title: The Prom (film)

text: The Prom is a 2020 American musical comedy film directed by Ryan Murphy and adapted to the screen by Chad Beguelin and Bob Martin, from their and Matthew Sklar's 2018 Broadway musical of the same name. The film stars Jo Ellen Pellman, Meryl Streep, James Corden, Nicole Kidman, Keegan-Michael Key, Andrew Rannells, Ariana DeBose, and Kerry Washington.


title: The Prom (film)

text: "The Prom" had a limited theatrical release on December 4, 2020, prior to streaming on Netflix on December 11, 2020. The film received mixed reviews by critics, who praised the message, musical numbers and ensemble cast, but criticized the narrative and stereotypes, as well as Corden's performance.


title: The Prom (film)

text: In Edgewater, Indiana, at a meeting of the James Madison High School PTA, PTA president Mrs. Veronica Greene announces that the school's prom will be canceled because a lesbian student named Emma Nolan wanted to bring a girl to the dance, much to the dismay of Principal Tom Hawkins who supports Emma, but is powerless to oppose the PTA's decision.


title: The Prom (film)

text: Meanwhile, in New York City, narcissistic Broadway stars Dee Dee Allen and Barry Glickman are disappointed after their show "Eleanor! The Eleanor Roosevelt Story" closes on opening night due to the "New York Times" blasting their performances. They are comforted by Trent Oliver, a Juilliard graduate and former sitcom star who has been reduced to playing forgettable supporting roles, and Angie Dickinson, a vain performer who has just quit her part in the chorus of "Chicago" after being passed over for the role of Roxie Hart in favor of Tina Louise. Angie and Trent realize that the four of them need a cause to revitalize their careers. After finding Emma's story on Twitter, the actors drive to Indiana with the cast of "Godspell" and publicist Sheldon Saperstein.


title: The Prom (film)

text: At school, Emma is bullied and harassed by fellow students who blame her for ruining prom. The actors barge into the next PTA meeting, where they unsuccessfully attempt to rally support for Emma. Hawkins turns out to be a big fan of Dee Dee's. Emma and her closeted girlfriend Alyssa, Mrs. Greene's daughter, meet in private to discuss when Alyssa should come out to her mother.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The actors get motel rooms and book a gig as the entertainment for a monster truck rally, but are booed off the stage when they use the opportunity to preach about acceptance. Hawkins tells them that the Indiana Supreme Court has ruled that James Madison must allow Emma to attend prom. That evening, he and Dee Dee bond over dinner at an Applebee's.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The next day, a number of s occur and cheerleaders Kaylee and Shelby find out about Alyssa's plan to come out. The actors visit Emma at the house of her grandmother Bea who reveals that Emma has been living with her since her sixteenth birthday when her parents threw her out for being gay. Barry tells Emma that he ran away from home years ago because he knew his parents would never accept his sexual orientation and has not spoken to them since.


title: The Prom (film)

text: After Emma gets a makeover for the prom, she learns that the PTA has exploited a loophole in the Court's ruling by arranging for her to attend a separate prom alone while the rest of the students go to the real prom at a private club. Emma calls Alyssa for support, but Alyssa admits that she's too scared of losing her mother to come out. Hawkins is disgusted when he learns the real reason that Dee Dee came to Indiana was to use Emma to prop up her career.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The next day, Mrs. Greene holds a press conference about the two proms. Angie comforts a heartbroken Emma, while Barry tries to convince Dee Dee to get Emma on her ex-husband Eddie Sharp's talk show; in response, she insists that he call his mother Vera and make peace with her. Dee Dee apologizes to Hawkins for lying to him and they reconcile while Emma, upset that Alyssa would rather uphold her mother's false image of her than be herself, breaks up with Alyssa.


title: The Prom (film)

text: Trent confronts Emma's tormentors, persuading them to support her with help from the "Godspell" cast. Dee Dee arrives at the motel and tells everyone she agreed to give Eddie her house in The Hamptons in order to get Emma a slot on his show. However, Emma turns the offer down so she can tell her story her own way and sings a song she wrote during a livestream, which goes viral online.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The actors decide to pool their money to finance an all-inclusive prom for Emma, and Alyssa shows up, inspired by Emma's song to finally come out. Afterward, Dee Dee tells Barry that she called Vera, who wants to talk to him. Vera tells Barry that although she cannot undo what she did to him, she still wants them to have a relationship, and the two finally make up.


title: The Prom (film)

text: Kaylee, Shelby and their boyfriends visit the gym to apologize to Alyssa and Emma for their behavior. Mrs. Greene tries to put a stop to preparations for the prom. When Alyssa reveals who she really is, her mother leaves quietly. Alyssa and Emma reconcile.


title: The Prom (film)

text: Later that night, Emma and Alyssa show up early to meet with the actors, Sheldon, Bea, and Vera. Angie learns that she has been cast as Roxie Hart because Tina Louise has contracted shingles, Trent retires from acting to become James Madison's new drama teacher, and Barry is crowned prom queen. The students and many teens from the local LGBT community show up to the prom in support of Emma. As the event begins, Mrs. Greene arrives, apologizes, and embraces Alyssa, accepting her for who she is. Dee Dee and Principal Hawkins share a kiss and start a relationship. Emma and Alyssa finally share a public kiss and everyone celebrates.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The soundtrack was released digitally on December 4, 2020, by Maisie Music, with a physical release on December 18.


title: The Prom (film)

text: The film is based on the same premise as the musical of the same name, that uses music by Matthew Sklar, lyrics by Chad Beguelin, and a book by Bob Martin and Beguelin, based on an original concept by Jack Viertel. The film is also loosely based around the 2010 Itawamba County School District prom controversy.


title: The Prom (film)

text: CNN notes the film project is on "theme with Murphy's advocacy for more inclusivity in Hollywood" including his spearheading the 2017 Half Initiative, to "create equal representation for women and minorities behind the camera". Murphy announced plans for the adaptation during a charity performance of the musical at New York's Longacre Theatre in April 2019.


title: The Prom (film)

text: On June 25, 2019, Meryl Streep, James Corden, Andrew Rannells and Nicole Kidman were revealed to be cast as the four leads, with Keegan-Michael Key as the school principal. Ariana Grande was initially cast as Alyssa Greene, a popular but closeted cheerleader and Emma's girlfriend, but scheduling conflicts with the Sweetener World Tour forced Grande to drop out. Kerry Washington was cast in October, with Ariana DeBose joining in November, replacing Grande in the role of Alyssa. Jo Ellen Pellman was also cast as Emma following a nationwide search. Madelaine Petsch also auditioned for Pellman's role. The project is the first film under Murphy's $300 million deal with Netflix, and fifth overall. On January 25, 2020, Awkwafina dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts and Kevin Chamberlin was recast as Sheldon Saperstein. On June 25, 2020, Tracey Ullman and Mary Kay Place were revealed to star in the film.


title: The Prom (film)

text: Filming commenced on December 11, 2019, in Los Angeles. On March 12, 2020, production was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to this, the leads had wrapped filming, with only two days of second unit filming left, which was initially scheduled to resume in mid-April, but was ultimately delayed to summer. Production resumed on July 23, 2020.


title: The Prom (film)

text: "The Prom" had an awards-qualifying limited theatrical release on December 4, 2020, before being released digitally on December 11 by Netflix. It was the second-most watched film over its first weekend on the platform, before falling to tenth in its second week.


title: The Prom (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Through fiery songs and dance breaks, "The Prom"s bonanza of glitz, glitter, and jazz hands might be enough to whisk audiences away." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Prom (film)

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film four out of five stars, writing that it is "so goofy that you just have to enjoy it". He went on to praise the musical numbers and the film's message of self-love. Brian Pruitt of "USA Today" also gave the film four stars out of four, calling it a "joyous adaptation". In "AfterEllen", Claire Heuchan described the film as "a sweet homage to all the young lesbians and gays finding the courage to live and love authentically." In his review for "The Hollywood Reporter", David Rooney noted that "there’s something to be said for the wide reach of a Netflix feature that champions the rights of LGBTQ teens, sharing a message that’s easy to endorse even if the delivery tends to grate."


title: The Prom (film)

text: Of the opposing opinion, Mary Sollosi of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "D" grade calling it "narratively sloppy, emotionally false, visually ugly, morally superior, and at least 15 minutes too long". Jesse Hassenger of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a "D+" describing it as "all-star, feel-good, zazzy nonsense".


title: The Prom (film)

text: James Corden's performance was criticized as offensive by some; Corden himself is straight while the character is gay and some said his performance perpetuated, and capitalized on, stereotypes of gay men. Regarding his depiction of a flamboyant gay man, David Rooney wrote that "perhaps aware of the potential minefield for a straight actor playing a flaming gay stereotype, Corden channels the mannerisms without the joy."


title: The Prom (film)

text: The UK and Commonwealth novelization rights of the film, written by Saundra Mitchell, were acquired by Penguin Random House’s editorial and media development director Holly Harris, who did a pre-emptive deal with Creative Artists Agency and William Morris Endeavor.


The Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay is the Academy Award for the best screenplay adapted from previously established material. The most frequently adapted media are novels, but other adapted narrative formats include stage plays, musicals, short stories, TV series, and even other films and film characters. All sequels are also considered adaptations by this standard (based on the story and characters set forth in the original film).


title: Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

text: Prior to its current name, this award had been known as the Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based On Material From Another Medium.


text: See also the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, the corresponding award for scripts with original stories.


text: The first person to win twice in this category was Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who won the award in two consecutive years, 1949 and 1950. Others to win twice in this category include: George Seaton, Robert Bolt (who also won in consecutive years), Francis Ford Coppola, Mario Puzo, Alvin Sargent, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Michael Wilson, Alexander Payne and Christopher Hampton. Payne won both awards as part of a writing team, with Jim Taylor for "Sideways" and Jim Rash and Nat Faxon for "The Descendants". Michael Wilson was blacklisted at the time of his second Oscar, so the award was given to a front (novelist Pierre Boulle). However, the Academy officially recognized him as the winner several years later.


text: Billy Wilder, Charles Brackett, Paddy Chayefsky, Francis Ford Coppola, Horton Foote, William Goldman, Robert Benton, Bo Goldman, Waldo Salt, and the Coen brothers have won Oscars for both original and adapted screenplays.


text: Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney ("The Story of Louis Pasteur") were the first to win for adapting their own work.


text: Philip G. Epstein and Julius J. Epstein ("Casablanca") are the first siblings to win in this category. James Goldman ("The Lion in Winter") and William Goldman ("Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" and "All the President's Men") are the first siblings to win for separate films. Joel Coen and Ethan Coen ("No Country for Old Men") are the third winning siblings.


text: Mario Puzo is the one of two writers whose work has been adapted and resulted in two wins. Puzo's novel "The Godfather" resulted in wins in 1972 and 1974 for himself and Francis Ford Coppola. The other is E. M. Forster, whose novels "A Room with a View" and "Howards End" resulted in wins for Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.


text: Larry McMurtry is the only person who has won for adapting someone else's work ("Brokeback Mountain"), and whose own work has been adapted by someone else, resulting in a win ("Terms of Endearment").


text: William Monahan ("The Departed") and Sian Heder ("CODA") are the only people who have won this award by using another full-length feature film as the credited source of the adaptation.


text: Geoffrey S. Fletcher ("Precious") and John Ridley ("12 Years a Slave") are the only African-Americans to win solo in this category; Fletcher is also the first African-American to win in any writing category. Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney ("Moonlight") are the first African-American writing duo to win; Spike Lee and Kevin Willmott ("BlacKkKlansman") are the second, although their co-writers, David Rabinowitz and Charlie Wachtel, are both white.


text: James Ivory ("Call Me by Your Name") is the oldest person to receive the award at age 89. Charlie Wachtel ("BlacKkKlansman") is the youngest at age 32.


text: Emma Thompson ("Sense and Sensibility") is the only winner who has also won for acting. Winners Billy Bob Thornton ("Sling Blade") and John Huston ("The Treasure of the Sierra Madre") have been nominated for acting but not won.


text: Charles Schnee ("The Bad and the Beautiful"), Billy Bob Thornton ("Sling Blade"), and Bill Condon ("Gods and Monsters") are the only winners whose films were not nominated for Best Picture.


text: Noted novelists and playwrights nominated in this category include: George Bernard Shaw (who shared an award for an adaptation of his play "Pygmalion"), Graham Greene, Tennessee Williams, Vladimir Nabokov, James Hilton, Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, Lillian Hellman, Irwin Shaw, James Agee, Norman Corwin, S. J. Perelman, Terence Rattigan, John Osborne, Robert Bolt, Harold Pinter, David Mamet, Larry McMurtry, Arthur Miller, John Irving, David Hare, Tony Kushner, August Wilson and Florian Zeller.


text: Ted Elliott, Roger S. H. Schulman, Joe Stillman & Terry Rossio, writers of "Shrek" and Michael Arndt, John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton & Lee Unkrich, writers of "Toy Story 3", are as of 2020, the only writers to be nominated for an animated film.


text: Scott Frank, James Mangold & Michael Green, writers of "Logan", are the first writers to be nominated for a film based on superhero comic books (the X-Men).


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: The Nag Hammadi library (also known as the "Chenoboskion Manuscripts" and the "Gnostic Gospels") is a collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered near the Upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Thirteen leather-bound papyrus codices buried in a sealed jar were found by a local farmer named Muhammed al-Samman. The writings in these codices comprise 52 mostly Gnostic treatises, but they also include three works belonging to the "Corpus Hermeticum" and a partial translation/alteration of Plato's "Republic". In his introduction to "The Nag Hammadi Library in English", James Robinson suggests that these codices may have belonged to a nearby Pachomian monastery and were buried after Saint Athanasius condemned the use of non-canonical books in his Festal Letter of 367 A.D. The discovery of these texts significantly influenced modern scholarship's pursuit and knowledge of early Christianity and Gnosticism.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: The contents of the codices were written in the Coptic language. The best-known of these works is probably the Gospel of Thomas, of which the Nag Hammadi codices contain the only complete text. After the discovery, scholars recognized that fragments of these sayings attributed to Jesus appeared in manuscripts discovered at Oxyrhynchus in 1898 (P. Oxy. 1), and matching quotations were recognized in other early Christian sources. The written text of the Gospel of Thomas is dated to the second century by most interpreters, but based on much earlier sources. The buried manuscripts date from the 3rd and 4th centuries.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Scholars first became aware of the Nag Hammadi library in 1946. Making careful inquiries from 1947–1950, Jean Doresse discovered that a local farmer (boy) dug up the texts from a graveyard in the desert, located near tombs from the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. In the 1970s, James Robinson sought out the local farmer in question, identifying him as Muhammad ‘Ali al-Samman. Al-Samman told Robinson a complex story involving a blood feud, cannibalism, digging for fresh soil for agricultural use, and superstitions about a "jinn". His mother claimed that she burned some of the manuscripts; Robinson identified these with Codex XII. Robinson gave multiple accounts of this interview, with the number of people present at the discovery ranging from two to eight. Jean Doresse's account contains none of these elements.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Later scholarship has drawn attention to al-Samman's mention of a corpse and a "bed of charcoal" at the site, aspects of the story that were vehemently denied by al-Samman's brother. It is suggested that the library was initially a simple grave robbing, and the more fanciful aspects of the story were concocted as a cover story. Burials of books were common in Egypt in the early centuries AD, but if the library was a funerary deposit, it conflicts with Robinson's belief that the manuscripts were purposely hidden out of fear of persecution. Instead, Lewis & Blount (2014) have proposed that the Nag Hammadi codices had been privately commissioned by a wealthy non-monastic individual, and that the books had been buried with him as funerary prestige items. The blood feud, however, is well attested by multiple sources.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Slowly, most of the tracts came into the hands of Phokion J. Tanos, a Cypriot antiques dealer in Cairo, thereafter being retained by the Department of Antiquities, for fear that they would be sold out of the country. After the revolution in 1952, these texts were handed to the Coptic Museum in Cairo, and declared national property. Pahor Labib, the director of the Coptic Museum at that time, was keen to keep these manuscripts in their country of origin.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Meanwhile, a single codex had been sold in Cairo to a Belgian antiques dealer. After an attempt was made to sell the codex in both New York City and Paris, it was acquired by the Carl Gustav Jung Institute in Zurich in 1951, through the mediation of Gilles Quispel. It was intended as a birthday present for Jung; for this reason, this codex is typically known as the Jung Codex, being Codex I in the collection. Jung's death in 1961 resulted in a quarrel over the ownership of the Jung Codex; the pages were not given to the Coptic Museum in Cairo until 1975, after a first edition of the text had been published. The papyri were finally brought together in Cairo: of the 1945 find, eleven complete books and fragments of two others, 'amounting to well over 1000 written pages', are preserved there.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: The first edition of a text found at Nag Hammadi was from the Jung Codex, a partial translation of which appeared in Cairo in 1956, and a single extensive facsimile edition was planned. Due to the difficult political circumstances in Egypt, individual tracts followed from the Cairo and Zurich collections only slowly.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: This state of affairs did not change until 1966, with the holding of the Messina Congress in Italy. At this conference, intended to allow scholars to arrive at a group consensus concerning the definition of Gnosticism, James M. Robinson assembled a group of editors and translators whose express task was to publish a bilingual edition of the Nag Hammadi codices in English, in collaboration with the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity at the Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California, where Robinson was a faculty member.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Robinson was elected secretary of the International Committee for the Nag Hammadi Codices, which had been formed in 1970 by UNESCO and the Egyptian Ministry of Culture; it was in this capacity that he oversaw the project. A facsimile edition in twelve volumes was published between 1972 and 1977, with subsequent additions in 1979 and 1984 from the publisher E.J. Brill in Leiden, entitled, "The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices." This made all the texts available for all interested parties to study in some form.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: At the same time, in the German Democratic Republic, a group of scholars—including Alexander Böhlig, Martin Krause and New Testament scholars Gesine Schenke, Hans-Martin Schenke and Hans-Gebhard Bethge—were preparing the first German language translation of the find. The last three scholars prepared a complete scholarly translation under the auspices of the Berlin Humboldt University, which was published in 2001.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: The James M. Robinson translation was first published in 1977, with the name "The Nag Hammadi Library in English", in collaboration between E.J. Brill and Harper & Row. The single-volume publication, according to Robinson, 'marked the end of one stage of Nag Hammadi scholarship and the beginning of another' (from the Preface to the third revised edition). Paperback editions followed in 1981 and 1984, from E.J. Brill and Harper, respectively. A third, completely revised, edition was published in 1988. This marks the final stage in the gradual dispersal of gnostic texts into the wider public arena—the full complement of codices was finally available in unadulterated form to people around the world, in a variety of languages. A cross-reference apparatus for Robinson's translation and the Biblical canon also exists.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Another English edition was published in 1987, by Yale scholar Bentley Layton, called "The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations" (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1987). The volume included new translations from the Nag Hammadi Library, together with extracts from the heresiological writers, and other gnostic material. It remains, along with "The Nag Hammadi Library in English," one of the more accessible volumes of translations of the Nag Hammadi find. It includes extensive historical introductions to individual gnostic groups, notes on translation, annotations to the text, and the organization of tracts into clearly defined movements.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Not all scholars agree that the entire library should be considered Gnostic. Paterson Brown has argued that the three Nag Hammadi Gospels of Thomas, Philip and Truth cannot be so labeled, since each, in his opinion, may explicitly affirm the basic reality and sanctity of incarnate life, which Gnosticism by definition considers illusory.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: In the following table contains a list of codices and tractates in the Nag Hammadi library as given by . Abbreviations are from "The Coptic Gnostic Library".


