2023 Runway Show. He generated $4.7M in MIV (Media Impact Value) across 257 placements where he generated $1.3M in MIV with only one post.


title: Hagiography

text: A hagiography (; ) is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions. Early Christian hagiographies might consist of a biography or , a description of the saint's deeds or miracles (from Latin "vita", life, which begins the title of most medieval biographies), an account of the saint's martyrdom (called a ), or be a combination of these.


title: Hagiography

text: Christian hagiographies focus on the lives, and notably the miracles, ascribed to men and women canonized by the Roman Catholic church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Church of the East. Other religious traditions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Islam, Sikhism and Jainism also create and maintain hagiographical texts (such as the Sikh Janamsakhis) concerning saints, gurus and other individuals believed to be imbued with sacred power.


title: Hagiography

text: Hagiographic works, especially those of the Middle Ages, can incorporate a record of institutional and local history, and evidence of popular cults, customs, and traditions. However, when referring to modern, non-ecclesiastical works, the term "hagiography" is often used as a pejorative reference to biographies and histories whose authors are perceived to be uncritical of or reverential toward their subject.


title: Hagiography

text: Hagiography constituted an important literary genre in the early Christian church, providing some informational history along with the more inspirational stories and legends. A hagiographic account of an individual saint could consist of a biography ('), a description of the saint's deeds or miracles, an account of the saint's martyrdom ('), or be a combination of these.


title: Hagiography

text: The genre of lives of the saints first came into being in the Roman Empire as legends about Christian martyrs were recorded. The dates of their deaths formed the basis of martyrologies. In the 4th century, there were three main types of catalogs of lives of the saints:


title: Hagiography

text: In Western Europe, hagiography was one of the more important vehicles for the study of inspirational history during the Middle Ages. The "Golden Legend" of Jacobus de Voragine compiled a great deal of medieval hagiographic material, with a strong emphasis on miracle tales. Lives were often written to promote the cult of local or national states, and in particular to develop pilgrimages to visit relics. The bronze Gniezno Doors of Gniezno Cathedral in Poland are the only Romanesque doors in Europe to feature the life of a saint. The life of Saint Adalbert of Prague, who is buried in the cathedral, is shown in 18 scenes, probably based on a lost illuminated copy of one of his Lives.


title: Hagiography

text: The Bollandist Society continues the study, academic assembly, appraisal and publication of materials relating to the lives of Christian saints. (See "Acta Sanctorum".)


title: Hagiography

text: Many of the important hagiographical texts composed in medieval England were written in the vernacular dialect Anglo-Norman. With the introduction of Latin literature into England in the 7th and 8th centuries the genre of the life of the saint grew increasingly popular. When one contrasts it to the popular heroic poem, such as "Beowulf", one finds that they share certain common features. In "Beowulf", the titular character battles against Grendel and his mother, while the saint, such as Athanasius' Anthony (one of the original sources for the hagiographic motif) or the character of Guthlac, battles against figures no less substantial in a spiritual sense. Both genres then focus on the hero-warrior figure, but with the distinction that the saint is of a spiritual sort.


title: Hagiography

text: Imitation of the life of Christ was then the benchmark against which saints were measured, and imitation of the lives of saints was the benchmark against which the general population measured itself. In Anglo-Saxon and medieval England, hagiography became a literary genre par excellence for the teaching of a largely illiterate audience. Hagiography provided priests and theologians with classical handbooks in a form that allowed them the rhetorical tools necessary to present their faith through the example of the saints' lives.


title: Hagiography

text: Of all the English hagiographers no one was more prolific nor so aware of the importance of the genre as Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham. His work "Lives of the Saints" contains set of sermons on saints' days, formerly observed by the English Church. The text comprises two prefaces, one in Latin and one in Old English, and 39 lives beginning on 25 December with the nativity of Christ and ending with three texts to which no saints' days are attached. The text spans the entire year and describes the lives of many saints, both English and continental, and hearkens back to some of the earliest saints of the early church.


title: Hagiography

text: There are two known instances where saint's lives were adapted into vernacular plays in Britain. These are the Cornish-language works "Beunans Meriasek" and "Beunans Ke", about the lives of Saints Meriasek and Kea, respectively.


