title: Olympia, Washington

text: In downtown Olympia, efforts to preserve the use of artesian water at the one remaining public well has been the mission of H2Olympia: Artesian Well Advocates. In 2011, the city of Olympia committed $50,000 toward improvements of an artesian well in a parking lot that the city purchased the same year. Renovations at the well were completed in late 2011, including surface improvements, solar lighting, and a raised area to fill bottles. In spring 2012, sea-themed mosaic artwork created by community members was installed at the site of the well.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 46,478 people, 20,761 households, and 10,672 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 22,086 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.7% White, 2.0% African American, 1.1% Native American, 6.0% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: There were 20,761 households, of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were other families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.83.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: The median age in the city was 38 years. 19.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 42,514 people, 18,670 households, and 9,968 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,544.4 people per square mile (982.3/km). There were 19,738 housing units at an average density of 1,181.3 per square mile (456.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 85.3% White, 1.9% African American, 1.3% Native American, 5.8% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population. 15.0% were of German, 11.3% Irish, 10.0% English, 6.0% Norwegian and 5.3% American ancestry. 91.6% spoke English, 2.9% Spanish and 1.7% Vietnamese as their first language.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: There were 18,670 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: The median income for a household in the city was $40,846, and the median income for a family was $54,136. Males had a median income of $41,267 versus $31,515 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,590. About 6.9% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia's main public school district is the Olympia School District. It enrolled 9,782 students in K-12 in the 2021–22 school year. The district has a total of 18 schools: 11 elementary schools, four middle schools and three high schools. Its high schools are Olympia High School (formally known as William Winlock Miller High School), Capital High School, and Avanti High School.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: In the 2007–08 school year, Olympia began the Parent Partnership Program, which provides more opportunities to homeschooling families. Olympia's online high school, Olympia Regional Learning Academy (ORLA), is part of the same program. Private elementary schools include Olympia Waldorf School, Olympia Community School, St. Michael School, Holy Family, and Evergreen Christian. Private middle schools include Olympia Waldorf School and NOVA School. Pope John Paul II High School is a private high school.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: In addition to primary and secondary schools, Olympia has a number of institutions of higher learning, including The Evergreen State College and South Puget Sound Community College. The Evergreen State College (TESC) offers bachelor's degrees in liberal arts and science, and master's degrees in environmental studies, public administration, education, and teaching. South Puget Sound Community College (SPSCC) offers associate degrees in arts, science, biology, elementary education, pre-nursing, applied science, general studies, and business.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia is a regional center for fine arts. A number of theatrical experiences are available with companies such as Animal Fire Theater, Olympia Family Theater, Olympia Little Theater, Goldfinch Productions, Broadway Olympia Productions, and Harlequin Productions at the historic State Theater. The Olympia Symphony Orchestra performs five regular-season concerts at the Washington Center and two pops concerts. The Masterworks Chorale Ensemble performs four regular-season concerts at the Washington Center for the Performing Arts.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Visual art venues include some of the local coffeehouses, Olympia Coffee Roasting Co., Batdorf & Bronson, and Burial Grounds downtown. Art House Designs is an art gallery that also hosts a jazz performance space. Murals and public art installations of sculpture are prevalent in Olympia and are especially featured on the State Capitol Campus and along Percival Landing on the urban waterfront. The Washington Center for the Performing Arts also presents visual art exhibitions throughout the season in its lobby areas.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Notable art venues near Olympia include Art in Ecology, housed in Washington Department of Ecology's 322,000-square-foot, three-story building on the campus of Saint Martin's University. Art in Ecology is a long-established art-in-the-workplace venue that has works by numerous northwest artists. Permanent installations by Alfredo Arreguin, commissioned by the Washington State Arts Commission, are accompanied by changing solo and group exhibitions throughout the year. Appointments to view the works are needed; tours take about an hour.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: South Puget Sound Community College has a gallery in its Minnaert Center with rotating exhibitions. Evergreen State College, northwest of Olympia, has a professionally curated gallery with rotating shows in the Dan Evans Library building. South of Olympia, Monarch Contemporary Art Center and Sculpture Park has an 80-acre sculpture garden and art gallery.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Each year, the Olympia Film Society (OFS) produces a film festival and fosters film and video education in Olympia. It also shows independent, classic, and international films year-round at the art-deco Capitol Theater. A mostly volunteer-powered organization, OFS supports and presents a variety of cultural events, including "All Freakin' Night", an all-night horror film screening with a cult following.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: On the fourth Saturday in April, in honor of Earth Day, Olympia is host to one of the region's largest community celebrations – the Procession of the Species. Held in conjunction with the city's biannual Arts Walk, the Procession is organized by the community-based nonprofit organization Earthbound Productions, and is the culmination of an annual Community Art Studio that is free and open to the public. In its July 2009 "Best of America" feature, "Reader's Digest" magazine honored the Procession of the Species with the top spot in its "can't resist" parades and processions list. Open to all, the Procession of the Species attracts up to 30,000 viewers, while its costumed participants of all ages frequently number nearly 3,000. On the Friday evening before the Procession of Species, a Luminary Procession is held.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: The Fleetwoods, a popular 1950s and 1960s doo-wop group, whose hits included "Come Softly to Me" and "Mr. Blue", originated in Olympia.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: In 1984, Olympia hosted the U.S. Olympic women's marathon trial. The winner of the event was Joan Benoit, who won a gold medal at the first women's Olympic marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympic games in Los Angeles.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia is the home of the Oly Rollers, the local women's flat track roller derby league whose travel team, the Cosa Nostra Donnas, were the 2009 national champions of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA), winning the national Declaration of Derby tournament in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Amtrak provides service to Olympia-Lacey at Centennial Station. Amtrak train 11, the southbound Coast Starlight, departs Olympia at 11:19am with service to Centralia; Portland; Sacramento; Emeryville, California (with bus connection to San Francisco); and Los Angeles. Amtrak train 14, the northbound Coast Starlight, departs Olympia at 6:01pm daily with service to Tacoma and Seattle. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Olympia-Lacey several times daily in both directions.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia, Lacey, Tumwater, and the surrounding area are primarily served by Intercity Transit, with connections to Grays Harbor Transit, Mason Transit Authority, Pierce Transit, Sound Transit, and Twin Transit. Intercity Transit maintains a free shuttle route called "Dash". Dash runs from the Capitol Campus to the Farmers Market at the far edge of downtown. Intercity Transit's Olympia Express provides service to Lakewood and Tacoma, with connections to regional bus and commuter rail service. In 2009 Intercity Transit won an award for America's best Public Transportation System in the midsize category by the American Public Transportation Association. The fleet runs entirely on biodiesel fuel and is composed of about 20% biodiesel-electric hybrid buses.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia Regional Airport is just south of Olympia in Tumwater. It is operated by the Port of Olympia and serves general aviation as well as corporate aviation. The airport hosts the Olympic AirShow, a medium-sized airshow that occurs on Father's Day weekend each year.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: "The Olympian" is the local daily newspaper. The Tacoma-based "Weekly Volcano" has covered Olympia entertainment since 2001. Progressive newspaper "Works in Progress" is published monthly. The statewide government channel TVW is based in Olympia. Online outlet NorthAmericaTalk, an aggregate for local community news and marketing, was established with headquarters in Olympia.


title: Olympia, Washington

text: Olympia and Thurston County are included in the Seattle-Tacoma designated market area (DMA), and therefore are chiefly served by Seattle's network-affiliated television stations and some radio stations. Since 1983, Olympia has had a public, educational and government access television station, which was rebranded in 2016 as Thurston Community Media. Olympia sits on the southern fringe of the FM signal of National Public Radio member station KUOW. An AM simulcast is transmitted from a tower in nearby Tumwater. Evergreen State College's KAOS broadcasts a mix of educational and political programming, with student-driven music shows.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Rory Charles Graham (born 29 January 1985), better known as Rag'n'Bone Man, is an English singer and songwriter. He is known for his deep baritone voice. His first hit single, "Human", was released in 2016, and his debut album of the same name was released in 2017. The album became the fastest selling debut album by a male for the decade and has since achieved 4× Platinum certification. At the 2017 Brit Awards, he was named British Breakthrough Act and received the Critics' Choice Award and went on to receive a further BRIT Award for Best British Single, with the title track in 2018.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Following the album's success, Rag'n'Bone Man has performed at headline shows and festivals around the globe and has collaborated with a variety of artists from different genres, including Bugzy Malone (with the track "Run"), Logic (with the song "Broken People" for the soundtrack of Netflix film "Bright") and Calvin Harris (with Brit Award nominated and Ivor Novello award-winning single "Giant").


