title: All Saints' Day

text: Some scholars propose that churches in the British Isles began celebrating All Saints on 1 November in the 8th century to coincide with or replace the Celtic festival known in Ireland and Scotland as Samhain. James Frazer represents this school of thought by arguing that 1 November was chosen because Samhain was the date of the Celtic festival of the dead. Ronald Hutton argues instead that the earliest documentary sources indicate Samhain was a harvest festival with no particular ritual connections to the dead. Hutton proposes that 1 November was a Germanic rather than a Celtic idea.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The 1 November All Saints Day was made a day of obligation throughout the Frankish Empire in 835, by a decree of Emperor Louis the Pious, issued "at the instance of Pope Gregory IV and with the assent of all the bishops", which confirmed its celebration on 1 November. Under the rule of Charlemagne and his successors, the Frankish Empire developed into the Holy Roman Empire.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Sicard of Cremona, a scholar who lived in the 12th and 13th centuries, proposed that Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) suppressed the feast of 13 May in favour of 1 November. By the 12th century, 13 May had been deleted from liturgical books.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The All Saints octave was added by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84). Both the All Saints vigil and the octave were suppressed by the Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII in 1955.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The festival was retained after the Reformation in the liturgical calendars of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Church. In the Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden, it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the Swedish calendar, the observance takes place on the Saturday between 31 October and 6 November. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the Church of England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, it is a Principal Feast and may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November. It is also celebrated by other Protestants, such as the United Church of Canada and various Methodist connexions.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Protestants generally commemorate all Christians, living and deceased, on All Saints' Day; if they observe All Saints Day at all, they use it to remember all Christians both past and present. In the United Methodist Church, All Saints' Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those who have died who were members of the local church congregation. In some congregations, a candle is lit by the Acolyte as each person's name is called out by the clergy. Prayers and responsive readings may accompany the event. Often, the names of those who have died in the past year are affixed to a memorial plaque.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In many Lutheran churches, All Saints' Day is celebrated the Sunday after Reformation is celebrated (the date for Reformation is 31 October, so Reformation Sunday is celebrated on or before 31 October). In most congregations, the festival is marked as an occasion to remember the dead. The names of those who have died from the congregation within the last year are read during worship and a bell is tolled, a chime is played or a candle is lit for each name read. While the dead are solemnly remembered during worship on All Saints' Sunday, the festival is ultimately a celebration of Christ's victory over death.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In English-speaking countries, services often include the singing of the traditional hymn "For All the Saints" by Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is "Sine Nomine" by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Other hymns that are popularly sung during corporate worship on this day are "I Sing a Song of the Saints of God" and "Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones".


title: All Saints' Day

text: Being the vigil of All Saints' Day (All Hallows' Day), in many countries, such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, Halloween is celebrated on 31 October. During the 20th century the observance largely became a secular one, although some traditional Christian groups have continued to embrace the Christian origins of Halloween whereas others have rejected such celebrations.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church, following the Byzantine tradition, commemorates all saints collectively on the Sunday after Pentecost, All Saints' Sunday (Greek: Ἁγίων Πάντων, "Agiōn Pantōn").


title: All Saints' Day

text: By 411, the East Syrians kept the Chaldean Calendar with a "Commemoratio Confessorum" celebrated on the Friday after Easter. The 74th homily of St. John Chrysostom from the late 4th or early 5th century marks the observance of a feast of all the martyrs on the first Sunday after Pentecost. Some scholars place the location where this sermon was delivered as Constantinople.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The Feast of All Saints achieved greater prominence in the 9th century, in the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI "the Wise" (866–911). His wife, Empress Theophano lived a devout life and, after her death, miracles occurred. Her husband built a church for her relics and intended to name it to her. He was discouraged to do so by local bishops, and instead dedicated it to "All Saints". According to tradition, it was Leo who expanded the feast from a commemoration of All Martyrs to a general commemoration of All Saints, whether martyrs or not.


title: All Saints' Day

text: This Sunday marks the close of the Paschal season. To the normal Sunday services are added special scriptural readings and hymns to all the saints (known and unknown) from the Pentecostarion.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In the late spring, the Sunday following Pentecost Saturday (50 days after Easter) is set aside as a commemoration of all locally venerated saints, such as "All Saints of America", "All Saints of Mount Athos", etc. The third Sunday after Pentecost may be observed for even more localised saints, such as "All Saints of St. Petersburg", or for saints of a particular type, such as "New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke".


title: All Saints' Day

text: In addition to the Mondays mentioned above, Saturdays throughout the year are days for general commemoration of all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the Octoechos.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The celebration of 1 November in Lebanon as a holiday reflects the influence of Western Catholic orders present in Lebanon and is not Maronite in origin. The traditional Maronite feast equivalent to the honor of all saints in their liturgical calendar is one of three Sundays in preparation for Lent called the Sunday of the Righteous and the Just. The following Sunday is the Sunday of the Faithful Departed (similar to All Souls' Day in Western calendar).


title: All Saints' Day

text: In East Syriac tradition the All Saints Day celebration falls on the first Friday after resurrection Sunday. This is because all departed faithful are saved by the blood of Jesus and they resurrected with the Christ. Normally in east Syriac liturgy the departed souls are remembered on Friday. Church celebrates All souls' day on Friday before the beginning of Great lent or Great Fast.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Austria and Bavaria it is customary on All Saints' Day for godfathers to give their godchildren "Allerheiligenstriezel", a braided yeast pastry.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Belgium, "Toussaint" or "Allerheiligen" is a public holiday. Belgians visit the cemeteries to place chrysanthemums on the graves of deceased relatives on All Saints Day, since All Souls' Day is not a holiday.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In France, and throughout the Francophone world, the day is known as "La Toussaint". Flowers (especially chrysanthemums), or wreaths called "couronnes de toussaints", are placed at each tomb or grave. The following day, 2 November (All Souls' Day) is called "Le jour des morts", the Day of the Dead. November 1st is a public holiday.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Germany, "Allerheiligen" is a public holiday in five federal states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland. They categorize it as a silent day "(stiller Tag)" when public entertainment events are only permitted if the serious character of the day is preserved.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Hungary, Mindenszentek napja (literally All Saints Day) is a national holiday which is followed by Halottak napja (Day of the Dead). On Day of the Dead people take candles and flowers (especially chrysanthemums) on the tombs or graves of all their loved ones and relatives thus many people travell around the country to distant cemeteries. People who cannot travell may lay their flowers or candles at the main calvary cross of a nearby cemetery. Since only All Saints Day is a national holiday, most people use this day to visit cemeteries and pay tribute to their passed relatives. As in the case with every national holiday in Hungary if All Saints Day happens to be a Tuesday or a Thursday then that week's Monday or Friday is observed as a Saturday making that weekend 4 days long and one of the previous or following Saturdays is changed to a workday. Traffic in and around cemeteries are much higher than usual on these days with actual police presence.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Poland, "Dzień Wszystkich Świętych" is a public holiday. Families try to gather together for both All Saints' Day and the All Souls' Day "(Zaduszki)", the official day to commemorate the departed faithful. The celebrations begin with tending to family graves and the surrounding graveyards, lighting candles and leaving flowers. 1 November is a bank holiday in Poland, while the following All Souls' Day is not. The Zaduszki custom of honouring the dead thus corresponds with All Souls' Day celebrations, and is much more observed in Poland than in most other places in the West.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Portugal, "Dia de Todos os Santos" is a national holiday. Families remember their dead with religious observances and visits to the cemetery. Portuguese children celebrate the "Pão-por-Deus" tradition (also called "santorinho", "bolinho" or "fiéis de Deus") going door-to-door, where they receive cakes, nuts, pomegranates, sweets and candies.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Spain, el "Día de Todos los Santos" is a national holiday. People take flowers to the graves of dead relatives. The play "Don Juan Tenorio" is traditionally performed.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Guatemala, All Saints' Day is a national holiday. On that day Guatemalans make a special meal called "fiambre" which is made of cold meats and vegetables; it is customary to visit cemeteries and to leave some of the "fiambre" for their dead. It is also customary to fly kites to help unite the dead with the living. There are festivals in towns like Santiago Sacatepéquez and Sumpango, where giant colorful kites are flown.


title: All Saints' Day

text: All Saints' Day in Mexico coincides with the first day of the Day of the Dead ("Día de Muertos") celebration. It commemorates children who have died ("Dia de los Inocentes") and the second day celebrates all deceased adults.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Allhowtide in the Philippines is variously called ""Undás"" (from the Spanish "Honras", meaning honours, as in "with honours"), ""Todos los Santos"" (Spanish, "All Saints"), and sometimes ""Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao"" (Tagalog, "Day of the Dead/Passed Away"), which incorporates All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting their family's graves to clean and repair the tombs. Prayers for the dead are recited, while offerings are made, the most common being flowers, candles, food, and for Chinese Filipinos, incense and "kim". Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the graves with feasting and merriment.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Though Halloween is usually seen as an American influence, the country's trick-or-treat traditions during Undas are actually much older. This tradition was derived from the pre-colonial tradition of "pangangaluwa". From "káluluwâ" ("spirit double"), it was a practice of early Filipinos, swathed in blankets, going from house to house, and singing as they pretended to be the spirits of ancestors. If the owner of the house failed to give "biko" or rice cakes to the "nangángalúluwâ", the "spirits" would play tricks (such as stealing slippers or other objects left outside the house, or run off with the family's chickens). Pangángaluluwâ practices are still seen in some rural areas.


