title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In the edge directed from to , the vertices and are called the "endpoints" of the edge, the "tail" of the edge and the "head" of the edge. The edge is said to "join" and and to be "incident" on and on . A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge is called the "inverted edge" of . "Multiple edges", not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a directed graph is an ordered triple comprising:


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "loop" is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex formula_3 to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) formula_4 which is not in formula_5. So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of formula_6 should be modified to formula_7. For directed multigraphs, the definition of formula_8 should be modified to formula_9. To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a "quiver") respectively.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of that is called the "adjacency relation" of . Specifically, for each edge , its endpoints and are said to be "adjacent" to one another, which is denoted .


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "mixed graph" is a graph in which some edges may be directed and some may be undirected. It is an ordered triple for a "mixed simple graph" and for a "mixed multigraph" with , (the undirected edges), (the directed edges), and defined as above. Directed and undirected graphs are special cases.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "weighted graph" or a "network" is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge. Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: One definition of an "oriented graph" is that it is a directed graph in which at most one of and may be edges of the graph. That is, it is a directed graph that can be formed as an orientation of an undirected (simple) graph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean the same as "directed graph". Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean any orientation of a given undirected graph or multigraph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "regular graph" is a graph in which each vertex has the same number of neighbours, i.e., every vertex has the same degree. A regular graph with vertices of degree "k" is called a "k"‑regular graph or regular graph of degree "k".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "complete graph" is a graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by an edge. A complete graph contains all possible edges.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "finite graph" is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an "infinite graph".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: Most commonly in graph theory it is implied that the graphs discussed are finite. If the graphs are infinite, that is usually specifically stated.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In an undirected graph, an unordered pair of vertices is called "connected" if a path leads from "x" to "y". Otherwise, the unordered pair is called "disconnected".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "connected graph" is an undirected graph in which every unordered pair of vertices in the graph is connected. Otherwise, it is called a "disconnected graph".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In a directed graph, an ordered pair of vertices is called "strongly connected" if a directed path leads from "x" to "y". Otherwise, the ordered pair is called "weakly connected" if an undirected path leads from "x" to "y" after replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called "disconnected".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "strongly connected graph" is a directed graph in which every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is strongly connected. Otherwise, it is called a "weakly connected graph" if every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is weakly connected. Otherwise it is called a "disconnected graph".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "k-vertex-connected graph" or "k-edge-connected graph" is a graph in which no set of vertices (respectively, edges) exists that, when removed, disconnects the graph. A "k"-vertex-connected graph is often called simply a "k-connected graph".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "bipartite graph" is a simple graph in which the vertex set can be partitioned into two sets, "W" and "X", so that no two vertices in "W" share a common edge and no two vertices in "X" share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, "W" and "X", so that every vertex in "W" is adjacent to every vertex in "X" but there are no edges within "W" or "X".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "path graph" or "linear graph" of order is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order "v", "v", …, "v" such that the edges are the where "i" = 1, 2, …, "n" − 1. Path graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all but two vertices is 2 and the degree of the two remaining vertices is 1. If a path graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a path in that graph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "planar graph" is a graph whose vertices and edges can be drawn in a plane such that no two of the edges intersect.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "cycle graph" or "circular graph" of order is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order "v", "v", …, "v" such that the edges are the where "i" = 1, 2, …, "n" − 1, plus the edge . Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a cycle or circuit in that graph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "tree" is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by "exactly one" path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "forest" is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by "at most one" path, or equivalently an acyclic undirected graph, or equivalently a disjoint union of trees.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "polytree" (or "directed tree" or "oriented tree" or "singly connected network") is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) whose underlying undirected graph is a tree.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: A "polyforest" (or "directed forest" or "oriented forest") is a directed acyclic graph whose underlying undirected graph is a forest.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: Two edges of a graph are called "adjacent" if they share a common vertex. Two edges of a directed graph are called "consecutive" if the head of the first one is the tail of the second one. Similarly, two vertices are called "adjacent" if they share a common edge ("consecutive" if the first one is the tail and the second one is the head of an edge), in which case the common edge is said to "join" the two vertices. An edge and a vertex on that edge are called "incident".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: The graph with only one vertex and no edges is called the "trivial graph". A graph with only vertices and no edges is known as an "edgeless graph". The graph with no vertices and no edges is sometimes called the "null graph" or "empty graph", but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: Normally, the vertices of a graph, by their nature as elements of a set, are distinguishable. This kind of graph may be called "vertex-labeled". However, for many questions it is better to treat vertices as indistinguishable. (Of course, the vertices may be still distinguishable by the properties of the graph itself, e.g., by the numbers of incident edges.) The same remarks apply to edges, so graphs with labeled edges are called "edge-labeled". Graphs with labels attached to edges or vertices are more generally designated as "labeled". Consequently, graphs in which vertices are indistinguishable and edges are indistinguishable are called "unlabeled". (In the literature, the term "labeled" may apply to other kinds of labeling, besides that which serves only to distinguish different vertices or edges.)


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: The category of all graphs is the comma category Set ↓ "D" where "D": Set → Set is the functor taking a set "s" to "s" × "s".


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: There are several operations that produce new graphs from initial ones, which might be classified into the following categories:


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: An undirected graph can be seen as a simplicial complex consisting of 1-simplices (the edges) and 0-simplices (the vertices). As such, complexes are generalizations of graphs since they allow for higher-dimensional simplices.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In model theory, a graph is just a structure. But in that case, there is no limitation on the number of edges: it can be any cardinal number, see continuous graph.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In computational biology, power graph analysis introduces power graphs as an alternative representation of undirected graphs.


title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: In geographic information systems, geometric networks are closely modeled after graphs, and borrow many concepts from graph theory to perform spatial analysis on road networks or utility grids.


title: BMW M50

text: The BMW M50 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which was produced from 1990 to 1996. It was released in the E34 520i and 525i, to replace the M20 engine.


title: BMW M50

text: In September 1992, the M50 was upgraded to the M50TU ("technical update"), which was BMW's first engine to use variable valve timing. Called single VANOS by BMW, the system adjusted the phasing of the intake camshaft.


title: BMW M50

text: A significant advance over its M20 predecessor, the M50 features dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) with four valves per cylinder (the M20 has a single overhead camshaft with 2 valves per cylinder), coil-on-plug ignition, a knock sensor and a lightweight plastic intake manifold. Both engines use an iron block with an aluminum alloy head. The redline is 6,500 rpm for the M50B25 and 6,750 rpm for the M50B20 (7,000 rpm for S50 models), the same as the final version of the M20.


title: BMW M50

text: The location of the oil pan (sump) varies according to the model the M50 is installed in. It is in the front on the E34 5 Series (like the M20), whereas it is in the rear on the E36 3 Series.


title: BMW M50

text: The M50B20 was introduced with the 1990 520i. It has a bore of , a stroke of and produces . The compression ratio is 10.5:1.


title: BMW M50

text: The M50B20 was updated with single VANOS in 1992. Peak torque became available at 4,200 rpm. It produces at 5,900 rpm and at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio was raised to 11.0:1.


title: BMW M50

text: This is a engine used in the Thailand and Oceania markets. It is based on the M50B25TU with the stroke reduced to and produces at 5,900 rpm and at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.5:1.


title: BMW M50

text: The M50B25 was introduced with the 1990 525i and 525ix. It has a bore of , a stroke of and produces at 6,000 rpm and at 4,700 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.0:1.


title: BMW M50

text: The M50B25 was updated with single VANOS in 1992, resulting in peak torque becoming available at 4,200 rpm. It produces at 5,900 rpm and at 4,200 rpm. The compression ratio was increased to 10.5:1.


title: BMW M50

text: In 1993, BMW Individual created an concept of BMW E34 530iX called Enduro Touring. Only one car was produced, having an up-sized variant of M50B25TU engine. Bore and stroke was increased and the total displacement of 3.0 was achieved. The power and torque both increased to and respectively.


title: BMW M50

text: The S50 is the high performance version of the M50 which was used in the E36 M3, replacing the four-cylinder BMW S14 engine used in the E30 M3. Like the M50, the S50 has an iron block and aluminum head with four valves per cylinder.


title: BMW M50

text: In the United States, a less powerful engine called the "S50B30US" was used, which shares more in common with the regular M50 engine than the other S50 versions.


title: BMW M50

text: The S50B30 was used in most countries, except for the United States (in 1993, BMW Canada officially imported 45 M3's with the S50B30 engine). The S50B30 produces , has a bore of , a stroke of and a compression ratio of 10.8:1. The redline is 7,200 rpm. The S50 has an individual throttle body for each cylinder, single-VANOS (variable valve timing on the intake camshaft), Bosch Motronic M3.3 engine management and redesigned intake and exhaust systems.


title: BMW M50

text: The limited edition "M3 GT" model from 1995 produced . It had different camshafts and a redesigned sump and oil pump.


