title: Nguyen

text: The first recorded mention of a person surnamed Nguyen is a 317 CE description of a journey to Giao Châu undertaken by Eastern Jin dynasty (, ) officer and his family. Many events in Vietnamese history have contributed to the name's prominence. In 1232, after usurping the Lý dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ forced the descendants of the Lý to change their surname to Nguyễn. When Hồ Quý Ly overturned the Trần dynasty, he killed many of their descendants so when the Hồ dynasty collapsed in 1407, many of his descendants changed their surname to Nguyễn in fear of retribution. In 1592, on the collapse of the Mạc dynasty, their descendants changed their surname to Nguyễn. In late 16th century, the Tư Mã clan from Thanh Hóa changed to Nguyễn and settled in Cochinchina. When the Nguyễn dynasty (the descendants of the Nguyễn Lords) took power in 1802, some of the descendants of the Trịnh Lords fearing retribution changed their surname to Nguyễn, while others fled north into China. The Nguyễn dynasty awarded many people the surname Nguyễn during their rule, and many criminals also changed their surname to Nguyễn to avoid prosecution.


title: Nguyen

text: The prevalence of Nguyễn as a family name in Vietnam extends to outside the country, due to numerous and widespread Vietnamese emigrants. Outside Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics, as “Nguyen”. Nguyen was the seventh most common family name in Australia in 2006 (second only to Smith in Melbourne phone books), and the 54th most common in France. It was the 41st most common surname in Norway in 2020 and tops the foreign name list in the Czech Republic.


title: Nguyen

text: In the United States, Nguyen is the 38th most-common surname and is shared by more than 437,000 individuals, according to the 2010 Census; it was the 57th and 229th most-common surname, respectively, in the 2000 and 1990 censuses. It is also the most common exclusively East Asian surname. It is ranked 124th in the U.S. Social Security Index. Nguyen was the 57th most common surname in the whole of Australia in 2022.


title: Nguyen

text: In Vietnamese tradition, people are referred to by their personal names and not by their family names even in formal situations. However, some groups distinguish themselves from other Nguyễn by passing elements of their names that are usually considered middle names to their children. This practice is more common with male than with female children. Some of the prominent subgroups within the Nguyễn family are:


title: Nguyen

text: The Vietnamese pronunciation is in northern dialect or in southern dialect, in both cases, in one syllable. is the velar nasal found in the middle of the English word "singer". Unlike in Vietnamese, this consonant is never found in initial position in English. is the semivowel found in the English word "win. is a rising diphthong, the sound of which is similar to the diphthong found in the British English Received Pronunciation of "ear". Finally, occurs in the English word "net".


title: Nguyen

text: However, Nguyễn is also pronounced with a tone in Vietnamese. In Southern Vietnam, Nguyễn is pronounced with the dipping tone; the pitch of the voice first drops from a mid-level to the bottom of the speaker's range of pitch and then rises back to mid. In Northern Vietnam, it is pronounced with the creaky rising tone: the pitch of the voice rises from mid-level to the top of the speaker's range of pitch, but with constricted vocal cords, akin to a glottal stop in the middle of the vowel. See Vietnamese tones.


title: Nguyen

text: There have been various points in Vietnam's history at which people have changed their family name to "Nguyễn."


title: Nguyen

text: When the Lý Dynasty fell in 1232, Trần Thủ Độ, who orchestrated its overthrow, forced Lý's descendants to adopt the name due to the naming taboo surrounding Trần Lý, grandfather to emperor Trần Cảnh.


title: Nguyen

text: During almost 1000 years, from 457 to Hồ Quý Ly (1401), in Hải Dương and a part of Haiphong today there is the district of the Phí family (Vietnamese: "huyện Phí Gia"). At the end of the Lý and the Trần dynasty there were many people who changed their names to "Nguyễn" and "Nguyễn Phí." By the Lê dynasty, the court changed the name of the district to "Kim Thành."


title: Nguyen

text: Trần Quang Diệu (like his wife Bùi Thị Xuân) worked as a major officer for the Tây Sơn dynasty, against Nguyễn Ánh. After the Tây Sơn dynasty was defeated, his children adopted various names or changed names (one of them into "Nguyễn") in order to flee retaliation.


title: Nguyen

text: Historically in Vietnam and many East Asian countries, the rulers may let their courtiers share their family name as a reward for their loyalty. Many officials thereby changed their name to match that of the last Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945). Civilians also adopted the name during the Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War for purposes of social climbing, having migrated from the north to the south. Even the Tây Sơn Brothers changed their name to "Nguyễn" from "Hồ."


title: Nguyen

text: Hồ Chí Minh was born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and used various names with the surname Nguyễn throughout his career ("Nguyễn Tất Thành", "Nguyễn Ái Quốc"). He was not known as Hồ Chí Minh until late in his life.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: , also known as Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade in its American release, is a 1999 Japanese action political thriller anime film directed by Hiroyuki Okiura (in his directorial debut) and written by Mamoru Oshii. "Jin-Roh" is the third film in Oshii's "Kerberos saga" and is primarily based on Oshii's manga "Kerberos Panzer Cop".


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: The film follows Kazuki Fuse, a member of a special police unit set during an alternate history of 1950s Japanese riots. Failing to follow an order to execute a frightened young girl only to see her commit suicide by detonating an improvised explosive device before his very eyes, Fuse is put on trial and sent back to the training camp for re-evaluation. Visiting the grave of the suicide, he meets Kei, the girl's sister, who does not hold him responsible for her demise. The film proceeds as the two develop a peculiar relationship.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: The film premiered on November 17, 1999, in France, and Bandai Entertainment and Viz Media licensed the film for an English-language release in North America and Europe. It has been relicensed in North America by Discotek Media, with a DVD released on April 29, 2014 followed by a Blu-Ray on January 27, 2015.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: The story is set in alternate-history Japan in the 1950s following the atomic bombing and subsequent occupation (by a victorious German Reich, rather than the Allies) of the country at the end of World War II and the post-war recovery. It focuses on Kazuki Fuse, a member of the elite Kerberos Panzer Cops, a metropolitan counter-terrorism unit. Fuse confronts his own humanity when he fails to shoot a young terrorist that his unit traps in the storm-water tunnels. She detonates a bomb in front of him, but only kills herself. The incident damages the reputation of the unit and Fuse is reprimanded. He visits the ashes of the dead girl and meets Kei Amemiya, who claims to be the elder sister of the terrorist and they develop a friendship. Kei is eventually revealed not to be the suicide bomber's sister, but a former bomb courier coerced into acting on behalf of the Special Unit's rival division Public Security.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: A trap is set by the local police forces and the Public Security Division intended to discredit the Special Unit with Kei as bait to catch Fuse, intending to show a terrorist passing a satchel bomb to a member of the Panzers. However, Fuse sneaks in, seizes Kei, neutralizes the Capitol Police agents and they escape. Later, Kei reveals her role in the deception and suggests they leave together, but Fuse decides to stay.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: They make their way to the tunnels once more, where they are met by members of the Wolf Brigade, a secret, deep-cover unit in the Kerberos Corps led by Hajime Handa. They provide Fuse with a full set of armor and weaponry, before leaving with Kei in tow. Hachiroh Tohbe explains to Kei that the Wolf Brigade has used the Public Security Division's plan to flush out those who were most active in trying to eliminate the Kerberos Corps, and eliminate them in turn. Public Security agents follow a tracking device in Kei's bag and make their way into the tunnels. They encounter the fully armored Fuse, who slaughters them all.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: Later, the Wolf Brigade meet in a junkyard and Fuse is ordered to kill Kei to ensure she is never recaptured by Public Security. Kei embraces Fuse and sadly recites the dialogue of Little Red Riding Hood, describing the grotesque appearance of the wolf disguised as a loved one. Fuse is distraught, but regardless kills Kei. Fuse is horrified at his action, but now having sacrificed his humanity, he has no other choice but to remain part of the pack. The old sergeant solemnly compares Kei's fate to the demise of Red Riding Hood and the triumph of the wolf.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: Mamoru Oshii had wanted to do what ultimately became "Jin-Roh" several years prior. It was originally planned to be the third and final live-action feature film of the Kerberos trilogy, but its production wasn't possible until 1994, while Oshii was already working on "Ghost in the Shell". As the filmmaker wasn't able to produce two films in the same time but didn't want someone else to direct his final episode, Oshii decided that the third episode would be an anime instead.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: The project was originally pitched as a six-episode OVA as he knew Bandai Visual was interested in having him do a series for them and his original Kerberos Panzer Cop manga was formed by six chapters. As he proposed the project to Bandai Visual at a meeting they instead asked him to direct "Ghost in the Shell" but green-lit the series for pre-production. The production eventually evolved into a feature film following the international success of Ghost in the Shell as Manga Entertainment wanted a similar hit and saw potential in Kerberos Panzer Cops as the manga had been published in the United States.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: After reluctantly giving up the directorial role, Oshii originally thought on "" animation director Kazuchika Kise, but he had no interest in chief direction at the time. He then committed "Jin-Roh" as a debut film to a trusted young collaborator, Hiroyuki Okiura, who had worked on animation movies such as "Ghost in the Shell" (character designer) and "Patlabor 2: The Movie." Oshii considered him the most able candidate among the younger staff of the studio and both Production IG and Bandai Visual, knowing about his directing ambitions and his interest in creating a serious drama, wanted him to do his debut for them.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: Oshii "begged" to at least be entrusted with the screenplay, the prospect of working with Okiura changing his previous reluctance about merely writing films. This wasn't originally in Bandai's plans for the film, but Oshii expected Kazunori Itō, his usual screenwriter, to reject their offer as he had previously told him that he didn't want to write a story involving dogs following his work for Jin-Roh live-action prequel "The Red Spectacles", and after he did so he was offered the role. He ultimately still found the experience frustrating both through the tiping ("The moment you write, you want to direct") and after realizing the result would unavoidably be much different from what he pictured in his head. Lacking any creative control on the process, he chose to distance himself from the animation production while looking forward to the final product.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: Okiura favored traditional animation, and thus the film was almost completely drawn by hand, requiring 80,000 cels. Oshii, who characterized him as "allergic to computers", admitted that had he directed the film he would have relied in computer animation just as he did in "Ghost in the Shell" and no more than 30,000 cels would have been needed. Still the celwork was subsequently processed through the Animo software in order to enhance some visual effects, textures and camerawork.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: "Jin-Roh" was first seen in the early 1999 film festival circuit, including the 49th Berlinale and the 19th Fantasporto in February. It was subsequently shown in Cannes' Marché du Film, which presumably netted its early French theatrical release on November 17. The Japanese preview of the film took place on June 19 in the Roppongi 20th Century Films theater.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: An early comment on the film was given by Blue Sky animator André Mazzone, who was shown the film in May 1999 as part of a delegation from the studio to Production IG's headquarters. He praised it for the beauty of its animation and character designs and the "subtle and crafty twists" in the story, and commented that the differing approaches to production meant directors were freed from needing to appeal to a wide target audience and allowed have a much greater creative control than in Hollywood animated features, favoring the sophisticated productions anime was known for.


