title: Animaniacs (2020 TV series)

text: "Paste" Joseph Staniclar spoke more highly of the show's take on political and contemporary topics, saying that while it may rely too heavily on modern references, "it's refreshing to see the show's satire actually take political stances instead of falling into the crowd-pleasing 'both sides'-isms many modern comedies now take." Ethan Anderton of "Slashfilm" also stated that the new show heavily references political commentary, but, as with the original series, praised that the show equally targeted aspects across partisan lines, and that "no one is safe from the buffoonery and mockery of "Animaniacs"." Jesse Schedeen, writing for IGN, gave the first season an 8 out of 10, writing, "Animaniacs is a mostly witty and faithful update to an old favorite. Despite the march of time and a flashier coat of paint, the new series plays remarkably similar to its predecessor. Yakko, Wakko, and Dot's misadventures are still a hoot, and the Pinky and the Brain segments help add just enough variety to keep each episode humming along. Some fans may lament the loss of so many classic supporting characters, but the emphasis on the big guns has its clear benefits. "Animaniacs" is a concentrated blast of cartoon nostalgia that any Fox Kids or Kids' WB veteran would do well to check out."


title: Animaniacs (2020 TV series)

text: "The Verge"s Joshua Rivera stated that the show's approach to satire of the entertainment industry, political topics, and modern culture done in the same style as the original show did not hold up well, considering newer animated shows like "Family Guy", "BoJack Horseman" and "Rick and Morty" that had more innovative ways to present such satire. Kate Cox of "Ars Technica" said that with some of the repetition of humor between episodes and the lack of cast variety, the show does not lend well to binge viewing typical of streaming services, but otherwise still has the original show's trademark comedy and that "it has the seeds of a great show in it."


title: Animaniacs (2020 TV series)

text: Tom Ruegger, the creator of the original series who was not brought back to reboot, was also disappointed with the final product, stating in an interview with Rolling Stone that he found it "morally, ethically and professionally wrong", while at the same time, criticizing certain aspects of the reboot, most notably Warner Bros. not bringing back the original team and the absence of the other characters, stating about the former that the revival should not have used the title of Animaniacs, as he explains that it was an umbrella title for all of the characters, not only the Warners and Pinky and the Brain.


title: Animaniacs (2020 TV series)

text: Reception of the second season of the show was far more positive, currently having on Rotten Tomatoes a rare 100% "Fresh" rating out of six reviews with no critical consensus; the second season was considered an improvement over the first season by various critics and fans, while more mixed reviews felt that most of segments should've been released as part of the previous season, something that was attributed to the fact that both seasons were produced simultaneously.


title: Animaniacs (2020 TV series)

text: The show's first episode has attracted controversy for a background joke in the first episode. During the "Reboot It" song sequence, two posters are shown referencing the nursery rhyme and Internet meme "Johny Johny Yes Papa", "Johnny 2: Telling Lies" and "Johnny: The Beginning", the former of which features Johnny Depp in the title role. The series had aired a few weeks after Depp lost in his lawsuit against "The Sun" related to publications of allegations of abusive treatment of his ex-wife Amber Heard, which led to Warner Bros. asking Depp to resign from the "Fantastic Beasts" franchise and replacing him with Mads Mikkelsen. People voiced their outrage on social media about the unfortunate juxtaposition of Depp's image and the "Telling Lies" subtitle, calling it an unfair jab at the allegations, leading to petitions and social media campaigns to boycott "Animaniacs". According to Paulsen, the series had been animated before the legal battle among Depp, Heard, and "The Sun" had begun, and that the reference was only poking fun at the nursery rhyme.


title: Arecibo message

text: The Arecibo message is an interstellar radio message carrying basic information about humanity and Earth that was sent to the globular cluster Messier 13 in 1974. It was meant as a demonstration of human technological achievement, rather than a real attempt to enter into a conversation with extraterrestrials. It has been noted that the low resolution of the image makes it infeasible for any extraterrestrial recipients to attach the intended meaning to most of its elements.


title: Arecibo message

text: The message was broadcast into space a single time via frequency modulated radio waves at a ceremony to mark the remodeling of the Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico on 16 November 1974. The message was aimed at the current location of M13, about 25,000 light years from Earth, because M13 was a large and relatively close collection of stars that was available in the sky at the time and place of the ceremony. When correctly translated into graphics, characters, and spaces, the 1,679 bits of data contained within the message form the image shown here.


title: Arecibo message

text: The content of the Arecibo message was designed by Frank Drake, then at Cornell University and creator of the Drake equation, who wrote the message with help from Carl Sagan and others. The message was meant more as a demonstration of human technological achievement than a serious attempt to enter into a conversation with possible extraterrestrials. As globular cluster M13, at which the message was aimed, is more than 25,000 light-years from Earth, the message, traveling at approximately the speed of light, will take at least 25,000 years to arrive there. By that time, the core of M13 will no longer be in precisely the same location because of the orbit of the star cluster around the galactic center. Even so, the proper motion of M13 is small, so the message will still arrive near the center of the cluster.


title: Arecibo message

text: The entire message consisted of 1,679 binary digits, approximately 210 bytes, transmitted at a frequency of 2,380 MHz and modulated by shifting the frequency by 10 Hz, with a power of 450 kW. The "ones" and "zeros" were transmitted by frequency shifting at the rate of 10 bits per second. The total broadcast was less than three minutes.


title: Arecibo message

text: The number 1,679 was chosen because it is a semiprime (the product of two prime numbers), to be arranged rectangularly as 73 rows by 23 columns. , 23 rows by 73 columns, produces an unintelligible set of characters.


title: Arecibo message

text: The message as a binary string is included below. Note that the choice of 1 representing higher frequency and 0 representing lower frequency is entirely arbitrary and the line breaks after every 23 bits are only included to allow for some ease in human readability.


title: Arecibo message

text: The numbers from 1 to 10 appear in binary format, to be read from the top down. The bottom row contains markers which indicate the column from which the binary code for each number is intended to begin.


title: Arecibo message

text: Even assuming that any extraterrestrial recipients would recognize binary, the encoding of the numbers may not be immediately obvious because of the way they have been written. To read the first seven digits, ignore the bottom row, and read them as three binary digits from top to bottom, with the top digit being the most significant. The readings for 8, 9, and 10 are a little different, as their binary code has been distributed across an additional column next to the first (to the right in the image). This is intended to show that numbers too large to fit in a single column can be written in several contiguous ones (a scheme which is used elsewhere in the message). The additional columns are not marked by the least-significant-digit marker.


title: Arecibo message

text: The numbers 1, 6, 7, 8, and 15 appear, denoting the atomic numbers of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P), the elements from which DNA is composed.


title: Arecibo message

text: The chemical groups from which the nucleotides of polymeric DNA sequences are built – the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, and the four canonical nucleobases used in DNA – are then described as sequences of the five elements that appear on the preceding line. Each sequence represents the molecular formula of the chemical as it exists when incorporated into DNA (as opposed to the free form).


title: Arecibo message

text: For example, the compound in the top left in the image is deoxyribose (CHO in DNA, CHO when free), whose formula is read as:


title: Arecibo message

text: i.e., 7 atoms of hydrogen, 5 atoms of carbon, 0 atoms of nitrogen, 1 atom of oxygen, and 0 atoms of phosphorus.


title: Arecibo message

text: It is displayed in this order because the DNA Elements in the previous section (Purple image as reference) describe hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P) in that order as well.


title: Arecibo message

text: A graphic of the approximate shape of the double helix in which double-stranded DNA polymers naturally exist; the vertical bar in the middle is a binary representation of the number of nucleotide base pairs in the human genome. The value depicted is around 4.3 billion, which was believed to be the case when the message was transmitted in 1974; it is now known that there are only approximately 3.2 billion base pairs in the human genome.


title: Arecibo message

text: The graphic in the center is a simple illustration of a human being. The element on the left (in the image) indicates the average height of an adult male in the US: . This value is indicated by a horizontally written binary representation of the number 14, which is intended to be multiplied by the wavelength of the message (126 mm); 14 × 126 = 1,764 millimeters.


title: Arecibo message

text: The element on the right of the image indicates the size of the global human population in 1974, approximately 4.3 billion (which, coincidentally, is within 0.1% of the number of DNA base pairs suggested for the size of the human genome earlier in the message). In this case, the number is oriented in the data horizontally rather than vertically. The least-significant-digit marker is in the upper left in the image, with bits going to the right and more significant digits below.


title: Arecibo message

text: A graphic depicting the Solar System, showing the Sun and nine planets in the order of their distance from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (with Pluto having been reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union, but considered a planet at the time the message was transmitted). Earth is the third planet from the Sun; its graphic is shifted up to identify it as the planet from which the signal was sent. Additionally, the human figure is shown just above the Earth graphic.


title: Arecibo message

text: In addition to showing position, the graphic also provides a general, not-to-scale size reference of each planet and the Sun.


title: Arecibo message

text: The last part is a graphic representing the Arecibo radio telescope and indicating its diameter with a binary representation of the number 2,430; multiplying by the wavelength of 126 mm gives . In this case, the number is oriented horizontally, with the least-significant-digit marker to the lower right in the image.


title: Arecibo message

text: The part of the image that resembles a letter "M" is there to demonstrate that the curved line is a concave curved mirror.