title: BMW M50

text: In the United States, the 1994-1995 model years of the E36 M3 are powered by the S50B30US, a engine which produces . This engine is more closely related to the standard M50 engine and has the same compression ratio as the M50B25TU, but uses a different camshafts, crankshaft, connecting rods, and pistons. The bore is , the stroke is and the redline is 7,000 rpm.


title: BMW M50

text: In 1995, the S50B32 replaced the S50B30 (except in Canada and the United States, where the BMW S52 engine was used instead). Power output increased to and the displacement increased to , due to an increased stroke of and a slight increase in bore to .


title: BMW M50

text: The S50B32 has double-VANOS (variable valve timing on both camshafts) and a secondary oil pick-up was added. The compression ratio is 11.3:1 and the redline is 7,600 rpm. Engine management is the Siemens MSS50, with 3 knock sensors.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: The West Bengal Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata, the capital of the state. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises 294 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: The history of the West Bengal Legislature can be traced back to 18 January 1862 when under the Indian Councils Act of 1861, a 12 Member Legislative Council for Bengal Presidency was established by the Governor-General of British India with the Lt. Governor of Bengal and some nominated members. The strength of the council was gradually enlarged by subsequent acts. Under the Indian Councils Act of 1892, the maximum strength of the council was raised to 20 out of which seven were to be elected. The Indian Councils Act of 1909 further raised the number of members of the council to 50. Under the Government of India Act 1919, the number of members of the Legislative Council was once again raised to 125. The Bengal Legislative Council constituted under the Act of 1919 was formally inaugurated on 1 February 1921 by the Duke of Connaught.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: A few years later, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, two chambers of the Bengal Provincial Legislature: the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, were created. The life of the Assembly, consisting of 250 members, was to be five years unless dissolved sooner; while the council, with a membership of not less than 63 and not more than 65, was made a permanent body and not subject to dissolution with the provision that one-third of the members should retire every three years.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: On the eve of Independence in 1947, Bengal Province was partitioned into West Bengal and East Bengal (East Pakistan). The West Bengal Legislative Assembly was constituted with 90 members representing the constituencies that fell within the area of West Bengal and two nominated members from Anglo-Indian community. The Bengal Legislative Council stood abolished. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time after Independence on 21 November 1947.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: The Constitution of India again provided for a bicameral Legislature for West Bengal. Accordingly, the West Bengal Legislative Council consisting of 51 members was constituted on 5 June 1952. The number of members in the Legislative Assembly was 240 including two nominated members from the Anglo-Indian Community. After the first General Elections, the new Assembly met for the first time on 18 June 1952.


