title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse appeared in the BBC sketch series "Harry & Paul" (formerly "Ruddy Hell! It's Harry and Paul"), starring alongside Harry Enfield.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse starred alongside Charlie Higson in the BBC2 comedy series "Bellamy's People", with the first episode broadcast on 21 January 2010. The comedy evolved from the BBC Radio 4 program "Down the Line". The show originally had the working title of "Bellamy's Kingdom".


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: In October 2014 Harry Enfield and Whitehouse returned to the characters of Frank and George in a sketch for Channel 4's testicular cancer awareness comedy series "The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night".


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: In 2015 his sitcom "Nurse", based on his Radio 4 series of the same name (see below), debuted on BBC2 on 10 March.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: In August 2015, Whitehouse, alongside Enfield, in celebration of their 25-year partnership, presented "An Evening With Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse".


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: In June and July 2018 Whitehouse appeared with his long-time friend and fellow comedian Bob Mortimer in a BBC2 six-part series, "". The two friends, who both suffer from heart conditions, share their thoughts and experiences while fishing at a variety of locations around the UK. The fourth series of "Gone Fishing" began broadcasting in 2021. The fifth series started in September 2022.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse and Charlie Higson produced and appeared in a spoof phone-in show "Down the Line" on BBC Radio 4. The first series was broadcast May–June 2006. A second series was broadcast 16 January – 20 February 2007, during which they won a Sony Radio Academy Award. A third series was broadcast in January 2008, a fourth in January 2011 and a fifth in May 2013. In February 2014, Radio 4 broadcast "Nurse", written by Whitehouse and David Cummings and starring Esther Coles in the title role, with Whitehouse playing a variety of characters, including Graham Downs who had previously appeared in "Down the Line". The show would become the basis for the 2015 BBC Two TV series "Nurse".


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse and John Sullivan's son, Jim Sullivan, have written "Only Fools and Horses The Musical", which launched on 9 February 2019 at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London. Whitehouse stars as Grandad. In October 2022 he temporarily handed the part over to Les Dennis.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: He also starred alongside Eddie Large and Russ Abbot in episode 4 of "Horne & Corden". Comic Relief 2011 contained a new parody video of "Newport (Ymerodraeth State of Mind)" directed by MJ Delaney featuring Whitehouse and other Welsh celebrities lip-syncing to the song. It is available to download via iTunes.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Johnny Depp described Whitehouse as "the greatest actor of all time".. Depp and Whitehouse have appeared in five films together.


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse's main early influences were the sketches of Les Dennis and Dustin Gee and The Goodies. In 2001, when asked about comedians who had influenced him, Whitehouse said that Monty Python, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore were the main influences from when he was young"." He also cited his modern influences as Harry Enfield, of whom he said without meeting he would not have been doing what he does now, and the approach of Reeves and Mortimer who he described as "far and away the best comedians that we have had in this country for a long while."


title: Paul Whitehouse

text: Whitehouse and his wife Fiona were married for eight years and had two daughters, Molly and Sophie, before they divorced in the early 2000s. He met his partner Mine Conkbayir, aged 23, when she was working in a shop while she studied. The couple have one daughter, Delilah.


title: Poco

text: Poco was an American country rock band originally formed in 1968 after the demise of Buffalo Springfield. Guitarists Richie Furay and Jim Messina, former members of Buffalo Springfield, were joined by multi-instrumentalist Rusty Young, bassist Randy Meisner, and drummer George Grantham. Meisner quit the band whilst they were recording their first album, "Pickin' Up the Pieces", though his bass and backing vocal parts were kept in the final mix. He was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit in 1969, and Messina left in 1970 to be replaced by Paul Cotton. The line-up would change numerous times over the next several decades, with Rusty Young being the only constant member. A reunion of the founding members occurred in the late 1980s-early 1990s, and the band has continued in some form through 2021, though they retired from active touring in 2013, with Young citing health concerns as the primary cause of his retirement. Young died from a heart attack in April 2021.


title: Poco

text: To date, the band has released 19 studio albums, the most successful of which was 1978's "Legend", which featured the "Billboard" Hot 100 #17 and Adult Contemporary #1 hit "Crazy Love". The band's most recent album was 2013's "All Fired Up".


title: Poco

text: Poco are considered one of the founders of the Southern California country rock sound, and three of the members of the band have been inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as members of other bands (Furay with Buffalo Springfield, Meisner and Schmit with The Eagles). However, the band has yet to receive a nomination since entering eligibility in 1995.


title: Poco

text: During recording of Buffalo Springfield's third and final album, "Last Time Around", lead singers Stephen Stills, Neil Young and Richie Furay each recorded songs without the other members present. One of Furay's solo efforts was the country-influenced ballad "Kind Woman", which he recorded with the help of producer/engineer/bassist Jim Messina and pedal steel guitarist Rusty Young.


title: Poco

text: When Buffalo Springfield split up, Furay, Messina and Rusty Young decided to start their own group oriented toward such songs. Its original line-up was Furay (vocals and rhythm guitar), Messina (lead guitar, vocals, producer), Rusty Young (pedal steel guitar, banjo, dobro, guitar, mandolin and vocals), George Grantham (drums and vocals) and Randy Meisner (bass and vocals). The group was signed to a recording contract with Epic Records, which acquired the rights to Furay from the Springfield's Atlantic Records subsidiary Atco label in return for those to Graham Nash of The Hollies (who was moving to Atlantic as part of forming Crosby, Stills & Nash). Originally, the new group was named "Pogo", after the Pogo comic strip character, but was changed when its creator, Walt Kelly, objected and threatened to sue.


title: Poco

text: Their debut, "Pickin' Up the Pieces" (1969), is considered a pioneering album of the country rock genre. The first edition of the Rolling Stone Record Guide edited by Dave Marsh and John Swenson, gave the release 5 stars, its highest rating, as an essential album. However, the album performed weakly, peaking at No. 63 on "Billboard" album chart.


title: Poco

text: The band's line-up proved to be a problem throughout its career. During the recording of the debut album, Meisner left the group as a result of a conflict with Furay (reportedly, Meisner had objected after Furay barred all but himself and Messina from the first album's final mix playback sessions). After a stint playing with Ricky Nelson's Stone Canyon Band, Meisner later became a founding member of the Eagles. Messina briefly took over on bass until Timothy B. Schmit joined the band in September 1969.


title: Poco

text: Their second studio album "Poco" (1970) again resulted in low sales, peaking at No. 58. However, the band's next album, the live set "Deliverin'" (or "DeLIVErin"' as it is sometimes represented), picked up moderate airplay, Furay's "C'mon" hitting No. 69. "Deliverin’" became Poco's first album to reach the Top 40 on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at No. 26.


title: Poco

text: Messina chose to leave the band in October 1970, feeling Furay exerted too much control over the group's sound. He returned to studio production, and ultimately on to Loggins & Messina. At the recommendation of Peter Cetera of Chicago, Messina selected guitarist/singer Paul Cotton, a one-time member of the Illinois Speed Press, to replace him.


title: Poco

text: The realigned Poco, now on its third line-up on just its fourth album, hired Steve Cropper as producer and released "From the Inside" (1971). Again, poor sales were the result as the release landed at No. 52.


title: Poco

text: The band and its management were dissatisfied with Cropper's production and hired Canadian Jack Richardson, who'd had big success with The Guess Who and oversaw the next three albums, beginning with "A Good Feelin' to Know" (1972). The band built the LP around the title track, a popular concert tune, but the single failed to chart. The album itself peaked at No. 69. As a result, Furay became increasingly discouraged with Poco's prospects, especially since ex-bandmates Stills, Young, Meisner and Messina were so successful with their respective groups. In an April 26, 1973 "Rolling Stone" magazine interview with Cameron Crowe, he vented that Poco was still a second-billed act and had not increased its audience.


title: Poco

text: The next album, "Crazy Eyes" (1973), reached No. 38 but Furay departed at its release and joined with J. D. Souther and Chris Hillman to create the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band on Asylum Records. Poco decided not to replace Furay and continued as a quartet.


title: Poco

text: After Furay's departure, the band released their last two albums with Epic; "Seven" (1974) and "Cantamos" (1974). The albums charted at No. 68 and No. 76 respectively. Poco left Epic after "Cantamos" and signed with ABC-Dunhill Records.


title: Poco

text: "Head Over Heels" was their first ABC release, featuring Schmit's acoustic "Keep On Tryin" which became the group's most successful single to date, charting at No. 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Around the time of the release of "Head Over Heels", "The Very Best of Poco" was released as a compilation album that documented the group's years with Epic. Epic's release fought with "Head Over Heels" for attention though neither charted very well, hitting No. 43 and No. 90, respectively.


title: Poco

text: The group's next ABC album was "Rose Of Cimarron" which also failed to generate much enthusiasm and peaked at No. 89. Another Epic release also came out in 1976, the live album "Live".


title: Poco

text: Al Garth (ex-Loggins and Messina), who guested on "Head Over Heels" and "Rose of Cimarron", was added to the group's 1976 touring line up on sax and violin, but was gone by the end of that year.


title: Poco

text: In the summer of 1976, the group was on the bill with the Stills-Young Band teaming but was left high and dry when Neil Young pulled out of the tour, which was then canceled.


title: Poco

text: "Indian Summer" was released the following spring, peaking at No. 57, while the title track reached No. 50.


title: Poco

text: In August 1977 Schmit quit to join the Eagles, coincidentally replacing former Poco member Meisner yet again. As a result, a fully produced live album recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles in July 1977 was shelved by ABC. After languishing in storage for many years, the album was eventually released by John Thaler and Futuredge Music in partnership with Universal Special Projects as "The Last Roundup" in 2004.


