title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: In 1937, King visited Nazi Germany and met with Adolf Hitler. Possessing a religious yearning for direct insight into the hidden mysteries of life and the universe, and strongly influenced by the operas of Richard Wagner (who was also Hitler's favourite composer), King decided Hitler was akin to mythical Wagnerian heroes within whom good and evil were struggling. He thought that good would eventually triumph and Hitler would redeem his people and lead them to a harmonious, uplifting future. These spiritual attitudes not only guided Canada's relations with Hitler but gave the prime minister the comforting sense of a higher mission, that of helping to lead Hitler to peace. King commented in his journal that "he is really one who truly loves his fellow-men, and his country, and would make any sacrifice for their good". King forecast that:


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: In late 1938, during the great crisis in Europe over Czechoslovakia that culminated in the Munich Agreement, Canadians were divided. Francophones insisted on neutrality, as did some top advisers like Oscar D. Skelton. Imperialists stood behind Britain and were willing to fight Germany. King, who served as his own secretary of state for external affairs (foreign minister), said privately that if he had to choose he would not be neutral, but he made no public statement. All of Canada was relieved that the British appeasement at Munich, while sacrificing the rights of Czechoslovakia, seemed to bring peace.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Under King's administration, the Canadian government, responding to strong public opinion and lobbying from the catholic church in Quebec, refused to expand immigration opportunities for Jewish refugees from Europe. In June 1939 Canada, along with Cuba and the United States, refused to allow entry for the 900 Jewish refugees aboard the passenger ship .


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King accompanied the Royal Couple—King George VI and Queen Elizabeth—throughout their 1939 cross-Canada tour, as well as on their American visit, a few months before the start of World War II.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: According to historian Norman Hillmer, as British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain "negotiated in Munich with Adolf Hitler in September 1938, Mackenzie King, Canada's Prime Minister, grew agitated." King realized the likelihood of World War II and began mobilizing on August 25, 1939, with full mobilization on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. In 1914, Canada was at war by virtue of King George V's declaration. In 1939, King asserted Canada's autonomy and convened the House of Commons on September 7, nearly a month ahead of schedule, to discuss the government's intention to enter the war. King affirmed Canadian autonomy by saying that the Canadian Parliament would make the final decision on the issue of going to war. He reassured the pro-British Canadians that Parliament would surely decide that Canada would be at Britain's side if Great Britain was drawn into a major war. At the same time, he reassured those who were suspicious of British influence in Canada by promising that Canada would not participate in British colonial wars. His Quebec lieutenant, Ernest Lapointe, promised French Canadians that the government would not introduce conscription for overseas service; individual participation would be voluntary. These promises made it possible for Parliament to agree almost unanimously to declare war on September 9. On September 10, King, through his high commissioner in London, issued a request to King George VI, asking him, in his capacity as King of Canada, to declare Canada at war against Germany.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: To re-arm Canada, King built the Royal Canadian Air Force as a viable military power, while at the same time keeping it separate from Britain's Royal Air Force. He was instrumental in obtaining the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Agreement, which was signed in Ottawa in December 1939, binding Canada, Britain, New Zealand and Australia to a program that eventually trained half the airmen from those four nations in the Second World War.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King linked Canada more and more closely to the United States, signing an agreement with Roosevelt at Ogdensburg, New York, in August 1940 that provided for the close cooperation of Canadian and American forces, despite the fact that the U.S. remained officially neutral until the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. During the war the Americans took virtual control of the Yukon in building the Alaska Highway, and major airbases in Newfoundland, at that time under British governance.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King—and Canada—were largely ignored by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, despite Canada's major role in supplying food, raw materials, munitions, and money to the hard-pressed British economy, training airmen for the Commonwealth, guarding the western half of the North Atlantic Ocean against German U-boats, and providing combat troops for the invasions of Italy, France and Germany in 1943–45. King proved highly successful in mobilizing the economy for war, with impressive results in industrial and agricultural output. The depression ended, prosperity returned, and Canada's economy expanded significantly.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: During the war, Canada rapidly expanded its diplomatic missions abroad. While Canada hosted two major Allied conferences in Quebec in 1943 and 1944, neither King nor his senior generals and admirals were invited to take part in any of the discussions.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King's government made an unprecedented intervention in the 1939 Quebec general election to defeat anti-war Premier Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and ensure victory for the pro-war Quebec Liberals under Adélard Godbout. Three of King's Cabinet ministers from Quebec (Ernest Lapointe, Arthur Cardin, and Charles Gavan Power) threatened to resign if Duplessis won re-election, claiming that no one would be left to stand up for Quebec in the Cabinet if conscription become an issue again. In his diary, King called Duplessis "diabolic" and a "little Hitler", believing Duplessis's aim was to provoke such a crisis between French Canada and English Canada that Quebec would leave Confederation. King used the powers of censorship under the "War Measures Act" to keep Duplessis from speaking on the radio. The Quebec Liberals won a landslide victory.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King rejected any notion of a government of national unity like the Unionist Government during World War I. When the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed a resolution criticizing King's government for not fighting the war "in the vigorous manner the people of Canada desire to see", King dissolved the federal parliament, triggering a federal election for March 26, 1940. He held it despite the ongoing war, unlike Britain, which formed a government of national unity and did not hold a wartime election. King won a second consecutive landslide victory, winning 179 seats – 6 more than in 1935. This is the Liberals' most successful result to date (in terms of proportion of seats). The Official Opposition party, the Conservatives, won the same number of seats as R. B. Bennett did in the 1935 election. King's relationship with Liberal Ontario Premier Mitchell Hepburn was damaged due to Hepburn spearheading the resolution criticizing the war effort.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King promoted engineer and businessman C. D. Howe to senior cabinet positions during the war. King also suffered two cabinet setbacks; his defence minister, Norman McLeod Rogers, died in 1940 and his Quebec lieutenant and minister of justice and attorney general, Ernest Lapointe, died in 1941. King successfully sought out the reluctant Louis St. Laurent, a leading Quebec lawyer, to enter the House of Commons and to take over Lapointe's role. St. Laurent became King's right-hand man.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: On June 24, 1940, King's government presented the first $1 billion budget in Canadian history. It included $700 million in war expenses compared to $126 million in the 1939–1940 fiscal year; however, due to the war, the overall economy was the strongest in Canadian history.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Japanese Canadians were categorized as enemy aliens under the "War Measures Act", which began to remove their personal rights. Starting on December 8, 1941, 1,200 Japanese-Canadian-owned fishing vessels were impounded as a "defence measure." On January 14, 1942, the federal government passed an order calling for the removal of male Japanese nationals between 18 and 45 years of age from a designated protected area of 100 miles inland from the British Columbia coast, enacted a ban against Japanese-Canadian fishing during the war, banned shortwave radios and controlled the sale of gasoline and dynamite to Japanese Canadians. Japanese nationals removed from the coast after the January 14 order were sent to road camps around Jasper, Alberta.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Three weeks later, on February 19, 1942, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which called for the removal of 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the American coastline. A historian of internment, Ann Sunahara, argues that "the American action sealed the fate of Japanese Canadians."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: On February 24, the federal government passed order-in-council PC 1468 which allowed for the removal of "all persons of Japanese origin" This order-in-council allowed the Minister of Justice the broad powers of removing people from any protected area in Canada, but was meant for Japanese Canadians on the Pacific coast in particular. On February 25, the federal government announced that Japanese Canadians were being moved for reasons of national security. In all, some 27,000 people were detained without charge or trial, and their property confiscated. Others were deported to Japan.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King and his Cabinet received conflicting intelligence reports about the potential threat from the Japanese. Major General Ken Stuart told Ottawa, "I cannot see that the Japanese Canadians constitute the slightest menace to national security." In contrast, BC's attorney general, Gordon Sylvester Wismer reported that, while he had "the greatest respect for" and "hesitated to disagree with" the RCMP, "every law enforcement agency in this province, including ... the military officials charged with local internal security, are unanimous that a grave menace exists."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King's government greatly expanded the role of the National Research Council of Canada during the war, moving into full-scale research in nuclear physics and commercial use of nuclear power in the following years. King, with C. D. Howe acting as point man, moved the nuclear group from Montreal to Chalk River, Ontario in 1944, with the establishment of Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories and the residential town of Deep River, Ontario. Canada became a world leader in this field, with the NRX reactor becoming operational in 1947; at the time, NRX was the only operational nuclear reactor outside the United States.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King's promise not to impose conscription contributed to the defeat of Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale Quebec provincial government in 1939 and the Liberals' re-election in the 1940 election. But after the fall of France in 1940, Canada introduced conscription for home service (conscription meant for the defence of Canada only). Only volunteers were to be sent overseas. King wanted to avoid a repeat of the Conscription Crisis of 1917. By 1942, the military was pressing King hard to send conscripts to Europe. In 1942, King held a national plebiscite on the issue, asking the nation to relieve him of the commitment he had made during the election campaign. In the House of Commons on June 10, 1942, he said that his policy was "not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary".