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: The following month the film shown in Cannes' Marché du Film, where Variety's Derek Elley noted it for pushing cel animation to its limits in the action scenes and for Okiura's focus on stillness in between while considering it a less complex work than its predecessor Ghost in the Shell lacking its "stomach-churning, visionary moments".


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: "Hyper" commends the film for its "art direction and character design which are beautiful examples of hand-drawn animation and the music fits the action (or lack thereof) brilliantly. However, the film's "slow, deliberate pace" is criticised. Helen McCarthy in "500 Essential Anime Movies" called the anime "a must-see" and praised the score and the design, commenting on "some breathtakingly composed scenes".


title: Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

text: A South Korean live-action remake titled "" directed by Kim Jee-woon updates the setting from Japan to a dystopian South Korea, where the plot revolves around plans to unite the two Koreas. The film stars Gang Dong-won, Han Hyo-joo, and Jung Woo-sung, and was released on July 15, 2018.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: Ratna Pathak Shah (born 18 March 1957) is an Indian actress and director known for her work in Hindi theatre, television, and films. Her extensive work in theatre includes a series of plays in both English and Hindi. She rose to prominence when she appeared in the hit TV serial "Idhar Udhar" in the 1980s.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: She garnered widespread recognition and acclaim with her portrayal of Maya Sarabhai, a snobbish socialite in the sitcom "Sarabhai vs Sarabhai" (2004–2006). Her other prominent roles include in the coming-of-age film "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na" (2008), action comedy film "Golmaal 3" (2010), family drama film "Kapoor & Sons" (2016), and the black-comedy film "Lipstick Under My Burkha" (2017), all of which earned her nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. She also appeared in the romantic comedy "Ek Mai Aur Ekk Tu" (2012) and the comedy-drama "Khoobsurat" (2014). She married actor Naseeruddin Shah, with whom she has two sons.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: Ratna Pathak Shah is a Gujarati Hindu. She was born on 18 March 1957 in Mumbai, India to Baldev Pathak and actress Dina Pathak. She is the sister of actress Supriya Pathak.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: Pathak is an alumna of the J. B. Vachha High School, Dadar, Mumbai and the 1981 batch of the National School of Drama, Delhi.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: As well as appearing in many successful films, including "Mirch Masala", Ratna Pathak appeared as the wife in "The Perfect Murder".


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: She also acted in the hit comedy sitcom "Sarabhai vs Sarabhai" where she played high society elite, for which she received the ITA Award for Best Actress – Comedy in 2005.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: In July 2008 she appeared in the coming-of-age romantic drama "Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na" as the mother of the protagonist. Naseeruddin Shah played her husband, as a deceased character who talks to her from a portrait. She has also acted in several Russian plays, as well as co-founding and being an active member of "Motley Theatre Group".


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: She appeared in the action comedy "Golmaal 3" opposite Mithun Chakraborty. She was a part of the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan Selection Committee for 2012 Awards. Ratna Pathak Shah, who has appeared in many successful Hindi films, will come first time in a Gujarati movie “Kutch Express Gujarati Movie”.


title: Ratna Pathak Shah

text: Ratna Pathak married Naseeruddin Shah in 1982. They have two sons Imaad Shah and Vivaan Shah. Naseeruddin Shah has a daughter, Heeba Shah, from his first marriage.


title: Michel Ney

text: Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva (; 10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon I.


title: Michel Ney

text: He was known as Le Rougeaud by his men; Napoleon characterized him as "le Brave des braves (the Bravest of the Brave), a real paladin in the field, a braggart without judgment and decision in the workroom and after all is said, a Don Quixote."


title: Michel Ney

text: Ney was born in the town of Sarrelouis, in the French province of the Three Bishoprics, along the French–German border. He was the second son of Pierre Ney (1738–1826), a master cooper and veteran of the Seven Years' War, and his wife Marguerite Greiveldinger. He was the paternal grandson of Matthias Ney (1700–1780) and wife Margarethe Becker (d. 1767), and the maternal grandson of Valentin and wife Margaretha Ding.


title: Michel Ney

text: His hometown at the time of his birth comprised a French enclave in the predominantly German region of Saarland, and Ney grew up bilingual, due to his German roots. He was educated at the "Collège des Augustins" in Sarrelouis until 1782, when he began working as a clerk in a local notary's office, and in 1784 was employed in mines and forges.


title: Michel Ney

text: Life as a civil servant did not suit Ney, and he enlisted in the Colonel-General Hussar Regiment in 1787. Under the Bourbon monarchy, entry to the officer corps of the French Army was restricted to those with four quarterings of nobility ("i.e.", two generations of aristocratic birth). However, Ney rapidly rose through the non-commissioned officer ranks.


title: Michel Ney

text: Following the French Revolution, Ney continued to serve in what was now the French Revolutionary Army, in the Army of the North. In September 1792 he saw action at the Battle of Valmy and in October was commissioned as an officer under the Republic. As an officer he participated in the Battle of Neerwinden in 1793 and was wounded at the Siege of Mainz, also in 1793. in June 1794, he was transferred to Army of Sambre-et-Meuse.


title: Michel Ney

text: Ney was promoted to brigadier general in August 1796, and commanded cavalry on the German fronts. On 17 April 1797, during the Battle of Neuwied, Ney led a cavalry charge against Austrian lancers trying to seize French cannons. The lancers were beaten back, but Ney’s cavalry were counter-attacked by heavy cavalry. During the mêlée, Ney was thrown from his horse and captured in the vicinity of the municipality of Dierdorf; on 8 May he was exchanged for an Austrian general. Following the capture of Mannheim, Ney was promoted to "géneral de division" on 28 March 1799. Later in 1799, Ney commanded cavalry in the armies of Switzerland and the Danube. At Winterthur, Ney received wounds in the thigh and wrist. After recovering he fought at Hohenlinden under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau in December 1800. From September 1802, Ney commanded French troops in Switzerland and performed diplomatic duties.


title: Michel Ney

text: On 19 May 1804, Ney received his marshal's baton, emblematic of his status as a Marshal of the Empire, the Napoleonic era's equivalent of Marshal of France. In the 1805 campaign, Ney took command of the VI Corps of the "Grande Armée" and was praised for his conduct at Elchingen. In November 1805, Ney invaded Tyrol, capturing Innsbruck from Archduke John. In the 1806 campaign, Ney fought at Jena and then occupied Erfurt. Later in the campaign, Ney successfully besieged Magdeburg. In the 1807 campaign, Ney arrived with reinforcements in time to save Napoleon from defeat at Eylau, although the battle ended in a draw. Later in the campaign, Ney fought at Güttstadt and commanded the right wing at Friedland. On 6June 1808, Ney was made Duke of Elchingen. In August 1808, he was sent to Spain in command of the VI Corps and saw action in a number of minor engagements. In 1809, he skirmished with an Anglo-Portuguese force under Sir Robert Wilson at Puerto de Baños. In 1810, Ney joined Marshal André Masséna in the invasion of Portugal, where he captured Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida, and saw further action on the River Côa, and at Bussaco. During the retreat from the Torres Vedras, Ney engaged Wellington's forces in a series of rearguard actions (Pombal, Redinha, Casal Novo, and Foz de Arouce) through which he managed to delay the pursuing Coalition forces long enough to allow the main French force to retreat intact. He was ultimately removed from his command for insubordination.


title: Michel Ney

text: Ney was given command of the III Corps of the "Grande Armée" during the invasion of Russia in 1812. At Smolensk, Ney was wounded in the neck but recovered enough to later fight in the central sector at Borodino. During the retreat from Moscow, Ney commanded the rearguard (and was accidentally known as "the last Frenchman on Russian soil" because of it). After being cut off from the main army during the Battle of Krasnoi, Ney managed to escape in a heavy fog over the Dnieper River, but not without heavy losses, and to rejoin it in Orsha, which delighted Napoleon. For this action Ney was given the nickname "the bravest of the brave" by the emperor. Ney fought at the Berezina and helped hold the vital bridge at Kovno (modern-day Kaunas), where legend portrays Ney as the last of the invaders to cross the bridge and exit Russia. On 25 March 1813, Ney was given the title of Prince of the Moskva. During the 1813 campaign, Ney fought at Weissenfels, was wounded at Lützen, and commanded the left wing at Bautzen. Ney later fought at Dennewitz and Leipzig, where he was again wounded. In the 1814 campaign in France, Ney fought various battles and commanded various units. At Fontainebleau, Ney became the spokesperson for the marshals' revolt on 4 April 1814, demanding Napoleon's abdication. Ney informed Napoleon that the army would not march on Paris; Napoleon responded, ""the army will obey me!"" to which Ney answered, ""the army will obey its chiefs"".


title: Michel Ney

text: When Paris fell and the Bourbons reclaimed the throne, Ney, who had pressured Napoleon to accept his first abdication and exile, was promoted, lauded, and made a Peer of France by the newly enthroned King Louis XVIII. Although Ney had pledged his allegiance to the restored monarchy, the Bourbon court looked down on him because he was a commoner by birth.


title: Michel Ney

text: When he heard of Napoleon's return to France, Ney, determined to keep France at peace and to show his loyalty to Louis XVIII, organized a force to stop Napoleon's march on Paris. Ney also pledged to bring Napoleon back alive in an iron cage. Napoleon, aware of Ney's plans, sent him a letter which said, in part, ""I shall receive you as I did after the Battle of the Moskowa."" Despite Ney’s promise to the king, he joined Napoleon at Auxerre on 18 March 1815.