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: In January 2021, Graham released "All You Ever Wanted", the lead single from his second studio album "Life by Misadventure". He then collaborated with Pink for the second single from the album, "Anywhere Away from Here". The album was originally set to be released on 23 April 2021, but was postponed to 7 May 2021.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: "Life By Misadventure" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and spent 7 weeks in the top 10, making it the fastest-selling album by a solo artist in 2021 and gaining Gold certification in the UK.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Rory Charles Graham was born on 29 January 1985 in Uckfield, East Sussex. He has a younger half-sister. He attended Ringmer Community College in Ringmer, from which he was expelled, and then enrolled at Uckfield College in his hometown. At the age of 15, he began MCing with a drum and bass crew using the handle Rag 'N' Bonez, inspired by watching repeats of the BBC sitcom "Steptoe and Son". While at school, he was part of a group of youths supported by The Prince's Trust who developed a community project which involved painting and gardening in Crowborough. He still supports the local Brighton and Hove Albion football team.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: When he moved to Brighton, his friend Gi3mo formed the rap group Rum Committee and invited him to join them. He started performing at Slip-jam B, where he met people who helped him start his career. Over the next few years, they supported hip hop artists Pharoahe Monch and KRS-One at Brighton's Concorde 2, and released their own album titled "Boozetown" (2012) through Bandcamp and other digital stores. Just weeks before the Rum Committee album release, Rory Graham was asked to support Joan Armatrading at Brighton Dome. With no solo releases to his name to distribute on the night, he worked with Rum Committee producers Gi3mo and Sherlock Bones to create his first official release, the eight-track "Bluestown EP" (2012), which included one feature from the rap artist Ceezlin.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: In 2011, Graham started working with UK hip hop label High Focus Records, releasing a number of recordings with them such as a collaboration with MC/producer Leaf Dog titled "Dog 'n Bone EP" (2013) and a project with MC/producer Dirty Dike titled "Put That Soul on Me" (2014). Shortly afterwards, he began to collaborate with record producer Mark Crew, who at the time was working on Bastille's debut album "Bad Blood". Graham signed a publishing deal with Warner Chappell in 2013.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: In 2014, in collaboration with Mark Crew, Graham released the EP "Wolves" through Best Laid Plans Records, containing nine tracks with guests including rapper Vince Staples, Stig of the Dump, and Kae Tempest. Graham, along with Skunk Anansie, also featured on Bastille's third mixtape, "VS.", on the song "Remains". His follow-up in 2015, the "Disfigured" EP, was also released through Best Laid Plans Records. The lead track "Bitter End" was playlisted on BBC Radio 1 Xtra, and made it onto BBC Radio 1's "In New Music We Trust" playlist.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Graham's first hit single, "Human", was released on Columbia Records in July 2016. It peaked at number one in the official singles charts in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. It was certified Gold in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. "Human" was used as the theme music to the Amazon Prime series "Oasis", in the official launch trailer for the video game "", in the trailer for the 2017 film "Thank You for Your Service", in the television series "Inhumans", and in the season 2 intro for the TV show "Into the Badlands". The song was also used in the outro for "Ash vs. Evil Dead" Season 3 Episode 9,the 16th episode of season 7 of the series "Suits (season 7)" as well as the "Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan" television series.


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Graham's debut album, also titled "Human", was released on 10 February 2017. The album opens with the song "Human", features the single "Skin", and has tracks produced by Mark Crew, Two Inch Punch, and Jonny Coffer. The album won the BBC Music Award for British Album of the Year in 2017 and he was nominated for Artist of the Year. Later in 2017, Graham collaborated with British virtual band Gorillaz, appearing on the song "The Apprentice" from the deluxe edition of their fifth studio album "Humanz".


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Graham also sang and co-wrote one of the songs, "Broken People", from Will Smith's 2017 Netflix film "Bright".


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: In January 2019, Graham collaborated with Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris to record the song "Giant". It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. He also collaborated with the Italian singer Zucchero Fornaciari to write the song "Freedom", for the album "D.O.C.".


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: In January 2021, Graham released "All You Ever Wanted", the lead single from his second studio album "Life by Misadventure". He then collaborated with Pink for the second single from the album, "Anywhere Away from Here". Further singles from the album were "Alone", "Crossfire" and "Fall in Love Again".


title: Rag'n'Bone Man

text: Life By Misadventure debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and spent 7 weeks in the top 10, making it the fastest-selling album by a solo artist in 2021 and gaining Gold certification in the UK.


title: Earth's circumference

text: Earth's circumference is the distance around Earth. Measured around the Equator, it is . Measured around the poles, the circumference is .


title: Earth's circumference

text: Measurement of Earth's circumference has been important to navigation since ancient times. The first known scientific measurement and calculation was done by Eratosthenes, who achieved a great degree of precision in his computation. Treating the Earth as a sphere, its circumference would be its single most important measurement. Earth deviates from spherical by about 0.3%, as characterized by flattening.


title: Earth's circumference

text: In modern times, Earth's circumference has been used to define fundamental units of measurement of length: the nautical mile in the seventeenth century and the metre in the eighteenth. Earth's polar circumference is very near to 21,600 nautical miles because the nautical mile was intended to express one minute of latitude (see meridian arc), which is 21,600 partitions of the polar circumference (that is 60 minutes × 360 degrees). The polar circumference is also close to 40,000 kilometres because the metre was originally defined to be one ten millionth (i.e., a kilometre is one ten thousandth) of the arc from pole to equator (quarter meridian). The accuracy of measuring the circumference has improved since then, but the physical length of each unit of measure had remained close to what it was determined to be at the time, so the Earth's circumference is no longer a round number in metres or nautical miles.


title: Earth's circumference

text: The measure of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes, who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia, with an error on the real value between −2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres). Eratosthenes described his technique in a book entitled "On the measure of the Earth", which has not been preserved.


title: Earth's circumference

text: Eratosthenes' method to calculate Earth's circumference has been lost; what has been preserved is the simplified version described by Cleomedes to popularise the discovery. Cleomedes invites his reader to consider two Egyptian cities, Alexandria and Syene, modern Assuan:


title: Earth's circumference

text: Under the previous assumptions, writes Cleomedes, you can measure the Sun's angle of elevation at noon of the summer solstice in Alexandria, by using a vertical rod (a gnomon) of known length and measuring the length of its shadow on the ground; it is then possible to calculate the angle of the Sun's rays, which he claims to be about 7°, or 1/50th the circumference of a circle. Taking the Earth as spherical, the Earth's circumference would be fifty times the distance between Alexandria and Syene, that is 250,000 stadia. Since 1 Egyptian stadion is equal to about 157.7 metres, the result is roughly 39,425 km, which is 1.5% less than the real circumference, 40,008 km.


title: Earth's circumference

text: Eratosthenes' method was actually more complicated, as stated by the same Cleomedes, whose purpose was to present a simplified version of the one described in Eratosthenes' book. The method was based on several surveying trips conducted by professional bematists, whose job was to precisely measure the extent of the territory of Egypt for agricultural and taxation-related purposes. Furthermore, the fact that Eratosthenes' measure corresponds precisely to 252,000 stadia might be intentional, since it is a number that can be divided by all natural numbers from 1 to 10: some historians believe that Eratosthenes changed from the 250,000 value written by Cleomedes to this new value to simplify calculations; other historians of science, on the other side, believe that Eratosthenes introduced a new length unit based on the length of the meridian, as stated by Pliny, who writes about the stadion "according to Eratosthenes' ratio".


title: Earth's circumference

text: Posidonius calculated the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. As explained by Cleomedes, Posidonius observed Canopus on but never above the horizon at Rhodes, while at Alexandria he saw it ascend as far as degrees above the horizon (the meridian arc between the latitude of the two locales is actually 5 degrees 14 minutes). Since he thought Rhodes was 5,000 stadia due north of Alexandria, and the difference in the star's elevation indicated the distance between the two locales was 1/48 of the circle, he multiplied 5,000 by 48 to arrive at a figure of 240,000 stadia for the circumference of the earth. It is generally thought that the stadion used by Posidonius was almost exactly 1/10 of a modern statute mile. Thus Posidonius's measure of 240,000 stadia translates to , not much short of the actual circumference of . Strabo noted that the distance between Rhodes and Alexandria is 3,750 stadia, and reported Posidonius's estimate of the Earth's circumference to be 180,000 stadia or . Pliny the Elder mentions Posidonius among his sources and without naming him reported his method for estimating the Earth's circumference. He noted, however, that Hipparchus had added some 26,000 stadia to Eratosthenes's estimate. The smaller value offered by Strabo and the different lengths of Greek and Roman stadia have created a persistent confusion around Posidonius's result. Ptolemy used Posidonius's lower value of 180,000 stades (about 33% too low) for the earth's circumference in his "Geography". This was the number used by Christopher Columbus in order to underestimate the distance to India as 70,000 stades.


title: Earth's circumference

text: Around AD 525, the Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata wrote "Aryabhatiya", in which he calculated the diameter of earth to be of 1,050 "yojanas". The length of the "yojana" intended by Aryabhata is in dispute. One careful reading gives an equivalent of 14,200 kilometers, too large by 11%. Another gives 15,360 km, too large by 20%. Yet another gives 13,440 km, too large by 5%.


title: Earth's circumference

text: Around AD 830, Caliph Al-Ma'mun commissioned a group of Muslim astronomers led by Al-Khwarizmi to measure the distance from Tadmur (Palmyra) to Raqqa, in modern Syria. They calculated the Earth's circumference to be within 15% of the modern value, and possibly much closer. How accurate it actually was is not known because of uncertainty in the conversion between the medieval Arabic units and modern units, but in any case, technical limitations of the methods and tools would not permit an accuracy better than about 5%.


title: Earth's circumference

text: A more convenient way to estimate was provided in Al-Biruni's "Codex Masudicus" (1037). In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two locations, al-Biruni developed a new method of using trigonometric calculations, based on the angle between a plain and mountain top, which made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location. From the top of the mountain, he sighted the dip angle which, along with the mountain's height (which he determined beforehand), he applied to the law of sines formula. This was the earliest known use of dip angle and the earliest practical use of the law of sines. However, the method could not provide more accurate results than previous methods, due to technical limitations, and so al-Biruni accepted the value calculated the previous century by the al-Ma'mun expedition.


title: Earth's circumference

text: 1,700 years after Eratosthenes's death, Christopher Columbus studied what Eratosthenes had written about the size of the Earth. Nevertheless, based on a map by Toscanelli, he chose to believe that the Earth's circumference was 25% smaller. If, instead, Columbus had accepted Eratosthenes's larger value, he would have known that the place where he made landfall was not Asia, but rather a New World.


