title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: The values reported by the local health authority (ASL) of Brescia since 1999 are 5,000 times above the limits set by Ministerial Decree 471/1999 (levels for residential areas, 0.001 mg/kg). As a result of this and other investigations, in June 2001, a complaint of an environmental disaster was presented to the Public Prosecutor's Office of Brescia. Research on the adult population of Brescia showed that residents of some urban areas, former workers of the plant, and consumers of contaminated food, have PCB levels in their bodies that are in many cases 10–20 times higher than reference values in comparable general populations. PCBs entered the human food supply by animals grazing on contaminated pastures near the factory, especially in local veal mostly eaten by farmers' families. The exposed population showed an elevated risk of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but not for other specific cancers.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1968, a mixture of dioxins and PCBs got into rice bran oil produced in northern Kyushu. Contaminated cooking oil sickened more than 1,860 people. The symptoms were called Yushō disease.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In Okinawa, high levels of PCB contamination in soil on Kadena Air Base were reported in 1987 at thousands of parts per million, some of the highest levels found in any pollution site in the world.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In December 2008, a number of Irish news sources reported testing had revealed "extremely high" levels of dioxins, by toxic equivalent, in pork products, ranging from 80 to 200 times the EU's upper safe limit of 1.5 pg WHO-TEQ/μg i.e. 0.12 to 0.3 parts per billion.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Brendan Smith, the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, stated the pork contamination was caused by PCB-contaminated feed that was used on 9 of Ireland's 400 pig farms, and only one feed supplier was involved. Smith added that 38 beef farms also used the same contaminated feed, but those farms were quickly isolated and no contaminated beef entered the food chain. While the contamination was limited to just 9 pig farms, the Irish government requested the immediate withdrawal and disposal of all pork-containing products produced in Ireland and purchased since September 1, 2008. This request for withdrawal of pork products was confirmed in a press release by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland on December 6.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: It is thought that the incident resulted from the contamination of fuel oil used in a drying burner at a single feed processor, with PCBs. The resulting combustion produced a highly toxic mixture of PCBs, dioxins and furans, which was included in the feed produced and subsequently fed to a large number of pigs.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric transformers, to the operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts much longer than regular cooking oil. The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: The chemical plant Chemko in Strážske (east Slovakia) was an important producer of polychlorinated biphenyls for the former communist bloc (Comecon) until 1984. Chemko contaminated a large part of east Slovakia, especially the sediments of the Laborec river and reservoir Zemplínska šírava.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Between 1962 and 1983, the Iskra Kondenzatorji company in Semič (White Carniola, Southeast Slovenia) manufactured capacitors using PCBs. Due to the wastewater and improperly disposed waste products, the area (including the Krupa and Lahinja rivers) became highly contaminated with PCBs. The pollution was discovered in 1983, when the Krupa river was meant to become a water supply source. The area was sanitized then, but the soil and water are still highly polluted. Traces of PCBs were found in food (eggs, cow milk, walnuts) and Krupa is still the most PCB-polluted river in the world.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Several cetacean species have very high mean blubber PCB concentrations likely to cause population declines and suppress population recovery. Striped dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and orcas were found to have mean levels that markedly exceeded all known marine mammal PCB toxicity thresholds. The western Mediterranean Sea and the south-west Iberian Peninsula were identified as "hotspots".


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Monsanto manufactured PCBs at its chemical plant in Newport, South Wales, until the mid- to late-1970s. During this period, waste matter, including PCBs, from the Newport site was dumped at a disused quarry near Groes-faen, west of Cardiff, and Penhros landfill site from where it continues to be released in waste water discharges.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Only one company, Monsanto manufactured PCBs in the US. Its production was entirely halted in 1977. (Kimbrough, 1987, 1995) On November 25, 2020, U.S. District Judge Fernando M. Olguin rejected a proposed $650 million settlement from Bayer, the company which acquired Monsanto in 2018, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: PCBs originating from Monsanto Chemical Company in Anniston, Alabama, were dumped into Snow Creek, which then spread to Choccolocco Creek, then Logan Martin Lake. In the early 2000s, class action lawsuits were settled by local land owners, including those on Logan Martin Lake, and Lay Reservoir (downstream on the Coosa River), for the PCB pollution. Donald Stewart, former Senator from Alabama, first learned of the concerns of hundreds of west Anniston residents after representing a church which had been approached about selling its property by Monsanto. Stewart went on to be the pioneer and lead attorney in the first and majority of cases against Monsanto and focused on residents in the immediate area known to be most polluted. Other attorneys later joined in to file suits for those outside the main immediate area around the plant; one of these was the late Johnnie Cochran.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 2007, the highest pollution levels remained concentrated in Snow and Choccolocco Creeks. Concentrations in fish have declined and continue to decline over time; sediment disturbance, however, can resuspend the PCBs from the sediment back into the water column and food web.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In New Haven, the decommissioned English Station has a high concentration of PCB contamination due to the chemicals used in the running of the plant. This, along with asbestos contamination, has made cleaning and demolishing the abandoned site extremely difficult. The PCB contamination has spread to the soil, and to the river, where locals will sometimes fish unaware of the danger.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1976, environmentalists found PCBs in the sludge at Waukegan Harbor, the southwest end of Lake Michigan. They were able to trace the source of the PCBs back to the Outboard Marine Corporation that was producing boat motors next to the harbor. By 1982, the Outboard Marine Corporation was court-ordered to release quantitative data referring to their PCB waste released. The data stated that from 1954 they released 100,000 tons of PCB into the environment, and that the sludge contained PCBs in concentrations as high as 50%.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1989, during construction near the Zilwaukee bridge, workers uncovered an uncharted landfill containing PCB-contaminated waste which required $100,000 to clean up.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Much of the Great Lakes area were still heavily polluted with PCBs in 1988, despite extensive remediation work.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: From the late 1950s through 1977, Westinghouse Electric used PCBs in the manufacture of capacitors in its Bloomington, Indiana, plant. Reject capacitors were hauled and dumped in area salvage yards and landfills, including Bennett's Dump, Neal's Landfill and Lemon Lane Landfill. Workers also dumped PCB oil down factory drains, which contaminated the city sewage treatment plant. The City of Bloomington gave away the sludge to area farmers and gardeners, creating anywhere from 200 to 2,000 sites, which remain unaddressed.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Over 2 million pounds of PCBs were estimated to have been dumped in Monroe and Owen counties. Although federal and state authorities have been working on the sites' environmental remediation, many areas remain contaminated. Concerns have been raised regarding the removal of PCBs from the karst limestone topography, and regarding the possible disposal options. To date, the Westinghouse Bloomington PCB Superfund site case does not have a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) and Record of Decision (ROD), although Westinghouse signed a US Department of Justice Consent Decree in 1985. The 1985 consent decree required Westinghouse to construct an incinerator that would incinerate PCB-contaminated materials. Because of public opposition to the incinerator, however, the State of Indiana passed a number of laws that delayed and blocked its construction. The parties to the consent decree began to explore alternative remedies in 1994 for six of the main PCB contaminated sites in the consent decree. Hundreds of sites remain unaddressed as of 2014. Monroe County will never be PCB-free, as noted in a 2014 Indiana University program about the local contamination.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: On February 15, 2008, Monroe County approved a plan to clean up the three remaining contaminated sites in the City of Bloomington, at a cost of $9.6 million to CBS Corp., the successor of Westinghouse. In 1999, Viacom bought CBS, so they are current responsible party for the PCB sites.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Pittsfield, in western Massachusetts, was home to the General Electric (GE) transformer, capacitor, and electrical generating equipment divisions. The electrical generating division built and repaired equipment that was used to power the electrical utility grid throughout the nation. PCB-contaminated oil routinely migrated from GE's industrial plant located in the very center of the city to the surrounding groundwater, nearby Silver Lake, and to the Housatonic River, which flows through Massachusetts, Connecticut, and down to Long Island Sound. PCB-containing solid material was widely used as fill, including oxbows of the Housatonic River. Fish and waterfowl who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and are not safe to eat. EPA designated the Pittsfield plant and several miles of the river as a Superfund site in 1997, and ordered GE to remediate the site. EPA and GE began a cleanup of the area in 1999.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: New Bedford Harbor, which is a listed Superfund site, contained some of the highest sediment concentrations of PCBs in the marine environment. Cleanup of the area began in 1994 and is mostly complete as of 2020.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Investigations into historic waste dumping in the Bliss Corner neighborhood have revealed the existence of PCBs, among other hazardous materials, buried into soil and waste material.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1982, Martha C. Rose Chemical Inc. began processing and disposing of materials contaminated with PCBs in Holden, Missouri, a small rural community about east of Kansas City. From 1982 until 1986, nearly 750 companies, including General Motors Corp., Commonwealth Edison, Illinois Power Co. and West Texas Utilities, sent millions of pounds of PCB contaminated materials to Holden for disposal. Instead, according to prosecutors, the company began storing the contaminated materials while falsifying its reports to the EPA to show they had been removed. After investigators learned of the deception, Rose Chemical was closed and filed for bankruptcy. The site had become the nation's largest waste site for the chemical PCB. In the four years the company was operational, the EPA inspected it four times and assessed $206,000 in fines but managed to collect only $50,000.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: After the plant closed the state environmental agency found PCB contamination in streams near the plant and in the city's sewage treatment sludge. A 100,000 square-foot warehouse and unknown amounts of contaminated soil and water around the site had to be cleaned up. Most of the surface debris, including close to 13 million pounds of contaminated equipment, carcasses and tanks of contaminated oil, had to be removed. Walter C. Carolan, owner of Rose Chemical, and five others pleaded guilty in 1989 to committing fraud or falsifying documents. Carolan and two other executives served sentences of less than 18 months; the others received fines and were placed on probation. Cleanup costs at the site are estimated at $35 million.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Pollution of the Hudson River is largely due to dumping of PCBs by General Electric from 1947 to 1977. GE dumped an estimated 1.3 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson River during these years. The PCBs came from the company's two capacitor manufacturing plants at Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, New York. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In 1984, EPA declared a 200-mile (320 km) stretch of the river, from Hudson Falls to New York City, to be a Superfund site requiring cleanup. Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and consequent control or reduction of wastewater discharges, and sediment removal operations, which have continued into the 21st century.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, that was heavily contaminated with toxic waste including PCBs. Eighteen Mile Creek in Lockport, New York, is an EPA Superfund site for PCBs contamination.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: PCB pollution at the State Office Building in Binghamton was responsible for what is now considered to be the first indoor environmental disaster in the United States. In 1981, a transformer explosion in the basement spewed PCBs throughout the entire 18-story building. The contamination was so severe that cleanup efforts kept the building closed for 13 years.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: One of the largest deliberate PCB spills in American history occurred in the summer of 1978 when 31,000 gallons (117 m^3) of PCB-contaminated oil were illegally sprayed by the Ward PCB Transformer Company in swaths along the roadsides of some of North Carolina highway shoulders in 14 counties and at the Fort Bragg Army Base. The crime, known as "the midnight dumpings", occurred over nearly 2 weeks, as drivers of a black-painted tanker truck drove down one side of rural Piedmont highways spraying PCB-laden waste and then up the other side the following night.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Under Governor James B. Hunt, Jr., state officials then erected large, yellow warning signs along the contaminated highways that read: "CAUTION: PCB Chemical Spills Along Highway Shoulders". The illegal dumping is believed to have been motivated by the passing of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which became effective on August 2, 1978, and increased the expense of chemical waste disposal.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Within a couple of weeks of the crime, Robert Burns and his sons, Timothy and Randall, were arrested for dumping the PCBs along the roadsides. Burns was a business partner of Robert "Buck" Ward, Jr., of the Ward PCB Transformer Company, in Raleigh. Burns and sons pleaded guilty to state and Federal criminal charges; Burns received a three to five-year prison sentence. Ward was acquitted of state charges in the dumping, but was sentenced to 18 months prison time for violation of TSCA.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Cleanup and disposal of the roadside PCBs generated controversy, as the Governor's plan to pick up the roadside PCBs and to bury them in a landfill in rural Warren County were strongly opposed in 1982 by local residents. In October 2013, at the request of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC), the City of Charlotte, North Carolina, decided to stop applying sewage sludge to land while authorities investigated the source of PCB contamination.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In February 2014, the City of Charlotte admitted PCBs have entered their sewage treatment centers as well.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: After the 2013 SCDHEC had issued emergency regulations, the City of Charlotte discovered high levels of PCBs entering its sewage waste water treatment plants, where sewage is converted to sewage sludge. The city at first denied it had a problem, then admitted an "event" occurred in February 2014, and in April that the problem had occurred much earlier. The city stated that its very first test with a newly changed test method revealed very high PCB levels in its sewage sludge farm field fertilizer. Because of the widespread use of the contaminated sludge, SCDHEC subsequently issued PCB fish advisories for nearly all streams and rivers bordering farm fields that had been applied with city waste.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: The Clyde cancer cluster (also known as the Sandusky County cancer cluster) is a childhood cancer cluster that has affected many families in Clyde, Ohio, and surrounding areas. PCBs were found in soil in a public park within the area of the cancer cluster.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In Akron, Ohio, soil was contaminated and noxious PCB-laden fumes had been put into the air by an electrical transformer deconstruction operation from the 1930s to the 1960s.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: From 1955 until 1977, the Sangamo Weston plant in Pickens, South Carolina, used PCBs to manufacture capacitors, and dumped 400,000 pounds of PCB contaminated wastewater into the Twelve Mile Creek. In 1990, the EPA declared the site of the capacitor plant, its landfills and the polluted watershed, which stretches nearly downstream to Lake Hartwell as a Superfund site. Two dams on the Twelve Mile Creek are to be removed and on Feb. 22, 2011 the first of two dams began to be dismantled. Some contaminated sediment is being removed from the site and hauled away, while other sediment is pumped into a series of settling ponds.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 2013, the state environmental regulators issued a rare emergency order, banning all sewage sludge from being land applied or deposited on landfills, as it contained very high levels of PCBs. The problem had not been discovered until thousands of acres of farm land in the state had been contaminated by the hazardous sludge. A criminal investigation to determine the perpetrator of this crime was launched.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: As of 2015, several bodies of water in the state of Washington were contaminated with PCBs, including the Columbia River, the Duwamish River, Green Lake, Lake Washington, the Okanogan River, Puget Sound, the Spokane River, the Walla Walla River, the Wenatchee River, and the Yakima River. A study by Washington State published in 2011 found that the two largest sources of PCB flow into the Spokane River were City of Spokane stormwater (44%) and municipal and industrial discharges (20%).