title: All Saints' Day

text: During Undas, families visit the graves of loved ones. It is believed that by going to the cemetery and offering food, candles, flowers, and sometimes incense, the spirits are remembered and appeased. Contrary to common belief, this visitation practice is not an imported tradition. Prior to the use of coffins, pre-colonial Filipinos were already visiting burial caves throughout the archipelago as confirmed by research conducted by the University of the Philippines. The tradition of "atang" or "hain" is also practiced, where food and other offerings are placed at the gravesite. If the family cannot visit, a specific area in the house is set aside for ritual offerings.


title: All Saints' Day

text: The present date of Undas, 1 November, is not a pre-colonial observance but an import from Mexico, where it is known as the Day of the Dead. Pre-colonial Filipinos preferred going to the burial caves of the departed occasionally as they believed that "aswáng" (monster, half-vampire, half-werewolf beings) would take the corpse of the dead if it was not properly guarded. Watching over the body of the dead is called "paglalamay". However, in some communities, this paglalamay tradition is non-existent and is replaced by other pre-colonial traditions unique to each community.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Undas is also seen as a family holiday, where members living elsewhere to their hometowns to visit ancestral graves. Family members are expected to remain beside the grave for the entire day and socialize with each other to strengthen ties. In some cases, family members going to graves may exceed one hundred people. Fighting in any form is taboo during Undas.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Children are allowed to play with melted candles left at tombs, which they form into wax balls. The round balls symbolize the affirmation that everything goes back to where it began, as the living will return to dust from whence it came. In some cases, families also light candles by the front door, their number equivalent to the number of departed loved ones. It is believed that the lights aid the spirits and guide them to the afterlife.


title: All Saints' Day

text: 1 November is a fixed date public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, East Timor, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Martinique, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Togo, the Vatican and Venezuela.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Belgium, all Sundays are public holidays; should All Saints fall on a Sunday, then a replacement day on a weekday of choice is given. In Monaco, if it falls on a Sunday, the next day is a statutory holiday.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Sweden, an All Saints public holiday falls on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November, with a half-holiday the day before. Both in Finland and Estonia, the All Saints public holiday was moved from a fixed date of 1 November to a public holiday on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November. In the Åland Islands the first Saturday of November is an All Saints public holiday.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Montenegro, All Saints' Day is considered a Roman Catholic holiday and is a non-working day for that religious community. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it's a public holiday in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Germany All Saints' is a designated quiet day in states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Similarly in Switzerland the following 15 out of 26 cantons have All Saints as a public holiday: Aargau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Fribourg, Glarus, Jura, Luzern, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Solothurn, Schwyz, Ticino, Uri, Valais, and Zug.


title: All Saints' Day

text: Although the European Commission does not set public holidays for its member states, 1 November is a public holiday for the employees of the institutions of the European Union.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In the Philippines, where there are two types of public holidays, All Saints' Day is a fixed date, special holiday.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In India, All Saints Day is considered a public holiday in the state of Karnataka and a Christian religious holiday throughout the country, which means it is often a common addition to the list of paid holidays at the discretion of the employer, for those that wish to observe. It also happens to coincide with several state foundation days that fall on 1 November in several states: Karnataka Rajyotsava in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Day in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana Foundation Day in Haryana,


title: All Saints' Day

text: Madhya Pradesh Foundation Day in Madhya Pradesh, Kerala Foundation Day in Kerala and the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day in Chhattisgarh.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Bolivia All Saints is a public holiday on 2 November, unlike most other countries which celebrate All Souls' Day on that date.


title: All Saints' Day

text: In Antigua and Barbuda, 1 November falls on Independence Day, in Algeria on Revolution Day and in the US Virgin Islands on Liberty Day.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The English Football League Trophy, known for sponsorship purposes as the Papa Johns Trophy after restaurant chain Papa John's Pizza, is an annual English association football knockout competition open to all clubs in EFL League One and EFL League Two, with the addition of 16 under-21 teams from Premier League and EFL Championship clubs since the 2016–17 season. It is the 3rd most prestigious knockout competition in English football after the FA Cup and the EFL Cup.


title: EFL Trophy

text: Launched as the Associate Members' Cup during the 1983–84 season, the competition was renamed the Football League Trophy in 1992 after a reorganization following the formation of the Premier League and again as the current "EFL Trophy" in 2016 due to The Football League changing name to the English Football League. There had been an earlier but short-lived unrelated eponymous competition which changed name to the Football League Group Cup for one season in 1982–83.


title: EFL Trophy

text: Every season, the competition begins with two sets of draws in August, then runs 16 regional groups, each containing 4 teams and divided between northern and southern sections depending on the clubs' geographic locations. The top two from each group qualify for the knockout stages before the two winners meet in late March or early April in the final at Wembley Stadium. Some Midlands and East Anglian clubs fluctuate between the north and south each season for every draw. Other details have varied over the years, including in some years inviting clubs from the semi-professional National League, and holding a round-robin group stage prior to moving into knockout rounds.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The current champions are Rotherham United, who beat Sutton United 4–2 in the 2022 final after extra time. The most successful club is Bristol City, who have lifted the trophy three times, in 1986, 2003 and 2015, and were finalists in 1987 and 2000.


title: EFL Trophy

text: A similar but distinct competition of the same name existed until it changed name to the Football League Group Cup, which took place for the final time in the 1982–83 season. Launched as the "Associate Members' Cup" in the 1983–84 season, it rebranded as the "Football League Trophy" in 1992, coinciding with a reorganization following the decision of the First Division clubs at the time to break away and form the Premier League. The Football League became responsible for the remaining three professional divisions.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The competition rebranded again in 2016 to the current "EFL Trophy" due to The Football League rebranding as the English Football League. The first season under the new name saw 16 Category One academies of Premier League and EFL Championship clubs join the competition, a move which has been criticized for attempting to insert Premier League 'B' or academy U-21 teams into the English football pyramid.


title: EFL Trophy

text: 64 teams enter from Round One, including all 48 teams from League One and League Two, along with 16 category 1 Premier League and EFL Championship academy/under-21 sides. The competition now features 16 regional groups of four teams (with eight groups in each of Northern and Southern sections), with the top two from each group progressing to the knockout stages, the first two rounds of which remain regionalised before an open draw from the quarter-finals onwards.


title: EFL Trophy

text: During the group phase, if the scores are level at the end of the match, then penalties are taken immediately without recourse to extra time. The winning team is awarded 2 points and the losing team 1 point.


title: EFL Trophy

text: Similarly in the knock-out phase, except the final, if the scores are level at the end of the match the winner is decided by penalties. In the final, if the scores are equal after 90 minutes an extra 30 minutes are played and if still equal the winner is then decided by penalties.


title: EFL Trophy

text: On launch, the 48 eligible Third and Fourth Division clubs were split into North and South sections of 24 teams each. The first round had 12 knockout ties in each section, and the second had six. In each section the two second-round losers with the 'narrowest' defeats were reprieved, and joined the six other clubs in the regional quarter-finals.


title: EFL Trophy

text: A major change was introduced for the 1985–86 edition, with 8 three-team groups being set up in each of the two sections. Teams played one home and one away game and the group winners proceeded to the regional knockout stages. This format was tweaked the following season, with two teams qualifying from each group, resulting in an additional 'round of 16' knockout stage in each section.


title: EFL Trophy

text: For a number of seasons in the early to mid-1990s, the competition ran with only seven 3-team groups, two teams in each section receiving a bye into the knockout stages. This was owing to League reorganization and the demise of Aldershot and Maidstone United, which resulted in there being fewer than 48 teams in the 3rd and 4th levels.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The group phase was abolished for the 1996–97 edition; instead, 8 teams in each section received a bye to the second round, where they were joined by the 8 winners of the first-round ties.


title: EFL Trophy

text: For the 2000–01 season, 8 Conference Premier sides also played in the tournament, resulting in 12 ties in each of the north/south sections in the first round, with only four teams in each section gaining a bye into the second round. The number of Conference Premier entrants increased to 12 from 2002–03, resulting in 14 first-round ties, and two teams in each regional section gaining a bye into the second round.


title: EFL Trophy

text: Conference teams no longer participated from the 2006–07 tournament onward, and the format reverted to 8 first-round teams in each section, with 8 sides gaining byes to the second round.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The competition has always been contested by all teams at Levels Three and Four of the English football league system. Since the 2016–17 season, sixteen Category One academies have taken part in the competition.


title: EFL Trophy

text: Between 2000–01 and 2005–06 the competition was also open to a certain number of Football Conference sides. These are listed by season below:


title: EFL Trophy

text: Since the addition of the Category One academies in 2016–17, the following sides have competed in the competition:


title: EFL Trophy

text: The final of the EFL Trophy is held at the 90,000-seat Wembley Stadium in London, the English national football stadium. The first final in 1984 was due to be played at the then Wembley Stadium, but owing to damage caused to the pitch during the Horse of the Year Show, it was moved to Boothferry Park in Hull. From 2001 to 2007, during the rebuilding of the former Wembley, the Football League Trophy finals were played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The overall record attendance for the final is 85,021, set at the Wembley Stadium in 2019 by Portsmouth and Sunderland. The record attendance for the final at the original Wembley Stadium was 80,841, set in the 1988 final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Burnley. The record attendance for the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff was 59,024, set in the 2007 final between Bristol Rovers and Doncaster Rovers. The 2020 and 2021 finals were played with no fans present, but clubs raised money for charity by selling supporters virtual tickets.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The highest attendance for any game apart from the final came on 5 February 2013 for the Northern Area final, when Coventry City lost to Crewe Alexandra 3–0 at the Ricoh Arena in Coventry (they later won the away leg 2–0, going down 3–2 on aggregate), in front of a crowd of 31,054.