title: Earth's circumference

text: In 1617 the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snellius assessed the circumference of the Earth at 24,630 Roman miles (24,024 statute miles). Around that time British mathematician Edmund Gunter improved navigational tools including a new quadrant to determine latitude at sea. He reasoned that the lines of latitude could be used as the basis for a unit of measurement for distance and proposed the nautical mile as one minute or one-sixtieth () of one degree of latitude. As one degree is of a circle, one minute of arc is of a circle – such that the polar circumference of the Earth would be exactly 21,600 miles. Gunter used Snellius's circumference to define a nautical mile as 6,080 feet, the length of one minute of arc at 48 degrees latitude.


title: Earth's circumference

text: In 1793, France defined the metre so as to make the polar circumference of the Earth 40,000 kilometres. In order to measure this distance accurately, the French Academy of Sciences commissioned Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain to lead an expedition to attempt to accurately measure the distance between a belfry in Dunkerque and Montjuïc castle in Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque. The length of the first prototype metre bar was based on these measurements, but it was later determined that its length was short by about 0.2 millimetres because of miscalculation of the flattening of the Earth, making the prototype about 0.02% shorter than the original proposed definition of the metre. Regardless, this length became the French standard and was progressively adopted by other countries in Europe. This is why the polar circumference of the Earth is actually 40,008 kilometres, instead of 40,000.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: Pandanus amaryllifolius is a tropical plant in the "Pandanus" (screwpine) genus, which is commonly known as pandan (; ). It has fragrant leaves which are used widely for flavouring in the cuisines of Southeast Asia and South Asia.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: "Pandanus amaryllifolius" is a true cultigen, and is believed to have been domesticated in ancient times. It is sterile and can only reproduce vegetatively through suckers or cuttings. It was first described from specimens from the Maluku Islands, and the rare presence of male flowers in these specimens may indicate that it is the origin of the species. However, as no other wild specimens have been found, this is still conjecture. The plant is grown widely throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The characteristic aroma of pandan is caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, found in the lower epidermal papillae; the compound gives white bread, jasmine rice, and basmati rice (as well as bread flowers "Vallaris glabra") their typical smell. Though the plant is unknown in the wild, it is widely cultivated. It is an upright, green plant with fan-shaped sprays of long, narrow, blade-like leaves and woody aerial roots. The plant is sterile, with flowers only growing very rarely, and is propagated by cuttings.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The taste of pandan has been described as floral, sweet, grassy, as well as like vanilla. It often has a subtle flavor or scent.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: In Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, it is commonly called "pandan" or "pandan wangi" (fragrant pandan). The green juice acquired from its leaf is used extensively in Malaysian cuisine and Indonesian cuisine as green food colouring and flavouring agents that gave pleasant aroma for "kue", a tapioca, flour or glutinous rice-based traditional cakes; including "klepon", "kue putu", "dadar gulung", "lapis legit", pandan cake, buko pandan salad, and buko pandan cake. The tied knot of bruised pandan leaf is also added into fragrant coconut rice to enhance the aroma.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: In Sri Lanka, it is called "rampé" and it is grown almost in every household. Most of the Sri Lankan dishes use these leaves for aroma along with curry leaves. In India it is called " annapurna" leaves; In Odisha annapurna leaves are used to lend aroma to rice and pithas, in Bangladesh, it is called "pulao pata" (পোলাও পাতা); and in the Maldives, it is called "ran’baa" along with the other variety of pandan there ("Pandanus fascicularis"), and is used to enhance the flavor of "pulao", "biryani", and sweet coconut rice pudding, or "payesh" if basmati rice is not used. It acts as a cheap substitute for basmati fragrance, as one can use normal, nonfragrant rice and with pandan the dish tastes and smells like basmati is used.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The leaves are used either fresh or dried, and are commercially available in frozen form in Asian grocery stores of nations where the plant does not grow. They have a nutty, botanical fragrance that is used as a flavor enhancer in many Asian cuisines, especially in rice dishes, desserts, and cakes.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The leaves are sometimes steeped in coconut milk, which is then added to the dish. They may be tied in a bunch and cooked with the food. They may be woven into a basket which is used as a pot for cooking rice. Pandan chicken, (Thai: ไก่ห่อใบเตย, "kai ho bai toei"), is a dish of chicken parts wrapped in pandan leaves and fried. The leaves are also used as a flavoring for desserts such as pandan cake and sweet beverages. Filipino cuisine uses pandan as a flavoring in some coconut milk-based dishes as well as desserts like "buko pandan". It is also used widely in rice-based pastries such as "suman" and numerous sweet drinks and desserts.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: Pandan leaves and their extract have also been used as a food preservative due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties (particularly against mold).


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: In October 2017, celebrity chef Nigella Lawson predicted that pandan would displace popular matcha and avocado toast. While the plant’s visibility on social networks, especially in the United Kingdom, increased in 2017, there was also pushback against reports that described Lawson as “discovering” a “new” ingredient, as pandan has been widely used in Asia for a long time.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The leaves are used in the perfume industry and traditional medicine. "P. amaryllifolius" essence may substitute for vanilla essence.


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: Studies have established repellent activity of "P. amaryllifolius" against American cockroaches ("Periplaneta americana" L.).


title: Pandanus amaryllifolius

text: The leaves possess a pleasant aroma and can be used as natural air fresheners. In Thailand, cab drivers sometimes use pandan for this purpose.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: Miracles from Heaven is a 2016 American Christian drama film directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Randy Brown. It is based on "Miracles from Heaven" by Christy Beam, which recounts the true story of her young daughter who had a near-death experience and was later cured of an incurable disease. The film stars Jennifer Garner, Kylie Rogers, Martin Henderson, John Carroll Lynch, Eugenio Derbez, and Queen Latifah. Principal photography began in Atlanta, Georgia, in July 2015. The film was released on March 16, 2016. The movie was financially successful, becoming the 8th highest-grossing Christian film in the United States. Although critical reception was mixed, Garner's performance earned general praise.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: Set in Burleson, Texas, between 2007 and 2012, the film centers on little girl Anna (Kylie Rogers), daughter of Christy Beam (Jennifer Garner). One day, Anna starts to vomit, and when examined by her doctor, he does not find anything abnormal. On March 20, 2008, Anna wakes up her family at midnight due to intense stomach pain, severe enough so her parents take her to the hospital. Doctors find no signs of illness, perhaps either acid reflux, or lactose intolerance, but Christy is incredulous.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: The following morning, Christy finally finds a pediatrician in the hospital able to diagnose Anna with an abdominal obstruction, and he tells them he must operate immediately or she will die. After emergency surgery, the doctor explains that Anna has been left with intestinal pseudo-obstruction and she is unable to eat, so feeding tubes are needed for her nutrition. The doctor then tells the Beams about America's foremost pediatric gastroenterologist, Dr. Samuel Nurko (Eugenio Derbez) in Boston, but explains it could take months for them to be seen. In January 2009, Christy and Anna travel to Boston despite not having an appointment with him.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: Dr. Nurko has a last minute opening, and when Anna is subsequently examined at Boston Children's Hospital, the extent of her chronic illness is found. She then goes through extensive treatment. During this ordeal, Anna and her mother befriend local Massachusetts resident Angela Bradford (Queen Latifah), as well as Ben (Wayne Péré) and his daughter, Haley (Hannah Alligood) who has terminal cancer.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On December 29, 2011, Anna and her bigger sister Abbie (Brighton Sharbino), climb up to a very high branch of an old cotton tree. While on the branch, it begins to break. Anna goes to the trunk for safety, whereupon stepping on it, she falls into the hollowed out center to the base of the tree.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: When Christy finds out what happened, she desperately calls her husband Kevin (Martin Henderson), as well as the fire department. Anna is then rescued by the firefighters, who warn Christy to expect the worst, saying that nobody could fall 30 feet without sustaining a serious injury, broken bones or paralysis. Once out, Anna is airlifted to a hospital, where a battery of tests are run, and all of them come back negative. Other than a minor concussion, Anna is uninjured.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: Sometime after the fall, Anna seems to no longer be affected by her illness. When Christy and Anna go to an appointment with Dr. Nurko, he tells Christy that she is miraculously cured. Anna then recounts with her parents her experience during the fall. She describes how her soul left her body during the fall, and God promised that she would be cured of her illness upon her return to Earth.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: At church, Christy shares the story of how God miraculously healed her daughter with His love. As Christy finishes her speech, one of the congregation protests, stating that he does not believe her. Ben, who has traveled from Boston upon hearing the story about Anna, believes her. He also shares that Haley died peacefully as Anna gave her faith when in the hospital (Anna is saddened by this news because Haley was a dear friend).