title: Arecibo message

text: The "Arecibo answer" is a hoax by people who created an imprint in a crop field (crop circle) in 2001 near the Chilbolton radio telescope in Hampshire, UK, portrayed as a response from an extraterrestrial civilization. The crop circle is a near replica of the Arecibo message. The feature forms the same 23 × 73 grid because these numbers are primes and most of the chemical data remains the same with the exception that in the section detailing important chemical elements, the main focus is altered from carbon to silicon, and the diagram of DNA has been rewritten. At the bottom, the pictogram of a human is replaced with a figure with a large, bulbous head, and the Arecibo telescope is replaced by a replica of a crop circle that appeared in the same field one year before.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Percy Romeo Miller (born August 19, 1989), also known by his stage name Romeo (formerly Lil' Romeo), is an American rapper, actor, and television personality. He gained fame as a rapper in the early 2000s after signing with No Limit Records, then owned by his father, Master P. He soon released his debut single "My Baby" in 2001 which peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Later the same year, Miller released his debut album "Lil' Romeo", which charted the US "Billboard" 200 at number six selling 99,000 copies in its first week and went on to be certified Gold.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2002, Miller released his second album titled "Game Time"; it charted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number thirty-three selling 96,000 copies in its first week. In 2004, Miller released his third album "Romeoland"; it charted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number seventy selling just 56,000 copies in its first week. In 2006, Miller released his digital album titled "Lottery"; it was his first album released under the name Romeo. In 2006, Miller released the "soundtrack" to his film "God's Gift"; it was his first explicit album. To date, this album has sold over 300,000 copies.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2007, Miller was offered and accepted a scholarship to play basketball for the USC Trojans at the University of Southern California. Miller would play for the team until he was let go before his junior season in 2010.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Aside from music, Miller has also worked as an actor, beginning in 2002, when Nickelodeon offered him his own show, "Romeo!". The show ran for three seasons. Miller starred in the feature films "Jumping the Broom" (2011) and Tyler Perry's "Madea's Witness Protection" (2012).


title: Romeo Miller

text: Miller founded the record labels Guttar Music, Take a Stand, The Next Generation and his current label No Limit Forever Records.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Miller was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the son of rapper and entrepreneur Master P and former rapper Sonya C. He is the nephew of rappers C-Murder and Silkk the Shocker, cousin of producer, singer, and rapper Mo B. Dick, and the brother of singer and actress Cymphonique Miller. Romeo was signed to No Limit's subsidiary label Soulja Music Entertainment at the age of 5, after he wrote a rap to his father.


title: Romeo Miller

text: As Lil' Romeo, his debut album was the self-titled "Lil' Romeo". It contains the hit single "My Baby" that charted No. 1 for R&B/Hip-hop Singles. The album peaked at No. 6 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. On July 28, 2001, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling 500,000 copies in the United States. Also in 2001, he was featured on his uncle Silkk the Shocker's remix single of "That's Kool", which was also featured on his own album.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2002, a year later after his debut album, Miller put out his second studio album, "Game Time". It peaked at No. 33 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It spawned the Billboard-charting single "2-Way" that charted to No. 66 Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It also spawned a second single "True Love" which charted at No. 16 under the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2004, Miller released his third studio album "Romeoland" via The New No Limit and Koch, it would be Miller's last studio album to feature himself billed as Lil' Romeo; it was not as successful in sales. "Romeoland" charted at No. 70 on the "Billboard" 200 and at No. 29 on the Top Rap Albums chart.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2005, Miller, along with his father Master P, founded a new record label titled Guttar Music Entertainment. Also in 2005, Miller, along with his brother Valentino Miller and their three cousins C-Los, Lil' D and Willie J, formed the rap group Rich Boyz. They released their debut album titled "Young Ballers: The Hood Been Good to Us" via Guttar Music on November 22, 2005. The group later disbanded.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On April 4, 2006, Miller released his debut digital album "Lottery" via Guttar Music Entertainment, UrbanDigital and GoDigital Music Group, it was Miller's first album released with his official name changed to Romeo. On December 12, 2006, Miller released an album titled "God's Gift" via Guttar Music, UrbanDigital and GoDigital Music Group, it served as the soundtrack to the same name independent film Miller's father Master P had directed and produced, it was also Miller's first album to be classified as explicit. Both albums contained the song "U Can't Shine Like Me", which was a direct response to fellow rapper/actor Bow Wow, who fans believed dissed Miller and his father Master P in his song "Fresh Azimiz".


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2007, Miller and his father Master P started a non-explicit record label titled Take A Stand Records. Also in 2007, Miller, along with his father Master P, formed a new group called Miller Boyz. On September 4, 2007, they would release their debut album titled "Hip Hop History" via Take A Stand Records, UrbanDigital and GoDigital Music Group.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2008, Miller stated he was working on his fourth studio album titled "Gumbo Station". On June 17, 2008, Miller released the first single from the album "Get Low Wit It", which featured Akon and his brother Valentino Miller, it failed to gain success on the "Billboard" charts.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On March 3, 2009, Miller released a compilation album titled "Get Low" that contained singles that were originally supposed to have been on "Gumbo Station" and also contained original songs from his previous albums. In late 2009, Miller formed a new record label titled The Next Generation Entertainment, the label at the time featured his group the College Boyys.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2010, Romeo confirmed that he was still working on his fourth studio album, but changed the name of the album to "The College Boy". Later, Romeo announced that the title of the album was going to be "I Am No Limit". On January 19, 2010, Miller released a promotional single for the album titled "Tell Me a Million Times" that featured Tempo. On January 26, Miller released a second promotional single for the album titled "Ice Cream Man Jr." which was a tribute to his father Master P. On February 16, Miller released his debut mixtape "Patience Is A Virtue" to promote the album. On March 2, Miller released two EPs to promote the album which were the "Famous Girl" and "Monster/Practice" via his label The Next Generation Entertainment and LPD Music. Also in 2010, Miller would introduce his new group the College Boyys; on May 25, 2010, they released their debut album titled "Spring Break" via his label The Next Generation Entertainment and Hollywood Dream Music, but the group would later disband due to unknown reasons. Miller also on this day released three promotional singles which were "You" that featured his artist at the time D'Anna and Lil Twist, "She Bad" that featured his cousins/artists Lil' D and Black Don and "They Dont Know". Miller also performed at the 2010 Hip Hop Honors along with his brother Valentino Miller, his cousins Lil' D and Black Don, and his uncle Silkk The Shocker, along with Trina, Gucci Mane and Mystikal to honor Master P and No Limit Records. In late 2010, Miller relaunched No Limit Records as No Limit Forever. Romeo also confirmed that he had changed the name of his album from "I Am No Limit" to "Intelligent Hoodlum".


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2011, Miller toured with his father and Silkk the Shocker. The tour was titled "No Limit Forever International". On January 11, Miller released his EP "Dont Push Me" via his label The Next Generation Entertainment. On May 3, 2011, Miller released the first official single from "Intelligent Hoodlum" called "Famous Girl (Remix)" which was the mastered version of the original, it still featured the original appearances from Sean Kingston and Miller's cousin Black Don, but it would be later dubbed as a promotional single. On August 19, 2011, Miller released his "I Am No Limit" mixtape, which was originally supposed to be his fourth studio album, but Miller decided it would be best to just release it as a mixtape for his fans.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2012, Miller formed a new group called Resq3 which consisted of himself, drummer Christian Brock and guitarist/vocalist Myles Eberhardt. They released their first single "The Only One" and were scheduled to be releasing their debut album, touring and filming TV show later that year, but the group would disband due to unknown reasons. The group's other releases consisted of songs such as "Right Along" and "No One Else Like You". On April 12, 2012, Miller released his first single from his upcoming fourth album titled "Hug Me Forever", which featured his brother Valentino. On May 19, 2012, Miller released the music video for "Hug Me Forever". On August 15, 2012, Miller announced that he had been working on a new mixtape titled "Inception", it was released on August 19, 2012, under his new stage name Maserati Rome.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2013, Miller announced that he was working on a mixtape, "When in Rome", slated for release in 2014.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On January 5, 2015, Miller released his first collaboration mixtape titled "We All We Got" with his group Money Mafia that includes himself, his father, Ace B, Young Junne, Eastwood, Gangsta, Play Beezy, Calliope Popeye, Flight Boy and No Limit Forever in-house producer Blaq N Mild. The mixtape would also include a surprise feature from Lil Wayne on the track "Power". On April 20, 2015, Miller released his second collaboration mixtape titled "Hustlin" with his group Money Mafia. On July 29, 2015, Miller would release two new singles from his upcoming fourth studio album titled "Till the Club Close" featuring fellow No Limit Forever artist Ace B and "Bent" featuring fellow No Limit Forever artists Ace B and Silkk the Shocker. On December 17, 2015, Miller revealed the title, cover art and also announced the release date of his planned fourth studio album titled "Fighting Monsters", which was set for release in January.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On January 7, 2016, Miller would release "Fighting Monsters" as a mixtape; it would feature guest appearances from Ace B, BlaqNmilD, DeCarlo, Eastwood, €$¢Ø, JSlugg500, his father Master P, Silkk the Shocker, and Travis Kr8ts. "Fighting Monsters" was originally supposed to be his fourth studio album, but Miller decided again it would be best to just release it as a mixtape for his fans. On January 13, 2016, Miller would release the mixtape for retail on iTunes for charity. On November 1, 2016, Miller released two singles from his planned fourth studio album titled "B, All, In" featuring fellow No Limit Forever artist Young Vee, and "Shoulder" featuring DeCarlo and fellow No Limit Forever artist Ace B. In December 2019, Miller released the album "Hidden Treasure", featuring a collaboration with his father, Master P.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In 2001, Miller began his acting career with a cameo appearance in the Walt Disney Pictures' film "Max Keeble's Big Move." In 2003, he co-starred with Jessica Alba, Mekhi Phifer and Zachary Isaiah Williams in the dance film "Honey". In this film, his supporting character was Benny, a young boy looking for a break. In 2003, he voiced himself on an episode of the animated series, "Static Shock", to which he had performed the theme song. He starred in another film with Zachary Isaiah Williams, "God's Gift", which was released in 2006. He went on to co-star with his father in a film called "Uncle P" in 2007. His next project in 2007, was a film called "ASL" in which he starred as himself, alongside Forrest Lipton and Zachary Isaiah Williams who played the young Romeo; Williams had previously co-starred with Romeo in two films and Nickelodeon's "Romeo!". Miller also made a cameo appearance in "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" as a rapping coach. He guest-starred as a rapper accused of murder in the 2010 CBS series "The Defenders" and acted in "Jumping the Broom", released in May 2011. In 2011, he also starred in TV commercials for McDonald's and ICDC College. In 2012, Miller starred in Tyler Perry's film "Madea's Witness Protection". He played as Jake, a young man who is trying to get his money back from a ponzi scheme for his father's church and his retirement. In 2012, he participated in Fox's dating game show "The Choice". He was a special guest star on the Nick News with Linda Ellerbee episode "If Only I Were An Only Child: The Top 10 Annoying Things My Siblings Do" which aired on Nickelodeon on May 13, 2013, on which Romeo (among others) talked about annoying things his siblings did, one of which was his brother taking shoes that Romeo was planning to wear, so he could show them to a girl he liked.


