title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: While working on her short comic strip "Princess Naoko Takeuchi Back-to-Work Punch!!", Takeuchi met Yoshihiro Togashi at a "Weekly Shōnen Jump" meeting hosted by Kazushi Hagiwara, and had a meeting arranged between them by voice actress Megumi Ogata. She collaborated with Togashi as an assistant (doing screentone) and as a manager on volume 1 of "Hunter × Hunter". However, the work and the demands proved more than she had expected, and as a result, Takeuchi left Shueisha.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: Around this time, Takeuchi conceived the idea for a one-shot called "Toki☆Meka", which eventually turned into "Toki☆Meca". Togashi had a similar idea at the same time as her, but never fully brought it to fruition. He helped somewhat with "Toki☆Meka" at this point in developing the idea by drawing some concept sketches, which Takeuchi showed in "Toki☆Meca" volume 1.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: Togashi and Takeuchi married in 1999. From this marriage, the couple have two children: a son, born in January 2001, and another child, born in 2009.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: After Kodansha's rights to "Sailor Moon" expired, Takeuchi returned to the publisher in 1999 to develop and publish the "Materials Collection". She also began serializing "Love Witch", but it was cancelled. Takeuchi started to work on the reprints of "Sailor Moon" and "Sailor V", and published "Toki☆Meca" in "Nakayoshi".


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: In 2003, Takeuchi became heavily involved in producing "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon", a tokusatsu television series based on "Sailor Moon", as she had an interest in learning more about the anime industry. This culminated in the creation of "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon". The series displays a plot that is heavily reliant on the manga and also explores many themes that the manga was unable to explore. She showed up at the official conference with a fist up, meaning "good luck", in Act Zero.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: After the production of "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon" ended in 2004, Takeuchi continued to work on "Toki☆Meca". During the manga's serialization, Osano returned as her editor. Takeuchi also worked more closely with managing PNP and gave talks to college students. At the same time, she wrote a children's book titled "Oboo-nu- to Chiboo-nu-" as a birthday present to her son. (Togashi provided illustrations for the book; Takeuchi made mention of this in the back of the first volume of "Toki☆Meca".) She still works on the website, updating it about once a month with new flash animations or profiles.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: In 2012, it was announced that a new "Sailor Moon" anime adaptation was in development. With it, Takeuchi started a "Kanzenban" version of the manga, which was announced by Osano, and will include fixed past mistakes and new covers for the manga. Color pages are also included for the title pages. There was also an artbook announced, and she has been working on merchandise, which was announced by Osano on his Twitter feed.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: The new reboot anime, "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal", debuted in July 2014. It streamed on Niconico bi-weekly, and ended in July 2015, spanning a total of 26 episodes, which cover the "Dark Kingdom" and "Black Moon" arc of the manga. Takeuchi wrote the ending theme song, , under her penname, . The series eventually gained its 13-episode third season, "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal Season III", covering the "Infinity" arc of the manga (known as "Death Busters" in Japan), and aired weekly on Japanese television from April to June 2016.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: In 2020, the two volumes of official of the "Sailor Moon" manga was released on June 29, with Takeuchi providing new illustrations for both covers.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: In 2021, Takeuchi chief supervised the production of the two-part anime film, "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie", which adapted the "Dream" arc of the manga (known as "Dead Moon" in Japan), and acted as a "fourth season" for the "Sailor Moon Crystal" series. Both films were released in 2021 in Japanese theaters, with the first film on January 8, and the second film on February 11. Takeuchi also provided the lyrics for the theme song, , under the name of "Sumire Shirobara".