title: West Bengal Legislative Assembly

text: On 21 March 1969, a resolution was passed by the West Bengal Legislative Assembly for the abolition of the Legislative Council. Subsequently, Indian Parliament passed the West Bengal Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969 abolishing the Legislative Council with effect from 1 August 1969.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Sir Richard Francis Burton (; 19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, writer, orientalist scholar,and soldier. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke twenty-nine languages.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton's best-known achievements include: a well-documented journey to Mecca in disguise, at a time when non-Muslims were forbidden access on pain of death; an unexpurgated translation of "One Thousand and One Nights" (commonly called "The Arabian Nights" in English after early translations of Antoine Galland's French version); the publication of the "Kama Sutra" in English; a translation of "The Perfumed Garden", the "Arab "Kama Sutra""; and a journey with John Hanning Speke as the first Europeans to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: His works and letters extensively criticised colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. Although he aborted his university studies, he became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including human behaviour, travel, falconry, fencing, sexual practices, and ethnography. A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations and information. William Henry Wilkins wrote: "So far as I can gather from all I have learned, the chief value of Burton’s version of "The Scented Garden" lay not so much in his translation of the text, though that of course was admirably done, as in the copious notes and explanations which he had gathered together for the purpose of annotating the book. He had made this subject a study of years. For the notes of the book alone he had been collecting material for thirty years, though his actual translation of it only took him eighteen months."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India, and later briefly in the Crimean War. Following this, he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa, where he led an expedition guided by locals and was the first European known to have seen Lake Tanganyika. In later life, he served as British consul in Fernando Pó (now Bioko, Equatorial Guinea), Santos in Brazil, Damascus (now Syria), and finally in Trieste (now Italy). He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in 1886.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton was born in Torquay, Devon, at 21:30 on 19 March 1821; in his autobiography, he incorrectly claimed to have been born in the family home at Barham House in Elstree in Hertfordshire. He was baptised on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. His father, Lt.-Colonel Joseph Netterville Burton, of the 36th Regiment, was an Irish-born British army officer of Anglo-Irish extraction who through his mother's family—the Campbells of Tuam—was a first cousin of Lt.-Colonel Henry Peard Driscoll and Mrs Richard Graves. Richard's mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of a wealthy English squire, Richard Baker (1762–1824), of Barham House, Hertfordshire, for whom he was named. Burton had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton (who married Lt.-General Sir Henry William Stisted) and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton, born in 1823 and 1824, respectively.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton's family travelled extensively during his childhood and employed various tutors to educate him. In 1825, they moved to Tours in France. In 1829, Burton began a formal education at a preparatory school in Richmond Green in Richmond, Surrey, run by Reverend Charles Delafosse. His family travelled between England, France, and Italy. Burton showed a talent to learn languages and quickly learned French, Italian, Neapolitan and Latin, as well as several dialects. During his youth, he allegedly had an affair with a Roma girl and learned the rudiments of the Romani language. The peregrinations of his youth may have encouraged Burton to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he put it, "Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none but self expect applause".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November 1840. Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a short time in the house of William Alexander Greenhill, then doctor at the Radcliffe Infirmary. Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Greenhill. Despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burton's moustache. Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic; he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing. In April 1842, he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events. Hoping to be merely "rusticated"—that is, suspended with the possibility of reinstatement, the punishment received by some less provocative students who had also visited the steeplechase—he was instead permanently expelled from Trinity College.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: According to Ed Rice, speaking on Burton's university days, "He stirred the bile of the dons by speaking real—that is, Roman—Latin instead of the artificial type peculiar to England, and he spoke Greek Romaically, with the accent of Athens, as he had learned it from a Greek merchant at Marseilles, as well as the classical forms. Such a linguistic feat was a tribute to Burton's remarkable ear and memory, for he was only a teenager when he was in Italy and southern France."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In his own words, "fit for nothing but to be shot at for six pence a day", Burton enlisted in the army of the East India Company at the behest of his ex-college classmates who were already members. He hoped to fight in the first Afghan war, but the conflict was over before he arrived in India. He was posted to the 18th Bombay Native Infantry based in Gujarat and under the command of General Charles James Napier. While in India, he became a proficient speaker of Hindustani, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki and Marathi as well as Persian and Arabic. His studies of Hindu culture had progressed to such an extent that "my Hindu teacher officially allowed me to wear the "janeo" (Brahmanical Thread)". Him Chand, his "gotra" teacher, a Nagar Brahmin, could have been an apostate. Burton had a documented interest (and actively participated) in the cultures and religions of India. This was one of many peculiar habits that set him apart from other soldiers. While in the army, he kept a large menagerie of tame monkeys in the hopes of learning their language, accumulating sixty "words". He also earned the name "Ruffian Dick" for his "demonic ferocity as a fighter and because he had fought in single combat more enemies than perhaps any other man of his time".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: According to Ed Rice, "Burton now regarded the seven years in India as time wasted." Yet, "He had already passed the official examinations in six languages and was studying two more and was eminently qualified." His religious experiences were varied, including attending Catholic services, becoming a Nāgar Brāhmin, adopting Sikhism, conversion to Islam, and undergoing "chillá" for Qadiri Sufism. Regarding Burton's Muslim beliefs, Ed Rice states, "Thus, he was circumcised, and made a Muslim, and lived like a Muslim and prayed and practiced like one." Furthermore, Burton, "...was entitled to call himself a "hāfiz", one who can recite the Qur'ān from memory."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton's pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca in 1853, was his realization of "the plans and hopes of many and many a year...to study thoroughly the inner life of the Moslem." Traveling through Alexandria in April, then Cairo in May, where he stayed in June during Ramadan, Burton first donned the guise of a Persian "mirza", then a Sunnī "Shaykh, doctor, magician and dervish. Accompanied by an Indian boy slave called Nūr, Burton further equipped himself with a case for carrying the Qur'ān, but instead had three compartments for his watch and compass, money, and penknife, pencils, and numbered pieces of paper for taking notes. His diary he kept in a break pocket, unseen. Burton traveled onwards with a group of nomads to Suez, sailed to Yambu, and joined a caravan to Medina, where he arrived on 27 July, earning the title "Zair". Departing Medina with the Damascus caravan on 31 August, Burton entered Mecca on 11 September. There, he participated in the "Tawaf", traveled to Mount Arafat, and participated in the Stoning of the Devil, all the while taking notes on the Kaaba, its Black Stone, and the Zamzam Well. Departing Mecca, he journeyed to Jeddah, back to Cairo, returning to duty in Bombay. In India, Burton wrote his "Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah". Of his journey, Burton wrote, "at Mecca there is nothing theatrical, nothing that suggests the opera, but all is simple and impressive...tending, I believe, after its fashion, to good."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Motivated by his love of adventure, Burton got the approval of the Royal Geographical Society for an exploration of the area, and he gained permission from the board of directors of the East India Company to take leave from the army. His seven years in India gave Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of Muslims and prepared him to attempt a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca and, in this case, Medina). It was this journey, undertaken in 1853, which first made Burton famous. He had planned it whilst travelling disguised among the Muslims of Sindh, and had laboriously prepared for the adventure by study and practice (including undergoing the Muslim tradition of circumcision to further lower the risk of being discovered).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the "Hajj" (Ludovico di Varthema did this in 1503 and Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1815), his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. He adopted various disguises including that of a Pashtun to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to demonstrate an understanding of intricate Islamic traditions, and a familiarity with the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was dangerous, and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, though "... neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever". The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of Hajji and to wear the green head wrap. Burton's own account of his journey is given in "A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton sat for the examination as an Arab linguist. The examiner was Robert Lambert Playfair, who distrusted Burton. As Professor George Percy Badger knew Arabic well, Playfair asked Badger to oversee the exam. Having been told that Burton could be vindictive, and wishing to avoid any animosity should Burton fail, Badger declined. Playfair conducted the tests; despite Burton's success living like an Arab, Playfair had recommended to the committee that Burton be failed. Badger later told Burton that "After looking [Burton's test] over, I [had] sent them back to [Playfair] with a note eulogising your attainments and ... remarking on the absurdity of the Bombay Committee being made to judge your proficiency inasmuch as I did not believe that any of them possessed a tithe of the knowledge of Arabic you did."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In May 1854, Burton traveled to Aden in preparation for his Somaliland Expedition, supported by the Royal Geographical Society. Other members included G.E. Herne, William Stroyan, and John Hanning Speke. Burton undertook the expedition to Harar, Speke investigated the Wady Nogal, while Herne and Stroyan stayed on at Berbera. According to Burton, "A tradition exists that with the entrance of the first [white] Christian Harar will fall." With Burton's entry, the "Guardian Spell" was broken.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: This Somaliland Expedition lasted from 29October 1854 to 9February 1855, with much of the time spent in the port of Zeila, where Burton was a guest of the town's Governor al-Haji Sharmakay bin Ali Salih. Burton, "assuming the disguise of an Arab merchant" called Haji Mirza Abdullah, awaited word that the road to Harar was safe. On 29 December, Burton met with Gerard Adan in the village of Sagharrah, when Burton openly proclaimed himself an English officer with a letter for the Amīr of Harar. On 3 January 1855, Burton made it to Harar, and was graciously met by the Amir. Burton stayed in the city for ten days, officially a guest of the Amir but in reality his prisoner. The journey back was plagued by lack of supplies, and Burton wrote that he would have died of thirst had he not seen desert birds and realized they would be near water. Burton made it back to Berbera on 31 January 1855.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Following this adventure, Burton prepared to set out in search of the source of the Nile, accompanied by Lieutenant Speke, Lieutenant G. E. Herne and Lieutenant William Stroyan and a number of Africans employed as bearers and expedition guides . The schooner delivered them to Berbera on 7 April 1855. While the expedition was camped near Berbera, his party was attacked by a group of Somali "waranle" ("warriors") belonging to Isaaq clan. The officers estimated the number of attackers at 200. In the ensuing fight, Stroyan was killed and Speke was captured and wounded in eleven places before he managed to escape. Burton was impaled with a javelin, the point entering one cheek and exiting the other. This wound left a notable scar that can be easily seen on portraits and photographs. He was forced to make his escape with the weapon still transfixing his head. It was no surprise then that he found the Somalis to be a "fierce and turbulent race". However, the failure of this expedition was viewed harshly by the authorities, and a two-year investigation was set up to determine to what extent Burton was culpable for this disaster. While he was largely cleared of any blame, this did not help his career. He describes the harrowing attack in "First Footsteps in East Africa" (1856).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: After recovering from his wounds in London, Burton traveled to Constantinople during the Crimean War, seeking a commission. He received one from General W.F. Beatson, as the Chief of staff for "Beatson's Horse", popularly called the Bashi-bazouks, and based in Gallipoli. Burton returned after an incident which disgraced Beatson, and implicated Burton as the instigator of a "mutiny", damaging his reputation.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In 1856, the Royal Geographical Society funded another expedition for Burton and Speke, "and exploration of the then utterly unknown Lake regions of Central Africa." They would travel from Zanzibar to Ujiji along a caravan route established in 1825 by an Arab slave and ivory merchant. The Great Journey commenced on 5 June 1857 with their departure from Zanzibar, where they had stayed at the residence of Atkins Hamerton, the British consul, their caravan consisting of Baluchi mercenaries led by Ramji, 36 porters, eventually a total of 132 persons, all led by the caravan leader Said bin Salim. From the beginning, Burton and Speke were hindered by disease, malaria, fevers, and other maladies, at times both having to be carried in a hammock. Pack animals died, and natives deserted, taking supplies with them. Yet, on 7 November 1857, they made it to Kazeh, and departed for Ujiji on 14 Dec Speke wanted to head north, sure they would find the source of the Nile at what he later named Victoria Nyanza, but Burton persisted in heading west.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: The expedition arrived at Lake Tanganyika on 13 February 1858. Burton was awestruck by the sight of the magnificent lake, but Speke, who had been temporarily blinded, was unable to see the body of water. By this point much of their surveying equipment was lost, ruined, or stolen, and they were unable to complete surveys of the area as well as they wished. Burton was again taken ill on the return journey; Speke continued exploring without him, making a journey to the north and eventually locating the great Lake Victoria, or Victoria Nyanza, on 3 August. Lacking supplies and proper instruments, Speke was unable to survey the area properly but was privately convinced that it was the long-sought source of the Nile. Burton's description of the journey is given in "Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa" (1860). Speke gave his own account in "The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile" (1863).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton and Speke made it back to Zanzibar on 4 March 1859, and left on 22 March for Aden. Speke immediately boarded for London, where he gave lectures, and was awarded a second expedition by the Society. Burton arrived London on 21 May, discovering "My companion now stood forth in his new colours, and angry rival." Speke additionally published "What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile" (1863), while Burton's "Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast" was eventually published in 1872.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton then departed on a trip to the United States in April 1860, eventually making it to Salt Lake City on 25 August. There he studied Mormonism and met Brigham Young. Burton departed San Francisco on 15 November, for the voyage back to England, where he published "The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: A prolonged public quarrel followed, damaging the reputations of both Burton and Speke. Some biographers have suggested that friends of Speke (particularly Laurence Oliphant) had initially stirred up trouble between the two. Burton's sympathizers contend that Speke resented Burton's leadership role. Tim Jeal, who has accessed Speke's personal papers, suggests that it was more likely the other way around, Burton being jealous and resentful of Speke's determination and success. "As the years went by, [Burton] would neglect no opportunity to deride and undermine Speke's geographical theories and achievements".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Speke had earlier proven his mettle by trekking through the mountains of Tibet, but Burton regarded him as inferior as he did not speak any Arabic or African languages. Despite his fascination with non-European cultures, some have portrayed Burton as an unabashed imperialist convinced of the historical and intellectual superiority of the white race, citing his involvement in the Anthropological Society, an organization that established a doctrine of scientific racism. Speke appears to have been kinder and less intrusive to the Africans they encountered, and reportedly fell in love with an African woman on a future expedition.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: The two men travelled home separately. Speke returned to London first and presented a lecture at the Royal Geographical Society, claiming Lake Victoria as the source of the Nile. According to Burton, Speke broke an agreement they had made to give their first public speech together. Apart from Burton's word, there is no proof that such an agreement existed, and most modern researchers doubt that it did. Tim Jeal, evaluating the written evidence, says the odds are "heavily against Speke having made a pledge to his former leader".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Speke undertook a second expedition, along with Captain James Grant and Sidi Mubarak Bombay, to prove that Lake Victoria was the true source of the Nile. Speke, in light of the issues he was having with Burton, had Grant sign a statement saying, among other things, "I renounce all my rights to publishing ... my own account [of the expedition] until approved of by Captain Speke or [the Royal Geographical Society]".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: On 16 September 1864, Burton and Speke were scheduled to debate the source of the Nile at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. On the day before the debate, Burton and Speke sat near each other in the lecture hall. According to Burton's wife, Speke stood up, said "I can't stand this any longer," and abruptly left the hall. That afternoon Speke went hunting on the nearby estate of a relative. He was discovered lying near a stone wall, felled by a fatal gunshot wound from his hunting shotgun. Burton learned of Speke's death the following day while waiting for their debate to begin. A jury ruled Speke's death an accident. An obituary surmised that Speke, while climbing over the wall, had carelessly pulled the gun after himself with the muzzle pointing at his chest and shot himself. Alexander Maitland, Speke's only biographer, concurs.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: On 22 January 1861, Burton and Isabel Arundel married in a quiet Catholic ceremony although he did not adopt the Catholic faith at this time. Shortly after this, the couple were forced to spend some time apart when he formally entered the Diplomatic Service as consul on the island of Fernando Po, now Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. This was not a prestigious appointment; because the climate was considered extremely unhealthy for Europeans, Isabel could not accompany him. Burton spent much of this time exploring the coast of West Africa, documenting his findings in "Abeokuta and The Cameroons Mountains: An Exploration" (1863), and "A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome" (1864). He described some of his experiences, including a trip up the Congo River to the Yellala Falls and beyond, in his 1876 book "Two trips to gorilla land and the cataracts of the Congo".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: The couple were reunited in 1865 when Burton was transferred to Santos in Brazil. Once there, Burton travelled through Brazil's central highlands, canoeing down the São Francisco River from its source to the falls of Paulo Afonso. He documented his experiences in "The Highlands of Brazil" (1869).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In 1868 and 1869 he made two visits to the war zone of the Paraguayan War, which he described in his "Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay" (1870).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In 1868 he was appointed as the British consul in Damascus, an ideal post for someone with Burton's knowledge of the region and customs. According to Ed Rice, "England wanted to know what was going on in the Levant," another chapter in The Great Game. Yet, the Turkish governor Mohammed Rashid 'Ali Pasha, feared anti-Turkish activities, and was opposed to Burton's assignment.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In Damascus, Burton made friends with Abdelkader al-Jazairi, while Isabel befriended Jane Digby, calling her "my most intimate friend." Burton also met with Charles Francis Tyrwhitt-Drake and Edward Henry Palmer, collaborating with Drake in writing "Unexplored Syria" (1872).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: However, the area was in some turmoil at the time with considerable tensions between the Christian, Jewish and Muslim populations. Burton did his best to keep the peace and resolve the situation, but this sometimes led him into trouble. On one occasion, he claims to have escaped an attack by hundreds of armed horsemen and camel riders sent by Mohammed Rashid Pasha, the Governor of Syria. He wrote, "I have never been so flattered in my life than to think it would take three hundred men to kill me." Burton eventually suffered the enmity of the Greek Christian and Jewish communities. Then, his involvement with the Sházlis, a group of Muslims Burton called "Secret Christians longing for baptism," which Isabel called "his ruin." He was recalled in August 1871, prompting him to telegram Isabel "I am recalled. Pay, pack, and follow at convenience."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton was reassigned in 1872 to the port city of Trieste in Austria-Hungary. A "broken man", Burton was never particularly content with this post, but it required little work, was far less dangerous than Damascus (as well as less exciting), and allowed him the freedom to write and travel.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: In 1863 Burton co-founded the Anthropological Society of London with Dr. James Hunt. In Burton's own words, the main aim of the society (through the publication of the periodical "Anthropologia") was "to supply travellers with an organ that would rescue their observations from the outer darkness of manuscript and print their curious information on social and sexual matters". On 13 February 1886, Burton was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) by Queen Victoria.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: He wrote a number of travel books in this period that were not particularly well received. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at the time, which were published under the auspices of the Kama Shastra society. These books include "The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana" (1883) (popularly known as the Kama Sutra), "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night" (1885) (popularly known as The Arabian Nights), "The Perfumed Garden of the Shaykh Nefzawi" (1886) and "The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night" (seventeen volumes 1886–98).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Published in this period but composed on his return journey from Mecca, "The Kasidah" has been cited as evidence of Burton's status as a Bektashi Sufi. Deliberately presented by Burton as a translation, the poem and his notes and commentary on it contain layers of Sufic meaning that seem to have been designed to project Sufi teaching in the West. ""Do what thy manhood bids thee do/ from none but self expect applause;/ He noblest lives and noblest dies/ who makes and keeps his self-made laws"" is "The Kasidah"'s most-quoted passage. As well as references to many themes from Classical Western myths, the poem contains many laments that are accented with fleeting imagery such as repeated comparisons to ""the tinkling of the Camel bell"" that becomes inaudible as the animal vanishes in the darkness of the desert.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Other works of note include a collection of Hindu tales, "Vikram and the Vampire" (1870); and his uncompleted history of swordsmanship, "The Book of the Sword" (1884). He also translated "The Lusiads", the Portuguese national epic by Luís de Camões, in 1880 and, the next year, wrote a sympathetic biography of the poet and adventurer. The book "The Jew, the Gipsy and el Islam" was published posthumously in 1898 and was controversial for its criticism of Jews and for its assertion of the existence of Jewish human sacrifices. (Burton's investigations into this had provoked hostility from the Jewish population in Damascus (see the Damascus affair). The manuscript of the book included an appendix discussing the topic in more detail, but by the decision of his widow, it was not included in the book when published).