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: PCBs entered the environment through paint, hydraulic fluids, sealants, inks and have been found in river sediment and wildlife. Spokane utilities will spend $300 million to prevent PCBs from entering the river in anticipation of a 2017 federal deadline to do so. In August 2015 Spokane joined other U.S cities like San Diego and San Jose, California, and Westport, Massachusetts, in seeking damages from Monsanto.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: From 1954 until 1971, the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, had PCBs deposited into it from Appleton Paper/NCR, P.H. Gladfelter, Georgia-Pacific and other notable local paper manufacturing facilities. The Wisconsin DNR estimates that after wastewater treatment the PCB discharges to the Fox River due to production losses ranged from 81,000 kg to 138,000 kg. (178,572 lbs. to 304,235 lbs). The production of Carbon Copy Paper and its byproducts led to the discharge into the river. Fox River clean up is ongoing.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Polychlorinated biphenyls have been discovered in organisms living in the Mariana trench in the Pacific Ocean. Levels were as high as 1,900 nanograms per gram of amphipod tissue in the organisms analyzed.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1973, the use of PCBs in "open" or "dissipative" sources (such as plasticisers in paints and cements, casting agents, fire retardant fabric treatments and heat stabilizing additives for PVC electrical insulation, adhesives, paints and waterproofing, railroad ties) was banned in Sweden.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1981, the UK banned closed uses of PCBs in new equipment, and nearly all UK PCB synthesis ceased; closed uses in existing equipment containing in excess of 5 litres of PCBs were not stopped until December 2000.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the United States Congress to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, pursuant to the Toxic Substances Control Act. To implement the law, EPA banned new manufacturing of PCBs, but issued regulations that allowed for their continued use in electrical equipment for economic reasons. EPA began issuing regulations for PCB usage and disposal in 1979. The agency has issued guidance publications for safe removal and disposal of PCBs from existing equipment.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: EPA defined the "maximum contaminant level goal" for public water systems as zero, but because of the limitations of water treatment technologies, a level of 0.5 parts per billion is the actual regulated level (maximum contaminant level).


