title: GOG.com

text: According to the Management Board report on the activities of the CD PROJEKT Group in 1H 2021, the GOG.com catalog of products as of 1 September 2021 numbers over 5200 items. However, the business expansion didn't bring enough revenues to cover the rising costs - between January 2021 and September 2021, GOG lost $1.14 million. Due to poor financial performance GOG.com management announced the plan to scale down, focusing on "a handpicked selection of games" and moving staff to other projects within CD Projekt.


title: GOG.com

text: The offered digital goods (video games and movies) can be purchased and downloaded online and they are distributed without digital rights management. The prices of products typically range from about $5 to $10 for older games, along with special offers in sales held several times a week. Some newer titles have a higher price. GOG.com's digital products can also be given to other persons via redeemable gift certificates.


title: GOG.com

text: The user does not have to install special client software to download or run the games, although a download manager, which is due to be phased out, and the GOG Galaxy client, which is currently in beta, are available. After downloading, the customer is free to use the software for any personal use like installing on multiple devices, archiving on any personal storage media for unlimited time, modding and patching; with the restriction that reselling and sharing is not permitted. The software installers are technically independent of the customer's GOG.com account, although still subject to GOG.com's EULA, where a "licensed, not sold" formulation is used. The "licensed, not sold" model frequently raises questions of ownership of digital goods. In the European Union, the European Court of Justice held that a copyright holder cannot oppose the resale of a digitally sold software, in accordance with the rule of copyright exhaustion on first sale as ownership is transferred, and questions therefore the "licensed, not sold" EULA.


title: GOG.com

text: Along with the games, customers are also able to download numerous extra materials relating to the game they purchased. Often these extras include the game's soundtrack (partly as FLAC), wallpapers, avatars, and manuals. GOG.com also offers full customer support for all purchases and a money-back guarantee for the first 30 days.


title: GOG.com

text: Promotions are organized regularly. The style of these promotions varies from a discount for products that are bought in bundles, to thematic competitions like riddles, "guess a game from a picture" contests or "best time on a specific level". Also, GOG.com gives away promotion codes for a game with review contests.


title: GOG.com

text: In the CD Projekt Red company update in June 2014, GOG.com announced that it would be bringing a Steam-like client, GOG Galaxy, to Windows, Mac, and Linux platforms. The client is designed as a storefront, software delivery, and social network client, allowing players to buy and play games from GOG.com and share them with friends. GOG Galaxy also includes an original multiplayer API, allowing developers to include the same kind of multiplayer functionality in GOG.com versions of games as on Steam. The client is optional and retains the DRM-free objective of the GOG.com website. On 15 October 2014 the open multiplayer beta of the GOG Galaxy client was started, accompanied by the giveaway of "Alien vs Predator". In July 2015 the GOG Galaxy beta client was reviewed favorably by the "PC Gamer" magazine, especially noting the focus on user respect in comparison to Steam. On 22 March 2017, the client added in cloud saves for 29 games from its catalog. GOG Galaxy is currently available for Microsoft Windows and macOS, with a Linux version formerly marked as planned on the Galaxy subpage but stated to not be a priority. As of the Galaxy 2.0 revamp of the subpage, any mention of future Linux support has been removed from the FAQ.


title: GOG.com

text: In May 2019, GOG announced plans for GOG Galaxy 2.0, which it aims to be a unified game launcher not only for GOG titles, but from other services such as Steam, Origin, UPlay, Epic Games Store, and including console systems through Xbox and PlayStation networks. It has an open API, so users can also create additional plug-ins for it. At E3 2019, GOG affirmed that Microsoft was an official partner, which will allow GOG Galaxy 2.0 to have strong incorporation with Xbox and Xbox Game Pass titles. The new client entered a closed beta period in June 2019, and open beta in December 2019.


title: GOG.com

text: Revealed in June 2016, GOG Connect enables users with both GOG.com and Steam accounts to claim certain games they already own on Steam as part of their GOG.com library, allowing them to download the DRM-free version and other bonus items for that game offered by GOG.com. Not all such games are part of this offer, as it requires GOG.com to work with the game publishers to enable this. Further, the time to claim such games will be limited, though once a user has claimed their game on GOG.com, it otherwise remains in their library indefinitely.


title: GOG.com

text: As GOG.com does not typically release absolute game selling numbers, market share considerations of GOG.com among the digital distributors are a challenge. But, sometimes an individual game developer releases their internal statistics about the selling performance on different game distribution channels for their specific game.


title: GOG.com

text: In an article dated 11 November 2011, "PC Gamer" reported statistics for online sales of "The Witcher 2". According to PC Gamer: Direct2Drive, Impulse and GamersGate's combined sales were a total of 10,000 (4%), GOG.com sold 40,000 copies (16%), while Steam sold in the same time period 200,000 copies (80%).


title: GOG.com

text: On 20 February 2013, "Defender's Quest" developer Lars Doucet revealed the first three months of revenue following his game's release across 6 different digital distribution platforms, including 4 major digital game distributors and 2 methods of purchasing and downloading the game directly from the developer. The results showed that GOG.com generated 8.5% of the revenue – second only to Steam's 58.6% among the digital distribution platforms used. Doucet noted that "for the major [digital game distributors], GOG's star is clearly rising. Even under direct competition, GOG generated 14.5 percent as much revenue as Steam. [...] Steam enjoys a captive market of ardent loyalists, but GOG is swiftly becoming an attractive alternative and gaining loyalists of its own, especially in the anti-DRM crowd."


title: GOG.com

text: , GOG.com had seen 690,000 units of CD Projekt Red's game "" redeemed through the service, more than the second largest digital seller Steam (approx. 580,000 units) and all other PC digital distribution services combined.


title: GOG.com

text: At the beginning of 2021, it was announced that GOG.com was responsible for around 10% of the total PC sales of Cyberpunk 2077. In terms of pre-orders, GOG.com accounted for one-third of early PC pre-orders.


title: GOG.com

text: "Devotion" from the Taiwanese studio Red Candle Games had previously been removed from digital storefronts in early 2019 after it was found the game included content critical of Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and faced numerous complaints from Chinese gamers. Red Candle Games apologized and stated they would remove the content, but had not been able to bring the game back. In December, Red Candle and GOG had announced that GOG would offer "Devotion" later that month, but within a few hours of the announcement, GOG reversed its decision, stating that they reconsidered this "after receiving many messages from gamers". The move was met with criticism and accusations of censorship.


title: GOG.com

text: On 17 September 2021, Game of the Year edition of "Hitman" was released on the storefront, which was met with a big backlash from store's users, as the game, while could be played offline, still required an online connection to have most of its content, e.g. rankings, unlocked, even though the game's page stated that no activation or online connection was required. GOG later issued a statement saying that they "will not tolerate review-bombing and will be removing posts that do not follow our review-guidelines", which was also met with a negative feedback. As a result, the game had a rating of 1.4 stars out of 5 possible, making it the lowest rated game in GOG and the lowest rated entry in the series. On 8 October, the game was removed, followed by the announcement from staff team, saying that they "shouldn't have released it in its current form".


title: Amylase

text: An amylase () is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin "") into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.


title: Amylase

text: The α-amylases () (CAS 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-α--glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are calcium metalloenzymes. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain saccharides, ultimately yielding either maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin. They belong to glycoside hydrolase family 13.


title: Amylase

text: Because it can act anywhere on the substrate, α-amylase tends to be faster-acting than β-amylase. In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.


title: Amylase

text: The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria ("Bacillus").


title: Amylase

text: Another form of amylase, β-amylase () (alternative names: 1,4-α--glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. They belong to glycoside hydrolase family 14.


title: Amylase

text: Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract. The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0.


title: Amylase

text: γ-Amylase () (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; "exo"-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α--glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose. The γ-amylase has the most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. They belong to a variety of different GH families, such as glycoside hydrolase family 15 in fungi, glycoside hydrolase family 31 of human MGAM, and glycoside hydrolase family 97 of bacterial forms.


title: Amylase

text: α- and β-amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor made from sugars derived from starch. In fermentation, yeast ingests sugars and excretes ethanol. In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as potatoes). In traditional beer brewing, malted barley is mixed with hot water to create a "mash", which is held at a given temperature to allow the amylases in the malted grain to convert the barley's starch into sugars. Different temperatures optimize the activity of alpha or beta amylase, resulting in different mixtures of fermentable and unfermentable sugars. In selecting mash temperature and grain-to-water ratio, a brewer can change the alcohol content, mouthfeel, aroma, and flavor of the finished beer.


title: Amylase

text: In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix it with saliva. This practice continues to be practiced in home production of some traditional drinks, such as chhaang in the Himalayas, chicha in the Andes and kasiri in Brazil and Suriname.


title: Amylase

text: Amylases are used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of ethanol and carbon dioxide. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While amylases are found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread. This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sourdough. Modern breadmaking techniques have included amylases (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver, thereby making the process faster and more practical for commercial use.