title: Michel Ney

text: On 15 June 1815, Napoleon appointed Ney as commander of the left wing of the Army of the North. On 16 June, Napoleon's forces split up into two wings to fight two separate battles simultaneously. Ney attacked the Duke of Wellington at Quatre Bras (and received criticism for attacking slowly) while Napoleon attacked Marshal Blücher's Prussians at Ligny. Although Ney was criticized for not capturing Quatre Bras early, there is still debate as to what time Napoleon actually ordered Ney to capture the town. At Ligny, Napoleon ordered General Jean-Baptiste d'Erlon to move his corps (on Napoleon's left and Ney's right at the time) to the Prussians' rear in order to cut off their line of retreat. D'Erlon began to move into position, but suddenly stopped and began moving away, much to the surprise and horror of Napoleon. The reason for the sudden change in movement is that Ney had ordered d'Erlon to come to his aid at Quatre Bras. Without d'Erlon's corps blocking the Prussians' line of retreat, the French victory at Ligny was not complete, and the Prussians were not routed.


title: Michel Ney

text: At Waterloo on 18 June, Ney again commanded the left wing of the army. At around 3:30 p.m., Ney ordered a mass cavalry charge against the Anglo-Allied lines. Ney's cavalry overran the enemy cannons but found the infantry formed in cavalry-proof square formations. Ney, without infantry or artillery support, failed to break the squares. The action earned Ney criticism, and some argue that it led to Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. Debate continues as to the responsibility for the cavalry charge and why it went unsupported. Ney's cavalry also failed to spike the enemy cannons (driving iron spikes into the firing holes) while they were under French control (during the cavalry attack, the crews of the cannon retreated into the squares for protection, and then re-manned their pieces as the cavalry withdrew). Ney's cavalry carried the equipment needed to spike cannons, and spiking the cannons would probably have made them useless for the rest of the battle. The loss of a large number of cannon would have weakened the army and could have caused the Anglo-Allied Army to withdraw from the battle. Ney was seen during one of the charges beating his sword against the side of a British cannon in furious frustration. During the battle, he had five horses killed under him, and at the end of the day, Ney led one of the last infantry charges, shouting to his men: "Come and see how a marshal of France meets his death!" It was as though Ney was seeking death, but death did not want him, as many observers reported.


title: Michel Ney

text: When Napoleon was defeated, dethroned, and exiled for the second time in the summer of 1815, Ney was arrested on 3 August 1815. After a court-martial decided in November that it did not have jurisdiction, he was tried on 4 December 1815 for treason by the Chamber of Peers. In order to save Ney's life, his lawyer André Dupin declared that Ney was now Prussian and could not be judged by a French court for treason as Ney's hometown of Sarrelouis had been annexed by Prussia according to the Treaty of Paris of 1815. Ney ruined his lawyer's effort by interrupting him and stating: ""Je suis Français et je resterai Français!"" (I am French and I will remain French!). When the Peers were called to give their verdict, a hundred and thirty-seven voted for the death penalty, seventeen for deportation, and five abstained. Only a single vote, that of the Duc de Broglie, was for acquittal. On 6 December 1815, Ney was condemned, and on 7 December 1815 he was executed by firing squad in Paris near the Luxembourg Gardens. He refused to wear a blindfold and was allowed the right to give the order to fire, reportedly saying:


title: Michel Ney

text: Ney's execution deeply divided the French public. It was an example intended for Napoleon's other marshals and generals, many of whom were eventually exonerated by the Bourbon monarchy. Ney was buried in Paris at Père Lachaise Cemetery.


title: Michel Ney

text: Records in Charleston, South Carolina, indicate the arrival of a "Peter Stewart Ney" the year following Ney's execution. Ney's father was named Peter, and his mother's maiden name was Stewart. "Peter Ney" served as a school teacher in Rowan County, North Carolina until his death on 15 November 1846. Supposedly, upon hearing of the death of Napoleon in 1821, "Peter Ney" slashed his own throat with a knife, nearly killing himself. Upon his death, his last words were ""I am Ney of France"". His body was exhumed twice, in 1887 and 1936, but both times no conclusive proof emerged.


title: Michel Ney

text: However, there is evidence contradicting this legend, the main being that the execution of Ney is well documented and verified. One researcher also claims evidence exists that Peter Stewart Ney was one Peter McNee, born in 1788 in Stirlingshire, Scotland.


title: Michel Ney

text: Ney married Aglaé Louise (Paris, 24 March 1782 – Paris, 1 July 1854), daughter of Pierre César Auguié (1738–1815) and Adélaïde Henriette Genet (1758–1794, sister of Henriette Campan and Citizen Genêt), at Thiverval-Grignon on 5 August 1802. they had four sons:


title: Mithra

text: Mithra ( "Miθra", "Miça") commonly known as Mehr, is the Iranian deity of covenant, light, oath, justice and the sun. In addition to being the divinity of contracts, Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of Truth, and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and of the Waters.


title: Mithra

text: The Romans attributed their Mithraic mysteries to Zoroastrian Persian sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman "perceptions" of Zoroastrian ideas.


title: Mithra

text: Together with the Vedic common noun "mitra", the Avestan common noun "miθra" derives from Proto-Indo-Iranian "*mitrám" (Mitra), from the root "*mi-" "to bind", with the "tool suffix" "-tra-" "causing to". Thus, etymologically "mitra"/"miθra" means "that which causes binding", preserved in the Avestan word for "Covenant, Contract, Oath".


title: Mithra

text: In Middle Iranian languages (Middle Persian, Parthian etc.), "miθra" became "mihr", from which New Persian "mehr" and Armenian "mihr"/"mehr" ultimately derive.


title: Mithra

text: Like most other Divinities, Mithra is not mentioned by name in the Gathas, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and traditionally attributed to Zoroaster himself, or by name in the "Yasna Haptanghaiti", a seven-verse section of the Yasna liturgy that is linguistically as old as the Gathas. As a member of the Iranian ahuric triad, along with Ahura Mazda and Ahura Berezaiti (Apam Napat), Mithra is an exalted figure. Together with Rashnu "Justice" and Sraosha "Obedience", Mithra is one of the three judges at the Chinvat Bridge, the "Bridge of Separation" that all souls must cross. Unlike Sraosha, Mithra is not, however, a psychopomp, a guide of souls to the place of the dead. Should the Good Thoughts, Words, and Deeds outweigh the Bad, Sraosha alone conveys the Soul across the Bridge.


title: Mithra

text: As the Divinity of Contract, Mithra is undeceivable, infallible, eternally watchful, and never-resting. Mithra is additionally the protector of cattle, and his stock epithet is "of Wide Pastures." He is Guardian of the waters and ensures that those pastures receive enough of it.


title: Mithra

text: The lack of Mithra's presence in the texts was once a cause of some consternation amongst Iranians. An often-repeated speculation of the first half of the 20th century was that the lack of any mention (i.e., Zoroaster's silence) of Mithra in these texts implied that Zoroaster had rejected Mithra. This "ex silentio" speculation is no longer followed. Building on that speculation was another series of speculations, which postulated that the reason why Zoroaster did not mention Mithra was that the latter was the supreme God of a bloodthirsty group of "daeva"-worshipers that Zoroaster condemned. However, "no satisfactory evidence has yet been adduced to show that, before Zoroaster, the concept of a supreme god existed among the Iranians, or that among them Mithra – or any other divinity – ever enjoyed a separate cult of his or her own outside either their ancient or their Zoroastrian pantheons."


title: Mithra

text: The Avestan Hymn to Mithra ("Yasht" 10) is the longest, and one of the best-preserved, of the "Yasht"s. Mithra is described in the Zoroastrian Avesta scriptures as "Mithra of Wide Pastures, of the Thousand Ears, and of the Myriad Eyes," (Yasna 1:3), "the Lofty, and the Everlasting... the Province Ruler,"(Yasna 1:11), "the Yazad (Divinity) of the Spoken Name" (Yasna 3:5), and "the Holy," (Yasna 3:13). The Khorda Avesta (Book of Common Prayer) also refer to Mithra in the Litany to the Sun, "Homage to Mithra of Wide Cattle Pastures," (Khwarshed Niyayesh 5), "Whose Word is True, who is of the Assembly, Who has a Thousand Ears, the Well-Shaped One, Who has Ten Thousand Eyes, the Exalted One, Who has Wide Knowledge, the Helpful One, Who Sleeps Not, the Ever Wakeful. We sacrifice to Mithra, The Lord of all countries, Whom Ahura Mazda created the most glorious, Of the Supernatural Yazads. So may there come to us for Aid, Both Mithra and Ahura, the Two Exalted Ones,"(Khwarshed Niyayesh 6-7), "I shall sacrifice to his mace, well-aimed against the Skulls of the Daevas" (Khwarshed Niyayesh 15). Some recent theories have claimed Mithra represents the Sun itself, but the Khorda Avesta refers to the Sun as a separate entity – as it does with the Moon, with which the Sun has "the Best of Friendships," (Khwarshed Niyayesh 15).


title: Mithra

text: Although there is no known Mithraic iconography in the Achaemenid period, the deity is invoked in several royal Achaemenid inscriptions:


title: Mithra

text: In Artaxerxes II's (r. 404 – 358 B.C.) trilingual (Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian) inscription at Susa (ASa) and Hamadan (AHc), which have the same text, the emperor appeals to "Ahuramazda, Anahita, and Mithra protect me against all evil," and in which he beseeches them to protect what he has built.


title: Mithra

text: Although the Behistun inscription of Darius I (r. 522 – 486 B.C.) invokes Ahuramazda and "the Other Gods who are", this inscription of Artaxerxes II is remarkable as no Achaemenid king before him had invoked any but Ahura Mazda alone by name. Boyce suggests that the reason for this was that Artaxerxes had chosen Anahita and Mithra as his patron/protector Divinities.


title: Mithra

text: Mithra has invoked again in the single known inscription of Artaxerxes III, APa, found at Persepolis. In that inscription, that emperor to appeals to "Ahuramazda and the God Mithra preserve me, my country, and what has been built by me."


title: Mithra

text: In the Zoroastrian calendar, the sixteenth day of the month and the seventh month of the year are dedicated to and are under the protection of Mithra. The Iranian civil calendar of 1925 adopted Zoroastrian month-names, and as such also has the seventh month of the year named "Mihr". The position of the sixteenth day and seventh month reflects Mithra's rank in the hierarchy of the Divinities; the sixteenth day and seventh month are respectively the first day of the second half of the month and the first month of the second half of the year. The day on which the day-name and month-name dedications intersect is (like all other such intersections) dedicated to the divinity of that day/month, and is celebrated with a "Jashan" (from Avestan "Yasna", "Worship") in honor of that Divinity. In the case of Mithra, this was "Jashan-e Mehregan", or just Mehregan for short.