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton died in Trieste early on the morning of 20 October 1890 of a heart attack. His wife Isabel persuaded a priest to perform the last rites, although Burton was not a Catholic, and this action later caused a rift between Isabel and some of Burton's friends. It has been suggested that the death occurred very late on 19 October and that Burton was already dead by the time the last rites were administered. On his religious views, Burton called himself an atheist, stating he was raised in the Church of England which he said was "officially (his) church".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Isabel never recovered from the loss. After his death she burned many of her husband's papers, including journals and a planned new translation of "The Perfumed Garden" to be called "The Scented Garden", for which she had been offered six thousand guineas and which she regarded as his "magnum opus". She believed she was acting to protect her husband's reputation, and that she had been instructed to burn the manuscript of "The Scented Garden" by his spirit, but her actions were controversial. However, a substantial quantity of his written materials have survived, and are held by the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, including 21 boxes of his manuscripts, 24 boxes of correspondence, and other material.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: The couple are buried in a tomb in the shape of a Bedouin tent, designed by Isabel, in the cemetery of St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake in southwest London. The coffins of Sir Richard and Lady Burton can be seen through a window at the rear of the tent, which can be accessed via a short fixed ladder. Next to the lady chapel in the church there is a memorial stained-glass window to Burton, also erected by Isabel; it depicts Burton as a medieval knight. Burton's personal effects and a collection of paintings, photographs and objects relating to him are in the Burton Collection at Orleans House Gallery, Twickenham.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Burton referred to the society and those who shared its views as "Mrs Grundy". A way around this was the private circulation of books amongst the members of a society. For this reason Burton, together with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot, created the Kama Shastra Society to print and circulate books that would be illegal to publish in public.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: One of the most celebrated of all his books is his translation of "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night" (commonly called "The Arabian Nights" in English after early translations of Antoine Galland's French version) in ten volumes (1885), with seven further volumes being added later. The volumes were printed by the Kama Shastra Society in a subscribers-only edition of one thousand with a guarantee that there would never be a larger printing of the books in this form. The stories collected were often sexual in content and were considered pornography at the time of publication. In particular, the "Terminal Essay" in volume 10 of the "Nights" contained a 14,000-word essay entitled "Pederasty" (Volume 10, section IV, D), at the time a synonym for homosexuality (as it still is, in modern French). This was and remained for many years the longest and most explicit discussion of homosexuality in any language. Burton speculated that male homosexuality was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudes named by him the "Sotadic zone".


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of "The Kama Sutra". It is untrue that he was the translator since the original manuscript was in ancient Sanskrit, which he could not read. However, he collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed the book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide "The Perfumed Garden" was printed as "The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology" (1886). After Burton's death, Isabel burnt many of his papers, including a manuscript of a subsequent translation, "The Scented Garden", containing the final chapter of the work, on pederasty. Burton all along intended for this translation to be published after his death, to provide an income for his widow.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton's writings are unusually open and frank about his interest in sex and sexuality. His travel writing is often full of details about the sexual lives of the inhabitants of areas he travelled through. Burton's interest in sexuality led him to make measurements of the lengths of the penises of male inhabitants of various regions, which he includes in his travel books. He also describes sexual techniques common in the regions he visited, often hinting that he had participated, hence breaking both sexual and racial taboos of his day. Many people at the time considered the Kama Shastra Society and the books it published scandalous.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Biographers disagree on whether or not Burton ever experienced homosexual sex (he never directly acknowledges it in his writing). Rumours began in his army days when Charles James Napier requested that Burton go undercover to investigate a male brothel reputed to be frequented by British soldiers. It has been suggested that Burton's detailed report on the workings of the brothel led some to believe he had been a customer. There is no documentary evidence that such a report was written or submitted, nor that Napier ordered such research by Burton, and it has been argued that this is one of Burton's embellishments.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: A story that haunted Burton up to his death (recounted in some of his obituaries) was that he came close to being discovered one night when he lifted his robe to urinate rather than squatting as an Arab would. It was said that he was seen by an Arab and, to avoid exposure, killed him. Burton denied this, pointing out that killing the boy would almost certainly have led to his being discovered as an impostor. Burton became so tired of denying this accusation that he took to baiting his accusers, although he was said to enjoy the notoriety and even once laughingly claimed to have done it. A doctor once asked him: "How do you feel when you have killed a man?", Burton retorted: "Quite jolly, what about you?". When asked by a priest about the same incident Burton is said to have replied: "Sir, I'm proud to say I have committed every sin in the Decalogue." Stanley Lane-Poole, a Burton detractor, reported that Burton "confessed rather shamefacedly that he had never killed anybody at any time."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: These allegations coupled with Burton's often irascible nature were said to have harmed his career and may explain why he was not promoted further, either in army life or in the diplomatic service. As an obituary described: "...he was ill fitted to run in official harness, and he had a Byronic love of shocking people, of telling tales against himself that had no foundation in fact." Ouida reported: "Men at the FO [Foreign Office] ... used to hint dark horrors about Burton, and certainly justly or unjustly he was disliked, feared and suspected ... not for what he had done, but for what he was believed capable of doing."