title: Romeo Miller

text: From 2013 to 2014, Miller appeared in additional advertisements for ICDC College. He was cast in the 2017 feature film "Never Heard", also starring his father, Master P. In February 2022, it was announced Miller had landed a role in the Lifetime movie, "Wrath : A Seven Deadly Sins Story", which aired on April 16. In December 2022, he starred in the holiday themed BET+ film, "A Miracle Before Christmas".


title: Romeo Miller

text: On July 24, 2010, Romeo launched his own clothing line titled "College Boyys". The brand has been promoted by Miller, his group the College Boyys, and also artists such as Justin Bieber, Big Time Rush, and Jaden Smith. Romeo stated:


title: Romeo Miller

text: On November 13, 2013, Miller revealed that he was working on a brand new clothing line titled ROME Everything.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Miller played basketball as a point guard for one year at Windward High School before he transferred and became a three-year starter at Beverly Hills High School. As a junior, during the 2005–06 high school season, he averaged 13.9 points and 5.6 assists per game. As a senior, during the 2006–07 high school season, he averaged 8.6 points and 9.0 assists per game.


title: Romeo Miller

text: In the summer of 2006, Miller was invited to the Reebok-sponsored ABCD Camp, a basketball camp in the US. The Teaneck, New Jersey-based camp, an invitation-only basketball showcase, was previously attended by high-profile National Basketball Association (NBA) players including Kobe Bryant, Stephon Marbury, Tracy McGrady, LeBron James, and Carmelo Anthony. Surrounded by future NBA players such as O. J. Mayo, Derrick Rose, and Kevin Love, Miller averaged less than 2 points a game and struggled throughout the camp. Sonny Vaccaro, the longtime director of the ABCD Camp, explained that he invited Miller to the 2006 camp, "primarily as a favor to Percy Miller (Romeo's father Master P), whom he knew from the club basketball circuit." Vaccaro also said, "If you're looking for the profile of an athlete who plays basketball at USC, he's not it."


title: Romeo Miller

text: Despite this, on April 13, 2007, Miller verbally committed to the University of Southern California (USC) and signed a letter of intent on November 19. According to "The Wall Street Journal", the decision to grant Miller a full scholarship at USC was largely driven by his relationship with friend and teammate DeMar DeRozan, an All-American forward who was rated as the number five prospect in the country on Scout.com, and his father's influence. "The Wall Street Journal" reported Coach Tim Floyd as saying, "Last April ... Percy Miller called while driving both players from a tournament in Fayetteville, Ark ... Percy Miller said 'Demar and Romeo are ready to make their decision, and would you like to have them both on scholarship?' ... 'I said absolutely.'" Miller and DeRozan began playing in the 2008–2009 season.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Miller only played for the Trojans for two seasons, 2008–09 and 2009–10. He only played a total of 19 minutes in 9 games, scoring 5 points and recording 3 rebounds and 1 assist.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On December 27, 2010, Romeo modeled for a new 2011 calendar. On April 10, 2011, Miller modeled for the April issue of "TROIX" magazine. On April 12, 2011, Miller modeled in a new photoshoot.


title: Romeo Miller

text: After originally withdrawing from season two of "Dancing with the Stars" due to an injury, Romeo competed in season twelve. He was partnered with professional dancer, Chelsie Hightower. They were eliminated from the show on May 10, 2011, and finished in the Top 5, one week before the semi-final.


title: Romeo Miller

text: Miller competed on the "" special of the MTV reality series "The Challenge" on November 21, 2017. He also hosted MTV's "Ex on the Beach" for four seasons.


title: Romeo Miller

text: On February 14, 2022, Miller took to Instagram to announce the birth of his first child, a daughter, with girlfriend, Drew Sangster.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus was established in April 1986 and spent its early years as a video game developer for other companies. It became a video game publisher of its own in 1989 and existed until it was merged into Index Corporation in October 2010. After the dissolution, the name Atlus continued as a brand used by Index Corporation for video game publishing until 2013, when it was bought by Sega and revived as a company initially under the name Sega Dream Corporation.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus has three development divisions: Creative Department 1st Production (Team Maniax), Creative Department 2nd Production (P-Studio), and Creative Department 3rd Production (Studio Zero). A North American branch of the company, Atlus West, was founded in 1991 in order to focus on publishing and localizing games for North America, while a European branch, which is handled via the London-based Sega of Europe Division, was founded in 2017.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus began on 7 April 1986 as a video game developer of computer games for other companies. In January 1987, Atlus started selling amusement equipment. It expanded into the sale of karaoke equipment in March 1989. Atlus released the first video game under its own name in 1989: "Puzzle Boy" for the Game Boy.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus started in the arcade industry in the 1990s by manufacturing its first arcade video game, "BlaZeon", in 1992. In 1995, Atlus launched "Print Club" ("Purikura") at arcades in partnership with Sega. It is a photo sticker booth that produces selfie photos. It was conceived by Atlus employee Sasaki Miho in 1994; her bosses at Atlus were initially reluctant about the idea, before later deciding to go ahead with it. Atlus and Sega introduced "Purikura" in February 1995, initially at game arcades, before expanding to other popular culture locations such as fast food shops, train stations, karaoke establishments and bowling alleys. "Purikura" became a popular form of entertainment among youths across East Asia, laying the foundations for modern selfie culture. It also introduced a large female demographic to the company's previously male-dominated arcade customer base. By 1996, it accounted for 70% of the company's revenue. By 1997, about 47,000 "Purikura" machines had been sold, earning Sega an estimated () or annually from "Purikura" sales that year. Various other similar "purikira" machines appeared from other manufacturers, with Sega controlling about half of the market in 1997. "Print Club" went on to generate over in sales for Atlus and Sega.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus entered the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1997, listing on the JASDAQ. In its goal to further increase its presence in the amusement industry, Atlus acquired the manufacturer Apies from Yubis Corporation in 1999. In 2000, Atlus formed a joint venture with Kadokawa Shoten to distribute and sell games. Atlus suffered from deficit financial results in both 1999 and 2000. To address the issue, Atlus established a management reform plan in 2001. In its restructuring efforts, Atlus sold two subsidiaries (one of them being Apies) to their respective employees as part of a management buyout.


title: Atlus

text: In October 2001, Atlus acquired Career Soft, and became the sole publisher of the "Growlanser" series: a real-time strategy role-playing game from the creators of the "Langrisser" series. In 2004, after the release of "Growlanser IV", the majority of Career Soft's staff was merged into the main development team of Atlus where they worked on the "" games. As a developer brand, Career Soft was eventually dissolved.


title: Atlus

text: In October 2003, Japanese toy company Takara acquired Atlus. On 21 November 2006, Index Holdings announced the acquisition of Atlus, effective on 30 October 2006, and purchased 7.7 million shares (54.93 percent; 77,000 votes, or 54.96 percent of the voting rights) on 20 November 2006. Atlus became an Index Holdings subsidiary on 29 November 2006.


title: Atlus

text: In March 2009, Atlus and Sting Entertainment announced a publishing partnership making Atlus the only publisher of Sting-developed games in Japan. On 17 September 2009, Index Holdings announced the separation of Atlus' amusement facility and related business into a subsidiary, New Entertainment Waves, effective on 1 December. One hundred seventy-two shares of the subsidiary's stock were also transferred to Chushoukigyou Leisure on 1 December.


title: Atlus

text: On 30 August 2010, Index Holdings announced its merger with Atlus, with Index Holdings being the surviving company, effective on 1 October. After the merger, Index Holdings would continue to operate the Atlus brand. Although fans were concerned about the company's future, CEO Shinichi Suzuki said that Atlus would continue to provide the "finest quality game experiences possible" and the merger "further strengthens the foundation of Atlus, both in Japan and here in the United States." On 9 November 2010 Index Holdings announced its renaming to Index Corporation, to be confirmed at the shareholders meeting on 25 November 2010 and effective on 1 December.


title: Atlus

text: From 2010 to 2013, Atlus, as a company, ceased to exist and its name became a brand of Index Corporation for video games in Japan. However, Atlus USA remained active and was renamed Index Digital Media, serving as the North American subsidiary for Index Corporation. Much like in Japan, video games continued to be released in that region under the Atlus name during this period. In June 2013, it was reported that Index Corporation filed for civil rehabilitation proceedings, facing bankruptcy with debts of ¥24.5 billion. An Atlus USA spokesperson said that Index Digital Media and the Atlus brand were unaffected by the proceedings.


title: Atlus

text: On 18 September 2013, it was reported that Sega won a bid to acquire the bankrupt Index for ¥14 billion. All Index operations, including the Atlus brand and Index Digital Media (Atlus USA), were transferred on 1 November 2013 to Sega Dream Corporation (a new subsidiary established on 5 September 2013). That day, Sega announced that it would change the name of Sega Dream Corporation to Index Corporation.


title: Atlus

text: On 18 February 2014, Sega announced the separation of Index Corporation's contents and solution businesses into a new subsidiary, Index Corporation, renaming the old Index Corporation and its remaining digital game business division to Atlus effective 1 April 2014. The new Atlus would include the foreign subsidiary, Index Digital Media, which would revert its name back to Atlus USA at the establishment of the new Atlus.


title: Atlus

text: In April 2017, Sega Sammy Holdings announced a relocation of head office functions of the Sega Sammy Group and its major domestic subsidiaries located in the Tokyo metropolitan area to Shinagawa-ku by January 2018. Their stated reasoning was to promote cooperation among companies and creation of more active interaction of personnel, while pursuing efficient group management by consolidating scattered head office functions of the group. Atlus is one of the companies that has relocated in response to this. The company has three divisions: Creative Department 1st Production (responsible for managing the "Shin Megami Tensei" and "Etrian Odyssey" series), Creative Department 2nd Production (also called P-Studio and responsible for managing the "Persona" series), and Creative Department 3rd Production (also called Studio Zero).