title: Mithra

text: In Zoroastrian scripture, Mithra is distinct from the divinity of the Sun, Hvare-khshaeta (literally "Radiant Sun", from which the Middle Persian word "Khorshed" for the Sun). However, in Zoroastrian tradition, Mithra evolved from being an all-seeing figure (hence vaguely associated with the Sun) into a divinity co-identified with the Sun itself, effectively taking over Hvare-khshaeta's role. It is uncertain how and when and why this occurred, but it is commonly attributed to conflation with the Babylonian sun god Shamash and/or the Greek deity Apollo, with whom Mithra shares multiple characteristics such as a judicial function and association with the Sun. This characteristic is part of Mithra's Indo inheritance in that the Indic Rigveda have solar divinities that are not distinct from Mithra/Mitra and Mitra is associated with sunrise in the Atharvaveda. Sun Salutation is a daily yogic activity worldwide even in current times and is preceded by chanting "OM Mitraya Namaha", where "Mitraya" is one of the 108 Names for Lord Surya/Sun God.


title: Mithra

text: Royal names incorporating Mithra's (e.g., "Mithradates") appear in the dynasties of Parthia, Armenia, and in Anatolia, in Pontus and Cappadocia.


title: Mithra

text: The youthful Apollonian-type Mithra is found in images from other countries of Iranian culture in the Parthian period, such as Commagene in the Roman-Parthian border and the Kushan Empire on the Indo-Iranian border.


title: Mithra

text: Persian and Parthian-speaking Manichaeans used the name of Mithra current in their time ("Mihryazd", q.e. Mithra-yazata) for two different Manichaean angels.


title: Mithra

text: The second figure mentioned above, the Third Messenger, was the helper and redeemer of mankind, and identified with another Zoroastrian divinity, "Narisaf" (derived from Pahlavi "Narsēh" from Avestan "Nairyō.saȵhō", meaning 'Potent Utterance', the name of a Yazata). Citing Boyce, Sundermann remarks, "It was among the Parthian Manicheans that Mithra as a Sun God surpassed the importance of Narisaf as the common Iranian image of the Third Messenger; among the Parthians the dominance of Mithra was such that his identification with the Third Messenger led to cultic emphasis on the Mithraic traits in the Manichaean God."


title: Mithra

text: Unrelated to these "Mihr"s are Parthian and Sogdian "Mytr" or "Mytrg". Although sharing linguistic roots with the name Mithra, Werner Sundermann established that those names denote Manicheanism’s equivalent of Maitreya.


title: Mithra

text: According to Boyce, the earliest literary references to the mysteries are by the Latin poet Statius, about 80 CE, and Plutarch (c. 100 CE).


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: A Little Princess is a 1995 American family drama film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Eleanor Bron, Liam Cunningham (in a dual role), and introducing Liesel Matthews as Sara Crewe with supporting roles by Vanessa Lee Chester, Rusty Schwimmer, Arthur Malet, and Errol Sitahal. The film was distributed by Warner Bros. through their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Set during World War I, it focuses on a young girl who is relegated to a life of servitude in a New York City boarding school by the headmistress after receiving news that her father was killed in combat. Loosely based upon the 1905 novel "A Little Princess" by Frances Hodgson Burnett, this adaptation was heavily influenced by the 1939 cinematic version and takes creative liberties with the original story.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Although not a box office success, the film was critically acclaimed and given various awards, such as two Oscar nominations for its significant achievements in art direction and cinematography, among other aspects of its production.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: In 1914, young Sara lives in India with her widowed father Captain Richard Crewe, a wealthy British army officer, sharing his love for stories of myths and magic. Called to serve in World War I, Richard enrolls Sara at the all-girls' boarding school in New York City attended by her late mother, run by haughty headmistress Miss Maria Minchin and her kindly sister Amelia. Instructing Miss Minchin to spare no expense for his daughter's comfort, Richard furnishes the school's largest suite and leaves Sara with her mother's locket and a doll he names Emily, which he tells her will keep them connected through magic.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Although stifled by Miss Minchin's strictness, Sara becomes popular among the girls, including the scullery maid Becky, for her kindness and powerful imagination. Sara writes to her father, who is caught in a gas attack while trying to save a fellow soldier in the trenches. Miss Minchin throws Sara a lavish birthday party, hoping to extort more money from her father, but his solicitor arrives with news that Richard has been killed in battle; the British government has seized his assets, leaving Sara penniless. Miss Minchin moves Sara to the attic with Becky to work as a servant and confiscates her belongings, including the locket, allowing her to keep only Emily and a book.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Though her life is bleak, Sara remains kind to others, but gets her revenge on the school bully Lavinia. Charles Randolph, the school's elderly neighbor, receives word that his son John has been declared missing in action while fighting in Europe. Ram Dass, Mr. Randolph's Indian associate, comes to notice Sara from the neighboring attic, overhearing her imaginative stories. When a wounded soldier suffering from amnesia is misidentified as John, Ram Dass encourages Mr. Randolph to take the man in. Sara's friends sneak into Miss Minchin's office and recover her locket, visiting her that night to hear her tales of Prince Rama. They are caught by Miss Minchin, who punishes Sara and Becky with a day without meals, but Sara stands up to her cruelty with her father's belief that "all girls are princesses", no matter their lot in life.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Sara comforts Becky by imaginining a feast and fine clothes for them, and they awaken to find the dream has come true, with their attic secretly transformed by Ram Dass. Inspired by Sara, Amelia runs away with the milkman, and Miss Minchin discovers the locket is missing. Confronting Sara in the attic, Miss Minchin accuses her of stealing the finery left by Ram Dass and summons the police. With Becky's help, Sara narrowly escapes by making the perilous climb over to the Randolph house. As Miss Minchin and the police search the house, Sara discovers the recovering soldier is none other than her father, but Richard does not recognize her. As Sara is dragged away, pleading with her father to remember her, Richard regains his memory and reunites with his daughter.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Some time later, Mr. Randolph has taken over the school, now a much happier place for the girls, and has found peace in knowing that Richard tried to save his son. Richard's fortune has been restored and he has adopted Becky, while Miss Minchin is reduced to working for a young chimney sweep she mistreated earlier. Sara gives Emily to the girls and shares an unexpected hug with Lavinia, before she and Becky depart for home.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: All of the tracks were composed by Patrick Doyle. Three of the tracks feature soloists. The "String Quintet in C major Perger 108, MH 187" by Michael Haydn is also used in the film. The film also features the New London Children's Choir.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: "A Little Princess" received critical acclaim upon its release. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 97% based on 36 reviews with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Alfonso Cuarón adapts Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel with a keen sense of magic realism, vividly recreating the world of childhood as seen through the characters".


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Janet Maslin called the film "a bright, beautiful and enchantingly childlike vision", one that "draw[s] its audience into the wittily heightened reality of a fairy tale" and "takes enough liberties to re-invent rather than embalm Miss Burnett's assiduously beloved story". She concludes:


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: From the huge head of an Indian deity, used as a place where stories are told and children play, to the agile way a tear drips from Sara's eye to a letter read by her father in the rain, "A Little Princess" has been conceived, staged and edited with special grace. Less an actors' film than a series of elaborate "tableaux", it has a visual eloquence that extends well beyond the limits of its story. To see Sara whirling ecstatically in her attic room on a snowy night, exulting in the feelings summoned by an evocative sight in a nearby window, is to know just how stirringly lovely a children's film can be.


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" called the film Cuarón's "dazzling North American ["sic"] debut" and wrote it "exquisitely re-creates the ephemeral world of childhood, an enchanted kingdom where everything, even make-believe, seems possible ... Unlike most distaff mythology, the film does not concern the heroine's sexual awakening; it's more like the typical hero's journey described by scholar Joseph Campbell. Sara, the adored Spoiled and pampered child of a wealthy British widower, must pass a series of tests, thereby discovering her inner strengths".


title: A Little Princess (1995 film)

text: "A Little Princess" was much more successful in the home video market than in theaters. Warner Bros. sold two million copies for an estimated $32 million in video revenue—the studio receiving 75%—greatly exceeding box office gross. The film was first released on VHS and LaserDisc on September 19, 1995 and was first released on DVD on November 19, 1997.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Sacred geometry ascribes symbolic and sacred meanings to certain geometric shapes and certain geometric proportions. It is associated with the belief that a god is the creator of the universal geometer. The geometry used in the design and construction of religious structures such as churches, temples, mosques, religious monuments, altars, and tabernacles has sometimes been considered sacred. The concept applies also to sacred spaces such as temenoi, sacred groves, village greens, pagodas and holy wells, Mandala Gardens and the creation of religious and spiritual art.


title: Sacred geometry

text: The belief that a god created the universe according to a geometric plan has ancient origins. Plutarch attributed the belief to Plato, writing that "Plato said god geometrizes continually" ("Convivialium disputationum", liber 8,2). In modern times, the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss adapted this quote, saying "God arithmetizes".


title: Sacred geometry

text: Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) believed in the geometric underpinnings of the cosmos. Harvard mathematician Shing-Tung Yau expressed a belief in the centrality of geometry in 2010:


title: Sacred geometry

text: "Lest one conclude that geometry is little more than a well-calibrated ruler – and this is no knock against the ruler, which happens to be a technology I admire – geometry is one of the main avenues available to us for probing the universe. Physics and cosmology have been, almost by definition, absolutely crucial for making sense of the universe. Geometry's role in this may be less obvious, but is equally vital. I would go so far as to say that geometry not only deserves a place at the table alongside physics and cosmology, but in many ways it is the table."