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: In the end, the Beams spend some quality time together and Christy says to always believe in miracles.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On November 10, 2014, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that Sony Pictures Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to a faith-based memoir, "Miracles From Heaven: A Little Girl, Her Journey to Heaven, and Her Amazing Story of Healing", written by Christy Beam, and hired Randy Brown to write the script. The team behind the studios' 2014 Christian film "Heaven Is for Real", T. D. Jakes and Joe Roth, were retained to produce the film along with DeVon Franklin.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On April 8, 2015, the studio hired Patricia Riggen to direct the film. On April 30, 2015, Jennifer Garner was cast to star in the film as Christy Beam. On June 22, 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that Queen Latifah was cast as a waitress who befriends Anna and Beam at the Boston Children's Hospital. On the same day, "Variety" confirmed the casting of Martin Henderson to play the girl's father and Beam's husband.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On June 29, 2015, Kylie Rogers was cast as Beam's sick daughter Anna. On July 17, 2015, Eugenio Derbez was cast to play a character inspired by Children's Hospital specialist Dr. Samuel Nurko, an American-based Mexican pediatric gastroenterologist who eases his young patients' treatment by playing games with them. John Carroll Lynch was also cast in the film as the pastor.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia, in July 2015. David R. Sandefur and Emma E. Hickox were appointed as production designer and editor, respectively. On August 2, 2015, Latifah and Garner were spotted on the set of film in Atlanta.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: The "Miracles from Heaven" soundtrack features songs from Howie Day, George Harrison, Clayton Anderson, Third Day and others. The southern Christian rock band Third Day made a cameo as the church worship band.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On May 11, 2015, the film was scheduled for a March 18, 2016 release by Columbia Pictures. On January 10, it was moved up two days later to March 16. The film held its world premiere on February 21, 2016, in Dallas, Texas.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: "Miracles from Heaven" was released on Digital Media on June 21, 2016, and was followed by a DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD release on July 12, 2016, from AFFIRM Films and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The film debuted in second place on the home video sales chart behind "" for the week ending on July 17, 2016.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: "Miracles from Heaven" grossed $61.7 million in North America and $12.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $73.9 million, against a budget of $13 million.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: The film grossed $1.9 million on its first day, finishing second at the box office behind "Zootopia" ($4.6 million). The film had an $18 million Wednesday-to-Sunday gross, including $14.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind "Zootopia" ($37.2 million) and "" ($29 million).


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: On its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, "Miracles from Heaven" grossed $29 thousand, dropping to $231 by week four.


title: Miracles from Heaven (film)

text: "Miracles from Heaven" received generally mixed reviews from critics, with Garner's performance receiving praise. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 45%, based on 93 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Miracles from Heaven" makes the most out of an outstanding performance from Jennifer Garner, but it isn't quite enough to keep this faith-based drama from preaching to the choir." On Metacritic the film has a score of 44 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine, sold under the brand name Tenex among others, is an oral medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high blood pressure. Guanfacine is FDA-approved for monotherapy treatment of ADHD as well as being used for augmentation of other treatments, such as stimulants. Guanfacine is also used off-label to treat tic disorders, anxiety disorders and PTSD.


title: Guanfacine

text: Common side effects include sleepiness, constipation, and dry mouth. Other side effects may include low blood pressure and urinary problems. The FDA has categorized Guanfacine as "Category B" in pregnancy which means animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk or an adverse effect during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It appears to work by activating the α receptors in the brain thereby decreasing sympathetic nervous system activity.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 300th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine is FDA approved as monotherapy or augmentation with stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is also FDA approved to treat high blood pressure. It is FDA approved as monotherapy treatment for ADHD, and it is also FDA approved to be used in augmentation with stimulant medications when stimulants medications are not fully effective (stimulants include medications such as amphetamines and methylphenidate). Guanfacine can offer a synergistic enhancement of stimulant treatment for ADHD, and in many cases can also help control the side effect profile of stimulant medications. Guanfacine is also used off-label to treat Tic Disorders, Anxiety Disorders and PTSD.


title: Guanfacine

text: An off-label use of guanfacine is for treatment of anxiety, such as generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Guanfacine and other α2A agonists have anxiolytic-like action, thereby reducing the emotional responses of the amygdala, and strengthening prefrontal cortical regulation of emotion, action and thought. These actions arise from both inhibition of stress-induced catecholamine release, and from prominent, post-synaptic actions in prefrontal cortex. Due to its prolonged half-life, it also has been seen to improve sleep interrupted by nightmares in PTSD patients. All of these actions likely contribute to the relief of the hyperarousal, re-experiencing of memory, and impulsivity associated with PTSD. Guanfacine appears to be especially helpful in treating children who have been traumatized or abused.


title: Guanfacine

text: Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include sleepiness, tiredness, headache, and stomach ache.


title: Guanfacine

text: Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include decreased appetite, nausea, dry mouth, urinary incontinence, and rashes.


title: Guanfacine

text: Typical side effects such as fatigue, irritability and stomach upset can take a week or two to subside. Increases in dosage can have the same adjustment period.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine availability is significantly affected by the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes. Medications that inhibit or induce those enzymes change the amount of guanfacine in circulation and thus its efficacy and rate of adverse effects. Because of its impact on the heart, it should be used with caution with other cardioactive drugs. Similar concern is appropriate when it is used with sedating medications.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine is known to lower the user's tolerance for alcohol, heightening its effect, and alcohol use may prolong the effects of the medication.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine is a highly selective agonist of the α adrenergic receptor, with low affinity for other receptors. However it may also be a potent 5-HT receptor agonist, which can be associated with valvulopathy, although not all 5-HT agonists have this effect.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine works by activating α adrenoceptors within the central nervous system. This leads to reduced peripheral sympathetic outflow and thus a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone, which lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.


title: Guanfacine

text: In ADHD, guanfacine works by strengthening regulation of attention and behavior by the prefrontal cortex. These enhancing effects on prefrontal cortical functions are believed to be due to drug stimulation of post-synaptic α adrenoceptors on dendritic spines. cAMP-mediated opening of HCN and KCNQ channels is inhibited, which enhances prefrontal cortical synaptic connectivity and neuronal firing. The use of guanfacine for treating prefrontal disorders was developed by the Arnsten Lab at Yale University.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine has an oral bioavailability of 80%. There is no clear evidence of any first-pass metabolism. Elimination half-life is 17 hours with the major elimination route being renal. The principal metabolite is the 3-hydroxy-derivative, with evidence of moderate biotransformation, and the key intermediate is an epoxide. Elimination is not impacted with impaired renal function. As such, metabolism by liver is the assumption for those with impaired renal function, as supported by increased frequency of known side effects of orthostatic hypotension and sedation.


title: Guanfacine

text: In 1986, guanfacine was approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypertension under the brand name Tenex (Drugs@FDA). In 2010, guanfacine was approved by the FDA for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for people 6–17 years old. It was approved for ADHD by the European Medicines Agency under the name Intuniv in 2015. It was added to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme for the treatment of ADHD in 2018.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine has been studied as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence of efficacy in adults is limited, but one study found positive results in children with comorbid ADHD. It may be also useful in adult PTSD patients who do not respond to SSRIs.


title: Guanfacine

text: Guanfacine has been investigated for treatment of withdrawal for opioids, ethanol, and nicotine. Guanfacine has been shown to help reduce stress-induced craving of nicotine in smokers trying to quit, which may involve strengthening of prefrontal cortex meditated self-control.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Lesley Sharp is an English stage, film and television actress whose roles on British television include "Clocking Off" (2000–2001), "Bob & Rose" (2001) and "Afterlife" (2005–2006). She was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1997 film "The Full Monty". Her other film appearances include "Rita, Sue and Bob Too" (1986), "Naked" (1993), "Priest" (1994), "From Hell" (2001) and "Vera Drake" (2004). Between 2011 and 2016, she starred as DC Janet Scott in the ITV drama "Scott & Bailey".


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Sharp has stated that she started acting because, as a child, she felt "invisible" and did not "quite fit in". She has said that her inspiration to act came from watching Dick Emery on television.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Sharp's screen debut was in Alan Clarke's "Rita, Sue and Bob Too" (1986), playing Bob's wife, Michelle. She appeared in another Clarke-directed project, as Valerie in the filmed version of Jim Cartwright's successful stageplay "Road" (1987). Further film appearances included supporting roles in "The Rachel Papers" (1989) and Stephen Poliakoff's "Close My Eyes", with Clive Owen and Alan Rickman. Sharp was establishing herself as a talented actress and social realist roles in Mike Leigh's "Naked" (1993) and the Jimmy McGovern-penned "Priest" (1994) further raised her profile. By the time she was in "Prime Suspect 4: The Lost Child" (1995) and "The Full Monty" (1997) she had become a well-known performer in Britain.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Although Sharp has appeared in a variety of films throughout her career, she is probably best known by television audiences. By the late 1990s, she was being offered lead roles in numerous well-written drama series. "Common As Muck" (1997) was followed by "Playing the Field" (1998–2002), a drama about a female football team which ran for five series. Sharp had supporting parts in "Great Expectations" (1999), as Mrs Joe, and in "Nature Boy" (2000), as Martha Tyler, before landing the role of Trudy Graham in Paul Abbott's BAFTA-award-winning "Clocking Off" (2000–2003), which lasted four series. Russell T. Davies then cast her opposite Alan Davies in "Bob & Rose", which resulted in a BAFTA nomination for Sharp. Further film roles in "From Hell", starring Johnny Depp, and "Cheeky" (1993), which was directed by "Naked" co-star David Thewlis, preceded another television drama written by Russell T. Davies. In "The Second Coming" (2003) She was "the woman who killed God" in the form of Stephen Baxter, as played by Christopher Eccleston.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Sharp again worked with Mike Leigh in "Vera Drake" (2004) which was followed by one-off television dramas including "Planespotting", "Born with Two Mothers" and "Our Hidden Lives", all in 2005. The same year, she played the clairvoyant lead role of Alison Mundy opposite Andrew Lincoln's sceptical Robert Bridge in ITV's supernatural drama series "Afterlife". Although the subject matter was seen as quite controversial, it was generally received positively by critics and audiences. Sharp's performance was highly praised and she was nominated for several awards. She commented, in a "This Morning" television interview, that the guest stars – including Natalia Tena, David Threlfall and Mark Benton — for the second series "were amazing".