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: In 2022, it was announced that Takeuchi will chief supervise the production of the sequel to "Sailor Moon Eternal", titled "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Cosmos The Movie". The two-part film will cover the "Stars" arc of the manga (known as "Shadow Galactica" in Japan), and will act as "fifth and final season" for the "Sailor Moon Crystal" series. Both films will be released in Summer 2023.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: Takeuchi wrote the lyrics for a number of songs featured in the "Sailor Moon" anime and live-action series. Though mainly character-based image songs, they include a few theme songs.


title: Naoko Takeuchi

text: Takeuchi has won several awards, including the 2nd Nakayoshi Comic Prize for Newcomers for "Yume ja Nai no Ne" in 1985. She also won for "Love Call", which won Nakayoshi's New Artist award which debuted in the Nakayoshi Deluxe September 1986 issue. In 1993 she won the 17th Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo for "Sailor Moon".


title: NDTV

text: New Delhi Television Ltd is an Indian news media company focusing on broadcast and digital news publication. The company is considered to be a legacy brand that pioneered independent news broadcasting in India, and is credited for launching the first 24x7 news channel and the first lifestyle channel in the country. It owns and operates the broadcast news channels of NDTV India and NDTV 24x7. The two channels of the company have received 32 Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards.


title: NDTV

text: NDTV was founded in 1984, by economist Prannoy Roy and journalist Radhika Roy, a husband and wife duo from the city of Kolkata. It began as a production house for news segments, contracted by the public broadcaster Doordarshan and international satellite channels when television broadcasting was a state monopoly, and transitioned into the first independent news network in India. The company launched the first 24x7 news channel in partnership with Star India in 1998.


title: NDTV

text: Between 1998 and 2003, NDTV was in an exclusive agreement with Star India to produce all of their news segments. In 2003, it became an independent broadcasting network with the simultaneous launch of the Hindi and English language news channels known as NDTV India and NDTV 24x7. It also launched a business news channel NDTV Profit which was later converted into an information and entertainment channel NDTV Prime. The company has had business interests in general entertainment and e-commerce, and is part of the management of a number of broadcast channels including the lifestyle channel NDTV Good Times, the infotainment channel Astro Awani and the news channel Independent Television through various joint ventures.


title: NDTV

text: In 1984, the journalist Radhika Roy and her economist husband Prannoy Roy founded New Delhi Television. The company began operation as a production house of news segments for the public broadcaster Doordarshan and international satellite news channels. It was converted into a commercial news network in 1988, and became the first independent television news network in India. Doordarshan allotted a slot to the network to air a weekly broadcast called "The World This Week", a news magazine programme that was commissioned by the director general of the public broadcaster, Bhaskar Ghose and covered international news. The weekly news bulletin was described as an instant hit among its Indian viewers.


title: NDTV

text: The network was then contracted by Doordarshan to produce its coverage of the Indian general elections and budget session specials which too became widely popular. The first election result telecast produced by NDTV was that of the 1989 Indian general election, which was also the first televised live coverage of an election result in India, it employed hot-lines across the country and featured visual graphics, discussions and debates. The format developed by NDTV was contrasted with the simple official announcements publicised by Doordarshan in previous elections and was adopted as a template by news broadcasters over the following decades. The terms of agreement between Doordarshan and NDTV were modified in the same year and the company began paying a fee for its weekly slot instead of being a contractor under the public broadcaster. During the initial years, there was a delay of 10 minutes between telecast and production of live news due to government regulations, which later shifted to five minutes.


title: NDTV

text: "The World This Week" continued to be aired till 1995. It was aired on Fridays at 10:00 pm, and was described as "the only India-based programme which looked out at the rest of the world". In 1993, CNN began collaborating with NDTV to produce select coverage for the weekly news bulletin. The weekly was the first privately produced news bulletin in India, and became one of the top rated programmes on Doordarshan. According to Prannoy Roy, it was not difficult to appear good in comparison to Doordarshan which he described as more radio than television and that they were aided by the time period being most "newsiest" in television history. The news bulletin covered a number of major events such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Breakup of Yugoslavia, some of which were covered live from the respective countries by NDTV.


title: NDTV

text: In 1995, NDTV presented a proposal to Doordarshan to move its production to a daily half hourly news bulletin on the second Doordarshan channel DD Metro. The proposal was accepted and the news bulletin called "News Tonight" was launched"." The Roys approached five major Indian business houses for investments and secured agreements with all five of them, including the multinational Tata Group. The bulletin was the first daily domestic news broadcast in the country. The company also began producing shows such as "The News Hour" and "Good Morning India" for Doordarshan. Prannoy Roy was the anchor of the NDTV news bulletins, who in the process acquired a reputation for reliable, authentic and sophisticated news reporting. The news bulletins had gained both in credibility and were competing with entertainment channels in terms of viewership, which made the network sought after for partnerships by international news networks such as BBC and Rupert Murdoch's Star Network at a time when restrictions on private participation in television broadcasting were being lifted and Doordarshan's monopoly broken by satellite television.