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: French Canadians voted against conscription, with over 70 percent opposed, but an overwhelming majority – over 80 percent – of English Canadians supported it. French and English conscripts were sent to fight in the Aleutian Islands in 1943 – technically North American soil and therefore not "overseas" – but the mix of Canadian volunteers and draftees found that the Japanese troops had fled before their arrival. Otherwise, King continued with a campaign to recruit volunteers, hoping to address the problem with the shortage of troops caused by heavy losses in the Dieppe Raid in 1942, in Italy in 1943, and after the Battle of Normandy in 1944. In November 1944, the government decided it was necessary to send conscripts for the war. This led to a brief political crisis (see Conscription Crisis of 1944) and a mutiny by conscripts posted in British Columbia, but the war ended a few months later. In all, 12,908 conscripts were sent to fight abroad, though only 2,463 saw combat.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: With the war winding down, King called a federal election for June 11, 1945. The Liberals' election campaign was centered on a broad program of social security. Although King was hesitant for his government to expand its role in the economy and run deficits, he accepted it as these measures aligned with his concern for people struggling financially. There were political motives too; the Liberals needed to compete with the rising socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) for votes. In addition, King promised to commit one division of volunteers to Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of Japan scheduled for late 1945-early 1946, whereas Progressive Conservative leader John Bracken promised conscription. Bracken's promise was unpopular and it thus benefited the Liberals.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: The Liberals were knocked down from a massive majority government to a minority government. However, they were able to govern with a working majority with the support of eight "Independent Liberal" MPs (most of whom did not run as official Liberals because of their opposition to conscription). The Liberals' decline in support was partly attributed to the introduction of conscription, which was unpopular in many parts of Canada. As King was defeated in his own riding of Prince Albert, fellow Liberal William MacDiarmid, who was re-elected in the safe seat of Glengarry, resigned so that an August 6 by-election could be held, which was subsequently won by King.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King helped found the United Nations (UN) in 1945 and attended the opening meetings in San Francisco. Though he conceded that major powers such as the United States and the United Kingdom would dominate the organization, King argued that middle powers such as Canada should be given an influence on the UN based on their contributions to the settlement of disputes.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King moved Canada into the deepening Cold War in alliance with the U.S. and Britain. He dealt with the espionage revelations of Soviet cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko, who defected in Ottawa in September 1945, by quickly appointing a Royal Commission to investigate Gouzenko's allegations of a Canadian Communist spy-ring transmitting top-secret documents to Moscow. Justice Minister Louis St. Laurent dealt decisively with this crisis, the first of its type in Canada's history. St. Laurent succeeded King as external affairs minister in September 1946.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: After the war, King quickly dismantled wartime controls. Unlike World War I, press censorship ended with the hostilities.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King's government introduced the "Canadian Citizenship Act" in 1946, which officially created the notion of "Canadian citizens". Prior to this, Canadians were considered British subjects living in Canada. On January 3, 1947, King received Canadian citizenship certificate number 0001.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King also laid the groundwork for the Dominion of Newfoundland's later entry into Canadian Confederation, stating, "Newfoundlanders are no strangers to Canada, nor are Canadians strangers to Newfoundland." Pro-Confederation Newfoundlanders Frederick Gordon Bradley and Joey Smallwood argued that joining Canada would raise the standard of living for Newfoundlanders; Britain also favoured Confederation. A runoff vote was held on July 22, 1948, and 52.3 percent of voters decided that Newfoundland should enter Canada. After, Smallwood negotiated the terms of entry with King. Newfoundland entered Confederation on March 31, 1949, becoming Canada's tenth province.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: With his health declining, King declared in May 1948 that he would not be Liberal leader going in the next election. The August 7, 1948, convention (held exactly 29 years after King became Liberal leader) picked St. Laurent, King's personal choice, as the new leader of the Liberal Party. Three months later, on November 15, King retired after years as prime minister. King was the longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history; he also served in the most parliaments (six, in three non-consecutive periods) as prime minister.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King had plans to write his memoirs. However, he did not enjoy a lengthy retirement and died on July 22, 1950, at his country estate in Kingsmere from pneumonia. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King lacked a commanding presence or oratorical skills; he did not shine on the radio or in newsreels. There was scant charisma. Cold and tactless in human relations, he had allies but very few close personal friends. His allies were annoyed by his constant intrigues.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Scholars attribute King's long tenure as party leader to his wide range of skills that were appropriate to Canada's needs.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King kept a very candid diary from 1893, when he was still an undergraduate, until a few days before his death in 1950; the volumes, stacked in a row, span a length of over seven metres and comprise over 50,000 manuscript pages of typed transcribed text. One biographer called these diaries "the most important single political document in twentieth-century Canadian history," for they explain motivations of the Canadian war efforts and describe other events in detail.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King's occult interests were kept secret during his years in office, and only became publicized after his death when his diaries were opened. Readers were amazed and for some, King was saddled with the moniker "Weird Willie." King communed with spirits, using seances with paid mediums. Thereby, he claimed to have communicated with Leonardo da Vinci, Wilfrid Laurier, his dead mother, his grandfather, and several of his dead dogs, as well as the spirit of the late President Roosevelt. Some historians argue that he sought personal reassurance from the spirit world, more than political advice. After his death, one of his mediums said that she had not realized that he was a politician. King did inquire whether his party would win the 1935 election, one of the few times politics came up during his seances. However Allan Levine argues that sometimes he did pay attention to the political implications of his seances: "All of his spiritualist experiences, his other superstitions and his multi-paranoid reactions imprinted on his consciousness, shaping his thoughts and feelings in a thousand different ways."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Historians have seen in his spiritualism and occult activities a penchant for forging unities from antitheses, thus having latent political import. Historian C.P. Stacey, in his 1976 book "A Very Double Life" examined King's secret life in detail, argued that King did not allow his beliefs to influence his decisions on political matters. Stacey wrote that King entirely gave up his interests in the occult and spiritualism during World War II.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King never married, but had several close female friends, including Joan Patteson, a married woman with whom he spent some of his leisure time; sometimes she served as hostess at his dinner parties. He did not have a wife who could be the hostess all the time and handle the many social obligations that he tried to downplay. Editor Charles Bowman reports that, "He felt the lack of a wife, particularly when social duties called for a hostess."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Some historians have interpreted passages in his diaries as suggesting that King regularly had sexual relations with prostitutes. Others, also basing their claims on passages of his diaries, have suggested that King was in love with Lord Tweedsmuir, whom he had chosen for appointment as Governor General in 1935.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Historian George Stanley argues that King's wartime policies, "may not have been exciting or satisfying, but they were effective and successful. That is why, practically alone among wartime


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: governments, his continue to enjoy public support after as well as during the Second World War." Historian Jack Granatstein evaluates the King government's economic performance. He reports, "Canada's economic management was generally judged the most successful of all the countries engaged in the war."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Historian Christopher Moore says, "King had made 'Parliament will decide' his maxim, and he trotted it out whenever he wished to avoid a decision." King was keenly sensitive to the nuances of public policy; he was a workaholic with a shrewd and penetrating intelligence and a profound understanding of the complexities of Canadian society. His strength was apparent when he synthesized, built support for, and passed measures that had reached a level of broad national support. Advances in the welfare state were an example. His successors, especially Diefenbaker, Pearson, and Trudeau built the welfare state which he had advanced during the Second World War into the modern cradle-to-grave system.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Historian H. Blair Neatby wrote, "Mackenzie King has continued to intrigue Canadians. Critics argue that his political longevity was achieved by evasions and indecision, and that he failed to provide creative leadership. His defenders argue that he gradually changed Canada, a difficult country to govern, while keeping the nation united."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King left no published political memoirs, although his private diaries were extensively detailed. His main published work remains his 1918 book "Industry and Humanity".


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: Following the publication of King's diaries in the 1970s, several fictional works about him were published by Canadian writers. These included Elizabeth Gourlay's novel "Isabel", Allan Stratton's play "Rexy" and Heather Robertson's trilogy "Willie: A Romance" (1983), "Lily: A Rhapsody in Red" (1986), and "Igor: A Novel of Intrigue" (1989).


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: In 1998, there was controversy over King's exclusion from a memorial to the Quebec Conference, which was attended by King, Roosevelt, and Churchill. The monument was commissioned by the sovereigntist Parti Québécois government of Quebec, which justified the decision on their interpretation that King was acting merely as a host for the meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill. Canadian federalists, however, accused the government of Quebec of trying to advance their own political agenda.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: OC Transpo has a Transitway station named Mackenzie King due to its location on the Mackenzie King Bridge. It is located adjacent to the Rideau Centre in downtown Ottawa, Ontario.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: The bridge across the Rideau Canal in downtown Ottawa, built following World War II, is named in his honour to recognize his contributions to the land planning of the city of Ottawa.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King bequeathed his private country retreat in Kingsmere, Quebec, near Ottawa, to the Government of Canada and most of the estate was incorporated into the federally managed Gatineau Park. King's summer home at Kingsmere, called "The Farm", now serves as the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada. The Farm and its grounds are located within Gatineau Park but are not open to the public.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: The Woodside National Historic Site in Kitchener, Ontario was King's boyhood home. The estate has over 4.65 hectares of garden and parkland for exploring and relaxing, and the house has been restored to reflect life during King's era. There is a MacKenzie King Public School in the Heritage Park neighbourhood in Kitchener. Kitchener was known as Berlin until 1916.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King was mentioned in the book "Alligator Pie" by Dennis Lee, appearing as the subject of a nonsensical children's poem, which reads "William Lyon Mackenzie King / He sat in the middle and played with string / He loved his mother like anything / William Lyon Mackenzie King."