title: Lesley Sharp

text: After a ten-year break from stagework, in October 2005 Sharp return to the theatre as Emma in Sam Shepard's "The God of Hell" at the Donmar Warehouse. In what she described as "a black comedy about the poison at the heart of America", she was directed by her friend Kathy Burke — someone with whom she had previously competed for screen roles.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: Lesley Sharp concentrated on theatrical work for the next few years, until re-appearing on television screens in 2008 in the three-part Lucy Gannon-penned drama "The Children". Later in 2008, she worked with Russell T. Davies for a third time when she played Sky Silvestry in the "Doctor Who" episode "Midnight". Davies later tipped Sharp to become the first woman to play the Doctor.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: In early 2009 Sharp played Petronella van Daan in the BBC's new version of "The Diary of Anne Frank". She subsequently played Paddy Considine's wife in Channel 4's acclaimed drama series "Red Riding". Sharp starred in a 2009 revival of "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice" at the Vaudeville Theatre with Marc Warren and Diana Vickers, which ran from October to the following January. Between 2011 and 2016, Sharp co-starred as Janet Scott in ITV1's crime drama series "Scott & Bailey". In May 2012 she starred in the Sky1 comedy series "Starlings" as Jan Starling.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: In 2015, Sharp played the part of Mary, the daughter of Petunia Howe, in the three-part BBC series "Capital" based on John Lanchester's novel of the same name.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: She appeared in several episodes of the Netflix original "" as Rosalind but was replaced in this role with Miranda Richardson after the first season.


title: Lesley Sharp

text: In October 2005, Sharp starred in her first theatre role for a decade in the play "The God of Hell" at the Donmar Warehouse, London.


title: Mirror test

text: The mirror test—sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition. The MSR test is the traditional method for attempting to measure physiological and cognitive self-awareness. However, agreement has been reached that animals can be self-aware in ways not measured by the mirror test, such as distinguishing between their own and others' songs and scents.


title: Mirror test

text: In the classic MSR test, an animal is anesthetized and then marked (e.g. paint or sticker) on an area of the body the animal normally cannot see (e.g. forehead). When the animal recovers from the anesthetic, it is given access to a mirror. If the animal then touches or investigates the mark, it is taken as an indication that the animal perceives the reflected image as an image of itself, rather than of another animal.


title: Mirror test

text: Very few species have passed the MSR test. Species that have include the great apes, a single Asiatic elephant, rays, dolphins, orcas, the Eurasian magpie, and the cleaner wrasse. A wide range of species has been reported to fail the test, including several species of monkeys, giant pandas, and sea lions.


title: Mirror test

text: The inspiration for the mirror test comes from an anecdote about Charles Darwin and a captive orangutan. While visiting the London Zoo in 1838, Darwin observed an orangutan, named Jenny, throwing a tantrum after being teased with an apple by her keeper. This started him thinking about the subjective experience of an orangutan. He also watched Jenny gaze into a mirror and noted the possibility that she recognized herself in the reflection.


title: Mirror test

text: In 1970, Gordon Gallup Jr. experimentally investigated the possibility of self-recognition with two male and two female wild preadolescent chimpanzees ("Pan troglodytes"), none of which had presumably seen a mirror previously. Each chimpanzee was put into a room by itself for two days. Next, a full-length mirror was placed in the room for a total of 80 hours at periodically decreasing distances. A multitude of behaviors was recorded upon introducing the mirrors to the chimpanzees. Initially, the chimpanzees made threatening gestures at their own images, ostensibly seeing their own reflections as threatening. Eventually, the chimps used their own reflections for self-directed responding behaviors, such as grooming parts of their body previously not observed without a mirror, picking their noses, making faces, and blowing bubbles at their own reflections.


title: Mirror test

text: Gallup expanded the study by manipulating the chimpanzees' appearance and observing their reaction to their reflection in the mirror. Gallup anesthetized the chimpanzees and then painted a red alcohol-soluble dye on the eyebrow ridge and on the top half of the opposite ear. When the dye dried, it had virtually no olfactory or tactile cues. Gallup then returned the chimpanzees to the cage (with the mirror removed) and allowed them to regain full consciousness. He then recorded the frequency with which the chimpanzees spontaneously touched the marked areas of skin. After 30 minutes, the mirror was reintroduced into the room and the frequency of touching the marked areas again determined. The frequency of touching increased to four to ten, with the mirror present, compared to only one when the mirror had been removed. The chimpanzees sometimes inspected their fingers visually or olfactorily after touching the marks. Other mark-directed behavior included turning and adjusting of the body to better view the mark in the mirror, or tactile examination of the mark with an appendage while viewing the mirror.


title: Mirror test

text: An important aspect of the classical mark-test (or rouge test) is that the mark/dye is nontactile, preventing attention being drawn to the marking through additional perceptual cues (somesthesis). For this reason, animals in the majority of classical tests are anesthetized. Some tests use a tactile marker. If the creature stares unusually long at the part of its body with the mark or tries to rub it off, then it is said to pass the test.


title: Mirror test

text: Animals that are considered to be able to recognize themselves in a mirror typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror:


title: Mirror test

text: Gallup conducted a follow-up study in which two chimpanzees with no prior experience of a mirror were put under anesthesia, marked, and observed. After recovery, they made no mark-directed behaviors either before or after being provided with a mirror.


title: Mirror test

text: The rouge test was also done by Michael Lewis and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn in 1979 for the purpose of self-recognition with human mothers and their children.


title: Mirror test

text: The default implication drawn from Gallup's test is that those animals who pass the test possess some form of self-recognition. However, a number of authors have suggested alternative explanations of a pass. For example, Povinelli suggests that the animal may see the reflection as some odd entity that it is able to control through its own movements. When the reflected entity has a mark on it, then the animal can remove the mark or alert the reflected entity to it using its own movements to do so. Critically, this explanation does not assume that the animals necessarily see the reflected entity as "self".


title: Mirror test

text: The MSR test has been criticized for several reasons, in particular because it may result in false negative findings.


title: Mirror test

text: The MSR test may be of limited value when applied to species that primarily use senses other than vision. For example, dogs mainly use olfaction and audition; vision is used third. This may be why dogs fail the MSR test. With this in mind, biologist Marc Bekoff developed a scent-based paradigm using dog urine to test self-recognition in canines. He tested his own dog, but his results were inconclusive. Dog cognition researcher Alexandra Horowitz formalized Bekoff's idea in a controlled experiment, first reported in 2016 and published in 2017. She compared the dogs' behavior when examining their own and others' odors, and also when examining their own odor with an added smell "mark" analogous to the visual mark in MSR tests. These subjects not only discriminated their own odor from that of other dogs, as Bekoff had found, but also spent more time investigating their own odor "image" when it was modified, as subjects who pass the MSR test do. A 2016 study suggested an ethological approach, the "Sniff test of self-recognition (STSR)" which did not shed light on different ways of checking for self-recognition.


title: Mirror test

text: Another concern with the MSR test is that some species quickly respond aggressively to their mirror reflection as if it were a threatening conspecific, thereby preventing the animal to calmly consider what the reflection actually represents. This may be why gorillas and monkeys fail the MSR test.


title: Mirror test

text: In an MSR test, animals may not recognise the mark as abnormal, or may not be sufficiently motivated to react to it. However, this does not mean they are unable to recognize themselves. For example, in an MSR test conducted on three elephants, only one elephant passed the test, but the two elephants that failed still demonstrated behaviors that can be interpreted as self-recognition. The researchers commented that the elephants might not have touched the mark because it was not important enough to them. Similarly, lesser apes infrequently engage in self-grooming, which may explain their failure to touch a mark on their heads in the mirror test.


title: Mirror test

text: Frans de Waal, a biologist and primatologist at Emory University, has stated that self-awareness is not binary, and the mirror test should not be relied upon as a sole indicator of self-awareness, though it is a good test to have. Different animals adapt to the mirror in different ways.


title: Mirror test

text: Finally, controversy arose over whether self-recognition ("through specifically visual stimuli") implies self-awareness. Dogs recognize their own scent as different from others' scents, but fail the traditional, visual mirror test. There are also many animals that are biologically unfit for this test, for example, certain species of mole that are born blind.


title: Mirror test

text: Several studies using a wide range of species have investigated the occurrence of spontaneous, mark-directed behavior when given a mirror, as originally proposed by Gallup. Most marked animals given a mirror initially respond with social behavior, such as aggressive displays, and continue to do so during repeated testing. Only a few species have touched or directed behavior toward the mark, thereby passing the classic MSR test.


title: Mirror test

text: Findings in MSR studies are not always conclusive. Even in chimpanzees, the species most studied and with the most convincing findings, clear-cut evidence of self-recognition is not obtained in all individuals tested. Prevalence is about 75% in young adults and considerably less in young and aging individuals.


title: Mirror test

text: Until the 2008 study on magpies, self-recognition was thought to reside in the neocortex area of the brain. However, this brain region is absent in nonmammals. Self-recognition may be a case of convergent evolution, where similar evolutionary pressures result in similar behaviors or traits, although species arrive at them by different routes, and the underlying mechanism may be different.


title: Mirror test

text: Gibbon (g. "Hylobates", "Symphalangus" and "Nomascus") have failed to show self-recognition in at least two tests. However, modified mirror tests with three species of gibbons ("Hylobates syndactylus", "H. gabriellae", "H. leucogenys") in 2000 showed convincing evidence of self-recognition even though the animals failed the standard version of the mirror test.


title: Mirror test

text: Pigs can use visual information seen in a mirror to find food, and show evidence of self-recognition when presented with their reflections. In a 2009 experiment, seven of the eight pigs tested were able to find a bowl of food hidden behind a wall and revealed using a mirror. The eighth pig looked behind the mirror for the food. BBC Earth also showed the food bowl test, and the "matching shapes to holes" test, in the "Extraordinary Animals" series.