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: The so-called "Codex XIII" is not a codex, but rather the text of "Trimorphic Protennoia", written on "eight leaves removed from a thirteenth book in late antiquity and tucked inside the front cover of the sixth." (Robinson, NHLE, p. 10) Only a few lines from the beginning of "Origin of the World" are discernible on the bottom of the eighth leaf.


title: Nag Hammadi library

text: Although the manuscripts discovered at Nag Hammadi are generally dated to the 4th century, there is some debate regarding the original composition of the texts.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: Moving Pictures is the eighth studio album by Canadian progressive rock band Rush, released on February 12, 1981 through Anthem Records. After touring to support their previous album, "Permanent Waves" (1980), the band started to write and record new material in August 1980 with co-producer Terry Brown. They continued to write songs with a more radio-friendly sound, featuring tighter and shorter song structures compared with their earlier albums.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Moving Pictures" received a positive reception from contemporary and retrospective music critics and became an instant commercial success, reaching number one in Canada and number 3 in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It remains Rush's highest-selling album in the United States, with 5 million copies sold. "Limelight", "Tom Sawyer" and "Vital Signs" were released as singles across 1981, and the instrumental "YYZ" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Rush supported the album on tour from February to July 1981.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: In June 1980, the band ended their ten-month tour of the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom in support of their seventh studio album, "Permanent Waves" (1980). During the tour's stop in New York City, the band agreed to start work on a new studio album, rather than prepare a second live album from several recordings they made during the tour, partly because the ideas being developed at sound checks were sufficiently interesting to them to put on tape. Neil Peart was exceptionally enthusiastic in doing a new album, and Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson found themselves catching onto his enthusiasm. The trio pitched the idea to their manager and producer who had already mapped out a two-year plan for them, but agreed to the sudden change and cancelled the schedule.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: After a short break, they regrouped at Phase One Studios in Toronto in July 1980 with members of rock band Max Webster, to record "Battlescar" for their album "Universal Juveniles" (1980). During the sessions Max Webster's lyricist Pye Dubois suggested a song that he thought was suitable for Rush to record; this was developed into "Tom Sawyer". Rush then moved to Stony Lake, Ontario to write and prepare material for their new album. The sessions were productive, with "The Camera Eye" the first song to be worked on, followed by "Tom Sawyer", "Red Barchetta", "YYZ" and "Limelight". Following the initial writing sessions, Rush returned to Phase One Studios with their co-producer Terry Brown and prepared demos of the songs. The band worked on them further during rehearsals of their 1980–1981 tour which began in September, which included "Tom Sawyer" and "Limelight" in their live set prior to recording.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: With the material fully prepared, Rush recorded "Moving Pictures" in October and November 1980 at Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec. The studio had been recently fitted out with a digital 48-track machine, which was unfamiliar to the band and necessitated them spending time familiarising themselves with the equipment. "Moving Pictures" is Brown's first digitally-produced album. The band made a conscious effort to preserve the quality of their recordings as much as possible by transferring finished sections onto a fresh piece of tape and placing the original copy in storage, thereby reducing the damage to it from frequent playback. During the sessions, they experimented with a pressure zone microphone, a type of boundary microphone that picks up direct sound and no reverberated signals, that was taped onto Peart's chest as he played. The audio captured from it was used to pick up the ambience in the studio room in the final mix. Peart wore the microphone for the filming of the music video for "Vital Signs". "Red Barchetta" was recorded in one take. There were problems with equipment failures and they finished the album three days behind schedule.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Tom Sawyer" features a backbeat in a time signature, along with instrumental and closing sections in . These measures are symmetrically subdivided, featuring sixteenth-note groupings of 2+2+3+3+2+2. It was the first Rush recording for which Lee used his 1972 Fender Jazz Bass, which provided a punchier lower end than he had been able to obtain with his Rickenbacker 4001. This bass eventually became Lee's primary studio instrument during the recording of "Counterparts" in 1993. Peart described the track as "an enjoyable work" which took around a day and a half to record, "collapsing afterwards with raw, red, aching hands and feet". Its instrumental section grew from what Lee would play on his synthesiser during sound checks on tour, which initially was forgotten about until the band traded ideas on what the section should be. It became one of the best-known songs by Rush and a mainstay of subsequent live shows.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: Peart's lyrics for "Red Barchetta" were inspired by the short story "A Nice Morning Drive" by Richard S. Foster, originally written in the November 1973 edition of the American car magazine "Road & Track". Lee described the tale as "Orwellian in nature" which deals with an individual taking their Barchetta on a fast ride despite the banning of high speeds and is chased after by hovering patrol cars for breaking the law. Instead of an MGB roadster as featured in the original story, Peart reported the Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta was the car that inspired the song's title. In 2007, Foster and Peart met for the first time and shared their mutual interest of BMW motorcycles, which was documented in an article titled "The Drummer, The Private Eye, and Me".


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "YYZ" is an instrumental titled after the IATA airport code for Toronto Pearson International Airport; its rhythm is that of the letters "YYZ" in Morse code (). It stemmed from the band's enjoyment of recording "La Villa Strangiato", a nine-minute instrumental on "Hemispheres" (1978), which they wanted to do again for "Moving Pictures" only shorter. The code was adapted into the song's rhythm of a time signature, where the dashes (-) are played using eighth notes and the dots (.) using sixteenth notes.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: The lyrics for "Limelight" are autobiographical and based on Peart's own dissatisfaction with fame and its intrusion into one's personal life. The song contains two self-references: the first, the line "living in a fish-eye lens, caught in the camera eye" references the album's following track, "The Camera Eye", while the line "all the world's indeed a stage, and we are merely players", references the title of the band's first live album "All the World's a Stage" (1976), itself taken from William Shakespeare's comedy play "As You Like It".


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "The Camera Eye" is a two-part track with sections unofficially titled "New York" and "London". Peart wrote the lyrics after taking walks in both cities, recalling observations and the rhythms he felt during them. It remains the band's last song with a duration over 10 minutes, a frequent occurrence in their earlier albums. Its title refers to short pieces of the same name in the "U.S.A." trilogy of novels written by American writer John Dos Passos, one of Dos Passos's works that Peart admired. In the beginning of the track, an audio clip from Richard Donner's 1978 film "Superman" is heard featuring the sounds of a bustling New York city and a man saying "This is it Mac." "How about a tomato?" and "Fresh fruit".


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Witch Hunt" opens with faint voices, which Lifeson explained were recorded outside Le Studio in sub-zero temperatures with the band and others shouting in a humorous way, and sound effects produced by a synthesizer, before transitioning into the song proper. The main riff was written by cover designer Hugh Syme on a synthesizer and double-tracked drums in one verse. "Witch Hunt" would become a part of the "Fear" series of songs, which includes "The Weapon" from "Signals" (1982), "The Enemy Within" from "Grace Under Pressure" (1984), and "Freeze" from "Vapor Trails" (2002).


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Vital Signs" features a sequencer part produced by an Oberheim OB-X synthesizer, and shows a distinct reggae flavour. Reggae influences in Rush's music were first heard on "Permanent Waves", and would later be heard more extensively on their next two albums.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: The cover was designed by Hugh Syme who estimated the artwork cost $9,500 to produce. Anthem Records refused to cover the entire bill, leaving the band to pay for the rest. It is a triple entendre; the front depicts movers who are carrying pictures. On the side, people are shown crying because the pictures passing by are emotionally "moving". Finally, the back cover has a film crew making a motion picture of the whole scene. It was photographed outside the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park, Toronto. The pictures that are being moved are the band's Starman logo featured on the reverse cover of "2112" (1976), one of the "Dogs Playing Poker" paintings entitled "A Friend in Need", and a painting that shows Joan of Arc being burned at the stake. The film crew on the back cover actually shot the scene, from which a single frame was used for the cover. This was revealed to Rush concertgoers several years later when the still image was shown on the stage projector which suddenly came to life as a film sequence.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: Mike Dixon, one of the movers on the cover of "Moving Pictures" and the band's next album, "Exit...Stage Left" (1981), discussed the various people on the "Moving Pictures" cover. The first, Bobby King, seen furthest to the left, was a member of Syme's design team and is credited for assisting Syme on "A Farewell to Kings", "Hemispheres", and "Archives". Dixon explained that King is not only one of the movers, but also the Starman logo and the man in the hat on the "Hemispheres" cover. The mover holding the Starman painting is Kelly Jay, singer of the Toronto band Crowbar who performed a show with Rush in 1973. Photographer Deborah Samuel is the Joan of Arc character, and her relatives are the family on the right. However, this conflicts with information provided in the Rush biography "Chemistry", which states: "Hugh borrowed friends, neighbours and even his hairdresser's parents".