title: Atlus

text: Atlus has sued two people related to its long-defunct MMO "". The complaint was first filed in December of 2021 against the owner of 'Rekueimu Games' Jonathan Sum and a yet-unidentified administrator named COMP_hack. The court documents were made public on September of 2022. Atlus alleges that their copyright was infringed, as the pair hosted a website that was a near exact copy of Atlus' website and distributed an exact copy of their game "Shin Megami Tensei: Imagine". One of the main sources of Atlus' complaints was that the offending website contained false copyright information for 'Rekueimu Games', who do not own "Shin Megami Tensei: Imagine" or any of its associated media. The court document states that Atlus believes that the 'unauthorized acts as described herein have caused and will continue to cause irreparable damage to Atlus'. Atlus believes that the pair have violated 17 U.S.C. § 50 three times and Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 1202 once.


title: Atlus

text: Controversy began online when people mistakenly believed another group named ReIMAGINE, who run a similar service to Rekueimu Games, was being targeted by the lawsuit, as their servers coincidentally went down on the same day as the suit became public knowledge. As a precaution against a similar lawsuit, ReIMAGINE chose to close their services on the 26th of September.


title: Atlus

text: Atlus West (formerly known as Atlus U.S.A., Inc.) established in 1991 and based in Irvine, California, is the American subsidiary of Atlus and publishes games created by Atlus and other developers. It was formally called Index Digital Media from 2010 to 2014 in response to Atlus being dissolved into Index Corporation.


title: Atlus

text: A number of "Megami Tensei" games have not been released in North America. During the 1990s, "Jack Bros." for Virtual Boy, "" for PlayStation and "" for the Game Boy Color were the first three games in the series to have a North American release. The 2004 release of "" was the first main-series video-game release in the U.S. Since then, the series has continued to be localized and released in the US, including games such as "Persona 3", "", and "".


title: Atlus

text: Atlus West has localized cult classic "", created by Nippon Ichi Software. The company have also published the tactical role-playing game "Tactics Ogre" and Game Boy Advance remakes of the "Kunio-kun" and "Double Dragon" games for Million (a company composed of former Technōs Japan employees). Other notable titles include "Snowboard Kids" and "Snowboard Kids 2" (for Nintendo 64) and "Odin Sphere" and the "Trauma Center" series. Atlus USA released "", a role-playing video game for the Game Boy Advance previously released for the Wonderswan Color, in 2004 in collaboration with Sting and Bandai. In 2006 Atlus USA and Sting released "Yggdra Union", a strategy role-playing game (RPG) for the Game Boy Advance. After Working Designs' publication of "Growlanser Generations", they released "" in 2005 and "Growlanser Wayfarer of Time" in 2012.


title: Atlus

text: The company established an online division, including the Atlus Online portal which is servicing "" and "". On 31 March 2013, Index Digital Media's Atlus Online Division was purchased by Marvelous AQL and transferred to Xseed Games. Atlus USA has published games under the "Marl Kingdom" name, beginning with "" in 2000. On 18 February 2014 Sega announced that Index Digital Media would revert its name back to Atlus USA. In March 2016, Sega announced that all the future localized products from Atlus for North America will be published by Sega. Between 2019 and 2020, Atlus USA changed its public brand name to Atlus West.


title: Atlus

text: Until 2017, Atlus did not have a dedicated European division for publishing and distributing their titles within the European and Oceania region. Instead, many of Atlus' titles were published in these regions by Nippon Ichi Software (NIS) and its American division NIS America. Following Atlus's acquisition by Sega Sammy Holdings, NIS found that it became more difficult to work between Sega and Atlus for distribution and in April 2016, formally ended its distribution partnership with Atlus. In July 2016, Deep Silver announced that it had come to agreement to become Atlus' distributor for Europe and Oceania, and would begin to publish titles in both retail and digital form. In August 2017, Atlus announced that they had opened a European distribution team located in Sega Europe's offices in London that would publish all its games going forward.


title: Atlus

text: Jack Frost, who appears as a demon character in the "Shin Megami Tensei" franchise, is the company mascot. Resembling a snowman, he has teeth, a tail and no nose, and wears a jester hat, collar, and shoes. His catchphrase is "Hee-Ho". He has appeared in several games in the "Shin Megami Tensei" series, as well as the "Jack Bros." and Persona games. Jack Frost is a hidden character in the North American and Japanese versions of "", with a larger role in the Japanese version. He has a family; more relatives were created since "Shin Megami Tensei II", including King Frost, Pyro Jack (Known as "Jack-O-Lantern" in some localizations), Frost 5 Senshi and Black Frost.


title: Begging the question

text: In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: ) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it.


title: Begging the question

text: This statement claims that the color green is the best because it is the greenest – which it presupposes is the best.


title: Begging the question

text: It is a type of circular reasoning: an argument that requires that the desired conclusion be true. This often occurs in an indirect way such that the fallacy's presence is hidden, or at least not easily apparent.


title: Begging the question

text: The original phrase used by Aristotle from which "begging the question" descends is: τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς (or sometimes ἐν ἀρχῇ) αἰτεῖν, "asking for the initial thing". Aristotle's intended meaning is closely tied to the type of dialectical argument he discusses in his "Topics", book VIII: a formalized debate in which the defending party asserts a thesis that the attacking party must attempt to refute by asking yes-or-no questions and deducing some inconsistency between the responses and the original thesis.


title: Begging the question

text: In this stylized form of debate, the proposition that the answerer undertakes to defend is called "the initial thing" (τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ) and one of the rules of the debate is that the questioner cannot simply ask for it (that would be trivial and uninteresting). Aristotle discusses this in "Sophistical Refutations" and in "Prior Analytics" book II, (64b, 34–65a 9, for circular reasoning see 57b, 18–59b, 1).


title: Begging the question

text: The stylized dialectical exchanges Aristotle discusses in the "Topics" included rules for scoring the debate, and one important issue was precisely the matter of "asking for the initial thing"—which included not just making the actual thesis adopted by the answerer into a question, but also making a question out of a sentence that was too close to that thesis (for example, "PA" II 16).


title: Begging the question

text: The term was translated into English from Latin in the 16th century. The Latin version, ', "asking for the starting point", can be interpreted in different ways. ' (from '), in the post-classical context in which the phrase arose, means "assuming" or "postulating", but in the older classical sense means "petition", "request" or "beseeching". ', genitive of ', means "beginning", "basis" or "premise" (of an argument). Literally ' means "assuming the premise" or "assuming the original point".


title: Begging the question

text: The Latin phrase comes from the Greek ("", "asking the original point") in Aristotle's "Prior Analytics" II xvi 64b28–65a26:


title: Begging the question

text: Aristotle's distinction between apodictic science and other forms of nondemonstrative knowledge rests on an epistemology and metaphysics wherein appropriate first principles become apparent to the trained dialectician:


title: Begging the question

text: Thomas Fowler believed that ' would be more properly called ', which is literally "begging the question".


title: Begging the question

text: To "beg the question" (also called "") is to attempt to support a claim with a premise that itself restates or presupposes the claim. It is an attempt to prove a proposition while simultaneously taking the proposition for granted.


title: Begging the question

text: When the fallacy involves only a single variable, it is sometimes called a "hysteron proteron" (Greek for "later earlier"), a rhetorical device, as in the statement:


title: Begging the question

text: Reading this sentence, the only thing one can learn is a new word in a more classical style (soporific), for referring to a more common action (induces sleep), but it does not explain why it causes that effect. A sentence attempting to explain why opium induces sleep, or the same, why opium has soporific quality, would be the following one:


title: Begging the question

text: A less obvious example from Fallacies and Pitfalls of Language: The Language Trap by S. Morris Engel:


title: Begging the question

text: This form of the fallacy may not be immediately obvious. Linguistic variations in syntax, sentence structure, and the literary device may conceal it, as may other factors involved in an argument's delivery. It may take the form of an unstated premise which is essential but not identical to the conclusion, or is "controversial or questionable for the same reasons that typically might lead someone to question the conclusion":


title: Begging the question

text: For example, one can obscure the fallacy by first making a statement in concrete terms, then attempting to pass off an identical statement, delivered in abstract terms, as evidence for the original. One could also "bring forth a proposition expressed in words of Saxon origin, and give us a reason for it the very same proposition stated in words of Norman origin", as here:


title: Begging the question

text: When the fallacy of begging the question is committed in more than one step, some authors dub it "" ("reasoning in a circle") or, more commonly, "circular reasoning".


title: Begging the question

text: Begging the question is not considered a formal fallacy (an argument that is defective because it uses an incorrect deductive step). Rather, it is a type of informal fallacy that is logically valid but unpersuasive, in that it fails to prove anything other than what is already assumed.


title: Begging the question

text: Closely connected with begging the question is the fallacy of circular reasoning ("), a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with the conclusion. The individual components of a circular argument can be logically valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, and does not lack relevance. However, circular reasoning is not persuasive because a listener who doubts the conclusion also doubts the premise that leads to it.


title: Begging the question

text: Begging the question is similar to the "complex question" (also known as "trick question" or "fallacy of many questions"): a question that, to be valid, requires the truth of another question that has not been established. For example, "Which color dress is Mary wearing?" may be fallacious because it presupposes that Mary is wearing a dress. Unless it has previously been established that her outfit is a dress, the question is fallacious because she could be wearing an outfit that was not a dress, such as pants and no dress.


title: Begging the question

text: Another related fallacy is "ignoratio elenchi" or "irrelevant conclusion": an argument that fails to address the issue in question, but appears to do so. An example might be a situation where A and B are debating whether the law permits A to do something. If A attempts to support his position with an argument that the law "ought" to allow him to do the thing in question, then he is guilty of '.