title: NDTV

text: In 1997, the director general of Doordarshan, Rathikant Basu left the public broadcaster and joined its multinational rival, the Star Network. The resignation brought about a call for scrutinising his activities during his tenure as the director general, a parliamentary committee was assigned to examine the finances of Doordarshan, which alleged "irregularities" in its dealings with NDTV. On 20 January 1998, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a number of cases against the former director general, five other officials of the public broadcaster and against Prannoy Roy who was the managing director of NDTV. The cases went on for several years in the form of a protracted dispute, until CBI filed a closure report in 2013 and the charges were quashed by the Delhi High Court, with the verdict that there was no evidence of wrongdoing.


title: NDTV

text: In 1998, NDTV entered into five-year contract with Rupert Murdoch's Star Network. Under the terms of the agreement, NDTV would produce all news content for the network, while News Television India (subsidiary of Murdoch's News Corporation) would finance the endeavor"." The CEO of Star India had stated that NDTV was an obvious choice for a partnership due its recognition and infrastructure. Star News was launched in February 1998 and was the first independent 24x7 news channel in India. It was a bilingual channel and aired both Hindi and English language programs. NDTV productions were also slotted on two 9:00 pm news bulletins in the channels of Star Plus and Star World. In 1999, NDTV launched its own news website called ndtv.com which streamed live webcasts of its productions and generated 55,000 daily views within a month of its launch. Over the following years, it also made its first foray into regional markets and began a Tamil language news bulletin on Vijay TV, a channel owned by the Star Network.


title: NDTV

text: Star News was an immediate success, its revenue made the channel break-even at the onset. Star India was also able to capitalise on the experience gained in NDTV's earlier collaboration with CNN, one of its multinational competitors. The financial support provided by the multinational gave the channel an advantage over its emerging competitors such as Aaj Tak, the Hindi language channel founded by Living Media. Prannoy Roy remained as the face of the network while Radhika Roy, who was known for being low profile, operated the editorial process and reportedly demanded high standards for credibility, impartiality and independence. The channel developed sophisticated production values and a reputation for journalistic integrity. In a study conducted with Indian journalists, Star News was found to be perceived as the most professionally produced among Indian networks and was regularly viewed by a majority of journalists alongside Doordarshan and BBC World.


title: NDTV

text: In the partnership, NDTV was given editorial independence, and produced the entire editorial content including in its packaging and presentation. It was noted that the channel occasional used its own branded equipment such as microphones with NDTV imprints, without any dispute. Under the agreement, the profits belonged to Star News and NDTV was paid a fee which began with US$10 million under an escalation clause and reserved intellectual property rights over its productions. This arrangement reportedly became an issue of contention between the sales team of Star India which were under pressure to generate revenues and NDTV which intended to maintain in its editorial independence. In 2000, the NDTV news bulletin on Star Plus was removed, which was speculated to have been a signifier of the closeted conflict.


title: NDTV

text: In an anecdotal testimony, Peter Mukerjea who was CEO of Star India between 1999 and 2007, states that an advertiser with the network who was the chairman of a major textile company had complained to him about a news report about environmental issues in a town which operated one of their plants and held Star India responsible for the reporters not taking into account the views of the company. Star News covered the 2002 Gujarat riots with investigative reports, in-depth analyses and live reporting of events. The channel's coverage resulted in it being blacked out for a day by the Gujarat Government under Narendra Modi. The censorship came a day after the Minister of Law, Arun Jaitley had accused "some networks" of conspiracy against the government on a live telecast of Zee News, a network that had assured him that they weren't such a networks on the same telecast.