title: EFL Trophy

text: The lowest attendance in the history of the competition came during the 2018–19 season when just 202 attended a Middlesbrough academy team's 1–0 victory against Burton Albion in November 2018 at Burton's Pirelli Stadium. The low attendance can be attributed to a widespread boycott of the tournament by fans of the third and fourth tier clubs as a result of the competition format changes implemented in 2016–17. 'Category A' Academy teams, also known to fans as 'B teams', from the top level clubs in the Premier League and Championship were introduced to the competition, a change proven unpopular among football fans of the lower tier clubs.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: Telma Louise Hopkins (born October 28, 1948) is an American actress and singer. Hopkins rose to prominence as a member of the 1970s pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn, which had several number-one songs. She also performed on the CBS variety show "Tony Orlando and Dawn" from 1974 until 1976 along with Tony Orlando and Joyce Vincent Wilson. In the late 1970s, Hopkins began working as an actress, playing roles on various sitcoms, including Isabelle Hammond on "Bosom Buddies" (1980–82), Adelaide "Addy" Wilson on "Gimme a Break!" (1983–87) and "Family Matters" (1989–1997) as Rachel Baines–Crawford.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: As lead actress, Hopkins starred on "Getting By" from 1993 to 1994. In recent years, Hopkins was a regular cast member on "Half & Half" (2002–06) portraying Phyllis Thorne, "Are We There Yet?" (2010–13), and short-lived "Partners" (2014). In film, Hopkins co-starred in 1984 science fiction film "Trancers" and in its sequels "Trancers II" (1991) and "Trancers III" (1992), as well as appearing in "The Wood" (1999) and "The Love Guru" (2008).


title: Telma Hopkins

text: Hopkins started her career as a background singer in Detroit, Michigan, singing on many of the Golden World, Motown, Invictus Records and Hot Wax Records hits. She appeared on such classics as Freda Payne's "Band of Gold" and Isaac Hayes' "Theme from Shaft" and working with legendary artists like the Four Tops and Marvin Gaye.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson were recruited by Tony Orlando to form the vocal group Dawn. As a recording act, Tony Orlando and Dawn would have much success throughout the second half of the 1970s, releasing 16 top-40 singles, three of which reached #1, and starring in a CBS variety show (entitled "Tony Orlando and Dawn") from 1974-76. In 1977, Tony Orlando and Dawn announced their retirement.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: In 1979, Hopkins made her acting debut playing Daisy in the ABC miniseries "". Later that year, she co-starred alongside Eileen Brennan on the short-lived ABC sitcom "A New Kind of Family". The following year, she was cast opposite Tom Hanks and Peter Scolari in another ABC sitcom, "Bosom Buddies". The series was cancelled in 1982 after two seasons.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: She played Adelaide "Addy" Wilson, Nell's childhood friend, until the finale of the series in 1987. In 1989, Hopkins began starring as Rachel Baines-Crawford in the ABC sitcom "Family Matters". She left the series after four seasons as a regular cast member, the show wrote her character out of the script during the fourth season & later made recurring appearances in the sixth season & made a guest appearance in the season nine Christmas episode deck the malls in 1997. She left "Family Matters" to star as the co-lead (with Cindy Williams) of the sitcom "Getting By" which aired for two seasons (one on ABC, the other on NBC) from 1993-94.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: In later years, she appeared as Richard T. Jones' mother in the romantic comedy "The Wood" (1999), and played Romany Malco's mother in the comedy film "The Love Guru" (2008). She appeared onstage in "JD Lawrence's The Clean Up Woman" in October 2008.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: From 2002-06, she starred in the UPN sitcom "Half & Half" alongside Rachel True, Essence Atkins and Valarie Pettiford. She had the recurring roles on "The Hughleys" and "Any Day Now". From 2010 to 2013, she co-starred alongside Terry Crews and Essence Atkins in the TBS sitcom "Are We There Yet?".


title: Telma Hopkins

text: In 2014, she played Martin Lawrence's mother on the FX sitcom "Partners". In 2016, she was cast as Jerrika Hinton's mother in the ABC comedy pilot "Toast" produced by ShondaLand.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: In May 2021, it was announced Hopkins has been cast in the role of Denise Tolliver on "The Young and the Restless" to reunite with "Family Matters" co-star Bryton James.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: Hopkins was raised in Highland Park, Michigan. Hopkins was married to Donald B. Allen from 1970 until 1977. Together, they have a son.


title: Telma Hopkins

text: Hopkins often volunteers for charitable causes. She has worked with Caring for Babies with AIDS, Act on Arthritis and the PTA. She also mentors children.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: "Russian warship, go fuck yourself", was the last communication made on 24 February 2022 during the Russian attack on Snake Island in Ukraine's territorial waters by border guard Roman Hrybov to the Russian missile cruiser "Moskva". The phrase, and derivatives of the phrase, became widely adopted during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in protests and demonstrations around the world. Weeks later, the phrase was commemorated on a postage stamp by Ukrposhta, the Ukrainian postal service.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: The Ukrainian border guards were captured by the Russian Navy in the attack. During Hrybov's captivity, his family applied for a defensive trademark on the slogan. On his release, Hrybov was awarded a medal for his actions at the end of March.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 13 April 2022, one day after the first issue of the commemorative stamp, the "Moskva" was critically damaged by an explosion caused by Ukrainian anti-ship missiles and sank the following day.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 24 February 2022, the Russian flagship cruiser "Moskva", and patrol boat "Vasily Bykov", began an assault on Snake Island, a Ukrainian island located in the Black Sea. It is a small island with a single village populated by fewer than 30 people, that had a contingent of 13 border guards stationed on the island at the time of the attack. The "Moskva" called on the soldiers to surrender in return for their safety, which was firmly declined by the defenders.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: "Ukrainian 1" is believed to be Roman Hrybov (also transliterated "Gribov"). Author and academic Alex Abramovich, writing in the "London Review of Books", noted that a more literal translation of "", transliterated as "Idi na khuy", is "Go to a dick", or more idiomatically "Go sit on a dick".


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: Subsequently, Snake Island was captured by the Russian naval forces, and the thirteen soldiers defending it were thought to have been killed in the Russian assault. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced he would "posthumously" award the soldiers on Snake Island with the highest Ukrainian honour, the Hero of Ukraine.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 28 February 2022, the Ukrainian Navy announced that all of the border guards were alive and detained by the Russian Navy. On 24 March 2022, some of the Snake Island border guards, including Roman Hrybov, were returned to Ukraine in a prisoner exchange. On 29 March 2022, Hrybov returned to his native Cherkasy Oblast, and was given a medal for his actions.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 13 April 2022, Ukrainian presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych and Odesa governor Maksym Marchenko said that "Moskva" had been hit by two Neptune anti-ship missiles and was on fire in rough seas. A source at the Pentagon in the US later confirmed that "Moskva" had been hit by Ukrainian missiles. Russian state-owned news agencies said the ship was badly damaged and its crew was evacuated due to a "fire" from "detonated ammunition." The ship sank while being towed to a naval base.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: Recordings of the exchange became widely circulated on the internet and went viral on various social media platforms, and it has since become a rallying cry by both the Ukrainian military and civilians protesting the invasion.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: US Senator Ben Sasse mentioned the phrase while speaking on the Senate floor on 28 February: "One Ukrainian after conversing with some of his colleagues a little bit on a recording that many who may have now heard, decided to turn up the volume and he announced, 'Russian warship, '. [...] That is now the rallying cry of the Ukrainian resistance".


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: Andrew Keen writing in the "Literary Hub" noted that as a result of the slogan, "Even the f-word had been weaponized" and that it was now a "popular internet meme of resistance to the Russian invasion". "The Washington Post" said that "Ukraine is fighting back, one swear word at a time".


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 21 March 2022, the Russian Ministry of Defence posted an image on its official Telegram channel that reads "Never anger a Russian warship". (Никогда не злите русский военный корабль)


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: "The Week" compared the phrase to "Remember the Alamo" from the 19th century Texas Revolution. The "Small Wars Journal" likened the phrase to other notable battle taunts such as "Molon labe" (from the Battle of Thermopylae), and "Nuts!" (from the Battle of the Bulge), amongst others.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: The phrase also has been compared to another moment in Ukraine's history, the alleged 17th-century correspondence between the Ottoman sultan and the Cossacks (popularised by the 19th-century painting "Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks"), when a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (usually identified as Mehmed IV) demanded the surrender of either the Chyhyryn Cossacks or the Zaporozhian Cossacks (who lived in modern Central Ukraine), who allegedly refused and answered with a profanity-laden letter.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 26 February 2022, the Ukrainian Armed Forces blew up a railway junction connecting Ukrainian and Russian railways to prevent the Russian army from transporting military equipment and personnel into Ukraine by rail. When the Russian military asked Ukraine to restore the junction for humanitarian reasons, the Ukrainian dispatcher replied, "Russian train, go fuck yourself!".


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 27 February 2022, a Russian ship approached a Georgian oil tanker to ask for fuel. The latter replied "Russian ship, go fuck yourself" (). When the Russians complained that they were almost out of fuel, they were told to use their oars.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 7 March 2022, the Russian ship "Vasily Bykov", which previously attacked Snake Island and was approaching Odesa, was allegedly hit by Ukrainian defence forces. They then celebrated, saying "We fucking hit them!" and "Russian ship, go fuck yourself."