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: A character who appeared twice in the popular 1990s Canadian television series "Due South" was named "Mackenzie King" in obvious reference.


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

text: King is portrayed by Sean McCann in Donald Brittain's 1988 television miniseries "The King Chronicle", and by Dan Beirne in Matthew Rankin's 2019 film "The Twentieth Century".


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: Mary Vincent (born 1963) is an artist and victims' advocate. She became known to the public after surviving a violent attack in which her arms were cut off while hitchhiking in 1978. Vincent has focused her adult life on her art, and she generally avoids the public spotlight.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: Vincent is one of seven children and lived with her parents in Las Vegas. Her father worked as a mechanic and married her mother, a blackjack dealer, while serving in the military. Vincent's parents were going through a messy divorce which caused her to run away from their home in Las Vegas. After a brief period living on the streets and inside unlocked cars, Vincent hitchhiked to her grandfather's home in Berkeley, California in September 1978.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: After arriving in California and staying with her grandfather for a while, Vincent became homesick and decided to hitchhike back to Las Vegas. While hitchhiking back to Las Vegas, Vincent was picked up by Lawrence Singleton, who violently raped and attacked her. After his attack, he left Vincent for dead, severing both of her forearms with a hatchet. Vincent then climbed the cliff she was thrown off, and walked nearly three miles to get help from drivers on nearby Interstate 5.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: In the hospital, Vincent immediately worked with police to help identify and find her attacker, insisting she postpone sleep to finish creating a composite sketch for investigators. She also testified in Singleton's trial, leading to his ultimate conviction. Vincent won a civil judgment against her attacker and was awarded $2.56 million, but did not receive the payment due to her attacker's unemployment and inability to pay.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: Vincent began using prosthetic arms within two weeks after the attack. As someone who likes to "tinker", Vincent has used spare parts from broken-down electronics to modify her prosthetics into custom designs. Among the changes in her life after the attack, she began a career in art. As an adult, Vincent attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She married and subsequently divorced a man named Tom, and she has two sons.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: After her attacker was released from prison and attacked and murdered a woman, Vincent volunteered to testify against him again at his trial. She spoke openly about finding healing by becoming a victims' advocate in support of victims' rights and delivers motivational speeches.


title: Mary Vincent (artist)

text: Vincent works with chalk pastels to create "powerfully upbeat women" like "female action figures". She also draws family and individual portraits on commission. Her customized prosthetics are also self-creations, including a custom prosthetic for bowling.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It is headquartered in New Delhi. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India. It is the largest government-owned-oil and gas explorer and producer in the country, and produces around 70% of India's crude oil (equivalent to around 57% of the country's total demand) and around 84% of its natural gas. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the "Maharatna" status to ONGC.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In a survey by the Government of India for fiscal year 2019–20, it was ranked as the largest profit making Central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) in India. It is ranked 25th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country. Its international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 15 countries. ONGC has discovered 7 out of the 8 producing Indian Basins, adding over 7.15 billion tonnes of In-place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has maintained production from its brownfields like Mumbai High, with the help of aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) schemes. ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25–33%. Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one. During FY 2012–13, ONGC had to share the highest ever under-recovery of 89765.78 billion (an increase of 17889.89 million over the previous financial year) towards the under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies (IOC, BPCL and HPCL). On 1 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved ONGC for acquiring majority 51.11% stake in Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL). On Jan 30th 2018, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation acquired the entire 51.11% stake of HPCL.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Before the independence of India in 1947, the Assam Oil Company in the north-eastern and Attock Oil Company in the north-western part of the undivided India were the only oil-producing companies, with minimal exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for the development of oil and gas resources.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: After independence, the Central Government of India realized the importance of oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defence. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the development of the petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of utmost necessity.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was producing oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields Naharkatiya and Moraan in Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a joint venture between the Government of India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 1955, the Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological Survey of India.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources visited several European countries to study the status of the oil industry in those countries and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Experts from Romania, the Soviet Union, the United States and West Germany subsequently visited India and helped the government with their expertise. Soviet experts later drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the 2nd Five Year Plan (1956–61).


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution, which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule 'A' industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility of the state.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial and administrative powers as a subordinate office of the Government, to function efficiently. So in August 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act were "to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both onshore and offshore).


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 1963, ONGC discovered oil and gas sites in Sivasagar district and established oilfields in Lakua, Gelekey, and Rudrasagar.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC went offshore in the early 1970s and discovered a giant oil field in the form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally competitive level.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC became a public listed company in February 1994, with 20% of its equity were sold to the public and eighty per cent retained by the Indian government. At the time, ONGC employed 48,000 people and had reserves and surpluses worth 104.34 billion, in addition to its intangible assets. The corporation's net worth of 107.77 billion was the largest of any Indian company.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 1958 the then Chairman, Keshav Dev Malaviya, held a meeting with some geologists in the Mussoorie office of the Geology Directorate where he accepted the need for ONGC to go outside India too in order to enhance Indian owned capacity for oil production. The argument in support for this step, by LP Mathur and BS Negi, was that Indian demand for crude would go up at a faster rate than discoveries by ONGC in India.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Malaviya followed this up by making ONGC apply for exploration licences in the Persian Gulf. Iran gave ONGC four blocks and Malaviya visited Milan and Bartlseville to request ENI and Phillips Petroleum to join as partners in the Iran venture. This resulted in the discovery of the Rostum oilfield in the early 'sixties, very soon after the discovery of Ankleshwar in Gujarat. This was the very first investment by the Indian public sector in foreign countries and oil from Rostum and Raksh was brought to Cochin where it was refined in a refinery built with technical assistance from Phillips.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 2003, ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), the division of ONGC concerned with its foreign assets, acquired Talisman Energy's 25% stake in the Greater Nile Oil project.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 2006, a commemorative coin set was issued to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of ONGC, making it only the second Indian company (State Bank of India being the first) to have such a coin issued in its honour.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In 2011, ONGC applied to purchase 2000 acres of land at Dahanu to process offshore gas. ONGC Videsh, along with Statoil ASA (Norway) and Repsol SA (Spain), has been engaged in deep-water drilling off the northern coast of Cuba in 2012. On 11 August 2012, ONGC announced that it had made a large oil discovery in the D1 oilfield off the west coast of India, which will help it to raise the output of the field from around 12,500 barrels per day (bpd) to a peak output of 60,000 bpd.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In November 2012, OVL agreed to acquire ConocoPhillips' 8.4% stake in the Kashagan oilfield in Kazakhstan for around US$5 billion, in ONGC's largest acquisition to date. The acquisition is subject to the approval of the governments of Kazakhstan and India and also to other partners in the Caspian Sea field waiving their pre-emption rights.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In January 2014, OVL and Oil India completed the acquisition of Videocon Group's ten percent stake in a Mozambican gas field for a total of $2.47 billion.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In June 2015, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) gave a 27bn ($427m) offshore contract for the Bassein development project to Larsen & Toubro (L&T).


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: In February 2016, the board of ONGC approved an investment of 5,050 crore in Tripura for drilling of wells and creation of surface facilities to produce 5.1 million standard cubic feet per day gas from the state's fields.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: On 19 July 2017, the Government of India approved the acquisition of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation by ONGC.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC's operations include conventional exploration and production, refining and progressive development of alternate energy sources like coal-bed methane and shale gas. The company's domestic operations are structured around 11 assets (predominantly oil and gas producing properties), 7 basins (exploratory properties), 2 plants (at Hazira and Uran) and services (for necessary inputs and support such as drilling, geo-physical, logging and well services).