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: PCBs are technically attractive because of their inertness, which includes their resistance to combustion. Nonetheless, they can be effectively destroyed by incineration at 1000 °C. When combusted at lower temperatures, they convert in part to more hazardous materials, including dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins. When conducted properly, the combustion products are water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. In some cases, the PCBs are combusted as a solution in kerosene. PCBs have also been destroyed by pyrolysis in the presence of alkali metal carbonates.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: PCBs are fairly chemically unreactive, this property being attractive for its application as an inert material. They resist oxidation.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Many chemical compounds are available to destroy or reduce the PCBs. Commonly, PCBs are degraded by basic mixtures of glycols, which displace some or all chloride. Also effective are reductants such as sodium or sodium naphthalene. Vitamin B12 has also shown promise.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: The use of microorganisms to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites, relying on multiple microorganisms' co-metabolism, is known as bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl. Some micro-organisms degrade PCBs by reducing the C-Cl bonds. Microbial dechlorination tends to be rather slow-acting in comparison to other methods. Enzymes extracted from microbes can show PCB activity. In 2005, "Shewanella oneidensis" biodegraded a high percentage of PCBs in soil samples. A low voltage current can stimulate the microbial degradation of PCBs.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: The remediation, or removal, of PCBs from estuarian and coastal river sediments is quite difficult due to the overlying water column and the potential for resuspension of contaminants during the removal process. The most common method of PCB extraction from sediments is to dredge an area and dispose of the sediments in a landfill. This method is troubling for a number of reasons, namely that it has a risk of resuspension of the chemicals as the sediments are disturbed, and this method can be very damaging to ecosystems.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: A potential cost effective, low risk remediation technique is bioremediation. Bioremediation involves the use of biota to remediate sediments. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remediate soils, has been found to be effective for a broad range of contaminants such as mercury PCB and PAHs in terrestrial soils. A promising study conducted in New Bedford Harbor found that "Ulva rigida", a type of seaweed common throughout the world, is effective at removing PCB from sediments. During a typical bloom in New Bedford Harbor, "U. rigida" forms a thick mat that lies on top of and in contact with the sediment. This allows for "U. rigida" to uptake large amounts of PCB from the sediment with concentrations of PCB in "U. rigida" reaching 1580 μg kg within 24 hours of the bloom. Live tissue tended to take up higher concentrations of PCB than dead tissue, but this is not to say that dead tissue did not still take up large amounts of PCB as well.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: For a complete list of the 209 PCB congeners, see PCB congener list. Note that biphenyl, while not technically a PCB congener because of its lack of chlorine substituents, is still typically included in the literature.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Daniel Philip Levy (born 8 February 1962) is a British businessman who is the current chairman of Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur. He has held this post since 2001, making him the longest-serving chairman in the Premier League.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy was born in Essex, England, to Jewish parents. His father Barry Levy was the owner of a clothing retail business Mr Byrite (later rebranded as Blue Inc). He is a lifelong Tottenham Hotspur supporter, and attended his first match at White Hart Lane against QPR in the 1960s. He studied Economics and Land Economy at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1985 with a First Class Honours Degree.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: After graduating, Levy went into his family business, Mr Byrite. He was also involved in property development, as well as a number of other businesses. He then formed a business association with Joe Lewis, and became involved in an investment trust called ENIC International Ltd that specialised in various sports (football in particular), entertainment and media. He was made the managing director of ENIC in 1995. Levy and his family own 29.4% of the share capital of ENIC, while Lewis owns 70.6%.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy became a director of the Scottish football club Rangers, in which ENIC held a significant stake until 2004. ENIC also held stakes in other European football clubs including AEK Athens, Slavia Prague, FC Basel and Vicenza (but all since sold), as well as non-football companies such as Warner Bros Restaurants and a Cambridge software company, Autonomy. He became chairman of Tottenham Hotspur in 2001.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy made an attempt to buy Tottenham Hotspur from Alan Sugar in July 1998 but failed. Another attempt was made in July 2000 but that was again rejected, however, increasing hostility by fans towards Sugar eventually persuaded Sugar to sell. Levy was then appointed to the board of Tottenham Hotspur on 20 December 2000 after ENIC initiated the purchase of a 27% stake in the club from Sugar for £22 million bringing their total stake to 29.9%, the maximum permissible before ENIC had to bid for the entire company. He replaced Sugar as chairman of Tottenham Hotspur in February 2001 on the completion of the sale, and took over the day-to-day running of the club in October 2001. ENIC would eventually substantially increase their shareholding and gain control of the company after buying the remaining shares off Sugar in 2007 for £25m, as well as those of other shareholders, eventually acquiring 85.55% of Tottenham. ENIC moved the club into the private ownership in 2012. Levy became the highest paid Premier League chief executive, with an annual remuneration of over £6 million in the 2016–17 season.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: The first manager appointed with Levy at the helm was Glenn Hoddle in 2001. Hoddle however was sacked following a poor start to the 2003–04 season in September 2003. He was followed in quick succession by Jacques Santini and Martin Jol. Jol had some success moving Tottenham out of the mid-table, but was dismissed in the 2007–08 season after the team only won one game in the first ten games.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Juande Ramos succeeded as head coach in 2008. He delivered the League Cup, the first trophy under Levy's stewardship and the club's first in nine years, but Levy made the decision to replace him with Harry Redknapp on 25 October 2008 after Ramos made the worst start to a league campaign in the club's history in the 2008–09 season. Redknapp guided Spurs to a top four finish in the 2009–10 season, winning their entry into the qualification round of the UEFA Champions League for the first time. Tottenham reached the knock-out stages in the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League but eventually lost to Real Madrid. Tottenham finished fifth in the Premier League in the 2010–11 season, missing out on Champions' League qualification but securing a place in the Europa League. On 13 June 2012, Redknapp was relieved of his duties after failing to agree terms for a new deal.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: On 3 July Levy appointed former Chelsea and Porto boss Andre Villas-Boas as the team's new head coach. Following some poor results in the first half of the 2013–14 season, including a 5–0 home defeat by Liverpool, Levy sacked Villas-Boas on 16 December 2013. Head of Football Development and former player Tim Sherwood was subsequently announced as head coach, but he also left at the end of the season.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: On 27 May 2014, Levy appointed Southampton manager Mauricio Pochettino as head coach. The team reached the 2015 Football League Cup Final in Pochettino's first season in charge which also saw a number of the club's academy players step up to establish themselves in the first team, including Harry Kane, Ryan Mason, Nabil Bentaleb and Andros Townsend. His team qualified for Europe with a fifth-place finish in 2014–15 before challenging for the Premier League title in the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons with a squad consisting of the youngest average age in the division. They also achieved their best ranking in 2016–17 since the 1962–63 season under Bill Nicholson. The team have been ranked among the top 4 since the 2015–16 season, allowing them to qualify and participate in the Champions League since 2016–17. They reached the final for the first time in 2018–19, but lost to Liverpool in the 2019 UEFA Champions League Final.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: On 19 November 2019, Pochettino was sacked as manager of Spurs and was replaced the following day by José Mourinho. However, after only 17 months on the job, Mourinho was sacked on 19 April 2021 after a spate of losses and a disappointing second half of the 2020–21 season.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: On 30 June 2021, Levy appointed Nuno Espírito Santo as the head coach for Tottenham on a two year deal. Espírito Santo was sacked on 1 November 2021 following a run of poor results which saw Tottenham lose four in six Premier League games. On 2 November 2021, Levy appointed Antonio Conte as head coach on an 18 month deal, with an option to extend. The team's form dramatically improved under Conte's reign and resulted in Tottenham qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2018-19 campaign.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy is noted for maintaining a relatively modest wage structure at Tottenham compared to the other big 6 clubs of the Premier League; the club spent the least on wages among the top 6 clubs in the 2018–19 season, and it had the lowest wage/revenue percentage of all clubs in the Premier League. Levy has described the spending by other clubs in the Premier League as unsustainable. In the 2017–18 season, Tottenham made a profit of £113 million (£138.9m pre-tax), a world record for a football club. The club was valued at around £80 million when ENIC first attempted to buy a stake in 1998, and by 2019, valuations of the club have ranged between £1.3–1.8 billion.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy is the chief negotiator in the transfer of players for Tottenham. He has acquired a reputation for tough negotiation in the club's transfer dealings; former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson described negotiating with Levy over the transfer of Dimitar Berbatov as "more painful than my hip replacement". In 2013, Levy negotiated a then world record fee of £86 million for the transfer of Gareth Bale to Real Madrid. Levy is particularly known for his last-minute dealings on the last day of the transfer window, with notable examples including the signings of Rafael van der Vaart and Hugo Lloris. He is also known to target young players, in the hopes of developing them into major stars; this strategy has seen such successes as Gareth Bale, Christian Eriksen, Son Heung-min and Dele Alli.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy has been criticised by Tottenham supporters and pundits alike for not investing more money in the transfer market; in the first four years of Pochettino's tenure as Spurs manager, the club had a net spend of £29 million on transfer fees, considerably lower than the other major clubs in the same period. In 2018, Tottenham became the first Premier League club to make no signings during a summer transfer window.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy has been instrumental in attracting corporate partners to the club in multi-million pound sponsorship deals including current partners Nike and AIA. He negotiated multiple shirt sponsorships in 2010 when he agreed a deal with software infrastructure company Autonomy as the club's shirt sponsor in the Premier League, with Investec becoming shirt sponsor for Champions League and domestic cup competitions.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy has also promoted governance issues related to the Premier League, most recently advocating enhanced financial controls for all owners to ensure the long-term financial stability of clubs. In 2007, he lobbied successfully for clubs to be allowed to name seven players on the substitute bench, in order to encourage the inclusion of young players; the change was ratified in February 2008.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: In 2012, the Club moved to its new training base set in 80 acres of greenbelt land. Planning and construction of the facility took over seven years and a player accommodation Lodge was added later. The Brazil National team stayed at the Lodge to prepare for the 2018 World Cup.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: Levy oversaw the construction of a new stadium next to the White Hart Lane site, from its design to the construction. The Northumberland Development Project was announced in 2008, with the building of a new club stadium at its centerpiece. After some delay, the construction of the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium started in 2015. The stadium was designed with an initial capacity of 62,062, making it the largest club stadium in London and the second largest in the country. The project is intended to be a catalyst for the regeneration of Tottenham to bring new jobs and homes to the area.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: For the 2017–18 season, Levy negotiated the club's move to Wembley Stadium for one year to allow demolition of White Hart Lane and the completion of a new stadium on the same site as the White Hart Lane. During their time at Wembley, the club also broke the Premier League attendance record several times, as well as Champions League attendance record for a British club.