title: Amylase

text: α-Amylase is often listed as an ingredient on commercially package-milled flour. Bakers with long exposure to amylase-enriched flour are at risk of developing dermatitis or asthma.


title: Amylase

text: In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through iodine staining.


title: Amylase

text: Amylase also has medical applications in the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). It is one of the components in Sollpura (liprotamase) to help in the breakdown of saccharides into simple sugars.


title: Amylase

text: When used as a food additive, amylase has E number E1100, and may be derived from pig pancreas or mold fungi.


title: Amylase

text: Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.


title: Amylase

text: Factory workers who work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma. Five to nine percent of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase.


title: Amylase

text: Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis. A higher than normal concentration may reflect any of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas (it may be measured concurrently with the more specific lipase), perforated peptic ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, strangulation, ileus, mesenteric ischemia, macroamylasemia and mumps. Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid.


title: Amylase

text: A January 2007 study from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that saliva tests of the enzyme could be used to indicate sleep deficits, as the enzyme increases its activity in correlation with the length of time a subject has been deprived of sleep.


title: Amylase

text: In 1831, Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) described the hydrolysis of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "ptyalin", an amylase. it was named after the Ancient Greek name for saliva: - .


title: Amylase

text: The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz isolated an amylase complex from germinating barley and named it "diastase". It is from this term that all subsequent enzyme names tend to end in the suffix -ase.


title: Amylase

text: Saccharides are a food source rich in energy. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars. Many mammals have seen great expansions in the copy number of the amylase gene. These duplications allow for the pancreatic amylase "AMY2" to re-target to the salivary glands, allowing animals to detect starch by taste and to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities. This has happened independently in mice, rats, dogs, pigs, and most importantly, humans after the agricultural revolution.


title: Amylase

text: Following the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, human diet began to shift more to plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. Starch has become a staple of the human diet.


title: Amylase

text: Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.


title: Amylase

text: Like in other mammals, the pancreatic alpha-amylase "AMY2" was duplicated multiple times. One event allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva (named in humans as "AMY1"). The 1p21.1 region of human chromosome 1 contains many copies of these genes, variously named "AMY1A", "AMY1B", "AMY1C", "AMY2A", "AMY2B", and so on.


title: Amylase

text: However, not all humans possess the same number of copies of the "AMY1" gene. Populations known to rely more on saccharides have a higher number of AMY1 copies than human populations that, by comparison, consume little starch. The number of "AMY1" gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only two to three copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.


title: Amylase

text: The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of "AMY1" copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations has been selected for by natural selection and considered the favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is most likely that the benefit of an individual possessing more copies of "AMY1" in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring.


title: Amylase

text: This fact is especially apparent when comparing geographically close populations with different eating habits that possess a different number of copies of the "AMY1" gene. Such is the case for some Asian populations that have been shown to possess few "AMY1" copies relative to some agricultural populations in Asia. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene as opposed to the possibility that the gene has spread through genetic drift.


title: Amylase

text: Variations of amylase copy number in dogs mirrors that of human populations, suggesting they acquired the extra copies as they followed humans around. Unlike humans whose amylase levels depend on starch content in diet, wild animals eating a broad range of foods tend to have more copies of amylase. This may have to do with mainly detection of starch as opposed to digestion.


title: Goodhart's law

text: Goodhart's law is an adage often stated as, "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure". It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom:


title: Goodhart's law

text: It was used to criticize the British Thatcher government for trying to conduct monetary policy on the basis of targets for broad and narrow money, but the law reflects a much more general phenomenon.


title: Goodhart's law

text: Numerous concepts are related to this idea, at least one of which predates Goodhart's statement. Notably, Campbell's law likely has precedence, as Jeff Rodamar has argued, since various formulations date to 1969. Other academics had similar insights at the time. Jerome Ravetz's 1971 book "Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems" also predates Goodhart, though it does not formulate the same law. He discusses how systems in general can be gamed, focuses on cases where the goals of a task are complex, sophisticated, or subtle. In such cases, the persons possessing the skills to execute the tasks properly seek their own goals to the detriment of the assigned tasks. When the goals are instantiated as metrics, this could be seen as equivalent to Goodhart and Campbell's claim.


title: Goodhart's law

text: Shortly after Goodhart's publication, others suggested closely related ideas, including the Lucas critique (1976). As applied in economics, the law is also implicit in the idea of rational expectations, a theory in economics that states that those who are aware of a system of rewards and punishments will optimize their actions within that system to achieve their desired results. For example, if an employee is rewarded by the number of cars sold each month, they will try to sell more cars, even at a loss.


title: Goodhart's law

text: While it originated in the context of market responses, the law has profound implications for the selection of high-level targets in organizations. Jon Danielsson states the law as


title: Goodhart's law

text: Mario Biagioli related the concept to consequences of using citation impact measures to estimate the importance of scientific publications:


title: Goodhart's law

text: Later writers generalized Goodhart's point about monetary policy into a more general adage about measures and targets in accounting and evaluation systems. In a book chapter published in 1996, Keith Hoskin wrote:


title: Goodhart's law

text: In a 1997 paper responding to the work of Hoskin and others on financial accounting and grades in education, anthropologist Marilyn Strathern expressed Goodhart's Law as "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure," and linked the sentiment to the history of accounting stretching back into Britain in the 1800s:


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Workday, Inc., is an American on‑demand (cloud-based) financial management, human capital management and Student information system software vendor. Workday was founded by David Duffield, founder and former CEO of ERP company PeopleSoft, along with former PeopleSoft chief strategist Aneel Bhusri, following Oracle's acquisition of PeopleSoft in 2005.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In October 2012, Workday launched a successful IPO (initial public offering) that valued the company at $9.5 billion. Competitors of Workday include SAP Successfactors, Ceridian and Oracle.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In 2020, "Fortune" magazine ranked Workday Inc. at number five on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of satisfaction. San Francisco Business Times ranked Workday at number two on their Best Places to Work in the Bay in the largest companies category.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Workday was founded in March 2005 and launched in November 2006. Initially, it was funded by Duffield and venture capital firm Greylock Partners. In December 2008, Workday moved its headquarters from Walnut Creek, California, to Pleasanton, California, where PeopleSoft founder Duffield's prior company was located.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: On February 6, 2008, Workday announced that it had reached a definitive agreement to purchase Cape Clear Software. In May 2008, Workday signed a large contract with Flextronics to provide human capital management software services. Companies that have publicly disclosed contracts or deployments of Workday include Aviva, Chiquita Brands, and other firms.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: On April 29, 2009, Workday announced that it secured $75 million in funding led by New Enterprise Associates. Existing investors Greylock Partners and Workday CEO and co‑founder Dave Duffield also participated in the round. On October 24, 2011, Workday announced $85 million in new funding, bringing total capital raised to $250 million. Investors in the latest round included T. Rowe Price, Morgan Stanley Investment Management, Janus, and Bezos Expeditions. As of spring 2012, Workday had 310 customers, ranging from mid-sized businesses to "Fortune" 500 companies.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In October 2012, Workday launched its initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange with ticker symbol WDAY. Its shares were priced at $28 and ended trading Friday, October 12, at $48.69, "propelled the start-up to a market capitalization of nearly $9.5 billion including unexercised stock options." It sold 22.75 million Class A shares, raising $637 million. The IPO raised more cash than any launch in the U.S. technology sector since Facebook's $16 billion IPO in May 2012. Its shares surged 74% in their IPO, underscoring investor interest in cloud computing.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In 2016 Workday launched a cloud-based Student information system to augment its portfolio of financial management and human capital management products.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: The Co-CEO of Workday is Aneel Bhusri, who is a partner with Greylock Partners and handled senior leadership positions earlier in his career at PeopleSoft. In 2020, Chano Fernandez was promoted to co-CEO. Dave Duffield served as the chairman of the board until his resignation in April 2022, after which Aneel Bhusri took over as the chairman.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In November 2021, Workdays announced its acquisition of VNDLY, startup that helps companies manage external workforce personnel, for $510 million.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Workday makes money by selling subscriptions to its services rather than selling the software outright. Expenses are booked up front when it signs on a new customer but the associated revenue is recognized over the life of multiyear agreements. In first quarter 2016, Workday announced annual revenue in excess of $1 billion for the first time ever in fiscal year 2016.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Duffield holds voting rights to Workday shares that were worth $3.4 billion and Bhusri held rights to shares valued at $1.3 billion. Collectively, they hold 67% of the company's voting shares. This voting structure makes the event of a hostile takeover much less likely.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Workday has released 39 updates to its product line as of September, 2022, its most recent being "2022 R2". It releases a major update every 6 months, every September and March


title: Workday, Inc.

text: Workday operates data centers located in Ashburn, Virginia; Lithia Springs, Georgia; Portland, Oregon; Dublin, Ireland; Amsterdam, Netherlands; and also uses Amazon Web Services for its primary computing infrastructure platforms in order to accelerate its worldwide expansion.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In February 2014, Workday acquired the startup Identified and its artificial intelligence Syman to create its Insight Apps line of products. The first products running SYMAN were announced at Workday Rising 2014.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In July 2017, Workday CEO Aneel Bhusri announced that the company had decided to open up its platform to developers, partners and third-party software. As a result, Workday will enter the Platform as a Service (PaaS) market. Bhusri said the move will allow customers to build custom extensions and applications to work with Workday.