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is the international arm of ONGC. It was rechristened on 15 June 1989. The primary business of ONGC Videsh is to prospect for oil and gas acreages outside India, including exploration, development and production of oil and gas. It currently has 38 projects across 17 countries. Its oil and gas production reached 8.87 MMT of O+oEG in 2010, up from 0.252 MMT of O+OEG in 2002/03. ONGC holds 100% stake in ONGC Videsh Limited.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and natural gas company with its headquarters at Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has about 25% market-share in India among public-sector companies (PSUs) and a strong marketing infrastructure. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation owns 51.11% shares in HPCL and others are distributed amongst financial institutes, public and other investors. The company is ranked 367th on the "Fortune Global 500" list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016. Prior to ONGC acquiring majority stake in HPCL, the former was not in the list of "Fortune Global 500" while the latter HPCL was.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery at Mangalore. MRPL has a design capacity to process 15 million metric tons per annum and has 2 Hydrocrackers producing Premium Diesel (High Cetane). It also has 2 CCRs producing Unleaded Petrol of High Octane.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited (OMPL) is an Indian company promoted by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL). Both ONGC and MRPL hold respectively 49% and 51% stake in the company.OMPL is a Subsidiary Company of MRPL and also a PSU behalf of share pattern of OMPL. It was incorporated on 19 December 2006. The OMPL complex spans 442 acres of land in Mangalore Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The project cost was estimated at ₹ 5750 crores. The complex is connected with MRPL Refinery, from where they feed to the complex is supplied. It is 14  km away from the New Mangalore Port and about 15  km from Mangalore International Airport.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC is holding many sport teams, such as athletics, badminton, basketball, boxing, chess, cricket, cue sports, carrom, field hockey, football, kabaddi, shooting, table tennis, tennis, volleyball and wrestling. Its football team, ONGC F.C., once played in Indian I-League.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: The basketball team, in particular, is known internationally since several of the players of India's national basketball team have played there. These players include Vishesh Bhriguvanshi, Amritpal Singh, Yadwinder Singh, and others.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC Tripura Power Company (OTPC) is a joint venture which was formed in September 2008 between ONGC, Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited and the government of Tripura. It has developed a 726.6 MW CCGT thermal power generation project at Palatana in Tripura which supply electricity to the power deficit areas of the northeastern states of the country. OTPC has 2 no 9FA machines supplied by GE USA.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC Petro additions Limited (OPaL), a multi-billion joint venture company was incorporated in 2006, as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956, promoted by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and co-promoted by GAIL and GSPC.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: OPaL is setting up a grass root mega Petrochemical project at Dahej, Gujarat in PCPIR/SEZ. The complex's main Dual Feed Cracker Unit has the capacity to produce 1100 KTPA Ethylene, 400 KTPA Propylene and the Associated Units consists of Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrogenation Unit, Butadiene Extraction Unit and Benzene Extraction Unit. The Polymer plants of OPaL has 2X360 KTPA of LLDPE/HDPE Swing unit, 1X340 KTPA of Dedicated HDPE and 1x340 KTPA of PP. All the major contracts have been awarded and the construction is in full swing.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC supplies crude oil, natural gas, and value-added products to major Indian oil and gas refining and marketing companies. Its primary products crude oil and natural gas are for the Indian market.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: The equity shares of ONGC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: As on 31 March 2013, Government of India held around 69% equity shares in ONGC. Over 480,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.65% of its shares. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 7.75% shareholding.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: As on 31 March 2017, the company has 33,600 employees, out of which 2,208 are women (6.57%) and 245 are employees with disabilities (0.73%).


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: Despite being owned by the government of India, ONGC has repeatedly been found not claiming its rightful payments from private players, especially for the use of oil fields, oil rigs and concessions.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: ONGC was owed 92,000 crores from Reliance Industries Limited (Petrochemicals) for the use of blocks of oil fields. This was highlighted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), the overseer of expenditures of the Indian Government. However, as of 2018, this outstanding amount was still not paid by Reliance Industries Limited to ONGC.


title: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: On 21 April 2021, three employees (Mohini Mohan Gogoi, Alakesh Saikia, Retul Saikia) of the ONGC were allegedly abducted from Lakuwa field of Assam’s Sivasagar district. Authorities suspect that the banned United Liberation Front of Asom (Independent) is behind the abduction.


title: André Ayew

text: André Morgan Rami Ayew (; born 17 December 1989), also known as Dede Ayew in Ghana, is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Qatar Stars League club Al Sadd and captain of the Ghana national team.


title: André Ayew

text: He is the second-born son of three-time African Footballer of the Year and FIFA 100 member Abedi "Pele" Ayew and has two brothers, Ibrahim and Jordan, who also are professional footballers. In 2011 Ayew was named the BBC African Footballer of the Year and Ghanaian Footballer of the Year.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew began his career in Ghana, playing for Nania, while debuting for the club at age 14. In 2005, he signed with his father's former club, Marseille, and spent two seasons in the club's youth academy before making his debut in the 2007–08 season. Ayew spent the following two seasons on loan with Lorient and Arles-Avignon, helping the latter team earn promotion to Ligue 1 for the first time. In 2010, he returned to Marseille and became an integral part of the first team under manager Didier Deschamps, making over 200 appearances and winning consecutive Trophée des Champions and Coupe de la Ligues in both 2010 and 2011.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew has been a full international for Ghana since 2008 and has earned over 110 caps. At youth level, he starred for and captained the under-20 team that won both the 2009 African Youth Championship and the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He has played in three FIFA World Cups (2010, 2014 and 2022), as well as seven Africa Cup of Nations (2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021), helping them finish runners-up in 2010 and 2015, and was top goalscorer at the latter tournament.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew began his career with 1860 München, where his father played. At the age of ten, Ayew was playing for Nania, where his father is club chairman, in Accra, Ghana. After four years of plying his trade in the club's youth academy, he was promoted to the team's senior squad at the age of 14. Despite being on the senior team, he still participated in youth-sanctioned events, such as the 2004 edition of the Altstetten U-19 Tournament, in which he was named one of the tournament's most famous players. Ayew played professional football at Nania for two seasons before departing the club and returning to France to play for his father's former club Marseille. Ayew joined the club on an "aspirant" ("trainee") contract and, upon his arrival, was put into the club's youth system and placed onto Marseille's first professional contract, agreeing to a three-year deal. He was officially promoted to the senior team and assigned the squad number 29 shirt.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew made his professional debut for Marseille on 15 August 2007 in a league match against Valenciennes, coming on as a substitute for Modeste M'bami in the 89th minute. Marseille lost the match 2–1. On 6 November, he made his UEFA Champions League debut against Portuguese champions Porto at the Estádio do Dragão, playing on the left wing in place of Bolo Zenden. Ayew played 77 minutes before being substituted out as Marseille were defeated 2–1. Ayew earned praise from the media for his performance of containing Porto right back José Bosingwa. Five days later, Ayew earned his first league start against Lyon at the Stade de Gerland. Ayew again featured in the team as Marseille pulled off a 2–1 victory. Ayew finished the season with 13 total appearances, nine in league play and two in cup play, in addition to two Champions League appearances. Ayew's first season with the club drew the attention of Premier League club Arsenal, who reportedly offered Marseille €6 million for the player. Marseille, however, denied the offer.


title: André Ayew

text: For the 2008–09 season, Ayew switched to the squad number 8 shirt, though due to the arrival of attackers Hatem Ben Arfa, Sylvain Wiltord, Bakari Koné and Mamadou Samassa, he was deemed surplus to requirements for the season and was loaned out to fellow first division club Lorient for the season. Ayew was used by manager Christian Gourcuff as one of the team's focal points of the attack alongside Fabrice Abriel, Kevin Gameiro and Rafik Saïfi and made his debut on 16 August 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 0–0 draw against Lyon. On 27 September 2008, he scored his first professional goal after netting the opener in the team's 1–1 draw with Sochaux. A month later, he scored his second career goal in a 4–1 rout of Saint-Étienne. Despite the initial success, Ayew was limited throughout the league campaign to just appearing as a substitute. He finished the season with 22 league appearances and three goals and, on 30 June 2009, returned to Marseille.


title: André Ayew

text: Two months later, on 31 August 2009, the last day of the transfer window, new manager Didier Deschamps confirmed that Ayew would be joining newly promoted Ligue 2 club Arles-Avignon on loan for the 2009–10 season. Ayew was given the number 10 shirt and his favorable right wing position. He made his debut with the club on 11 September, appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Angers. The following week, he scored his first goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Tours. He was ever present in the team's fall campaign, but due to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, he missed the month of January. Ayew returned to the team on 5 February 2010 and appeared as a starter in all of the team's matches for the rest of the campaign. On 9 April, with the team in the midst of a promotion battle, Ayew scored a double in the team's 2–1 victory over Le Havre. The following week, he struck again scoring the opener in the team's 1–1 draw with Guingamp. On 14 May, Arles-Avignon secured promotion to Ligue 1 following the team's 1–0 win over Clermont. Ayew started and played the entire match. He finished the campaign with Arles-Avignon appearing in 26 total matches and scoring four goals.


title: André Ayew

text: After the successful league campaign with Arles-Avignon, on 16 May 2010, Marseille manager Didier Deschamps confirmed that Ayew would be returning to the team and that he will be earning some significant playing time with the club for the 2010–11 season. On 5 August, Ayew signed a three-year contract extension with Marseille. The new deal kept him at the club until June 2014. Despite the arrival of Loïc Rémy, Ayew was inserted as a starter by Deschamps and scored his first goal in the second league match of the season against Valenciennes in a 3–2 defeat. Following the international break in September, he scored a double against his former club Arles-Avignon in a 3–0 win.