title: Sacred geometry

text: According to Stephen Skinner, the study of sacred geometry has its roots in the study of nature, and the mathematical principles at work therein. Many forms observed in nature can be related to geometry; for example, the chambered nautilus grows at a constant rate and so its shell forms a logarithmic spiral to accommodate that growth without changing shape. Also, honeybees construct hexagonal cells to hold their honey. These and other correspondences are sometimes interpreted in terms of sacred geometry and considered to be further proof of the natural significance of geometric forms.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Geometric ratios, and geometric figures were often employed in the designs of ancient Egyptian, ancient Indian, Greek and Roman architecture. Medieval European cathedrals also incorporated symbolic geometry. Indian and Himalayan spiritual communities often constructed temples and fortifications on design plans of mandala and yantra. Mandala Vaatikas or Sacred Gardens were designed using the same principles.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Many of the sacred geometry principles of the human body and of ancient architecture were compiled into the Vitruvian Man drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. The latter drawing was itself based on the much older writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Mandalas are made up of a compilation of geometric shapes. In Buddhism, it is made up of concentric circles and squares that are equally placed from the center. Located within the geometric configurations are deities or suggestions of the deity, such as in the form of a symbol. This is because Buddhists believe that deities can actually manifest inside the mandala. Mandalas can be created with a variety of mediums. Tibetan Buddhists create mandalas out of sand that are then ritually destroyed. In order to create the mandala, two lines are first drawn on a predetermined grid. The lines, known as Brahman lines, must overlap at the precisely calculated center of the grid. The mandala is then divided into thirteen equal parts not by a mathematical calculation, but through trial and error. Next, monks purify the grid to prepare it for the constructing of the deities before sand is finally added. Tibetan Buddhists believe that anyone who looks at the mandala will receive positive energy and be blessed. Due to the Buddhist belief in impermanence, the mandala is eventually dismantled and is ritualistically released into the world.


title: Sacred geometry

text: One of the cornerstones of Chinese folk religion is the relationship between man and nature. This is epitomized in feng shui, which are architectural principles outlining the design plans of buildings in order to optimize the harmony of man and nature through the movement of "Chi", or “life-generating energy.” In order to maximize the flow of "Chi" throughout a building, its design plan must utilize specific shapes. Rectangles and squares are considered to be the best shapes to use in feng shui design. This is because other shapes may obstruct the flow of "Chi" from one room to the next due to what are considered to be unnatural angles. Room layout is also an important element, as doors should be proportional to one another and located at appropriate positions throughout the house. Typically, doors are not situated across from one another because it may cause "Chi" to flow too fast from one room to the next.


title: Sacred geometry

text: The Forbidden City is an example of a building that uses sacred geometry through the principles of feng shui in its design plan. It is laid out in the shape of a rectangle that measures over half a mile long and about half a mile wide. Furthermore, the Forbidden City constructed its most important buildings on a central axis. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, which was the Emperor’s throne room, is located at the midpoint or “epicenter” of the central axis. This was done intentionally, as it was meant to show that when the Emperor entered this room, he would be ceremonially transformed into the center of the universe.


title: Sacred geometry

text: The geometric designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and interlaced, as can arabesques (with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of tessellations. These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or calligraphic embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in Islamic art and architecture including kilim carpets, Persian girih and Moroccan/Algerian zellige tilework, muqarnas decorative vaulting, jali pierced stone screens, ceramics, leather, stained glass, woodwork, and metalwork.


title: Sacred geometry

text: The Agamas are a collection of Sanskrit, Tamil, and Grantha scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of idols, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires, and four kinds of yoga.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Elaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for Shilpa (the art of sculpture) describing the quality requirements of such matters as the places where temples are to be built, the kinds of image to be installed, the materials from which they are to be made, their dimensions, proportions, air circulation, and lighting in the temple complex. The Manasara and Silpasara are works that deal with these rules. The rituals of daily worship at the temple also follow rules laid out in the Agamas.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Hindu temples, the symbolic representation of cosmic model is then projected onto Hindu temples using the "Vastu Shastra" principle of "Sukha Darshan," which states that smaller parts of the temple should be self-similar and a replica of the whole. The repetition of these replication parts symbolizes the natural phenomena of fractal patterns found in nature. These patterns make up the exterior of Hindu temples. Each element and detail are proportional to each other, this occurrence is also known as the sacred geometry.


title: Sacred geometry

text: The construction of Medieval European cathedrals was often based on geometries intended to make the viewer see the world through mathematics, and through this understanding, gain a better understanding of the divine. These churches frequently featured a Latin Cross floor-plan.


title: Sacred geometry

text: At the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe, views shifted to favor simple and regular geometries. The circle in particular became a central and symbolic shape for the base of buildings, as it represented the perfection of nature and the centrality of man's place in the universe. The use of the circle and other simple and symmetrical geometric shapes was solidified as a staple of Renaissance sacred architecture in Leon Battista Alberti's architectural treatise, which described the ideal church in terms of spiritual geometry.


title: Sacred geometry

text: In the High Middle Ages, leading Christian philosophers explained the layout of the universe in terms of a microcosm analogy. In her book describing the divine visions she witnessed, Hildegard of Bingen explains that she saw an outstretched human figure located within a circular orb. When interpreted by theologians, the human figure was Christ and mankind showing the Earthly realm and the circumference of the circle was a representation of the universe. Some images also show above the universe a depiction of God. This is thought to later have inspired Da Vinci’s "Vitruvian Man".


title: Sacred geometry

text: Dante uses circles to make up the nine layers of hell categorized in his book, "The" "Divine Comedy". “Celestial spheres” are also utilized to make up the nine layers of Paradise. He further creates a cosmic order of circular forms that stretches from Jerusalem in the Earthly realm up to God in Heaven. This cosmology is believed to have been inspired by the ancient astronomer Ptolemy.


title: Sacred geometry

text: Stephen Skinner discusses the tendency of some writers to place a geometric diagram over virtually any image of a natural object or human created structure, find some lines intersecting the image and declare it based on sacred geometry. If the geometric diagram does not intersect major physical points in the image, the result is what Skinner calls "unanchored geometry".


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Sky News Arabia (stylised as Sky News عربية) ( "") is an Arabic 24-hour rolling news channel broadcast mainly in the Middle East and North Africa. It is a joint venture between UK-based Sky Group and Abu Dhabi Media Investment Corporation (ADMIC), owned by Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, a member of the Abu Dhabi Emirate ruling family. The channel uses the Sky News brand and was launched on 6 May 2012.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: The channel is based in Abu Dhabi's Two Four 54 media SEZ and has a network of bureaux across MENA, along with offices in London and Washington, DC. It also shares access to Sky News' wider international bureaux network.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: BSkyB and Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan first announced a 50/50 joint venture to operate a free-to-air Arabic-language all-news channel on 29 November 2010. Adrian Wells, head of international news at Sky News, was appointed to lead preparations to launch the channel.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: In February 2011, Nart Bouran was hired as Sky News Arabia's first director of news. Bouran was previously director of television at Reuters. Yasser Thabet, former program director at the Saudi-owned Al Arabiya, joined Sky News Arabia as director of output in June 2011 and Nicholas Love was appointed as director of finance.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Al-Waleed bin Talal, the second-largest shareholder in 21st Century Fox, which at the time had a 39.1% stake in BSkyB, announced in September 2011 that he would launch another Arabic news channel, Al-Arab News Channel. The channel closed on the same day it launched.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Preparations at the network's headquarters in Two Four 54 (stylised as "twofour54") media SEZ of Abu Dhabi, began in February 2012. It began broadcasting on 6 May 2012.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: On 8 November 2015, Sky News Arabia launched its own radio station at 90.3 FM, which was originally the home of BBC World Service in Arabic. The radio station is live-anchored and broadcasts news, weather, sports, traffic and stock market updates and political discussions in randomized blocks. Specialized segments are created specifically for morning, early afternoon, and early evening hours. Several television programmes can also be heard as well.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Sky News Arabia officially claims a commitment to independent reporting and avoiding partisan programming. A six-person editorial advisory committee is said to exercising oversight over the network's editorial output.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Sky News Arabia is broadcast to more than 50 million households in the MENA region on satellite and cable providers, as well as over the internet and mobile apps. It is available free-to-air on Nilesat 201, Arabsat, Hot Bird and Astra.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: It is available in the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand through myTV's platform. It is also available to watch on Sky channel 788 in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Sky News Arabia's headquarters are located in Abu Dhabi's Two Four 54 (stylised as "twofour54") media township. The technical integration process at the studio was carried out from April 2011 to February 2012 in collaboration with Television Systems Limited.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: The facility consists of one large single studio which houses a number of permanent sets used for different programs. It also consists of a 10-meter wide video wall.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: As the channel is jointly owned with Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, concerns were raised about its editorial independence initially when it launched as well as during later geopolitical events.


title: Sky News Arabia

text: In 2017, during the Qatar diplomatic crisis, Sky News Arabia aired an Emirati-backed documentary that allegedly claimed Qatar's government was linked to al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. The official Qatar News Agency, which claimed to have been hacked prior to the diplomatic crisis, later assigned law firm Carter-Ruck to file a complaint to the British media regulator Ofcom against Sky News Arabia, alongside Al Arabiya, for "violating impartiality code and accuracy in news’ sourcing".


title: Sky News Arabia

text: Following the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, the channel broadcast pro-Saudi coverage which included reports, as well as statements from commentators, directed against Qatar and Turkey.


title: Kell Brook

text: Ezekiel "Kell" Brook (born 3 May 1986) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2022. He held the IBF welterweight title from 2014 to 2017, and challenged once for a unified middleweight world title in 2016. At regional level, he held multiple welterweight titles, including the British welterweight title from 2008 to 2010. In May 2017, Brook was ranked as the world's best active welterweight by "The Ring" magazine.


title: Kell Brook

text: Brook had his first amateur fight at age 12 under the guidance of Brendan Ingle. At the end of his amateur career, he had won 31 of his 36 fights, winning two Amateur Boxing Association of England titles and two National Association of Boys Clubs British Boxing Championships and a gold medal in the 4 Nations. An early inspiration for Brook was Naseem Hamed, who was also trained by Ingle at the same Wincobank gym.


title: Kell Brook

text: Brook's first fight as a professional took place in September 2004 with a 6-round points victory over experienced journeyman Peter Buckley at the Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield. He would fight again four more times that year to end 2004 with a record of 5–0 in just four months. Brook went about learning his trade against a host of journeymen before getting the opportunity in June 2008 to fight for the British welterweight title having compiled a winning record of 16–0.


title: Kell Brook

text: The championship fight at London's York Hall saw Kell Brook take on Welshman Barrie Jones for the vacant title. The fight was not without controversy however as the previous incumbent, Kevin McIntyre, had been stripped of the title after he sustained an injury and had to pull out of his scheduled defence against the Yorkshireman. Brook ended up winning the vacant title with a seventh-round technical knockout (TKO) of Jones who had come in at relatively short notice.