title: Begging the question

text: In vernacular English, "begging the question" (or equivalent rephrasing thereof) often occurs in place of "raises the question", "invites the question", "suggests the question", "leaves unanswered the question" etc.. Such preface is then followed with the question, as in:


title: Begging the question

text: Sometimes it is further confused with "dodging the question", an attempt to avoid it, or perhaps more often "begging the question" is simply used to mean leaving the question unanswered.


title: Najee Harris

text: Najee Jerome Harris (born March 9, 1998) is an American football running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama and was selected by the Steelers in the first round of the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris is from the San Francisco Bay Area. One of five children of a single mother, he grew up in several troubled neighborhoods, including time in a homeless shelter when he was in middle school before the family moved to Antioch.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris played his high school football career at Antioch High School in Antioch, California. As a sophomore in 2014, Harris rushed for 2,263 yards with 23 touchdowns. As a junior he had 2,744 rushing yards and 36 touchdowns. As a senior, he had 2,776 rushing yards and 34 touchdowns.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris was considered the #1 recruit in the class of 2017, by Scout and Rivals. 247Sports rated him as the No. 2 overall recruit behind Jaelan Phillips while ESPN ranked him the No. 11 overall recruit. Harris received offers from multiple top football programs including the Alabama Crimson Tide, Michigan Wolverines, Ohio State Buckeyes, USC Trojans, and Notre Dame Fighting Irish. He committed to the Alabama Crimson Tide in 2015. Harris was one of the most hyped running back recruits since Bryce Brown in 2009 and Leonard Fournette in 2014. Multiple recruiting experts compared him to Adrian Peterson.


title: Najee Harris

text: As a freshman, Harris played in all 14 games but had limited carries as players like Damien Harris, Bo Scarbrough, and Josh Jacobs handled the main workload. Harris finished the season with 370 yards on 61 carries averaging 6.1 yards per carry. He scored three rushing touchdowns on the season. In the National Championship against Georgia, Harris had six carries for 64 rushing yards in the 26–23 victory.


title: Najee Harris

text: In his sophomore season, Harris was third running back behind Damien Harris and Josh Jacobs. Harris started the season with a rushing touchdown in four of the first five games but did not find the endzone the rest of the season. Harris had his best game against Arkansas State, carrying the ball 13 times and gaining a career-high 135 yards. Harris played in 15 games, recording 783 yards on 117 carries and scoring four rushing touchdowns.


title: Najee Harris

text: With Damien Harris and Josh Jacobs off to the NFL, Harris became the starting running back for Alabama Crimson Tide. He and Brian Robinson Jr. largely dominated the backfield production for the Crimson Tide. On September 14, Harris had two receiving touchdowns in the 47–23 victory over South Carolina. On October 19, against Tennessee in the Third Saturday in October, he had 21 carries for 105 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 35–13 victory. On November 9, against LSU, he had 19 carries for 146 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, and one receiving touchdown in the 46–41 loss. In the following game at Mississippi State, Harris had four total touchdowns in the 38–7 victory. In the Iron Bowl against Auburn, Harris had 27 carries for 146 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 48–45 loss. Alabama finished with a 10–2 record and qualified for the Citrus Bowl. In the Citrus Bowl, Harris had 24 carries for 136 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 35–16 victory over Michigan. In the 2019 season, Harris had 209 carries for 1,224 rushing yards and 13 rushing touchdowns while catching 27 passes for 304 receiving yards and seven receiving touchdowns. Despite speculation that he would declare for the 2020 NFL Draft, Harris announced that he would return to Alabama for his senior year.


title: Najee Harris

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Alabama's season was cut to an all-conference, ten-game season beginning on September 26. In 2020, Harris was the starting running back for the Alabama Crimson Tide. He and Robinson continued to have a large majority of the backfield carries. In the regular season opener against the Missouri Tigers, Harris had 17 attempts for 98 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 38–19 victory. His best game of the season was against Ole Miss, where he attempted 23 rushes for 206 rushing yards with five rushing touchdowns in the 63–48 victory. Against the Georgia Bulldogs he ran for 31 attempts with 152 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown and 4.9 yards on average in the 41–24 victory. In the following game against Tennessee, he had 157 scrimmage yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 48–17 victory. On December 5, against LSU, he had 21 carries for 145 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 55–17 victory. In the SEC Championship, he had 245 scrimmage yards (178 rushing, 67 receiving) and five total touchdowns in the 52–46 victory. He finished fifth in Heisman Trophy voting. Alabama went 11–0 and qualified for the College Football Playoff as the #1 seed. In the Semifinals, the Rose Bowl against Notre Dame, Harris had 15 carries for 125 rushing yards in the 31–14 victory. In the National Championship, Harris had 158 scrimmage yards and three total touchdowns in the 52–24 victory over Ohio State to earn his second National Championship. Harris finished his career as the all-time leader in rushing yards (3,843), total scrimmage yards (4,624) and touchdowns (57) for the Crimson Tide. He was a Consensus All-American and won the Doak Walker Award.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris was selected in the first round with the 24th overall in the 2021 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was the first running back selected. On May 25, 2021, Harris signed his rookie contract with the Steelers, worth $13.1 million including a $6.9 million signing bonus over four years.


title: Najee Harris

text: In Week 3 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Harris recorded 142 all purpose yards, including 14 catches in 19 targets. This tied the NFL record for most catches in a game for a rookie running back, and were the second-highest amount of targets for a running back since 1992 (when the data was first tracked). In Week 5 against the Denver Broncos, Harris recorded 122 yards on 23 carries and a rushing touchdown in the 27–19 win. It marked his first game rushing over 100 yards. He became the first Steelers' rookie to score a rushing touchdown and record 100 yards rushing on his first five games, since Franco Harris in 1972. In Week 17, Harris ran for a career-high 188 yards and the game-sealing touchdown in a 26–14 win over the Cleveland Browns.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris finished his rookie season with 1,200 rushing yards and seven touchdowns, and 74 catches for 467 yards and three touchdowns. He finished fourth in rushing yards, fourth in all-purpose yards, and led all running backs in receptions. His 381 touches led the NFL and had zero fumbles. He was selected as an alternate for the 2022 Pro Bowl, replacing Bengals running back Joe Mixon. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.


title: Najee Harris

text: In Week 12 against the Indianapolis Colts, Harris had a six-yard rushing touchdown, and was ruled out during the second quarter with an abdominal injury.


title: Najee Harris

text: Harris graduated from the University of Alabama with a degree in Consumer Services in 2020. During his last college football season, Harris began celebrating touchdowns by striking the iconic World Cup pose of Megan Rapinoe. He mentioned finding Rapinoe's views on feminism and standing for her beliefs as "motivating" and "inspirational".


title: Najee Harris

text: In January 2019, Harris signed with Beast Mode Marketing, the marketing agency of former NFL running back Marshawn Lynch.


title: Najee Harris

text: On the day of the 2021 NFL Draft, Harris declined the invitation to the event in Cleveland, Ohio, opting instead to host a party for the kids served at Greater Richmond Interfaith Program, the homeless shelter he spent his childhood at. He later gathered with family and friends to watch the draft at a restaurant owned by Lynch, in Emeryville, California.


title: Najee Harris

text: In 2021, Harris founded the nonprofit organization Da' Bigger Picture Foundation, which provides assistance to families impacted by homelessness and hunger.


title: Pythonidae

text: The Pythonidae, commonly known as pythons, are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Ten genera and 42 species are currently recognized.


title: Pythonidae

text: Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, southeastern Pakistan, southern China, the Philippines and Australia.


title: Pythonidae

text: In the United States, an introduced population of Burmese pythons, "Python bivittatus", has existed as an invasive species in the Everglades National Park since the late 1990s.


title: Pythonidae

text: Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has greatly reduced the population of some, such as the Indian python, "Python molurus".


title: Pythonidae

text: Most members of this family are ambush predators, in that they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position, and then strike suddenly at passing prey. Attacks on humans, although known to occur, are extremely rare.


title: Pythonidae

text: Pythons use their sharp, backward-curving teeth, four rows in the upper jaw, two in the lower, to grasp prey which is then killed by constriction; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, the python quickly wraps a number of coils around it. Death occurs primarily by cardiac arrest.


title: Pythonidae

text: Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are known; some large Asian species have been known to take down adult deer, and the African rock python, "Python sebae", has been known to eat antelope. In 2017, there was a recorded case of a human devoured by a python in Sulawesi, Indonesia. All prey is swallowed whole, and may take several days or even weeks to fully digest.


title: Pythonidae

text: Even the larger species, such as the reticulated python, "Malayopython reticulatus", do not crush their prey to death; in fact, prey is not even noticeably deformed before it is swallowed. The speed with which the coils are applied is impressive and the force they exert may be significant, but death is caused by cardiac arrest.


title: Pythonidae

text: Pythons are oviparous. This sets them apart from the family Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young (ovoviviparous). After they lay their eggs, females typically incubate them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to "shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period, females do not eat and leave only to bask to raise their body temperature.


title: Pythonidae

text: Most species in this family are available in the exotic pet trade. However, caution must be exercised with the larger species, as they can be dangerous; rare cases of large specimens killing their owners have been documented.


title: Pythonidae

text: Obsolete classification schemes—such as that of Boulenger (1890)—place pythons in Pythoninae, a subfamily of the boa family, Boidae. However, despite a superficial resemblance to boas, pythons are more closely related to sunbeam snakes ("Xenopeltis") and burrowing pythons ("Loxocemus").


title: Pythonidae

text: Poaching of pythons is a lucrative business with the global python skin trade being an estimated US$1 billion as of 2012. Pythons are poached for their meat, mostly consumed locally as bushmeat and their skin, which is sent to Europe and North America for manufacture of accessories like bags, belts and shoes. The demand for poaching is increased because python farming is very expensive.


title: Pythonidae

text: In Cameroon bushmeat markets, the African Rock Python is commonly sold for meat and is very expensive at US$175. The poaching of the pythons is illegal in Cameroon under their wildlife law, but there is little to no enforcement. In Kenya, there has been an increase in snake farms to address the demand for snake skin internationally, but there are health concerns for the workers, and danger due to poachers coming to the farms to hunt the snakes.