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 4 April 2022, US Magistrate Judge Zia M. Faruqui approved a Federal Bureau of Investigation request for a warrant to seize the yacht "Tango" owned by oligarch Viktor Vekselberg. Judge Faruqui concluded his order alluding to the slogan, saying "The Department of Justice's seizure echoes the message of the brave Ukrainian soldiers of Snake Island."


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 25 May 2022, Ukrainian flash cartridge maker, Krikzz, released a limited edition EverDrive for the Nintendo 64 featuring a label based on the commemorative stamp with all profit from the sales donated to the defense of Ukraine.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: In March 2022, Ukrainian band Botashe released a song titled "PNH" (), which predominantly features the phrase.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 29 March 2022, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence released the "Ukrainian military Oscars" (in tandem with the 94th Academy Awards) and gave the award for Best Picture to the sinking of the "Saratov" on 21 March, in Berdiansk, and to which it ascribed the mock-film title, "Russian Warship, Go F*** Yourself in Berdyansk".


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 27 May, the Ukrainian public broadcaster Suspilne announced that the stations of Ukrainian Radio would air a twice-daily segment debunking Russian disinformation, titled "Russian fake, go..." ().


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 1 March 2022, Ukrposhta, the Ukrainian postal service, launched a stamp design competition on the theme of the phrase. On 12 March 2022, the First Deputy Foreign Minister Emine Dzhaparova announced that artist Borys Grokh's work won the popular vote of Ukrposhta for the sketch for the stamp. Fact-checking site Snopes said that Grokh had lived in Yevpatoria in the Crimea all his life and was studying to be an artist, but as a result of the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014, he was forced to leave his home and had moved to Kyiv and later to Lviv. Snopes quoted that Ukrposhta encouraged Ukrainians to send the same to their "friends abroad or send a fiery "hello" to the Russians". Ukrposhta issued the set of commemorative postage stamps on 12 April.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: The stamps feature a drawing of a Ukrainian soldier presenting the middle finger to the Russian cruiser . The overall layout with the ochre land underneath the blue sea mimics the colours of the Flag of Ukraine. The special postmark accompanying the stamp shows the outline of Snake Island. The stamp design is available in both domestic and foreign version. President Zelenskyy had his picture taken with the stamps and commented that Russian warships should only sail in one direction.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: Roman Hrybov and the head of the Ukrainian Post Office, Ihor Smyljanskyj, signed the first special envelopes with the stamps at the Kyiv Main Post Office. The stamp proved popular in Ukraine with thousands queuing on its release in Kyiv. Over 1 million were scheduled for print, of which 700,000 were sold across Ukraine by 20 April. 200,000 were reserved for sale in areas under Russian occupation including Crimea, and 100,000 were reserved for sale online starting on 20 April.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 21 April, the website of the Ukrainian post office went offline, and Director General Ihor Smilianskyi reported on Facebook that the site had been hit with a distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Although Smilianskyi did not name a perpetrator, various outlets speculated that Russia's GRU was likely responsible for the cyberattack, and that it had done so in retaliation for the sale of the stamps.


title: Russian warship, go fuck yourself

text: On 17 March 2022, "World Trademark Review" ("WTR") reported that lawyers for Hrybov, through his family and the Ukrainian military, had filed for an EU trademark for the slogan in both Cyrillic script and in English. The lawyers told "WTR" that it was needed to respond to hostile filings by clothing companies in the United States and in Lithuania who were also seeking to trademark the slogan. Techdirt commented that it was a "depressing coda to an otherwise inspiring story", but that the fact that the slogan had reached meme status from which others were profiting had likely changed the situation.


title: Heather Thomas

text: Heather Anne Thomas (born September 8, 1957) is an American actress, author, and political activist, who co-starred as Jody Banks on the TV series "The Fall Guy."


title: Heather Thomas

text: Thomas was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, to Gladdy Lou Ryder, a special education teacher in the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District. She graduated from Santa Monica High School in 1975 and went on to attend UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, graduating in 1980. While at UCLA, she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority.


title: Heather Thomas

text: Thomas started acting at age 14, when she was one of the hosts of a series on NBC called "Talking with a Giant," in which she interviewed celebrities. In 1978, she began acting in small television roles; she appeared in the series "Co-Ed Fever," of which she later said, "It was cancelled after the third commercial."


title: Heather Thomas

text: After "Co-Ed Fever's" cancellation, Thomas was chosen for the role of Jody Banks in "The Fall Guy," which starred Lee Majors and was produced by Glen Larson, from its 1981 premiere to its 1986 cancellation. Thomas became addicted to cocaine during her run in the program, and entered rehabilitation for that addiction in the mid-1980s. She appeared in several movies, the first of which was "Zapped!" in 1982, but she gave up acting in 1998. Thomas appeared on numerous pin-up posters during the 1980s.


title: Heather Thomas

text: Following her acting career, Thomas wrote a screenplay called "School Slut" and sold it to Touchstone Pictures for a figure reported as "mid-six-figure." Touchstone did not make the film, however, and Thomas acquired the rights to produce it herself.


title: Heather Thomas

text: Thomas married Allan Rosenthal in August 1985; Rosenthal is one of the founders of Cocaine Anonymous; they divorced in September 1986. In that same month, Thomas was struck by a car while crossing San Vicente Boulevard, and she sustained serious injuries to both of her legs. In October 1992, Thomas married entertainment attorney Harry Marcus "Skip" Brittenham. Their daughter, whom they named India Rose, was born on June 19, 2000.


title: Heather Thomas

text: Thomas left acting in part due to stalkers, as well as a desire to focus on her family and to explore writing. When asked by Reuters in 2009, "Was it really so bad in the 1980s that you had to quit?", Thomas replied, "Yes, I was getting so stalked. I had one guy climb over the fence with a knife one time. I had these two little girls and they desperately needed raising so that was that. But I think now I have gotten so old that people won’t bother me much."


title: Heather Thomas

text: Thomas and Brittenham became joint hosts of a monthly fund-raising breakfast gathering at their home in Santa Monica, California, which became known in Washington as the "L.A. Cafe". Thomas has served on the advisory boards of the Rape Foundation and Amazon Conservation Team. According to newsmeat.com, Thomas contributed over US$280,000 to political candidates since 1992, mostly to Democratic and special-interest groups, such as Sens. Barbara Boxer (D-CA), Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), and Al Franken (D-MN), with $2,400 towards supporting Republican Mary Bono.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers is an American rock solo project of American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Jakob Dylan. The Wallflowers were originally a roots rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by Dylan and guitarist Tobi Miller. The band has gone through a number of personnel changes but has remained centered on Dylan. Members of The Wallflowers have gone on to be in the Foo Fighters, Ozomatli, and Gogol Bordello. Two former members have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


title: The Wallflowers

text: Following their eponymous debut album in 1992, the Wallflowers released what would become their best-known and highest-selling album, "Bringing Down the Horse" (1996), which included the hit songs "One Headlight," "6th Avenue Heartache," "The Difference," and "Three Marlenas." Their next album, "(Breach)" (2000), contained "Sleepwalker", their first and only single to reach the "Billboard" Hot 100 (at number 76). ("One Headlight" was not released as a single in the U.S.) The group released an additional two critically acclaimed albums before going on hiatus. In 2012, the Wallflowers reunited to release their sixth studio album, "Glad All Over". Nearly ten years later they released their seventh studio album, "Exit Wounds" (2021), which peaked on "Billboard’s" Top Album Sales chart at No. 3, making it the band’s highest-charting album yet. The Wallflowers have sold over five million albums." "


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers have won two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for "One Headlight" in 1998. "One Headlight" is also listed at #58 in "Rolling Stone"s list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs". The Wallflowers have been nominated six times for "Best Rock Song" and "Best Rock Performance." Billboard named "One Headlight" as the #1 Greatest of All Time Adult Alternative Song. As of 2022, the band has three 'No. 1' hits and has thirteen songs that have reached the 'Top 10' on Billboard's Adult Alternative Airplay list.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers' inception came in 1988/1989 when singer-guitarist Jakob Dylan called his childhood friend, Tobi Miller, also a guitarist, about starting a band. Dylan and Miller had been in several bands together in high school but went their separate ways upon graduation. Dylan had moved to New York City to go to art school while Miller had started his own band called the 45's. After the 45's broke up in 1989, Miller regained contact with Dylan and they began forming a new band called the Apples. Barrie Maguire, who was in the 45's with Miller, joined the band as their bass player. In 1990, Peter Yanowitz was added as the drummer. The final member to join the group was keyboardist Rami Jaffee. Jaffee was an active member of the Los Angeles music scene and had been playing with multiple bands in the area. He met Dylan in 1990 in the Kibitz Room, a bar located in the back of Canter's; a Jewish deli located on Fairfax Avenue in Los Angeles. He had heard the Apples were looking for an organ player and after meeting and talking with Dylan in the Kibitz Room, the two headed for Dylan's car to listen to the band's demo tape. Jaffee was impressed by the songs and asked to join in on the band's next rehearsal. After a long rehearsal session, Jaffee joined the band on the spot.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Apples changed their name to the Wallflowers and began playing clubs around Los Angeles, specifically the Sunset Strip, such as the Whisky a Go Go, Gazzarri's and the Viper Room. While they were playing clubs the band was also sending their demo tape to record companies and figures within the music industry. One of those tapes caught the attention of Andrew Slater, who would eventually become the Wallflowers' manager. Slater brought the Wallflowers to Virgin Records, who signed the band to a record contract. The Wallflowers then set out to make their first album. However, finding a producer who was willing to work with them proved to be difficult. The band was intent on recording live and few producers were willing to produce that way. Paul Fox eventually stepped in and agreed to produce the album. By the time the Wallflowers got into the studio in 1991, they had a small catalog of songs they had been performing live which they wanted to record for their debut album. All of the songs were written by Dylan with the rest of the band members contributing input on the music. When in the studio, the band were intent on using as little recording equipment as possible. Dylan explained: "If I could have had it my way I would not have seen a microphone or a cable anywhere." When it came to recording, the songs were drawn out past the 3 to 4 minute norm; many songs were close to 5 minutes in length with two exceeding 7 minutes. The Wallflowers finished recording and released their self-titled debut album on August 25, 1992. After the release they began touring nationwide as an opening act for bands such as Spin Doctors and 10,000 Maniacs.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers continued to tour through the first half of 1993 but despite this sales of the album were slow. In total, 40,000 copies were sold. Reviews for the album, however, were mostly positive. "Rolling Stone" gave the album 4 stars calling it, "one sweet debut" and describing Dylan's songwriting as "impressive." Great reviews notwithstanding, executives at Virgin Records were reportedly not pleased with the album's lack of commercial success. Around this time, the company was going through a shift in management which led to the removal of Jeff Ayeroff and Jordan Harris, the two people who initially brought the Wallflowers to Virgin. After Ayeroff and Harris left the company the Wallflowers began to feel that they had no future with Virgin and asked to be released from their contract. The split with Virgin has been regarded as mutual. By mid-1993 the Wallflowers were without a record label.