title: Workday, Inc.

text: In January 2018, Workday announced that it acquired SkipFlag, makers of an AI knowledge base that builds itself from a company's internal communications.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: Ready or Not is a tactical first-person shooter developed by Ireland-based VOID Interactive. "Ready or Not" follows the operations of a police SWAT team in the fictional city of Los Suenos, California, in the midst of a crime wave.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: "Ready or Not" was released through Steam Early Access on December 17, 2021. The game was well-received by players and considered a spiritual successor to the similar "SWAT" series by Sierra Entertainment, but was criticized by reviewers for its heavy glorification of police, tone shifts between drama and dark humor, the inclusion of questionable Easter eggs, and additions of missions depicting active shooters and school shootings.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: In "Ready or Not", the player is a member of a police tactical unit, pitted against criminals and gangs. As a tactical shooter, realism is a central pillar of gameplay, with both players and enemies being killed in only a few shots; therefore, tactical strategies and careful plans are emphasized.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: The player is given a wide selection of rifles, submachine guns, shotguns, and handguns to choose from. Equipment such as stun grenades, ballistic shields, fiberscopes, and breaching devices are key items available for the player and their team to equip and use. As the player is part of a police unit, apprehending suspects alive is greatly encouraged; therefore, a variety of less-lethal weapons such as tasers, riot guns, and pepper spray are at the player's disposal as alternatives to lethal force, and players are awarded more points for arresting suspects than killing them.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: Five modes are playable: apprehending barricaded suspects, conducting a raid, stopping an active shooter, defusing bombs after a bomb threat, and rescuing hostages. Each mode has different rules of engagement with penalties for violating them. Missions are available in singleplayer with AI teammates, or cooperatively with up to four other players through online multiplayer. A competitive player versus player mode is planned for the full release.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: Development began in June 2016 and a reveal trailer was released on May 3, 2017, on YouTube. An alpha version of the game was made available on August 19, 2019 for owners of the more expensive Supporter Edition under a non-disclosure agreement. Select YouTubers were invited to a PVP test in April 2020 and were allowed to publish footage. A partnership with Team17 to publish the game under their label was announced on March 22, 2021. The game released to Steam Early Access on December 17, 2021.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: On December 20, 2021, VOID announced that their partnership with Team17 had ended and that they would no longer be publishing the game. Speculation suggested that this was due to the developers promising the inclusion of a school shooting level on Reddit, although this was denied by VOID.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: Ready or Not was the best selling game on Steam in the week after its release and has been celebrated as a spiritual successor to the "SWAT" series and early "Rainbow Six" games.


title: Ready or Not (video game)

text: In an early review for "Kotaku", Ethan Gach called "Ready or Not" a “tactical horror game” and “an unsettling SWAT fantasy”, praising its atmosphere but also criticizing it as tasteless due to insensitivity towards American police brutality and jarring tonal shifts between crude humor and dark drama. Gach also unfavorably highlighted apparent references to alt-right memes such as redpill and the use of “Jogger” as a racist euphemism (in reference to Ahmaud Arbery). The developers later responded to the critique, denying any connection to extremism, claiming the alleged dog whistles were coincidental, and stating they would be removing the imagery in question.


title: Judy Reyes

text: Judy Reyes (born November 5, 1967) is an American actress, model and producer, best known for her roles as Carla Espinosa on the NBC/ABC medical comedy series "Scrubs" (2001–2009), and as Zoila Diaz in the Lifetime comedy-drama "Devious Maids" (2013–2016). Beginning in 2017, she stars as Annalise "Quiet Ann" Zayas in the TNT crime comedy-drama "Claws".


title: Judy Reyes

text: Reyes was born in The Bronx, New York, to Dominican immigrants, and has three sisters, including a fraternal twin sister named Joselin Reyes, who played a paramedic on "". Reyes grew up on Bainbridge Avenue, from the age of 13 to the age of 25–26. She attended Hunter College in Manhattan, where she began her acting career.


title: Judy Reyes

text: In the early 1990s, Reyes began her television career with guest starring roles in a number of shows, including "Law & Order", "NYPD Blue", and "The Sopranos". She also had a recurring role in "Oz" as Tina Rivera. She is best known for her portrayal of nurse Carla Espinosa on the NBC comedy "Scrubs" from 2001 to 2009. She has starred in a number of made for television movies, primarily for Lifetime network, including "" (2008), and "The Pregnancy Project" (2012).


title: Judy Reyes

text: After leaving "Scrubs", Reyes guest-starred in several shows, including "Castle", "Medium", "Off the Map", and "". In 2011, she starred as a mother dealing with her estranged husband's return into her life after his stint in prison in the independent drama "Gun Hill Road". The film is set in Reyes' native Bronx, and its title refers to a real-life street that intersects Bainbridge Avenue on which Reyes herself grew up. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Reyes also had small supporting roles in several films, including "Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God... Be Back by Five" (1998), "Bringing Out the Dead" (1999), "Washington Heights" (2002), and "Dirty" (2005).


title: Judy Reyes

text: In 2012, Reyes was cast as series regular Zoila Diaz, the senior maid, in the ABC comedy-drama pilot "Devious Maids", created by Marc Cherry. On May 14, 2012, the series was not picked up by ABC, but on June 22, 2012, Lifetime ordered a run of thirteen episodes. The series premiered June 23, 2013. The "Devious Maids" finale episode aired on August 8, 2016. Two weeks following the show's cancellation, Reyes was cast opposite Niecy Nash in the TNT crime comedy-drama "Claws". The series premiered on June 11, 2017.


title: Judy Reyes

text: In "Succession", which premiered on June 3, 2018 on HBO, Reyes plays Eva, executive producer of media conglomerate Waystar Royco's ATN news channel.


title: Judy Reyes

text: In 2022, Reyes guest-starred in season 3 of "Batwoman" where she portrayed Kiki Roulette who was responsible for building Joker's joy buzzer.


title: Judy Reyes

text: Reyes was married to writer/director Edwin M. Figueroa for 11 years before they divorced. Reyes and her partner George Valencia have a daughter, Leila Rey Valencia, born on November 27, 2009.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: K-129 (Russian: К–129) was a Project 629A (Russian: проект 629А "Projekt 629A", NATO reporting name Golf II–class) diesel-electric-powered ballistic-missile submarine that served in the Pacific Fleet of the Soviet Navy–one of six Project 629 strategic ballistic-missile submarines assigned to the 15th Submarine Squadron based at Rybachiy Naval Base near Petropavlovsk, commanded by Rear Admiral Rudolf Golosov.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The "K-129"s commander was Captain First Rank Vladimir I. Kobzar, and she carried the hull number 722 on her final deployment, during which she sank on 8 March 1968. This was one of four mysterious submarine disappearances in 1968, the others being the Israeli submarine , the , and the American submarine .