title: Mirror test

text: Two captive giant manta rays showed frequent, unusual and repetitive movements in front of a mirror, suggesting contingency checking. They also showed unusual self-directed behaviors when exposed to the mirror. Manta rays have the largest brains of all fish. In 2016, Csilla Ari tested captive manta rays at the Atlantis Aquarium in the Bahamas by exposing them to a mirror. The manta rays appeared to be extremely interested in the mirror. They behaved strangely in front the mirror, including doing flips and moving their fins. They also blew bubbles. They did not interact with the reflection as if it were another manta ray; they did not try to socialize with it. However, only an actual mirror test can determine if they actually recognize their own reflections, or if they are just demonstrating exploratory behavior. A classic mirror test has yet to be done on manta rays.


title: Mirror test

text: Another fish that may pass the mirror test is the common archerfish, "Toxotes chatareus". A study in 2016 showed that archerfish can discriminate between human faces. Researchers showed this by testing the archerfish, which spit a stream of water at an image of a face when they recognized it. The archerfish would be trained to expect food when it spat at a certain image. When the archerfish was shown images of other human faces, the fish did not spit. They only spit for the image that they recognized. Archerfish normally, in the wild, use their spitting streams to knock down prey from above into the water below. The study showed that archerfish could be trained to recognize a three-dimensional image of one face compared to an image of a different face and would spit at the face when they recognized it. The archerfish were even able to continue recognizing the image of the face even when it was rotated 30, 60 and 90°.


title: Mirror test

text: The rouge test is a version of the mirror test used with human children. Using rouge makeup, an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot on the face of the child. The children are then placed in front of a mirror and their reactions are monitored; depending on the child's development, distinct categories of responses are demonstrated. This test is widely cited as the primary measure for mirror self-recognition in human children.


title: Mirror test

text: From the ages of 6 to 12 months, the child typically sees a "sociable playmate" in the mirror's reflection. Self-admiring and embarrassment usually begin at 12 months, and at 14 to 20 months, most children demonstrate avoidance behaviors. Finally, at 18 months, half of children recognize the reflection in the mirror as their own and by 20 to 24 months, self-recognition climbs to 65%. Children do so by evincing mark-directed behavior; they touch their own noses or try to wipe the marks off.


title: Mirror test

text: Self-recognition in mirrors apparently is independent of familiarity with reflecting surfaces. In some cases, the rouge test has been shown to have differing results, depending on sociocultural orientation. For example, a Cameroonian Nso sample of infants 18 to 20 months of age had an extremely low amount of self-recognition outcomes at 3.2%. The study also found two strong predictors of self-recognition: object stimulation (maternal effort of attracting the attention of the infant to an object either person touched) and mutual eye contact. A strong correlation between self-concept and object permanence have also been demonstrated using the rouge test.


title: Mirror test

text: The rouge test is a measure of self-concept; the child who touches the rouge on his own nose upon looking into a mirror demonstrates the basic ability to understand self-awareness. Animals, young children, and people who have gained sight after being blind from birth, sometimes react to their reflection in the mirror as though it were another individual.


title: Mirror test

text: Theorists have remarked on the significance of this period in a child's life. For example, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan used a similar test in marking the mirror stage when growing up. Current views of the self in psychology position the self as playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and social identity.


title: Mirror test

text: There is some debate as to the interpretation of the results of the mirror test, and researchers in one study have identified some potential problems with the test as a means of gauging self-awareness in young children and animals.


title: Mirror test

text: Proposing that a self-recognizing child or animal may not demonstrate mark-directed behavior because they are not motivated to clean up their faces, thus providing incorrect results, the study compared results of the standard rouge test methodology against a modified version of the test.


title: Mirror test

text: In the classic test, the experimenter first played with the children, making sure that they looked in the mirror at least three times. Then, the rouge test was performed using a dot of rouge below the child's right eye. For their modified testing, the experimenter introduced a doll with a rouge spot under its eye and asked the child to help clean the doll. The experimenter would ask up to three times before cleaning the doll themselves. The doll was then put away, and the mirror test performed using a rouge dot on the child's face. These modifications were shown to increase the number of self-recognisers.


title: Mirror test

text: The results uncovered by this study at least suggest some issues with the classic mirror test; primarily, that it assumes that children will recognize the dot of rouge as abnormal and attempt to examine or remove it. The classic test may have produced false negatives, because the child's recognition of the dot did not lead to them cleaning it. In their modified test, in which the doll was cleaned first, they found a stronger relationship between cleaning the doll's face and the child cleaning its own face. The demonstration with the doll, postulated to demonstrate to the children what to do, may lead to more reliable confirmation of self-recognition.


title: Mirror test

text: On a more general level, it remains debatable whether recognition of one's mirror image implies self-awareness. Likewise, the converse may also be false—one may hold self-awareness, but not present a positive result in a mirror test.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: Asif Ali (born 4 February 1986) is an Indian actor and producer, who predominantly works in the Malayalam film industry. He started his film career with Shyamaprasad's 2009 Malayalam Language film, "Ritu".


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: During the subsequent years Asif went on to act in critically and commercially successful films including the romantic thriller, "Apoorvaragam", the road thriller film "Traffic", the romantic comedy film "Salt N' Pepper" and the period drama movie "Ozhimuri", which got an official selection in the Indian Panorama section of the 43rd International Film Festival of India. His 2013 film "Honey Bee" was one of the major hits in that year and his 2015 film "Nirnayakam" won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues. His success streak continued by starring in the 2016 romantic movie "Anuraga Karikkin Vellam", the 2017 movie "Sunday Holiday", the campus thriller "Btech" (2018) and "Vijay Superum Pournamiyum" (2019), which produced a hat-trick of hits for him with Jis Joy.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: He made his debut as a producer in the 2015 film "Kohinoor" under his production company Adam's World of Imagination, which went on to be a success. Later he produced the 2016 film "Kavi Uddeshichath" and distributed various films including "Vimaanam" and "Iblis".


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: Asif Ali was born in Karikode, Thodupuzha, Idukki, India at 4 February 1986. He obtained graduation degree from the Marian College, Kuttikkanam in Business Administration. While studying Ali modelled for ads and worked as a video jockey.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: He was selected by Shyamaprasad to play one of the lead roles in his film "Ritu" and received positive reviews from critics and audiences. He was then approached by Sathyan Anthikkad to play an important role in his film "Kadha Thudarunnu." His third film was "Apoorvaragam", directed by Sibi Malayil.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: Since then, he had acted in the films "Best of Luck" and " Traffic". His next film was "Ithu Nammude Katha" written and directed by Rajesh Kannankara. In 2011 Ali signed to appear in Aashiq Abu's second movie "Salt N' Pepper" in which he played the role of Manu Raghav, a carefree youngster character who often puts himself into awkward situations trying to be over friendly.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: He played cameo roles in "Doctor Love", "Indian Rupee", "Mallu Singh" and "Ustad Hotel." In 2013 he appeared In Jean Paul Lal's directorial debut, "Honey Bee" where he played the role of Sebastian which he followed with debutant Jis Joy's "Bicycle Thieves". Ali sang four lines of the song "Aayiram Kannumaai", which was originally featured in Fazil's "Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu."His next releases were "Pakida, Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal" and "Hi I'm Tony". He played the role of Shabab in "Sapthamashree Thaskaraha" and had a cameo role in "Vellimoonga".


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: In 2015 he appeared In "Nirnayakam", "Kohinoor" and "Rajamma @ Yahoo". His movie "Anuraga Karikkin Vellam" went on to become one of the Superhit of 2016. He reunited with Jean Paul Lal for "". Sequel of 2013 Box office success Honey Bee. Then he appeared in Mahesh Naryanan's


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: "Take Off". The film was shot in various parts of Dubai and released to widespread critical acclaim. In 2018, his major releases were " B Tech", " Iblis" and "Mandharam". "B Tech" became a financial success, running for 100 days in Kerala.


title: Asif Ali (actor)

text: He started the year 2019 with "Vijay Superum Pournamiyum", which became a successful venture at box office. He played a critical role in the movie "Uyare", which had Parvathy and Tovino Thomas playing other characters. He played another critical role in the film "Virus", based on a true story that occurred in Calicut. He later acted in Nissam Basheer's directorial debut "Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha", which was a box office success and gained critical acclaim. Director Lal Jose appraised it to be his career's best.


title: Simon Bird

text: Simon Antony Bird (born 19 August 1984) is an English comedian, actor, director and producer. He is best known for playing Will McKenzie in the multi-award-winning E4 comedy series "The Inbetweeners" (2008–2010), as well as its two films (2011 and 2014), and Adam Goodman in the Channel 4 comedy series "Friday Night Dinner" (2011–2020).


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird was born in Guildford, Surrey, as the third of four children of Claremont McKenna College Professors Graham and Heather Bird.


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird was educated at Cranmore School, West Horsley, the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and Queens' College, Cambridge, where he read English. At Cambridge, Bird was the president of the Footlights, the university's sketch and theatrical group.


title: Simon Bird

text: While completing a Master of Arts degree in cultural and critical studies at Birkbeck College, Bird set up the sketch comedy group "The House of Windsor" with former Footlights contemporaries Joe Thomas (who plays Simon Cooper in "The Inbetweeners") and Jonny Sweet. They performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 2007 and in 2008 with a show called "The Meeting", described as a site-specific comedy installation set in an actual boardroom. Bird and Thomas were also regulars on series 1 and 2 of "The Weekly Show", a podcast for Channel 4 Radio (2006–07).