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton theorized about the existence of a Sotadic Zone in the closing essay of his English translation of "The Arabian Nights" (1885–1886). He asserted that there exists a geographic-climatic zone in which sodomy and pederasty (sexual intimacy between older men and young pubescent/adolescent boys) are endemic, prevalent, and celebrated among the indigenous inhabitants and within their cultures. The name derives from Sotades, a 3rd-century BC Ancient Greek poet who was the chief representative of a group of Ancient Greek writers of obscene, and sometimes pederastic, satirical poetry; these homoerotic verses are preserved in the "Greek Anthology", a collection of poems spanning the Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton first advanced his Sotadic Zone concept in the "Terminal Essay", contained in Volume 10 of his English translation of "The Arabian Nights", which he called "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night", published in England in 1886.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Burton published over 40 books and countless articles, monographs and letters. A great number of his journal and magazine pieces have never been catalogued. Over 200 of these have been collected in PDF facsimile format at burtoniana.org.


title: Richard Francis Burton

text: Brief selections from a variety of Burton's writings are available in Frank McLynn's "Of No Country: An Anthology of Richard Burton" (1990; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons).


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Shavarsh "Shavo" Odadjian (; born April 22, 1974) is an Armenian-American musician, best known as the bassist of heavy metal band System of a Down. He also plays bass in a trap group called North Kingsley.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: During the band's hiatus from 2006 to 2010, Odadjian collaborated with Wu-Tang Clan founder RZA on a project called AcHoZeN, which contributed a number of songs to the motion picture "Babylon A.D." A compilation album was released in 2015. Odadjian is also credited with the musical scoring of the film, alongside The Rza and Hans Zimmer.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian was born in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union. He moved to Los Angeles at the age of five and attended the Alex Pilibos Elementary School, an Armenian parochial school, along with future bandmates Daron Malakian and Serj Tankian; although they were not acquainted at the time due to a gap in their ages.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: During his youth, Odadjian has stated that he spent most of his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music. Among others, he credits Dead Kennedys, Slayer, Black Sabbath and Metallica as his favorite bands, and the most substantial influence on his musical development and career.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: While attending college (majoring in Psychology and minoring in Art) and working in a bank, Odadjian began managing Soil – the band Daron Malakian and Serj Tankian were a part of in 1993. Odadjian had met them in a recording studio, where he was rehearsing. The two members called upon him for assistance, and he became manager of the band. Odadjian says in an early interview that securing System's first local gig was a struggle:


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In 1995, Odadjian became the band's permanent bassist. They named themselves System of a Down, after a poem written by bandmate Daron Malakian entitled "Victims of a Down." Odadjian was not keen on being labeled "Victims," and thought that the word "System" appealed to a much broader audience. The band has stated that they also wanted their CDs to be placed in stores alongside their favorite band, Slayer. It was at this time that Odadjian passed on his original managerial responsibilities to Velvet Hammer Music. Their first release was titled "Sugar." Soon after, drummer Andy Khachaturian joined the band but was replaced in 1997 by current drummer John Dolmayan due to a hand injury.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian plays bass in System of a Down, and also sings live backing vocals. His usual style of playing bass is with a pick, although he also has been seen fingerpicking during certain songs. Odadjian is credited with writing noted System of a Down songs, among them "Toxicity", "Sugar", "Jet Pilot", "Bounce," "Mind," "Dreaming," and "U-Fig." He has directed a majority of the band's music videos, and is responsible for stage design and lighting for each of their live performances.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: On October 21, 2001, during a show in Grand Rapids, Michigan where System of a Down was headlining with Slipknot, Odadjian was assaulted, racially profiled and escorted out of the Van Andel Arena by security guards when he tried to enter the backstage. He filed a lawsuit in March 2003.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Physically Odadjian catches the eye through his notoriously scaling, braided beard, and spiked arm bracelet. Particularly Odadjian's beard quickly became a part of his signature look.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Commenting on System of a Down's reputation for biting, socially and politically charged lyrics, Odadjian has rejected the label of System of a Down as a "political band" in interviews. He has stated:


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: The band was on hiatus between 2006 and 2010, with group members focusing on outside projects. On November 23, 2010, System released an official statement declaring that they would play a number of European festivals in 2011, and they played a number of shows in western North America as well.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: On October 31, 2009, Odadjian hosted the event "Halloween" at The Roxy, in which he and fellow System bandmates Daron Malakian and John Dolmayan reunited to jam on stage and perform various songs together, including System of a Down's "Suite-Pee." The System of a Down trio also came together on November 20, 2009, and performed System songs together for a benefit honoring coma-stricken Chi Cheng of The Deftones, with Chino Moreno of Deftones singing on lead vocals.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian started a side project in May 2006 named AcHoZeN. AcHoZeN is the musical alliance between Odadjian, Wu-Tang Clan founder RZA, Kinetic 9 (aka: Beretta 9 from Killarmy), and up-and-comer, the Reverend William Burke from Chicago. Achozen's mantra is:


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: The four principal members feel that their unique sound is not only spiritual in nature, but a new genre of "heavy hip hop," not "rap-metal." There are no heavy guitars on the album, but the sound is genre-blending. Most of the Achozen album was recorded at one of Odadjian's two studios and were also produced by him. The bulk of the beats were created by Odadjian (only one or two samples were used on the entire record) who also played live instruments throughout, including bass and sitar. RZA, who contributed his share of beats, Kinetic 9 and the Reverend William Burke sing a majority of the vocals and lyrics, which are, according to Odadjian, "some of the most innovative, poetic and righteous words and vocals that I've ever heard." Odadjian's vocals can also be heard on the AcHoZeN tracks ""Deuces"," ""Salute/Sacrifice,"" and other songs on the album.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Achozen's debut features an eclectic array of guest performers that includes Funk-master George Clinton, Red Hot Chili Peppers' guitarist John Frusciante, Wu-Tang affiliate Killah Priest, Wu-Tang founding member GZA, emcee Sick Jacken from Psycho Realm, and Angolan rapper Leggezin Fin.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian has described AcHoZeN as "a musical revolution. It is not just a band, it's a way of thinking." RZA and Odadjian anticipate upcoming tours. Achozen also appears on the major motion picture, Babylon A.D., on which AcHoZeN song "Deuces" is heard blaring at the introduction of the film. AcHoZeN's first live show was at the Key Club in L.A on December 1, 2006.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: On Friday, November 13, 2009, the second AcHoZeN track ""Salute/Sacrifice"" was released exclusively as a free download on Odadjian's online art district and networking site, urSESSION.com from the upcoming AcHoZeN debut album. The AcHoZeN album was anticipated to be released in mid-2010, but has yet to be released, due in part to Odadjian's commitments to System of a Down.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In 2015, the album was released as a compilation of 8 songs based on a boombox digital format. Potentially, more songs are to come as it has been stated that many more are mixed and recorded.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Formed in 2019, Odadjian joined Ray Hawthorne and Saro Paparian's project as executive producer. After a few months, he joined as a member of the band and subsequently renamed the group North Kingsley.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Shavo spoke with "Wall of Sound" about the band's name origin revealing it came from the first street he lived on when he first moved to Los Angeles from Armenia back in 1979. Lineup: Odadjian, Ray Hawthorne, and


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In 2020, Odadjian launched his new band, North Kingsley, featuring Saro Paparian and Ray Hawthorne. They released their debut single "Like That" on August 6. On December 4, 2020, the band released their second EP titled "Vol.2."