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: After nearly two weeks of silence during her patrol in the Pacific Ocean, the Soviet Navy officials became concerned about her status and reportedly deployed large numbers of aviation and ships to search for the vessel, but no sign or wreckage was found. With the U.S. Navy observing the Soviet efforts, the Americans also began searching, ultimately determining the exact coordinates of the wreck in August 1968, hundreds of miles away from the Soviet search efforts.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: In 1974, the United States attempted to recover the submarine in a secretive Cold War-era effort named Project Azorian. The submarine's position below the surface was the greatest depth from which an attempt had been made to raise a ship; only a part of the submarine was recovered despite efforts. The cover story was that the salvage vessel was engaged in commercial manganese nodule mining.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The keel of "K-129" was laid down on 15 March 1958 at Komsomolsk-on-Amur Shipyard No. 132. She was launched on 16 May 1959, with her acceptance certificate signed on 31 December 1959, and assigned to the 123rd Brigade, 40th Division of the Soviet Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. In 1960, she was reassigned to 15th Submarine Squadron based at Rybachiy Naval Base in Kamchatka.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: On 3 April 1964, "K-129" underwent modernization under Project 629A at Dalzavod in Vladivostok, and re-entered service following completion of modernization on 30 May 1967. In January 1968, "K-129" was assigned to the 15th Submarine Squadron as part of the 29th Ballistic Missile Division at Rybachiy, commanded by Admiral Viktor A. Dygalo.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The "K-129", having completed two 70-day ballistic-missile combat patrols in 1967, was tasked with her third patrol in February 1968, with an expected completion date of 5 May 1968. Upon departure on 24 February, "K-129" reached deep water, conducted a test dive, returned to the surface and reported by radio that all was well, and proceeded on patrol.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Upon her final deployment, "K-129"s commander was Captain First Rank Vladimir I. Kobzar and Captain Second Rank Alexander M. Zhuravin as senior assistant to the commander (executive officer). She carried hull number 722 on her final deployment. No further communication was received from "K-129", despite normal radio check-ins expected when the submarine crossed the 180th meridian, and further when she arrived at her patrol area.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: By mid-March, Soviet Navy commanders in Kamchatka became concerned because "K-129" had missed two consecutive radio check-ins. First, "K-129" was instructed by normal fleet broadcast to break radio silence and contact headquarters; later and more urgent communications all went unanswered. Soviet naval headquarters declared "K-129" missing by the third week of March, and organized an air, surface, and underwater search-and-rescue effort in the North Pacific from Kamchatka and Vladivostok.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: This Soviet deployment in the Pacific was analyzed by U.S. intelligence as likely a reaction to a submarine loss. U.S. SOSUS naval facilities in the North Pacific were alerted and requested to review acoustic records on 8 March 1968 to identify any possible anomalous signal. Acoustic data from four Air Force AFTAC sites and the Adak, Alaska SOSUS array triangulated a potential event location to within 5 nautical miles, a site hundreds of miles away from where the Soviet Navy had been searching and in water around deep.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Several SOSUS stations recorded signals. According to Bruce Rule, a former lead acoustic analyst for the Office of Naval Intelligence, an initial significant acoustic signal from "K-129" had been recorded by PACSOSUS on 11 March 1968. It was interpreted as a possible small explosion occurring in the pressure hull at 11:59:47.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: According to John P. Craven, an event was already recorded on 8 March 1968. Upon examination, it produced sufficient triangulation by lines-of-bearing to provide the U.S. Navy with a locus for the probable wreck site. One source characterized the acoustic signal as "an isolated, single sound of an explosion or implosion, 'a good-sized bang'." The acoustic event was reported to have originated near 40°N, 180° longitude.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Soviet search efforts, lacking the equivalent of the U.S. SOSUS system, failed to find "K-129" and eventually, Soviet naval activity in the North Pacific returned to normal. "K-129" was subsequently declared lost with all hands.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The wreck of "K-129" was identified by northwest of Oahu at an approximate depth of on 20 August 1968.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: It was surveyed in detail over the next three weeks by "Halibut" – reportedly with over 20,000 close-up photos, and later also possibly by the bathyscaphe . The location of the wreck remains an official secret of the United States intelligence services. John P. Craven, though, points to a location nearly 40°N, and almost exactly on the 180th meridian. CIA documents reveal that she sank "1,560 miles northwest of Hawaii". The International Atomic Energy Agency states that two nuclear warheads from "K-129" were located in the Pacific 1,230 miles from Kamchatka at coordinates 40°6'N and 179°57'E at a depth of , and lists them as recovered. All three distances point to a location of , which is close to north of the Midway Atoll. The CIA gives for its approximate depth.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Given a unique opportunity to recover a Soviet SS-N-5 Serb nuclear missile without the knowledge of the Soviet Union, President Nixon authorized a salvage attempt after consideration by the Secretary of Defense and the White House. To ensure the salvage attempt remained "black" (i.e., secret), the CIA, rather than the Navy, was asked to conduct the operation. "Hughes Glomar Explorer" was designed and built under CIA contract solely for the clandestine salvage of "K-129". The cover story was that the ship would be mining manganese nodules on the sea floor. The salvage operation, named Project Azorian, was one of the most expensive and deepest secrets of the Cold War.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The ship traveled 3,008 miles from Long Beach, California, to reach the recovery site. According to one account, in July–August 1974, "Hughes Glomar Explorer" grappled with and was able to lift the forward half of the wreck of "K-129", but as it was being raised, the claw suffered a critical failure, resulting in the forward section breaking into two pieces with the all-important sail area and center section falling back to the ocean floor. Thus, the center sail area and the after portions of "K-129" were allegedly not recovered. What exactly was retrieved in the section that was recovered is classified Secret Noforn or Top Secret, but the Soviets assumed that the United States recovered torpedoes with nuclear warheads, operations manuals, code books, and coding machines. Another source (unofficial) states that the U.S. recovered the bow area, which contained two nuclear torpedoes, but no cryptographic equipment nor code books.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Seymour Hersh of "The New York Times" uncovered some of the details of Project Azorian in 1974, but was kept from publication by the action of the Director of Central Intelligence, William Colby. Months after the salvage operation was completed, in February 1975, the "Los Angeles Times" ran a brief story regarding the CIA operation, which led "The New York Times" to release Hersh's story. Jack Anderson continued the story on national television in March 1975. The media called the operation Project Jennifer, which in 2010 was revealed to be incorrect, since Jennifer referred only to a security system that compartmentalized Azorian project data.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: According to a report released by the US Navy, the pressure-hull of the 40-foot bow-section was intact forward of the break-point, but had been subject to massive internal destruction.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The United States announced that in the section they recovered were the bodies of six men. Due to radioactive contamination, the bodies were buried at sea in a steel chamber in September 1974, with full military honors about southwest of Hawaii. The videotape of that ceremony was given to Russia by U.S. Director of Central Intelligence Robert Gates when he visited Moscow in October 1992. The relatives of the crew members were eventually shown the video some years later.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The "K-129" recovery has been stated to have been a failure, recovering only a small amount of insignificant parts of the submarine. The CIA argued in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, however, that the project had to be kept secret because any "official acknowledgment of involvement by U.S. government agencies would disclose the nature and purpose of the program." This response has entered the lexicon of legal jargon as "the Glomar response" or "glomarization" - "neither confirm nor deny".


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: As of 2018, the files, photographs, videotapes, and other documentary evidence remained closed to the public. A few pictures appeared in a 2010 documentary showing the "K-129" wreck - the bow and the sail, with the missile compartment heavily damaged showing only one missile tube left attached to the structure.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The official Soviet Navy hypothesis is that "K-129", while operating in snorkel mode, slipped below its operating depth. Such an event, combined with a mechanical failure or improper crew reaction, can cause flooding sufficient to sink the boat.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: This account, however, has not been accepted by many, and alternative theories have been advanced to explain the loss of "K-129":


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: "K-129" was roughly midway through standard shore leave/replenishment and repair when a new mission was given.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Lead–acid batteries release explosive hydrogen gas while charging. The hydrogen gas, if not properly vented, could have accumulated into an explosive concentration.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: John Craven, former chief scientist of the U.S. Navy's Special Projects Office and former head of the DSSP and DSRV programs, commented:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: I have never seen or heard of a submarine disaster that was not accompanied by the notion that the battery blew up and started it all. [...] Naive investigators, examining the damage in salvaged battery compartments, invariably blame the sinking on battery explosions until they learn that any fully charged battery suddenly exposed to seawater will explode. It is an inevitable effect of a sinking and almost never a cause.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: At least one American submarine, , though, was lost off Norway in 1949 due to a hydrogen explosion in the battery compartment. Most of "Cochino's" crew was rescued and the cause of her sinking is therefore known.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Standard practice during the Cold War was for U.S. Navy attack submarines to trail Soviet missile submarines as they departed their home ports and moved into the North Pacific or the North Atlantic Oceans.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The collision hypothesis is the unofficial opinion of many Soviet Navy officers, and is officially denied by the U.S. Navy. According to U.S. Navy sources, put into Yokosuka, Japan, on 17 March 1968, shortly after the disappearance of "K-129", and received emergency repairs to a bent periscope, reportedly caused by ice impacted during surfacing while conducting classified operations in the Sea of Japan. The seizure by the North Korean government occurred in the Sea of Japan on 23 January 1968, and the U.S. Navy response to this incident included the deployment and maintenance of naval assets in the area off the eastern North Korean coast for some time thereafter.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: In response to Russian efforts to ascertain whether "K-129" had been lost due to damage resulting from a collision with a U.S. submarine, an official U.S. statement by Ambassador Malcolm Toon to a Russian delegation during a meeting in the Kremlin in August 1993 related:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: A news release in 2000 demonstrates that Russian suspicion and sensitivity concerning the collision possibility, and indeed their preference for such an explanation, remains active:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: On 3 October 1986, the Soviet Project 667A ballistic-missile submarine , while on combat patrol in the Atlantic, suffered the explosion of a liquid-fueled R-27 missile in one of its 16 missile tubes. The cause of the explosion was a leaking missile tube hatch seal. The leak allowed sea water to come into contact with residue of the missile's propellants, which caused a spontaneous fire, resulting in an explosion first of the missile booster, then a subsequent explosion of the warhead detonator charge. In the case of the Project 667A, the missiles were located within the pressure hull and the explosion did not cause damage sufficient to immediately sink the boat. It did, however, cause extensive radioactive contamination throughout, requiring the submarine to surface and the evacuation of the crew to the weather deck, and later to a rescue vessel, which had responded to the emergency. Subsequently, "K-219" sank into the Hatteras Abyss with the loss of four crewmen, and rests at a depth around . The Soviet Navy later claimed that the leak was caused by a collision with .