title: Kell Brook

text: Having won the title Brook was then ordered to face the former champion and the bout took take place in Glasgow's Kelvin Hall on 14 November 2008. Prior to the fight and referring to the bad blood that has built up between the two fighter's Brook said, """Once I knock out McIntyre in style then there will be no question mark over who should be British champion." When the fight finally did happen, Brook put McIntyre down three times in the first round to win by TKO to send the Glasgow crowd home disappointed.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 30 January 2009 Brook returned to the York Hall to meet former marine Stuart Elwell in a voluntary second defence. The fight again ended quickly when the referee stopped the fight in the second round, handing victory to Brook. He claimed the Lonsdale belt outright on 20 July 2009 when making his third defence against Prizefighter winner Michael Lomax. The fight, at the MEN Arena in Manchester, was on the undercard to Amir Khan's world championship victory over Andreas Kotelnik and saw Brook win by TKO in the third round. After the fight Brook said that he believed he was the best in Britain but couldn't say for sure until he's beaten Chorley's Michael Jennings who he challenged to a match-up.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 25 September 2009, Brook pipped fellow champion Nathan Cleverly for the prestigious title of Young British Boxer of the Year award, as voted for by the Boxing Writer's Club. The vote was the closest in the history of the award with Brook claiming the honour by one vote over Cleverly who held both the British and Commonwealth light-heavyweight titles. In winning the award Brook joined a list of boxers which included the likes of Ken Buchanan, John H Stracey, Barry McGuigan, Nigel Benn, Naseem Hamed, Joe Calzaghe and Amir Khan.


title: Kell Brook

text: Brook's first fight of 2010 took place in Liverpool on 12 March 2010. The fight, for the WBO Inter-Continental title, pitched Brook against Poland's Krzysztof Bienias, a man last beaten by Junior Witter in 2005 and with a run of seventeen straight wins. Brook collected his second career title when in the sixth round the fight was stopped by the referee following a dominant display by the Yorkshireman. Brook's long-awaited fight against Michael Jennings was due to be next on 3 July 2010 until a rib injury forced the fight to be postponed for a second time. The fight, for Brook's British title was then scheduled to take place between Jennings and former Commonwealth welterweight champion John O'Donnell before O'Donnell pulled out and was then rescheduled between Brook and Jennings. Finally, on 18 September 2010 Brook boxed Michael Jennings at the LG Arena in Birmingham. Brook defeated Jennings via fifth-round TKO after the latter sustained a cut, with the referee deeming the injury too severe for the bout to continue. The win doubled as Brooks's fourth defence of his British title and the first defence of his WBO regional title. On 9 December 2010 Brook made his second defence of his WBO Inter-Continental title, defeating Phillip Kotey via second-round TKO. The win ensured that Brook kept his number one ranking with the WBO.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 8 April 2011 Brook split from promoter Frank Warren and joined the Matchroom Sport boxing stable under Eddie Hearn, with Brook saying that he was "really buzzing" to have joined the outfit. Hearn said that he was "excited about adding Kell to our stable". Speaking of Brook he said "Kell oozes class and has that something special about him – in short he is going to be a superstar." Brook's first contest for the promotional outfit was on 25 June 2011 at the Hillsborough Leisure Centre in Sheffield and resulted in a twelve-round unanimous decision (UD) victory against Lovemore N'dou, capturing the vacant WBA Inter-Continental title in the process.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 17 March 2012, Kell Brook took his undefeated run to 27 fights by beating Matthew Hatton, brother of Ricky Hatton, by UD in Sheffield. The scores were 119–107, 119–108 and 118–109 all in favour of Brook. In front of nearly 10,000 fans at the Motorpoint Arena, Brook added the IBF International welterweight title to his WBA Inter-Continental title. Brook floored Hatton in the ninth round but could not knock out his Mancunian opponent. The fight gave record breaking viewing figures for Sky Sports' Fight Night Live programme as well as being the most watched fight of the year in Britain. Afterwards he said on the prospect of facing Khan: "Of course I want Khan, I've been banging on about Amir Khan, but I'm going to do my own thing and if that fight happens, it happens, and I'll smash him. I want to be fighting at that top table now with elite fighters. I think I've proved I deserve to be there."


title: Kell Brook

text: Brook faced Carson Jones at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on Saturday 7 July 2012. Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Sport promoted the fight with it being billed "Edge of Glory" as both fighters saw this fight as a stepping stone to a shot at a world title. The fight was shown live on Sky Sports 1. The weigh in took place in Sheffield's Winter Gardens on 6 July with Brook weighing in at 10 st 6 lb 10 oz (60.16 kg) and Jones weighing slightly less at 10 st 6 lb 6 oz (60.04 kg). Brook dominated the early rounds, moving well and connecting regularly with two and three punch combinations. However, as the fight went on he began to tire and Jones was able to land shots of his own. Brook's nose was broken in the eighth round. He was almost floored in the final round but was able to hold on until the bell. Brook did enough in the early rounds to win the fight by majority decision (MD), as the judges' scorecards read 114–114, 116–113, and 115–113 in Brook's favour. Brook was taken to hospital after the fight due to blood loss from his broken nose.


title: Kell Brook

text: In August 2012 Matchroom Sport announced that Brook would face veteran Hector Saldivia at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 20 October 2012. The winner would then become the mandatory challenger for the IBF welterweight title held at the time by Randall Bailey. At a packed weigh-in the day before the fight at Sheffield's Meadowhall Centre, both fighters weighed in under the 147 lbs limit. Brook started strongly, knocking Saldivia down midway through the first round. The second round was very similar with Saldivia unable to deal with Brook's accuracy and power. In the third Brook landed a solid, well timed straight which sent the Argentinian to the floor again. This time he struggled to get up as his legs wobbled beneath him and the referee stopped the contest in the third round.


title: Kell Brook

text: After becoming the mandatory challenger, Brook was set to fight Devon Alexander for the world title on 19 January 2013 at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, California. However, Brook announced he had sustained an ankle injury and the fight was pushed back until 23 February 2013 and the venue changed to the Masonic Temple in Detroit, Michigan. Then Alexander announced he had a bicep injury causing the fight to be rescheduled yet again to 18 May 2013 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, Brook would later pull out of the fight again after injuring his foot, scrapping the fight for a third time, with fellow Brit and Matchroom stablemate Lee Purdy taking his place and going on to lose via seventh-round corner retirement (RTD).


title: Kell Brook

text: After the saga with Devon Alexander Jr., Brook took a rematch with Carson Jones in [Kingston upon Hull|Hull] on 13 July 2013. Brook took the early rounds of this contest looking far too powerful and quick for the American. Brook went on to win by eighth-round TKO to take his record to 30–0.


title: Kell Brook

text: It was announced shortly after the rematch with Jones that Brook would next face Vyacheslav Senchenko at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 26 October 2013. Senchenko had recently beaten Ricky Hatton, causing him to retire for good from boxing. Brook said he was using this as motivation and wanted to "get revenge" for a British boxing hero and a personal friend within the sport. Hatton was ringside for the fight and spoke to Brook in the dressing room just prior to the fight. The first and second rounds were very cagey encounters with neither fighter wanting to give too much away, with Brook using his jab more effectively and taking both the rounds. In the third Brook knocked his opponent down with a powerful right, forcing Senchenko to take the eight count before continuing. Brook started the fourth strongly by out-boxing his Ukrainian opponent, although Senchenko did unsteady Brook for a few seconds before Brook sent Sencheko back to the canvas with another right. Referee Shada Murdaugh concluded that Senchenko was in no position to continue and Brook was declared the winner by TKO.


title: Kell Brook

text: After beating Senchenko, Brook was once again the mandatory challenger for the IBF welterweight title and faced newly crowned champion Shawn Porter on 16 August 2014 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. Porter was the favorite to win and came out aggressively as he pressurised Brook, relying heavily on looping shots. Brook kept his composure, however, and showcased his defensive attributes, strength, and clean punching throughout the fight. Brook's technical ability took over after the middle rounds as the straight one-two combinations hurt Porter. Brook defeated Porter, capturing the title by a MD with scores 114–114, 116–112, and 117–111. Brook landed 158 of his 441 punches (36%), mostly jabs. Porter threw 308 more power punches, in total landing 156 of 626 thrown (25%). Porter felt as though he won the fight, "I thought that I was effective with my attack, but he was ready. I'm not giving any excuses. I want the rematch. I'll find him where he's at, and I'll take it from him." Brook claimed he wanted an all-British showdown with Amir Khan. The fight did not generate as many viewers as expected, an average of 661,000 viewers on Showtime. The whole card averaged just 514,000 viewers.


title: Kell Brook

text: Six months after sustaining a life-threatening injury, it was confirmed that Brook would finally make the first defence of his IBF title against mandatory challenger Jo Jo Dan (34–2, 18 KOs). The fight took place on 28 March 2015 in Brook's home town, Sheffield. Dan became the mandatory after beating Kevin Bizier in December 2014 via split decision (SD). Brook came out landing straight punches. In round two, a straight right hand wobbled Dan. Brook followed up with a right uppercut that sent Dan to the canvas. Soon after, Brook landed two straight right hands, the first wobbling Dan and the second creating another knockdown. In the fourth round, Brook threw a straight right and left hand that hurt Dan and followed up with a furry that resulted in the third knockdown. The final knockdown was scored at the bell with a counter left hand. Dan's corner subsequently stopped the fight in between rounds. The fight was broadcast live in the afternoon on Showtime in USA averaging 143,000 viewers and peaked at 166,000 viewers. A replay aired in the evening averaging 230,000 viewers, peaking 284,000 viewers.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 10 April 2015, Matchroom Sport announced that Brook would be making his second defence in the space of two months against Frankie Gavin (22–2, 13 KOs) at the O2 Arena on 30 May on Sky Sport Box Office with a strong undercard including Lee Selby, Kevin Mitchell and Olympic gold medalist Anthony Joshua. The bout was known for being the first all-British welterweight world title fight. Brook successfully defended his IBF title for the second time. Brook landed his jab from the start and picked up the pace as the fight went on, cutting off the ring and walking through his opponent. Gavin remained defensive but did occasionally find success. In round six, Brook showed versatility in throwing a variety of combinations, mixing soft and hard punches, while Gavin attempted to avoid trading. As Brook landed an uppercut however, Gavin exchanged a right hand, which was countered by Brook's straight left hand. Gavin staggered back to the ropes, and the referee stopped the fight as Brook threw another flurry.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 2 September 2015, Hearn announced a deal had been reached for Brook to defend his title against Argentine slugger Diego Chaves (23–2–1, 19 KOs), after a deal could not be made with Brandon Rios. The fight was scheduled to take place at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 24 October, which would be Brook's third fight in seven months. Brook praised Chavez ahead of the fight, "Chaves is a rough, tough, durable fighter who is very dangerous. He's bringing something new to the table. He's coming off a draw to Tim Bradley, was ahead on the cards against Brandon Rios until he was disqualified and gave Keith Thurman a solid fight, so we know what level he has mixed at and how good he is." The fight was postponed and ultimately cancelled on 16 October after Brook injured his ribs during a sparring session. The rest of the card still took place as scheduled.