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In early 2008, Odadjian founded "urSESSION", a virtual online art district and networking site aimed at uniting artists of all genres and styles around the world. The website is also founded by Odadjian's long-time friend and entertainment attorney, Narb Avedissian. Power 106's World Famous Wake-Up Show Sway & King Tech (also MTV resident veejay) are partners in the site, providing exclusive archived, never-before-seen footage of Eminem, Dr. Dre, and other prominent rappers when they first began in the industry.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In early 2008, urSESSION announced The 100K Battle, a contest for the online community in which the artist with the most votes by the community won a round-trip ticket to Los Angeles to perform on Power 106's The World-Famous Wake-Up Show, along with other prizes.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In addition, Odadjian is a popular DJ in the LA area, taking part in such events as the "Rock/DJ Explosion" on March 2, 2001, at The Roxy in Hollywood, CA and collaborating with System of a Down bandmate Serj Tankian on "Serart", the singer's collaboration album with multitalented Armenian musician Arto Tunçboyacıyan. Odadjian goes by the name "DJ Tactics", and spins a wide spectrum of music spanning hip-hop, tech-house, classic rock, and metal.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Recently, Odadjian has appeared playing as part of the backing band of George Clinton (of Parliament/Funkadelic). In September 2008 he appeared (playing guitar instead of bass) in a live performance on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" with Clinton. Odadjian also appears on Clinton's 2008 album "George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love", which features many guest musicians, including Odadjian's Achozen bandmate RZA, Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante, and Carlos Santana. He also expressed interest in pop music.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian was executive producer for Abloom, a side project of members of Onesidezero, Snot, and Soulfly. Odadjian is currently mentoring the band Chameleon Conductor record their debut album. Odadjian's younger brother Dave Odadjian plays bass in the band, alongside his cousin Harry Markarian, who plays the guitar.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In September 2009, it was announced that Odadjian will be performing live as "DecompoZeR" in Europe in October. He will be accompanying Rza. DecompoZeR is Odadjian's producer alias. He announced that completed tracks are anticipated to be released in 2010, including a brand-new GraveDiggaz track featuring Frukwan aka: The Gatekeeper. Other collaborations include 60 Second Assassin, Killah Priest, and others.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Stating himself to be a "very visual person", Odadjian has directed and edited extensive music videos for System of a Down, including "Aerials" and "Toxicity". The video concept for "Question!" states came from one of his dreams.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian's directing style implements surreal atmospheric themes and integrates innovative methods in filming, inspired by Rod Serling (Twilight Zone). Odadjian's Serling-esque style is apparent in System of a Down music videos "Aerials," "Question," and Taproot's video -also directed by Odadjian – "Mine." On May 15, 2007, it was revealed that Odadjian would be directing the first video from Bad Brains's album "Build a Nation". Odadjian makes an appearance at the end of the concert video with frontman H.R. The two are seen charismatically walking stage side, conversing and smoking together. Odadjian also directed the TV spot and launch trailer for the 2015 video game "Mortal Kombat X", which features his band's signature song "Chop Suey!".


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In 2007–2008, Odadjian and Rza teamed up with "Hans Zimmer" in scoring major motion-picture, summer blockbuster movie "Babylon A.D.", starring Vin Diesel. Along with the song "Deuces", Odadjian is credited with writing the songs "A Single Moment", "Foreshadow", "Blade Runner 0.8.", "Rollin DissgEyes", "Build Your Enemies", "Digital Slaps", and "Immaculate" for the scoring of the film.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian's involvement in the arts began at an early age, as he first appeared in the 1993 "Big Gun" video by AC/DC, standing alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in the crowd sporting a backwards baseball cap and a white T-shirt, while Schwarzenegger catches a stick of dynamite. In an interview with Loudwire, he noted that him being prominently featured next to Schwarzenegger was unintentional, as the shot they used had the lights hit him more than any other extras in the crowd. He also made a cameo as Hansel's Posse member in the film Zoolander.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: In 2006, Odadjian starred in the critically acclaimed film "Screamers", a documentary by internationally known director Carla Garapedian. The film follows Odadjian and the rest of the rock band System of a Down as they tour Europe and the US, pointing out the horrors of modern genocide that began in Armenia in 1915 up through Darfur today.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian is an avid and passionate painter outside of music. His artwork has been featured in many System of a Down music videos and live shows – including an abstract piece highlighted in the "Hypnotize" video. Odadjian's painting style is abstract with loud, bright colors that bleed into each other. During Ozzfest of 2006, Odadjian created a 27-piece, abstract mosaic of paintings that was utilized as the stage backdrop for System's headlining at Ozzfest. (Stage design in System of a Down performances is also attributed to Odadjian). One critic wrote of the Ozzfest performance:


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Each of Odadjian's paintings for the 2006 Ozzfest performance were hand-picked by Odadjian himself. Odadjian states that, in pairing each of his pieces/backdrops to songs, he aimed to coordinate each unique emotion of a specific song to the matching vibe of his paintings.


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian is a human rights activist known to take on an avid role in protesting against human atrocities, including, but not limited to, the recognition and prevention of worldwide genocide. He also actively participates in youth mentoring, and frequents charitable events that work to further research for cancer-stricken children. On February 27, 2009, Odadjian was presented with AGBU's GenNEXT ""Community Hero Award"," an award paying tribute to his outstanding work as a role model for young Armenian-Americans. Odadjian was nominated for the award by young kids in the community. During his acceptance speech, Odadjian highlighted the importance of being active in your local community:


title: Shavo Odadjian

text: Odadjian later discussed the personal value of his nomination by the kids of the community for the award:


title: Mekia Cox

text: Mekia Cox (born November 18, 1981) is an American actress and dancer, known for her recurring role as Sasha in the second and third seasons of The CW drama "90210", Dr. Robyn Charles in the NBC medical drama "Chicago Med" and her role as a dancer in the Michael Jackson concert series "This Is It" and the related film "Michael Jackson's This Is It". In 2010, she co-starred as Lizzy Gilliam in the short-lived NBC spy drama "Undercovers". She is also known for her role as Princess Tiana in the ABC fantasy drama "Once Upon A Time" and for her role as Detective Nyla Harper in the ABC police drama "The Rookie".


title: Mekia Cox

text: As a youth, Cox had a history of dance and theater training experience. Much of her early work was associated with Universal Studios and Nickelodeon. She continued to train in the performing arts in high school and college. Subsequently, she toured nationally in stage productions of musicals, including "Fame".


title: Mekia Cox

text: Cox, a St. Croix native, moved with her family to Orlando, Florida, at age seven after spending five years of her youth studying dance in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In 1989, Cox was invited to participate in the Disney's Magic Kingdom Christmas Spectacular. As a child actor, Cox appeared in Nickelodeon shows, including "My Brother and Me", "Kenan and Kel" and "All That".


title: Mekia Cox

text: Cox was a 1999 graduate of Dr. Phillips High School where she was enrolled in the Visual and Performing Arts magnet program for vocal performance. She earned a Bachelor of Music degree from Florida State University in 2003 after being accepted to their Musical Theater program. During her summers she worked at the Heritage Repertory Theater in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she played roles in "Smokey Joe's Cafe" and "Anything Goes" one summer and performed as a recurring character in the Nickelodeon sitcom "Noah Knows Best" during another. Other regional theater credits include "Rent", where she played club dancer and drug addict Mimi Márquez, the "Chicago" role of Liz, and Frenchie in "Cabaret".


title: Mekia Cox

text: After graduating, she played Sarah in "Ragtime", the musical at Merry-Go-Round Theater in Auburn, New York. Then Cox toured nationally for two years as Carmen in "Fame", as well as revisiting her role as Brenda in "Smokey Joe's Café". After touring and landing her first television role, she moved to Los Angeles, where she continues to reside.


title: Mekia Cox

text: Prior to her role on "Undercovers", Cox guest-starred in a number of television series. In 2005, she appeared in "", and "Half & Half", and she appeared in "One Tree Hill" as Faith in season 3 episode 10 the following year. She also appeared in the romantic comedy-drama "Crazy, Stupid, Love.", which was released in July 2011.


title: Mekia Cox

text: Cox was one of only two women selected for the 11-member dance group from a field of over 500 for the This Is It concert series. She was one of the featured dancers in the documentary film "Michael Jackson's This Is It". She can be seen dancing with Jackson during the rehearsal of "The Way You Make Me Feel".


title: Mekia Cox

text: During the 2009 second season of "90210" she appeared in six episodes. She also appears in the fourth episode of season three (October 4, 2010). Her 20-something character, Sasha, becomes the controversial love interest of Tristan Wilds' 17-year-old character, Dixon Wilson. The character is a DJ who met his character at a pizza parlor and a party she DJed on a yacht. Dixon led her to believe he was her age. One of the things that helped them bond despite his status as a high school junior was that they had the same cell phone ringtone. Eventually, Cox's character lies about becoming pregnant to keep Dixon from breaking up with her.


title: Mekia Cox

text: On October 29, 2009, she was one of the This is It dancers who appeared on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" to fulfill host Ellen DeGeneres' birthday wish.


title: Mekia Cox

text: She appeared in all first-season episodes of the short-lived NBC spy drama "Undercovers". She played Lizzy Gilliam, who is the sister of the female lead and who is unaware of her family's involvement in Central Intelligence Agency activities. Originally, Jessica Parker Kennedy was cast in the role, but Cox replaced her in June 2010 before the first episode of the first season was aired in September 2010. Her character is described as "Boy crazy". Cox says that Lizzy's character, which spends much of her onscreen time running the family catering business, embodied much of her own true character and described the character as follows: "Lizzy's a good character; very light-hearted, very fun loving, she’s got a good heart and an interesting past and she’s trying to deal with it".