title: Poco

text: After Schmit's departure, Poco decided to take a break. Grantham took some time off, while Young and Cotton decided to continue as the Cotton-Young Band and redoubled their efforts to succeed. They selected the Britons Steve Chapman (drums) and Charlie Harrison (bass, backing vocals; formerly of Judas Jump), both of whom had played together with Leo Sayer and Al Stewart, to round out their new quartet. However, ABC decided to pick up the Cotton-Young album — as long as they continued under the Poco name. Thus, although Grantham had never quit Poco, he found himself bought out of the group after he was not happy with the changes in its business setup, including the group's publishing no longer being divided evenly. After a stint with McGuinn, Clark & Hillman, he subsequently landed a job as drummer for Ricky Skaggs.


title: Poco

text: "Legend" (1978), the Cotton-Young album with cover art by graphic artist (and later comedy actor) Phil Hartman, subsequently became the group's most commercially successful LP, containing two Top 20 hits, "Crazy Love" written and sung by Rusty Young (which also had a seven-week run at Number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart in early 1979, the biggest hit on the AC chart that year) and Cotton's "Heart of the Night". The album was certified gold, Poco's first album to achieve this distinction in original distribution.


title: Poco

text: Kim Bullard (keyboards, backing vocals) joined the band in December 1978 just after "Legend" was released. While "Crazy Love" was riding up the charts in early 1979, ABC Records was sold to MCA Records. Poco was retained by MCA and the "Legend" album was reissued on the MCA label.


title: Poco

text: With the momentum built up from "Legend"'s success, Poco were invited by the Musicians United for Safe Energy collective to play during their concerts at Madison Square Garden in September 1979. And their new hit "Heart of the Night" appeared on the resulting live album "No Nukes", the concerts and album all being in support of nuclear-free energy. Both the concerts and the album also featured several other big artists such as Bruce Springsteen and Jackson Browne.


title: Poco

text: During the first half of the 1980s, the group released five more albums: "Under the Gun" (1980), "Blue And Gray" (1981), "Cowboys & Englishmen" (1982) on MCA and, moving over to Atlantic Records, "Ghost Town" (1982) and "Inamorata" (1984). Poco failed to duplicate the success achieved by "Legend", with each album performing more poorly than its predecessor.


title: Poco

text: Poco also contributed the song "I'll Leave it Up to You" to "Fast Times at Ridgemont High"'s soundtrack in 1982.


title: Poco

text: On "Inamorata" the band mostly played down their "country rock" sound to adopt more of an "80s style" with more keyboards and glossy synth sounds as well as electronic drums. The album also featured guest spots by former members Timothy B. Schmit, Richie Furay and George Grantham.


title: Poco

text: The group lost its recording contract with Atlantic due to the slow sales of "Inamorata" but continued to tour, mostly in small clubs. Bullard left to rejoin Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1983 (but still appeared on the sessions for "Inamorata") and Harrison (who had not played on "Inamorata") departed in mid-1984. New members Jeff Steele (bass) and Rick Seratte (keyboards, backing vocals) came in for Poco's 1984 tour dates, but they departed, along with drummer Chapman, to be replaced in 1985 by future Great Plains front man Jack Sundrud (vocals, bass, guitar) and the returning Grantham. Grantham's reunion with Poco was brief, though; In late 1985, Ricky Skaggs asked him to rejoin his band. Chapman came back to take over drums again. During this period, the band relocated to Nashville and recorded some demos, though no record deal resulted. And after a few scattered live dates for the group in 1986 and 1987, Paul Cotton did not perform with Poco again until 1992.


title: Poco

text: After a lengthy recording hiatus, at the urging of Richard Marx and his manager Allen Kovac who took on Poco, the band re-emerged on the RCA label with the successful "Legacy" (1989), reuniting original members Young, Furay, Messina, Grantham and Meisner twenty years after Poco's debut. Though Timothy B. Schmit and Paul Cotton were also approached to appear on the project, Schmit declined and Cotton, who was busy with his solo career, was bought out of the group and it ended up being only the five originals. The album produced a Top 20 hit, "Call It Love," in the fall of 1989 and another Top 40 hit, "Nothing to Hide," in early 1990, earning Poco its second gold album (in its 19th release).


title: Poco

text: The group (having added a keyboardist, Dave Vanacore) toured in early 1990 opening for Marx. Furay, now a church minister in Colorado, then had to bow out due to his commitments and Poco toured as a headliner in the summer of 1990 with Sundrud returning to take over rhythm guitar from Furay.


title: Poco

text: Despite "Legacy"'s gold status and the two hit singles, the band did not make much money on their 1990 tour, one of the problems being their booking into military bases that turned out to be mostly empty, as the troops were all deployed for the Desert Shield operation in the Persian Gulf. RCA ended up dropping them from their roster and recordings for a proposed follow up to "Legacy" were abandoned.


title: Poco

text: In 1991, Poco toured as an acoustic trio with Young, Messina and Meisner (drummer Gary Mallaber joined them for dates in Japan that July). But by the end of 1991, Messina and Meisner had returned to their individual careers.


title: Poco

text: After Messina and Meisner left, Young formed a side project, Four Wheel Drive, with John Cowan (from New Grass Revival), Bill Lloyd (from Foster & Lloyd) and Patrick Simmons (of Doobie Brothers). They were signed to a recording deal with RCA Nashville and completed an album which was never released. Warner Bros. Records then picked up the group in 1993, but when they were threatened with lawsuits from bands who had already copyrighted the name Four Wheel Drive, they changed the band's name to The Sky Kings. But their one and only album, completed in 1997, was not released until 2000, three years after the group disbanded.


title: Poco

text: In the meantime, Rusty Young was the sole owner of the Poco name by early 1992 and, though they had not officially disbanded, the band seemed to be quietly fading away. Despite this, Young once again teamed with Cotton, brought in new members Richard Neville (vocals, bass) and Tim Smith (drums) and toured through the end of the decade, although on a very limited schedule. Young and Cotton also occasionally appeared as Poco as an acoustic duo.


title: Poco

text: Poco again became more active as a touring unit after Grantham and Sundrud re-joined in 2000, reuniting the group's 1985 line-up.


title: Poco

text: "Running Horse" (2002) found the band in the studio for the first time in thirteen years. The CD was released through the band's website. Furay, who had continued to make guest appearances at their shows over the years when they played in his adopted home-state of Colorado, reunited with the band again for a sold-out show in Nashville in May 2004, resulting in the CD–DVD release "Keeping the Legend Alive" (2004).


title: Poco

text: On July 29 of that same year, during a show at Stearns Square in Springfield, Massachusetts, Grantham suffered a stroke during the performance. For their gig the following night at Barnstable County Fair in East Falmouth, MA, Poco brought in local drummer Chuck Woodhams, then called Muscle Shoals Sound Studio drummer George Lawrence (who had earlier stood in for Tim Smith at a Poco concert in 1999) to sub on drums for Grantham for the rest of 2004. He became a permanent member in 2005. Grantham's recovery was slow and expensive and the group created a donor fund on its official website, Poconut.org, to offset some of his considerable medical expenses.


title: Poco

text: Poco continued to write and record while performing at festivals, performing arts centers, theaters and clubs. In 2005 they played a short tour in Europe, but Cotton was hospitalized in Norway with health issues and missed the last two shows of the tour. Guitarist and singer Bill Lloyd, of duo Foster & Lloyd, substituted for Cotton for several subsequent shows in the US.


title: Poco

text: Cotton returned in 2006, stabilizing the line-up of Young, Cotton, Sundrud and drummer George Lawrence. Cotton and Sundrud released solo albums and Young started writing an autobiographical history of the band. Poco alumni continued to periodically reunite in concert with this line-up.


title: Poco

text: Beginning in 2009, Grantham occasionally appeared with the band again but limited his contributions to vocals only. Richie Furay and Jim Messina returned for several 2008 Poco performances at the Wildwood Lodge in Steelville, Missouri, a tour of California in 2009 ending at the Stagecoach Festival in Indio (where they were joined by Grantham and Timothy B. Schmit) and several dates opening for Loggins and Messina featuring Furay, Messina and Grantham.


title: Poco

text: "Bareback at Big Sky" (2005) and "The Wildwood Sessions" (2006) captured live acoustic versions of songs both new and familiar from their 40-plus year career. "Live at Columbia Studios, Hollywood 9/30/71" (2010) unearthed an unreleased 1971 live performance by Furay, Young, Schmit, Grantham and the then recently recruited Cotton in front of a private audience of family and friends.


title: Poco

text: In early 2010, Paul Cotton left Poco abruptly, publicly citing a financial dispute with Young. On his official website he announced he would not be appearing with Poco at the Wildwood concerts, stating "It was not all that shocking when Rusty told me on February 27 that he would not honor the contract that I had been requesting for over 15 years and that this was goodbye..." On March 12, 2010 Young responded on Poco's official website: "It was a sad day when I read on Paul's website that he wasn't coming to Wildwood and I guess that means he's leaving the band." Poco immediately reformed with Young, Sundrud, Lawrence and new keyboardist and multi-instrumentalist/singer Michael Webb of Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Poco

text: The band's new incarnation continued to tour and record. In early 2012, a live video of a new song, "Neil Young", was released on YouTube as a teaser for a new studio album, "All Fired Up", that was recorded in Nashville and released in March 2013. Selling on iTunes, the band's website and through a distributor in Europe, Young, Sundrud and Webb penned all the songs on the self-produced album.


title: Poco

text: In its 45th year, Rusty Young was the only original member in the band and remained the leader and front man on stage. He has been the only member of Poco to have performed at every gig and played on every recording since the band's inception in 1968.


title: Poco

text: At the end of 2013, Rusty Young announced his retirement. At the age of 68, he said he had spent 45 years on the road in the same band and needed a break. A few shows were booked into 2014, including three farewell shows in Florida. One of those shows was a performance in a recording studio in front of a live audience for a DVD documentary of the band's live show. Young said there could be some one-offs in the future after that, but the band would not be actively touring as before. Young was finishing his memoirs for a book to be published. He and Sundrud wrote and recorded music for children's story videos as the "Session Cats". Lawrence, Sundrud and Webb continued to write, record and play in their own projects, and to do freelance work with other artists in Nashville, where they live. Young continued to do guest performances with former members of Poco and other country rock artists.