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Moving Pictures" was played in its entirety during Lee's visit to Rick Ringer's radio show on CHUM-FM in Toronto, on February 11, 1981. The album was released on the following day.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Kerrang!" magazine listed the album at among the "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time". "Rolling Stone" has listed "Moving Pictures" at on the 2012 readers poll 'Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time', at on the 2015 list '50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time' (behind Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon" at #1 and King Crimson's "In the Court of the Crimson King" at #2), and at on the 2020 edition of its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2014, readers of the "Rhythm" voted "Moving Pictures" the greatest drumming album in the history of progressive rock. "Moving Pictures" and "2112" (1976) are the two Rush albums listed in "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Moving Pictures" was played live in its entirety for the first time to open the second set during each show of Rush's 2010–11 Time Machine Tour.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: In a knockout-style Facebook poll conducted in 2021, the album was voted the best album of the 1980s, narrowly beating out Depeche Mode's 1986 album "Black Celebration" to take the win with 52% of the vote. More than 22,100 votes were cast in the final round alone.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: The album was released on compact disc in 1984 by Mercury Records. Initial pressings were missing the first beat of "Tom Sawyer" by mistake but were corrected in subsequent releases. In 1997, Mercury Records released a digitally remastered version. The disc tray has a logo of three fingerprints with "The Rush Remasters" printed, a feature of all remastered albums from "Moving Pictures" through "A Show of Hands", originally found on the cover of "Retrospective II". The remaster restores all of the original artwork and lyrics found on the vinyl release (including the picture of Peart that had been left off of the original CD issue).


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: "Moving Pictures" was remastered twice in 2011. The first, by Andy VanDette, was for the "Sector" box sets which re-released all of Rush's Mercury-era albums. It is included in the "Sector 2" box set. The second reissue was in April 2011, as a two-disc 30th-anniversary set. The first disc contains the standard stereo mix and the second, available as a DVD-Audio or Blu-ray disc, contains the album in a stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix with music videos as the three singles as bonus features.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: In 2015, "Moving Pictures" was remastered for vinyl as part of the "12 Months of Rush" promotion. The mastering was also made available in a 24-bit/48 kHz digital format on various high-resolution online music stores. These remasters have less dynamic range compression than the 1997 and 2011 versions. Sean Magee remastered the album from an analogue copy of the original digital master tape using a 192 kHz sample rate. However, as "Moving Pictures" was originally mixed on digital equipment at 16-bit/44.1 kHz, no audio above 22 kHz exists in the original master or any of the remasters, which explains why many digital music stores only sell the album with 48 kHz as the maximum available rate.


title: Moving Pictures (Rush album)

text: The band released a 40th anniversary edition of "Moving Pictures" on April 15, 2022. The five record set includes the 2015 remaster and a previously unreleased live recording of their show at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on March 25, 1981.


title: Grand Wizard

text: The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, founded in 1915, styled their highest-ranking leader the Imperial Wizard. National officers were styled "Imperial" officers. State or "Realm" officers were styled "Grand" officers. For example, a "Grand Dragon" was the highest-ranking Klansman in a given state.


title: National anthem

text: A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom, Russia, and the former Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.


title: National anthem

text: In the early modern period, some European monarchies adopted royal anthems. Some of these anthems have survived into current use. "God Save the King/Queen", first performed in 1619, remains the royal anthem of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms. , adopted as the royal anthem of the Spanish monarchy in 1770, was adopted as the national anthem of Spain in 1939. Denmark retains its royal anthem, (1780) alongside its national anthem (, adopted 1835). In 1802, Gia Long commissioned a royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam.


title: National anthem

text: Following the reinstating of La Marseillaise in 1830, in the wake of the July Revolution, as the national anthem of France, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence, for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Consequently adoption of national anthems prior to the 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic (, 1911), the Kingdom of Greece ("Hymn to Liberty", 1865), the First Philippine Republic (, 1898), Lithuania (, 1919), Weimar Germany (, 1922), Republic of Ireland (, 1926) and Greater Lebanon ("Lebanese National Anthem", 1927). Though the custom of an officially adopted national anthem became popular in the 19th century, some national anthems predate this period, often existing as patriotic songs long before their designation as national anthem.


title: National anthem

text: If an anthem is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics, then the oldest national anthem in use today is the national anthem of the Netherlands, the "Wilhelmus". Written between 1568 and 1572 during the Dutch Revolt, it was already a popular orangist hymn during the 17th century, though it would take until 1932 for it to be officially recognized as the Dutch national anthem. The lyrics of the Japanese national anthem, , predate those of the Dutch anthem by several centuries, being taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, but were not set to music until 1880. If a national anthem is defined by being officially designated as the national song of a particular state, then , which was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796, would qualify as the first official national anthem.


title: National anthem

text: The Olympic Charter of 1920 introduced the ritual of playing the national anthems of the gold medal winners. From this time, the playing of national anthems became increasingly popular at international sporting events, creating an incentive for such nations that did not yet have an officially defined national anthem to introduce one.


title: National anthem

text: The United States introduced the patriotic song "The Star-Spangled Banner" as a national anthem in 1931. Following this, several nations moved to adopt as official national anthem patriotic songs that had already been in "de facto" use at official functions, such as Mexico (, composed 1854, adopted 1943) and Switzerland ("Swiss Psalm", composed 1841, "de facto" use from 1961, adopted 1981).


title: National anthem

text: By the period of decolonisation in the 1960s, it had become common practice for newly independent nations to adopt an official national anthem. Some of these anthems were specifically commissioned, such as the anthem of Kenya, , produced by a dedicated "Kenyan Anthem Commission" in 1963.


title: National anthem

text: A number of nations remain without an official national anthem. In these cases, there are established "de facto" anthems played at sporting events or diplomatic receptions. These include the United Kingdom (God Save the King) and Sweden (). Countries that have moved to officially adopt their long-standing "de facto" anthems since the 1990s include: Luxembourg (, adopted 1993), South Africa (National anthem of South Africa, adopted 1997), Israel (, composed 1888, "de facto" use from 1948, adopted 2004), Italy (, adopted 2017).


title: National anthem

text: National anthems are used in a wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a country's anthem. These usually involve military honours, standing up, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal. There may also be royal anthems, presidential anthems, state anthems etc. for special occasions.


title: National anthem

text: They are played on national holidays and festivals, and have also come to be closely connected with sporting events. Wales was the first country to adopt this, during a rugby game against New Zealand in 1905. Since then during sporting competitions, such as the Olympic Games, the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony; also played before games in many sports leagues, since being adopted in baseball during World War II. When teams from two nations play each other, the anthems of both nations are played, the host nation's anthem being played last.


title: National anthem

text: In some countries, the national anthem is played to students each day at the start of school as an exercise in patriotism, such as in Tanzania. In other countries the state anthem may be played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many radio and television stations have adopted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in the morning and again when they sign off at night. For instance, the national anthem of China is played before the broadcast of evening news on Hong Kong's local television stations including TVB Jade. In Colombia, it is a law to play the National Anthem at 6:00 and 18:00 on every public radio and television station, while in Thailand, "Phleng Chat Thai" is played at 08:00 and 18:00 nationwide (the Royal Anthem is used for sign-ons and closedowns instead).


title: National anthem

text: The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, Taiwan has not been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei; its "National Banner Song" is used instead of its national anthem. In Taiwan, the country's national anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering, followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering. Even within a state, the state's citizenry may interpret the national anthem differently (such as in the United States some view the U.S. national anthem as representing respect for dead soldiers and policemen whereas others view it as honouring the country generally).


title: National anthem

text: Various solutions may be used when countries with different national anthems compete in a unified team. When North Korea and South Korea participated together in the 2018 Winter Olympics, the folk song "Arirang", beloved on both sides of the border and seen as a symbol of Korea as a whole, was used as an anthem instead of the national anthem of either state.


title: National anthem

text: Most of the best-known national anthems were written by little-known or unknown composers such as Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, composer of "La Marseillaise" and John Stafford Smith who wrote the tune for "The Anacreontic Song", which became the tune for the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". The author of "God Save the King", one of the oldest and best-known anthems in the world, is unknown and disputed.


title: National anthem

text: Very few countries have a national anthem written by a world-renowned composer. Exceptions include Germany, whose anthem "Das Lied der Deutschen" uses a melody written by Joseph Haydn, and Austria, whose national anthem "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" is sometimes credited to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The "Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" was composed by Aram Khachaturian. The music of the "Pontifical Anthem", anthem of the Vatican City, was composed in 1869 by Charles Gounod, for the golden jubilee of Pope Pius IX's priestly ordination.


title: National anthem

text: The committee charged with choosing a national anthem for the Federation of Malaya (later Malaysia) at independence decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration, including Benjamin Britten, William Walton, Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed "Majulah Singapura", the national anthem of Singapore. None were deemed suitable. The tune eventually selected was (and still is) the anthem of the constituent state of Perak, which was in turn adopted from a popular French melody titled "La Rosalie" composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger.


title: National anthem

text: A few anthems have words by Nobel laureates in literature. The first Asian laureate, Rabindranath Tagore, wrote the words and music of "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Shonar Bangla", later adopted as the national anthems of India and Bangladesh respectively. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem "Ja, vi elsker dette landet".


title: National anthem

text: Other countries had their anthems composed by locally important people. This is the case for Colombia, whose anthem's lyrics were written by former president and poet Rafael Nuñez, who also wrote the country's first constitution, and in Malta, written by Dun Karm Psaila, already a National Poet. A similar case is Liberia, the national anthem of which was written by its third president, Daniel Bashiel Warner.