title: André Ayew

text: In the Coupe de la Ligue, Ayew scored goals in victories over Guingamp and Monaco in the Round of 16 and quarter-finals, respectively. On 20 November, he scored the only goal in a victory over Toulouse. Ayew scored the goal two minutes from time. On 27 April 2011, Ayew scored his first professional hat-trick in a 4–2 victory over Nice. His younger brother, Jordan, converted the other goal for Marseille in the win. Because of his outstanding performances throughout the season, Ayew was nominated for Ligue 1 Young Player of the Season, along with Marvin Martin and Yann M'Vila. He was voted Marseille's Best Player for the Season for 2010–11.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew was named in the squad for the 2011 Trophée des Champions match against Lille held on 27 July 2011 at the Stade de Tanger in Morocco. He scored a hat-trick, including two 90th minute penalties, ensuring Marseille a 5–4 victory. In December 2011, Ayew signed a one-year contract extension until 2015 with a release clause of €18 million. On 22 February 2012, Ayew scored a goal in the 93rd minute, in a 1–0 victory over Inter Milan in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg. However, Marseille managed to qualify to the quarter-finals by winning on away goals rule, after drawing 2–2 on aggregate.


title: André Ayew

text: On 4 April 2014, Ayew scored only his second hat-trick of his Marseille career, inspiring his club to a 3–1 league victory, their first in seven outings, over bottom club Ajaccio.


title: André Ayew

text: On 10 June 2015, Premier League side Swansea City announced that Ayew had joined the club on a free transfer, signing a four-year contract with the "Swans" pending Premier League and international clearance. Ayew scored his first goal for the club on his debut against Chelsea on 8 August 2015 in a 2–2 draw. On 15 August 2015, Ayew scored his second goal in his second game for Swansea in their 2–0 victory against Newcastle United. He continued his form in the next league fixture against Manchester United, where he scored and created an assist. Ayew was named Premier League Player of the Month for August 2015 and also received Swansea's monthly award the GWFX Player of the Month for August after making an immediate impact, scoring three goals in his first four league appearances.


title: André Ayew

text: On 8 August 2016, Ayew signed for West Ham United for a then club record fee of £20.5 million on a three-year contract, with the option of an extra two years. Ayew's debut game for West Ham, on 15 August 2016, against Chelsea, lasted 35 minutes before he was substituted after sustaining a thigh injury. He returned to first team action on 26 October 2016 in a 2–1 home win against Chelsea in the EFL Cup. On 26 December 2016 Ayew scored his first West Ham goal. Playing away at his former club, Swansea City, Ayew scored the first goal in a 4–1 West Ham win. Ayew left West Ham in January 2018 having scored 12 goals in 50 games in all competitions.


title: André Ayew

text: On 31 January 2018, Ayew completed a deadline day return to former club Swansea City for a reported £18 million rising to £20 million with add-ons until the end of the 2020–21 season.


title: André Ayew

text: In July 2018, Ayew joined Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe on a season-long loan. The deal reportedly included an option for the club to sign Ayew permanently at the end of the loan period.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew made his first appearance for Swansea since 2018, scoring two goals in a 3–1 win against Northampton Town in the EFL Cup on 13 August 2019. He was made deputy captain for the side on the first of November 2019.


title: André Ayew

text: On 21 July 2021, Qatar Stars League club Al Sadd SC announced that they had reached an agreement to sign Ayew on a free transfer. He was expected to arrive in Doha the following morning to complete the routine procedures, followed by the signing of the contract and the official announcement. On 22 July, the club announced his transfer and unveiled him after he had signed a two-year contract with an option for an additional year. He was reportedly set to earn around $220,000 a month. He joined the club 39 years after his father Abedi Pele also signed and played for them in 1983.


title: André Ayew

text: Due to having dual French and Ghanaian citizenship, Ayew was eligible for France and Ghana. He initially chose to represent France, citing the failed inquiries of the Ghana Football Association to contact him as his reason why, but declared Ghana to be his first option, citing his father. Ayew was subsequently called up and participated in a training camp with the France under-18 team. In 2007, he turned down several offers to play for the country's under-21 team. Ayew later warned the Ghana Football Association that he was on the verge of representing France at international level, stating, "At this moment there is only one choice to make because I have only received an invitation from one country and that is France."


title: André Ayew

text: At the youth level, Ayew represented Ghana at under-20 level and captained the team to victory at both the 2009 African Youth Championship and the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. At the African Youth Championship, Ayew scored two goals against Cameroon in the group stage and South Africa in the semi-finals. The 4–3 semi-final result progressed Ghana to the final where the team defeated group stage opponents Cameroon 2–0. The championship victory resulted in the team qualifying for the ensuing U-20 World Cup. In the tournament, Ayew scored twice against England in a 4–0 rout and the equalizing goal against South Africa in the round of 16. Ghana later won the match in extra time through a goal from Dominic Adiyiah. Ayew then captained the team to victories over the South Korea and Hungary in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, respectively, to reach the final where they faced Brazil. In the final, Ghana defeated the Brazilians 4–3 on penalties to win the U-20 World Cup. Ayew converted Ghana's first penalty in the shootout.


title: André Ayew

text: On 7 August 2007, Ayew was called up for the first time by Ghana coach Claude Le Roy for the team's friendly match against Senegal on 21 August. He made his international debut in the match, appearing as a late-match substitute. On 11 January 2008, Ayew was named to the Ghana squad to play in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew made his second major international tournament appearance by appearing at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations. On 19 January 2010, in the team's final group stage match against Burkina Faso, he scored his first international goal in 30th minute with a header. Ghana won the match 1–0 and reached the final where they were defeated 1–0 by Egypt. Ayew appeared in all five matches the team contested.


title: André Ayew

text: On 7 May 2010, Ayew was named to coach Milovan Rajevac's 30-man preliminary squad to participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He was later named to the 23-man team to compete in the competition alongside his brother Ibrahim. On 12 June, Ayew made his FIFA World Cup debut in the team's opening group stage match against Serbia, starting ahead of the more experienced Sulley Muntari. He later started in the team's ensuing group stage matches against Australia and Germany. In the team's round of 16 match against the United States, Ayew assisted on the game-winning goal scored by Asamoah Gyan after sending a –pass into the United States defense, which Gyan collected and then converted. For his performance in the match, Ayew was named Man of the Match by FIFA. Ayew missed the team's quarter-final defeat on penalties to Uruguay due to yellow card accumulation. He went on to play in the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations, scoring against Mali and Tunisia, as the Black Stars finished in fourth place.


title: André Ayew

text: In February 2013, Ayew retired from international football after a dispute with the Ghana Football Association. However, he returned to the team for a World Cup qualifier against Zambia on 6 September. He then went on to start in both legs of Ghana's 7–3 aggregate play-off defeat of Egypt to secure qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: André Ayew

text: On 2 June 2014, Ayew was named in Ghana's squad for the World Cup. In the team's opening match, he scored an 82nd minute equalising goal against the United States in an eventual 2–1 defeat. He then scored the Black Stars' first goal in a 2–2 draw with Germany in their second group match.


title: André Ayew

text: On 19 January 2015, Ayew scored Ghana's first goal of the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in a 2–1 loss to Senegal.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew is currently the captain of the Black Stars. On 3 January 2022, Ayew was named in Ghana's 28-man final squad for the delayed 2021 Africa Cup of Nations. Ghana lost their first match at the tournament against Morocco, which Ayew played the full 90 minutes. He would however score a goal in Ghana's second group game, a 1–1 draw against Gabon. In Ghana's third game Ayew was sent off during the course of an unexpected 3–2 defeat to the Comoros, with Ghana finishing bottom of their group of four.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew helped Ghana qualify for the 2022 World Cup, where they were placed in Group H. His participation at the tournament made Ayew the only Ghanaian player to feature at the nation's last three World Cups. In Ghana's first game of the group stage, Ayew scored his side's first goal of the competition, equalizing in the 73rd minute to bring the score to 1–1 during the course of an eventual 3–2 defeat against Portugal. Following a 3–2 victory over South Korea, Ghana required a win or draw in their final group match against Uruguay to advance, and were awarded an early penalty, taken by Ayew. However, Ayew would see his attempt saved, and Uruguay went on to score twice in the first half. At half-time, Ayew and his brother Jordan were both substituted, but the scoreline finished unchanged at 2–0, to send Ghana home in fourth place in their group.


title: André Ayew

text: Ayew was born in Seclin, a commune in the arrondissement of Lille, to Ghanaian parents. His grandfather from his mother Maha's side, Alhaji A.A. Khadir, is Lebanese. Ayew comes from a family of footballers. His father, Abedi Pele, was a professional footballer and was playing for Lille at the time of his birth. He is the nephew of Kwame Ayew and Sola Ayew, both of whom are former international footballers. Ayew also has two brothers who are professional footballers; Ibrahim and Jordan, and a sister, Imani. Jordan currently plays for Crystal Palace and Ibrahim currently plays for Europa in Gibraltar. He is a practising Muslim.


title: André Ayew

text: On 26 July 2019, Ayew made donations to the Ghana under-20 team, which he captained to victory 10 years earlier. This was a move that was made to encourage and motivate the team ahead of the Africa games slated for the following month in Rabat, Morocco.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Ziwerekoru "Ziwe" Fumudoh is an American comedian and writer known for her satirical commentary on politics, race relations, and young adulthood. She created the YouTube comedy show "Baited with Ziwe" and its later Instagram Live iteration, she was a writer on "Desus & Mero" from 2018 to 2020, and in 2018 she co-hosted Crooked Media's "Hysteria" podcast. Fumudoh stars in and executive produces the Showtime variety series "Ziwe", which premiered in May 2021.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Fumudoh grew up in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the second of three children to parents who emigrated from Nigeria to the United States.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In 2010, Fumudoh graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. In 2014, she graduated from Northwestern University with a double major in radio, television, and film and African American studies, with a minor in creative writing: poetry.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Fumudoh was a summer intern at Comedy Central during her junior year of college, working on shows including "The Daily Show" and "The Colbert Report". During her senior year, she interned as a writer for "The Onion" and took improv classes at the iO theater. After graduation she started working as a screenwriter on "The Rundown with Robin Thede".