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Some indicators suggest "K-129" suffered a similar explosion in 1968. First, the radioactive contamination of the recovered bow section and the six crewmen of "K-129" by weapons-grade plutonium indicates the explosion of the warhead detonator charge of one of the missiles, "before" the ship reached its crush depth. The report that the forward section was crushed and that charring in the bow section indicated dieseling from an implosion (or alternatively from a fire), would indicate that the explosion occurred while "K-129" was submerged and at depth. The report found in that the wreck revealed "K-129" with a hole immediately abaft the conning tower would support the theory of an explosion of one of the three missiles in the sail (possibly missile number 3). Since "K-129"s missiles were housed in the sail, much less structural mass (compared to the K-219) was available to contain such an explosion, and loss of depth control of the submarine would be instantaneous.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: A photograph taken by the cameras on the capture vehicle, though, as published in the White and Polmar book, shows extensive sail damage with two missile tubes obliterated, and the target for recovery was the forward 135-ft section of the sail. The wreck was in two major pieces on the ocean bottom.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: According to Craven, "K-129" crossed the International Date Line at 40°N, which was much further south of her expected patrol station:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: When "K-129" passed longitude 180, it should have been farther north, at a latitude of 45°, or more than 300 miles away. If that was a navigational mistake, it would be an error of historic proportions. Thus, if the sub were not somewhere in the vicinity of where the Soviets supposed it to be, there would be a high probability, if not a certainty, that the submarine was a rogue, off on its own, in grave disobedience of its orders.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Craven does not explain why he eliminated the possibilities that "K-129" was proceeding to a newly assigned and officially approved patrol area, or using a new track to an established patrol area, nor why he concluded that "K-129" was acting in an abnormal or criminal manner for a Soviet strategic missile submarine.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Anatoliy Shtyrov (Анатолий Штыров), a former Soviet Pacific Fleet Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, has said that "K-129" would normally patrol an area off the West Coast of the United States, but it was sent on an unscheduled combat patrol in the eastern Pacific only 1½ months after returning from its regularly scheduled patrol. Vladimir Evdasin (Владимир Евдасин), who from June 1960 to March 1961 served aboard "K-129", reported that "K-129" was sent on a secret mission in response to the substantial U.S. naval force build-up off the Korean coast after the Pueblo incident. "K-129"s mission was in support of North Korea, which was an ally of the Soviet Union, and directed against U.S. naval operations, Pacific bases, and U.S. maritime support lines to Southeast Asia.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: "Red Star Rogue" by Kenneth Sewell makes the claim that Project Azorian recovered virtually all of "K-129" from the ocean floor, and in fact, "Despite an elaborate cover-up and the eventual claim the project had been a failure, most of "K-129" and the remains of the crew were, in fact, raised from the bottom of the Pacific and brought into the "Glomar Explorer"".


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: In August 1993, Ambassador Malcolm Toon presented to a Russian delegation "K-129"s ship's bell. According to "Red Star Rogue", this bell had been permanently attached to the middle of the conning tower of "K-129", thus indicating that in addition to the bow of the submarine, the critical and valuable midsection of the submarine was at least partially recovered by Project Azorian. Additionally, Ambassador Toon is quoted from the 6th Plenum of the U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs as saying, "Our Director of Naval Intelligence has concluded that no U.S. sub was within 300 nautical miles of your sub when it sank". "Red Star Rogue" places K-129 at 24°N by 163°W, less than 350 miles from Honolulu. This site is consistent with the discovery of radioactive oil reported to the Hawaii Institute of Geophysical Research at the time.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: The premise of "Red Star Rogue" is that a fail-safe device designed to be activated in the event of an unauthorized fire command of its nuclear missiles caused two catastrophic explosions (monitored by U.S. technology at the time) had sunk the submarine. Eleven additional crewmen have never been satisfactorily identified, and K-129's crew manifest was listed as missing by Russian authorities. An ID photograph of a sailor found in the wreck has never been identified. "Red Star Rogue" claims the changing relations with China and Russia in the early 1970s, forged by Nixon and Kissinger, were enabled by the "K-129" incident.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Craven suggests that Project Azorian's real goal was not the nuclear weapons or the coding systems at all; rather, the project sought to determine exactly what "K-129" was doing at 40°N/180°W "where she did not belong". Such information could be (and supposedly was) used within Henry Kissinger's foreign policy of "Deterrence Through Uncertainty", to "raise an unanswerable question in Leonid Brezhnev's mind about his command and control of his armed forces".


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: A retired U.S. Navy captain and former naval attaché in Moscow, Peter Huchthausen, said he had a brief conversation in 1987 with Admiral Peter Navojtsev, who told him, "Captain, you are very young and inexperienced, but you will learn that there were some matters that both nations have agreed to not discuss, and one of these is the reasons we lost "K-129"." In 1995, when Huchthausen began work on a book about the Soviet submarine fleet, he interviewed Russian Navy Rear Admiral Viktor Dygalo, who claimed that the true history of "K-129" has not been revealed because of the informal agreement between the two countries' senior naval commands. The purpose of that secrecy, he alleged, is to stop any further research into the losses of USS "Scorpion" and "K-129". Huchthausen reported that Dygalo told him to "overlook this matter, and hope that the time will come when the truth will be told to the families of the victims."


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: In October 1992, Robert Gates, as the Director of Central Intelligence, visited Moscow to meet with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia. He said:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Gates's decision to bring the videotape of the funeral held for the men on the "Golf" was ultimately motivated by the fact that the United States wanted to inspire Russia to offer up information on missing American servicemen in Vietnam. Before that, "We had never confirmed anything to the Russians except in various vague senses," he said in an interview.


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: A subsequent FOIA search to find if any POWs were released as a result of this visit produced only negative results. According to Peter Huchthausen:


title: Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)

text: Around the same time, Russian President Boris Yeltsin posthumously awarded the Medal "For Courage" to 98 sailors who died on "K-129". However, as the complement of a diesel-electric "Golf"-class Russian submarine was about 83, his award acknowledges 15 extra personnel aboard the boat at the time of its sinking. An increase in the sub's total complement would put a strain on the logistical capabilities of a patrol because it reduces its duration. No explanation for the "K-129"'s extra submariners has ever been provided by the Russian Navy.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Taylor Curtis Lewan (born July 22, 1991) is an American football tackle for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan, where he twice received first-team All-American honors, and was selected by the Titans in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft. During his NFL career, Lewan was named to three consecutive Pro Bowls from 2016 to 2018.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan was born in Sacramento, California on July 22, 1991 to Dave Lewan and Kelly Riley. Dave was an offensive lineman at the University of Minnesota. Prior to playing there, Dave Lewan played high school football for Oakridge Secondary School in London, Ontario, Canada, when his father's job took him to London from Minnesota. Taylor Lewan played his first three years of high school football for Cactus Shadows in Cave Creek, Arizona. He was a defensive end before transferring to Chaparral High School for his senior season, where he became an offensive lineman.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan was rated as a four-star prospect by Rivals.com and Scout.com. He was selected as the fifth-best player in the state of Arizona and the 194th player nationally by Rivals.com. He was listed as the No. 3 most athletic offensive lineman and the fifth-most agile offensive lineman according to Rivals.com. He was a SuperPrep All-American and the nation's No. 10 overall offensive line prospect. He was selected to participate in the Under Armour All-America Game.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he majored in general studies, and redshirted his freshman year.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Although Lewan did not play in the 2010 season opener, he appeared in 11 games, including nine as a starter, during the 2010 season.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: In 2010, he took over the starting left tackle role from Mark Huyge in the fourth game versus Bowling Green. Michigan's offense displayed one of the top rushing attacks in the country, with quarterback Denard Robinson as the team's leading rusher behind protection by Lewan and fellow offensive linemen David Molk, Patrick Omameh, Steven Schilling, and Perry Dorrestein.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: However, Lewan also displayed a knack for ill-timed, drive-killing penalties, mostly for false starts and personal fouls. These were attributed to his youth and aggressive nature on the field.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: After the 2010 season, Lewan was named by CollegeFootballNews.com to its Freshman All-America second team.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: As a redshirt sophomore, Lewan was a starting offensive tackle for the Wolverines. After failing to draw a penalty in Michigan's early games, Lewan was praised for becoming a more intelligent player. He was Michigan's starting left tackle in the first seven games of the season and was named to Phil Steele's Midseason All-Big Ten second team. Following the 2011 Big Ten Conference football season, he earned second team All-conference recognition. He was an honorable mention All-American selectee by the "Pro Football Weekly".