title: Poco

text: Poco was inducted into the Colorado Music Hall of Fame (CMHOF) with the CMHOF induction ceremony which took place at the Paramount Theatre (Denver, Colorado) on January 9, 2015 and included a performance by the following line-up of band members: Paul Cotton, Richie Furay, Timothy B. Schmit, and Rusty Young. Also inducted into the CMHOF along with Poco were Firefall, The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Stephen Stills and Manassas.


title: Poco

text: From 2015 through 2021, though not touring full-time, Poco continued to play isolated dates around the US. In 2016 drummer Lawrence was replaced by Rick Lonow (formerly of The Flying Burrito Brothers). Lex Browning, Jack Sundrud's former bandmate in Great Plains, replaced Michael Webb on guitar in the fall of 2018.


title: Poco

text: In early 2020, Poco friend and fan Tom Hampton was brought in by Sundrud to replace Browning for tour dates, but touring was suddenly halted in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Poco

text: Rusty Young died April 14, 2021, at his home in Davisville, Missouri, from a heart attack. He was 75. His death marked the end for Poco.


title: Poco

text: Three and a half months after Rusty Young's April 2021 death, his former partner in the band, Paul Cotton, died at his summer home in Eugene, Oregon at age 78 on August 1, 2021.


title: Poco

text: Fans and surviving band members have released the tribute album 'My Friend: A Tribute To Rusty Young' in March 2022 and there was a reunion/tribute "Poconut" concert on October 8, 2022 in Steelville, Missouri, near Young's home, where the surviving members of the band's final lineup, Jack Sundrud, Tom Hampton and Rick Lonow, were joined by original drummer George Grantham, who guested on harmony vocals.


title: Poco

text: In 1997, "From the Inside" and "A Good Feelin' to Know" were reissued on CD by BGO, a British label. However, the reissue had some problems, as it appeared the tape used to remaster "From the Inside" had significant damage to it. "Pickin' Up the Pieces" and "Poco", the band's first and second albums, were also reissued during this time, with no noticeable damage to the master tapes. The notes give a brief history of the band and the recording of each album.


title: Poco

text: In 2006, BGO reissued four more albums, with two albums on each CD: "Seven" with "Cantamos", the band's seventh and eighth albums, and "Deliverin'", the band's first live album, with "Crazy Eyes". Neither set had any bonus tracks as part of the reissue, although there are extensive sleeve notes about Poco's history and the making of the album. The reissues were remastered by Jack Thompson, although it does not note whether or not these were remastered from the original master tapes or the safety masters as previous CDs were.


title: Poco

text: In 2011, BGO licensed and reissued remastered editions of four of Poco's ABC/MCA titles, again remastered by Thompson, putting two albums on each CD, with extensive liner notes written by John Tobler. The pairings were "Head over Heels" with "Rose of Cimarron", and "Under the Gun" with "Blue and Gray". No bonus tracks or outtakes were included.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: Major League Wrestling (MLW), is an American professional wrestling promotion based in New Rochelle, New York. The promotion was founded in 2002 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by former WWE writer Court Bauer. The promotion markets its product as "Hybrid Wrestling", with its roster featuring a mix of different styles.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: The promotion originally ran live events between 2002 and 2004, with these events seen on the television series, "MLW Underground TV". MLW returned to promoting events in July 2017, with a new weekly television show named "MLW Fusion" premiering in April 2018.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: Following the closures and acquisitions of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now known as the WWE) in 2001, Major League Wrestling (MLW) was founded in 2002. Shortly after its founding, the promotion spent three months moving their headquarters from Philadelphia to New York. MLW styled itself as an alternative to WWE's sports entertainment, following in the tradition of ECW.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In 2003, MLW again moved their base of operations to Florida, and negotiated a deal with Sunshine Network to air a television series titled "Underground TV", which ran between April 7, 2003 and February 14, 2004. The series was hosted by Joey Styles, later replaced by Kevin Kelly, and consisted of pre-taped matches from prior events. Furthering MLW's ties to ECW, the promotion highlighted many former ECW talents, such as Sabu, Terry Funk, Shane Douglas, and Steve Corino. This led to criticism of MLW for being an imitation of ECW in comparison to Ring of Honor, another Philadelphia-founded promotion that launched five months prior to MLW's formation.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: After shuttering in 2004 , Major League Wrestling would return in 2011 as a podcast network, initially focused on producing broadcast and digital content relating to the professional wrestling industry. Many prominent professional wrestling figures have appeared on the network, including former WWE and WCW stars Kevin Sullivan, Jim Duggan, MVP, current WWE executive Bruce Prichard, former WCW and current AEW commentator Tony Schiavone, former WCW and WWE manager Jim Cornette, and former WCW President and WWE executive Eric Bischoff.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In 2017, MLW announced that it would once again be promoting wrestling events. Tickets for their first event, "MLW One-Shot", went on sale on July 21, 2017. In the same year, MLW announced it would run more shows in Orlando in 2018. Given the success of their independent outings, MLW was able to secure a television deal with beIN Sports for a new program, titled "MLW Fusion", which debuted on April 20, 2018 on beIN Sports USA. Their first episode featured Pentagon Jr. against Fenix as the main event.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In July 2018, the inaugural Battle Riot would air as a "Fusion" television special. MLW began introducing contracts as part of their growth strategy. In August, the promotion started a working agreement with Mexican-based promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). On September 19, it was announced that MLW expanded its partnership with beIN Sports to air "Fusion" in Spanish.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In October, MLW announced a Halloween-themed, "Fusion" television special, and announced the signings of PCO and Richard Holliday as full-time members of the roster on October 18. It was also reported that Court Bauer and several MLW executives would travel to Monaco for Sportel, with intentions of making a big push internationally. Also announced was a project between MLW and Spiff TV.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On November 8, 2018, MLW held a "Fusion" television taping, named "Fightland", in Chicago at Cicero Stadium. Bauer claimed that the event drew the highest attendance in MLW history, shattering the previous attendance record of 1,536 people for the June 20, 2003 event, "Hybrid Hell", in Florida. On November 29, Bauer announced that "Fusion" would be broadcast live on beIN Sports on December 14. This coincided with their two-day television tapings in Miami: "Never Say Never" and "Zero Hour"; the live episode was an hour of "Zero Hour"'s events.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: MLW continued to air live "Fusion" specials throughout 2019, including SuperFight in February and Intimidation Games in March. The company brought former manager Jim Cornette on as a color commentator starting March 2, 2019. He continued to work for the company for Rise of the Renegades, Battle Riot II, and Fury Road. He also worked unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This includes coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In addition to SuperFight and Intimidation Games, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II were all revealed to have sold out.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In April 2019, MLW would move their operations into a corporate office building in New Rochelle, New York. On April 18, MLW announced the creation of a new title: the MLW National Openweight Championship, with the inaugural champion to be crowned during Fury Road in Waukesha, Wisconsin. In June 2019, International Wrestling Association (IWA-PR) owner Savio Vega was brought in as an on-air talent and backstage agent. This working relationship resulted in the use of the IWA Caribbean Heavyweight Championship in MLW storylines. On August 18, 2019, MLW teased the formation of its women's division, later announcing its official launch on October 18, 2019. The division's first official match would be later held at MLW Blood and Thunder on November 9, 2019.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On July 5, it was announced that MLW would hold its first pay-per-view event, Saturday Night SuperFight, which would be held on November 2. On July 26, MLW announced a working agreement with Japanese-based promotion Pro Wrestling Noah, which would include a talent-exchange agreement and content collaboration between the two promotions. On August 8, MLW announced that they had reached a new deal with FITE TV to carry MLW pay-per-view events, with the first event being Saturday Night SuperFight. Four days later, MLW announced a working relationship with Mexican-based promotion The Crash Lucha Libre termed as a "strategic alliance". On August 23, MLW and The Crash announced they would co-promote their first event on October 5 at the Auditorio Fausto Gutierrez in Tijuana, Mexico.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On February 1, 2020, MLW announced a working relationship with Japanese promotion Dragon Gate (DG), which would include a talent-exchange between the two promotions.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: After AAA vs MLW on March 13, 2020, MLW would take a six-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, MLW announced they had begun digitizing the 2003–2004 tape library, including the complete run of "MLW Underground TV". On April 30, MLW announced a limited series titled "MLW Anthology" to air on Bein Sports starting May 16, 2020. Following the last episode of "Fusion" on May 9, 2020, a new digital spinoff series titled "Pulp Fusion" would launch on MLW's YouTube channel beginning on May 29, 2020.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On June 9, 2020, MLW reached a new media rights deal to stream their programming on DAZN. CEO Court Bauer also announced during the same month that reruns of "MLW Underground TV" would air on Bein Sports throughout the summer.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In August 2020, MLW announced that "Fusion" TV tapings will resume in October of that year. On September 10, it was announced that "MLW Fusion" would move to Wednesday nights on fubo Sports Network. On October 10, it was revealed that "Fusion" would return on November 18 at 7pm EST and new episodes would also premiere on MLW's YouTube channel on the same night.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In October 2020, MLW announced a "strategic alliance" with IWA-PR for the “celebration of inter-promotional events, direct support to the events of each of the companies and collaboration in other types of promotions”. MLW would also began incorporating story elements from the now-defunct Lucha Libre promotion and television drama, "Lucha Underground", into an angle involving IWA-PR. Talent formally associated with "Lucha Underground" were brought into MLW as part of the "Azteca Underground" stable.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In April 2021, MLW announced a television deal with Vice TV. A block of MLW programming, including reruns of "Fusion", began airing on Saturdays starting May 1. The agreement would further expand when it was announced on September 17 that Vice would air MLW Fightland as a television special on October 7.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On the April 21, episode of "MLW Fusion", Bauer announced that MLW's "new season" would begin with their July 10, 2021 event at the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia, later revealed to be Battle Riot III, and it would be their first event since the pandemic to have a live audience in attendance. On April 29, 2021, MLW announced a partnership with Revolution Pro Wrestling.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In June 2021, "Wrestling Observer" reported that MLW had ended its deal with DAZN. it was also reported that MLW had begun taping content in Los Angeles for a spinoff series that would "resemble "Lucha Underground"", with plans to film vignettes in the Summer and matches in the fall. It would later be revealed on August 4, 2021 that MLW had signed a deal to produce a new series centered around Azteca Underground, featuring a different roster from that seen on "MLW Fusion". In an update during "Wrestling Observer Radio" on November 1, 2021, Meltzer reported that tapings for the series were cancelled because MLW was unable to secure a TV deal.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On July 7, 2021, it was announced that Shimmer Women Athletes co-founder Dave Prazak had joined MLW to help relaunch its women's division; later to be announced in September as the MLW Women's Featherweight division.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: During the television premiere of Battle Riot III on July 24, 2021, MLW announced a new season of "Fusion" to air on "a new home" in the Fall, and a new, four-part mini-series titled "MLW Fusion: Alpha". Initially announced to air in August, "Fusion: Alpha" was later announced as "a new season and series from MLW" to premiere on September 22 on MLW's YouTube channel, and would air on Saturdays and Mondays on Bein Sports.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On December 7, 2021, MLW announced a new "anthology mini-series" titled "MLW Azteca" to premiere on Thursday January 6, 2022 on MLW's YouTube channel and FITE TV.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On January 11, 2022, MLW filed an anti-trust lawsuit against WWE, accusing them of interfering in television and streaming deals and poaching talent. Through the lawsuit, it was disclosed that a streaming deal with Fox Corporation-owned Tubi was terminated due to WWE allegedly threatening to pull their programming from the sibling Fox broadcast network. The suit also alleges that WWE pressured Vice TV to withdraw from negotiations with MLW.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On July 5, 2022, MLW announced a new broadcast deal with Ayozat TV in the United Kingdom. Two days later, MLW announced an expanded agreement with beIN Sports USA to carry the promotion's programming on BeIN Sports Xtra, both through its FAST channel and across its over-the-air television station affiliates, on Friday nights.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: On October 11, 2022, MLW announced a partnership with streaming platform Pro Wrestling TV (PWTV), bringing the promotion's programming library to the service. The partnership began on November 3, with the premiere of the Battle Riot IV event. "MLW Fusion" would return for a new season the following week on November 10.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In the beginning, MLW would hold one show a month, originally from the Viking Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By the end of 2002, MLW began running two shows a month and, in 2003, multiple shows in a weekend were held in New York. The first time MLW left New York was December 20, 2002, for "King Of Kings" from the War Memorial Auditorium in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The promotion primarily held events in Florida prior to closing its doors in 2004.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: MLW initially held shows in Florida since their revival in 2017. Soon after the debut of "MLW Fusion" in 2018 on beIN Sports USA, the promotion would once again resuming touring, returning to New York later that year. On September 18, 2018, MLW announced their debut in Chicago. On October 19, 2018, MLW announced that they would return to Florida to make their Miami debut.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: From Fall 2020 until 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, MLW would return to Gilt Nightclub in Florida to tape their programming behind closed doors. From July to December 2021, MLW programming was taped at the 2300 Arena from the promotion's home base in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The promotion would resume a regular touring schedule later that year, beginning with their second joint show with The Crash Lucha Libre (MLW Azteca/The Crash show) that December.