title: National anthem

text: A national anthem, when it has lyrics (as is usually the case), is most often in the national or most common language of the country, whether "de facto" or official, there are notable exceptions. Most commonly, states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem, for instance:


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Cynthia Ann Christine Rothrock (born March 8, 1957) is an American martial artist and actress in martial arts films. Rothrock holds black belt rankings in seven styles of martial arts and was a high-level competitor in martial arts before becoming an actress.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Rothrock was born March 8, 1957, in Wilmington, Delaware, to Edward and Ann (Exeter) Markowski. She grew up in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and started taking martial arts lessons at the age of 13. She is of Polish descent.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Rothrock was World Champion in forms and weapons five times between 1981 and 1985. These categories are not combat-oriented, being displays of fluidity of movement rather than fighting, and are not segregated into male and female categories but fully open to both sexes.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: She took first place in forms 32 times and first place in weapons 12 times in her first 38 tournaments, including competing in "Men's Forms" three out of four times as there was no Women's Division. She was "Grand Master" of five tournaments and came in first place in 4 out of 5 fighting events.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: She holds seven black belts and sashes in multiple Far Eastern martial disciplines, including Tang Soo Do, Taekwondo (Korean), Eagle Claw (Chinese), Wushu, Northern Shaolin, Ng Ying Kungfu (Chinese: 五形功夫), and Pai Lum White Dragon Kung Fu. She received her 6th degree black belt in Tang Soo Do Moo Duk Kwan in 2006. She was tested by Grand Master Robert Kovaleski, 9th Dan and chair of the I.T.M.A., and was later promoted by him to 7th degree black belt in 2011 and 8th degree black belt in 2015. She is a martial arts instructor and her favorite weapons are the hook swords.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: In 1983, Rothrock was inducted into the Black Belt Magazine Hall of Fame as "Female Competitor of the Year". She was the first woman to appear on the cover of a martial arts magazine, and in 1986 co-authored a book with George Chung titled, "Advanced Dynamic Kicks". In 2014, she was honored with the Legacy Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: In 1983, while Rothrock was on Ernie Reyes' West Coast Demonstration Team, she was discovered by Golden Harvest in Los Angeles, California. It was two years (1985) later that she made her first martial arts movie for them, "Yes, Madam" (also known as "Police Assassins" or "In the Line of Duty Part 2") which also starred Michelle Yeoh. It proved to be a box office success. She ended up staying in Hong Kong until 1988 doing seven films there. Possibly her first US film was "24 Hours to Midnight", a Leo Fong directed film which also starred Stack Pierce, Juan Chapa and Bernie Pock.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Rothrock became one of the few western performers to achieve genuine stardom in the local Hong Kong film industry before achieving success in their own country. She was credited as 羅芙洛 ("Fu Lok Law" or "Foo Lok Law") in many Hong Kong movies. Producer Pierre David initiated Rothrock's move to the American turf. David offered her a co-starring role with Chad McQueen in "Martial Law", Rothrock's first U.S. production. For the next ten years, she led a successful career in B-grade action movies. Her films include "China O'Brien" and "China O'Brien 2", "Guardian Angel", "Honor & Glory", "No Retreat, No Surrender 2" and "Prince of the Sun" amongst a roster of thirty films.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Rothrock appeared as Bertha Jo in the 1997 television film "". She was an inspiration for the video game character Sonya Blade from the "Mortal Kombat" fighting game franchise and lent her voice on the animated series "Eek the Cat".


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: She made an appearance in the television series "", playing Hera's second Enforcer in the 1996 episode "Not Fade Away".


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: After starring in the 2004 film "Xtreme Fighter" (a.k.a. "Sci-Fighter"), where she played Sally Kirk / The White Dragon, before she retired from acting to teach private martial arts lessons at her martial arts studio in Studio City, California.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: She returned to acting for the role as Nanna in the 2012 Christmas family film "Santa's Summer House", alongside British martial artist and actor Gary Daniels.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: In 2014, she starred in the action movie "Mercenaries", alongside Kristanna Loken, Brigitte Nielsen, Vivica A. Fox and Zoë Bell.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: Rothrock appeared on Ken Reid's "TV Guidance Counselor" podcast on March 16, 2016. Rothrock also appeared on Scott Adkins's "The Art of Action - Episode 12" podcast on September 1, 2020.


title: Cynthia Rothrock

text: At the age of 19, Cynthia married her kung fu instructor Ernest Rothrock on September 25, 1976, at St. Mary's Church in the Greenwood Section of Moosic, Pennsylvania. They have since divorced. She has one daughter, Skylar Sophia Rothrock, who was born in 1999. She works as a martial arts teacher, and co-owns a martial arts studio in Studio City, California as part of the Z Ultimate Self Defense Studios chain of martial arts studios.


title: Minor (law)

text: In law, a minor is someone under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which demarcates an underage individual from legal adulthood. The age of majority depends upon jurisdiction and application, but it is commonly 18. "Minor" may also be used in contexts that are unconnected to the overall age of majority. For example, the smoking and drinking age in the United States is 21, and younger people below this age are sometimes called "minors" in the context of tobacco and alcohol law, even if they are at least 18. The terms underage or "minor" often refer to those under the age of majority, but may also refer to a person under other legal age limits, such as the age of consent, marriageable age, driving age, voting age, etc. Such age limits are often different from the age of majority.


title: Minor (law)

text: The concept of "minor" is not sharply defined in most jurisdictions. The age of criminal responsibility and consent, the age at which school attendance is no longer compulsory, the age at which legally binding contracts can be entered into, and so on may be different from one another.


title: Minor (law)

text: In many countries, including Australia, Serbia, India, Brazil, Croatia, Colombia, and the UK a minor is defined as a person under the age of 18. In the United States, where the age of majority is set by individual states, ""minor"" usually refers to someone under 18 but can in some areas (such as alcohol, gambling, and handguns) mean under 21. In the criminal justice system a minor may be tried and punished either "as a juvenile" or "as an adult".


title: Minor (law)

text: In Taiwan and Thailand, a minor is a person under 20 years of age, and, in South Korea, a person under 19 years of age. In New Zealand law, the age of majority is 20 years of age as well, but most of the rights of adulthood are assumed at lower ages: for example, entering contracts and having a will are allowed at 15, while the drinking and voting age are both at 18.


title: Minor (law)

text: For all provincial laws (such as alcohol and tobacco regulation), the provincial and territorial governments have the power to set the age of majority in their respective province or territory, and the age varies across Canada.


title: Minor (law)

text: Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Prince Edward Island have the age of majority set at 18, while in British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick the age of majority is 19. In the provinces of Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, the legal gambling age and the legal drinking age are both 19, while in Alberta, Quebec, and Manitoba it is 18 which is the age of majority.


title: Minor (law)

text: Under cannabis laws, a minor means anyone under 19 in the country except for Quebec which has a legal age of 21, and Alberta which is age 18.


title: Minor (law)

text: In Italy, law nr. 39 of March 8, 1975, states that a minor is a person under the age of 18. Citizens under the age of 18 may not vote (to vote for senators, 25), be elected, obtain a driving license for automobiles or issue or sign legal instruments. Crimes committed in Italy by minors are tried in a juvenile court.


title: Minor (law)

text: In all 28 states and 8 union territories, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18. In rare cases minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with extremely heinous crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult.


title: Minor (law)

text: The Civil and Commercial Code of the Kingdom of Thailand does not define "minor"; however, sections 19 and 20 read as follows:


title: Minor (law)

text: Hence, a minor in Thailand refers to any person under the age of 20, unless they are married. A minor is restricted from doing juristic actsfor example, signing contracts. When minors wish to do a juristic act, they have to obtain the consent from their legal representative, usually (but not always) the parents and otherwise the act is voidable. The exceptions are acts by which a minor merely acquires a right or is freed from a duty, acts that are strictly personal, and acts that are suitable to the person's condition in life and are required for their reasonable needs. A minor can make a will at the age of fifteen.


title: Minor (law)

text: In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland a minor is a person under the age of 18; in Scotland a minor reaches the age of majority at 18 although minors from the age of 16 have legal capacity to enter into contracts. The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland is 10; and 12 in Scotland, formerly 8, which was the lowest age in Europe.


title: Minor (law)

text: In England and Wales, cases of minors breaking the law are often dealt with by the Youth Offending Team. If they are incarcerated, they are sent to a Young Offender Institution.


title: Minor (law)

text: Things that persons under 18 are prohibited from doing include sitting on a jury, voting, standing as a candidate, buying or renting films with an 18 certificate or R18 certificate or seeing them in a cinema, being depicted in pornographic materials, suing without a litigant friend, being civilly liable, accessing adoption records and purchasing alcohol, tobacco products, knives and fireworks. The rules on minimum age for sale of these products are frequently broken so in practice drinking and smoking takes place before the age of majority; however many UK shops are tightening restrictions on them by asking for identifying documentation from potentially underage customers.


title: Minor (law)

text: Driving certain large vehicles, acting as personal license holder for licensed premises, and adopting a child are permitted only upon the age of 21. The minimum age to drive a HGV1 vehicle was reduced to 18. However, certain vehicles, e.g., steamrollers, require that someone be 21 years of age to obtain an operating license.


title: Minor (law)

text: In the United States as of 1971, "minor" is generally legally defined as a person under the age of 18. However, in the context of alcohol or gambling laws, people under the age of 21 may also sometimes be referred to as minors. However, not all minors are considered juveniles in terms of criminal responsibility. As is frequently the case in the United States, the laws vary widely by state.