title: NDTV

text: In 2002, Star was willing to continue the contract but without complete editorial control being granted to NDTV which was unacceptable to the Roys. In the end, the negotiations between NDTV and Star India fell apart and the contract was not renewed. NDTV kept producing news segments for Star News till 31 March 2003. The company's unwillingness to succumb to government pressure or pro right wing editorial intervention from Rupert Murdoch, cemented his decision to exit the partnership as well. Murdoch went on secure a partnership with the Anandabazar Patrika Group for Star News, which was converted into a Hindi language news channel, and was noted to have become far less critical in its news coverage following the transition.


title: NDTV

text: Following the end of the partnership with Star India, NDTV began its venture as an independent broadcaster. The company had acquired equity capital from investment banks including Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs. Standard Chartered invested US$12 million and acquired a share of 12% in the company. Media commentators at the time had speculated that Star News would remain the market leader and decimate NDTV. Before the launch of the network's independent channels under its own brand, it had invested US$25 million into advertising. For distribution, it entered into a tie up with the network of One Alliance, a joint venture between Sony and Discovery, Inc.


title: NDTV

text: NDTV launched two channels NDTV India and NDTV 24x7 in 2003. NDTV India was a Hindi language news channel and NDTV 24x7 was an English language news channel. Soon after its launch NDTV 24x7 became the frontrunner in the English news segment, while NDTV India had the second-highest viewership following Aaj Tak in the Hindi language segment, which pushed Star News to the place of fourth highest viewership in the process. The channels introduced the concept of "break away" broadcasting in India with integrated receiver decoder (IRD) which could provide segmented region or city-specific news and with optional local language dubbings to viewers of the same channel. In 2004, NDTV became a publicly traded company and the board members reportedly included N. R. Narayana Murthy, the founder of Infosys and Tarun Das, the chief mentor of the Confederation of Indian Industry as independent directors. In December 2004, it stood as the media company with the highest market capitalisation, at a valuation of .


title: NDTV

text: The network was successful in pursuing a strategy of promoting anchors as TV stars in an attempt to both consolidate its brand name and as an incentive for drawing and retaining a talent pool of journalists. Some of their journalists eventually started branching out to begin their own ventures, and a number of top executive employees left the network, including both the managing editor Rajdeep Sardesai and the chief financial officer Sameer Manchanda who left the network to join hands with the entrepreneur Raghav Bahl, who went on to launch CNN IBN. The resignations reportedly caused a number of problems for the network, the morale in the newsroom dipped and the network began finding it difficult to remain on top with an emergence of a crowded market with high competition as newer channels had more room for experimentation. Manchanda's resignation made the company's advertisers, the primary source of revenue to become vulnerable as the network which was solely in news broadcasting didn't have extensive connections unlike others in the industry.


title: NDTV

text: Due to the founder of CNN IBN being from NDTV, among other examples, the network is widely credited for having created a category of media professionals with high credibility in the Indian broadcasting industry. In an effort to check further loss of employees, the company began offering extensive salary raises and stock options to its employees after the departure of Sardesai. It was noted in 2012 that the company had a high distribution of its wealth, with stock options worth being available to over 200 employees (15% of the workforce). In 2005, the network had also launched a business news channel called NDTV Profit. The channel would become a competitor of the leading business news channel CNBC TV18 over the next 5 years.


title: NDTV

text: Despite the increase in competition NDTV had continued to grow and by the end of the 2005, the network had 19 offices and studios across the country. In 2006, the company founded NDTV Convergence, the subsidiary overlooking its digital media operations. In June, NDTV partnered with the Southeast Asian media company Astro to launch a Bahasa Melayu infotainment channel Astro Awani while taking a stake of 20% in the joint venture. Under the terms of agreement, NDTV instituted the infrastructure for the channel and Astro undertook the production. The channel was the first one to be launched by Astro and the first one to be launched by NDTV outside India. It had also made a number of agreements for overseas distribution of its Indian channels and had a growing audience among the Indian diaspora in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa and the Middle East.