title: Pythonidae

text: While pythons are not venomous, they do carry a host of potential health issues for humans. Pythons are disease vectors for multiple illness, including Salmonella, Chlamydia, Leptospirosis, Aeromoniasis, Campylobacteriosis, and Zygomycosis. These diseases may be transmitted to humans through excreted waste, open wounds, and contaminated water. A 2013 study found that Reptile-Associated Salmonella (RAS) is most common in young children who had been in contact with invasive pythons, with symptoms including "sepsis, meningitis, and bone and joint infection".


title: Pythonidae

text: Pythons are also integrated into some aspects of African health and belief use, often with the added risk of contacting zoonotic diseases. Python bodies and blood are used for African traditional medicines and other belief uses as well, one in-depth study of all animals used by the Yorubas of Nigeria for traditional medicine found that the African Python is used to cure rheumatism, snake poison, appeasing witches, and accident prevention.


title: Pythonidae

text: Python habitats, diets, and invasion into new areas also impact human health and prosperity. A University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences study found that the Burmese Python, as an invasive species, enters new habitats and eats an increasing number of mammals, leaving limited species for mosquitoes to bite, forcing them to bite disease-carrying hispid cotton rats and then infect humans with the Everglades Virus, a dangerous infection that is carried by very few animals. While direct human-python interactions can be potentially dangerous, the risk of zoonotic diseases is always a concern, whether considering medical and belief use in Nigeria or when addressing invasive species impacts in Florida.


title: Pythonidae

text: Python skin has traditionally been used as the attire of choice for medicine men and healers. Typically, South African Zulu traditional healers will use python skin in ceremonial regalia. Pythons are viewed by the Zulu tradition to be a sign of power. This is likely why the skin is worn by traditional healers. Healers are seen as all-powerful since they have a wealth of knowledge, as well as accessibility to the ancestors.


title: Pythonidae

text: Typically, species are attributed to healing various ailments based on their likeliness to a specific bodily attribute. For example, in many cultures, the python is seen as a strong and powerful creature. As a result, pythons are often prescribed as a method of increasing strength. It is very common for the body fat of pythons to be used to treat a large variation of issues such as joint pain, rheumatic pain, toothache and eye sight. Additionally, python fat has been used to treat those suffering from mental illnesses like psychosis. Their calm nature is thought to be of use to treat combative patients. The fat of the python is rubbed onto the body part that is in pain. To improve mental illnesses, it is often rubbed on the temple. The existence of evidence for genuine anti inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of the refined 'snake oil' ironic with respect to the expression "snake oil salesman".


title: Pythonidae

text: Python blood plays another important role in traditional medicine. Many believe that python blood prevents the accumulation of fatty acids, triglycerides and lipids from reaching critically high levels. Additionally, their blood has been used as a source of iron for people who are anemic, which helps reduce fatigue."["The sources were not specific on the way this blood is administered; however, due to the use of snake blood in traditional treatments in other parts of the world for similar causes, it is likely that the patient drinks the blood in order to feel the effects.


title: Pythonidae

text: The Sukuma Tribe of Tanzania have been known to use python feces in order to treat back pain. The feces are frequently mixed with a little water, placed on the back, and left for two to three days.


title: Pythonidae

text: In Nigeria, the gallbladder and liver of a python are used to treat poison or bites from other snakes. The python head has been used to "appease witches". Many traditional African cultures believe that they can be cursed by witches. In order to reverse spells and bad luck, traditional doctors will prescribe python heads.


title: Pythonidae

text: In northwestern Ghana, people see pythons as a savior and have taboos to prevent the snake from being harmed or eaten. Their folklore states that this is because a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river.


title: Pythonidae

text: In Botswana, San ritual practices surrounding pythons date back 70,000 years. In San mythology the python is a sacred creature that is highly respected. They believe that mankind was made by a python that moved in between hills to create stream beds.


title: Pythonidae

text: In Benin, Vodun practitioners believe that pythons symbolize strength and the spirit of Dagbe ["to do good" in Yoruba]. Annually, people sacrifice animals and proclaim their sins to pythons that are kept inside temples.


title: Shitposting

text: In Internet culture, shitposting, trashposting, or funposting is the act of using an online forum or social media page to post content that is satirical and of "aggressively, ironically, and trollishly poor quality", an online analog of trash talk. Shitposts are intentionally designed to derail discussions or cause the biggest reaction with the least effort, and are sometimes made as part of a co-ordinated flame war to make a website unusable by its regular visitors.


title: Shitposting

text: Shitposting is a modern form of online provocation. The term itself appeared around the mid-2000s on image boards such as 4chan, but the concept is not new; the early 20th-century art movement Dadaism created art that was intentionally low-quality or offensive to provoke the art world. Writing for "Polygon", Sam Greszes compared shitposting to Dadaism's "confusing, context-free pieces that, "specifically" because they were so absurd, were seen as revolutionary works both artistically and politically". Greszes writes that the goal of shitposting is "to make an audience "so confused" at the lack of content that they laugh or smile".


title: Shitposting

text: Professor Greg Barton, an expert on terrorism at Deakin University, said that racist shitposting is common across the internet and is a way for people to connect and gain attention. He said, "The thing about social media is that it's social. You want some feedback, you want people to like your stuff whether it's Instagram or Facebook. Shitposting is all about getting your profile up, getting a response and the more ironic and funny you can be the more you get."


title: Shitposting

text: The political uses of shitposting came to prominence during the 2016 United States presidential election. In May of that year, "The Daily Dot" wrote that a shitpost is "a deliberate provocation designed for maximum impact with minimum effort".


title: Shitposting

text: In September 2016 the pro-Trump group "Nimble America" received widespread media attention. "The Daily Beast" described the group as "dedicated to 'shitposting' and circulating internet memes maligning Hillary Clinton".


title: Shitposting

text: In September 2016, "The Independent" wrote that shitposting is an apolitical "tool that can be put to a variety of effects". But posts such as these appeared long before the 2016 US presidential election. "Engineering & Technology" magazine wrote that "shitposting, whether from the left or right, is perilously close to delivering an online metastasis of Orwell's Two-minute Hate".


title: Shitposting

text: In November 2016, "Esquire" magazine wrote, "internet mockery is emerging as a legitimate political technique: shitposting. Maybe the 2020 election will be all shitposting."


title: Shitposting

text: In March 2018, talking about Facebook group New Urbanist Shitposting or New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens, "Chicago" magazine defined it as "posts that are meant to be awkward and irrelevant, aggravating and distracting social media communities from discussing their topic at hand".


title: Shitposting

text: The "Financial Times" defined shitposting as "posting ostentatiously inane and contextless content to an online forum or social network with the effect of derailing discussion". It gave the example of Liberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson's being forced to deny she had killed squirrels for fun after online trolls made up a story about her having done so.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: Monarch is an American musical drama television series about a country music family. Created by Melissa London Hilfers, the series is the first production of Fox Entertainment Studios.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: Susan Sarandon stars as Dottie Cantrell, with Trace Adkins, Anna Friel, Beth Ditto, Martha Higareda, Iñigo Pascual, and Joshua Sasse forming the main cast. The series premiered September 11, 2022, on Fox and Hulu. In December 2022, Fox cancelled the series after one season.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: Dottie and Albie Roman lead a country music dynasty at the center of a multigenerational family drama. Daughter Nicky Roman does all she can to protect the dynasty's reign in country music while ensuring her own stardom.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: Tying into the first season’s 7 episode (“About Last Night”), FOX Entertainment partnered with ReserveBar and Next Century Spirits to create a “new double-barreled straight bourbon whiskey” named Truthteller 1839. The whiskey took its name from Albie Roman’s legendary moniker – The Texas Truthteller – and the product was featured in show as part of the Monarch empire’s latest business venture.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: The series was announced in May 2021. It is created and executive produced by Melissa London Hilfers. Michael Rauch was the original showrunner and one of the executive producers but he was replaced by Jon Feldman in November 2021. Other executive producers are Hend Baghdady, Gail Berman and Jason Owen. The episodes will be hour-long. Jason Ensler has been tapped to direct and executive produce the two-part pilot. Principal photography for the series began on September 13, 2021, and concluded on March 31, 2022, in Atlanta, Georgia. On December 7, 2022, it was announced that the series was cancelled after one season by Fox.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: In September 2021 Susan Sarandon, Trace Adkins, Beth Ditto, Josh Sasse, Megan Holder, Inigo Dominic Pascual, Martha Higareda and Emma Milani were announced to join the series in leading roles along with the recurring cast: Eva Amurri, Adam Croasdell and Faith Prince. In November 2021, Callum Kerr, Kevin Cahoon, Reshma Shetty, Damon Dayoub and D.W. Moffett were announced to join the series' recurring cast. On August 17, 2022, a trailer for the series revealed that several country stars would appear in the show as themselves, including Shania Twain, Martina McBride, Tanya Tucker and Little Big Town.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: The series was originally scheduled to premiere on January 30, 2022. However, on January 12, 2022, Fox announced that due to COVID-19-related issues and the change in showrunner impacting production, and to allow for reshoots and a more thorough promotional campaign, the premiere of "Monarch" had been delayed to fall 2022. The series premiered on September 11, 2022, as a lead out of Fox's NFL coverage, with the pilot airing four times in a timespan of four days.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: The title track of the series "The Card You Gamble", which was written by Nashville songwriters Liz Rose, Lori McKenna and Hillary Lindsey and performed by singer-songwriter Caitlyn Smith, was released on January 14, 2022. On August 3, 2022, "American Cowgirl", a song written by Casey Brown, Heather Morgan and "Monarch" music supervisor Adam Anders which is performed by Friel's character Nicky in the show, was released. The series features a mixture of original and cover songs and is released through Arista Records.