title: Mekia Cox

text: In 2016, Cox appeared in the "Modern Family" episode "The Cover-Up" . On August 23, 2016, Cox began a recurring role in the NBC medical drama "Chicago Med" as Dr. Robyn Charles, an epidemiologist and daughter of the chief of psychiatry Dr. Daniel Charles (Oliver Platt). She played Tiana, known as Sabine under the curse in Hyperion Heights in the seventh and final season of "Once Upon a Time". In August 2017, Cox was promoted to a series regular. She appeared in 15 episodes of the season.


title: Mekia Cox

text: In 2019, she began co-starring in the second season of the ABC police procedural drama "The Rookie" as Detective Nyla Harper, first appearing in the fourth episode "Warriors and Guardians".


title: Mekia Cox

text: On April 28, 2018, Cox married basketball analyst Britt Leach. In December 2018, she gave birth to their daughter. She announced her pregnancy with their second child in January 2022; it was written into her role as Officer Nyla Harper on "The Rookie". Cox expressed gratitude for the show's writers doing this.


title: Mekia Cox

text: On May 18, 2022, Cox posted a photo of her second daughter on Instagram, giving the baby's date of birth as May 13, 2022.


title: A Man Called Otto

text: A Man Called Otto is an upcoming comedy-drama film directed by Marc Forster from a screenplay by David Magee. It is the second film adaptation of the 2012 novel "A Man Called Ove" by Fredrik Backman, following the 2015 Swedish film of the same name written and directed by Hannes Holm. The film will star Tom Hanks in the titular role, with Mariana Treviño, Rachel Keller, and Manuel Garcia-Rulfo co-starring.


title: A Man Called Otto

text: "A Man Called Otto" is scheduled for a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 30, 2022 in New York and Los Angeles, before a larger limited release on January 6, 2023 and then a wide release on January 13, 2023, by Sony Pictures Releasing.


title: A Man Called Otto

text: When his wife dies and he is forced to retire from his job of nearly 40 years, grumpy 60-year-old Otto decides to end his life. But his attempts are constantly interrupted by his boisterous new neighbors, which leads to an unlikely friendship.


title: A Man Called Otto

text: In September 2017, it was announced that Tom Hanks would star in an English-language adaptation of the 2015 film "A Man Called Ove", and would also produce alongside Playtone partner Gary Goetzman, Rita Wilson, and Fredrik Wikström Nicastro of SF Studios. Marc Forster was confirmed as the film's director in January 2022, with David Magee writing the screenplay. On February 10, 2022, it was announced that Sony Pictures pre-bought the rights to the film for around at the European Film Market.


title: A Man Called Otto

text: The film is scheduled to be premiered in New York and Los Angeles for a limited release on December 30, 2022, before a wide release in the United States on January 13, 2023, by Sony Pictures Releasing. It was originally set for a sole wide release on December 25, 2022, and then moved up to December 14, 2022 before switching to the current release plan.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Fables is an American comic book series created and written by Bill Willingham, published by DC Comics' Vertigo imprint. Willingham served as sole writer for its entirety, with Mark Buckingham penciling more than 110 issues. The series featured various other pencillers over the years, most notably Lan Medina and Steve Leialoha. "Fables" was launched in July 2002 and concluded in July 2015. In June 2021, it was announced that "Fables" would be getting revived in 2022 with a 12-issue continuation to the main series, as well as a 6-issue spinoff miniseries Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham, both published under DC Black Label.


title: Fables (comics)

text: The series features various characters from fairy tales and folklore – referring to themselves as "Fables" – who formed a clandestine community centuries ago within New York City known as Fabletown, after their Homelands were conquered by a mysterious and deadly enemy known as "The Adversary". It is set in the modern day and follows several of Fabletown's legal representatives, such as sheriff Bigby Wolf, deputy mayor Snow White, her sister Rose Red, Prince Charming, and Boy Blue, as they deal with troublesome Fables and try to solve conflicts in both Fabletown and "the Farm", a hidden town in upstate New York for Fables unable to blend in with human society. The series also deals with such other matters as the main characters' personal lives, their attempts to hide the Fables' true nature from regular humans (or "Mundies"), and, later, the return of the Adversary.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Fables" was a critical and commercial success, winning many Eisner Awards and receiving several Hugo Award nominations for Best Graphic Story. Its success led to several spin-offs and a 2013 prequel video game titled "The Wolf Among Us".


title: Fables (comics)

text: Various artists worked on the title. The covers until issue #81 were done by James Jean, after which João Ruas took over as cover artist. The majority of the interior pencil work was done by Mark Buckingham (who reportedly would have been given the writing reins if Willingham became unable to continue it). Other artists include Bryan Talbot, Lan Medina, P. Craig Russell, Mike Allred, Craig Hamilton, and Linda Medley.


title: Fables (comics)

text: The series ended with issue #150. The final issue of "Fables" was a larger than normal issue comprising most of the twenty-second "Fables" trade paperback. It was released in July 2015.


title: Fables (comics)

text: The main characters of "Fables" are public domain figures from folklore, mythology, and literature. Bill Willingham said the only considerations in deciding what characters and fables to use were "is the character or story free for use?" and "do I want to use it?" A principal character is the Big Bad Wolf (who calls himself "Bigby"), who has not only reformed but gained the ability to take on a more human appearance. At the series' beginning he serves as Fabletown's sheriff.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Most of the characters who appear in "Fables" are from European stories, the major exceptions being Arabian fables and American fables (from the fable world of "Americana", appearing in "Jack of Fables", such as Paul Bunyan, Black Sambo [now known as Sam] and the Lone Ranger). Most of these characters appear primarily in the "Jack of Fables" spin-off.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Earlier story arcs each take on the form of a different genre: the first is a murder mystery, the next a conspiracy thriller, and then a caper story. While the descriptions are only general, there are spoilers.


title: Fables (comics)

text: The series proper is principally being collected in trade paperbacks. Deluxe edition hardcovers are also being produced. The spin-off graphic novel "1001 Nights of Snowfall" and other works are available in both hardcover and softcover format.


title: Fables (comics)

text: A prequel to "Fables" written by Willingham, it was initially released in hardcover on October 18, 2006. Based on the "One Thousand and One Nights", it tells a story from a time early in Fabletown's history when Snow White was sent as an emissary to the Arabian Fables. The Sultan's Vizier secretly presents Snow to Sultan as his next wife in order to delay his daughter Scheherazade from suffering the same fate. Snow must amuse the Sultan with a new story every night to prevent him from executing her at dawn, as he has done with all his former wives.


title: Fables (comics)

text: A spin-off mini-series, written by novelist and publisher Chris Roberson (another of Willingham and Sturges's fellow "Clockwork Storybook" alumni) with painted cover art by Chrissie Zullo, the miniseries was drawn by Shawn McManus, and (according to "Comic Book Resources" ' Timothy Callahan) "answers the question of what happened to Cinderella's fairy godmother". Writer Roberson says: "It's "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" meets "Sex and the City"". The concluding issue was released in April 2010.


title: Fables (comics)

text: A six-issue sequel to Chris Roberson and Shawn McManus's earlier "Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love" series, was released in mid-2011.


title: Fables (comics)

text: A prestige format one-shot in which Boy Blue retells to Snow White the tale of the last stand against the Adversary's forces in the Homelands.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Fables: Werewolves of the Heartland" is an original graphic novel written by Willingham with art by Craig Hamilton, and Jim Fern. It was released in hardcover in November 2012. In the story, Bigby Wolf embarks on a quest through the American Heartland to find a new location for Fabletown.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Fairest" follows the lives of some female Fables, including Sleeping Beauty, Rapunzel, and Cinderella. It debuted on March 7, 2012, with the first arc written by Willingham and art by Phil Jimenez. Subsequent arcs were handed off to writers of Willingham's choosing.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Jack of Fables" focuses on Jack Horner. It debuted in July 2006 and follows "Fables" #35 ("Jack Be Nimble" part 2). It is co-written by Willingham and former "Clockwork Storybook" author Lilah Sturges. The series ended with its fiftieth issue in March 2011.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Three issue miniseries comprising one third of "The Great Fables Crossover". It is co-written by Willingham and Sturges, and was published April through June 2009. All issues are included in the "Fables: The Great Fables Crossover" and in the "Deluxe Edition: Volume 10".


title: Fables (comics)

text: An illustrated novel centering on Peter Piper, his wife Bo Peep and his brother Max, who will later grow up to be the Pied Piper. Written by Willingham and illustrated by Steve Leialoha, it is available in hardcover, paperback, ebook, and audiobook editions. It includes a brief comic-book story that deals with Pete and Bo Peep's adventures after the events in the novel.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Issues #50-54 of The Unwritten, a comics series created by Mike Carey and Peter Gross, were a crossover with Fables, with writing co-credited to Willingham. The crossover arc was compiled into the ninth volume of the Unwritten trade paperback series.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "The Wolf Among Us" videogame was adapted into comic form by Vertigo Comics, released digitally first in December 2014 and later as print comic. The story's been adapted for the comic by Lilah Sturges, who has previously written for the "Fables" series, and Dave Justus, staying otherwise true to the game's story but exploring some characters and back story in more depth. The comic is canon to the "Fables" universe.