title: NDTV

text: In 2007, NDTV began diversifying into the general entertainment and lifestyle broadcasting industry. The company founded the subsidiary of NDTV Lifestyle and launched the first lifestyle channel in India called NDTV Good Times on 7 September 2007. Following the launch, Smeeta Chakraborty, who was appointed as the CEO of NDTV Lifestyle announced that the company would be looking into expanding in other language markets and intended to launch three to five new channels within the next 2 years. NDTV Lifestyle also entered into an agreement with the United Breweries Group for a branding tie-up between the Kingfisher lager and NDTV Good Times.


title: NDTV

text: In January 2008, NDTV entered into a strategic partnership with the American mass media conglomerate NBCUniversal, in an attempt to expand into the general entertainment industry in India. NBCUniversal bought 26% of the stake with a net valuation of US$600 million for the company and NDTV was expected to receive television formats used by the NBC in the United States. In an attempt to replicating the model of networks using general entertainment channels to subsidise newsgathering expenses, the network launched its first general entertainment channel NDTV Imagine on 21 January 2008. The channel's launch was also aided by Sameer Nair, the CEO of Applause Entertainment, who was in a partnership with NDTV. The operating company NDTV Imagine Ltd held a production studio NDTV Imagine Picture and entered into two partnerships to launched the music and entertainment channel NDTV Imagine Showbiz and the multilingual world movies channel NDTV Lumiere.


title: NDTV

text: The company conceptualised a genre of channels which would focus on localised news and founded NDTV MetroNation, which was projected to launch a series of channels catering to metropolitan cities such as Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. The first and only channel to be launched under this branding was NDTV MetroNation Delhi. NDTV entered into a partnership with the national daily newspaper "The Hindu", under the joint venture MetroNation Chennai to launched the Chennai-centric English language news channel which was named NDTV Hindu. Later in 2010, the company also entered in a partnership with the Dhaka based conglomerate BEXIMCO to launch the Independent Television, a 24x7 news channel in Bangladesh.


title: NDTV

text: The expansion attempts coincided with the 2008 financial crash and the funds raised for the expansion, through partnerships and bonds were exhausted within a short period of time. NDTV had an ongoing open offer for buyback of shares and the stock prices at the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) nosedived from around ₹400 to ₹100 which added a large shortfall. This caused the promoters of the company to go through a chain of borrowings from various multinationals. NDTV also made a series of divestments of its assets through a number of sales in the following period. In August 2009, the chain borrowings had eventually led the promoters debt being transferred to a shell company which was owned by a subsidiary of Reliance Industries, and in October 2009, NBCUniversal decided to pull out of the partnership and sold off its share back to NDTV. Following which, Time Warner bought out a 92% majority stake of the general entertainment subsidiary NDTV Imagine Ltd for US$124.5 million in December. The company had also launched a Dubai based English and Hindi language news channel called NDTV Arabia, targeting Indian expatriates in 2007, which was closed down in 2009.


title: NDTV

text: The editorial credibility of the network suffered damage as well when recordings made by the Income Tax Department of communication by the Reliance Industries lobbyist Niira Radia were leaked and a series of transcripts called the Radia tapes published by the "Open" and "Outlook" magazines. The tapes prominently featured journalist Barkha Dutt who appeared to be violating norms of journalistic integrity. NDTV was one of the few news broadcasting companies which had a codified code of conduct for its journalistic output. The tapes came under the backdrop of the loan granted to NDTV by Reliance and included suggestions from Radia to the journalist MK Venu on how Roy needs to be supported. "The Sunday Guardian," a newspaper owned by politicians M. J. Akbar and Ram Jethmalani also published a 2010 article which alleged that NDTV had colluded with ICICI Bank and indulged in financial misdemeanours. NDTV sued for and in February 2011, the Delhi High Court restrained any further circulation of the article.


title: NDTV

text: The company's finances had taken a downturn since the financial crisis and its expansion ventures had failed, it also marked the beginning of a consistent streak of net annual losses. In March 2011, NDTV Lifestyle (subsidiary operating NDTV Good Times) was converted into a joint venture with the sale of 49% of the company's stake to Astro. The stake sale of NDTV Lifestyle resulted in the net valuation of the subsidiary to be US$80 million. And in October, the joint venture MetroNation Chennai which operated the channel NDTV Hindu was bought out by the Tamil-language daily newspaper, "Dina Thanthi" for a sum of . The joint venture had incurred a net loss of in two years of its operation. In 2015, the business news channel NDTV Profit became a hybrid channel featuring both business news programs during day and entertainment programs under the name NDTV Prime on weekends and after 6pm.