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In 2017, Fumudoh created "Baited with Ziwe", a show on YouTube that originally featured some of her non-Black friends whom she baited into making unwitting racial faux pas. It was an edited show including effects that highlighted when someone was "baited", first produced through her work at Lorne Michaels's Above Average Productions. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Fumudoh moved the show from YouTube to Instagram Live with new guests each week. The new version had no effects, and the featured guests were increasingly notable, including Caroline Calloway, Alison Roman, Alyssa Milano, and Rose McGowan. Fumudoh asked guests direct questions such as "What do you qualitatively like about Black people?" and asked Roman to name five Asian people, which she was unable to do. Fumudoh said she was not trying to get anyone canceled but that her show's goals were to facilitate good discussions about race while entertaining people and to critique the system, not individuals. She typically started each show by announcing, "This is a comedy show."


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Fumudoh has appeared frequently in "Pop Show", a live show she created at Brooklyn's Union Hall in which she performs original pop songs.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Fumudoh has written jokes for Stephen Colbert. She has written for and contributed features and video to "The Onion" since December 2013.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In 2019, Fumudoh joined the cast of "Our Cartoon President" as the voice of Kamala Harris. She also wrote the season 3 episode "Senate Control".


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: From 2018 to 2020, Fumudoh was a writer on the TV show "Desus and Mero". A "Forbes" reviewer wrote that she had the "confidence of an old comedy pro".


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In August 2020, it was announced that Fumudoh was writing a book, "The Book of Ziwe", a collection of humorous essays, for Abrams Books. It is scheduled for release on May 2, 2023.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Fumudoh would be working with Showtime on a new variety show, "Ziwe." The six-episode first season featured musical numbers, interviews with guests including Gloria Steinem and Andrew Yang, and sketches. In addition to hosting the eponymous show, Fumudoh also writes and produces. The show is notable for its colorful sets, musical numbers, and highly accessorized, wild costumes, on which Fumudoh collaborated with costume designer Pamela Shepard-Hill.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: In 2021, Fumudoh wrote for the television series "Dickinson" and appeared in two episodes as Sojourner Truth.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Also in 2021, she played Sophie Iwobi, a comedic commentator on a late-night show resembling "Ziwe", in one episode of the third season of "Succession". The character was tailored to more closely resemble Fumudoh after she was cast.


title: Ziwe Fumudoh

text: Fumudoh has also written for publications including "The Riveter Magazine", "Reductress", "The Daily Dot", "Into The Gloss—"where she wrote a column called "Operation Goo Goo Gah Gah"—"Vulture"—where she wrote TV recaps—and "The New Yorker".


title: Morpheme

text: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.


title: Morpheme

text: In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes that stand alone are considered roots (such as the morpheme "cat"); other morphemes, called affixes, are found only in combination with other morphemes. For example, the "-s" in "cats" indicates the concept of plurality but is always bound to another concept to indicate a specific kind of plurality.


title: Morpheme

text: This distinction is not universal and does not apply to, for example, Latin, in which many roots cannot stand alone. For instance, the Latin root "reg-" (‘king’) must always be suffixed with a case marker: "rex" ("reg-s"), "reg-is", "reg-i", etc. For a language like Latin, a root can be defined as the main lexical morpheme of a word.


title: Morpheme

text: Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional morphemes. The main difference between them is their function in relation to words.


title: Morpheme

text: Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in form but are semantically similar. For example, the English plural marker has three allomorphs: ("bugs), ("bats), or ("buses"). An allomorph is a concrete realization of a morpheme, which is an abstract unit. That is parallel to the relation of an allophone and a phoneme.


title: Morpheme

text: A zero-morpheme is a type of morpheme that carries semantic meaning but is not represented by auditory phoneme. A word with a zero-morpheme is analyzed as having the morpheme for grammatical purposes, but the morpheme is not realized in speech. They are often represented by /∅/ within glosses.


title: Morpheme

text: Generally, such morphemes have no visible changes. For instance, "sheep" is both the singular and the plural forms; rather than taking the usual plural suffix "-s" to form hypothetical "*sheeps", the plural is analyzed as being composed of "sheep + -∅", the null plural suffix. The intended meaning is thus derived from the co-occurrence determiner (in this case, "some-" or "a-").


title: Morpheme

text: In some cases, a zero-morpheme may also be used to contrast with other inflected forms of a word that contain an audible morpheme. For example, the plural noun "cats" in English consists of the root "cat" and the plural suffix "-s," and so the singular "cat" may be analyzed as the root inflected with the null singular suffix -"∅".


title: Morpheme

text: Content morphemes express a concrete meaning or "content", and function morphemes have more of a grammatical role. For example, the morphemes "fast" and "sad" can be considered content morphemes. On the other hand, the suffix "-ed" is a function morpheme since it has the grammatical function of indicating past tense.


title: Morpheme

text: Both categories may seem very clear and intuitive, but the idea behind them is occasionally more difficult to grasp since they overlap with each other. Examples of ambiguous situations are the preposition "over" and the determiner "your", which seem to have concrete meanings but are considered function morphemes since their role is to connect ideas grammatically. Here is a general rule to determine the category of a morpheme:


title: Morpheme

text: Roots are composed of only one morpheme, but stems can be composed of more than one morpheme. Any additional affixes are considered morphemes. For example, in the word "quirkiness", the root is "quirk", but the stem is "quirky", which has two morphemes.


title: Morpheme

text: Moreover, some pairs of affixes have identical phonological form but different meanings. For example, the suffix "-er" can be either derivational (e.g. "sell" ⇒ "seller") or inflectional (e.g. "small" ⇒ "smaller"). Such morphemes are called homophonous.


title: Morpheme

text: Some words might seem to be composed of multiple morphemes but are not. Therefore, not only form but also meaning must be considered when identifying morphemes. For example, the word "relate" might seem to be composed of two morphemes, "re-" (prefix) and the word "late", but it is not. Those morphemes have no relationship with the definitions relevant to the word like "to feel sympathy," "to narrate," or "to be connected by blood or marriage." By contrast, the word "rename" does consist of two morphemes; here, the morpheme "re-" indicates that the action "name" is done again.


title: Morpheme

text: Furthermore, the length of a word does not determine whether it has multiple morphemes. The word "Madagascar" is long and might seem to have morphemes like "mad", "gas", and "car", but it does not. Conversely, some short words have multiple morphemes (e.g. "dogs" = "dog" + "s").


title: Morpheme

text: Morphological icons are images, patterns or symbols that relate to a specific morpheme. For children with dyslexia, it has been shown to be an effective way of building up a word. The word 'inviting' as an example is made up of two commonly used morphemes, 'in-' and '-ing'. A morphological icon for 'in-' could be an arrow going into a cup, and '-ing' could be an arrow going forward to symbolise that something is in action (as in "being, running, fishing").


title: Morpheme

text: The concept of combining visual aid icons with morpheme teaching methods was pioneered from the mid 1980s by Neville Brown. He founded the Maple Hayes school for dyslexia in 1981, where he later improved the method alongside his son, Daryl Brown. The school's curriculum uses morphological icons as a learning aid.


title: Morpheme

text: In natural language processing for Japanese, Chinese, and other languages, morphological analysis is the process of segmenting a sentence into a row of morphemes. Morphological analysis is closely related to part-of-speech tagging, but word segmentation is required for those languages because word boundaries are not indicated by blank spaces.


title: Morpheme

text: The purpose of morphological analysis is to determine the minimal units of meaning in a language (morphemes) by comparison of similar forms: such as by comparing forms such as "She is walking" and "They are walking" with each other, rather than either with something less similar like "You are reading." Those forms can be effectively broken down into parts, and the different morphemes can be distinguished.