title: The Wallflowers

text: After leaving Virgin, the Wallflowers went back to playing Los Angeles clubs in hopes of getting signed with another label. The band found it difficult to even get label representatives to come to their shows. In the year it took to get another record deal the Wallflowers gained and lost several band members. Bass player Barrie Maguire was asked to leave for undisclosed reasons in early 1993. The Wallflowers continued playing shows with replacement bass player Jimmie Snider until May 1993 when the band hired Greg Richling. Dylan and Richling went to high school together. The Wallflowers continued to play club shows in Los Angeles through early 1994 when drummer Peter Yanowitz left the band to join his girlfriend Natalie Merchant's band. Yanowitz brought in Barrie Maguire to help record Merchant's debut solo album, "Tigerlily". Around the time of Yanowitz's departure the Wallflowers caught the attention of Jimmy Iovine and Tom Whalley of Interscope Records, who then signed the band to their label in 1994.


title: The Wallflowers

text: After signing with Interscope Records, the Wallflowers began preparations for their second album, "Bringing Down the Horse". They again had trouble finding a producer that was willing to work with them. The Wallflowers began sending demo tapes to producers and one of the tapes landed in the hands of T Bone Burnett. Burnett was impressed by the songs and agreed to produce the band. However, just as they were getting ready to record, the band's guitarist Tobi Miller quit. This left the Wallflowers without a permanent drummer or guitarist while they were in the studio. Matt Chamberlain filled in on drums throughout the recording sessions and several guitarists were brought in to fill Miller's role including Mike Campbell, Fred Tackett, Jay Joyce and Michael Ward, who would go on to become a permanent member of the Wallflowers.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers released "Bringing Down the Horse" on May 21, 1996. The band began touring for the album soon after the release. Album sales were slow to start but after the first single, "6th Avenue Heartache" (featuring Adam Duritz of Counting Crows) was released on August 19, interest in the Wallflowers began picking up as the song began getting more radio play. The David Fincher-directed music video for "6th Avenue Heartache" was also receiving attention on MTV and VH1. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the rest of 1996 and were featured as a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live" that November. On December 1, "Bringing Down the Horse" received Gold certification from the RIAA by selling 500,000 copies of their album.


title: The Wallflowers

text: In January 1997, the Wallflowers were nominated for two Grammy awards, both for "6th Avenue Heartache". Dylan was a presenter at the 1997 Grammy Awards though he and the Wallflowers did not win either of the awards they were nominated for.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The band continued to tour and gain popularity. In February 1997, the Wallflowers completed a tour opening for Sheryl Crow before beginning a string of their own headlining shows beginning at the end of February and running through May. On February 24, the second single from "Bringing Down the Horse", "One Headlight", was released. "One Headlight" received heavy radio play, which propelled "Bringing Down the Horse" to Platinum certification on March 4 by selling one million copies of the album. Within six weeks, sales for "Bringing Down the Horse" doubled and on April 16, the album received Double-Platinum status by selling two million copies. In mid-May, the Wallflowers crossed over to Europe for a three-week-long tour. Upon return in mid-June, the Wallflowers continued to tour the United States. On June 12, Dylan received his first "Rolling Stone" magazine cover. In the accompanying interview, Dylan spoke both candidly and at length about his lineage for the first time. Five days later, album sales for "Bringing Down the Horse" reached the three million mark, qualifying the album for Triple-Platinum status. On June 21, the Wallflowers co-headlined a festival at Texas Motor Speedway called Rock Fest. The day-long festival drew upwards of 400,000 people, making it one of the largest concerts in US history.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On July 2, 1997, the Wallflowers kicked off a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows that continued through September. This tour included opening acts by Bettie Serveert, Engine 88, Gigolo Aunts, and That Dog, with each opening band touring for a three-week stretch. The Wallflowers took over full-headlining duties for several shows in July when Counting Crows were unable to perform due to Duritz's swollen vocal chords. On September 22, the Wallflowers released their third single from "Bringing Down the Horse", "The Difference". On October 30, "Bringing Down the Horse" hit another milestone by receiving Quadruple-Platinum status by selling four million copies. After taking the month of October off from touring, the Wallflowers hit the road again in November. On November 9 and 10, the Wallflowers broke from their headlining tour to open for the Rolling Stones at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Less than a week later, the Wallflowers again broke from their tour to co-headline a private show at an arena in San Jose, California with Bob Dylan on November 14. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the end of December. By the end of 1997, "Bringing Down the Horse" had become the most played album on rock radio and peaked at Number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 while "One Headlight" had received some 209,000 radio spins across all formats.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On January 6, 1998, the Wallflowers received three Grammy nominations; "One Headlight" and "The Difference" were both nominated for Best Rock Song while "One Headlight" received an additional nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. At the 1998 Grammy Award ceremony on February 25, the Wallflowers walked away with two Grammy Awards; "One Headlight" won for Best Rock Song as well as Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. Despite the fact that "Bringing Down the Horse" was released nearly two years previously, the Wallflowers released an additional single from that album on March 23, "Three Marlenas". "Three Marlenas" would be the fourth and final single to be released from "Bringing Down the Horse". By 1998 the Wallflowers had begun declining on the "Billboard" charts and receiving fewer spins on the radio. That changed, however, when the for the 1998 film "Godzilla" was released on May 19. The Wallflowers had recorded a version of David Bowie's "Heroes" which was chosen as the lead single for the soundtrack. The album peaked at No. 2 on the "Billboard 200" and the Wallflowers' version of "Heroes" received heavy radio play. Though the Wallflowers did not tour in 1998 they did play a series of one-off shows including the Tibetan Freedom Concert in June at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. and the Bridge School Benefit in September in Mountain View, California, which was hosted by Neil Young and his wife Pegi.


title: The Wallflowers

text: After taking a five-month break from writing and touring, the Wallflowers set out to make their third album, "(Breach)". Dylan was very diligent in the songwriting process; he rented a studio near his home and would routinely go there to write songs for the album. However, Dylan was not satisfied with the first batch of songs he came up with. He decided to scrap them and start over. The songs that did make it to the studio were considered to be far more personal than any of the songs the Wallflowers had released in the past. Dylan explained; "I think all my songs are personal, but I just made them a little more dense before, made 'em real thick so that I didn't feel exposed. A lot of younger writers do that. Before, I haven't really wanted anybody buying my records looking for information about myself or my family, but at this point, the group has a lot of people buying the records who aren't interested in that, so it gives me more freedom." By the end of 1999, the Wallflowers were ready to begin recording. The bulk of the album was recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles. The Wallflowers' longtime manager, Andrew Slater co-produced the album with Michael Penn. The band took their time in the studio. Like "Bringing Down the Horse", "(Breach)" took about eight months to record. "(Breach)" also featured an array of guest artists including Elvis Costello, Mike Campbell and Frank Black.


title: The Wallflowers

text: Four years after the release of "Bringing Down the Horse" in 1996, "(Breach)" was released on October 10, 2000. The album was met with generally positive critical reception but underwhelming sales. "Rolling Stone" gave "(Breach)" four stars, calling the band "more muscular" than they used to be. However, "(Breach)" commercially floundered in comparison to its high-selling predecessor. The album peaked at No. 13 on the "Billboard" 200 and took almost a year to receive the Gold certification, which is the highest certification "(Breach)" has received to date.


title: The Wallflowers

text: A month before the official release of "(Breach)", the album was leaked in its entirety to file-sharing giant Napster, where a reported 25 million users had the ability to listen to and download the Wallflowers' third album. With regard to the impact of leaks for big recording artists, former Capitol Records senior vice president and general manager, Lou Mann stated: "For the Wallflowers or any major superstar band, the problems are major. In fact they're Herculean, because people already want it and you don't want to dilute your audience." Jakob Dylan also explained his feelings about "(Breach)" being leaked: "[Album sales are] one of the ways that we have of making a living really. It's not about record companies, it's not about people's right to trade, you know, it's also how we put food on the table."