title: NDTV

text: In contrast, the digital media arm of the company, NDTV Convergence had entered a phase of exponential growth. Between March 2011 and March 2015, it grew four-folds in terms of revenue and ten-folds in terms of profits and as a result increased its share of the total consolidated income from 4.6% to 18%. NDTV Convergence had synchronised the network's newsgathering with its internet and mobile presence. The digital media arm was credited for reducing the losses of the company by 50% between the financial years 2013–14 and 2014–15.


title: NDTV

text: In addition, the subsidiary launched a number of online verticals namely the automobile portal CarAndBike.com, the electronics portal Gadgets360, the food and drinks portal SmartCooky and the wedding preparation website BandBaajaa.com which catered to consumer interest specific news. NDTV also launched the e-commerce venture Indianroots through its subsidiary NDTV Ethnic Retail in 2013. The venture was a fashion store selling Indian ethnic clothes and jewelries, which expanded its consumer base across India and the United States, recording a twelve-fold jump of its gross merchandise value in 2014–15, and featured over 700 brands and 100 designers with a valuation of US$85 million in May 2015. Gadgets360 also entered the e-commerce industry and began selling electronic devices from 2015 onwards. CarAndBike.com and BandBaajaa.com entered the industry as well and began selling products.


title: NDTV

text: On 25 July 2012, NDTV moved a lawsuit for over US$1,000 million against the TAM Media Research for manipulation of data at the New York Supreme Court. TAM had instituted a television rating system called TRP, used to determine viewership of channel and fix advertising rates between broadcasters and advertisers. While the TAM data had been previously alleged by broadcasters to have been manipulated, NDTV's lawsuit was considered a landmark event which implicated over 30 companies and individuals of deliberately manipulating data and which eventually led to a number of broadcasters raising similar complaints. According to NDTV, the manipulated data had caused damages of at least US$810 million due to fraud and damages worth at least US$580 million for the network over a period of eight years. The lawsuit itself was dismissed while the ruling stated that even though TAM was registered in the United States, the damages were outside its jurisdiction, and in 2015, Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) launched its own rating system. In the following year, TAM was merged into BARC, although it was noted that the shareholders of the new entity had remained the same and the rating system continued to be vulnerable to manipulation.


title: NDTV

text: With the ascendancy of Narendra Modi to the premiership of India, advertisers with NDTV began to be pressurised to disassociate with the company and an array of litigations were initiated against the company. The government pressure against the news broadcaster was seen as part of a wider pattern of attacks on media freedom in the country.


title: NDTV

text: In 2015, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) served a notice on alleged violation of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. In 2016, the Hindi language news channel NDTV India was banned by the government on allegations that the channel had threatened national security. The company subsequently appealed against the ban at the Supreme Court of India. The ban was withdrawn the following day, after popular outcry, protests from journalists and widespread criticism including from the Editor's Guild of India. In the same year, the Income Tax Department (ITD) served a tax reassessment notice which alleged that the company had committed tax evasion in the financial year 2009–10. The Delhi bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal which functioned under the Ministry of Law upheld the findings of the department held the company liable for reassessment of taxation with penalty. According to the findings, the company had allegedly colluded with NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of General Electric in a complex money laundering scheme for evading taxation of what was noted to be relatively small amount of funds relative to the size of the companies.


title: NDTV

text: In 2017, NDTV instituted a turnaround plan and announced that the company would undergo a restructuring process, intending to concentrate on core assets of news broadcasting and its digital teams operating its apps and websites, while cutting down on ancillary assets including its e-commerce business. The restructuring also involved layoffs of a number of staff and a shift towards mobile and digital oriented journalism. It was noted that while the debt had decreased considerable between 2012 and 2016, the valuation of the company had deteriorated.