title: Hagiography

text: Ireland is notable in its rich hagiographical tradition, and for the large amount of material which was produced during the Middle Ages. Irish hagiographers wrote primarily in Latin while some of the later saint's lives were written in the hagiographer's native vernacular Irish. Of particular note are the lives of St. Patrick, St. Columba (Latin)/Colum Cille (Irish) and St. Brigit/Brigid—Ireland's three patron saints. The earliest extant Life was written by Cogitosus. Additionally, several Irish calendars relating to the feastdays of Christian saints (sometimes called martyrologies or feastologies) contained abbreviated synopses of saint's lives, which were compiled from many different sources. Notable examples include the Martyrology of Tallaght and the Félire Óengusso. Such hagiographical calendars were important in establishing lists of native Irish saints, in imitation of continental calendars.


title: Hagiography

text: In the 10th century, a Byzantine monk Simeon Metaphrastes was the first one to change the genre of lives of the saints into something different, giving it a moralizing and panegyrical character. His catalog of lives of the saints became the standard for all of the Western and Eastern hagiographers, who would create relative biographies and images of the ideal saints by gradually departing from the real facts of their lives. Over the years, the genre of lives of the saints had absorbed a number of narrative plots and poetic images (often, of pre-Christian origin, such as dragon fighting etc.), mediaeval parables, short stories and anecdotes.


title: Hagiography

text: The genre of lives of the saints was introduced in the Slavic world in the Bulgarian Empire in the late 9th and early 10th century, where the first original hagiographies were produced on Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav. Eventually the Bulgarians brought this genre to Kievan Rus' together with writing and also in translations from the Greek language. In the 11th century, the Rus' began to compile the original life stories of the first Rus'ian saints, e.g. Boris and Gleb, Theodosius Pechersky etc. In the 16th century, Metropolitan Macarius expanded the list of the Rus'ian saints and supervised the compiling process of their life stories. They would all be compiled in the so-called "Velikiye chet'yi-minei" catalog (Великие Четьи-Минеи, or Great Menaion Reader), consisting of 12 volumes in accordance with each month of the year. They were revised and expanded by St. Dimitry of Rostov in 1684–1705.


title: Hagiography

text: Today, the works in the genre of lives of the saints represent a valuable historical source and reflection of different social ideas, world outlook and aesthetic concepts of the past.


title: Hagiography

text: The Oriental Orthodox Churches also have their own hagiographic traditions. For instance, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church hagiographies in the Ge'ez language are known as "gadl" (Saint's Life). There are some 200 hagiographies about indigenous saints. They are among the most important Medieval Ethiopian written sources, and some have accurate historical information. They are written by the disciples of the saints. Some were written a long time after the death of a saint, but others were written not long after the saint's demise. Fragments from an Old Nubian hagiography of Saint Michael are extant.


title: Hagiography

text: Jewish hagiographic writings is common in the case of Talmudic and Kabbalistic writings and later in the Hasidic movement.


title: Hagiography

text: Hagiography in Islam began in the Arabic language with biographical writing about the Prophet Muhammad in the 8th century CE, a tradition known as "sīra". From about the 10th century CE, a genre generally known as "manāqib" also emerged, which comprised biographies of the imams ("madhāhib") who founded different schools of Islamic thought ("madhhab") about "shariʿa", and of Ṣūfī saints. Over time, hagiography about Ṣūfīs and their miracles came to predominate in the genre of "manāqib".


title: Hagiography

text: Likewise influenced by early Islamic research into hadiths and other biographical information about the Prophet, Persian scholars began writing Persian hagiography, again mainly of Sūfī saints, in the eleventh century CE.