title: Daniel Levy (businessman)

text: The construction officially opened on 3 April 2019 branded as Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. It includes the world's first dividing retractable pitch to accommodate other leading sports, notably American football, and entertainment events. The design allowed the club to agree a ten-year deal to host NFL matches at their new home from 2018. The stadium is reported to have cost £1.2 billion, and a financial analysis in February 2021 indicated that construction of the stadium is largely responsible for burdening Tottenham with a £1.177 billion debt, the biggest debt of all European clubs.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: Pityriasis rosea is a type of skin rash. Classically, it begins with a single red and slightly scaly area known as a "herald patch". This is then followed, days to weeks later, by an eruption of many smaller scaly spots; pinkish with a red edge in people with light skin and greyish in darker skin. About 20% of cases show atypical deviations from this pattern. It usually lasts less than three months and goes away without treatment. Sometimes malaise or a fever may occur before the start of the rash or itchiness, but often there are few other symptoms.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: While the cause is not entirely clear, it is believed to be related to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) or human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7). It does not appear to be contagious. Certain medications may result in a similar rash. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: Evidence for specific treatment is limited. About 1.3% of people are affected at some point in time. It most often occurs in those between the ages of 10 and 35. The condition was described at least as early as 1798.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: About a fifth of cases have an atypical form, with significant variations in symptoms including the size, distribution, morphology, and evolution of the lesions. In addition to typical papules and scales, forms appearing as very large plaques (pityriasis rosea gigantea), urticaria, large blisters, patches resembling erythema multiforme, oral lesions, and various other appearances have been noted. A vesicular form can mimic chicken pox. Variations in distribution include inverted forms, with rashes on the face or extremities without appearing on the trunk, as well as more uncommon versions localized to the armpits, groin, or extremities (pityriasis rosea circinata et marginata of Vidal) or unilateral spread.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: The cause of pityriasis rosea is not certain, but its clinical presentation and immunologic reactions suggest a viral infection as a cause. Some believe it to be a reactivation of herpes viruses 6 and 7, which cause roseola in infants, though some investigations have found no evidence of this.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: Experienced practitioners may make the diagnosis clinically. Classical symptoms are usually straightforward to recognize, but the wide range of atypical forms may cause difficulty for the clinician in diagnosing some cases. Misdiagnosis by nondermatologists is not uncommon. If the diagnosis is in doubt, tests may be performed to rule out similar conditions such as Lyme disease, ringworm, guttate psoriasis, nummular or discoid eczema, drug eruptions, other viral exanthems. The clinical appearance of pityriasis rosea in some cases is similar to that of secondary syphilis, and rapid plasma reagin testing should be performed if there is any clinical concern for syphilis. A biopsy of the lesions will show extravasated erythrocytes within dermal papillae and dyskeratotic cells within the dermis.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: The condition usually resolves on its own, and treatment is not required. Oral antihistamines or topical steroids may be used to decrease itching. Steroids do provide relief from itching, and improve the appearance of the rash, but they also cause the new skin that forms (after the rash subsides) to take longer to match the surrounding skin color. While no scarring has been found to be associated with the rash, scratching should be avoided. It's possible that scratching can make itching worse and an itch-scratch cycle may develop with regular scratching (that is, you itch more because you scratch, so you scratch more because you itch, and so on). Irritants such as soaps with fragrances, hot water, wool, and synthetic fabrics should be avoided. Lotions that help stop or prevent itching may be helpful.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: Direct sunlight makes the lesions resolve more quickly. According to this principle, medical treatment with ultraviolet light has been used to hasten resolution, though studies disagree whether it decreases itching or not. UV therapy is most beneficial in the first week of the eruption.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: A 2007 meta-analysis concluded that there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of most treatments. Oral erythromycin was found to be effective for treating the rash and relieving the itch based on one early trial; however, a later study could not confirm these results.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: In most patients, the condition lasts only a matter of weeks; in some cases it can last longer (up to six months). The disease resolves completely without long-term effects. In a ten-year epidemiological study of 939 people in the United States, less than two percent had a recurrence.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: The overall prevalence of PR in the United States has been estimated to be 0.13% in men and 0.14% in women. It most commonly occurs between the ages of 10 and 35. It is more common in spring.


title: Pityriasis rosea

text: PR is not viewed as contagious, though there have been reports of small epidemics in fraternity houses and military bases, schools and gyms.


title: Kajal Aggarwal filmography

text: Kajal Aggarwal is an Indian actress who primarily appears in Telugu and Tamil films, alongside a few Hindi films. She made her debut with a minor role in the Hindi film "Kyun! Ho Gaya Na..." (2004). Aggarwal debuted in Telugu cinema with "Lakshmi Kalyanam" (2007), which was her first film as a lead actress but it was a box office failure. Her other Telugu film that year, "Chandamama", became her first success. Her first Tamil release "Pazhani" came the following year. The following year, she had four releases. One of them - S. S. Rajamouli's Telugu film "Magadheera" - became a major breakthrough for her, and earned her a Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu nomination.


title: Kajal Aggarwal filmography

text: Aggarwal's first release of 2010 was the romantic comedy "Darling", which became a commercial success at the box office, and earned her another Filmfare nomination for Best Actress in Telugu. Her other two releases that year — the Tamil thriller "Naan Mahaan Alla" and another romantic comedy "Brindavanam" - were also successful, with the latter fetching her the CineMAA Award for Best Actress. In 2011, she appeared in "Mr. Perfect", which earned her a third Filmfare nomination for Best Actress in Telugu. In the same year, she returned to Hindi cinema with "Singham", a remake of the 2010 Tamil film "Singam". For this, she received a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut nomination. Aggarwal's performance in AR Murugadoss' "Thuppakki" (2012) won her the CineMAA Award for Best Tamil Actress, and "Govindudu Andarivadele" (2014) earned her a fourth Filmfare nomination for Best Telugu Actress. She made her television debut with the Tamil-language web series "Live Telecast" (2021).


title: Cookie Clicker

text: Cookie Clicker is an incremental game created by French programmer Julien "Orteil" Thiennot in 2013. The user initially clicks on a big cookie on the screen, earning a single cookie per click. They can then spend their earned cookies upon purchasing assets such as "cursors" and other "buildings" that automatically produce cookies. Upgrades are also available and can improve the efficiency of clicks and buildings, among many other mechanics that allow the user to earn cookies in different ways. Though the game has no ending, it has hundreds of achievements, and users may aim to reach milestone numbers of cookies.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: The game has a dedicated fanbase. Though the original version was coded in one night, "Cookie Clicker" is regularly updated. It has been widely described as addictive, and has been credited with playing a role in the emergence of idle gaming.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: At first, the player clicks on a large cookie on the far left side of the screen, earning one cookie per click. With these cookies, the player can buy new buildings such as cursors, grandmas, farms, mines, factories, banks, temples, and many more that automatically make cookies without needing to click. Prices increase exponentially, each asset costing 15% more than the last-purchased asset of the same type. The player may also purchase upgrades to increase cookie production for these buildings. Golden cookies, small cookies that appear in random locations and fade away after several seconds, appear periodically and grant effects, such as a temporary increase in the rate of production, if clicked before they disappear.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: After earning a certain number of cookies, the player can 'ascend', losing their progress but earning heavenly chips and prestige levels. Prestige levels add a permanent boost (+1% per level) to the rate of cookie production in future play-throughs, while heavenly chips can be spent on a wide variety of prestige upgrades. However, the number of cookies needed to unlock the next prestige level goes up proportionally with the cube of the level, becoming harder to attain as more are acquired. Other game mechanics include "wrinklers" (eldritch beasts which reduce cookie production, but can be popped by clicking them, returning all the cookies it digested with interest), Krumblor the Cookie Dragon, mini games, and sugar lumps (which take 24 hours to coalesce and are used to level up buildings and boost their production rate). Achievements can be earned by completing various tasks or goals, such as reaching a certain number of total cookies produced, owning a particular number of buildings of a certain type or clicking a certain number of golden cookies. Upon reaching a certain number of achievements, the player unlocks different colors of milk that appear below the cookie. With "kitten" upgrades, the player earns extra production depending on their total achievements. Additionally, seasonal events occur during their respective holidays which come with more upgrades and cookies to unlock.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: The game features geometric growth: the player begins baking handfuls of cookies, but can quickly reach billions of cookies, and eventually attain duodecillions (10) of cookies or beyond. The game has no clear ending.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: Because of the game's relatively simple code, cheats and add-ons are widely available and simply implemented by using browser consoles and bookmarklets.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: Julien "Orteil" Thiennot created "Cookie Clicker" on August 8, 2013. Written in a single evening, the game was posted in a link on 4chan, and garnered 50,000 players within hours. A month after the game's initial release, it had over 200,000 players per day. Orteil later wrote that traffic had peaked at 1.5 million hits in one day during August 2013, and as of January 2014 Cookie Clicker was still getting a steady 225,000 hits per day. The game has had continual updates since its release, notably the "legacy" update in February 2016 and the "spiritual" update in July 2017. On October 25, 2018, Orteil launched the game's Patreon page, with the intent to develop Cookie Clicker and other Dashnet games becoming a full-time job. On August 8, 2019, the mobile beta for Cookie Clicker was released for Android devices after a long delay.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: "Cookie Clicker" is similar to "Cow Clicker", a previously existing idle game created by Ian Bogost. Bogost has called "Cookie Clicker" "the logical conclusion of "Cow Clicker"". Orteil later released other idle games such as: "Idle Game Maker", a tool allowing customized idle games to be made without coding knowledge; "AdventureQuest Dragons", a mobile game created with Artix Entertainment; and "NeverEnding Legacy".


title: Cookie Clicker

text: On August 8, 2021, Orteil announced on Twitter a Steam release of "Cookie Clicker", with the planned release date of September 1, 2021. The game was released on Steam on its originally announced release date. The release also consisted of a soundtrack composed by C418.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: In an IGN article, "Cookie Clicker" is credited as one of the few games to have played a major role in the establishment of the genre of idle gaming (also called incremental gaming). An article in "The Kernel" describes it as "probably the best-known" game in the genre.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: In an issue of "Digital Culture & Society", Paolo Ruffino notes that the game is "supposed to be a parody of "FarmVille"" (a popular game which Ruffino says could be played easily with an algorithm, as the optimal action is always obvious), but that it is "equally addictive". Thus, the game "explores the absence of human agency". Ian Bogost, creator of "Cow Clicker", similarly notes that ""Cookie Clicker" isn't a game for a human, but one for a computer to play while a human watches (or doesn't)." "Cookie Clicker" has been said by reviewers to be addictive, and its fanbase have been described as "obsessive" and "almost cultish". Roisin Kiberd notes that fans of the game have pointed out that their playing the game is bad for the environment (due to the computers being left on around the clock) and caused reduced efficiency at work.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: However, due to their mockingly simple mechanics, idle games are also considered by many of being relatively simple or, as stated in an IGN article, "super dumb". Games such as "Cookie Clicker" have used this blend of simplicity and complexity to create a new genre that some may not even consider as actual games. Orteil himself described his works as "non-games".