title: NDTV

text: The company sold NDTV Ethnic Retail which operated Indianroots and divested 2% of the stake in NDTV Lifestyle in favor of the luxury company Nameh Hotels & Resorts. Fifth Gear Ventures operated the automobile portal CarAndBike.com and was held by NDTV Convergence, which diluted its stake from 79% to 43%, granting a controlling stake to the company Autobyte Private. NDTV Profit was pulled off air on 5 June 2017, and converted into an infotainment channel solely under the designation of NDTV Prime. The business news segment of NDTV Profit was moved to the English language news channel NDTV 24x7. In 2018, NDTV Convergence also completed a sale with Wedding Junction Private Ltd and sold off Special Occasion Ltd, which operated the wedding arrangements portal BandBaajaa.com. In January 2020, Fifth Gear Ventures was acquired by a subsidiary of Mahindra & Mahindra.


title: NDTV

text: In the meantime in 2017, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) lodged a case against the company on allegations that it had defrauded ICICI Bank, and the offices of the company and residence of the founders, the Roys were raided by the bureau. The raid had come a day after an NDTV presenter had engaged in an argument with a spokesperson of the ruling party. The case was lodged on the basis of a complaint by a stockbroker Sanjay Dutt supported by the retracted "Sunday Guardian" article. It was noted that ICICI Bank itself considered the company to have returned the loan within an year and had not received any details of the case. The raids received condemnation and the CBI was accused of being under pressure from the government to act against the news broadcaster.


title: NDTV

text: In 2019, the CBI lodged a new case against NDTV on allegations that it had laundered money and violated FDI norms. According to NDTV, government agencies were lodging different cases and then deliberately stalling investigations as no evidence were found. In same year, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) barred the Roys from accessing the securities market and from holding any managerial or board positions in the company for two years on allegations that the promoters had failed to disclose agreements to minority stakeholders of the company. In 2020, the Supreme Court of India quashed the ITD notice against the company on the grounds that its allegation contradicted the statements presented by the Revenue Department.


title: NDTV

text: In 2020, an independent technology startup Prashnam conducted a survey which calculated that NDTV India was the news channel with the highest viewership in the Hindi speaking states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Rajasthan, and the second highest viewership in the state of Madhya Pradesh, ranging around 23–24% of the population in the respective states. In 2022, NDTV pulled out of the ratings agency BARC as it was not satisfied with the changes introduced in the calculation of TV rating after the TRP scam expose.


title: NDTV

text: In August 2022, the Adani Group launched a hostile bid to takeover NDTV. The bid by the billionaire Gautam Adani, who has close ties to the Prime Minister Narendra Modi raised widespread negative reactions and concerns about further deterioration of the condition of press freedom in the country under the Modi government. NDTV, unlike most other major news broadcasters, still carried critical independent coverage and was not toeing the official line of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. The takeover attempt is also described to resemble the takeover of the largest news broadcaster Network18, that had occurred earlier under Mukesh Ambani, another billionaire with close ties to Narendra Modi. The Delhi Union of Journalists released a statement raising concerns that two oligarchs were taking over independent news broadcasters and stifling critical journalism at the behest of the ruling establishment. It ended with a concluding line stating that, "the illusion that India is still a democracy now lies shattered".


title: NDTV

text: The bid started on 23 August 2022, when Adani Media acquired Vishvapradhan Commercial (VPCL) for a value of . VPCL was the shell company that Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries (RIL) had used through a chain of complex transactions to obtain convertible warrants to RRPR, a holding company that had a stake of 29.18% in NDTV. The Adani Group released an announcement on the same day that it was exercising the rights to the warrants that VCPL held and acquiring 99.95% of RRPR, giving the group nearly the entire 29.18% shareholding in NDTV, which would leave the Roys with a 32.27% stake. The announcement included an open offer for an additional 26% shareholding that would be triggered upon acquisition of RRPR's share. The open offer price was however set at ₹294 which ended up being 20.5% less than NDTV's share price at the end of 23 August. Over the course of the following days the market value of the shares would keep increasing which made it unlikely that public shareholders would take the open offer and it was accompanied by the Roy's attempt to thwart the takeover bid.