title: Minor (law)

text: Under this distinction, those considered juveniles are usually (but not always) tried in juvenile court, and they may be afforded other special protections. For example, in some states a parent or guardian must be present during police questioning, or their names may be kept confidential when they are accused of a crime. For many crimes (especially more violent crimes), the age at which a minor may be tried as an adult is variable below the age of 18 or (less often) below 16.


title: Minor (law)

text: The death penalty for those who have committed a crime while under the age of 18 was discontinued by the U.S. Supreme Court case "Roper v. Simmons" in 2005. The court's 5–4 decision was written by Justice Kennedy and joined by Justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Breyer, and Souter, and cited international law, child developmental science, and many other factors in reaching its conclusion.


title: Minor (law)

text: The twenty-sixth amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1971, granted all citizens the right to vote in every state, in every election, from the age of 18, reducing the minimum ages for most privileges that had previously been set at 21 (signing contracts, marrying without parental consent, termination of legal parental custody) to 18, with the exception of drinking, which had been raised to 21 around the 1980s due to teen drunk driving cases protested by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving.


title: Minor (law)

text: The U.S. Department of Defense took the position that they would not consider "enemy combatants" held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps minors unless they were less than sixteen years old. In any event, they separated only three of more than a dozen detainees under 16 from the adult prison population. Several dozen detainees between sixteen and eighteen were detained with the adult prison population. Now those under 18 are kept separate, in line with the age of majority and world expectations.


title: Minor (law)

text: Some states, including Florida, have passed laws that allow a person accused of an extremely heinous crime, such as murder, to be tried as an adult, regardless of age. These laws have been challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union. An estimated 250,000 youth are tried, sentenced, or incarcerated as adults every year across the United States.


title: Minor (law)

text: Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a minor is no longer under the control of their parents or guardians, and is given the legal rights associated with adults. Depending on country, emancipation may happen in different manners: through marriage, attaining economic self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or participating in a form of military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Joel Alexander Kim Booster (born Kim Joonmin; February 29, 1988) is a South Korean-born American actor, comedian, producer, and writer. He co-produced and wrote for "Big Mouth" and "The Other Two" and as an actor has appeared on "Shrill", "Search Party", and "Sunnyside". In 2022, he wrote, produced, and starred in the Hulu romantic comedy "Fire Island", a modern adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice" with a main cast of Asian American actors.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Born Kim Joonmin in Jeju Island, South Korea, Booster was adopted by an American couple as an infant. He was raised in Plainfield, Illinois, in a "conservative, white, Evangelical Christian family" and was initially homeschooled. He went to public school for the first time when he was 16, which he described as his "first time being around non-religious people." He knew he was gay from childhood but kept it a secret. His senior year in high school, his parents found out he was gay by reading his diary where he had described his sexual encounters with other boys. Booster moved out and began to couchsurf until he stayed with a family friend.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Living in Chicago, Booster took a job as a copywriter and began to perform in theater and write jokes after work. His stand-up career began in an unconventional fashion by opening up for plays in Chicago's theater scene. He moved to New York in 2014 to pursue a career in comedy. He performed a set on "Conan" in 2016. He then appeared in his own "Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents" special in 2017. Booster has also written for the shows "Billy on the Street", "Big Mouth", and "The Other Two".


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: On November 3, 2018, he released his debut stand-up album, "Model Minority". The material covers racism in the gay community, growing up Asian in a white community, and his own non-adherence to stereotypes about Asian Americans.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Booster has acted in various roles such as with Susan Sarandon in the YouTube original film "Viper Club"; on Netflix's "The Week Of" and on Hulu's "Shrill" starring Aidy Bryant. He co-starred as Jun Ho in the NBC comedy series "Sunnyside," which ran for one season. In 2019, he co-hosted a digital series called "Unsend" with Patti Harrison on Comedy Central. He is a regular panelist on "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" on NPR. In 2019, he started the podcast "Urgent Care with Joel Kim Booster + Mitra Jouhari" with comedian Mitra Jouhari under Earwolf.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Booster appeared on the December 8, 2020 episode of "The George Lucas Talk Show" with fellow guest Eliza Skinner.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Booster wrote and starred in the 2022 romantic comedy film "Fire Island", streaming on Hulu and inspired by "Pride and Prejudice". It is one of few mainstream gay films with a predominantly Asian American cast, and co-stars Margaret Cho, Bowen Yang, and Conrad Ricamora. The film received positive reception and was noted for its cinematography, faithfulness to "Pride and Prejudice", and depiction of a loving friendship between Howie and Noah (played by Yang and Booster).


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: In 2022, he released a stand-up special on Netflix called "Joel Kim Booster: Psychosexual". Abbey White of "The Hollywood Reporter" described the special positively: "..."Psychosexual" offers a hilariously biting deconstruction and reconstruction of Booster’s identity onstage; a repudiation not only of himself as a representative or “role model” for his various communities, but an affirmation that as a comedian, his only job is to tell jokes — regardless of whether that speaks to any community at all."


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: In September 2022, he performed at Life is Beautiful in Las Vegas alongside EDM Artist and Actress Freya Fox , and comedians Atsuko and Andrew Lopez. Fox, despite not being a comedian, participated in Booster's set by playing a game of "Guess The Comment: Kim Jong-Un or Joel Kim Booster?


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Booster is gay and often talks about his sexuality in his stand-up. He has stated that he knew he was gay before he knew he was Asian. On July 21, 2020, Booster publicly shared that he has bipolar disorder.


title: Joel Kim Booster

text: Booster was called a Comic to Watch by "Variety" and one of "Vulture"s 20 Comedians You Should and Will Know, and was named a "Forbes"' 30 Under 30 in Hollywood & Entertainment.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Carter Cruise is an American DJ, singer, music producer, model, and former erotic actress who advocated for the sex positive movement.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Cary, North Carolina. She was home schooled during her childhood and went to Cary High School. In 2009, she enrolled at East Carolina University, majoring in psychology and pre-law. While in school, she was heavily involved in Greek life, pledging a sorority as a freshman. In late 2013, she left her psychology studies at ECU to pursue a full-time career in the adult industry. Prior to becoming an adult film performer, she worked as a Hooters girl and lifeguard.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise began working as an erotic model in the summer of 2013. She made her porn debut in August of that year after contacting the Florida-based talent agency East Coast Talents. Her first agent advised her to market herself towards older men, but she instead marketed her brand towards both male and female college students. She moved to Los Angeles in March 2014 and signed with the agency Spiegler Girls in June. That same month, she was featured in "AVN"’s "fresh" issue.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise is interested in making extreme movies that explore issues of female submissiveness and consent. She cites Sasha Grey as an influence due to the way she expressed her vulnerability in her films. She has appeared in several features, including "Mrs. Polito" in "American Hustle XXX" from Smash Pictures and as a stepsister in "Cinderella XXX". She was cast as the lead in director Jacky St. James’ romance feature, "Second Chances", produced by New Sensations.


title: Carter Cruise

text: In 2015, Cruise became the second performer to ever win AVN Awards for Best New Starlet and Best Actress in the same year, after Jenna Jameson in 1996. In October 2015, she signed an exclusive one-year contract with Axel Braun Productions.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise was the subject of an interview for "Cosmopolitan" magazine's website called "Sex Work", which profiles women who have careers in sex-related industries.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise is pursuing a career as a DJ/producer. On January 19, 2015, Cruise released her first track, "DUNNIT", a collaboration with Styles&Complete and Crichy Crich, for Buygore Records. In an interview, Cruise stated that she is working on several songs and has also done some writing for various outlets, including sex advice blogs.


title: Carter Cruise

text: Cruise is also friends with fellow collegiate porn actress Belle Knox. Encouraged by her father, Cruise contacted Knox because she believed that she was "one of the few people who could really understand what she was going through." With regard to the publicity that Knox received, Cruise commented that she was "disgusted and appalled by the way civilized society tormented an 18-year-old woman for being sexual. The whole affair really demonstrated how important it is that we improve sexual education and tackle stigmas, as well as foster compassion and empathy between people."


title: Carter Cruise

text: In a 2014 interview for the online edition of "Cosmopolitan" magazine, she revealed that she has always wanted to be in the entertainment industry. She went on to say that she had not originally intended to go to college but did so to continue a relationship with a man she was dating. After taking a semester off to assess and plan her future, she came up with the concept of "Carter Cruise" as a brand and as a means to accomplish her goals with regards to writing, acting, music, and fashion. Cruise stated, "How can I do all of these things in one lifetime? Porn was the first step because it gave me the capital and the connections to not only build my brand but also to lay the foundations for other creative things that I wanted to get involved in."


title: Carter Cruise

text: She stated in an interview that both of her parents know about her career choice and are supportive. Cruise, who describes her father as "the biggest feminist", said that growing up he set up meetings for her with women CEOs, writers, architects, and entrepreneurs. She also states that she was "100 percent aware of the stigma of porn when I made the decision to do it. What I'm doing is risky and I totally understand that and I understood the risk. A year ago I was sitting in class wondering what the hell I was going to do with my life and last night I got nine AVN nominations. You're in this whirlwind of experiences. I could write a book on the past year alone. I plan to do that actually."


title: Hypnos

text: In Greek mythology, Hypnos (; Ancient Greek: means 'sleep') also spelled Hypnus is the personification of sleep; the Roman equivalent is known as Somnus. His name is the origin of the word hypnosis. Pausanias wrote that Hypnos was a dearest friend of the Muses.