title: The Wallflowers

text: Despite the disappointing release, the Wallflowers set out on another tour beginning in early October 2000. After one show in Atlanta on October 2, the Wallflowers traveled to New York to open for the Who for four nights at Madison Square Garden. Later that month, Jakob Dylan was featured on the cover of "Rolling Stone" for a second time. The Wallflowers continued to tour throughout the U.S. through mid-December before heading to Japan in February 2001 for their first tour there.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers covered the Bee Gees' 1968 hit song "I Started a Joke" for the 2001 film, "Zoolander".


title: The Wallflowers

text: The band continued to tour the U.S. for the remainder of 2001 until it was announced in early October that guitarist Michael Ward had left the Wallflowers due to creative differences.


title: The Wallflowers

text: In 2001, Jakob Dylan began writing for the Wallflowers' fourth album, "Red Letter Days". Later that year while on tour with John Mellencamp, the band began recording using portable equipment. Some recording was also done at keyboardist Rami Jaffee's house. Once the band was finished touring for the year they began recording the bulk of the new record at Jackson Browne's studio in Santa Monica. By the time the Wallflowers had gotten into Browne's studio, Michael Ward had left the band, leaving them without a lead guitarist for the recording process. Dylan took on much of the lead guitar duties with Mike McCready, Rusty Anderson and Val McCallum also contributing on guitar. Moe Z M.D., who had been touring with Mellencamp, contributed additional percussion and background vocals to the album. "Red Letter Days" was produced by founding Wallflowers member Tobi Miller along with Bill Appleberry. Recording continued through the new year and was completed on April 12, 2002. The album was mixed by Tom Lord-Alge, who had mixed the band's previous two albums. Mixing was completed on May 15, 2002.


title: The Wallflowers

text: While the Wallflowers were working on "Red Letter Days", they recorded a cover of the Beatles' 1965 song "I'm Looking Through You" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film "I Am Sam". The soundtrack was released on January 8, 2002.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The first single from the "Red Letter Days", "When You're On Top," was released to radio on August 16, 2002. A music video directed by Marc Webb followed. After a few false starts, "Red Letter Days" was released on November 5, 2002. The album was met with mixed to positive reviews. Many critics noted the harder rock sound and catchy melodies used throughout the album. Commercial performance was relatively mixed as well, peaking at No.32 on the "Billboard 200". Around the time of "Red Letter Days"' release the Wallflowers embarked on a monthlong U.S. tour stretching into early December. After another U.S. tour in January 2003, the Wallflowers toured in several European countries in February including Spain, Italy, Germany and Great Britain. After this tour, the Wallflowers' drummer since 1995, Mario Calire announced he was parting ways with the band.


title: The Wallflowers

text: In 2003, the Wallflowers were featured on the soundtrack for the film "American Wedding". The band recorded a cover of Van Morrison's 1970 song "Into the Mystic". The film's music department weren't able to secure the licensing rights to use Morrison's version so they enlisted the Wallflowers to cover the song. Both versions of the song were, however, featured in the film.


title: The Wallflowers

text: In July 2004, the Wallflowers returned to the studio to record their fifth album, "Rebel, Sweetheart". This time the band decided to record in Atlanta, Georgia, which is where their producer for this album, Brendan O'Brien, is based. O'Brien also contributed on guitar. Fred Eltringham joined the Wallflowers as their new drummer. Jakob Dylan wrote the songs, of which keyboardist Rami Jaffee has said: "What I did notice is that kind of upbeat song with some pretty scary lyrics." Dylan painted the album's cover art himself.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On October 14, 2004, the Warren Zevon tribute album "" was released, on which the Wallflowers covered Zevon's 1978 song "Lawyers, Guns and Money." In promotion of the album, the Wallflowers performed "Lawyers, Guns and Money" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" with Zevon's son, Jordan, on October 12, 2004.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On October 31, 2004, the Wallflowers were flown via military transport plane to the USS John C. Stennis aircraft carrier in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to perform for the returning troops.


title: The Wallflowers

text: "Rebel, Sweetheart" was released on May 24, 2005, and was met with positive reviews. Despite widespread critical acclaim, "Rebel, Sweetheart" performed relatively poorly commercially, peaking at No. 40 on the "Billboard" 200. However, the first single from the album, "The Beautiful Side of Somewhere", hit No. 5 on AAA radio. The second single was "God Says Nothing Back". This was the first Wallflowers album to be released on DualDisc. On one side was the album, and on the other was a DVD that included exclusive performances and arrangements of some of the band's songs, as well as an interview with comedian Jon Lovitz. In promotion of the album, the Wallflowers did concerts for the Oxygen Custom Concert Series and PBS "Soundstage". Around the time of the album's release, the band set out on what would be their last tour for two years. They were joined by Stuart Mathis on lead guitar. After 2005, the Wallflowers ended their relationship with Interscope Records.


title: The Wallflowers

text: 2006 was the first year in over a decade that the Wallflowers did not tour. Instead, band members embarked on other projects. Jakob Dylan toured with former Wallflowers producer T-Bone Burnett in the early summer, performing a solo acoustic opening set with a keyboard player. Later that year, he signed a contract with Columbia Records as a solo artist. He also wrote and recorded a song called "Here Comes Now", which was featured as the theme song for the ABC television drama "Six Degrees". The show premiered in the fall of 2006. Meanwhile, keyboardist Rami Jaffee joined the Foo Fighters as a touring and session member. Jaffee had previously contributed keyboards to the Foo Fighters' 2005 album "In Your Honor". In 2006, he also contributed on albums for Willie Nile and Pete Yorn.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On August 31, 2007, the Wallflowers announced they would be touring for the first time in over two years. They toured in the Midwest and Northeastern U.S. in October and November. Before the tour, Jaffee announced that he was leaving the Wallflowers. This left Dylan, Greg Richling and Fred Eltringham as the remaining members and a guitar player, Stuart Mathis, as a touring member. In 2008, the Wallflowers toured on-and-off throughout the summer. Touring for the Wallflowers was limited as Dylan had released his first solo album, "Seeing Things", on June 10, 2008. Eltringham joined Dylan on tour in promotion for the album.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On March 31, 2009, the Wallflowers released a greatest-hits album called "Collected: 1996–2005". The album featured every single released from the four albums the Wallflowers released between 1996 and 2005. It also featured several non-single songs from those four albums, a demo version of "God Says Nothing Back" and an unreleased song called "Eat You Sleeping". That summer, the Wallflowers embarked on a U.S. tour in support of the album. In addition to Dylan, Richling, Eltringham and Mathis, Bill Appleberry joined the band on this tour as a keyboard player. The Wallflowers did not tour in 2010 as Dylan had released his second solo album, "Women + Country", on April 6, 2010, and was touring in support of that album.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On November 1, 2011, Jakob Dylan announced that the Wallflowers would be reuniting to release an album, explaining: "I never suggested we were breaking up. We all felt we were losing the plot a bit and we needed a break. And that year break becomes two years, then becomes three years, and before you know it five or six years go by pretty quickly. I can't do what I do in the Wallflowers without them. I miss it." In an interview with the "St. Joseph News-Press", Dylan stated that the Wallflowers would be getting into the studio in January and the lineup would include Greg Richling on bass, Rami Jaffee on keys, Stuart Mathis on guitar and Fred Eltringham on drums. However, weeks before the Wallflowers began recording, Eltringham left the band to pursue other projects. The band quickly got former Red Hot Chili Peppers and Pearl Jam drummer Jack Irons to join the band. Irons was previously involved in a side project with Wallflowers bassist Richling.


title: The Wallflowers

text: On January 20, 2012, the Wallflowers began recording their sixth studio album, "Glad All Over," at the Black Keys' Dan Auerbach's Easy Eye studio in Nashville. Jay Joyce, who had played guitar on the Wallflowers' "Bringing Down the Horse" agreed to produce the album. Before going to the studio, the band had decided have a more collaborative writing process than they had in the past. Instead of Dylan bringing in fully completed songs like he had done in the past, he only brought lyrics. Dylan and the rest of the band wrote the music for the songs together in the studio. Joyce explained: "Jakob came to Nashville and we sat down and I asked him to play me a song, but instead he pulled out this 2-inch-thick notebook. ‘This is what I’ve got. Let’s play some grooves and throw it around.’ I thought, ‘Wow, that’s kind of scary, but it’s exciting.’ So we didn't really know going in what we were going to do. We had no songs, no demos. It was all developed in the studio. The band finished recording on February 20, 2012.


title: The Wallflowers

text: At a private solo performance in New York on April 19, 2012, Dylan announced that the new the Wallflowers album was expected to be released in fall later that year. On July 14, 2012, the band announced that the title of their new album would be "Glad All Over". They also announced that the album's first single, "Reboot the Mission", would be available for free download from their website.


title: The Wallflowers

text: Following several one-off shows in the summer of 2012, the Wallflowers kicked off a fall tour in San Diego on September 8, 2012. From there, they continued to tour the U.S. and Canada through mid-November, playing a mix of clubs and festivals, with an additional four East Coast dates at the end of December. "Glad All Over" was released on October 9, 2012, on Columbia Records and was met with generally positive reviews. Leading up to the album's release, the Wallflowers promoted the album on various television shows including "Good Morning America", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", the "Late Show with David Letterman" and "Ellen".


title: The Wallflowers

text: Beginning in the spring of 2013, the band toured with Eric Clapton on his arena tour. The tour with Clapton began on March 14, 2013, in Phoenix, Arizona, at the US Airways Center and continued through the South and East Coast, eventually coming to an end on April 6, 2013, in Pittsburgh at the Consol Energy Center.