title: Kell Brook

text: In January 2016, it was announced that after nearly a year without fighting, Brook would make a third defence of his IBF title against mandatory challenger Kevin Bizier (25–2, 17 KOs) at the Sheffield Arena on 26 March. Hearn and Bizier's promoter Yvon Michel agreed a deal to avoid purse bids. Bizier became the mandatory after knocking out Fredrick Lawson on 7 November 2015 in Miami, Florida. Brook stopped Bizier in the second round. En route to landing a 'big fight', Brook rocked Bizier with a left to the jaw and then further dazed him with a series of hooks. After taking a count, Bizier did not look that interested in carrying on and Brook unleashed a combination that left the Canadian crumpled in a heap. This was Brook's second mandatory fight since winning the IBF title in 2014. After the bout, Brook and Hearn talked about potential unification fights against the likes of Tim Bradley, Danny García, Keith Thurman and Jesse Vargas.


title: Kell Brook

text: It was announced on 12 May 2016 that negotiations for a unification fight with WBO titleholder Jessie Vargas (27–1, 10 KOs) were under way. Eddie Hearn told "Sky Sports" he had "offered a huge amount of money" to make the fight happen and while he conceded Brook might have to travel to America, Vargas insisted he was willing to cross the Atlantic. Danny García, the WBC champion, was top of the list, but Hearn conceded the Vargas fight looked more likely. Hearn said the fight will take place on 20 August, 27 August, or 3 September at Bramall Lane in Sheffield. Vargas confirmed via his Twitter account that the bout was set for 3 September. Negotiations fell through on 9 July for the unification title fight, when it was announced that Brook would be moving up two weight divisions to challenge Gennady Golovkin instead.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 8 July 2016, it was announced that Brook would face undefeated, unified WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin (35–0, 32 KOs). The fight took place on 10 September 2016 at the O2 Arena in London. There were negotiations for Golovkin to fight Chris Eubank Jr. However, negotiations fell through and Brook agreed to move up two weight divisions to challenge Golovkin. The fight aired in the US on HBO and on Sky Box Office pay-per-view in the UK.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 5 September, the WBA withdrew its sanction for the fight. Although they granted Golovkin a special permit to take the fight, they stated that their title would not be at stake. The reason for the withdrawal was because Brook had never competed in the middleweight division. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza Jr. said, "What I most regret is that there are no boxers at 160 pounds who will fight against 'Triple G,' and Brook has to move up two divisions to fight against him." The Golovkin camp were said to be disappointed with the decision with promoter Tom Loeffler saying, "somehow the WBA thought it was too dangerous for a welterweight to move up to middleweight to fight the biggest puncher in boxing. I guess that is a compliment to GGG as they sanctioned [Adrien] Broner moving up two divisions [from lightweight to welterweight] to fight Paulie Malignaggi in 2013, and Roy Jones moving up two divisions [from light heavyweight to heavyweight] to fight John Ruiz [in 2003] for WBA titles, and Kell Brook is undefeated and considered a top pound-for-pound boxer."


title: Kell Brook

text: On the night, Brook was staggered early in the first round, but kept his composure, growing stronger as the rounds unfolded. In the opening rounds, he was trading blows with Golovkin but suffered a damaged eye socket, and after heavy punishment in the fifth, trainer Dominic Ingle threw in the towel to hand Brook the first defeat of his professional career, losing by TKO. Despite this, Brook won many admirers for his spirited performance and stepping up two weight divisions to make the fight. Ingle confirmed Brook had gone through surgery successfully. According to CompuBox punch stats, Golovkin landed 133 of his 301 punches thrown (44.2%), whilst Brook landed 85 punches, having thrown 261 (32.6%). The fight was aired live on HBO in the afternoon and drew an average of 843,000 viewers and peaked at 907,000 viewers. This was considered to be a huge success for an afternoon showing. A replay was shown later in the evening as part of the world super flyweight title fight between Roman Gonzalez and Carlos Cuadras. The replay averaged 593,000 viewers.


title: Kell Brook

text: In January 2017, Brook and his team were in talks with Amir Khan over a potential grudge fight, whilst also keeping the mandatory fight with Errol Spence Jr. as second choice. During negotiations, Khan urged Brook to fight Spence first and eventually talks broke down between Brook and Khan. Eddie Hearn mentioned talks were already ongoing with Spence's manager Al Haymon for a fight to take place possibly in the UK in May. Hearn received an extension from the IBF for negotiations between himself and TGB Promotions boss Tom Brown, as they were progressing. The purse bids for the fight were set for 7 February by the IBF. On 1 February, Hearn claimed that Brook would be keeping his title and making a defence against Spence and that he had reached out to Spence's team, to no reply. He assumed that they wanted the fight to go to purse bids. Spence said that he had no problem travelling to the UK for the fight, regardless of negotiations. With a deal close to being reached a day before the purse bids, the IBF granted a week extension, pushing the purse bid back 7 days. On 13 February a deal was reached for the fight to take place in Sheffield on 20 May 2017. At a press conference at Bramall Lane, Sheffield on 22 March, the fight was officially announced to take place on 27 May 2017 live on Sky Box Office in the UK and Showtime in the US.


title: Kell Brook

text: In front of 27,000 fans in attendance, Brook lost his IBF welterweight title after being stopped in round eleven. In a fight where mostly power shots were landed, Spence threw combinations to the head and more to the body, wearing down Brook. Brook did well working the counter, and landed his own shots to the body, but Spence came back with his own shots. In round ten, Spence, having Brook against the ropes, unloaded some heavy power shots, which caused Brook to take a knee. In round eleven, before the fight was stopped, Brook motioned many times that he couldn't see through his left eye and voluntarily took a knee, again counting as a knockdown. The referee started the ten count which Brook couldn't make, giving him back to back defeats and his first as a welterweight. His trainer Dominic Ingle was also on the apron before the fight was officially stopped. At the time of stoppage, all three judges had Spence ahead on their scorecards with 97–92, 96–93, and 95–94. In the post-fight interview, Brook credited Spence, admitting he lost to the better boxer, "It was a very tough fight. I would say Spence is one of the best kids I’ve been in with, if not the best. I got caught in the seventh round, in the eye, and it felt like the same as in the Golovkin [fight]. Probably not as bad as that time, but I was getting hit on it over the rounds and it was getting worse. The last round, he caught me in it and I just stood there, double vision, and I couldn't see out of the eye [...] so I had to stop." Spence landed 246 of 633 punches thrown (39%) whilst Brook landed 136 of 442 (31%). For the fight, Spence earned around £1 million and Brook earned a guaranteed £3 million.


title: Kell Brook

text: The fight was shown in the afternoon in the US on Showtime and averaged 291,000 viewers, peaking at 337,000 viewers. This was considered low numbers, even for an afternoon showing, possibly due to it being a holiday weekend. Brook spoke to Sky Sports the following day and confirmed that a CT scan showed he had broken his eye socket, meaning he would likely have surgery.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 30 May 2017, Brook admitted he may have to move up to light-middleweight. Brook had successful surgery on his eye in June 2017 and said that he would start training again in the summer looking to make a ring return in late 2017. On 21 November, promoter Eddie Hearn announced that Brook would be moving up to light-middleweight in hopes of becoming a two-weight world champion. In an interview, Brook stated that he would return at light-middleweight for the sake of his health, however could still return to welterweight afterwards.


title: Kell Brook

text: Eddie Hearn, on 11 December 2017, announced that Brook would return to Sheffield at the FlyDSA Arena on 3 March 2018 against former European champion Sergey Rabchenko (29–2, 22 KOs) on Sky Sports. Rabchenko is known for fighting in the UK on some occasions, most notably defeating Brook's fellow gym buddy Ryan Rhodes in 2012. Rabchenko was ranked #5 by the WBC at the time. The WBC Silver light-middleweight title would be at stake for the fight. Brook weighed 153.4 pounds while Rabchenko weighed 153.7 pounds. Brook stopped Rabchenko in round two to claim the vacant WBC Silver title. In round one, Brook used his jab and right hand, with Rabchenko on the back foot leaving himself open. In round two, Brook hurt Rabchenko with a right uppercut. The shot wobbled Rabchenko, causing him to back up on unsteady legs. Brook then hit Rabchenko with a straight right hand to the head which put him down. Rabchenko slowly got to his feet at the count of nine, however clearly hurt, referee Steve Gray halted the fight at 1 minute 27 seconds of round two. In the post-fight interview, Brook said, "I've put everyone in the division on notice. It was all about getting timing right, and I was getting it right. Timing beats speed. I felt very comfortably. I've only gone up 10 pounds from yesterday. I needed to get back to winning ways. I'm back at it." Along with Hearn, Brook stated he would put pressure on rival Amir Khan for a future fight.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 24 May, promoter Hearn confirmed Brook would return to the ring in July 2018. At the time, no specific date or venue was stated. It was also said that Brook would look to challenge for a world title after the bout in July, likely to be WBA and IBF light-middleweight champion Jarrett Hurd. Hearn made it known that he was interested in the Hurd fight. 28 July was the date set for Brook's return. On 13 June, it was announced that Brook would appear on the undercard of Dillian Whyte vs. Joseph Parker at The O2 Arena against Brandon Cook in a title eliminator. During the early days of July, there were rumours stating Brook had suffered an injury and would withdraw from the bout. On 14 July, Cook confirmed that the bout had been cancelled pending an official announcement from Hearn. It appeared Brook had injured his ankle and would be out of action until November 2018. On 19 July, Sam Eggington replaced Brook, keeping Cook on the card. Eggington suffered a cut in training a few days later and also withdrew from the bout. Hearn offered Cook a monetary compensation.