title: Morpheme

text: Both meaning and form are equally important for the identification of morphemes. An agent morpheme is an affix like "-er" that in English transforms a verb into a noun (e.g. "teach" → "teacher"). English also has another morpheme that is identical in pronunciation (and written form) but has an unrelated meaning and function: a comparative morpheme that changes an adjective into another degree of comparison (but remains the same adjective) (e.g. "small" → "smaller"). The opposite can also occur: a pair of morphemes with identical meaning but different forms.


title: Morpheme

text: In generative grammar, the definition of a morpheme depends heavily on whether syntactic trees have morphemes as leaves or features as leaves.


title: Morpheme

text: Given the definition of a morpheme as "the smallest meaningful unit," nanosyntax aims to account for idioms in which an entire syntactic tree often contributes "the smallest meaningful unit." An example idiom is "Don't let the cat out of the bag." There, the idiom is composed of "let the cat out of the bag." That might be considered a semantic morpheme, which is itself composed of many syntactic morphemes. Other cases of the "smallest meaningful unit" being longer than a word include some collocations such as "in view of" and "business intelligence" in which the words, when together, have a specific meaning.


title: Morpheme

text: The definition of morphemes also plays a significant role in the interfaces of generative grammar in the following theoretical constructs:


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A minimum spanning tree (MST) or minimum weight spanning tree is a subset of the edges of a connected, edge-weighted undirected graph that connects all the vertices together, without any cycles and with the minimum possible total edge weight. That is, it is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. More generally, any edge-weighted undirected graph (not necessarily connected) has a minimum spanning forest, which is a union of the minimum spanning trees for its connected components.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: There are many use cases for minimum spanning trees. One example is a telecommunications company trying to lay cable in a new neighborhood. If it is constrained to bury the cable only along certain paths (e.g. roads), then there would be a graph containing the points (e.g. houses) connected by those paths. Some of the paths might be more expensive, because they are longer, or require the cable to be buried deeper; these paths would be represented by edges with larger weights. Currency is an acceptable unit for edge weight – there is no requirement for edge lengths to obey normal rules of geometry such as the triangle inequality. A "spanning tree" for that graph would be a subset of those paths that has no cycles but still connects every house; there might be several spanning trees possible. A "minimum spanning tree" would be one with the lowest total cost, representing the least expensive path for laying the cable.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: There may be several minimum spanning trees of the same weight; in particular, if all the edge weights of a given graph are the same, then every spanning tree of that graph is minimum.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: "If each edge has a distinct weight then there will be only one, unique minimum spanning tree". This is true in many realistic situations, such as the telecommunications company example above, where it's unlikely any two paths have "exactly" the same cost. This generalizes to spanning forests as well.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: More generally, if the edge weights are not all distinct then only the (multi-)set of weights in minimum spanning trees is certain to be unique; it is the same for all minimum spanning trees.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: If the weights are "positive", then a minimum spanning tree is in fact a minimum-cost subgraph connecting all vertices, since subgraphs containing cycles necessarily have more total weight.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: "For any cycle in the graph, if the weight of an edge of is larger than any of the individual weights of all other edges of , then this edge cannot belong to an MST."


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Proof: Assume the contrary, i.e. that belongs to an MST . Then deleting will break into two subtrees with the two ends of in different subtrees. The remainder of reconnects the subtrees, hence there is an edge of with ends in different subtrees, i.e., it reconnects the subtrees into a tree with weight less than that of , because the weight of is less than the weight of .


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: "For any cut of the graph, if the weight of an edge in the cut-set of is strictly smaller than the weights of all other edges of the cut-set of , then this edge belongs to all MSTs of the graph."


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Proof: Assume that there is an MST that does not contain . Adding to will produce a cycle, that crosses the cut once at and crosses back at another edge . Deleting we get a spanning tree of strictly smaller weight than . This contradicts the assumption that was a MST.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: By a similar argument, if more than one edge is of minimum weight across a cut, then each such edge is contained in some minimum spanning tree.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Proof: if was not included in the MST, removing any of the (larger cost) edges in the cycle formed after adding to the MST, would yield a spanning tree of smaller weight.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: If is a tree of MST edges, then we can "contract" into a single vertex while maintaining the invariant that the MST of the contracted graph plus gives the MST for the graph before contraction.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The first algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree was developed by Czech scientist Otakar Borůvka in 1926 (see Borůvka's algorithm). Its purpose was an efficient electrical coverage of Moravia. The algorithm proceeds in a sequence of stages. In each stage, called "Boruvka step", it identifies a forest consisting of the minimum-weight edge incident to each vertex in the graph , then forms the graph as the input to the next step. Here denotes the graph derived from by contracting edges in (by the Cut property, these edges belong to the MST). Each Boruvka step takes linear time. Since the number of vertices is reduced by at least half in each step, Boruvka's algorithm takes time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A second algorithm is Prim's algorithm, which was invented by Vojtěch Jarník in 1930 and rediscovered by Prim in 1957 and Dijkstra in 1959. Basically, it grows the MST () one edge at a time. Initially, contains an arbitrary vertex. In each step, is augmented with a least-weight edge such that is in and is not yet in . By the Cut property, all edges added to are in the MST. Its run-time is either or , depending on the data-structures used.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A fourth algorithm, not as commonly used, is the reverse-delete algorithm, which is the reverse of Kruskal's algorithm. Its runtime is .


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: All four of these are greedy algorithms. Since they run in polynomial time, the problem of finding such trees is in FP, and related decision problems such as determining whether a particular edge is in the MST or determining if the minimum total weight exceeds a certain value are in P.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: In a comparison model, in which the only allowed operations on edge weights are pairwise comparisons, found a linear time randomized algorithm based on a combination of Borůvka's algorithm and the reverse-delete algorithm.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The fastest non-randomized comparison-based algorithm with known complexity, by Bernard Chazelle, is based on the soft heap, an approximate priority queue. Its running time is , where is the classical functional inverse of the Ackermann function. The function grows extremely slowly, so that for all practical purposes it may be considered a constant no greater than 4; thus Chazelle's algorithm takes very close to linear time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: If the graph is dense (i.e. , then a deterministic algorithm by Fredman and Tarjan finds the MST in time . The algorithm executes a number of phases. Each phase executes Prim's algorithm many times, each for a limited number of steps. The run-time of each phase is . If the number of vertices before a phase is , the number of vertices remaining after a phase is at most formula_1. Hence, at most phases are needed, which gives a linear run-time for dense graphs.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: If the edge weights are integers represented in binary, then deterministic algorithms are known that solve the problem in integer operations.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Whether the problem can be solved "deterministically" for a "general graph" in "linear time" by a comparison-based algorithm remains an open question.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Given graph where the nodes and edges are fixed but the weights are unknown, it is possible to construct a binary decision tree (DT) for calculating the MST for any permutation of weights. Each internal node of the DT contains a comparison between two edges, e.g. "Is the weight of the edge between and larger than the weight of the edge between and ?". The two children of the node correspond to the two possible answers "yes" or "no". In each leaf of the DT, there is a list of edges from that correspond to an MST. The runtime complexity of a DT is the largest number of queries required to find the MST, which is just the depth of the DT. A DT for a graph is called "optimal" if it has the smallest depth of all correct DTs for .


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: For every integer , it is possible to find optimal decision trees for all graphs on vertices by brute-force search. This search proceeds in two steps.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Seth Pettie and Vijaya Ramachandran have found a optimal deterministic comparison-based minimum spanning tree algorithm. The following is a simplified description of the algorithm.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The runtime of all steps in the algorithm is , "except for the step of using the decision trees". The runtime of this step is unknown, but it has been proved that it is optimal - no algorithm can do better than the optimal decision tree. Thus, this algorithm has the peculiar property that it is " optimal" although its runtime complexity is "unknown".


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Other specialized algorithms have been designed for computing minimum spanning trees of a graph so large that most of it must be stored on disk at all times. These "external storage" algorithms, for example as described in "Engineering an External Memory Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm" by Roman, Dementiev et al., can operate, by authors' claims, as little as 2 to 5 times slower than a traditional in-memory algorithm. They rely on efficient external storage sorting algorithms and on graph contraction techniques for reducing the graph's size efficiently.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The problem can also be approached in a distributed manner. If each node is considered a computer and no node knows anything except its own connected links, one can still calculate the distributed minimum spanning tree.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Alan M. Frieze showed that given a complete graph on "n" vertices, with edge weights that are independent identically distributed random variables with distribution function formula_7 satisfying formula_8, then as "n" approaches +∞ the expected weight of the MST approaches formula_9, where formula_10 is the Riemann zeta function (more specifically is formula_11 Apéry's constant). Frieze and Steele also proved convergence in probability. Svante Janson proved a central limit theorem for weight of the MST.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: For uniform random weights in formula_12, the exact expected size of the minimum spanning tree has been computed for small complete graphs.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Minimum spanning trees have direct applications in the design of networks, including computer networks, telecommunications networks, transportation networks, water supply networks, and electrical grids (which they were first invented for, as mentioned above). They are invoked as subroutines in algorithms for other problems, including the Christofides algorithm for approximating the traveling salesman problem, approximating the multi-terminal minimum cut problem (which is equivalent in the single-terminal case to the maximum flow problem),


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The problem of finding the Steiner tree of a subset of the vertices, that is, minimum tree that spans the given subset, is known to be NP-Complete.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A related problem is the "k"-minimum spanning tree ("k"-MST), which is the tree that spans some subset of "k" vertices in the graph with minimum weight.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A set of "k-smallest spanning trees" is a subset of "k" spanning trees (out of all possible spanning trees) such that no spanning tree outside the subset has smaller weight. (Note that this problem is unrelated to the "k"-minimum spanning tree.)