title: Cookie Clicker

text: The game has dark humour in the names and descriptions of some of its upgrades, achievements or mechanics, and generally has themes of dystopia, cosmic horror, and apocalypse. Examples including an achievement titled "Global Warming" (upon owning 100 factories), a news ticker tape reading "New cookie-based religion sweeps the nation." and the "Grandmapocalypse", in which "the screen turns molten red and the central cookie is attacked by 'wrinklers'", and the world at large is implied to have been taken over by a hive mind of mutated grandmothers.


title: Cookie Clicker

text: In "The Kernel", Kiberd opines that the game is "a parable about how capitalism will destroy itself". Kiberd suggests that "Cookie Clicker" is "saddling [the concept of fun] with ideas about success, achievement, and productivity", and "uses its own form as a critique of the larger structures of expectation and reward".


title: Cookie Clicker

text: Justin Davis of "IGN" describes "Cookie Clicker" as the "greatest Idle Game" and says it "probably achieves the best balance of power yet [...] so that every step of the way you feel like you're flying, generating cookies so much faster than you were before. But you still can't wait until that next major milestone is finally within reach". "Boing Boing" reviewed "Cookie Clicker" as a "highly-addictive browser game". "Polygon" has described the game as "intriguing", and its fan base as "obsessive". "Destructoid" emphasizes that it is "centered around the pursuit and accumulation of vast wealth", providing players with "the "illusion" of progress, without any substantial advancement actually being made."


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibres from the dorsal root of any given spinal nerve.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: Along the thorax and abdomen the dermatomes are like a stack of discs forming a human, each supplied by a different spinal nerve. Along the arms and the legs, the pattern is different: the dermatomes run longitudinally along the limbs. Although the general pattern is similar in all people, the precise areas of innervation are as unique to an individual as fingerprints.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion. Symptoms that follow a dermatome (e.g. like pain or a rash) may indicate a pathology that involves the related nerve root. Examples include somatic dysfunction of the spine or viral infection. Certain skin problems tend to orient the lesions in the dermatomal direction.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: In referred pain, sensory nerve fibers such as that from dermatomes may come together at the same spinal cord level as the general visceral afferent fibers such as that from the heart.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: When the general visceral sensory fiber is simulated, the central nervous system does not clearly discern whether the pain is coming from the body wall or from the viscera, so it perceives the pain as coming from somewhere on the body wall, e.g. left arm/hand pain, jaw pain.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: Viruses that lie dormant in nerve ganglia (e.g. varicella zoster virus, which causes both chickenpox and herpes zoster commonly shingles), often cause either pain, rash or both in a pattern defined by a dermatome (a zosteriform pattern). However, the symptoms may not appear across the entire dermatome.


title: Dermatome (anatomy)

text: Following is a list of spinal nerves and points that are characteristically belonging to the dermatome of each nerve:


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Tully is a 2018 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman, written by Diablo Cody, and starring Charlize Theron, Mackenzie Davis, Ron Livingston, and Mark Duplass. The film follows the friendship between a mother of three and her night nanny. It is the third collaboration between director Jason Reitman and screenwriter Diablo Cody, following the films "Juno" (2007) and "Young Adult" (2011), the last of which also starred Theron.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was released in the United States by Focus Features on May 4, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Theron and Davis's performances and the film's portrayal of motherhood. Theron was nominated for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Comedy Movie at the 76th Golden Globe Awards and at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards, respectively.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Marlo is pregnant with an unplanned third child with her husband Drew. They have a daughter Sarah, and a son Jonah who has an undiagnosed behavioral disorder. Trying to reduce his sensitivity to external stimuli, Marlo brushes his skin nightly. Craig, Marlo's wealthy brother, offers to pay for a night nanny as a baby gift, but she rebuffs him. Marlo has dreams of an underwater mermaid, and also of her son's trantrums.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: After giving birth, Marlo quickly becomes even more overwhelmed and exhausted than she already had been. After the second time that Jonah's principal recommends that he be placed in a different school because they cannot handle him, she cusses out the principal. In the parking lot, she gets out the phone number for the night nanny.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: That night, Tully, the night nanny, arrives at Marlo's house and immediately settles in to take control. Despite initial awkwardness, they develop a close friendship over the course of several nights. Tully proves to be an exceptional nanny and also cleans the house and bakes cupcakes for Jonah's class. Tully explains that she is there mostly not for the baby herself but for helping out the whole of Marlo. Marlo begins re-engaging with her family and self, such as singing, cooking nice family meals and having fun with her kids. When Marlo mentions that she and Drew have not had sex for some time, and that he has a fetish for women in diner waitress uniforms, Tully puts on a uniform that Marlo had previously purchased (but never used) and the women wake Drew for a threesome.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: One night Tully arrives visibly distressed. She has fought with her "enmeshed" roommate, due to her roommate's anger over her bringing home men. Tully impulsively suggests going into the city to drink, to which Marlo reluctantly agrees, and they drive to Marlo's old neighborhood, Bushwick, Brooklyn. At a bar, Tully suddenly tells her she can no longer work for her anymore, explaining that she was there only to "bridge a gap." Marlo becomes angry and yells at Tully for being immature and not understanding how aging is going to steal Tully's youthful body and demeanor. Marlo steals a bike and rides to her former girlfriend's bohemian apartment, but no one answers. Tully suggests she may be taking things too far. When Marlo's breast becomes painfully engorged with milk, Tully takes her into a bar bathroom and helps her express the milk. On their way home Marlo falls asleep at the wheel, ends up in a river trapped underwater in the car, and Tully as a mermaid comes to rescue her.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: At the hospital a staff psychiatrist asks about mental illness, and informs a surprised Drew that Marlo was suffering from extreme sleep deprivation and exhaustion. When the doctor asks about their nanny, Drew tells her that he does not know much about her. A hospital clerk asks Drew for Marlo's maiden name, and he says "Tully".


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Flashbacks reveal recent events that were with Tully before, but now Marlo is alone. Tully comes alone to the hospital room to say goodbye to Marlo, where each thanks the other for keeping them alive, and Tully leaves. Drew reenters and apologizes to Marlo for not realizing what she was going through and says he "loves us".


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: At home, Marlo goes to brush Jonah but he questions if the procedure is "real", and they decide they no longer need to do it, though he says he likes to spend time with his mother and they embrace. She goes to the kitchen and puts in earbuds to listen to music while she prepares the kids' lunches for the next day. Drew comes in, takes one of the earbuds, and helps to chop food up while they listen to the music together.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Diablo Cody wrote the film as a way of dealing with her own difficult pregnancy. The script helped her, becoming "a glowing, soothing presence I could return to whenever I felt overwhelmed." Reitman noted, according to Cody, that "Tully" fits together thematically with their previous collaborations, logically concluding an unintentional trilogy where ""Juno" is about being prematurely thrust into adulthood, "Young Adult" is about resisting adulthood, and "Tully" is about finding grace and acceptance in midlife."


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Theron said she gained nearly 50 pounds (23 kg) for the role over a period of three and a half months. She had to eat around the clock to keep the weight on, and then it took her a year and a half to take the weight off after filming wrapped.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: In May 2017, Focus Features acquired distribution rights to the film and set the theatrical release date for April 20, 2018; however, in March 2018 the date was pushed back to May 4.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: "Tully" was made available for digital download on July 17, 2018, and released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 31.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: "Tully" grossed $9.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $15.6 million.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Tully" was released alongside "Overboard" and "Bad Samaritan", and was projected to gross $3–4 million from 1,353 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $3.2 million, which was a lower figure than Reitman's "Labor Day" ($5.1 million in 2014), and finishing 6th at the box office. 87% of its audience was over the age of 25. "Deadline Hollywood" noted that an opening of $6.5 million would have been an ideal debut for the film. It made $2.2 million in its second weekend, dropping to 8th place at the box office.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of ; the website's critical consensus reads: ""Tully" delves into the modern parenthood experience with an admirably deft blend of humor and raw honesty, brought to life by an outstanding performance by Charlize Theron." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". According to PostTrak, filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 73%, with audience members over the age of 25 giving it a 71% and those under 25 giving it an 87%.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "B", calling it "funnier than "Juno" and almost as ruthlessly honest as "Young Adult"", and saying: ""Tully" never pulls at your heartstrings quite as hard as it might, but there's something beautiful about the way these two women both learn to love themselves, and in a way that also makes it easier for them to love each other." Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers praised the performances and script, giving the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and saying: "When the film takes a sharp turn and veers off-course in its final third, you hold on because Davis and Theron make sure you do. Together these two dynamite actresses cut to the soulful core of a movie that turns out to be funny, touching and vital."