title: Major League Wrestling

text: In 2018, after the promotion was revived, MLW signed some talent to exclusive contracts. It also gave MLW power over the performers' dates. Their wrestlers are allowed to perform for other promotions but have to prioritize MLW events. MLW's roster mainly consists of independent contractors who have also appeared in other promotions (namely Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide and Impact Wrestling).


title: Major League Wrestling

text: MLW currently has working relationships with Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, Impact Wrestling, The Crash Lucha Libre, the International Wrestling Association, Pro Wrestling Noah, Dragon Gate, Revolution Pro Wrestling, and All Japan Pro Wrestling.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula . It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or impure samples can appear yellow, due to the formation of extended, unsaturated polymeric chains, which show significant electrical conductivity. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Historically, pyridine was produced from coal tar. As of 2016, it is synthesized on the scale of about 20,000 tons per year worldwide.


title: Pyridine

text: The molecular electric dipole moment is 2.2 debyes. Pyridine is diamagnetic and has a diamagnetic susceptibility of −48.7 × 10 cm·mol. The standard enthalpy of formation is 100.2 kJ·mol in the liquid phase and 140.4 kJ·mol in the gas phase. At 25 °C pyridine has a viscosity of 0.88 mPa/s and thermal conductivity of 0.166 W·m·K. The enthalpy of vaporization is 35.09 kJ·mol at the boiling point and normal pressure. The enthalpy of fusion is 8.28 kJ·mol at the melting point.


title: Pyridine

text: The critical parameters of pyridine are pressure 6.70 MPa, temperature 620 K and volume 229 cm·mol. In the temperature range 340–426 °C its vapor pressure "p" can be described with the Antoine equation


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine ring forms a hexagon. Slight variations of the and distances as well as the bond angles are observed.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system with space group "Pna2" and lattice parameters "a" = 1752 pm, "b" = 897 pm, "c" = 1135 pm, and 16 formula units per unit cell (measured at 153 K). For comparison, crystalline benzene is also orthorhombic, with space group "Pbca", "a" = 729.2 pm, "b" = 947.1 pm, "c" = 674.2 pm (at 78 K), but the number of molecules per cell is only 4. This difference is partly related to the lower symmetry of the individual pyridine molecule (C vs D for benzene). A trihydrate (pyridine·3HO) is known; it also crystallizes in an orthorhombic system in the space group "Pbca", lattice parameters "a" = 1244 pm, "b" = 1783 pm, "c" = 679 pm and eight formula units per unit cell (measured at 223 K).


title: Pyridine

text: The optical absorption spectrum of pyridine in hexane consists of bands at the wavelengths of 195, 251, and 270 nm. With respective extinction coefficients ("ε") of 7500, 2000, and 450 L·mol·cm, these bands are assigned to π → π*, π → π*, and n → π* transitions.


title: Pyridine

text: The H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum shows signals for α-(δ 8.5), γ-(δ7.5) and β-protons (δ7). By contrast, the proton signal for benzene is found at δ7.27. The larger chemical shifts of the α- and γ-protons in comparison to benzene result from the lower electron density in the α- and γ-positions, which can be derived from the resonance structures. The situation is rather similar for the C NMR spectra of pyridine and benzene: pyridine shows a triplet at "δ"(α-C) = 150 ppm, δ(β-C) = 124 ppm and δ(γ-C) = 136 ppm, whereas benzene has a single line at 129 ppm. All shifts are quoted for the solvent-free substances. Pyridine is conventionally detected by the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry methods.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine has a conjugated system of six π electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the Hückel criteria for aromatic systems. In contrast to benzene, the electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect of the nitrogen atom. For this reason, pyridine has a dipole moment and a weaker resonant stabilization than benzene (resonance energy 117 kJ·mol in pyridine vs. 150 kJ·mol in benzene).


title: Pyridine

text: The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds. As a result, the lone pair does not contribute to the aromatic system but importantly influences the chemical properties of pyridine, as it easily supports bond formation via an electrophilic attack. However, because of the separation of the lone pair from the aromatic ring system, the nitrogen atom cannot exhibit a positive mesomeric effect.


title: Pyridine

text: Many analogues of pyridine are known where N is replaced by other heteroatoms (see figure below). Substitution of one C–H in pyridine with a second N gives rise to the diazine heterocycles (CHN), with the names pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine.


title: Pyridine

text: Impure pyridine was undoubtedly prepared by early alchemists by heating animal bones and other organic matter, but the earliest documented reference is attributed to the Scottish scientist Thomas Anderson. In 1849, Anderson examined the contents of the oil obtained through high-temperature heating of animal bones. Among other substances, he separated from the oil a colorless liquid with unpleasant odor, from which he isolated pure pyridine two years later. He described it as highly soluble in water, readily soluble in concentrated acids and salts upon heating, and only slightly soluble in oils.


title: Pyridine

text: Owing to its flammability, Anderson named the new substance "pyridine", after (pyr) meaning "fire". The suffix "idine" was added in compliance with the chemical nomenclature, as in "toluidine", to indicate a cyclic compound containing a nitrogen atom.


title: Pyridine

text: The chemical structure of pyridine was determined decades after its discovery. Wilhelm Körner (1869) and James Dewar (1871) suggested that, in analogy between quinoline and naphthalene, the structure of pyridine is derived from benzene by substituting one C–H unit with a nitrogen atom. The suggestion by Körner and Dewar was later confirmed in an experiment where pyridine was reduced to piperidine with sodium in ethanol. In 1876, William Ramsay combined acetylene and hydrogen cyanide into pyridine in a red-hot iron-tube furnace. This was the first synthesis of a heteroaromatic compound.


title: Pyridine

text: The first major synthesis of pyridine derivatives was described in 1881 by Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch. The Hantzsch pyridine synthesis typically uses a 2:1:1 mixture of a β-keto acid (often acetoacetate), an aldehyde (often formaldehyde), and ammonia or its salt as the nitrogen donor. First, a double hydrogenated pyridine is obtained, which is then oxidized to the corresponding pyridine derivative. Emil Knoevenagel showed that asymmetrically substituted pyridine derivatives can be produced with this process.


title: Pyridine

text: The contemporary methods of pyridine production had a low yield, and the increasing demand for the new compound urged to search for more efficient routes. A breakthrough came in 1924 when the Russian chemist Aleksei Chichibabin invented a pyridine synthesis reaction, which was based on inexpensive reagents. This method is still used for the industrial production of pyridine.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is not abundant in nature, except for the leaves and roots of belladonna ("Atropa belladonna") and in marshmallow ("Althaea officinalis"). Pyridine derivatives, however, are often part of biomolecules such as alkaloids.