title: Hagiography

text: The Islamicisation of the Turkish regions led to the development of Turkish biographies of saints, beginning in the 13th century CE and gaining pace around the 16th. Production remained dynamic and kept pace with scholarly developments in historical biographical writing until 1925, when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (d. 1938) placed an interdiction on Ṣūfī brotherhoods. As Turkey relaxed legal restrictions on Islamic practice in the 1950s and the 1980s, Ṣūfīs returned to publishing hagiography, a trend which continues in the 21st century.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: Neyyattinkara Gopante Aaraattu or simply Aaraattu (; ), is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language action film co-produced and directed by B. Unnikrishnan and written by Udaykrishna. The film stars Mohanlal with Shraddha Srinath, Ramachandra Raju, Siddique, Vijayaraghavan, Saikumar, and Nedumudi Venu in supporting roles. Rahul Raj composed the film's original songs and background score.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: The film was released on 18 February 2022 produced by RD Illuminations where it received mixed to negative reviews from critics.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: In Muthalakotta, a village in Palakkad, people are financially recovering from the 2018 floods through gaining self-sufficiency via numerous farming ventures. Four youngsters and an elderly person arrive at the village during the flood and help them. Following the flood, the group decides to stay back in the village. They take over majority of the farming from the villagers and start an ashram for yoga and spiritual practices. With the new state government mandate of turning any empty and unused land into farming land, the villagers, along with the RDO officer Anjali, beseech the wealthiest man in the village, Edathala Mathai, to give his 18-acre land to the government.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: To avoid losing the plot and to start a township by changing the land category, he decides to lease his property to the slick Neyyattinkara Gopan, who plans to level the land under the guise of fish farming. However, Gopan is revealed to be actually siding with the villagers. He helps the villagers in farming which angers Mathai, and is involved in helping villagers solving their problems. Mathai sends goons to thrash Gopan, but he thrashes them. Gopan exposes Mathai's involvement in money laundering, hawala scams. Mathai's sons questions Sathyasheelan, who introduced them to Gopan and reveals that Gopan's real name is Col. Suryachandra Lal, who had lost his parents when they were killed in a train journey by Muthalakotta Battalion (4 youngsters and Guruji), who are involved in many crimes.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: The Muthalakotta Battalion arrived at Muthalakotta with a fake identity in order to save themselves. After the revelation, The youngsters kill Sathyasheelan. Gopan conducts a show with A. R. Rahman as the chief guest, where he defeats the group and gets them arrested by the NIA. The youngsters and Guruji are killed in a shootout conducted by the NIA. Soon, a cop reveals that Gopan is not Col. Suryachandra Lal and that the actual Suryachandra Lal is in army hospital undergoing treatment for depression. Gopan is then revealed to be a high profile secret agent codenamed "Agent X" who works for the Central Government and participates in many secret missions with many different identities.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: In May 2020, director B. Unnikrishnan shared a picture of him having a meeting with screenwriter Udaykrishna, cinematographer Jomon T. John, editor Shameer Muhammed and some technical crew for revealing that they are in the pre-production work of a film amid the COVID-19 lockdown in India. In October, it was revealed that Mohanlal would play the leading role in the film which has a rustic story where he plays the role of a villager. Filming was said to begin in mid-November after Mohanlal completes filming of "Drishyam 2". The film marks the first collaboration between Unnikrishnan and Udaykrishna. Unnikrishnan said that he, Mohanlal, and Udaykrishnan were originally working on another project with a dark subject. Its final discussion were going on before the shoot of "Drishyam 2", but with surging COVID-19 cases it became near impossible to shoot the film at that time which required to be shot at multiple locations. It was then Mohanlal suggested that they work on a "festive kind of film" as a change against the increasing number of darker films produced during that time and Udaykrishna developed a story that shaped into "Aaraattu".