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Prior to the 2012 season, Lewan was selected by the media as one of five Big Ten Offensive players to watch along with teammate Denard Robinson as voted by the media. Following the season, he was named the Big Ten Conference Offensive Lineman of the Year and named to the All-Big Ten first team by both the coaches and the media. Lewan was a 2012 College Football All-America Team selection by the Associated Press (1st team), ESPN (1st team), Walter Camp Football Foundation (1st team), "Lindy's Sports" (1st team), "Sports Illustrated" (1st team), CBSSports.com (2nd team), FoxSportsNext.com (Scout.com 2nd team), and "Pro Football Weekly" (honorable mention). CBSSports.com also named Lewan along with punter Will Hagerup to their All-Big Ten team.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: After the 2013 season, Lewan was named Big Ten Conference Offensive Lineman of the Year for the second season in a row.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan was selected by the Tennessee Titans as the eleventh pick of the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year $11.48 million fully guaranteed contract and a signing bonus of $6.67 million. In his rookie year in 2014, Lewan played in 11 games starting six of them due to injuries, he was named to the PFWA All-Rookie team. The Titans finished the season with a 2-14 record, tying them with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Coming into the 2015 season, Lewan was named the starting left tackle. He started in 15 games and allowed five sacks. The Titans finished with a league-worst record of 3-13.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: In 2016, Lewan remained the starting left tackle, starting all 16 games and blocking for DeMarco Murray as he led the AFC in rushing yards and finished third in the league.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: On October 23, 2016, Lewan scored his first NFL touchdown on a 10-yard pass from Marcus Mariota in a 34-26 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. Three weeks later, Lewan was ejected in the first quarter of a 47-25 victory over the Green Bay Packers after pushing a referee during an altercation with defensive tackle Letroy Guion. Lewan was selected to his first Pro Bowl for the 2016 season. The Titans finished with a 9-7 record and narrowly missed the playoffs. Lewan was ranked 72nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: On April 25, 2017, the Titans picked up the fifth-year option on Lewan's rookie contract. Lewan started all 16 games in 2017 as the Titans finished with another 9-7 record. On December 19, 2017, Lewan was named to his second Pro Bowl. He was ranked 78th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: On July 27, 2018, Lewan signed five-year, $80 million contract extension with the Titans with $50 million guaranteed, making him the highest-paid offensive lineman in league history.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: During a 27-20 Week 1 road loss to the Miami Dolphins, Lewan suffered a concussion after a blind side hit by Andre Branch. Lewan missed the rest of the game and the next game against the Houston Texans. He returned from concussion protocol prior in Week 3 against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Branch was fined $10,026 for taunting following the hit. During a 13-12 Week 5 loss to the Buffalo Bills, Lewan left the game early due to a foot injury. He had an MRI, but returned the next week against the Baltimore Ravens. On December 18, 2018, Lewan was selected to his third consecutive Pro Bowl. The Titans missed the playoffs due to a 33-17 loss to the Indianapolis Colts in the regular-season finale, finishing with a 9-7 record for the third consecutive year. Lewan finished the 2018 season starting 15 out of 16 games. He was ranked 77th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: On July 24, 2019, Lewan announced in a video that he was suspended four games after failing a drug test for a banned substance. He was reinstated from suspension on September 30 and was activated on October 4. Lewan started all twelve of the Titans' remaining regular-season games, blocking for Derrick Henry as he won the league rushing yards title. The Titans finished 9-7 for the fourth consecutive year and qualified for the 2019-20 NFL playoffs, making it to their first AFC Championship Game since 2003 where they lost to eventual Super Bowl LIV champions, the Kansas City Chiefs. Lewan started all three of the Titans playoff games, blocking for Henry as he ran for almost 200 rushing yards in each of the first two games.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan started the first five games of the 2020 season. During a Week 6 42-36 overtime victory over the Houston Texans, Lewan tore his ACL and was placed on injured reserve on October 19, 2020.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: On October 30, 2014, Lewan pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor charges of drunk and disorderly and disturbing the peace in a Washtenaw County district courthouse. The plea deal included the dismissal of one count of aggravated assault and two counts of assault and battery. These charges stemmed from an incident where he allegedly assaulted two Ohio State fans outside of the Brown Jug restaurant during the early morning hours of December 1, 2013.


title: Taylor Lewan

text: Lewan resides in Nashville with his wife, Taylin, and his daughters, Wynne and Willow. Taylor and former teammate Will Compton started a podcast in the summer of 2019 called “Bussin With the Boys” on the Barstool Sports network.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Elisabeth Murdoch (born 22 August 1968) is an Australian-born British and American media executive based in the United Kingdom. She was a non-executive chairperson of Shine Group, the UK-based TV programme production company she founded in 2001, until the company's parent 21st Century Fox on 1 January 2015 merged its Shine division with ApolloGlobal Management's Endemol and Core Media production houses, specializing in reality TV.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Elisabeth Murdoch was born on 22 August 1968 in Sydney. Her father is Rupert Murdoch, and her mother Anna Murdoch Mann (born 1944). She was named after her grandmother, Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. She completed her secondary education at the Brearley School in New York City and graduated with a bachelor's degree from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch began her career as a manager of programme acquisitions at her father's FX Networks, a cable television unit based in Los Angeles. Operating as EP Communications, on 22 September 1994 Murdoch and her then-husband, Elkin Kwesi Pianim, purchased a pair of NBC-affiliate television stations, KSBW and KSBY, in California on a US$35 million loan secured by her father.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch moved with Pianim to the United Kingdom where Rupert Murdoch was running BSkyB. The early years of BSkyB saw a haemorrhage of cash from Murdoch's News Corporation funds. To help turn around the financial fortunes of the company, New Zealand television executive Sam Chisholm was brought on board to manage the day-to-day operations and build the subscriber base, with Elisabeth Murdoch as his second-in-command and "de facto" apprentice. By the time Chisholm left the company, BSkyB was the most profitable company in the United Kingdom. As managing director, Elisabeth oversaw BSkyB's £12 million sponsorship of the troubled Millennium Dome, to the relief of its Cabinet overseer, Peter Mandelson. However, she also faced criticism after brokering her father's failed £623.4 million bid for England's champion Manchester United team.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: After quarrelling publicly with Chisholm, she ventured out on her own as a television and film producer in London. She advocated Sky setting up a film and production unit similar to BBC Films and Film4 Productions. However, due to lack of success, this unit closed down. She founded Shine Limited in March 2001, with 80 percent ownership retained by herself, 15 percent by Lord Alli, and five percent by BSkyB. BSkyB signed a deal guaranteeing to buy an agreed amount of Shine programming for two years.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: In 2011, Shine was acquired by News Corporation in a controversial deal that raised questions about nepotism.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: In February 2013, Murdoch was assessed as the fifth most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by "Woman's Hour" on BBC Radio 4.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: In 2018, Murdoch produced a dating reality show called "Phone Swap", that was originally aired on Snapchat.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch has served on many organizational boards including Afiniti. She is now Executive Chairman of the global TV and film production and development company, Sister, which is headquartered in London with offices in Los Angeles. She set up her production company Sister in 2019. Her Sister production company had a deal with Chris Goldberg and his Winterlight Pictures company. She most recently had a deal with actor Jeremy Strong.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to diversity in the arts and to charity.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch's first marriage was to a fellow Vassar graduate, Elkin Kwesi Pianim, an associate in the New York corporate finance department of the Rothschild investment bank. He is the son of economist and financier Andrews Kwame Pianim (a native of Ghana) and Cornelia Pianim (a native of the Netherlands). The wedding was held on 10 September 1993 at St. Timothy Roman Catholic Church near the Beverly Hills residence of the bride's parents. They have two children, Cornelia Pianim (born 1994 in New York) and, Anna Pianim (born 1997 in London). They were divorced in 1998.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch's second marriage was to public relations executive Matthew Freud, the son of former MP Sir Clement Freud and great-grandson of Sigmund Freud. The couple married on 18 August 2001 in a ceremony at Blenheim Palace. The couple had two children. From 2008, the family resided at Burford Priory in Oxfordshire, where they were key members of the Chipping Norton set. They also owned a home in Notting Hill, London. The couple divorced in 2014.


title: Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)

text: Murdoch is a dual national of the United States and the United Kingdom. She currently resides in the St John's Wood neighbourhood of London.


title: Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

text: This is a list of some vector calculus formulae for working with common curvilinear coordinate systems.


text: The unit vector of a coordinate parameter "u" is defined in such a way that a small positive change in "u" causes the position vector formula_29 to change in formula_30 direction.


text: Now, we isolate the formula_35 component. For formula_36, let formula_37. Then divide on both sides by formula_38 to get:


title: Western honey bee

text: The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name "Apis" is Latin for "bee", and "mellifera" is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying", referring to the species' production of honey.


title: Western honey bee

text: Like all honey bee species, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or "queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers", and a small proportion of fertile males or "drones". Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the dance language.


title: Western honey bee

text: The western honey bee was one of the first domesticated insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and pollination activities. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies every continent except Antarctica. Western honey bees are threatened by pests and diseases, especially the "Varroa" mite and colony collapse disorder. There are indications that the species is rare, if not extinct in the wild in Europe and as of 2019, the western honey bee is listed as "Extinct" on the IUCN Red List, while also acknowledging "Data Deficient". Numerous studies indicate that the species has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if they refer to population reduction of wild or managed colonies. Further research is required to enable differentiation between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild, meaning self sustaining, without treatments or management.


title: Western honey bee

text: Western honey bees are an important model organism in scientific studies, particularly in the fields of social evolution, learning, and memory; they are also used in studies of pesticide toxicity, especially via pollen, to assess non-target impacts of commercial pesticides.