title: Pyridine

text: In daily life, trace amounts of pyridine are components of the volatile organic compounds that are produced in roasting and canning processes, e.g. in fried chicken, sukiyaki, roasted coffee, potato chips, and fried bacon. Traces of pyridine can be found in Beaufort cheese, vaginal secretions, black tea, saliva of those suffering from gingivitis, and sunflower honey.


title: Pyridine

text: Historically, pyridine was extracted from coal tar or obtained as a byproduct of coal gasification. The process is labor-consuming and inefficient: coal tar contains only about 0.1% pyridine, and therefore a multi-stage purification was required, which further reduced the output. Nowadays, most pyridines are synthesized from ammonia, aldehydes, and nitriles, a few combinations of which are suited for pyridine itself. Various name reactions are also known, but they are not practiced on scale.


title: Pyridine

text: In 1989, 26,000 tonnes of pyridine was produced worldwide. Other major derivatives are 2-, 3-, 4-methylpyridines and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine. The combined scale of these alkylpyridines matches that of pyridine itself. Among the largest 25 production sites for pyridine, eleven are located in Europe (as of 1999). The major producers of pyridine include Evonik Industries, Rütgers Chemicals, Jubilant Life Sciences, Imperial Chemical Industries, and Koei Chemical. Pyridine production significantly increased in the early 2000s, with an annual production capacity of 30,000 tonnes in mainland China alone. The US–Chinese joint venture Vertellus is currently the world leader in pyridine production.


title: Pyridine

text: The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis was reported in 1924 and the basic approach underpins several industrial routes. In its general form, the reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, in ammonia or ammonia derivatives. Application of the Chichibabin pyridine synthesis suffer from low yields, often about 30%, however the precursors are inexpensive. In particular, unsubstituted pyridine is produced from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. First, acrolein is formed in a Knoevenagel condensation from the acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The acrolein then condenses with acetaldehyde and ammonia to give dihydropyridine, which is oxidized to pyridine. This process is carried out in a gas phase at 400–450 °C. Typical catalysts are modified forms of alumina and silica. The reaction has been tailored to produce various methylpyridines.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine can be prepared by dealkylation of alkylated pyridines, which are obtained as byproducts in the syntheses of other pyridines. The oxidative dealkylation is carried out either using air over vanadium(V) oxide catalyst, by vapor-dealkylation on nickel-based catalyst, or hydrodealkylation with a silver- or platinum-based catalyst. Yields of pyridine up to be 93% can be achieved with the nickel-based catalyst. Pyridine can also be produced by the decarboxylation of nicotinic acid with copper chromite.


title: Pyridine

text: The trimerization of a part of a nitrile molecule and two parts of acetylene into pyridine is called Bönnemann cyclization. This modification of the Reppe synthesis can be activated either by heat or by light. While the thermal activation requires high pressures and temperatures, the photoinduced cycloaddition proceeds at ambient conditions with CoCp(cod) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) as a catalyst, and can be performed even in water. A series of pyridine derivatives can be produced in this way. When using acetonitrile as the nitrile, 2-methylpyridine is obtained, which can be dealkylated to pyridine.


title: Pyridine

text: The Kröhnke pyridine synthesis provides a fairly general method for generating substituted pyridines using pyridine itself as a reagent which does not become incorporated into the final product. The reaction of pyridine with bromomethyl ketones gives the related pyridinium salt, wherein the methylene group is highly acidic. This species undergoes a Michael-like addition to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls in the presence of ammonium acetate to undergo ring closure and formation of the targeted substituted pyridine as well as pyridinium bromide.


title: Pyridine

text: The Ciamician–Dennstedt rearrangement entails the ring-expansion of pyrrole with dichlorocarbene to 3-chloropyridine.


title: Pyridine

text: Other methods include the Boger pyridine synthesis and Diels–Alder reaction of an alkene and an oxazole.


title: Pyridine

text: Several pyridine derivatives play important roles in biological systems. While its biosynthesis is not fully understood, nicotinic acid (vitamin B) occurs in some bacteria, fungi, and mammals. Mammals synthesize nicotinic acid through oxidation of the amino acid tryptophan, where an intermediate product, the aniline derivative kynurenine, creates a pyridine derivative, quinolinate and then nicotinic acid. On the contrary, the bacteria "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" and "Escherichia coli" produce nicotinic acid by condensation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and aspartic acid.


title: Pyridine

text: Because of the electronegative nitrogen in the pyridine ring, therefore pyridine enters less readily into electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions than benzene derivatives. Instead, in terms of its reactivity, pyridine resembles nitrobenzene.


title: Pyridine

text: Correspondingly pyridine is more prone to nucleophilic substitution, as evidenced by the ease of metalation by strong organometallic bases. The reactivity of pyridine can be distinguished for three chemical groups. With electrophiles, electrophilic substitution takes place where pyridine expresses aromatic properties. With nucleophiles, pyridine reacts at positions 2 and 4 and thus behaves similar to imines and carbonyls. The reaction with many Lewis acids results in the addition to the nitrogen atom of pyridine, which is similar to the reactivity of tertiary amines. The ability of pyridine and its derivatives to oxidize, forming amine oxides ("N"-oxides), is also a feature of tertiary amines.


title: Pyridine

text: The nitrogen center of pyridine features a basic lone pair of electrons. This lone pair does not overlap with the aromatic π-system ring, consequently pyridine is basic, having chemical properties similar to those of tertiary amines. Protonation gives pyridinium, CHNH.The p"K" of the conjugate acid (the pyridinium cation) is 5.25. The structures of pyridine and pyridinium are almost identical. The pyridinium cation is isoelectronic with benzene. Pyridinium "p"-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) is an illustrative pyridinium salt; it is produced by treating pyridine with "p"-toluenesulfonic acid. In addition to protonation, pyridine undergoes N-centred alkylation, acylation, and "N"-oxidation. Pyridine and poly(4-vinyl) pyridine have been shown to form conducting molecular wires with remarkable polyenimine structure on UV irradiation, a process which accounts for at least some of the visible light absorption by aged pyridine samples. These wires have been theoretically predicted to be both highly efficient electron donors and acceptors, and yet are resistant to air oxidation.


title: Pyridine

text: Owing to the decreased electron density in the aromatic system, electrophilic substitutions are suppressed in pyridine and its derivatives. Friedel–Crafts alkylation or acylation, usually fail for pyridine because they lead only to the addition at the nitrogen atom. Substitutions usually occur at the 3-position, which is the most electron-rich carbon atom in the ring and is, therefore, more susceptible to an electrophilic addition.


title: Pyridine

text: Direct nitration of pyridine is sluggish. Pyridine derivatives wherein the nitrogen atom is screened sterically and/or electronically can be obtained by nitration with nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF). In this way, 3-nitropyridine can be obtained via the synthesis of 2,6-dibromopyridine followed by nitration and debromination.


title: Pyridine

text: Sulfonation of pyridine is even more difficult than nitration. However, pyridine-3-sulfonic acid can be obtained. Reaction with the SO group also facilitates addition of sulfur to the nitrogen atom, especially in the presence of a mercury(II) sulfate catalyst.


title: Pyridine

text: In contrast to the sluggish nitrations and sulfonations, the bromination and chlorination of pyridine proceed well.


title: Pyridine

text: Oxidation of pyridine occurs at nitrogen to give pyridine "N"-oxide. The oxidation can be achieved with peracids:


title: Pyridine

text: Some electrophilic substitutions on the pyridine are usefully effected using pyridine "N"-oxide followed by deoxygenation. Addition of oxygen suppresses further reactions at nitrogen atom and promotes substitution at the 2- and 4-carbons. The oxygen atom can then be removed, e.g. using zinc dust.


title: Pyridine

text: In contrast to benzene ring, pyridine efficiently supports several nucleophilic substitutions. The reason for this is relatively lower electron density of the carbon atoms of the ring. These reactions include substitutions with elimination of a hydride ion and elimination-additions with formation of an intermediate aryne configuration, and usually proceed at the 2- or 4-position.


title: Pyridine

text: Many nucleophilic substitutions occur more easily not with bare pyridine but with pyridine modified with bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or sulfonic acid fragments that then become a leaving group. So fluorine is the best leaving group for the substitution with organolithium compounds. The nucleophilic attack compounds may be alkoxides, thiolates, amines, and ammonia (at elevated pressures).


title: Pyridine

text: In general, the hydride ion is a poor leaving group and occurs only in a few heterocyclic reactions. They include the Chichibabin reaction, which yields pyridine derivatives aminated at the 2-position. Here, sodium amide is used as the nucleophile yielding 2-aminopyridine. The hydride ion released in this reaction combines with a proton of an available amino group, forming a hydrogen molecule.


title: Pyridine

text: Analogous to benzene, nucleophilic substitutions to pyridine can result in the formation of pyridyne intermediates as heteroaryne. For this purpose, pyridine derivatives can be eliminated with good leaving groups using strong bases such as sodium and potassium tert-butoxide. The subsequent addition of a nucleophile to the triple bond has low selectivity, and the result is a mixture of the two possible adducts.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine supports a series of radical reactions, which is used in its dimerization to bipyridines. Radical dimerization of pyridine with elemental sodium or Raney nickel selectively yields 4,4'-bipyridine, or 2,2'-bipyridine, which are important precursor reagents in the chemical industry. One of the name reactions involving free radicals is the Minisci reaction. It can produce 2-"tert"-butylpyridine upon reacting pyridine with pivalic acid, silver nitrate and ammonium in sulfuric acid with a yield of 97%.


title: Pyridine

text: Lewis acids easily add to the nitrogen atom of pyridine, forming pyridinium salts. The reaction with alkyl halides leads to alkylation of the nitrogen atom. This creates a positive charge in the ring that increases the reactivity of pyridine to both oxidation and reduction. The Zincke reaction is used for the selective introduction of radicals in pyridinium compounds (it has no relation to the chemical element zinc).


title: Pyridine

text: Piperidine is produced by hydrogenation of pyridine with a nickel-, cobalt-, or ruthenium-based catalyst at elevated temperatures. The hydrogenation of pyridine to piperidine releases 193.8 kJ·mol, which is slightly less than the energy of the hydrogenation of benzene (205.3 kJ·mol).