title: Hypnos

text: Hypnos is usually the fatherless son of Nyx ("The Night"), although sometimes Nyx's consort Erebus ("The Darkness") is named as his father. His twin brother is Thanatos ("Death"). Both siblings live in the underworld (Hades). According to rumors, Hypnos lived in a big cave, which the river Lethe ("Forgetfulness") comes from and where night and day meet. His bed is made of ebony, on the entrance of the cave grow a number of poppies and other soporific plants. No light and no sound would ever enter his grotto. According to Homer, he lives on the island Lemnos, which later on has been claimed to be his very own dream-island. He is said to be a calm and gentle god, as he helps humans in need and, due to their sleep, owns half of their lives.


title: Hypnos

text: Hypnos lived next to his twin brother, Thanatos (Θάνατος, "death") in the Underworld, where the rays of the sun never reach them.


title: Hypnos

text: Hypnos' mother was Nyx (Νύξ, "Night"), the goddess of Night, without a father. However, sometimes he was the son of Nyx and Erebus, the god of Darkness. Nyx was a dreadful and powerful goddess, and even Zeus feared to enter her realm.


title: Hypnos

text: His wife, Pasithea, was one of the youngest of the Charites and was promised to him by Hera, who is the goddess of marriage and birth. Pasithea is the goddess of hallucination or relaxation.


title: Hypnos

text: Hypnos used his powers to trick Zeus. Hypnos was able to trick him and help the Danaans win the Trojan War. During the war, Hera loathed her brother and husband, Zeus, so she devised a plot to trick him. She decided that in order to trick him she needed to make him so enamoured with her that he would fall for the trick. So she washed herself with ambrosia and anointed herself with oil, made especially for her to make herself impossible for Zeus to resist. She wove flowers through her hair, put on three brilliant pendants for earrings, and donned a wondrous robe. She then called for Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and asked her for a charm that would ensure that her trick would not fail. In order to procure the charm, however, she lied to Aphrodite because they sided on opposite sides of the war. She told Aphrodite that she wanted the charm to help herself and Zeus stop fighting. Aphrodite willingly agreed. Hera was almost ready to trick Zeus, but she needed the help of Hypnos, who had tricked Zeus once before.


title: Hypnos

text: Hera called on Hypnos and asked him to help her by putting Zeus to sleep. Hypnos was reluctant because the last time he had put the god to sleep, he was furious when he awoke. It was Hera who had asked him to trick Zeus the first time as well. She was furious that Heracles, Zeus' son, sacked the city of the Trojans. So she had Hypnos put Zeus to sleep, and set blasts of angry winds upon the sea while Heracles was still sailing home. When Zeus awoke he was furious and went on a rampage looking for Hypnos. Hypnos managed to avoid Zeus by hiding with his mother, Nyx. This made Hypnos reluctant to accept Hera's proposal and help her trick Zeus again. Hera first offered him a beautiful golden seat that can never fall apart and a footstool to go with it. He refused this first offer, remembering the last time he tricked Zeus. Hera finally got him to agree by promising that he would be married to Pasithea, one of the youngest Graces, whom he had always wanted to marry. Hypnos made her swear by the river Styx and call on gods of the underworld to be witnesses so that he would be ensured that he would marry Pasithea.


title: Hypnos

text: Hera went to see Zeus on Gargarus, the topmost peak of Mount Ida. Zeus was extremely taken by her and suspected nothing as Hypnos was shrouded in a thick mist and hidden upon a pine tree that was close to where Hera and Zeus were talking. Zeus asked Hera what she was doing there and why she had come from Olympus, and she told him the same lie she told Aphrodite. She told him that she wanted to go help her parent stop quarrelling and she stopped there to consult him because she didn't want to go without his knowledge and have him be angry with her when he found out. Zeus said that she could go any time, and that she should postpone her visit and stay there with him so they could enjoy each other's company. He told her that he was never in love with anyone as much as he loved her at that moment. He took her in his embrace and Hypnos went to work putting him to sleep, with Hera in his arms. While this went on, Hypnos travelled to the ships of the Achaeans to tell Poseidon, God of the Sea, that he could now help the Danaans and give them a victory while Zeus was sleeping. This is where Hypnos leaves the story, leaving Poseidon eager to help the Danaans. Thanks to Hypnos helping to trick Zeus, the war changed its course to Hera's favour, and Zeus never found out that Hypnos had tricked him one more time.


title: Hypnos

text: According to a passage in "Deipnosophistae", the sophist and dithyrambic poet Licymnius of Chios tells a different tale about the Endymion myth, in which Hypnos loves Endymion and does not close the eyes of his beloved even while he is asleep, but lulls him to rest with eyes wide open so that he may without interruption enjoy the pleasure of gazing at them.


title: Hypnos

text: Hypnos appears in numerous works of art, most of which are vases. An example of one vase that Hypnos is featured on is called "Ariadne Abandoned by Theseus," which is part of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston's collection. In this vase, Hypnos is shown as a winged god dripping Lethean water upon the head of Ariadne as she sleeps.


title: Hypnos

text: One of the most famous works of art featuring Hypnos is a bronze head of Hypnos himself, now kept in the British Museum in London. This bronze head has wings sprouting from his temples and the hair is elaborately arranged, some tying in knots and some hanging freely from his head.


title: Hypnos

text: The English word "hypnosis" is derived from his name, referring to the fact that when hypnotized, a person is put into a sleep-like state (hypnos "sleep" + -osis "condition"). The class of medicines known as "hypnotics" which induce sleep also take their name from Hypnos.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: The Longest Day is a 1962 American epic war film, shot in black and white and based on Cornelius Ryan's 1959 non-fiction book of the same name about the D-Day landings at Normandy on June 6, 1944. The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights. The screenplay was by Ryan, with additional material written by Romain Gary, James Jones, David Pursall, and Jack Seddon. It was directed by Ken Annakin (British and French exteriors), Andrew Marton (American exteriors), and Bernhard Wicki (German scenes).


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: "The Longest Day" features a large international ensemble cast including John Wayne, Kenneth More, Richard Todd, Robert Mitchum, Richard Burton, Steve Forrest, Sean Connery, Henry Fonda, Red Buttons, Peter Lawford, Eddie Albert, Jeffrey Hunter, Stuart Whitman, Tom Tryon, Rod Steiger, Leo Genn, Gert Fröbe, Irina Demick, Bourvil, Curd Jürgens, George Segal, Robert Wagner, Paul Anka, and Arletty. Many of these actors played roles that were essentially cameo appearances. In addition, several cast members had seen action as servicemen during the war, including Albert, Fonda, Genn, More, Steiger, and Todd; Todd was among the first British officers to land in Normandy in Operation Overlord, and he participated in the assault on Pegasus Bridge.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: The film employed several Axis and Allied military consultants who had been actual participants on D-Day, and many had their roles re-enacted in the film. These included Günther Blumentritt (a former German general), James M. Gavin (an American general), Frederick Morgan (Deputy Chief of Staff at SHAEF), John Howard (who led the airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge), Lord Lovat (who commanded the 1st Special Service Brigade), Philippe Kieffer (who led his men in the assault on Ouistreham), Marie-Pierre Kœnig (who commanded the Free French Forces in the invasion), Max Pemsel (a German general), Werner Pluskat (the major who was the first German officer to see the invasion fleet), Josef "Pips" Priller (the hot-headed pilot), and Lucie Rommel (widow of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel).