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Despite the film receiving positive reviews from many critics, one group of critics criticized the film for its portrayal of postpartum mental health. In particular, they took exception to the normalization and lack of recognition of postpartum depression or postpartum psychosis, which they deemed careless. Manohla Dargis' review in "The New York Times" suggested that:


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Marlo very visibly sinks into postpartum depression — you can see Ms. Theron pulling Marlo deeper and deeper inside — the movie pretends that her burden is somehow too hidden for anyone to notice ... it isolates Marlo, and once again it is a woman who's the problem that needs solving.


title: Tully (2018 film)

text: Diana Spalding (the digital education editor for the website "Motherly", a midwife, and a pediatric nurse) argued that Theron's character displays behaviors more typical of postpartum psychosis, the symptoms of which include delusions, hallucinations, periods of extreme activity, anger, paranoia, and trouble communicating. Along with other negative critics of the movie, Spalding had looked forward to seeing a film about what motherhood is truly like, but instead found the issue of postpartum mental illness "unaddressed", and Marlo's suicidal ideation normalized. This condition is dangerous to both mother and child; according to Carolyn Wagner, a maternal mental health therapist based in Chicago, "it is extremely serious, and presents a grave danger to mom and infant. It does not involve [a] fantastical imagined friend and caregiver, and it is certainly nothing to be made into a plot twist."


title: Phil Ivey

text: Phillip Dennis Ivey Jr. (born February 1, 1977) is an American professional poker player who has won ten World Series of Poker bracelets, one World Poker Tour title, and appeared at nine World Poker Tour final tables. Ivey is regarded by numerous poker observers and contemporaries as the best all-around player in the world. In 2017, he was elected to the Poker Hall of Fame.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey first began to develop his poker skills by playing against co-workers at a New Brunswick, New Jersey, telemarketing firm in the late 1990s. One of his nicknames, "No Home Jerome", stems from the fake ID card he secured to play poker in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in his teenage years. He was given the nickname "The Phenom" after winning three World Series of Poker bracelets in 2002. His other nickname is "the Tiger Woods of Poker".


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey's tournament accomplishments include winning three bracelets at the 2002 World Series of Poker, tying Phil Hellmuth Jr, Ted Forrest, and Puggy Pearson for most World Series tournament wins in a single year (Jeff Lisandro and George Danzer have since tied the record). He also has bracelets in Pot Limit Omaha from 2000 and 2005. In 2000, Ivey was the first person to defeat Amarillo Slim heads-up at a WSOP final table. His victory over Amarillo Slim was for his first career bracelet. In addition to his ten World Series bracelets, Ivey has had great success in the WSOP Main Event. He placed in the top 25 four times between the 2002 World Series of Poker and the 2009 World Series of Poker. Ivey finished 23rd in 2002, 10th in 2003, 20th in 2005, and 7th in 2009.


title: Phil Ivey

text: In 2009, Ivey won his sixth career bracelet in the $2,500 No-Limit 2-7 Draw Lowball Event of the 2009 WSOP. He defeated a field of 147 players to catch his bracelet. He won a very long heads-up battle against John Monnette. He then proceeded to win another bracelet in the $2,500 1/2 Seven Card Stud Hi/Lo 1/2 Omaha Hi/Lo event besting a field of 376 people. He defeated Ming Lee heads-up. In addition to winning the $2,500 1/2 Seven Card Stud Hi/Lo - 1/2 Omaha Hi/Lo event, he managed to place 22nd in the $5,000 Pot-Limit Omaha Eight-or-better despite only playing during the breaks in the Stud/Omaha event.


title: Phil Ivey

text: At the 2010 WSOP, Ivey won his eighth bracelet in the $3,000 H.O.R.S.E. in a final table made up of other notable players, which included Bill Chen (2nd), John Juanda (3rd), Jeff Lisandro (5th), and Chad Brown (8th).


title: Phil Ivey

text: Between 2002 and 2009, Ivey finished among the top 25 players in the Main Event four times, in fields ranging in size from 600 entrants to just under 7,000. Ivey finished 10th in the 2003 WSOP Main Event (one place short of the final table), and 7th in 2009. In 2009, his lost to Darvin Moon's when a queen paired Moon on the flop; he ended his 2009 Main Event with winnings of $1,404,002.


title: Phil Ivey

text: With 10 World Series of Poker bracelets, Ivey is currently tied with Doyle Brunson and Johnny Chan for the second most all-time. Also, at age 38, he is the youngest player to ever win ten bracelets. He broke Phil Hellmuth's mark of 42 years old at the time of his tenth bracelet. In addition, no other player has accumulated ten bracelets more quickly; it took Ivey only 14 years from the time of his first bracelet to his tenth (Phil Hellmuth took 17 years). He is also the all-time record holder for most bracelets won in non-Holdem events, with all 10 of his victories coming in non-Holdem events. His 2010 win gave him the lead over Billy Baxter. He is also the WSOP record holder for most mixed-game bracelets having won five in his career. He won one in S.H.O.E. in 2002, Omaha Hi/Lo / 7 Card Stud Hi/Lo in 2009, H.O.R.S.E. in 2010, WSOP APAC Mixed Event in 2013, and Eight Game Mix in 2014.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Thomas "Amarillo Slim" Preston's last final table appearance at the World Series of Poker was his heads-up match against Phil Ivey where Ivey won his first bracelet.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey has also reached nine final tables on the World Poker Tour. He has lost several of these WPT events by being eliminated while holding the same starting hand each time, an ace and a queen. Nine out of the twelve times Ivey has cashed in a WPT event, he has also made the television final table. During the sixth season of the WPT in February 2008, Ivey made the final table at the LA Poker Classic at Commerce Casino that included 15-time bracelet winner Phil Hellmuth and Nam Le, eventually capturing the $1,596,100 first prize and putting an end to his streak of seven WPT final tables without a victory. Ivey has earned close to three million dollars in WPT cashes. Ivey made his debut on the European Poker Tour in Barcelona, September 2006. He came to the final table of nine as the chip leader, but he eventually finished runner-up to Bjørn-Erik Glenne from Norway.


title: Phil Ivey

text: In 2006, Ivey played in The London All Star Challenge of the inaugural European Poker Masters. Ivey made it to the final table to finish seventh, and collected £6,700 ($12,534). In November 2005, Ivey won the $1,000,000 first prize at the Monte Carlo Millions tournament. The following day, Ivey took home another $600,000 for finishing first at "The FullTiltPoker.Net Invitational Live from Monte Carlo". His six opponents were (in reverse finishing order) Mike Matusow, Phil Hellmuth, Gus Hansen, Chris Ferguson, Dave Ulliott, and John Juanda.


title: Phil Ivey

text: On the January 22, 2007, airing of NBC's "Poker After Dark", Ivey won the $120,000 winner-take-all "Earphones Please" tournament by eliminating Matusow, Tony G, Andy Bloch, Hellmuth, and Sam Farha. On the April 15, 2007, airing of NBC's "National Heads-Up Poker Championship", Ivey was defeated by actor Don Cheadle in the first round. That was the third consecutive year where Ivey was eliminated in the first round of this tournament. His streak ended in 2008, when he advanced to the semifinals, losing to eventual champion Ferguson. Ivey took part in seasons three and six of GSN's "High Stakes Poker".


title: Phil Ivey

text: On January 29, 2012, Ivey won the Aussie Millions A$250,000 High-roller event, defeating Patrik Antonius heads-up for a prize of A$2,000,000, at the time placing him second in the all-time career tournament earnings. Ivey had also placed 12th at the Aussie Millions main event for a prize of A$100,000.


title: Phil Ivey

text: On February 10, 2014, Ivey won the 2014 Aussie Millions LK Boutique $250,000 Challenge for AU$4,000,000 — the largest single cash of his career. In February 2015 he won the Aussie Millions $250,000 Challenge again, this time for AU$2,205,000, making him the only player in the history of the tournament with two consecutive championships for a total of three championships in four years.


title: Phil Ivey

text: , Ivey's total live tournament winnings exceed $26,250,000. He has also won millions playing online and in cash games. Over $6,600,000 of his total winnings have come from cashes at the WSOP. He is currently ranked 7th on the all-time money list.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey is a regular participant in the $4,000-$8,000 mixed cash game at the Bellagio in Las Vegas (often referred to as the Big Game). In February 2006, he played heads-up Limit Texas Hold'em versus Texas billionaire Andy Beal. With stakes at $25,000/$50,000 and $50,000/$100,000, Ivey won over $16,000,000 over the course of three days, during a heads up match at The Wynn Resort. Ivey was playing for "The Corporation", a group of poker professionals who pooled their money and took turns playing against Beal. Earlier in the month, Beal had beaten the Corporation out of over $13,000,000.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey was part of the original design team for Full Tilt Poker. In May 2011, Ivey filed a lawsuit in Clark County, Nevada claiming Full Tilt had breached his contract. The suit asked for damages in excess of $150,000,000, as well as for him to be released from his contract with the company. Ivey voluntarily withdrew the suit on June 30.


title: Phil Ivey

text: According to HighStakesDB.com, Ivey won $1.99 million on FullTilt in 2007, $7.34 million in 2008, $6.33 million in 2009, and $3 million in 2010.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey has twice been successfully sued by casinos on accusations of breach of contract, both incidents being due to his manipulation of edge sorting. He lost all court challenges (initial and appeals) in both incidents, though an appeal court in the second incident arranged a mediation which led to an agreed settlement between Ivey and the casino.


title: Phil Ivey

text: In August 2012, Ivey was reported to have won £7,300,000 (US$) playing Punto Banco at Crockfords, a casino in London, but was refused payment beyond his initial £1 million stake due to his use of edge sorting. He issued a statement through his lawyers denying any misconduct: "Any allegations of wrongdoing by Crockfords are denied by me in the very strongest of terms."


title: Phil Ivey

text: In April 2014, The Borgata Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey sued Ivey, claiming he cheated at baccarat by taking advantage of a defect in the manufacturing of the playing cards. Both Crockfords and the Borgata used the same kind of playing cards, manufactured by Gemaco. The Borgata is suing Gemaco as well as Ivey. The US casino sued Ivey for $15.6 million, a total which included $10 million in winnings, $5.4 million the casino’s legal team figured the casino would have beaten Ivey for if he had been playing without an improper advantage, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in comps.