title: Pyridine

text: Partially hydrogenated derivatives are obtained under milder conditions. For example, reduction with lithium aluminium hydride yields a mixture of 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridine, and 2,5-dihydropyridine. Selective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine is achieved in the presence of organometallic complexes of magnesium and zinc, and (Δ3,4)-tetrahydropyridine is obtained by electrochemical reduction of pyridine.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is a Lewis base, donating its pair of electrons to a Lewis acid. Its Lewis base properties are discussed in the ECW model. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots. One example is the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (melting point 175 °C), which is a sulfation agent used to convert alcohols to sulfate esters. Pyridine-borane (, melting point 10–11 °C) is a mild reducing agent.


title: Pyridine

text: Typical octahedral complexes have the stoichiometry and . Octahedral homoleptic complexes of the type are rare or tend to dissociate pyridine. Numerous square planar complexes are known, such as Crabtree's catalyst. The pyridine ligand replaced during the reaction is restored after its completion.


title: Pyridine

text: The "η" coordination mode, as occurs in "η" benzene complexes, is observed only in sterically encumbered derivatives that block the nitrogen center.


title: Pyridine

text: The main use of pyridine is as a precursor to the herbicides paraquat and diquat. The first synthesis step of insecticide chlorpyrifos consists of the chlorination of pyridine. Pyridine is also the starting compound for the preparation of pyrithione-based fungicides. Cetylpyridinium and laurylpyridinium, which can be produced from pyridine with a Zincke reaction, are used as antiseptic in oral and dental care products. Pyridine is easily attacked by alkylating agents to give "N"-alkylpyridinium salts. One example is cetylpyridinium chloride.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is used as a polar, basic, low-reactive solvent, for example in Knoevenagel condensations. It is especially suitable for the dehalogenation, where it acts as the base for the elimination reaction. In esterifications and acylations, pyridine activates the carboxylic acid chlorides and anhydrides. Even more active in these reactions are the derivatives 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 4-(1-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine. Pyridine is also used as a base in some condensation reactions.


title: Pyridine

text: As a base, pyridine can be used as the Karl Fischer reagent, but it is usually replaced by alternatives with a more pleasant odor, such as imidazole.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, and the Collins reagent (the complex of chromium(VI) oxide) are used for the oxidation of alcohols.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is a toxic, flammable liquid with a strong and unpleasant fishy odour. Its odour threshold of 0.04 to 20 ppm is close to its threshold limit of 5 ppm for adverse effects, thus most (but not all) adults will be able to tell when it is present at harmful levels. Pyridine easily dissolves in water and harms both animals and plants in aquatic systems.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine has a flash point of 17 °C and is therefore highly flammable. Combustion produces toxic fumes which can include bipyridines, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine can cause chemical burns on contact with the skin and its fumes may be irritating to the eyes or upon inhalation. Pyridine depresses the nervous system giving symptoms similar to intoxication with vapor concentrations of above 3600 ppm pose a greater health risk. The effects may have a delayed onset of several hours and include dizziness, headache, lack of coordination, nausea, salivation, and loss of appetite. They may progress into abdominal pain, pulmonary congestion and unconsciousness. The lowest known lethal dose (LD) for the ingestion of pyridine in humans is 500 mg·kg.


title: Pyridine

text: Prolonged exposure to pyridine may result in liver, heart and kidney damage. Evaluations as a possible carcinogenic agent showed that there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of pyridine, although there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Therefore, IARC considers pyridine as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).


title: Pyridine

text: Minor amounts of pyridine are released into environment from some industrial processes such as steel manufacture, processing of oil shale, coal gasification, coking plants and incinerators. The atmosphere at oil shale processing plants can contain pyridine concentrations of up to 13 µg·m, and 53 µg·m levels were measured in the groundwater in the vicinity of a coal gasification plant. According to a study by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, about 43,000 Americans work in contact with pyridine.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine has historically been added to foods to give them a bitter flavour, although this practise is now banned in the U.S. It may still be added to ethanol to make it unsuitable for drinking.


title: Pyridine

text: Exposure to pyridine would normally lead to its inhalation and absorption in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, where it either remains unchanged or is metabolized. The major products of pyridine metabolism are "N"-methylpyridiniumhydroxide, which are formed by "N"-methyltransferases (e.g., pyridine "N"-methyltransferase), as well as pyridine "N"-oxide, and 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxypyridine, which are generated by the action of monooxygenase. In humans, pyridine is metabolized only into "N"-methylpyridiniumhydroxide.


title: Pyridine

text: Pyridine is readily degraded by bacteria to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The unsubstituted pyridine ring degrades more rapidly than picoline, lutidine, chloropyridine, or aminopyridines, and a number of pyridine degraders have been shown to overproduce riboflavin in the presence of pyridine. Ionizable "N"-heterocyclic compounds, including pyridine, interact with environmental surfaces (such as soils and sediments) via multiple pH-dependent mechanisms, including partitioning to soil organic matter, cation exchange, and surface complexation. Such adsorption to surfaces reduces bioavailability of pyridines for microbial degraders and other organisms, thus slowing degradation rates and reducing ecotoxicity.


title: Pyridine

text: The systematic name of pyridine, within the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature recommended by the IUPAC, is "". However, systematic names for simple compounds are used very rarely; instead, heterocyclic nomenclature follows historically established common names. IUPAC discourages the use of in favor of "pyridine". The numbering of the ring atoms in pyridine starts at the nitrogen (see infobox). An allocation of positions by letter of the Greek alphabet (α-γ) and the substitution pattern nomenclature common for homoaromatic systems ("ortho", "meta", "para") are used sometimes. Here α ("ortho"), β ("meta"), and γ ("para") refer to the 2, 3, and 4 position, respectively. The systematic name for the pyridine derivatives is "pyridinyl", wherein the position of the substituted atom is preceded by a number. However, the historical name "pyridyl" is encouraged by the IUPAC and used instead of the systematic name. The cationic derivative formed by the addition of an electrophile to the nitrogen atom is called "pyridinium".


title: Death from laughter

text: Death from laughter is a supposedly extremely rare form of death, usually resulting from either cardiac arrest or asphyxiation, that has itself been caused by a fit of laughter. Instances of death by laughter have been recorded from the times of ancient Greece to modern times.


title: Death from laughter

text: Death may result from several pathologies that deviate from benign laughter. Infarction of the pons and the medulla oblongata in the brain may cause the pseudobulbar affect. Asphyxiation caused by laughter leads the body to shut down from the lack of oxygen.


title: Death from laughter

text: Laughter can cause atonia and collapse ("agelastic syncope"), which in turn can cause trauma. See also laughter-induced syncope, cataplexy, and Bezold–Jarisch reflex. Gelastic seizures can be due to focal lesions to the hypothalamus. Depending upon the size of the lesion, the emotional lability may be a sign of an acute condition, and not itself the cause of the fatality. Gelastic syncope has also been associated with the cerebellum.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: Moulay Hassan bin Mohammed (born 8 May 2003) is the Crown Prince of Morocco. He is the elder child of King Mohammed VI of Morocco and Princess Lalla Salma. He has a younger sister, Princess Lalla Khadija. He is named after his grandfather Hassan II. Upon his accession, he is expected to bear the regnal name Hassan III. In 2013, Hassan began participating with his father at public official engagements.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: Moulay Hassan was born in Rabat Royal Palace on 8 May 2003, to Mohammed VI of Morocco and his wife, Princess Lalla Salma. He was named after his grandfather, the late King Hassan II. The oldest child of the current king, he has a sister, Princess Lalla Khadija.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: He obtained his baccalaureate in 2020 and joined the Faculty of Governance and Economic and Social Sciences (FGSES), an affiliate of the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University in Ben Guerir (UM6P) for the 2020–2021 school year.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: Moulay Hassan was the youngest participant at the One Planet Summit in France in 2017, where he gained international acclaim. In this respect, he is following in his father’s footsteps.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: On 28 June 2019, Moulay Hassan represented King Mohammed VI at the operations launch ceremony of the new port Tanger Med II, cementing Tanger-Med as a leading port and vital asset to the Mediterranean.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: On 30 September 2019, in Paris, Moulay Hassan attended the funeral of the late French President Jacques Chirac, which took place at the Saint-Sulpice Church. On the same day, he took part in the lunch organized by President Emmanuel Macron, at the Élysée Palace, in honor of the Heads of State present at the funeral of the deceased president Chirac.


title: Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco

text: Moulay El Hassan inaugurated the International Exhibition and Museum of the Biography of the Prophet and Islamic Civilization at the Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO) in Rabat on November 17.


title: G Flip

text: Georgia Claire Flipo, known professionally as G Flip, is an Australian singer, songwriter, producer, drummer, and musician from Melbourne, Victoria. They released their debut studio album, "About Us", on 30 August 2019.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo attended primary school at Our Lady of the Assumption Primary School (OLA) in Cheltenham, Victoria and secondary school at Star of the Sea College in Brighton, Victoria, graduating in 2011.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo has been playing drums since the age of nine, and percussion still forms a big part of their songwriting process despite now being a multi-instrumentalist.


title: G Flip

text: They said that they "spent most of 2017 holed up in their bedroom writing and recording", having previously performed in various different Melbourne music acts as a session drummer and occasional backup vocalist.


title: G Flip

text: In February 2018, they uploaded their debut single "About You" to Triple J Unearthed and that same day their track was premiered on Triple J. The song was officially released on 2 March 2018. Pitchfork named it "Best New Track" and the music video, filmed on their iPhone, was featured in YouTube's New Music Playlist. Pining international interest in their project, Flipo was subsequently invited to play their first ever solo show at SXSW in Austin, Texas the following month. Flipo's follow up track "Killing My Time" was released in May 2018.


title: G Flip

text: In November 2018, Flipo was nominated for a J Award as Unearthed Artist of the Year and was the inaugural winner of the ARIA Emerging Artist Scholarship.