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: Shot in a docudrama style (with captions identifying the different participants), the film opens in the days leading up to D-Day, concentrating on events on both sides of the English channel. The Allies wait for a break in the poor weather while anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France. As Supreme Commander of SHAEF, Gen. Dwight Eisenhower makes the decision to go after reviewing the initial bad weather reports and the reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen and what should be their response.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: Multiple scenes document the early hours of June 6: Allied airborne troops being sent in to take key locations inland, away from the beaches, and the French resistance reaction to the news that the invasion has started. Also chronicled are important events surrounding D-Day: British troops' glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge, the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte-Mère-Église, the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents, and the response by the "Wehrmacht" to the invasion. Also shown is the uncertainty of German commanders regarding whether this is a feint in preparation for Allied crossings at the Strait of Dover (see Operation Fortitude), where the senior German staff had always assumed that the invasion would begin.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: Set-piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte-Mère-Église, the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches, the U.S. Provisional Ranger Group's assault on the Pointe du Hoc, the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces, and the strafing of the beaches by two lone "Luftwaffe" pilots. The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland by crossing France to eventually reach Germany.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan's book "The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day" on March 23, 1960. After finishing "The Truth", Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached. Ryan would receive $100,000, plus $35,000 to write the adaptation's screenplay. Lévy intended to start production in March 1961, filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts. But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected. Eventually, former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing "The Big Gamble", and in December purchased Lévy's option for $175,000. Zanuck's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment, which piqued the producer's interest and made him attach Williams to "The Longest Day" as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. Ryan was brought in to write the script, but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met. Williams was forced to act as a mediator; he would deliver Ryan's script pages to Zanuck, then return them with the latter's annotations. While Ryan developed the script, Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups for the various nationalities, including James Jones for the Americans, Romain Gary for the French, Noël Coward for the British and Erich Maria Remarque for the Germans. As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor, Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration, but the four other writers are credited for "additional scenes" in the closing credits.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: During pre-production, producer Frank McCarthy, who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II, arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Zanuck, who was friends with Supreme Allied Commander Lauris Norstad, secured 700 United States Army Europe and Africa soldiers for use as extras. However, hundreds of these soldiers had to be recalled after the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and many Members of Congress such as Bob Wilson criticized the military for transferring soldiers to a film production in France during a major Cold War standoff. The Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights under Sam Ervin investigated the film for allegly forcing soldiers to appear as extras against their will. In the end the film included 250 U.S. Army soldiers and 500 British Army soldiers as extras.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes, shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously, so he hired German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki, British director Ken Annakin, and Hungarian-American director Andrew Marton. Zanuck's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project, particularly the high budget.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: The film premiered in France on September 25, 1962, followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom. Funds from the premiers were donated to the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the International Rescue Committee. Because Fox was suffering with the financial losses of "Cleopatra", the studio intended that "The Longest Day" should have a wide release to reap quick profits. Zanuck forced them to do a proper roadshow theatrical release, even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so. "The Longest Day" eventually became the box office hit Fox needed, with $30.5 million in worldwide theatrical rentals on a $7.5 million budget. It was the highest-grossing black and white movie at the time. Zanuck's production company (DFZ Productions) received 50% of the profits and by 1964 had received over $5.8 million.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: There were special-release showings of the film in several United States cities. Participants in D-Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers; in Cleveland, Ohio, as one example, this took place at the Hippodrome Theater.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: Uniquely for British- and American-produced World War II films of the time, all French and German characters speak in their own languages, with subtitles running below in English. Another version, which was shot simultaneously, has all the actors speaking their lines in English. (This version was used for the film's trailer, as the Germans deliver their lines in English.) However, this version saw limited use during the film's initial release. It was used more extensively during the film's late 1960s re-release.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: The film was re-released in 1969 and opened at number one at the US box office with a first week gross of $501,529. In the first four days of its worldwide re-release in 544 theatres, it grossed $2,846,627.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: "The Longest Day" was released on LaserDisc in 1989, its first wide-screen and stereo surround home video presentation. A colorized version was released on VHS in 1994, the 50th anniversary of the D-Day invasion. The original monochrome version was subsequently released on DVD on November 6, 2001. In 2008, 20th Century Fox released the film on Blu-ray.


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: The day after the film opened at the Warner Theatre in New York City, Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" declared: "The total effect of the picture is that of a huge documentary report, adorned and colored by personal details that are thrilling, amusing, ironic, sad ... It is hard to think of a picture, aimed and constructed as this one was, doing any more or any better or leaving one feeling any more exposed to the horror of war as this one does". "Variety" described it as "a solid and stunning war epic" that "emerges as a sort of grand scale semi-fictionalized documentary concerning the overall logistics needed for this incredible invasion". Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it "a tingling, eye-gripping, fantastic picture" that "must rank as the screen's most massive battle epic". His only criticism was "the lack of perspective in depicting the German belief that the Normandy landings might not have succeeded had Hitler not taken a sleeping pill ... 'The Longest Day' should have taken infinitely more care to put this German belief, however strongly held, into proper proportion". Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" called the film "a tour de force of audio-visual verisimilitude," but confessed that "my emotions were hardly ever engaged, and I ended, rather to my embarrassment, by being bored". He went on, "Mr. Zanuck made it all the harder for me to take this mock-documentary seriously by stuffing it with innumerable celebrated actors, most of whom make such fugitive appearances that the audience finds itself engaged in a distracting game of instant identification". "The Monthly Film Bulletin" stated, ""The Longest Day" is a monument split down the middle by compromise. At its best, what comes across very strongly is the feeling of immense and careful organisation that went into the whole D-Day operation, the sheer crippling weight of noise, the simple fact that a lot of people died, and the sense of personal confusion and dismay of soldiers wandering alone through the countryside ... But the film is, first and foremost, a spectacle, and therefore it has stars—a multitude of them, often with barely a line to speak, and usually with no real part to play".


title: The Longest Day (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 23 reviews, with an average score of 7.8/10.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: Keiynan Lonsdale (; born 19 December 1991) is an Australian actor, dancer, and singer-songwriter. He is known for roles such as Oliver Lloyd in the ABC series "Dance Academy" (2012–2013), Wally West/Kid Flash in the CW series "The Flash" (2015–2020) and "Legends of Tomorrow" (2017–2018), and Abraham "Bram" Greenfeld in the film "Love, Simon" (2018). His other films include "" (2015) and "The Finest Hours" (2016). Lonsdale has also worked as an MTV VJ and released original music recordings, including a studio album in 2020.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: Lonsdale was born in Sydney to a Nigerian father of Edo descent and an Australian mother of Irish and Danish descent. He has eleven siblings.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: Lonsdale's first acting job was in 2007, with a dancing part in the film "". The following year, he appeared in an episode of the Australian television medical drama "All Saints". Lonsdale became a recurring member of the cast of the Australian teen drama series "Dance Academy" in the 2012 second season as the character Oliver Lloyd, who became a regular in the third and final season.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: Lonsdale was a VJ on MTV for two and a half years. He released a single on iTunes titled "One and Only" in 2014. He then played a supporting role as Uriah Pedrad in "" (2015), the second film in the series, later briefly reprising said role in "" (2016). In 2016, his single "Higher" was included on Connor Franta's curated album "Common Culture, volume 5". Lonsdale next appeared in the historical drama "The Finest Hours" (2016) as Eldon Hanon, the youngest sailor involved in a rescue at sea.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: In 2015, Lonsdale auditioned for the role of Jefferson Jackson, but the role was given to Franz Drameh. Instead, he was cast as Wally West (the previously unknown son of Joe West) on CW's "The Flash" and became a regular supporting character in season two and as Kid Flash in season three. In 2017, the character left "The Flash" and debuted on season three of "Legends of Tomorrow". That year, Lonsdale also appeared in an episode of "Supergirl".


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: In 2018, Lonsdale starred as Bram in the film "Love, Simon", based on the novel "Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda" by Becky Albertalli about a teenage boy who struggles to come out. Lonsdale later said the role helped in coming to terms with his own sexuality. Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics, and was dubbed historically significant, as it is the first film ever released by a major studio to focus on a gay teenage romance.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: In 2019, Lonsdale starred in Camila Cabello's music video for "Liar". He has also released musical recordings, including "Higher" in 2015, "Good Life" in 2017, "Kiss the Boy" in 2018, and "Preach" in 2018. Lonsdale also released a single "Rainbow Dragon" in 2019.


title: Keiynan Lonsdale

text: In 2017, Lonsdale came out on Instagram saying "I like girls, & I like guys". Lonsdale previously did not self-identify with a specific sexuality label, but described himself as gay in a 2022 interview for BuzzFeed.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: Lords of Chaos is a 2018 biographical-horror-thriller film directed by Jonas Åkerlund and written by Lillie Rammal, Dennis Magnusson, and Åkerlund. Adapted from the 1998 book of the same name, the film is a historical fiction account of the early 1990s Norwegian black metal scene told from the perspective of Mayhem co-founder Euronymous. It stars Rory Culkin as Euronymous, Emory Cohen as Varg Vikernes, Jack Kilmer as Dead, and Sky Ferreira as Ann-Marit.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 23 January 2018. It was released in the United States on 8 February 2019 by Gunpowder & Sky, in the United Kingdom on 29 March 2019 by Arrow Films and in Sweden on 5 April 2019 by Nordisk Film. It received positive reviews from critics, but was met with polarizing reception from audiences within the metal community.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: In 1987, a young guitarist called Euronymous forms a black metal band called Mayhem, the first of the genre in their country of Norway, with Necrobutcher on bass, and Manheim on drums. Manheim leaves and is soon replaced by new drummer Hellhammer and they recruit a new vocalist from Sweden called Dead, who exhibits self-destructive behavior, during their live shows cutting himself and bleeding on the audience and throwing pig heads at the "posers". At a show filmed by their friend Metalion, the band meets a fan named Kristian, whom Euronymous initially looks down on.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: While home alone, Dead uses his personal knife to cut his arms and throat, and then uses Euronymous' shotgun to shoot himself in the forehead, leaving behind a suicide note. Euronymous returns home and finds the body but instead of calling the police, he takes photos of the body and moves the knife and shotgun around. After Dead's body is taken to the morgue, Euronymous gives necklaces to the other band members which he claims are pieces of Dead's skull; this disgusts Necrobutcher, prompting him to leave the band.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: Soon after, Euronymous starts his own black metal record label and opens a record shop called Helvete ("Hell"), which becomes a social hub for black-metallers like Metalion, Fenriz of Darkthrone, Faust of Emperor, and Kristian (who is now calling himself Varg Vikernes) of Burzum. They become known as the "Black Circle". After being mocked by Euronymous, the very anti-Christian Varg burns down a local church. When challenged by Varg concerning his status as the leader of the Black Circle, Euronymous burns down a church with Faust and Varg accompanying.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: Euronymous recruits Varg as bassist, a guitarist called Blackthorn and a Hungarian vocalist, Attila Csihar, to record Mayhem's first album, "De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas". A power dispute between Varg and Euronymous arises.


title: Lords of Chaos (film)

text: After a wave of church burnings begins, Faust brutally kills a gay man, leading police to link black-metallers to the crimes. Helvete is shut down and Varg is arrested as prime suspect after an interview with a Bergen newspaper in which he boasts of the crimes. He is soon released for lack of evidence. Varg tells Euronymous that he is leaving Mayhem and is starting his own record label. Euronymous reveals that the "skull piece" necklaces were fakes, and that he never intended anyone to follow through on his angry rhetoric, which infuriates Varg.