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird also performs stand-up comedy and took part in Chortle's national student comedy awards in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, coming second in his final attempt. He was a finalist in 2006, and was disqualified for deliberately breaking the rules in 2007.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2008, Bird was cast in E4's teen comedy "The Inbetweeners" as Will McKenzie, along with Joe Thomas. He won the 2008 British Comedy Award for Best Male Newcomer and the 2009 British Comedy Award for Best Actor. He was also nominated for Best Comedy Performance at the 2008 Royal Television Society Awards, and Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme at the 2009 BAFTA Television Awards.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2010, Bird created a BBC Three comedy panel show "The King Is Dead", in which a well-known person is hypothetically killed off and a panel of three personalities go head-to-head in a series of satirical quiz rounds and challenges in their bid to replace them. He hosted alongside Nick Mohammed and Katy Wix.


title: Simon Bird

text: From 2011-2020 Bird starred in 6 series of "Friday Night Dinner", a single-camera comedy written by Robert Popper and made by Big Talk Productions. Like The Inbetweeners it was named Best Sitcom at the Rose D'Or Festival. In 2021 Channel 4 released "Friday Night Dinner: 10 Years And A Lovely Bit Of Squirrel", an anniversary special celebrating a decade of the hit sitcom.


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird returned to the character of Will McKenzie in "The Inbetweeners Movie" which was released on 17 August 2011 and is the highest-grossing comedy film ever released in the UK. In 2014 he resumed the role in the second movie about the Inbetweeners, "The Inbetweeners 2", which had the highest-grossing opening weekend of any film in the UK that year.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2013 Bird co-created, co-wrote, and co-starred in "Chickens", a sitcom about three men who remain in England during World War I. It premiered on Sky1 in summer 2013 and was nominated for Best Comedy at the 2014 Broadcast Awards.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2017 he starred on the West End in "The Philanthropist", directed by Simon Callow. In his review, The Telegraph's theatre critic Dominic Cavendish wrote "Callow has certainly struck gold with leading man Simon Bird...he delivers the goods by subtle, incremental means, the thespian equivalent of a 3D printer".


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird's debut stand-up show "Debrief", recorded in an empty theatre, was released on All4 in 2022 and described by comedy website Chortle as "more like an experimental art-house movie than a stand-up special".


title: Simon Bird

text: Bird will star in a new Channel 4 sitcom "Everyone Else Burns", produced by Jax Media and NBC Universal, to be released in 2023.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2016, Bird directed his first short film "Ernestine and Kit" based on a story by Kevin Barry. It premiered at SXSW where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Award for Best Narrative Short. It was also nominated for Best Short Film at the 2016 Irish Television and Film Awards.


title: Simon Bird

text: His debut feature film "Days of Bagnold Summer", was released in 2020, backed by Creative England and the British Film Institute. It was described by Mark Kermode as "a gem of a movie...laugh-out-loud funny and piercingly poignant". It was nominated for the Variety Piazza Grande Award at the Locarno Film Festival and was named Best Feature at the LUCAS International Festival For Young Film Lovers. It currently has a 92% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Simon Bird

text: For TV, Bird directed Series 3 of BAFTA-nominated mockumentary "Pls Like" and the first series of Rose D'Or-nominated sketch show "Ellie & Natasia", described by "The Times" as "the funniest and most refreshing take on the format for years".


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2015 Bird and Jonny Sweet founded Guilty Party Pictures, an independent TV and film production company backed by StudioCanal. It produced a number of projects including "God's Own County", nominated for Best Short-Form Comedy at the 2019 Broadcast Awards, "How Europe Stole My Mum", described by "The Guardian" as "nothing short of a miracle", and "How We Forgot To Save The Planet", which won the 2022 RTS Scotland Award for Best Comedy.


title: Simon Bird

text: In 2022 it was announced that Bird and Sweet were setting up a new company, People Person Pictures, in partnership with BBC Studios. People Person Pictures was named as a co-producing partner on "Wicked Little Letters", a feature film starring Olivia Colman, Jessie Buckley and Timothy Spall, to be released in 2024.


title: Q factor

text: In physics and engineering, the quality factor or "Q" factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an oscillator or resonator is. It is defined as the ratio of the initial energy stored in the resonator to the energy lost in one radian of the cycle of oscillation. Q factor is alternatively defined as the ratio of a resonator's centre frequency to its bandwidth when subject to an oscillating driving force. These two definitions give numerically similar, but not identical, results. Higher "Q" indicates a lower rate of energy loss and the oscillations die out more slowly. A pendulum suspended from a high-quality bearing, oscillating in air, has a high "Q", while a pendulum immersed in oil has a low one. Resonators with high quality factors have low damping, so that they ring or vibrate longer.


title: Q factor

text: The Q factor is a parameter that describes the resonance behavior of an underdamped harmonic oscillator (resonator). Sinusoidally driven resonators having higher "Q" factors resonate with greater amplitudes (at the resonant frequency) but have a smaller range of frequencies around that frequency for which they resonate; the range of frequencies for which the oscillator resonates is called the bandwidth. Thus, a high-"Q" tuned circuit in a radio receiver would be more difficult to tune, but would have more selectivity; it would do a better job of filtering out signals from other stations that lie nearby on the spectrum. High-"Q" oscillators oscillate with a smaller range of frequencies and are more stable.


title: Q factor

text: The quality factor of oscillators varies substantially from system to system, depending on their construction. Systems for which damping is important (such as dampers keeping a door from slamming shut) have "Q" near . Clocks, lasers, and other resonating systems that need either strong resonance or high frequency stability have high quality factors. Tuning forks have quality factors around 1000. The quality factor of atomic clocks, superconducting RF cavities used in accelerators, and some high-"Q" lasers can reach as high as 10 and higher.


title: Q factor

text: There are many alternative quantities used by physicists and engineers to describe how damped an oscillator is. Important examples include: the damping ratio, relative bandwidth, linewidth and bandwidth measured in octaves.


title: Q factor

text: The concept of "Q" originated with K. S. Johnson of Western Electric Company's Engineering Department while evaluating the quality of coils (inductors). His choice of the symbol "Q" was only because, at the time, all other letters of the alphabet were taken. The term was not intended as an abbreviation for "quality" or "quality factor", although these terms have grown to be associated with it.


title: Q factor

text: The definition of Q since its first use in 1914 has been generalized to apply to coils and condensers, resonant circuits, resonant devices, resonant transmission lines, cavity resonators, and has expanded beyond the electronics field to apply to dynamical systems in general: mechanical and acoustic resonators, material Q and quantum systems such as spectral lines and particle resonances.


title: Q factor

text: In the context of resonators, there are two common definitions for "Q", which aren't exactly equivalent. They become approximately equivalent as "Q" becomes larger, meaning the resonator becomes less damped. One of these definitions is the frequency-to-bandwidth ratio of the resonator:


title: Q factor

text: where "f" is the resonant frequency, Δ"f" is the resonance width or full width at half maximum (FWHM) i.e. the bandwidth over which the power of vibration is greater than half the power at the resonant frequency, "ω" = 2π"f" is the angular resonant frequency, and Δ"ω" is the angular half-power bandwidth.


title: Q factor

text: The other common nearly equivalent definition for "Q" is the ratio of the energy stored in the oscillating resonator to the energy dissipated per cycle by damping processes:


title: Q factor

text: The factor 2π makes "Q" expressible in simpler terms, involving only the coefficients of the second-order differential equation describing most resonant systems, electrical or mechanical. In electrical systems, the stored energy is the sum of energies stored in lossless inductors and capacitors; the lost energy is the sum of the energies dissipated in resistors per cycle. In mechanical systems, the stored energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies at some point in time; the lost energy is the work done by an external force, per cycle, to maintain amplitude.


title: Q factor

text: More generally and in the context of reactive component specification (especially inductors), the frequency-dependent definition of "Q" is used:


title: Q factor

text: where "ω" is the angular frequency at which the stored energy and power loss are measured. This definition is consistent with its usage in describing circuits with a single reactive element (capacitor or inductor), where it can be shown to be equal to the ratio of reactive power to real power. ("See" Individual reactive components.)


title: Q factor

text: The "Q" factor determines the qualitative behavior of simple damped oscillators. (For mathematical details about these systems and their behavior see harmonic oscillator and linear time invariant (LTI) system.)


title: Q factor

text: In negative feedback systems, the dominant closed-loop response is often well-modeled by a second-order system. The phase margin of the open-loop system sets the quality factor "Q" of the closed-loop system; as the phase margin decreases, the approximate second-order closed-loop system is made more oscillatory (i.e., has a higher quality factor).


title: Q factor

text: where formula_4 is the cavity wall radius, formula_5 is the skin depth of the cavity wall, formula_6 is the eigenvalue scalar (m is azimuth index, p is radial index; in this application, skin depth is formula_7)


title: Q factor

text: Physically speaking, "Q" is approximately the ratio of the stored energy to the energy dissipated over one radian of the oscillation; or nearly equivalently, at high enough "Q" values, 2π times the ratio of the total energy stored and the energy lost in a single cycle.


title: Q factor

text: It is a dimensionless parameter that compares the exponential time constant for decay of an oscillating physical system's amplitude to its oscillation period. Equivalently, it compares the frequency at which a system oscillates to the rate at which it dissipates its energy. More precisely, the frequency and period used should be based on the system's natural frequency, which at low "Q" values is somewhat higher than the oscillation frequency as measured by zero crossings.


title: Q factor

text: Equivalently (for large values of "Q"), the "Q" factor is approximately the number of oscillations required for a freely oscillating system's energy to fall off to "e", or about or 0.2%, of its original energy. This means the amplitude falls off to approximately "e" or 4% of its original amplitude.


title: Q factor

text: where "f" is the natural frequency, and Δ"f", the bandwidth, is the width of the range of frequencies for which the energy is at least half its peak value.