title: Phil Ivey

text: On October 8, 2014, a UK court held that the techniques Ivey used at Crockford's constituted cheating and decided for the casino with costs.


title: Phil Ivey

text: In November 2015, Ivey was given permission to appeal. However, on November 3, 2016, his appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal, upholding the earlier decision that the technique amounted to cheating. A further appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom led to a unanimous judgement delivered on October 25, 2017, which found in favour of the casino. The court concluded that Ivey's actions constituted cheating and that, had it been necessary to make a finding on dishonesty, it would have determined that Ivey's "conduct was dishonest".


title: Phil Ivey

text: In January 2019, a federal judge allowed the Borgata to pursue Ivey's assets in Nevada to recoup more than $10 million he won at the casino using edge-sorting.


title: Phil Ivey

text: On June 27, 2019, the US Marshals Service served a writ of execution to the World Series of Poker and seized Ivey's 2019 winnings to be used towards payment to The Borgata.


title: Phil Ivey

text: After an oral argument on September 17, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit referred Ivey and the Borgata to the court’s mediation program. On July 10, 2020, Card Player magazine reported the parties had agreed to a settlement.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey was born in Riverside, California and moved to Roselle, New Jersey, when he was three months old. He graduated from Old Bridge High School in Old Bridge Township, New Jersey.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey resides in Las Vegas. In December 2009, Ivey and his then wife, Luciaetta, filed a joint petition for divorce after seven years of marriage. The divorce was granted on December 29, 2009.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey is a Los Angeles Lakers, Houston Rockets, and Buffalo Bills fan and can often be seen wearing basketball jerseys. Ivey's hobbies include video games, prop betting, and golf. He participated in the inaugural World Series of Golf, where he finished in fourth place in the final group.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey has given money to a number of charitable causes. In March 2008, he donated $50,000 to Empowered 2 Excel, a Las Vegas charity for underprivileged children, and later that week created the Budding Ivey Foundation, a non-profit organization to continue the work of his grandfather, Leonard "Bud" Simmons. The foundation raised $260,000 (mostly for Empowered 2 Excel) at a July 3, 2008, charity poker tournament, and is also involved in children's literacy projects and programs to feed the homeless. In 2010, he also partnered with the Make-A-Wish Foundation to bring three children to the Bellagio casino in Las Vegas. Each child was given $100 and competed in roulette, baccarat, and craps with Ivey.


title: Phil Ivey

text: Ivey has also founded two companies. Ivey Poker, established in 2012 offers a "play for free" poker App that allows users to compete against Ivey and other pros. Ivey League was a poker training site with a full roster of professional coaches launched in 2014.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years (also known simply as Kamp Koral) is an American computer-animated television series created by Stephen Hillenburg and developed by Luke Brookshier, Marc Ceccarelli, Andrew Goodman, Kaz, Mr. Lawrence, and Vincent Waller that premiered on Paramount+ on March 4, 2021. The series is a prequel and spinoff of Nickelodeon's "SpongeBob SquarePants", featuring younger versions of the characters as they attend a summer camp. In August 2021, the series was renewed for a 13-episode second season.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: The series follows 10-year-old SpongeBob SquarePants as he spends his summer at a sleepaway camp called Kamp Koral. The camp is run by Mr. Krabs, a single father raising his baby daughter, Pearl. The camp's activities are overseen by Mrs. Puff, who works as the scoutmaster and arts-and-crafts teacher. SpongeBob bunks in a cabin with his friends Patrick Star and Sandy Cheeks. Their cabin is run by Squidward Tentacles, a pessimistic camper who is slightly older than the others (almost a teenager) and is a junior counselor. Unbeknownst to the campers, the local chef Plankton runs a secret laboratory underneath the camp where his computer assistant Karen helps him create elaborate inventions to take over the world. Episodes focus on SpongeBob and his friends learning more about the campsite, exploring new places, and taking part in summertime activities.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: The series was originally planned to premiere on Nickelodeon in July 2020, but on July 30, 2020, it was announced that the series would instead be released on CBS All Access, the ViacomCBS streaming service, in early 2021. It was later announced that the series will be airing on Nickelodeon as well later in the year. On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the first six episodes would release along with "" on March 4, 2021 with the launch of Paramount+. The series also began airing on Nickelodeon on April 2, 2021. On June 24, 2021, it was announced that new episodes would release on Paramount+ on July 22, 2021.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: On July 21, 2022, a "SpongeBob Universe" crossover special was announced, featuring the main series and spinoffs "Kamp Koral" and "The Patrick Star Show". "The Tidal Zone", a spoof of "The Twilight Zone", was originally set to premiere on Nickelodeon on November 25, 2022, before getting delayed and rescheduled for release on January 13, 2023. Alongside this, it was announced that new episodes of "Kamp Koral" would release on Paramount+ on September 30, 2022.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: "SpongeBob SquarePants" creator Stephen Hillenburg died on November 26, 2018. Animator/producer Paul Tibbitt — who worked on "SpongeBob SquarePants" between 1999 and 2018 and served as showrunner between 2005 and 2015 — remarked, "In the animation business, you know, there always used to be the sort of joke... When you run out of ideas, you just do "Muppet Babies". Steve [Hillenburg] would always say to me, 'You know, one of these days, they’re going to want to make "SpongeBob Babies". That’s when I'm out of here.'"


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: According to Vincent Waller, the idea for "Kamp Koral" originated in flashback scenes from "" (2020). Having worked on the original show for years, Waller calculated the hierarchy of the camp and the ages of the characters (albeit, younger). Marc Ceccarelli helped develop the new characters and new locations. In October 2018, on one of Brian Robbins' first days as the president of Nickelodeon, he "decided to put a room together and really look at what the "SpongeBob" universe looks like." According to Robbins, "out of that came the "Kamp Koral" idea and actually a couple of other ideas."


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: On February 14, 2019, it was announced that an unnamed spinoff of "SpongeBob SquarePants" was in the works at Nickelodeon. On June 4, 2019, it was announced that a CG-animated spinoff of "SpongeBob SquarePants" under the working title of "Kamp Koral" was officially green-lit with an initial order of 13 episodes. In response to news of the series, Paul Tibbitt posted on Twitter the next day, "I do not mean any disrespect to my colleagues who are working on this show. They are good people and talented artists. But this is some greedy, lazy executive-ing right here, and they ALL know full well Steve [Hillenburg] would have HATED this. Shame on them."


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: On February 19, 2020, the show was officially titled as "Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years". It was also announced that the voice cast from "SpongeBob SquarePants" would return for the spinoff series. A sneak peek of the series aired during the Bears-Saints NFL wildcard game on January 10, 2021 on Nickelodeon.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: On March 4, 2021, it was announced that an additional 13 episodes had been ordered, bringing the series total to 26 episodes. On August 11, 2021, the series was renewed for a second season of 13 episodes.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: Allie Leatherman of "Legacy Press" felt that the series overplays the slapstick for comedic purposes that children would not find funny. She also argues that, "The shadows are extremely harsh, the color palette is ugly, and the backgrounds are boring and lifeless. The animation makes it unclear if it even takes place underwater. The character design is alright other than Patrick, who just looks like pink mush in the shape of a star."


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: Jessica Curney of "The Michigan Daily" felt that the series is not needed and unnecessary for the franchise and that it does not have the same "spark" as the first three seasons of the original show.


title: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years

text: Mikel J. Davies of "The Harvard Crimson" wrote that the show "seems to fall short of becoming a beloved classic like its predecessor" and that its comedy is "shallow and unremarkable, much unlike the original show", but praised the decision to keep the original show's main cast of characters and their voice actors, and remarked that "in general, "Kamp Koral" is an entertaining and enjoyable show", and that "there is hope as the show continues", as "some of the episodes had that familiar spark of creativity".


title: Vani Bhojan

text: Vani Bhojan (born 28 October 1988) is an Indian actress who works in Tamil cinema. She made her Telugu film debut with "Meeku Maathrame Cheptha" in 2019 and her Tamil film debut with "Oh My Kadavule" in 2020.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: Bhojan was born on 28 October 1988 in Ooty, Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu to a Badaga family. She did her Schooling in Boarding School, Ooty and Completed her Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in Government Arts College, Stone House Hill, Ooty. Bhojan initially worked as a Ground Staff in Kingfisher Airlines, while studying for a degree in English Literature Her appearance in an advertisement for The Chennai Silks led to her receiving acting offers.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: Her first appearance as an actress was in 2010, in a minor role in the Tamil horror film "Orr Eravuu". In 2012 she appeared in a supporting role in the Tamil film "Adigaram 79". Later she debut in serial Vijay TV's Aaha and Jaya TV’s "Maya". She played the lead role in these serial.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: In 2013, she was cast in the Sun TV series "Deivamagal" in the leading role. She played Sathya Priya opposite Krishna. The success of this serial gained her several accolades including the "Galatta Nakshatra Award", "Sun Kudumbam Viruthukal" and "Tamil Nadu State Awads" for Best Actress. This serial’s success helped her to act in Tamil and Telugu films. She was also seen in "Lakshmi Vanthachu" directed by Suresh Krissna and V. Sathasivam on Zee Tamil,


title: Vani Bhojan

text: where she played three characters, Nandhini, Lakshmi and Jhansi. She Break from television from the success of Deivamagal and to work in film, later she signed numerous film.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: In 2017, she was seen in the Telugu film "Prema". After having completed "Deivamagal" and "Lakshmi Vanthachu", she appeared as a judge in Asathal Chutties on Sun TV and Kings of Comedy Juniors 2 on Vijay TV along with Robo Shankar and Erode Mahesh. In May 2018, Bhojan announced her debut in N4 and said it will be directed by Lokesh Kumar. However, in the middle of 2019 citing date issues, she stepped out of the film. Consequently, her first appearance in a lead role was in 2019, in the Telugu film "Meeku Maathrame Cheptha" along with Tharun Bhascker. The film was a commercial success. In 2020, she debuted in Tamil film "Oh My Kadavule" opposite to Ashok Selvan. which was a big success at the box office in 2020 and she Nominated Siima for Best Supporting Actress and Won JFW Awards for Best Supporting Actress 2021. In the same year, she appeared as the lead in the Crime thriller film "Lock Up" along with Vaibhav Reddy, due to Covid-19 film released on Zee5 and the Tamil web series "Triples" opposite to Jai released on Hotstar.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: In 2021, she again pair up with Vaibhav Reddy in the ZEE5 film "Malaysia to Amnesia". In September, She acted in "Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum" produced by Suriya's 2D Entertainment, Which is released in Amazon Prime and she acted journalist in this movie.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: In 2022, Bhojan was confirmed film "Mahaan" with her role reported to be Vikram's love interest; however her scenes did not make the final cut. Film directed by Karthik Subbaraj. Bhojan's next release was the crime thriller Web series "Tamil Rockerz", she played a role Forensic officer.