title: G Flip

text: In December 2018, Flipo performed "Proud Mary" and "Blame It on the Boogie" at the ABC's "The Night is Yours" New Year's Eve Celebration 2018 at the Sydney Opera House, and their song "About You" was featured in Season 2, Episode 10 of "The Bold Type".


title: G Flip

text: In January 2019, "About You" polled at number 38 and "Killing My Time" at number 62 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2018.


title: G Flip

text: In July 2019, G Flip won Breakthrough Independent Artist of the Year at the Australian Independent Record Labels Association (AIR) Awards. Their debut studio album was released on 30 August 2019.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo worked with Ariel Rechtshaid on their track "I Am Not Afraid". Rechtshaid noted to "Rolling Stone" that "G Flip is a phenomenal musician... [They're] a strong songwriter and [have] a very authentic voice, and [they] are a badass producer.”


title: G Flip

text: In January 2020, "Drink Too Much" polled at number 6, "Lover" at number 58, "Stupid" at number 66, "I Am Not Afraid" at number 77 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2019.


title: G Flip

text: In 2021, Flipo performed in Troye Sivan’s live version of the song "In a Dream" playing drums in the video.


title: G Flip

text: They released a new single about non-binary gender identity "Waste of Space", on International Non-Binary People's Day, 14 July 2022.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo designed and released two sell-out collaborations with Crocs shoe manufacturers in 2020 and 2021. The shoe ranges included custom-designed "Jibbitz™ charms that adorn each pair were designed to represent little pieces of G Flip's life". Both ranges sold out in minutes.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo is openly lesbian. On 13 June 2021, Flipo came out as non-binary on Instagram. They use singular they/them pronouns.


title: G Flip

text: Flipo has been an avid Collingwood Football Club supporter since birth and is an AFL Women's advocate. They performed at the MCG for the 2021 NAB AFLW Grand Final.


title: G Flip

text: The annual Australian Independent Record Labels Association Awards celebrate the success of Australian independent musicians.


title: G Flip

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual award ceremony event celebrating the Australian music industry. Flipo has been nominated for three awards.


title: G Flip

text: The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.


title: G Flip

text: The MTV Europe Music Awards is an award presented by Viacom International Media Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture.


title: G Flip

text: The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2005.


title: G Flip

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Lana Del Rey discography

text: American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey has released eight studio albums, four extended plays (EPs), 38 singles (including four as a featured artist), 16 promotional singles and one box set. She also has one leaked demo album, which was not released officially. According to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Del Rey has sold 32 million singles and 5.5 million albums in the United States. "Billboard" rank her as the 37th Top Rock Artist of the 2010s. Del Rey has also sold 7.1 million singles units in United Kingdom.


title: Lana Del Rey discography

text: Del Rey signed a record deal with 5 Points Records in 2007. Through 5 Points, she released her debut EP, "Kill Kill" (2008), under the name Lizzy Grant, and her debut studio album, "Lana Del Ray" (2010), under the name Lana Del Ray. "Lana Del Ray" has been pulled from music stores because 5 Points was unable to fund it. In 2011, Del Rey self-released her debut single, "Video Games", under her current stage name Lana Del Rey. The single peaked within the top ten on singles charts and received certifications in many European countries, including double platinum certifications in Germany (where it reached number one) and Switzerland. In the US, "Video Games" peaked at number 91 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Lana Del Rey discography

text: In 2012, Del Rey signed a joint record deal with Interscope and Polydor Records and released her second studio album, "Born to Die", which contained "Video Games". "Born to Die" peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 and topped albums charts of Australia and many European countries. By 2014, the album had sold one million copies in the US and seven million copies worldwide. The album spawned five other singles: "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", "Summertime Sadness", "National Anthem", and "Dark Paradise". "Born to Die" was a moderate success in Europe, peaking within the top ten on charts of Austria and the UK. "Summertime Sadness" was supported by a remix by Cedric Gervais, which peaked at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Del Rey's first US top-ten single. The single was certified multi-platinum in Italy and the US (solo version), and Australia, Canada, and the UK (remix version).


title: Lana Del Rey discography

text: Del Rey released an EP, "Paradise", and a reissue of "Born to Die", "", in late 2012. She recorded and released the singles "Young and Beautiful" and "Once Upon a Dream" for the soundtracks of "" (2013) and "Maleficent" (2014), respectively. "Young and Beautiful" was certified platinum in the US and Canada and multi-platinum in Australia and Italy. Her third studio album, "Ultraviolence" (2014), was her first US "Billboard" 200 number one. It peaked atop albums charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. "Ultraviolence" was supported by four singles: "West Coast" (which was certified silver in the UK), "Shades of Cool", "Ultraviolence", and "Brooklyn Baby". Del Rey's fourth studio album, "Honeymoon" (2015), peaked atop the albums chart of Australia and spawned two singles: "High by the Beach" and "Music to Watch Boys To".


title: Lana Del Rey discography

text: Her fifth studio album, "Lust for Life", was released in 2017. It was Del Rey's second "Billboard" 200 number-one album, and peaked atop albums charts in Australia, Canada, and the UK. Two of its singles, "Love" and "Lust for Life" (featuring the Weeknd), were certified silver in the UK. "Love" was certified gold in Italy. Del Rey released her sixth studio album, "Norman Fucking Rockwell!", in 2019. The album peaked atop the albums charts of Switzerland and the UK. One of its singles, "Doin' Time" (a cover of Sublime's song), was certified gold in Canada. She recorded the single "Don't Call Me Angel" with Ariana Grande and Miley Cyrus, which featured on the "" soundtrack (2019) and entered the top five in Australia, Switzerland, and the UK. She released a spoken word album for her debut poetry book, "Violet Bent Backwards over the Grass", in 2020.


title: Stuart Martin

text: Stuart Martin (born 8 January 1986) is a Scottish actor, best known for his roles in "Babylon"; "Jamestown"; ""; and "Miss Scarlet and The Duke" He studied drama at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland.


title: Stuart Martin

text: His wife Lisa McGrillis is also an actress; they met at a Christmas party in the National Theatre bar. The couple has two children.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" take place in the Johto and Kanto region of the franchise's fictional universe, which features special creatures called Pokémon. The basic goal of the game is to become the best Pokémon trainer in both the Johto and Kanto regions, which is done by raising and cataloging Pokémon and defeating other trainers.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: Game director Shigeki Morimoto aimed to respect the feelings of those who played the previous games, while also ensuring that it felt like a new game to those that were introduced to the series in more recent years. The games have received positive reviews from critics, and as of March 2014, the games' combined sales have reached 12.72 million, making the two games combined the eighth best-selling DS video games of all time.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" are role-playing video games with adventure elements. The basic mechanics of the games are largely the same as their predecessors'. As with all "Pokémon" games for handheld consoles, gameplay is viewed from a third-person overhead perspective, and consists of three basic screens: a field map, in which the player navigates the main character; a battle screen; and the menu, in which the player configures their party, items, or gameplay settings. The player begins the game with one Pokémon and can capture more using Poké Balls.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer to a battle, the screen switches to a turn-based battle screen where the Pokémon fight. During battle, the player may use a move, use an item, switch the active Pokémon, or flee. Fleeing is not an option during battles against trainers. Pokémon have hit points (HP), which is displayed during battles; when a Pokémon's HP is reduced to zero, it faints and cannot battle unless taken to a Pokémon Center or healed or revived with a Pokémon skill or an item, typically a 'revive' medicine. If the player's Pokémon defeats the opposing Pokémon (causes it to faint), it receives experience points. After accumulating enough experience points, it will level up; most Pokémon evolve into a new species of Pokémon when they reach a certain level, or when certain conditions are met, such as how much a Pokémon statistically 'likes' its trainer.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: In "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver", the first Pokémon in the player's party can follow them in the overworld, echoing a mechanic in "Pokémon Yellow" where Pikachu follows the player. This mechanic was also used in a limited fashion in "Pokémon Diamond", "Pearl", and "Platinum" when the player is in Amity Park with a "cute" Pokémon. The player may talk to the Pokémon to see or check on how that Pokémon is feeling, and occasionally it may pick up items. Additionally, a pedometer was bundled with each copy of the games called a "Pokéwalker", which allows players to transfer Pokémon from the game into the device and walk around with them, earning "watts" in the process, which can be exchanged for in-game rewards.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: A new minigame called the Pokéathlon uses the Nintendo DS touchscreen and allows Pokémon to compete in events such as hurdling. The Japanese versions retain slot machines found in previous games, while the international releases of the titles replace the slot machines with a new game called "Voltorb Flip", described as a cross between Minesweeper and Picross. Another new item, the GB Sounds, changes the background music to the original chiptune music from "Pokémon Gold" and "Silver".


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" can access the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection (since discontinued) to trade, battle, and interact with other players of these games, as well as players of "Pokémon Diamond", "Pearl", and "Platinum". After completing a special Wi-Fi mission download on "", the player can send a Deoxys to "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver".