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The Euclidean minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree of a graph with edge weights corresponding to the Euclidean distance between vertices which are points in the plane (or space).


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The rectilinear minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree of a graph with edge weights corresponding to the rectilinear distance between vertices which are points in the plane (or space).


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: In the distributed model, where each node is considered a computer and no node knows anything except its own connected links, one can consider distributed minimum spanning tree. The mathematical definition of the problem is the same but there are different approaches for a solution.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The capacitated minimum spanning tree is a tree that has a marked node (origin, or root) and each of the subtrees attached to the node contains no more than a "c" nodes. "c" is called a tree capacity. Solving CMST optimally is NP-hard, but good heuristics such as Esau-Williams and Sharma produce solutions close to optimal in polynomial time.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The degree constrained minimum spanning tree is a minimum spanning tree in which each vertex is connected to no more than "d" other vertices, for some given number "d". The case "d" = 2 is a special case of the traveling salesman problem, so the degree constrained minimum spanning tree is NP-hard in general.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: For directed graphs, the minimum spanning tree problem is called the Arborescence problem and can be solved in formula_13 time using the Chu–Liu/Edmonds algorithm.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A maximum spanning tree is a spanning tree with weight greater than or equal to the weight of every other spanning tree.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: Such a tree can be found with algorithms such as Prim's or Kruskal's after multiplying the edge weights by -1 and solving


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: the MST problem on the new graph. A path in the maximum spanning tree is the widest path in the graph between its two endpoints: among all possible paths, it maximizes the weight of the minimum-weight edge.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The dynamic MST problem concerns the update of a previously computed MST after an edge weight change in the original graph or the insertion/deletion of a vertex.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: The minimum labeling spanning tree problem is to find a spanning tree with least types of labels if each edge in a graph is associated with a label from a finite label set instead of a weight.


title: Minimum spanning tree

text: A bottleneck edge is the highest weighted edge in a spanning tree. A spanning tree is a minimum bottleneck spanning tree (or MBST) if the graph does not contain a spanning tree with a smaller bottleneck edge weight. A MST is necessarily a MBST ( by the cut property), but a MBST is not necessarily a MST.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys or Nebet-Het in ancient Egyptian () was a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. A member of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis in Egyptian mythology, she was a daughter of Nut and Geb. Nephthys was typically paired with her sister Isis in funerary rites because of their role as protectors of the mummy and the god Osiris and as the sister-wife of Set.


title: Nephthys

text: She was associated with mourning, the night/darkness, service (specifically temples), childbirth, the dead, protection, magic, health, embalming, and beer.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys is the Greek form of an epithet (transliterated as "Nebet-hut", "Nebet-het", "Nebt-het", from Egyptian "nbt-ḥwt"). The origin of the goddess Nephthys is unclear but the literal translation of her name is usually given as "Lady of the House" or "Lady of the Temple."


title: Nephthys

text: This title, which may be more of an epithet describing her function than a given name, probably indicates the association of Nephthys with one particular temple or some specific aspect of the Egyptian temple ritual. Along with her sister Isis, Nephthys represented the temple pylon or trapezoidal tower gateway entrance to the temple which also displayed the flagstaff. This entrance way symbolized the horizon or akhet.


title: Nephthys

text: At the time of the Fifth Dynasty Pyramid Texts, Nephthys appears as a goddess of the Heliopolitan Ennead. She is the sister of Isis and companion of the war-like deity, Set. As sister of Isis and especially Osiris, Nephthys is a protective goddess who symbolizes the death experience, just as Isis represented the birth experience.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys was known in some ancient Egyptian temple theologies and cosmologies as the "Helpful Goddess" or the "Excellent Goddess". These late ancient Egyptian temple texts describe a goddess who represented divine assistance and protective guardianship.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys is regarded as the mother of the funerary deity Anubis (Inpu) in some myths. Alternatively Anubis appears as the son of Bastet or Isis. In Nubia, Nephthys was said to be the wife of Anubis.


title: Nephthys

text: Though usually considered the aunt of Horus, she often appears as his mother. She is also seen as a wife of Horus.


title: Nephthys

text: As the primary "nursing mother" of the incarnate pharaonic god, Horus, Nephthys also was considered to be the nurse of the reigning pharaoh himself. Though other goddesses could assume this role, Nephthys was most usually portrayed in this function. In contrast, Nephthys is sometimes featured as a rather ferocious and dangerous divinity, capable of incinerating the enemies of the pharaoh with her fiery breath.


title: Nephthys

text: New Kingdom Ramesside Pharaohs, in particular, were enamored of "Mother Nephthys" as is attested in various stelae and a wealth of inscriptions at Karnak and Luxor, where Nephthys was a member of that great city's Ennead and her altars were present in the massive complex.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys was typically paired with her sister Isis in funerary rites because of their role as protectors of the mummy and the god Osiris and as the sister-wife of Set.


title: Nephthys

text: Less well understood than her sister Isis, Nephthys was no less important in Egyptian religion as confirmed by the work of E. Hornung along with the work of several noted scholars.


title: Nephthys

text: In the funerary role, Nephthys often was depicted as a kite or as a woman with falcon wings, usually outstretched as a symbol of protection. Nephthys's association with the kite or the Egyptian hawk (and its piercing, mournful cries) evidently reminded the ancients of the lamentations usually offered for the dead by wailing women. In this capacity, it is easy to see how Nephthys could be associated with death and putrefaction in the Pyramid Texts. She was, almost without fail, depicted as crowned by the hieroglyphs signifying her name, which were a combination of signs for the sacred temple enclosure ("ḥwt") along with the sign for "nb" or "mistress (lady)" on top of the enclosure sign.


title: Nephthys

text: Nephthys was clearly viewed as a morbid-but-crucial force of heavenly transition, i.e., the pharaoh becomes strong for his journey to the afterlife through the intervention of Isis and Nephthys. The same divine power could be applied later to all of the dead, who were advised to consider Nephthys a necessary companion. According to the Pyramid Texts, Nephthys, along with Isis, was a force before whom demons trembled in fear and whose magical spells were necessary for navigating the various levels of Duat, as the region of the afterlife was termed.


title: Nephthys

text: Though it commonly has been assumed that Nephthys was married to Set and they have a son Anubis, recent Egyptological research has called this into question. Levai notes that while Plutarch's "De Iside et Osiride" mentions the deities' marriage, there is very little specifically linking Nephthys and Set in the original early Egyptian sources. She argues that the later evidence suggests that:


title: Nephthys

text: while Nephthys's marriage to Set was a part of Egyptian mythology, it was not a part of the myth of the murder and resurrection of Osiris. She was not paired with Set the villain, but with Set's other aspect, the benevolent figure who was the killer of Apophis. This was the aspect of Set worshiped in the western oases during the Roman period, where he is depicted with Nephthys as co-ruler.


title: Nephthys

text: It is Nephthys who assists Isis in gathering and mourning the dismembered portions of the body of Osiris after his murder by the envious Set. Nephthys also serves as the nursemaid and watchful guardian of the infant Horus. The Pyramid Texts refer to Isis as the "birth-mother" and to Nephthys as the "nursing-mother" of Horus. Nephthys was attested as one of the four "Great Chiefs" ruling in the Osirian cult center of Busiris in the Delta and she appears to have occupied an honorary position at the holy city of Abydos. No cult is attested for her there, though she certainly figured as a goddess of great importance in the annual rites conducted, wherein two chosen females or priestesses played the roles of Isis and Nephthys and performed the elaborate "Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys". There, at Abydos, Nephthys joined Isis as a mourner in the shrine known as the Osireion. These "Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys" were ritual elements of many such Osirian rites in major ancient Egyptian cult centers.


title: Nephthys

text: As a mortuary goddess like Isis, Neith, and Serqet, Nephthys was one of the protectresses of the canopic jars of Hapi. Hapi, one of the sons of Horus, guarded the embalmed lungs. Thus we find Nephthys endowed with the epithet "Nephthys of the Bed of Life" in direct reference to her regenerative priorities on the embalming table. In the city of Memphis, Nephthys was duly honored with the title "Queen of the Embalmer's Shop" and there associated with the jackal-headed god Anubis as patron.