title: The Wallflowers

text: After the Clapton tour, the Wallflowers played several additional shows of their own in May 2013. On May 12 in Napa, California, the band's longtime keyboardist Rami Jaffee played what would be his final show with the Wallflowers to date. Jaffee has yet to say whether he has officially quit the Wallflowers but has continued to record and tour with the Foo Fighters. Jimmy Wallace has subbed in his spot ever since. The Wallflowers continued to tour through the summer of 2013 and played their final show of the summer on August 17 at the River Roots Live Festival in Davenport, Iowa, to a crowd of 17,000 people. This show would turn out to be longtime bassist Greg Richling's and drummer Jack Irons' final show with the band. On September 8, Richling officially announced that he was leaving the Wallflowers after 20 years with the band. He left to pursue other interests. Irons announced he was leaving soon after, on September 15. Irons reportedly left to focus on his band project, Arthur Channel, who released their debut album on October 15, 2013.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The Wallflowers have continued to play shows since 2013 with a new drummer, bass player, guitar player, and keyboardist filling in for Irons, Richling, Mathis, and Jaffee. Dylan stated later he would be continuing making music under name The Wallflowers as a solo project: "The Wallflowers is me, and if I go under my own name, it's me. It's the same thing, ultimately. It's really dictated on the songs I have and how I want to record them and would they sound better with a full-band sound. In many ways it's the same person. It's just what outfit do I want to put on". As of 2017, the touring lineup consisted of Stanton Adcock on lead guitar, Steve Mackey on bass, keyboardist Jimmy Wallace and Lynn Williams on drums.


title: The Wallflowers

text: In May 2016, the Wallflowers' 1996 album "Bringing Down the Horse" was issued on vinyl for the first time in honor of the 20th anniversary of the album's release. The Wallflowers was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire, although later research showed the master tapes for "Bringing Down the Horse" were not actually destroyed in the fire.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The band was set to undertake a North American summer tour in 2020 alongside Matchbox Twenty prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Wallflowers

text: The band's seventh studio album, "Exit Wounds", was released on July 9, 2021, on New West Records. With the release of the new album, Dylan would reiterate that the band's sound is an extension of his solo work, saying "There's never been one lineup that's made two records. So the constant is myself. If you think there's a sound of the Wallflowers, I'm making that with my choices in the studio and with my songs and voice". It was produced by Butch Walker and the band announced a 53-date arena tour to promote the album (which was postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). About writing the album, Dylan says, "I was just also writing during a time when the world felt like it was falling apart. That changes the way you address even the simplest things, because you have panic in your mind all the time. You have anxiety. And you also have hope. And it’s all in there".


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (sometimes abbreviated as Terminator: TSCC or simply TSCC) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 13, 2008 to April 10, 2009. The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television, and C2 Pictures (C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two). It is a spin-off from the "Terminator" series of films. It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters and , disregarding the events of "" and picking up shortly after "" left off. The series premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2008, on the U.S. television network Fox. Production for the series was provided by the "Judgment Day" and "Rise of the Machines" producers and C2 Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment (International) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna, C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton, David Nutter and Josh Friedman, who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The show opened mid-season with a shortened run of nine episodes, January through March 2008. It was the highest-rated new scripted series of the 2007–08 television season


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: which began on September 8, 2008, and ended April 10, 2009 (the same year Warner Bros. and the Halcyon Company produced McG's "Terminator Salvation"). On May 18, 2009, despite fan efforts,


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: In the year 1995 (1997 in the show), at the end of "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", , her son and the 800-series Terminator successfully destroy the T-1000, as well as the arm and CPU chip from the Terminator sent back to 1984 in the first film. The T-800 from the second film, at its own request, is then also destroyed to eliminate any future technology that could be used to create Skynet through reverse engineering. Despite this, at the beginning of the television series, a T-888 using the name "Cromartie" is sent back to 1999 to kill John. "Cameron", a Terminator that John sent back from 2029 to protect his younger self, leaps forward in time with John and Sarah to 2007 to prevent a delayed Judgment Day once and for all. Now wanted fugitives with the fear of pending leukemia preying on Sarah's mind, they must also face the reality that other enemies from the future could be after them.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Four years after the events of , Sarah, her son John, and Cameron (a Terminator that has been re-programmed to protect John), are being pursued by a Terminator, Cromartie, sent back through time to assassinate John and also by FBI Special Agent James Ellison, who initially believes Sarah is an insane criminal (based on the events of "").


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Sarah is romantically involved with a paramedic named Charley Dixon, but ends her relationship with him to stay on the run.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: During the pilot, Sarah, John, and Cameron make a temporal leap to 2007. Cromartie suffers extensive damage while trying to kill them, but begins repairing his endoskeleton and artificial flesh and continues his search for John in 2007. When John is frustrated with their life of running, Sarah resolves to go on the offensive against Skynet. Yet the world in 2007 proves complex: they find Skynet has sent additional Terminators back in time to support its own creation, and the resistance movement has sent back its own fighters to interfere. As they seek out an intuitive chess computer called "the Turk" (named after the 18th-century hoax using that name), which they suspect may be a precursor to Skynet, they forge an alliance with Derek Reese, a resistance fighter who has time traveled from the post-nuclear future, and is John's uncle. As the series progresses, the Connors are confronted with the reality that they will find more enemies, either at the present or from the future, bent on reshaping the future for their own goals.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: On November 9, 2005, "Variety" reported that a television series based on the "Terminator" franchise was being produced by C2 Pictures, which produced "", in association with Warner Bros. Television. The Fox Broadcasting Company also joined the project by making a commitment to the pilot, with Josh Friedman set to write the pilot and to serve as an executive producer for the series. Among the executive producers were C2 Pictures' Andy Vajna, Mario Kassar and James Middleton.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The series, initially titled "The Sarah Connor Chronicles", focuses on the character who is on the run with her son after the events of "". Regarding the character, Middleton said, "She has the weight of the world on her shoulders and also has to raise a teenage son who may be the salvation of humanity." Friedman commented that the series would contain fewer action sequences due to the smaller budget of television in contrast to feature films.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Fox Broadcasting greenlit production on August 28, 2006, after Warner Bros. Television hired David Nutter to direct the pilot. The series was among seven new TV shows picked up by Fox on May 13, 2007 for its 2007-08 television season. In regards to the plot of the series, Friedman said the show would avoid the "Terminator of the Week" plot device, and that Sarah, John, and Cameron will have other threats than just Terminators. Skynet would also come into play as the series progresses. Furthermore, Friedman stated that the events of "Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines" occur in an alternate timeline from that of the TV series. In addition to having planned the entire story arc for the first season, Friedman has a rough idea for the plot of the following three seasons. The series focused extensively on exploring religious and humanistic themes and ideas as had been started by the first movies in the "Terminator" franchise.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: At the 2008 press tour, the show's cast and crew promised season two would be less serialized than the first. Producer Josh Friedman said his plans were to incorporate the unfilmed storylines from the remaining four episodes of season one into the start of season two.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The pilot episode was filmed primarily in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The principal photography started on January 24, 2007 and took approximately one month to complete. Subsequent episodes in the series were filmed in the backlot of Warner Brothers Studios in Burbank, California, on a set previously used by "Gilmore Girls" to depict their fictional town, Stars Hollow.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" features incidental music composed by Bear McCreary. For financial reasons, the main theme of the Terminator film series, originally composed by Brad Fiedel, is featured only briefly in the TV series—mainly during the title sequence. McCreary has stated that his score is inspired by the tone of Fiedel's score in the first two Terminator films and since "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" is a direct sequel to "", he felt that the tone of the music should be consistent with that of the film as much as possible. He began working on the score by recording metallic sounds, using "oil cans, whale drums, chains, anvils, brake drums, garbage cans, thundersheets ... [etc.]", after which he edited the samples and created his own custom library of metallic drums. For every episode thereafter, live metal percussion elements were recorded on top of the electronics. While Fiedel's scores were performed using synthesizers, McCreary chose to use an ensemble of electric string instruments instead.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: A musical theme was created for each of the principal characters. The theme for Sarah Connor is the most frequently used theme in addition to being the longest and the most developed theme in the series. There are two main sections to Sarah's theme with one presenting her "bad-ass, stoic warrior" side and the other as "a loving mother". John's theme was originally composed for a specific scene in the pilot episode and performed with a solo clarinet to convey his loneliness and awkwardness. McCreary stated that the "musical ambiguity in the melody" is used to show John's transformation in the series. Although themes were also written for other characters such as Derek Reese, James Ellison and the "evil terminator[s]", no themes were written for Cameron during the first season because McCreary felt that "her character was defined by her relationship with John, Sarah and the others around her" so Sarah's or John's theme was used in most of her scenes.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The series mainly features McCreary's original score. Songs and instrumental music from other sources are used sparingly. Alter Bridge's single "Rise Today" was used for the promotion of the first season and Robyn's "Crash and Burn Girl" in the second season. Three songs were used in the series: "The Man Comes Around" by Johnny Cash was used in the first-season finale and a cover of "Samson and Delilah" by Shirley Manson was used in the second-season premiere. Both songs were background music for action sequences in their respective episodes. The second-season episode "The Mousetrap" features "Safe Within Your Arms" by Greg Garing. "Nocturne in C-sharp minor" by Frédéric Chopin was used in the first-season episode "The Demon Hand". The episode "Mr. Ferguson Is Ill Today" features the song "La Llorona", originally written and recorded by Chavela Varga but Bear McCreary made his own version of it. The episode "Adam Raised a Cain" features a moody cover of "Donald, Where's Your Trousers" originally written and recorded by Andy Stewart, performed by Garret Dillahunt and Mackenzie Brooke Smith at the closing. The record label La-La Land Records released the original television soundtrack for "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" on December 23, 2008.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Prior to its broadcast on television, Fox undertook a large marketing effort to promote the show, which was described by Joe Earley, Fox Executive Vice President of Marketing and Communications, as the "biggest campaign for a new mid-season show in years." The advertising campaign began months prior to the premiere date to make sure that it would attract existing "Terminator" fans as well as welcome in new fans. After "24" was postponed to the 2008-09 TV season, more time was devoted to the show by Fox's marketing team and more on-air promotional spots were available for the show that would otherwise have gone to "24".