title: Western honey bee

text: The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and eastern Asia.


title: Western honey bee

text: Western honey bees adapted to the local environments as they spread geographically. These adaptations include synchronizing colony cycles to the timing of local flower resources, forming a winter cluster in colder climates, migratory swarming in Africa, and enhanced foraging behavior in desert areas. All together, these variations resulted in 31 recognized subspecies.


title: Western honey bee

text: Previously it was believed that the various subspecies were all cross-fertile, but in 2013 it was found that the "A. m. mellifera" queens do not mate with non-"A. m. mellifera" drones.


title: Western honey bee

text: The subspecies are divided into four major branches, based on work by Ruttner and confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. African subspecies belong to branch A, northwestern European subspecies branch M, southwestern European subspecies branch C and Middle Eastern subspecies branch O.


title: Western honey bee

text: Unlike most other bee species, western honey bees have perennial colonies which persist year after year. Because of this high degree of sociality and permanence, western honey bee colonies can be considered superorganisms. This means that reproduction of the colony, rather than individual bees, is the biologically significant unit. Western honey bee colonies reproduce through a process called "swarming".


title: Western honey bee

text: In most climates, western honey bees swarm in the spring and early summer, when there is an abundance of blooming flowers from which to collect nectar and pollen. In response to these favorable conditions, the hive creates one to two dozen new queens. Just as the pupal stages of these "daughter queens" are nearly complete, the old queen and approximately two-thirds of the adult workers leave the colony in a swarm, traveling some distance to find a new location suitable for building a hive (e.g., a hollow tree trunk). In the old colony, the daughter queens often start "piping", just prior to emerging as adults, and, when the daughter queens eventually emerge, they fight each other until only one remains; the survivor then becomes the new queen. If one of the sisters emerges before the others, she may kill her siblings while they are still pupae, before they have a chance to emerge as adults.


title: Western honey bee

text: Once she has dispatched all of her rivals, the new queen, the only fertile female, lays all the eggs for the old colony, which her mother has left. Virgin females are able to lay eggs, which develop into males (a trait shared with wasps, bees, and ants because of haplodiploidy). However, she requires a mate to produce female offspring, which comprise 90% or more of bees in the colony at any given time. Thus, the new queen goes on one or more nuptial flights, each time mating with 1–17 drones. Once she has finished mating, usually within two weeks of emerging, she remains in the hive, playing the primary role of laying eggs.


title: Western honey bee

text: Throughout the rest of the growing season, the colony produces many workers, who gather pollen and nectar as cold-season food; the average population of a healthy hive in midsummer may be as high as 40,000 to 80,000 bees. Nectar from flowers is processed by worker bees, who evaporate it until the moisture content is low enough to discourage mold, transforming it into honey, which can then be capped over with wax and stored almost indefinitely. In the temperate climates to which western honey bees are adapted, the bees gather in their hive and wait out the cold season, during which the queen may stop laying. During this time, activity is slow, and the colony consumes its stores of honey used for metabolic heat production in the cold season. In mid- through late winter, the queen starts laying again. This is probably triggered by day length. Depending on the subspecies, new queens (and swarms) may be produced every year, or less frequently, depending on local environmental conditions and a number of characteristics inside the hive.


title: Western honey bee

text: Like other insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, the western honey bee has four distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The complex social structure of western honey bee hives means that all of these life stages occur simultaneously throughout much of the year. The queen deposits a single egg into each cell of a honeycomb prepared by worker bees. The egg hatches into a legless, eyeless larva fed by "nurse" bees (worker bees who maintain the interior of the colony). After about a week, the larva is sealed in its cell by the nurse bees and begins its pupal stage. After another week, it emerges as an adult bee. It is common for defined regions of the comb to be filled with young bees (also called "brood"), while others are filled with pollen and honey stores.


title: Western honey bee

text: Worker bees secrete the wax used to build the hive, clean, maintain and guard it, raise the young and forage for nectar and pollen; the nature of the worker's role varies with age. For the first 10 days of their lives, worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. After this, they begin building comb cells. On days 16 through 20, workers receive nectar and pollen from older workers and store it. After the 20th day, a worker leaves the hive and spends the remainder of its life as a forager. Although worker bees are usually infertile females, when some subspecies are stressed they may lay fertile eggs. Since workers are not fully sexually developed, they do not mate with drones and thus can only produce haploid (male) offspring.


title: Western honey bee

text: Queens and workers have a modified ovipositor called a "stinger", with which they defend the hive. Unlike those of bees of any other genus and of the queens of their own species, the stinger of worker western honey bees is barbed. Contrary to popular belief, a bee does not always die soon after stinging; this misconception is based on the fact that a bee will usually die after stinging a human or other mammal. The stinger and its venom sac, with musculature and a ganglion allowing them to continue delivering venom after they are detached, are designed to pull free of the body when they lodge. This apparatus (including barbs on the stinger) is thought to have evolved in response to predation by vertebrates, since the barbs do not function (and the stinger apparatus does not detach) unless the stinger is embedded in elastic material. The barbs do not always "catch", so a bee may occasionally pull its stinger free and fly off unharmed (or sting again).


title: Western honey bee

text: Although the average lifespan of a queen in most subspecies is three to five years, reports from the German honey bee subspecies ("A. m. mellifera") previously used for beekeeping indicate that a queen can live up to eight years. Because a queen's store of sperm is depleted near the end of her life, she begins laying more unfertilized eggs; for this reason, beekeepers often replace queens every year or two.


title: Western honey bee

text: The lifespan of workers varies considerably over the year in regions with long winters. Workers born in spring and summer work hard, and live only a few weeks, but those born in autumn remain inside for several months as the colony clusters. On average during the year, about 1% of a colony's worker bees die naturally per day. Except for the queen, all of a colony's workers are replaced about every four months.


title: Western honey bee

text: Behavioral and physiological differences between castes and subcastes arise from phenotypic plasticity, which relies on gene expression rather than heritable genotypic differences.


title: Western honey bee

text: The queen bee is a fertile female, who, unlike workers (which are also female), has a fully developed reproductive system. She is larger than her workers, and has a characteristic rounder, longer abdomen. A female egg can become either a queen or a worker bee. Workers and queen larva are both fed royal jelly, which is high in protein and low in flavonoid, during the first three days. After that, workers are switched to a diet of mixed pollen and nectar (often called "bee bread"), while queens continue to receive royal jelly. In the absence of flavonoid and the presence of a high-protein diet, queen bees develop a healthy reproductive system, a task necessary for maintaining a colony of tens of thousands of daughter workers.


title: Western honey bee

text: Regardless of the trigger, workers develop the larvae into queens by continuing to feed them royal jelly.


title: Western honey bee

text: Queens are not raised in the typical horizontal brood cells of the honeycomb. A queen cell is larger and oriented vertically. If workers sense that an old queen is weakening, they produce emergency cells (known as supersedure cells) from cells with eggs or young larvae and which protrude from the comb. When the queen finishes her larval feeding and pupates, she moves into a head-downward position and later chews her way out of the cell. At pupation, workers cap (seal) the cell. The queen asserts control over the worker bees by releasing a complex suite of pheromones, known as queen scent.


title: Western honey bee

text: After several days of orientation in and around the hive, the young queen flies to a drone congregation point – a site near a clearing and generally about above the ground – where drones from different hives congregate. They detect the presence of a queen in their congregation area by her smell, find her by sight and mate with her in midair; drones can be induced to mate with "dummy" queens with the queen pheromone. A queen will mate multiple times, and may leave to mate several days in a row (weather permitting) until her spermatheca is full.


title: Western honey bee

text: The queen lays all the eggs in a healthy colony. The number and pace of egg-laying is controlled by weather, resource availability and specific racial characteristics. Queens generally begin to slow egg-laying in the early fall, and may stop during the winter. Egg-laying generally resumes in late winter when the days lengthen, peaking in the spring. At the height of the season, the queen may lay over 2,500 eggs per day (more than her body mass).


title: Western honey bee

text: She fertilizes each egg (with stored sperm from the spermatheca) as it is laid in a worker-sized cell. Eggs laid in drone-sized (larger) cells are left unfertilized; these unfertilized eggs, with half as many genes as queen or worker eggs, develop into drones.


title: Western honey bee

text: Workers are females produced by the queen that develop from fertilized, diploid eggs. Workers are essential for social structure and proper colony functioning. They carry out the main tasks of the colony, because the queen is occupied with only reproducing. These females raise their sister workers and future queens that eventually leave the nest to start their own colony. They also forage and return to the nest with nectar and pollen to feed the young.