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: Similar to "Pokémon Gold" and "Silver", "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" take place in the Johto and Kanto regions of the franchise's fictional universe. The universe centers on the existence of creatures, called Pokémon, with special abilities. The silent protagonist is a young Pokémon trainer who lives in a small town referred to as New Bark Town. At the beginning of the games, the player chooses either a Chikorita, Cyndaquil, or Totodile as their starter Pokémon from Professor Elm. After performing a delivery for the professor and obtaining a Pokédex from Professor Oak, he decides to let the player keep the Pokémon and start them on a journey.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: The goal of the game is to become the best trainer in Johto and Kanto, which is done by raising Pokémon, completing a catalogue of Pokémon called a Pokédex, defeating the eight Gym Leaders in Johto for Gym Badges, challenging the best trainers in the region known as the Elite Four and the Champion, and then subsequently defeating the eight Gym Leaders in the Kanto region. Finally, the player may face off against Red atop Mt. Silver, who serves as the game's final boss.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: Throughout the game, the player will battle against members of Team Rocket, a criminal organization originally from Kanto. They were originally defeated by the protagonist of "Pokémon FireRed" and "LeafGreen", and have attempted to come back as an organization, while awaiting the return of their leader, Giovanni. To attempt to contact him, they take over the radio tower and broadcast a message calling out to him.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: While being the remakes of "Gold " and "Silver", the games tie in plot elements of "Crystal" as well, such as the added emphasis on Suicune over the other legendary beasts, as well as the post-ending Battle Frontier; in "Crystal", only the Battle Tower was available. Additionally, Johto and Kanto were given Generation IV features such as the Pal Park.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: During certain points in the game, will battle the protagonist in a test of skills. Additionally, the player will encounter Kimono Girls, who ask the player to do small favors—such as defeating a Team Rocket grunt—throughout the Johto region. After battling all of them in a row, they proceed to the area where the player encounters the game's legendary Pokémon mascot, Ho-Oh in "HeartGold" and Lugia in "SoulSilver", and perform a dance to summon them. As per the originals, the other legendary Pokémon can be obtained later on.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" were released in 2009, ten years after "Gold" and "Silver"s initial release for the Game Boy Color. Shigeki Morimoto, the games' director, commented on the development of the remakes: "The first thing that I knew I needed to bear in mind was to respect the feelings of those people who'd played "Gold" and "Silver" ten years before. I think that players have very strong memories of the game, so they'd think things like 'Ah, this trainer is still strong' and 'If I do this here, this is going to happen'. I knew I needed to respect these feelings." However, Morimoto also felt he needed to make sure that the games would feel as new games to those who began playing "Pokémon" in recent years on the Game Boy Advance or the Nintendo DS. An in-game author surrogate of Game Freak's President in Celadon City states that the team strove to make a game that would appeal to players with fond memories without "redoing the same thing". He also states that making the game was a "rewarding challenge". On the differences between the remakes and the originals and how the names bore out of that, Morimoto said "With "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver", the way in which trainers and Pokémon relate has become a major theme and this has been added to the story. We came up with the titles "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" as we decided these were appropriate to express this theme." "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" introduced many new features that were absent in the original "Gold" and "Silver", several of which came from the previously released Nintendo DS "Pokémon" games, "Diamond", "Pearl", and "Platinum".


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: Rumors that Nintendo planned to remake "Pokémon Gold" and "Silver" started circulating in early May 2009 after the Japanese television show "Pokémon Sunday" ended by announcing a "world-exclusive first announcement" that would be made on its next show. Kris Pigna of "1UP.com" speculated that this alluded to a possible remake of "Gold" and "Silver" for the Nintendo DS, due to gold and silver disco balls hanging in the background. Pigna further reasoned that this would be consistent with the previously released titles "Pokémon FireRed" and "LeafGreen" which were enhanced remakes of the original "Pokémon Red" and "Blue". Several days later, Nintendo officially confirmed that "Gold" and "Silver" were being remade as "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" and released their official logos. It was also announced that the games would contain numerous updates, although they declined to reveal any specifics. The games were released for the Nintendo DS on September 12, 2009 in Japan to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the original "Gold" and "Silver" release. Junichi Masuda stated on his blog that "we, Game Freak have spent long and firm time developing above two titles", and that "'Pokémon Gold & Silver' will be back with far more excitement."


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: At the 2009 Pokémon World Championships, Nintendo stated that "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" would be released in North America between the months of January and March, Europe sometime around May and June, and Australia in April. "Announcing these much-anticipated game launches at The Pokémon World Championships allows us to give the news directly to the legions of fans who represent the true heart and soul of "Pokémon"," a spokesperson said. As the games approached release, from February 27 to March 13, 2010, North American video game retailer GameStop hosted a promotion in which players of "Pokémon Diamond", "Pearl", or "Platinum" could use the games' "Mystery Gift" function to download a free Jirachi Pokémon to their game. A "Pikachu-colored Pichu" could be downloaded using Wi-Fi that, when taken to the Ilex Forest in-game, unlocked a "Spiky-eared Pichu". The games were released in North America on March 14, 2010, in Australia on March 25, 2010, and in Europe on March 26, 2010 except in the Netherlands and Dutch speaking Belgium where they released on April 2, 2010.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: a three-disc soundtrack featuring music scored by Junichi Masuda, Go Ichinose, Hitomi Sato, Shota Kageyama, and Takuto Kitsuta, was released in Japan on October 28, 2009.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: In response to the news confirming the development of "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver", fans posted their reactions and commentary on the Internet. In particular, "IGN" editor Jack DeVries reasoned that the primary reason for the updated games was to be compatible with "Pokémon Diamond" and "Pearl", allowing players to collect old Pokémon species that were previously unobtainable in the new games. He also expressed skepticism that the new titles could match the quality of the originals; stating, "For me, "Gold" and "Silver" were amazing because they introduced so many new features that have since become standards for the series. It was the first, and only, time the "Pokémon" games have made such a significant expansion. These days we're lucky if we get a new feature that invisibly changes the strategic elements of the game." He reminisced over the qualities that made "Gold" and "Silver" truly unique, including the full color support, internal clock, Pokémon breeding, and PokéGear. Several months later, after DeVries had played through some of the game, he wrote, "so far I like what I see, even if it all feels very familiar and formulaic at this point."


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: The games' reception has been positive, holding an aggregate score of 87 on Metacritic. The titles are among the top 20 rated DS games on the site. Japanese gaming magazine "Famitsu" awarded the games a composite score of 37 out of 40 based on four individual reviews, of which the ratings were 9, 10, 9, and 9. The reviewers praised the games for retaining much of the quality that drew them to the original "Gold" and "Silver". The only drawback mentioned was that the games brought "no major surprises". "Nintendo Power" gave the games one of the highest scores, remarking on its replay value though criticizing shortly about no improvement in graphic animation for Pokémon sprites. "Official Nintendo Magazine" stated that they were the best "Pokémon" games yet. "Game Informer"s Annette Gonzalez stated "Even though the classic "Pokémon" formula still works as evidenced by "HeartGold". I can’t help but hope for a new "Pokémon" title that breaks some new ground."


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "IGN"s Craig Harris said that the titles were "like a gap filler to make the wait for a new "Pokémon" game just a little more bearable". Jim Sterling of "Destructoid" stated, "While it is, at its core, the same game that you've played many years ago, it still manages to feel new and the updated features bolster the original experience in a manner that never intrudes and only enhances". "1UP.com"s Justin Haywald stated that ""HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" is easily the best "Pokémon" game yet". "VideoGamer.com" reviewer Jamin Smith said, "With "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" the "Pokémon" series has reached a point where it can't get any better." "Eurogamer"s Keza MacDonald gave the games a 9/10, stating "They combine everything that was best about the older "Pokémon" games", citing the Pokémon designs and improved graphics and battle system. "GamePro"s McKinley Noble stated that "it's clear that this is a perfect experience for both old-school trainers and the newest generation of "Pokémon" fans." "GameZone"s Cliff Bakehorn III said, "There is not a doubt in my mind: "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" are the pinnacle of the entire series." Nathan Meunier of "GameSpot" gave the games one of the lower scores, criticizing them for a lack of innovation. "GamesRadar" attributed the game's success to being a remake of classic games.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" won the Golden Joystick Award for Portable Game of the Year in 2010, the first Golden Joystick Award win for the series.


title: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

text: In Japan, the games sold over 1.48 million units within the first two days of release, topping the Japanese sales chart that week. Within two weeks, the games had sold a combined total of over 2.00 million units. By December 18, 2009, the games' Japanese sales totals had surpassed 3.22 million. In Australia, over 50,000  units sold in one week. In the United States, the games managed collective sales of 1.73 million in their first month, with the "SoulSilver" version selling 1.01 million and "HeartGold" selling 0.76 million units. The combined sales of the two games made them the highest-selling games of March 2010. By May 6, 2010, the games had sold 8.40 million units worldwide, and the games reached 10 million sales worldwide by the end of July 2010. As of September 2017, the games' combined sales have reached 12.72 million.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It commenced on 12 March and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion in 21 years, having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season. Ferrari successfully defended its Constructors' title. This season marked the first for future world champion Jenson Button.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The season was, for the third consecutive year, a close battle between Ferrari and McLaren. Schumacher won the first three races and dominated the first part of the season as McLaren had reliability issues. Then misfortune struck Schumacher, who retired from three consecutive races with both Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard scoring big. Häkkinen then surged to win two races in a row, leaving him six points clear of Schumacher who faced a fifth consecutive season at Ferrari without titles since 1996. Schumacher fought back winning the final four races of the season in convincing fashion, recording pole position on all those occasions. The title was sealed in Japan on 8 October, after a classic straight fight between Schumacher and Häkkinen, with Schumacher passing Häkkinen at the final pit stop and then holding out in front.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The season held the record for the smallest number of drivers competing in a single season with only one driver change (Luciano Burti deputising for an ill Eddie Irvine in Austria) putting the total at 23 (similar to 2002 season). This record stood until 2008, where there were no driver changes, although the Super Aguri F1 team withdrew in the middle of that season.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Bridgestone.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The main changes among the top teams were that Eddie Irvine was replaced by Rubens Barrichello at Ferrari and at Jordan, former world champion Damon Hill had retired, and was replaced by Jarno Trulli.


title: 2000 Formula One World Championship

text: The first race of the season was in Australia, and the top five placings were similar to the previous year. The McLaren pair of world champion Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard started 1–2 ahead of the Ferrari pair of Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello. The Jordans of Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Jarno Trulli were fifth and sixth. During the race, the McLarens kept their positions at the start, while Barrichello lost out to Frentzen. The McLarens pulled away from Michael Schumacher, but on lap ten, Coulthard retired with a misfire. Häkkinen's engine blew up nine laps later, giving the lead to Schumacher. Neither Jordan also lasted the race, Frentzen retiring with a hydraulic failure from second, and Trulli with an engine failure from fourth. All this gave Ferrari an easy 1–2 with Schumacher winning from Barrichello, with Ralf Schumacher, driving for Williams completing the podium.