title: Fables (comics)

text: ""A Wolf in the Fold"", featured in "Legends in Exile" trade paperback and in the "Deluxe Edition: Volume 2", tells the history of Bigby Wolf and Snow White and how they came to the mundane world.


title: Fables (comics)

text: ""Pinocchio's Army"", featured in "Fables: Rose Red", focuses on Pinocchio and Geppetto during the events of the "Rose Red" story arc.


title: Fables (comics)

text: The series follows the events of "Fables" #150. Debuting in 2016, the series was cancelled after 12 issues.


title: Fables (comics)

text: While "Fables" only advertises winning fourteen Eisner Awards on their covers, the following Eisner awards have also been won by members of their staff for their work on "Fables":


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Fables: War and Pieces" was nominated for the first Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story. "Fables: The Dark Ages", "Fables: Witches" and "Fables: Rose Red" were also nominated.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Fabletown and Beyond was a comic convention created and hosted by Willingham to showcase and appreciate comic books that fall under the genre of mythic fiction. Willingham announced this new project during his panel at the 2012 San Diego Comic Convention: "We're going to have a nearly-all "Fables" dedicated con called 'Fabletown and Beyond' – it's "Fables" and books like "Fables"".


title: Fables (comics)

text: "Fables" artist Mark Buckingham was the guest of honor for the first FablesCon, held on March 22–24, 2013, at the Mayo Civic Center in Rochester, Minnesota. Other guests included Gene Ha, Mike Carey, Matt Sturges, Peter Gross, Kurt Busiek, Anthony Del Col, Shelly Bond, Adam Hughes, Chrissie Zullo, and Lauren Beukes.


title: Fables (comics)

text: A television series based on "Fables" was put into development by NBC in 2005 for the 2006–2007 Television Season. The show received a script order and was developed by Craig Silverstein and Warner Bros. Television but was not developed any further than the scripting stage. NBC later produced "Grimm", a police procedural set in a world where fairytales are real.


title: Fables (comics)

text: In December 2008, ABC picked up the rights to develop a pilot of "Fables" for the 2009–2010 television season. "Six Degrees" creators and executive producers Stu Zicherman and Raven Metzner were writing the script for the hourlong drama, again set up at Warner Bros. Television, while David Semel had come on board to direct. There has been no news since concerning a series based directly on Willingham's series and, in late 2010, he said "[t]he TV show that was prematurely announced is probably dead". Instead, ABC announced a new series called "Once Upon a Time", which features fairy tale characters such as Snow White and Prince Charming who have been cursed to live in the real world by the Evil Queen without the memories of their former lives. The show's creators, Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, stated that they "read a couple issues" of "Fables" but believe that while the two concepts are "in the same playground", they are "telling a different story".


title: Fables (comics)

text: In 2015, Warner Bros. was developing a live action "Fables" film with David Heyman and Jeffrey Clifford producing, Jeremy Slater and Jane Goldman writing and Nikolaj Arcel directing, but these plans were quietly cancelled.


title: Fables (comics)

text: Telltale Games developed "The Wolf Among Us", an episodic graphic adventure game based upon "Fables". With the first of its five episodes released on October 11, 2013 (and the final episode released on July 8, 2014), the game is canon with the comic book universe and is set as a prequel to the comic book.


title: Fables (comics)

text: "The Wolf Among Us 2" was revealed February 2022, and is set to release 2023. It is a sequel to the 2013 game The Wolf Among Us, with the title taking place six months following the events of the previous title.


title: Daily Mirror

text: The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid. Founded in 1903, it is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had an average daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016, dropping to 587,803 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the "Sunday Mirror". Unlike other major British tabloids such as "The Sun" and the "Daily Mail", the "Mirror" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the "Daily Record" and the "Sunday Mail", which incorporate certain stories from the "Mirror" that are of Scottish significance.


title: Daily Mirror

text: Originally pitched to the middle-class reader, it was converted into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a larger audience. It was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the media interests of the Harmsworth family led to the "Mirror" becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. During the mid-1960s, daily sales exceeded 5 million copies, a feat never repeated by it or any other daily (non-Sunday) British newspaper since. The "Mirror" was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991. The paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror.


title: Daily Mirror

text: "The Daily Mirror" was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women. About the name, he said: "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides ... to be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull." It cost one penny (equivalent to p in ).


title: Daily Mirror

text: It was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the paper's female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to "The Daily Illustrated Mirror", which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), when it reverted to "The Daily Mirror". The first issue of the relaunched paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of photographs inside. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and women". This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies and by issue 269, it had grown to 200,000: by then the name had reverted and the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper.


title: Daily Mirror

text: Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London.


title: Daily Mirror

text: Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the "Mirror"s editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s. On Monday, 22 January 1934 the "Daily Mirror" ran the headline "Give the Blackshirts a helping hand" urging readers to join Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, and giving the address to which to send membership applications. By the mid-1930s, the "Mirror" was struggling – it and the "Mail" were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the "Daily Herald" and the "Daily Express" establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it.


title: Daily Mirror

text: In 1935 Rothermere sold the paper to H. G. Bartholomew and Hugh Cudlipp. With Cecil King (Rothermere's nephew) in charge of the paper's finances and Guy Bartholomew as editor, during the late 1930s the "Mirror" was transformed from a conservative, middle class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class. Partly on the advice of the American advertising agency J. Walter Thompson, the "Mirror" became the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. The headlines became bigger, the stories shorter and the illustrations more abundant. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day. In 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip "Beelzebub Jones" in the "Daily Mirror". After taking over as cartoon chief at the "Mirror" in 1945, he dropped "Beelzebub Jones" and moved on to a variety of new strips.


title: Daily Mirror

text: During the Second World War the "Mirror" positioned itself as the paper of the ordinary soldier and civilian, and was critical of the political leadership and the established parties. At one stage, the paper was threatened with closure following the publication of a Philip Zec cartoon (captioned by William Connor), which was misinterpreted by Winston Churchill and Herbert Morrison. In the 1945 general election the paper strongly supported the Labour Party in its eventual landslide victory. In doing so, the paper supported Herbert Morrison, who co-ordinated Labour's campaign, and recruited his former antagonist Philip Zec to reproduce, on the front page, a popular VE Day cartoon on the morning of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the "Express"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s.


title: Daily Mirror

text: The "Mirror" was an influential model for German tabloid "Bild", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper.


title: Daily Mirror

text: In 1955, the "Mirror" and its stablemate the "Sunday Pictorial" (later to become the "Sunday Mirror") began printing a northern edition in Manchester. In 1957 it introduced the Andy Capp cartoon, created by Reg Smythe from Hartlepool, in the northern editions.


title: Daily Mirror

text: The "Mirror" mass working-class readership had made it the United Kingdom's best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it acquired the "Daily Herald" (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams, in one of a series of takeovers which created the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). The "Mirror" management did not want the "Herald" competing with the "Mirror" for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it as a mid-market paper, now named "The Sun". When it failed to win readers, "The Sun" was sold to Rupert Murdoch – who immediately relaunched it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid and a direct competitor to the "Mirror".


title: Daily Mirror

text: In an attempt to cater to a different kind of reader, the "Mirror" launched the "Mirrorscope" pull-out section on 30 January 1968. The "Press Gazette" commented: "The "Daily Mirror" launched its revolutionary four-page supplement "Mirrorscope". The ambitious brief for the supplement, which ran on Wednesdays and Fridays, was to deal with international affairs, politics, industry, science, the arts and business". The "British Journalism Review" said in 2002 that "Mirrorscope" was "a game attempt to provide serious analysis in the rough and tumble of the tabloids". It failed to attract significant numbers of new readers, and the pull-out section was abandoned, its final issue appearing on 27 August 1974.


title: Daily Mirror

text: In 1978, "The Sun" overtook the "Mirror" in circulation, and in 1984 the "Mirror" was sold to Robert Maxwell. After Maxwell's death in 1991, David Montgomery became Mirror Group's CEO, and a period of cost-cutting and production changes ensued. The "Mirror" went through a protracted period of crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. Printing of the "Daily" and "Sunday Mirror" moved to Trinity Mirror's facilities in Watford and Oldham.


title: Daily Mirror

text: Under the editorship of Piers Morgan (from October 1995 to May 2004) the paper saw a number of controversies. Morgan was widely criticised and forced to apologise for the headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over" a day before England met Germany in a semi-final of the Euro 96 football championships.


title: Daily Mirror

text: In 2000, Morgan was the subject of an investigation after Suzy Jagger wrote a story in "The Daily Telegraph" revealing that he had bought £20,000 worth of shares in the computer company Viglen soon before the "Mirror"s 'City Slickers' column tipped Viglen as a good buy. Morgan was found by the Press Complaints Commission to have breached the Code of Conduct on financial journalism, but kept his job. The 'City Slickers' columnists, Anil Bhoyrul and James Hipwell, were both found to have committed further breaches of the Code, and were sacked before the inquiry. In 2004, further enquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry cleared Morgan from any charges. On 7 December 2005 Bhoyrul and Hipwell were convicted of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act. During the trial it emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too.