title: Monarch (American TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 33% approval rating with an average rating of 5.8/10, based on 12 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Heavy on the clichés while disappointingly light on Susan Sarandon, this "Monarch" is a so-so successor to a lineage of soaps about families warring over their business empire." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 43 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Fannie Flagg

text: Fannie Flagg (born Patricia Neal; September 21, 1944) is an American actress, comedian and author. She is best known as a semi-regular panelist on the 1973–1982 versions of the game show "Match Game" and for the 1987 novel "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe", which was adapted into the 1991 motion picture "Fried Green Tomatoes". She was nominated for an Academy Award for the screenplay adaptation. Flagg lives in California and Alabama.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: Born Patricia Neal in Birmingham, Alabama, Flagg is the only child of Marion Leona (née LeGore) and William Hurbert Neal Jr. Aside from a brief period on the Gulf Coast near the town of Point Clear, Flagg spent her childhood in the Birmingham area.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: Encouraged by her father, Flagg became interested in writing and performing at an early age, writing her first stage play when she was only 10 years old. As a teen, she entered the Miss Alabama pageant, where she won a scholarship to a local acting school for one year. After that, Flagg began co-hosting a locally produced "Morning Show" on WBRC-TV in Birmingham, but when she was denied a raise, she quit her job and decided to move to New York City.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: As her acting career began, Flagg could not use her birth name professionally, as there was already a well-known actress named Patricia Neal registered with Actors' Equity. Having only an hour to choose a stage name, she selected the first name "Fannie" at the suggestion of her grandfather, who recalled it being used by many comediennes in the vaudeville circuit, and "Flagg" at the suggestion of a friend.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: During the 1960s, Flagg began writing skits for the New York nightclub Upstairs at the Downstairs. When one of the performers got sick, Flagg went on in her place and caught the attention of "Candid Camera" creator Allen Funt, who happened to be in the audience that night. Soon after, Flagg was invited to be a staff writer on his show and later became a performer as well.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: In 1978, Flagg won first place in fiction for a short story that she had written at the Santa Barbara Writer's Conference. The work became the basis for the novel "Coming Attractions" which was published in 1981 following the deaths of her father and mother. The book was reissued in 1992 under the title Flagg originally wanted to use, "Daisy Fay and the Miracle Man". The autobiographical coming-of-age novel is written as a diary that starts in 1952 with an 11-year-old protagonist, Daisy Fay Harper. Daisy uses diary entries to tell the story of her alcoholic father's get-rich-quick schemes and her well-mannered mother. The book stayed on "The New York Times" bestseller list for 10 weeks.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: Perhaps her best-known novel, "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe" was published in 1987 and remained on "The New York Times" bestseller list for 36 weeks. It was praised by both Harper Lee and Eudora Welty. The novel is told in both past and present tense by the characters Ninny Threadgoode (past) and Evelyn Couch (present) and focuses on the town of Whistle Stop, Alabama, circa the 1920s and 1930s. It is about the unlikely bonds forged between women who seemingly have nothing in common except restlessness. Flagg subsequently co-wrote the screenplay based on that book, which became the 1991 film "Fried Green Tomatoes". The movie garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. "Fried Green Tomatoes" starred Jessica Tandy, Kathy Bates, Mary Stuart Masterson, Mary-Louise Parker and Cicely Tyson.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: She has also written "Fannie Flagg's Original Whistle-Stop Café Cookbook" (1993), "Welcome to the World, Baby Girl!" (1998), "Standing in the Rainbow" (2002), "A Redbird Christmas" (2004), "Can't Wait to Get to Heaven" (2006), "I Still Dream About You" (2010), "The All-Girl Filling Station's Last Reunion" (2013) and "The Whole Town's Talking" (2016). Her latest book, "The Wonder Boy of Whistle Stop", was published in October 2020, and includes characters from "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe".


title: Fannie Flagg

text: During the 1970s, Flagg was a fixture on game show panels. She is best known for her appearances on the game show "Match Game" (normally occupying the lower right-hand seat next to regular panelist Richard Dawson). Her acting credits include the original Broadway production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (succeeding Carlin Glynn) and the following films: "Some of My Best Friends Are...", "Five Easy Pieces", "Stay Hungry", "Grease", and "Crazy in Alabama", as well as minor roles in various television shows.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: In 1975, she appeared as the Amazon Doctor in the pilot for "The New Adventures of Wonder Woman". She is also known for being a regular on "The New Dick Van Dyke Show", where for two seasons she played Mike Preston, sister to Van Dyke's character Dick Preston, and for her role as Cassie Bowman in all 30 episodes of the 1980-81 sitcom version of "Harper Valley PTA" starring Barbara Eden. She also appeared several times as a victim of alien abduction on the talk show parody "Fernwood 2 Night" in 1977. During the 1960s and 1970s, Flagg recorded two comedy albums with various skits that included many parodies of Lady Bird Johnson and Martha Mitchell.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: In addition to her many game show appearances, Flagg has been a guest on several talk shows over the years, including "The Joey Bishop Show", "The Dick Cavett Show", "The Merv Griffin Show", "The Johnny Cash Show", "Dinah!", and "The Rosie O'Donnell Show". Flagg also appeared on "Good Morning America" to share some recipes from her book "A Redbird Christmas".


title: Fannie Flagg

text: Flagg has spoken publicly about being dyslexic. She has expressed the great challenge of being a writer, saying, "I was, am, severely dyslexic and couldn't spell, still can't spell. So I was discouraged from writing and embarrassed." Even though it was clear that she had an affinity for crafting stories, her dyslexia stalled any possible writing career through most of the 1970s. It wasn't until a teacher spotted a pattern in Flagg's misspelled written answers on "Match Game" and sent her a note that she understood she had a learning disability. In fact, Flagg said she hadn't even heard of the disorder until she received that note. Eventually, Flagg was able to overcome her fear associated with the disorder and has since completed several novels.


title: Fannie Flagg

text: In the mid-1970s, Flagg shared a house in Charlottesville, Virginia with American writer Rita Mae Brown, whom she met at a party in the Hollywood Hills hosted by Marlo Thomas. According to Brown, Flagg also lived for eight years with former "The Bold and the Beautiful" actress Susan Flannery.


title: Brett Dier

text: Brett Jordan Dier (; born February 14, 1990) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Michael Cordero Jr. on "Jane the Virgin". He is also known for his recurring roles on the Canadian TV shows "Bomb Girls" and "The L.A. Complex", and most recently for his main role as "C.B." on the ABC sitcom "Schooled".


title: Brett Dier

text: Dier was born on February 14, 1990, in London, Ontario and went to London South Collegiate Institute. He grew up with an older sister and younger brother. He studied improv as well as receiving his first dan black belt in Taekwondo. He reached the 6th grade of Conservatory Music in piano, including the Suzuki method since the age of 4. He also plays the guitar. Dier received honours for his work. He also breakdances and practices swimming and bouldering.


title: Brett Dier

text: Dier received his debut role in the TV movie "Family in Hiding" as Matt Peterson in 2006. In 2007, he appeared in "Seventeen and Missing" and "The Secrets of Comforting House". In 2008, he gained the role of Caden in "Every Second Counts" and an alternate Clark Kent in "Smallville". He appeared in a small role as Derek Edlund in "Fear Itself".


title: Brett Dier

text: In 2010, he had a cameo appearance in "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" as a breakdancer. He made appearances in "Made: The Movie" and "Meteor Storm". He had a recurring role in "Mr. Young" as Hutch. He was in another TV movie, "Mega Cyclone", as Will Newamr. In 2012, he had a role in "Space Twister". In another recurring role, he was Brandon Kelly in "The L.A. Complex". He also had a guest starring role in an episode of the television show "Blackstone".


title: Brett Dier

text: In 2013, he played a lead role on "Ravenswood" as Luke Matheson. The series was cancelled after one season.


title: Brett Dier

text: He received critical acclaim for his role in "Bomb Girls" as Gene Corbett. He appeared in "Exeter" which was released in 2015. From 2014 to 2019, he played the role of Detective Michael Cordero Jr. in "Jane the Virgin".


title: Brett Dier

text: On October 3, 2018, it was announced by Deadline that Dier would have a series regular role on the ABC situation comedy "Schooled" as C.B., a teacher who is both a friend and rival to rookie teacher Lainey Lewis who is also based on series co-creator Adam F. Goldberg’s favourite teacher and friend.


title: Gin and tonic

text: A gin and tonic is a highball cocktail made with gin and tonic water poured over a large amount of ice. The ratio of gin to tonic varies according to taste, strength of the gin, other drink mixers being added, etc., with most recipes calling for a ratio between 1:1 and 1:3. It is usually garnished with a slice or wedge of lime. To preserve effervescence, the tonic can be poured down a bar spoon. The ice cools the gin, dulling the effect of the alcohol in the mouth and making the drink more pleasant and refreshing to taste.


title: Gin and tonic

text: In some countries (like the UK), gin and tonic is also marketed pre-mixed in single-serving cans. In the United States, most bars use "soda out of a gun that in no way, shape, or form resembles quinine water", according to bartender Dale DeGroff. To get a real gin and tonic, DeGroff recommends specifying bottled tonic. Alternatively, one can add tonic syrup to soda water.


title: Gin and tonic

text: It is commonly referred to as a G and T in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. In some parts of the world, it is called a "gin tonic" (e.g. in Germany, Italy, France, Japan (, phonetically "jin tonikku"), the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey). It is also referred to as "ginto" in Belgium and the Netherlands, and "GT" in Scandinavia.


title: Gin and tonic

text: Gin and tonic is traditionally garnished with a slice or wedge of lime, often slightly squeezed into the drink before being placed in the glass. In most parts of the world, lime remains the only usual garnish; however, lemon is often used as an alternative fruit. In the United Kingdom, the use of both lemon and lime together is known as an "Evans". Although the origins of the use of lemons are unknown, their use dates back at least as far as the late 1930s. The use of lemon or lime is a debated issue – some leading brands, such as Gordon's, Tanqueray, and Bombay Sapphire, recommend the use of lime in their gin.