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: Unnikrishnan said that ₹30 lakh will be allotted for COVID-19 precautions, and the film would have a larger than usual crew by COVID-19 pandemic standards, which would take 60 days to shoot. Cast and crew agreed to work with a reduced remuneration considering the COVID-19 crisis. Unnikrishnan said that, in a normal scenario the film would have cost ₹30 crore. Title of the film was announced in November 2020. Vijay Ulaganath was reported as the cinematographer instead of John. The film was produced by the production houses RD Illuminations, Hippo Prime Motion Pictures, and Movie Pay Media's.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: "Aaraattu" was Unnikrishnan's first film to feature as many as 45 characters. Mohanlal plays Neyyattinkara Gopan, whom Unnikrishnan describes as a "loud character from the get-go". Mohanlal was confirmed in the film in October 2020. In the same month, Shraddha Srinath was confirmed in the female lead role, who plays an I.A.S officer serving as Revenue Division Officer. Shraddha was acting in a Malayalam film after a break of five years. Ramachandra Raju was confirmed in January 2021.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: The crew has planned to shoot the film in Palakkad and Hyderabad. Vijay Ulaganath was the cinematographer. The filming was done following the COVID-19 protocols and safety measures. The film began principal photography on 23 November 2020 in Palakkad district. Shraddha Srinath joined the set on the following day. Varikkasseri Mana served as a location for the film. Some significant portions were shot at Ottapalam and Ooty. The two day shoot at the Palakkad Town railway station costs 23.46 lakhs for renting six coaches from Indian Railways. Mohanlal's character drives a vintage black Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3 with 2255 on the number plate, a reference to Mohanlal's iconic line from his 1986 film "Rajavinte Makan". Mohanlal completed his portion by 11 February 2021, with one day shoot left to be shot in March second week. Composer A. R. Rahman appeared in a song sequence along with Mohanlal in March. It was filmed at Chennai. Filming was completed in late March 2021.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: The original songs and background score of the film were composed by Rahul Raj. Lyrics for the songs were written by B. K. Harinarayanan, Rajeev Govindan, Fejo, and Nikesh Chembilode. A. R. Rahman has done a cameo and performed a song in the film. Unnikrishnan said that it was difficult to hire Rahman for the film since he rarely appears in films. He appears in a pivotal portion in the film. The final mix of the film was going on in November 2021.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: "Aaraattu" was released worldwide theatrically on 18 February 2022. Originally scheduled for 20 August 2021, the premiere was postponed due to closure of theatres in Kerala because of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Then, the film's release date was pushed to 13 October 2021, but it was again postponed due to the same reason. it was then moved to 10 February 2022, but delayed again.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: "OTTplay" gave the film 3/5 and wrote "All-out Mohanlal show works only when it doesn’t take itself too seriously"


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: "The Times of India" rated the film 3/5 and wrote "Aaraattu is not a clever film, but if you are looking for a ‘return to the theatre’ family entertainer, this might serve your purpose."


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: "The News Minute" Sowmya Rajendran gave the film 1.5/5 star rating and called it "loud, bombastic and boring." "The New Indian Express" rated the film 3/5 and called the film test." "Malayala Manorama" called the movie "a charade of old master pieces" referring to the references to old Malayalam movies of Mohanlal. "The Week" also gave the movie a 2.5/5 star rating and called it "unoriginal mish-mash of classic 'Mohanlal moments' and tropes.


title: Aaraattu (2022 film)

text: The term "AARAADUKAYAANU" has become a new catchphrase among Malayalis. Upcoming music producer Tony Tarz uploaded the edited reaction video of a Mohanlal fan Santhosh Varkey to the movie Aaraattu by adding rap bits to an auto-tuned version of his phrase ‘Aaradukayanu’. The video quickly garnered over 1.5 million views on 5 August 2022 in Instagram and memes also trended related to the rap song.


title: No Time to Die (song)

text: "No Time to Die" is the theme song for the "James Bond" film of the same name. Performed by American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish and written by Eilish and her brother and collaborator, Finneas O'Connell, the song features orchestration by Hans Zimmer and was produced by Finneas O'Connell and Stephen Lipson. It was released through Darkroom and Interscope Records on February 13, 2020. Seventeen years old at the time of recording, Eilish is the youngest artist to have recorded a "James Bond" theme in the history of the franchise.


title: No Time to Die (song)

text: "No Time to Die" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart. It became Eilish's first number-one single in the UK and made her the first artist born in the 21st century to top the chart. The song is the second Bond theme overall to top the UK chart. "No Time to Die" debuted and peaked at number 16 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: No Time to Die (song)

text: "No Time to Die" received various accolades, including the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song, and the Academy Award for Best Original Song, making it the third-ever and third consecutive Bond theme to win the Academy Award (after "Skyfall" by Adele in 2012 and "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith in 2015). Eilish became the first person born in the 21st century to win an Academy Award.