title: Vani Bhojan

text: Bhojan was ranked in The Times Most Desirable Women on Television at No. 1 in 2017 and No. 3 in 2018 and 2019. She was also at No. 16 in The Times Most Desirable Women in 2020. Now She is an Brand Ambassador of Zee Thirai.


title: Prognosis

text: Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy). A prognosis is made on the basis of the normal course of the diagnosed disease, the individual's physical and mental condition, the available treatments, and additional factors. A complete prognosis includes the expected duration, function, and description of the course of the disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, or sudden, unpredictable crisis.


title: Prognosis

text: When applied to large statistical populations, prognostic estimates can be very accurate: for example the statement "45% of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days" can be made with some confidence, because previous research found that this proportion of patients died. This statistical information does not apply to the prognosis for each individual patient, because patient-specific factors can substantially change the expected course of the disease: additional information is needed to determine whether a patient belongs to the 45% who will die, or to the 55% who survive.


title: Prognosis

text: Prognostic scoring is also used for cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis for small-cell lung cancer. For Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome.


title: Prognosis

text: Other medical areas where prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction, also used to indicate multiple myeloma survival rate.


title: Prognosis

text: Studies have found that most doctors are overly optimistic when making a prognosis; they tend to overstate how long a patient might live. For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate. The most famous of these is the APACHE II scale, which is most accurate when applied in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death.


title: Prognosis

text: Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of-life decisions and advanced care planning.


title: Prognosis

text: One of the earliest written works of medicine is the Book of Prognostics of Hippocrates, written around 400 BC. This work opens with the following statement: "It appears to me a most excellent thing for the physician to cultivate Prognosis; for by foreseeing and foretelling, in the presence of the sick, the present, the past, and the future, and explaining the omissions which patients have been guilty of, he will be the more readily believed to be acquainted with the circumstances of the sick; so that men will have confidence to intrust themselves to such a physician."


title: Prognosis

text: For 19th century physicians, particularly those following the French school of medicine, the main aim of medicine was not to cure disease, but rather to give a medical diagnosis and achieve a satisfying "prognosis" of the patient's chances. Only several decades later did the focus of efforts in Western medicine shift to curing disease.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: Sivaangi Krishnakumar (born 25 May 2000), also known as Sivaangi, is an Indian actress, playback singer and television personality. In 2019, she participated in the singing competition "Super Singer 7," which was aired on Star Vijay and, in 2020, she appeared in the comedy-cooking show, "Cooku With Comali," which gained her popularity. She is the daughter of Kalaimamani winners. Dr. K Krishnakumar and Binni Krishnakumar. She has acted in films such as "Don" (2022), "Kasethan Kadavulada" (2022) and "Naai Sekar Returns" (2022).


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: She made her debut as a singer in the Tamil film "Pasanga" in 2009 with the song "Anbaale Azhagaagum".. She is well known for singing songs such as "Anbaale" (2009), "Talku Lessu Worku Moreu" (2021), "Machi" (2021), "Uruttu" (2021), "Nee En Usuru Pulla" (2021), "Sathiyama Sollurandi" (2021), "Bomma Bomma" (2021), "Neethanada" (2022) and "Rekkalu thodigi" (2022). She is currently singing 2 songs which are set to release in second half of 2022.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: She also acted in the commercially successful film "Don" marking her debut film in the cinema industry. She was later cast in a supporting role in the film "Naai Sekar Returns", opposite actor Vadivelu.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: Sivaangi has received five awards listing from "Blacksheep Awards" for Best Entertainer of the year-Female 2021, "Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards" for Most Popular person on reality television-Female 2021, Youth Icon of Digital from Galatta Digital Stars Awards and Radio City Women Entertainer Awards for Television Category 2022.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: Sivaangi was born in Trivandrum, Kerala to a Malayali mother and Tamil father on 25 May 2000. Her father, Krishnakumar, is a singer and a musicologist, and her mother, Binni Krishnakumar is a playback singer. Both her parents are recipients of Kalaimamani Award. She also has a younger brother, Vinaayak Sunder. After Sivaangi was born, her parents moved to Chennai, Tamil Nadu. She did her schooling in Chinmaya Vidyalaya Matric Higher Secondary School, Chennai. She later completed her bachelor's degree in Commerce at M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai. During her college days, she ventured into the music industry.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: After a 10-year-long hiatus, in 2019, Sivaangi Krishnakumar made her appearance as a contestant in an Indian Tamil-language reality television singing competition "Super Singer 7" which aired on Star Vijay.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: She later was a part of the comedy cooking show, "Cooku With Comali" that aired on Star Vijay. She had got a lot of recognition and appreciation through this show. She got the following awards after the second season of the show: The Entertaining Star Female by Blacksheep Digital Awards and Most Popular Female in Reality Television by Behindwoods Gold Icons. She had also won a award for Trending pair of the year (along with Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan) at the Vijay Television Awards.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: In 2020, She also made her debut as a "web series actress" in the comedy web series "Dear-u Brother-u" which received an overall successfull run in box office and was widely talked among audiences and netizens.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: In 2021, Sivaangi sang "Asku Maaro" alongside Dharan Kumar in Tamil, in which she also made a cameo appearance. Soon after the massive hit, it was also remade in Telugu. Later in May 2021, she sang "Talku Lessu Worku Moreu" for the movie Murungakkai Chips alongside Sam Vishal. She later sang the song 'Adipoli' alongside Vineeth Sreenivasan which was released in 2021 as an Onam special. She also sang "Machi" alongside Simbu for the movie "Mayan".


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: On 12 November 2021, Media Masons released its 3rd original 'No No No No' starring Sivaangi, Bala, Murugan, Krishnaveni, Mukunth, Ahana and Hrithik which was directed by Parthiv Mani. The music was composed by Karthik Devaraj while the lyrics were penned by Ravoofa H.K. The song was sung by Sivaangi while the rap portions were done by KJ Iyenar.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: Sivaangi sang "Andhapura Annakili Da" under the music composition of P.S Ashwin and "Nee Yen Usuru Pulla" alongside G. V. Prakash under the music composition of Siddhu Kumar. She later sang two songs "Uruttu" and "Neethanada" for the film Enna Solla Pogirai. She also sang the song "Sathiyama Sollurandi" for the film "Velan" alongside actor Mugen Rao. She recently sang a melody song named "Saaya" which was released in both Tamil and Malayalam.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: After her appearance in "Cooku With Comali", Sivakarthikeyan cast her in his Tamil film, "Don" and it also marks her acting debut. However the film overall performed extremely well on box office and gained fan base. She is doing a prominent role alongside Shiva and Priya Anand in the film "Kasethan Kadavulada." She is also cast in the movie Naai Sekar Returns alongside actor Vadivelu.


title: Sivaangi Krishnakumar

text: In 2022, she also sang a song for actor Mahendran's upcoming film. The song was called 'Amigo Garage' which she also co sung it with singer and actor G. V. Prakash Kumar. Later that year she also sung a song in the film "Sinam" which cast actor Arun Vijay.


title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: An artificial cardiac pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the natural cardiac pacemaker) or pacemaker is a medical device that generates electrical impulses delivered by electrodes to the chambers of the heart either the upper atria, or lower ventricles to cause the targeted chambers to contract and pump blood. By doing so, the pacemaker regulates the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart.


title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart's natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or because there is a block in the heart's electrical conduction system. Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow a cardiologist, particularly a cardiac electrophysiologist, to select the optimal pacing modes for individual patients.


title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: Most pacemakers are on demand, in which the stimulation of the heart is based on the dynamic demand of the circulatory system. Others send out a fixed rate of impulses.


title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: A specific type of pacemaker called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator combines pacemaker and defibrillator functions in a single implantable device. Others, called biventricular pacemakers, have multiple electrodes stimulating different positions within the ventricles (the lower heart chambers) to improve their synchronization.


title: Artificial cardiac pacemaker

text: Percussive pacing, also known as transthoracic mechanical pacing, is the use of the closed fist, usually on the left lower edge of the sternum over the right ventricle in the "vena cava", striking from a distance of 20 – 30 cm to induce a ventricular beat (the "British Journal of Anaesthesia" suggests this must be done to raise the ventricular pressure to 10–15 mmHg to induce electrical activity). This is an old procedure used only as a life-saving means until an electrical pacemaker is brought to the patient.