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Fox began their advertising campaign for "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" on September 27, 2007, with a brief teaser which ran during primetime programs, consisting of an image of two red dots that lasted for a few seconds on screen before disappearing. The two red dots were revealed to be the eyes of the Terminators from the show in the second phase of the advertising campaign, which began two weeks later. The final phase of the campaign commenced in November 2007 with more broadcast information being added to the advertisements.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: In addition to on-air teasers, Fox heavily promoted the show during the World Series by releasing the first 45-second preview for the show on October 27, 2007. Other forms of advertisements used included: mobile tours on "Terminator" buses sponsored by Verizon Wireless; an interactive cell phone game based on the series offered by Verizon's V CAST, which rewarded the players with ring tones, wallpapers and behind-the-scenes footage; cable tie-ins; online outreach via the official website and wiki; online sneak peeks; and a poster design contest run by Fox. Advance screenings of the pilot episode were also held at the 2007 Comic-Con International convention and at Golden Apple Comics in Los Angeles on January 4, 2008.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: In Super Bowl XLII, a Terminator was featured in a brief advertisement fighting Cleatus the Fox Sports Robot.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Billboard advertisements, which were described by "Variety" to have "blanketed New York and L.A.", contained images of Summer Glau's Terminator in a "Lady Godiva-esque pose" used to target the young-male demographic, while the key art emphasized on Sarah Connor being at the core of the show to attract the "mom demo". Fox originally planned for more outdoor marketing in other cities but the marketing budget was reduced because of the Writers' Strike.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: A promotional partnership with automobile manufacturer Dodge began in the show's second season and featured placement of Dodge products in several episodes, Dodge's exclusive sponsorship of the extended, 52-minute episode "Goodbye to All That," and a four-week vehicle giveaway entitled "The Never Back Down Challenge."


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: An extended cut of the pilot was publicly screened for the first time on July 28, 2007, at the 2007 Comic-Con International convention. Originally scheduled to premiere on January 14, 2008, the television broadcast of the show was rescheduled to commence on January 13, 2008, after Fox reorganized their broadcast timetable due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America (WGA) strike. As such, Fox's original intention to air "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" in the Monday 8:00 p.m. ET timeslot as a lead-in program for "24" was also changed. The show was moved to the Monday 9:00 p.m. ET timeslot with "Prison Break" as its lead-in program.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Following the resolution of the WGA Strike, the "Los Angeles Times" printed a chart indicating the status of American network television series. The chart, reprinted by a number of other websites, categorized the series as "on the bubble" (in danger of cancellation). The Hollywood Reporter stated that the show would likely return. "TV Guide" then reported that "Fox has given producers the green light to start booking directors for next season's first three episodes". Fox later confirmed that the series would indeed receive a second season, which began on September 8, 2008, in the Monday 8:00 p.m. ET timeslot. Due to schedule changes from Fox, the show had a two-month break between December 16, 2008 – February 12, 2009. The show then aired on Fridays at 8:00 p.m. ET. The show was officially canceled on May 18, 2009.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: On February 22, 2011, the Syfy channel announced it had gained the rights to all 31 episodes of the series, which began airing on April 7, 2011.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The first season was released on August 11, 2008 in the United Kingdom, on August 13, 2008 in Australia, and on August 19, 2008 in North America. The Region 1 DVD set contains all nine episodes aired from the first season, commentary on select episodes, audition tapes for select actors, video of Summer Glau practicing for her ballet scenes, making of features, and deleted scenes for certain episodes. The Region 2 and 4 versions have all nine episodes but has excluded all the special features apart from the deleted scenes. On the other hand, both the three-disc Blu-ray sets released in North America and Europe contain the same bonus features offered by the Region 1 DVD set. On the Blu-ray Disc set, each episode is encoded in 1080p, VC-1 compression with a aspect ratio and is presented with a Dolby Digital 5.1 audio track.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The second season was released on September 22, 2009 in North America and on November 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom on DVD and Blu-ray.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: In Ireland the second season was released along with a boxset containing the first and second seasons of the show on November 16, 2009.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The North American release date was originally planned to "coincide with the home video release of the summer blockbuster "Terminator Salvation"", but the release of "Terminator Salvation" was later postponed to December 1, 2009. In New Zealand the second season DVD set was released on November 11, 2009 as was a boxed set containing both seasons.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Following the announcement of the show's fate, fans have led numerous campaigns to revive the show ever since. Josh Friedman dismissed crowdfunding in March 2013 due to issues involving holder rights, according to IGN. A movie was also considered, as Thomas Dekker and producer James Middleton confirmed in interviews. Cinemablend chose "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" as one of the "12 Shows Fox Should Be Embarrassed About Canceling" in October 2015.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Seasonal rankings (based on a weighted average total viewers per episode) for "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" in the United States:


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: The series premiere in the United States was watched by 18.3 million viewers during its premiere timeslot on January 13, 2008.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes season 1 has a score of 76% based on reviews from 34 critics, and season 2 has rating of 94% based on 16 reviews. On Metacritic, the first season has an average score of 74 out of 100 based on 24 reviews. The second season has a score of 67, based on only 4 reviews.


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Robert Bianco of "USA Today" gave the premiere episode four and a half stars out of five, calling the series, "smart, tough and entertaining." Gina Bellafante of "The New York Times" referred to it as "one of the more humanizing adventures in science fiction to arrive in quite a while". The "Los Angeles Times" declared the show "has heart and feeling" and "an almost Shakespearean exploration of fate vs. character" that features "plenty of really great fight scenes, and explosions, as well as neat devices developed in the future and jury-rigged in the present." Film industry journal "Daily Variety" declared the series pilot "a slick brand extension off this profitable assembly line" that showcases "impressive and abundant action with realistic visual effects and, frankly, plenty of eye candy between Glau and Headey." At the start of the second season, Variety praised "Headey's gritty performance as Sarah—managing to be smart, resourceful and tough, yet melancholy and vulnerable as well" and that the Chronicles "continue to deliver", getting "considerable mileage out of the constant peril" facing the characters. The "Connecticut Post" placed it on its list of the top 10 TV shows of 2008: "It's smart, with thought-provoking meditations on parenthood, destiny and human nature, and features good performances by Lena Headey, as Sarah, and Summer Glau."


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: Not all response was positive. One report from "La Lámina Corredora" reported "the pilot feels too much like a cheap remake of ." Tim Goodman of the "San Francisco Chronicle" derided the entire conceptualization and production of the series. Though limited to his viewing of the first two episodes, Goodman leveled criticism against Fox for having "taken the wholly predictable course of putting a lot of money into explosions and regenerating cyborgs" but not having "paid much attention to plot, casting or writing."


title: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

text: In his review of the second season, Travis Fickett at "IGN" felt despite a few middling episodes and the restrictions of a TV budget, "[the series] turned out to be intelligent, complex and consistently operated on a deeper emotional level than anyone could have expected." Looking back on the series, Alan Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger" was disappointed by Sarah and John as well as the sluggish pace of the show; however, he felt these weaknesses were outweighed by the strength of the performances of Summer Glau, Brian Austin Green and Garret Dillahunt as well as the writers' commitment to showing the emotional toll on the characters. Commenting on the final episode of season two, he called it a "terrific" finale which took the show in a new potential-filled direction. In May 2009 the show won the E!Online "Save One Show" poll, and has received positive coverage from places such as Wired and CNN. In an effort to keep the series on the air, fans created support communities on Facebook and MySpace and uploaded videos to YouTube. Creator Josh Friedman confirmed to CliqueClack that he has vowed to never reveal how the series would have progressed or ended.


title: M41 Walker Bulldog

text: The M41 Walker Bulldog, officially 76-mm Gun Tank, M41, was an American light tank developed for armed reconnaissance purposes. It was produced by Cadillac between 1951 and 1954 and marketed successfully to the United States Army as a replacement for its aging fleet of World War II vintage M24 Chaffee tanks. Although engineered as a reconnaissance vehicle, the M41's weight and armament also made it effective in the close infantry support role and for rapid airborne deployments. Upon entering US service, all M41s received the designation "Little Bulldog" and subsequently, "Walker Bulldog" after the late General Walton Walker, who was killed in a Jeep accident in 1950. The M41 was the first postwar American light tank to see worldwide service, and was exported in considerable numbers by the United States, particularly to Asia.


title: M41 Walker Bulldog

text: Development of the M41 proceeded slowly until the outbreak of the Korean War, when the US Army's renewed demands for more tanks resulted in its being rushed into production. The haste with which it was initially produced led to technical problems, which, coupled with the relatively cramped dimensions of its hull interior, gave it a mediocre reputation among American tank crews. It was also considered too large in comparison to the Chaffee for reconnaissance. Funding for the M41 program was slashed accordingly, and more emphasis placed on the development of new main battle tanks such as the M47 Patton. Cadillac ceased production of the M41A1 in late 1954. It was replaced by the M551 Sheridan during the 1960s.