title: Gin and tonic

text: The use of a balloon glass for serving gin has become popular, possibly through promotion by the Bombay Sapphire gin brand. The use of such a glass, with plenty of ice and a garnish tailored to the flavours of the gin, is sometimes said to allow the aromas of the drink to gather at its opening for the drinker to more easily appreciate.


title: Gin and tonic

text: The use of assorted fruits, herbs, and vegetables, as garnish (reflecting the botanicals of the individual gin), is increasingly popular. Besides the classic lime wheel or wedge, alternative garnishes can include orange peel, star anise, thyme-elderflower, a slice of ginger, pink grapefruit, rosemary, cucumber, mint, black peppercorns, strawberry and basil, strawberry syrup, or chillies. Fruits such as kumquats or other citrus or cucumber can be included.


title: Gin and tonic

text: The cocktail was created by officers of the Presidency armies, the military force of the East India Company which operated on the Indian subcontinent. In the India subcontinent and other tropical regions, malaria was a persistent problem for Europeans, and in the 18th century, Scottish doctor George Cleghorn studied how quinine, a traditional cure for malaria, could be used to prevent the disease. The quinine was drunk in tonic water but the bitter taste was unpleasant. Presidency armies officers in India in the early 19th century took to adding a mixture of water, sugar, lime and gin to the quinine in order to make the drink more palatable, and thus the gin and tonic cocktail was born. The officers were already given a gin ration as part of their rations, and the sweet concoction made sense. Since it is no longer used as an antimalarial, tonic water today contains much less quinine, is usually sweetened, and is consequently much less bitter.


title: Gin and tonic

text: A 2004 study found that after 12 hours, "considerable quantities (500 to 1,000 ml) of tonic water may, for a short period of time, lead to quinine plasma levels at the lower limit of therapeutic efficacy and may, in fact, cause transitory suppression of parasites". This method of consumption of quinine was impractical for malaria prophylaxis, as the amount of drug needed "cannot be maintained with even large amounts of tonic". The authors concluded that it is not an effective form of treatment for malaria.


title: Gin and tonic

text: Mixers can include lime juice, lemon juice, orange juice and spiced simple syrup, grenadine, tea, etc.


title: Gin and tonic

text: Some gin-and-tonic inspired drinks also have champagne (e.g. the Parisian), vermouth and Campari (e.g. the Negroni Sbagliato), vermouth and bitters (e.g. the Posh G&T), super smokey whiskey (e.g. the Ol' Smokey), peach liqueur and grapefruit bitters (e.g. the Tonic Delight), mint bitters, and chocolate liqueur (e.g. the Guilty Pleasure), etc.


title: Gin and tonic

text: The trans-galactic nature of the gin and tonic is imagined in Douglas Adams' novel "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe", which describes how "85% of all known worlds in the Galaxy, be they primitive or highly advanced, have invented a drink called jynnan tonnyx, or gee-N'N-T'N-ix, or jinond-o-nicks, or any one of a thousand or more variations on the same phonetic theme. The drinks themselves are not the same, and vary between the Sivolvian 'chinanto/mnigs' which is ordinary water served at slightly above room temperature, and the Gagrakackan 'tzjin-anthony-ks' which kills cows at a hundred paces; and in fact the one common factor between all of them, beyond the fact that the names sound the same, is that they were all invented and named before the worlds concerned made contact with any other worlds."


title: Gin and tonic

text: James Bond specifies a recipe for a gin and tonic while in Kingston, Jamaica, in the book "Dr. No". Unusually, it involves the juice of a whole lime.


title: Gin and tonic

text: In the BBC1 and Amazon Prime television series "Fleabag", Fleabag and the Priest enjoy canned G&Ts from Marks and Spencer. The store reported a 24% increase in sales after the episodes aired.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Ellen Foley (born 1951) is an American singer and actress who has appeared on Broadway and television, where she co-starred in the sitcom "Night Court" for one season. In music, she has released five solo albums but is best known for her collaborations with rock singer Meat Loaf.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Foley was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of John and Virginia B. Foley. She attended Webster University.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Foley gained public recognition through singing a duet with Meat Loaf on the hit single "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" from the 1977 album "Bat Out of Hell". Foley's part was recorded individually and in one take with Meat Loaf present in the room so she could sing in character. Although Karla DeVito (who toured with Meat Loaf in support of the album) is featured in the music video, DeVito is lip synching to Foley's vocals.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Her debut album "Night Out" was released in 1979; the album's single "What's a Matter Baby" reached No. 7 in the Dutch charts and No. 92 on the US charts. The single "We Belong To The Night" reached No.1 in the Netherlands. The album itself, which peaked at No. 152, was produced by Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson. Foley recorded a duet with Ian Hunter in 1980, "We Gotta Get Outta Here". Her creative relationship with Hunter also led her to singing backing vocals on the Iron City Houserockers' 1980 album "Have a Good Time But Get Out Alive!", produced by Hunter, Ronson, and The E Street Band's Steven Van Zandt.


title: Ellen Foley

text: She also sings in the title cut of the 1979 Blue Öyster Cult album "Mirrors" and on The Clash album "Sandinista!" (released in 1980) in the songs "Hitsville UK" and "Corner Soul", and on the unreleased track "Blonde Rock 'n' Roll". In 1981, all four members of The Clash appeared on her second album, "The Spirit of St. Louis", and Mick Jones and Joe Strummer co-wrote a number of songs for the album. Jones produced the album, which also featured members of The Blockheads and peaked at No. 137 on the US charts. In 1982, she provided backing vocals on The Clash's song "Car Jamming" from the album "Combat Rock". The Clash's hit song "Should I Stay or Should I Go", written and sung by Jones, was about the turbulent relationship he shared with Foley at the time.


title: Ellen Foley

text: She released her third solo album "Another Breath" in 1983; it failed to chart. In 1984, she sang backing vocals on Joe Jackson's album "Body & Soul" and had a large role in the music video for Utopia's "Crybaby".


title: Ellen Foley

text: Foley was one of four female vocalists to front the group Pandora's Box, formed by Jim Steinman in the late 1980s. Their album "Original Sin", released in 1989, was the first to feature the song "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (vocals by Elaine Caswell); both Celine Dion and a duet between Meat Loaf and Marion Raven had separate chart successes with that song in some countries, years later.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Foley studied acting at HB Studio in New York City. She has appeared on Broadway in such shows as "Me and My Girl" and the revival of "Hair", and off-Broadway in "Beehive". Foley originated the role of The Witch in Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" at the Old Globe Theater in San Diego, but was replaced by Bernadette Peters before the musical opened on Broadway. Foley eventually played the role on Broadway from August 1, 1989 until the show's closing on September 3, 1989.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Her best known television acting role is that of Billie Young on "Night Court" for season two (1984–85), after which she was succeeded by Markie Post as Christine Sullivan, who had been Reinhold Weege's first choice for the public defender part, but Post had been unavailable while under contract on the television series "The Fall Guy" on ABC. Foley was reportedly let go from the series because producers felt her relationship with star Harry Anderson was more like that of a brother and sister than as potential paramours. She had roles in Miloš Forman's film adaptation of the stage musical "Hair" (1979), as well as in the movies "Fatal Attraction" (1987), "Married to the Mob" (1988) and "Cocktail" (1988). Foley was also in the short-lived 1977 series "3 Girls 3", co-starring with Debbie Allen and Mimi Kennedy.


title: Ellen Foley

text: As of the mid-2000s, she teaches voice at The Paul Green School of Rock Music in Manhattan, New York City, New York.


title: Ellen Foley

text: Note: all of these were issued by Epic within the U.S. on vinyl LP. They have been reissued on Compact Disc by Wounded Bird Records.


title: Landsknecht

text: The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were Germanic mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line was formed by "Doppelsöldner" ("double-pay men") renowned for their use of "Zweihänder" and arquebus. Originally organized by Emperor Maximilian I and Georg von Frundsberg, they formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire's Imperial Army from the late 1400s to the early 1600s, fighting in the Habsburg-Valois wars, the Habsburg-Ottoman wars, and the European wars of religion.


title: Landsknecht

text: Although prone to mutiny if unpaid and divided within their ranks between Catholics and Lutherans, the "Landsknechte" were well-armed, experienced, and fierce warriors. In addition, they were recruitable in large numbers throughout Germany and Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor and thus guaranteed both quantity and quality to the Imperial military for a century and a half. At the peak of their fame during the reign of Charles V of Habsburg, and under the leadership of notable captains such as Georg von Frundsberg and Nicholas of Salm, the Imperial Landskenechts obtained universal prestige for important successes such as the capture of the French king Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 and the resistance against the Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent at the Siege of Vienna in 1529, while also being responsible for the infamous Sack of Rome in 1527.


title: Landsknecht

text: The Germanic compound (earlier "Lantknecht", without Fugen-"s") combines "" and "" to form "servant of the land." The compound "Lantknecht" was used during the 15th century for bailiffs or court ushers.


title: Landsknecht

text: The word first appeared in the German language circa 1470 to describe certain troops in the army of Charles, Duke of Burgundy. As early as 1500, the term was morphed into "Lanzknecht", referring to the unit's use of the pike as its main weapon.


title: Landsknecht

text: Over the Burgundian Wars, the well-organized and supplied armies of Charles the Bold were defeated again and again by the Swiss Confederation, which wielded an "ad hoc" militia army. Charles's army lacked "esprit de corps" because of its composition by feudal lords, mercenaries, and levied gentry. The Swiss army, though poorly organized, were highly motivated, aggressive, and well-trained with their arms. The Swiss pikemen, called , repeatedly defeated and eventually killed Charles, eliminating Burgundy as a European power. Archduke Maximilian, who became co-ruler of Burgundian lands in 1477 by marrying Mary of Burgundy, was greatly influenced by the Swiss victories. When the French contested the inheritance, Maximilian levied a Flemish army and defeated the French in 1479 at the Battle of Guinegate, mixing Swiss-styled square infantry formation and Hussite wagon forts tactics. The dissolution of his levied army at war's end found Maximilian wanting a permanent and organized military force like the Confederation's to protect his domain. The existing Burgundian structure was inadequate to this end, however, and moreover the French wielded a monopoly on the hiring of .