title: Q factor

text: The resonant frequency is often expressed in natural units (radians per second), rather than using the "f" in hertz, as


title: Q factor

text: The factors "Q", damping ratio ζ, natural frequency ω, attenuation rate α, and exponential time constant are related such that:


title: Q factor

text: The energy of oscillation, or the power dissipation, decays twice as fast, that is, as the square of the amplitude, as "e" or "e".


title: Q factor

text: For this system, when "Q" >  (i.e., when the system is underdamped), it has two complex conjugate poles that each have a real part of −α. That is, the attenuation parameter α represents the rate of exponential decay of the oscillations (that is, of the output after an impulse) into the system. A higher quality factor implies a lower attenuation rate, and so high-"Q" systems oscillate for many cycles. For example, high-quality bells have an approximately pure sinusoidal tone for a long time after being struck by a hammer.


title: Q factor

text: For an electrically resonant system, the "Q" factor represents the effect of electrical resistance and, for electromechanical resonators such as quartz crystals, mechanical friction.


title: Q factor

text: For example, an antenna tuned to have a "Q" value of 10 and a centre frequency of 100 kHz would have a 3 dB bandwidth of 10 kHz.


title: Q factor

text: In audio, bandwidth is often expressed in terms of octaves. Then the relationship between "Q" and bandwidth is


title: Q factor

text: where "R", "L" and "C" are the resistance, inductance and capacitance of the tuned circuit, respectively. The larger the series resistance, the lower the circuit "Q".


title: Q factor

text: Consider a circuit where "R", "L" and "C" are all in parallel. The lower the parallel resistance, the more effect it will have in damping the circuit and thus the lower the "Q". This is useful in filter design to determine the bandwidth.


title: Q factor

text: In a parallel "LC" circuit where the main loss is the resistance of the inductor, "R", in series with the inductance, "L", "Q" is as in the series circuit. This is a common circumstance for resonators, where limiting the resistance of the inductor to improve "Q" and narrow the bandwidth is the desired result.


title: Q factor

text: The "Q" of an individual reactive component depends on the frequency at which it is evaluated, which is typically the resonant frequency of the circuit that it is used in. The "Q" of an inductor with a series loss resistance is the "Q" of a resonant circuit using that inductor (including its series loss) and a perfect capacitor.


title: Q factor

text: The "Q" of a capacitor with a series loss resistance is the same as the "Q" of a resonant circuit using that capacitor with a perfect inductor:


title: Q factor

text: In general, the "Q" of a resonator involving a series combination of a capacitor and an inductor can be determined from the "Q" values of the components, whether their losses come from series resistance or otherwise:


title: Q factor

text: For a single damped mass-spring system, the "Q" factor represents the effect of simplified viscous damping or drag, where the damping force or drag force is proportional to velocity. The formula for the Q factor is:


title: Q factor

text: where "M" is the mass, "k" is the spring constant, and "D" is the damping coefficient, defined by the equation "F" = −"Dv", where "v" is the velocity.


title: Q factor

text: The "Q" of a musical instrument is critical; an excessively high "Q" in a resonator will not evenly amplify the multiple frequencies an instrument produces. For this reason, string instruments often have bodies with complex shapes, so that they produce a wide range of frequencies fairly evenly.


title: Q factor

text: The "Q" of a brass instrument or wind instrument needs to be high enough to pick one frequency out of the broader-spectrum buzzing of the lips or reed.


title: Q factor

text: By contrast, a vuvuzela is made of flexible plastic, and therefore has a very low "Q" for a brass instrument, giving it a muddy, breathy tone. Instruments made of stiffer plastic, brass, or wood have higher-Q. An excessively high "Q" can make it harder to hit a note. "Q" in an instrument may vary across frequencies, but this may not be desirable.


title: Q factor

text: Helmholtz resonators have a very high Q, as they are designed for picking out a very narrow range of frequencies.


title: Q factor

text: where "f" is the resonant frequency, "E" is the stored energy in the cavity, and "P" = − is the power dissipated. The optical "Q" is equal to the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth of the cavity resonance. The average lifetime of a resonant photon in the cavity is proportional to the cavity's "Q". If the "Q" factor of a laser's cavity is abruptly changed from a low value to a high one, the laser will emit a pulse of light that is much more intense than the laser's normal continuous output. This technique is known as "Q"-switching. "Q" factor is of particular importance in plasmonics, where loss is linked to the damping of the surface plasmon resonance. While loss is normally considered a hindrance in the development of plasmonic devices, it is possible to leverage this property to present new enhanced functionalities.


title: Sofrito

text: ' (Spanish, ), ' (Catalan), ' (Italian, ), or ' (Portuguese, ) is a basic preparation in Mediterranean, Latin American, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese cooking. It typically consists of aromatic ingredients cut into small pieces and sautéed or braised in cooking oil.


title: Sofrito

text: In modern Spanish cuisine, consists of garlic, onion, peppers, and tomatoes cooked in olive oil. Carrots are an optional inclusion. This is known as , or sometimes as in Portuguese-speaking nations, where only garlic, onions, and olive oil are considered essential, tomato and bay laurel leaves being the other most common ingredients.


title: Sofrito

text: In Mediterranean cuisine, olive oil is heavily emphasized as the third critical component in the base along with tomatoes and onions. Garlic is optional, as it is not considered an integral part of the standard recipe. The earliest mentioned recipe of "," from around the middle of the 14th century, was made with only onion and oil. Tomatoes and peppers, both New World vegetables, were not cultivated in Europe until the 1540s, and are a later addition.


title: Sofrito

text: In Italian cuisine, chopped onions, carrots and celery is , and then, slowly cooked in olive oil, becomes . It is used as the base for many pasta sauces, such as bolognese sauce, but occasionally it can be used as the base of other dishes, such as sauteed vegetables. For this reason, it is a fundamental component in Italian cuisine. It may also contain garlic, shallot, or leek.


title: Sofrito

text: In Greek cuisine, the term refers to a specific dish native to, and almost exclusively to be found on, the island of Corfu. is a veal steak slow-cooked in a white wine, garlic, and herb sauce, and is usually served with rice.


title: Sofrito

text: In Brazilian cuisine, the verb also encompasses dishes that are fried in vegetable oil before being boiled or steamed, even when the actual fried seasoning is not there. Similarly, rice that has been toasted in vegetable oil before it is boiled is technically .


title: Sofrito

text: In Colombian cuisine, is called which is made with only long green onion and tomato, or is made mostly of tomato, onion, coriander, cumin and sometimes garlic; it is used when cooking stews, meats, rice, as a dip or spread for arepas or other street foods and other dishes.


title: Sofrito

text: In Cuban cuisine, is prepared in a similar fashion, but the main components are Spanish onions, garlic, and green or red bell peppers. is also often used instead of or in addition to bell peppers. It is a base for beans, stews, rices, and other dishes, including and . Other secondary components include tomato sauce, dry white wine, cumin, bay leaf, and cilantro. (a kind of spicy, cured sausage), (salt pork) and ham are added for specific recipes, such as beans.


title: Sofrito

text: In Dominican cuisine, is also called , and is a liquid mixture containing vinegar, water, and sometimes tomato juice. A or is used for rice, stews, beans, and other dishes. A typical Dominican is made up of very finely chopped green, red, and yellow bell peppers, red onions, garlic, ground oregano, apple cider vinegar, tomato paste, water, and cilantro. Ingredients vary and can change, for instance cubanelle peppers can substitute for bell peppers, celery can replace onions, and parsley or culantro can be used in place of cilantro.


title: Sofrito

text: In Ecuadorian cuisine, is called , and it is made of Spanish onions, cubanelle peppers, fresh tomatoes, roasted garlic, cilantro, and ground toasted cumin.


title: Sofrito

text: In Peruvian cuisine, sofrito is called "aderezo", and it is made of red onion, garlic, one or more chili paste (ají), according to recipe, salt and black pepper. Aderezo could also incorporate tomato or achiote. Some regional variation is known, as the inclusion of "loche" squash in north coastal Peru.


title: Sofrito

text: In Puerto Rican cuisine, is mostly used when cooking rice dishes, sauces, and soups. is closely related to . The two main ingredients that give Puerto Rican its characteristic flavor are (culantro) and , but red and green cubanelle peppers, red bell peppers, pimientos, yellow onions, garlic, plum tomatoes, and cilantro are also added. All red peppers are roasted, seeded, and then added to the . is traditionally cooked with olive oil or annatto oil, (bacon), salted pork and cured ham. A mix of stuffed olives and capers called is usually added with spices such as bay leaf, "Bixa orellana" (achiote) and .


title: Sofrito

text: In Haitian cuisine, the flavor base of most dishes is "epis", a combination sauce made from cooked peppers, garlic, and herbs, particularly green onions, thyme, and parsley. It is also used as a basic condiment for rice and beans and is also used in stews and soups.


title: Sofrito

text: In some Caribbean cuisine, is seasoned lard and functions as a base for many traditional dishes, but prepared differently from the method described above. Lard (acquired from rendering pork fat) is strained, and annatto seeds are added to colour it yellow, and later strained out. To the colored lard is added a ground mixture of cured ham, bell pepper, chile pepper, and onion; after this, mashed coriander leaves (cilantro) and oregano leaves are added. Garlic cloves are added in a tea ball, and the sauce is simmered for half an hour. The term also refers to a number of related sauces and seasonings in the Caribbean and Central and Latin America.


title: Sofrito

text: In Filipino cuisine, is a culinary term that refers to a base of garlic, onions, and tomatoes sautéed together with cooking oil. It is essentially similar to the Spanish .