title: Western honey bee

text: Drones are the colony's male bees. Since they do not have ovipositors, they do not have stingers. Drone honey bees do not forage for nectar or pollen. The primary purpose of a drone is to fertilize a new queen. Many drones mate with a given queen in flight; each dies immediately after mating, since the process of insemination requires a lethally convulsive effort. Drone honey bees are haploid (single, unpaired chromosomes) in their genetic structure, and are descended only from their mother (the queen). In temperate regions, drones are generally expelled from the hive before winter, dying of cold and starvation since they cannot forage, produce honey or care for themselves. Given their larger size (1.5 times that of worker bees), inside the hive it is believed that drones may play a significant role in thermoregulation. Drones are typically located near the center of hive clusters for unclear reasons. It is postulated that it is to maintain sperm viability, which may be compromised at cooler temperatures. Another possible explanation is that a more central location allows drones to contribute to warmth, since at temperatures below their ability to contribute declines.


title: Western honey bee

text: When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares one-half of her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares one-half of her genes with her sons and one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers. This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their reproductive fitness by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon called "worker policing". In these rare situations, other worker bees in the hive, who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers, patrol the hive and remove worker-laid eggs.


title: Western honey bee

text: Another form of worker policing is aggression toward fertile females. Some studies suggest a queen pheromone which may help workers distinguish worker-laid and queen-laid eggs, but others indicate egg viability as the key factor in eliciting the behavior.


title: Western honey bee

text: Worker policing is an example of forced altruism, where the benefits of worker reproduction are minimized and that of rearing the queen's offspring maximized.


title: Western honey bee

text: In very rare instances, workers subvert the policing mechanisms of the hive, laying eggs faster than other workers remove them; this is known as anarchic syndrome. Anarchic workers can activate their ovaries at a higher rate and contribute a greater proportion of males to the hive. Although an increase in the number of drones decreases the overall productivity of the hive, it increases the reproductive fitness of the drones' mother. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at the individual and group levels for the stability of the hive.


title: Western honey bee

text: Under ordinary circumstances, if the queen dies or is removed, reproduction in workers increases because a significant proportion of workers then have activated ovaries. The workers produce a last batch of drones before the hive collapses. Although during this period worker policing is usually absent, in certain groups of bees it continues.


title: Western honey bee

text: According to the strategy of kin selection, worker policing is not favored if a queen mates just once. In that case, workers are related by three-quarters of their genes, and the sons of workers are related more than usual to sons of the queen. Then the benefit of policing is negated. Experiments confirming this hypothesis have shown a correlation between higher mating rates and increased rates of worker policing in many species of social hymenoptera.


title: Western honey bee

text: The western honey bee needs an internal body temperature of to fly; this temperature is maintained in the nest to develop the brood, and is the optimal temperature for the creation of wax. The temperature on the periphery of the cluster varies with outside air temperature, and the winter cluster's internal temperature may be as low as .


title: Western honey bee

text: Western honey bees can forage over a air-temperature range because of behavioral and physiological mechanisms for regulating the temperature of their flight muscles. From low to high air temperatures, the mechanisms are: shivering before flight and stopping flight for additional shivering, passive body-temperature regulation based on work, and evaporative cooling from regurgitated honey-sac contents. Body temperatures differ, depending on caste and expected foraging rewards.


title: Western honey bee

text: The optimal air temperature for foraging is . During flight, the bee's relatively large flight muscles create heat which must be dissipated. The honey bee uses evaporative cooling to release heat through its mouth. Under hot conditions, heat from the thorax is dissipated through the head; the bee regurgitates a droplet of warm internal fluid — a "honeycrop droplet" – which reduces the temperature of its head by .


title: Western honey bee

text: Below bees are immobile, and above their activity slows. Western honey bees can tolerate temperatures up to for short periods.


title: Western honey bee

text: Western honey bee behavior has been extensively studied. Karl von Frisch, who received the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his study of honey bee communication, noticed that bees communicate with dance. Through these dances, bees communicate information regarding the distance, the situation, and the direction of a food source by the dances of the returning (honey bee) worker bee on the vertical comb of the hive. Honey bees direct other bees to food sources with the round dance and the waggle dance. Although the round dance tells other foragers that food is within of the hive, it provides insufficient information about direction. The waggle dance, which may be vertical or horizontal, provides more detail about the distance and direction of a food source. Foragers are also thought to rely on their olfactory sense to help locate a food source after they are directed by the dances.


title: Western honey bee

text: Western honey bees also change the precision of the waggle dance to indicate the type of site that is set as a new goal. Their close relatives, dwarf honey bees, do not. Therefore, western honey bees seem to have evolved a better means of conveying information than their common ancestors with the dwarf honey bee.


title: Western honey bee

text: Another means of communication is the shaking signal, also known as the jerking dance, vibration dance or vibration signal. Although the shaking signal is most common in worker communication, it also appears in reproductive swarming. A worker bee vibrates its body dorsoventrally while holding another bee with its front legs. Jacobus Biesmeijer, who examined shaking signals in a forager's life and the conditions leading to its performance, found that experienced foragers executed 92% of observed shaking signals and 64% of these signals were made after the discovery of a food source. About 71% of shaking signals occurred before the first five successful foraging flights of the day; other communication signals, such as the waggle dance, were performed more often after the first five successes. Biesmeijer demonstrated that most shakers are foragers and the shaking signal is most often executed by foraging bees on pre-foraging bees, concluding that it is a transfer message for several activities (or activity levels). Sometimes the signal increases activity, as when active bees shake inactive ones. At other times, such as the end of the day, the signal is an inhibitory mechanism. However, the shaking signal is preferentially directed towards inactive bees. All three forms of communication among honey bees are effective in foraging and task management.


title: Western honey bee

text: Pheromones (substances involved in chemical communication) are essential to honey bee survival. Western honey bees rely on pheromones for nearly all behaviors, including mating, alarm, defense, orientation, kin and colony recognition, food production and integrating colony activities.


title: Western honey bee

text: There is some degree of variability of sociality between individuals. Like a great many other social insects, "A. mellifera" engages in trophallaxis. When the duration of trophallaxis pairings was measured, it was found that like human social interactions, there are durable long-term trends for each individual bee. There is less inter-individual variation than found in humans however, possibly reflecting the higher genetic relatedness between hivemates.


title: Western honey bee

text: Humans have been collecting honey from western honey bees for thousands of years, with evidence in the form of rock art found in France and Spain, dating to around 7,000 BCE. The western honey bee is one of the few invertebrate animals to have been domesticated. Bees were likely first domesticated in ancient Egypt, where tomb paintings depict beekeeping, before 2600BC. Europeans brought bees to North America in 1622.


title: Western honey bee

text: These modifications, along with artificial change of location, have improved western honey bees from the point of view of the beekeeper, and simultaneously made them more dependent on beekeepers for their survival. In Europe, cold weather survival was likely selected for, consciously or not, while in Africa, selection probably favoured the ability to survive heat, drought, and heavy rain.


title: Western honey bee

text: Authors do not agree on whether this degree of artificial selection constitutes genuine domestication. In 1603, John Guillim wrote "The Bee I may well reckon a domestic insect, being so pliable to the benefit of the keeper." More recently, many biologists working on pollination take the domesticated status of western honey bees for granted. For example, Rachael Winfree and colleagues write "We used crop pollination as a model system, and investigated whether the loss of a domesticated pollinator (the honey bee) could be compensated for by native, wild bee species." Similarly, Brian Dennis and William Kemp write: "Although the domestication of the honey bee is closely connected to the evolution of food-based socio-economic systems in many cultures throughout the world, in current economic terms, and in the U.S. alone, the estimated wholesale value of honey, more than $317 million dollars in 2013, pales in comparison to aggregate estimated annual value of pollination services, variously valued at $11–15 billion."


title: Western honey bee

text: On the other hand, P. R. Oxley and B. P. Oldroyd (2010) consider the domestication of western honey bees, at best, partial. Oldroyd observes that the lack of full domestication is somewhat surprising, given that people have kept bees for at least 7,000 years. Instead, beekeepers have found ways to manage bees using hives, while the bees remain "largely unchanged from their wild cousins".


title: Western honey bee

text: Leslie Bailey and B. V. Ball, in their book "Honey Bee Pathology", call western honey bees "feral insects", in contrast to the domestic silkmoth ("Bombyx mori") which they call "the only insect that has been domesticated", and refer to the "popular belief among many biologists as well as beekeepers that bees are domesticated". They argue that western honey bees are able to survive without human help, and in fact require to "be left at liberty" to survive. Further, they argue that even if bees could be raised away from the wild, they would still have to fly freely to gather nectar and pollinate plants. Therefore, they argue, beekeeping is "the exploitation of colonies of a wild insect", with little more than the provision of a weatherproof cavity for them to nest in. Likewise, Pilar de la Rua and colleagues argue that western honey bees are not fully domesticated, because "endemic subspecies-specific genetic footprints can still be identified in Europe and Africa", making conservation of wild bee diversity important. Further, they argue that the difficulty of controlling drones for mating is a serious handicap and a sign that domestication is not complete, in particular as "extensive gene flow usually occurs between wild/feral and managed honeybee populations".


title: Western honey bee

text: The western honey bee is a colonial insect which is housed, transported by and sometimes fed by beekeepers. Honey bees do not survive and reproduce individually, but as part of the colony (a superorganism).