title: Kell Brook

text: In early October 2018, it was reported that Brook and Khan had made some progress in their ongoing negotiations. With Brook stating that 147 pounds would not be an issue, Khan demanded they include a 10-pound rehydration limit, which meant neither boxer could weigh over 157 pounds on the morning of the fight. Brook rejected the idea and insisted they fight at catchweight. On 19 October, according to "The Sheffield Star", Brook had split with longtime trainer Dominic Ingle. The same reports stated Brook would train with longtime friend John Fewkes. Ingle denied rumours that he and Brook had a falling out. Fewkes stated it was the first he had heard of the news. On 27 October, Brook told Sky Sports that he would be returning to the ring at the FlyDSA Arena in Sheffield on 8 December 2018. Although an opponent was not named, it was speculated it would be Michael Zerafa, as Zerafa later spoke out confirming he would cause on upset and then challenge Khan himself. Brook was ranked #2 by the WBA and WBC, #4 by the WBO and #5 by the IBF while Zerafa was ranked #8 by the WBA at super welterweight. On 29 October, Brook denied he had split with Ingle, however confirmed that because Ingle was in Canada training other fighters, he would keep his camp in Fuerteventura, therefore Ingle would not be in his corner for the fight. On 5 November, Zerafa (25–2, 14 KOs) was confirmed as Brook's opponent. Showing that he could easily make the 147 limit, Brook weighed in 150 pounds, compared to Zerafa, who weighed 153 pounds. It was said the bout would be a final eliminator for Jarrett Hurd's WBA title.


title: Kell Brook

text: In front of his hometown crowd, Brook put on a below-par performance to defeat Zerafa via twelve-round UD to become the WBA mandatory challenger. The three judges scored the fight comfortably in Brook's favour with 119–109, 118–110, and 117–111. Brook started the fight quick, landing shots on Zerafa in the opening couple of rounds. He started to then slow down his workrate and by the midway point, his punch output began to drop. Brook, although landed plenty himself, allowed himself to be hit more than usual. It was the first time Brook went the twelve round distance since 2014 when he won the IBF title against Porter. After the fight, Brook admitted he was not at his best and also stated his performance might tempt a lot of boxers to now get in the ring with him. Hearn also voiced his opinion, stating Amir Khan should take the fight next. Brook's new trainer John Fewkes stated the performance was not his best as he 'tried too hard', but also raised the positive point that it should now entice other boxers to fight him.


title: Kell Brook

text: In the post-fight press conference, Brook accepted Khan's rehydration request that he would weigh no more than 157 pounds on fight night. A few days later, Hearn made it public that he had offered Khan an £8m flat fee, plus an upside of the revenue to fight Brook. The offer was made a week after Top Rank offered Khan a flat fee of £3.9m to face WBO welterweight champion Terence Crawford.


title: Kell Brook

text: After a layoff of 14 months, Brook returned to the ring on 8 February 2020 to face Mark DeLuca for the vacant WBO Inter-Continental light-middleweight title. Brook was ranked #10 by the WBC while DeLuca was ranked #7 by the WBA at super welterweight. Brook knocked his opponent down in the third round and ultimately won by seventh-round knockout when he connected with a strong left hook.


title: Kell Brook

text: On 14 November 2020, Brook moved back down to the welterweight division and attempted to become a two-time welterweight champion when he faced undefeated Terence Crawford in Paradise, Nevada for his WBO world title. In the fourth round, Crawford caught Brook with a stiff, hard right jab, and the referee administered a standing count to the latter. The fight continued, but Crawford quickly landed a flurry of shots which prompted the referee to step in and halt the contest, making Crawford the winner by fourth-round technical knockout.


title: Kell Brook

text: On November 29th 2021, It was announced that Brook would face long time rival Amir Khan on February, 19th 2022 at the AO Arena in Manchester, England in a 149 catchweight bout. Brook dominated and battered Khan to score a 6th round TKO.


title: Kell Brook

text: Brook has been involved in two stabbing incidents, the first in Sheffield in 2007. Secondly, on 4 September 2014, whilst on holiday with his pregnant wife in Tenerife, Brook was stabbed in the leg, in what he said was an unprovoked attack. The incident took place around 2 a.m. local time at Golf del Sur in San Miguel de Abona. A spokeswoman stated that he had lost a lot of blood. There were no immediate arrests. It was later reported that Brook had been stabbed three times in the leg and once in the arm. Brook spoke about the attack whilst in hospital, "I was out enjoying a night out before returning home to the UK when I was the victim of an unprovoked attack. I’m devastated right now after being on such a high having achieved my dream of becoming world champion in Los Angeles last month. This is obviously a major setback. I want to thank everyone for their support and ask for privacy for myself and my family at this time. Make no mistake – I will be back."


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: A 24-episode anime television series adaptation produced by Pierrot aired between October 2014 and March 2015.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: 2000 years ago, the fictional nation of Kouka was founded by the Crimson Dragon God, who came down to Earth from the Heavens as a human, deemed the Crimson Dragon King. It was believed that humans were living in an era full of evil and thirst for power, where they forgot about the Gods. The Crimson Dragon King was eventually forced to fight against these humans, and just as he was about to be killed and the world was on the brink of extinction, four other Dragon Gods, imbued with the dragon blood, joined his side as human warriors, and helped him lead Kouka to prosperity. After they had cleared Kouka of evil, the Crimson Dragon King died. The four Dragon warriors mourned his death and walked separate ways from his castle, leaving the country to develop over the centuries into 5 Tribes: Sky, Earth, Water, Wind, and Fire. As countless generations flew by, this history became a famous founding myth.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: 2000 years later, the story commences with Yona, the sole princess of Kouka, ruled by her pacifistic father King Il under the Sky Tribe. Yona lives a lavish, sheltered life from the harrowing reality outside of the walls of the Crimson Dragon Castle, protected by her bodyguard Hak, general of the Wind Tribe, and often visited by Soo-won, her crush of 10 years and the son of King Il's brother, Yoo-hon. But contrary to this peaceful illusion, Kouka is once again on the verge of destruction and about to undergo a political upheaval.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: A week before a party celebrating her sixteenth birthday, Soo-won visits to pay tribute to her. Upon revealing her intention to someday marry him to her father, Yona is shocked and dismayed when King Il pointedly forbids her from choosing Soo-won as a husband. On the night of her 16th birthday party, Yona visits her father's chambers again, determined to change his mind. Instead, she walks in on Soo-won driving a sword through King Il's chest, revealing that he'd planned a Coup d'état and would become Kouka's next King. Yona and Hak become fugitives and are forced to flee to Fuuga, the capital of the Wind Tribe. Under the suggestion of Hak's adopted grandfather and prior Wind Tribe General Son Mundok, Yona and Hak search for an exiled priest who tells her about the Crimson Dragon King and four Dragon warriors who unified the nation. Guided by this seemingly fictitious myth, Yona begins a journey to find these warriors in order to survive and save her country.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: Written and illustrated by Mizuho Kusanagi, "Yona of the Dawn" started in Hakusensha's "shōjo" manga magazine "Hana to Yume" on August 5, 2009. Hakusensha has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was released on January 19, 2010. As of September 20, 2022, thirty-nine volumes have been released.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: The series has been licensed for English release in North America by Viz Media, who announced the acquisition at their New York Comic Con panel in October 2015. The first volume was released on August 2, 2016. As of June 7, 2022, thirty-six volumes have been released.


title: Yona of the Dawn

text: A 24-episode anime television series adaptation produced by Pierrot aired between October 7, 2014, and March 24, 2015, on AT-X. Funimation has licensed the anime series for streaming and home video rights in North America. Beginning on March 17, 2015, Funimation streamed their dubbed version of the anime, starting with episode 13 while the first half of the season will be released at a later date. The first opening theme is an instrumental song by Kunihiko Ryo, called . The first ending theme is by Vistlip. The second opening theme is "Akatsuki no Hana", by Cyntia. The second ending theme is "Akatsuki", by Akiko Shikata. Three original video animations were bundled with the manga's 19th, 21st and 22nd limited edition volumes, respectively. The first OVA was released on September 18, 2015, the second OVA was released on August 19, 2016, and the third OVA was released on December 20, 2016.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: Ravi Kishan Shukla (; born 17 July 1969), popularly known as Ravi Kishan, is an Indian actor, politician, film producer and television personality. He currently serves as Member of parliament, Lok Sabha from Gorakhpur. His film works are predominantly in Bhojpuri and Hindi cinema, as well as Telugu cinema. He has also appeared in a few Kannada and Tamil films.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: In 2006, he participated in "Bigg Boss", the Indian version of "Big Brother." He ended up as the second runner up. He was also a contestant on "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5" in 2012.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: Ravi Kishan was born on 17 July 1969 in Bombay, Maharashtra, India. He is the youngest of five siblings. He studied only up to 12th at Rizvi College Bandra West, Mumbai. His family hails from Kerakat, Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, where Kishan lived for about seven years.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: Ravi Kishan married Priti Shukla on 10 December 1993, and they have four children, one son and three daughters. His daughter Riva Kishan made her film debut with Sab Kushal Mangal in 2020.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: In June 2008, Kishan was awarded the Most Popular Actor award at the ETV Bhojpuri Cinema Samman 2008 function. Popular reality shows such as "Bigg Boss", and more recently "Ek Se Badhkar Ek – Jalwe Sitaron Ke" have brought him to the front line of top Indian television actors. In 2008, he started co-hosting the celebrity dance-based reality show "Bathroom Singer", "Naman:Ek Sansani" and "Ek Se Badhkar Ek – Jalwe Sitaron Ke" on Zee. Kishan also hosted the reality show "Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka", on NDTV Imagine for two seasons. He worked with film directors Shyam Benegal and Mani Ratnam in 2010.


title: Ravi Kishan

text: A film starring Kishan, "Jala Debh Duniya Tohra Pyar Mein", produced by the American film company PUN Films, was shown in the India Pavilion at the Cannes Film Festival 2010., In 2011 he had a role in the film "Shraddha In The Name Of God" directed by Gurubhai Thakkar.