title: NDTV

text: The takeover bid had come as a surprise to the Roys and NDTV released a statement that Adani Group had neither notified or consulted them nor did the acquisition have their consent. The contract with VPCL contained a clause that any exercising of rights to the warrants for over 26% of the shareholding of NDTV would require the promoter's consent but due to the details of the contract not being in the public domain it is unclear whether the acquisition of RRPR would be included. On the night of 24 August, NDTV released another announcement stating that the transfer of RRPR's share could not be completed due to a regulatory prohibition on the promoters that preventing them from accessing the market till November 2022 and that the transfer would need approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Adani Group rejected the latter announcement arguing that the transaction did not require SEBI approval. On 29 August, "LiveMint" published a report on the internal consultations at SEBI based on insider sources, which stated that the regulator was likely to take a view in favor of the Adani Group.


title: NDTV

text: According to "The Hindu", the takeover attempt was heading towards either a protracted legal battle or an aggressive bidding war between the Roys and the Adani Group. Corporate law expert Siddharth Mody described Adani's bid as a calculated move to acquire one of the last media companies that was giving space to critical coverage of the Modi government. The takeover bid had came right after a credit analysis from Fitch Ratings had shown that the Adani Group was severely overleveraged and under risk of a financial default.


title: NDTV

text: NDTV operates three broadcast channels which includes two news channels and one infotainment channel. The company has a stake three more channels which are managed through joint ventures. In addition, it has auxiliary services subsidiaries such as NDTV Labs, a research and development company set up exclusively to augment production process within the group, and NDTV Emerging Markets, a consultancy firm set up to assist in the launch of NDTV news channels outside India.


title: NDTV

text: The English language news channel NDTV 24x7 is considered to be the first 24x7 news channel in India, being a successor to Star News which was founded by NDTV and Star India. It is available internationally, through various distribution partnerships including one with Time Warner Cable and DirecTV in the United States. The channel operates under the designation of ATN NDTV 24x7 in Canada as it broadcasts its programming through the Asian Television Network.


title: NDTV

text: The Hindi language news channel NDTV India is a national news channel and has widespread viewership in India. The channel is closely associated with its editor-in-chief Ravish Kumar, the recipient of a number of distinguished awards including the Ramon Magsaysay Award and considered to be one of the most influential journalists in India.


title: NDTV

text: The infotainment channel NDTV Prime was known as an innovation for being part of a two in one hybrid channel with NDTV Profit, with the same channel providing business news in daytime during weekdays under the designation of Profit and information and entertainment at other times under the designation of Prime. The channel was later converted into a full time infotainment channel and the business news programs shifted to NDTV 24x7.


title: NDTV

text: The subsidiary NDTV Lifestyle which launched the first lifestyle channel in India called NDTV Good Times, continues to operate the channel in a joint venture with the Southeast Asian media company Astro. NDTV also has two joint ventures where it manages the broadcast infrastructure of the infotainment channel Astro Awani in Southeast Asia and manages the news channel Independent Television with BEXIMCO in Bangladesh.


title: NDTV

text: The subsidiary NDTV Convergence was set up as the digital branch of the company, and manages all its digital properties including its websites, apps and social media assets. The company has an exclusive partnership for advertisements on and content recommendations for NDTV's digital assets with the Israeli advertising company Taboola.


title: NDTV

text: NDTV Convergence is considered as an international news channel of the company with its output available to audiences outside India. The flagship website of the company ndtv.com, is among the most widely used news sites and has widespread audience reach in India. The company operates a number of separate web portals including one that is managed through a subsidiary called SmartyCooky, which operates the food portal under the designation of NDTV Food. The site also features podcasts of which competes with international brands such as TED and Oprah among the Indian audience. The .in domain for ndtv was noted to have been heavily contested and was acquired at extreme value by the company.


title: NDTV

text: In addition, NDTV provides news services through the NDTV mobile app which has subscription offers of per annum for an advertisement-free experience. The app is one of the most used news apps in India competing with the mobile app of the national newspaper "The Hindu", apps of Bennett, Coleman & Co publications and the apps of news aggregators such as Google News and Flipboard.


title: NDTV

text: It has a centralised social media control with assigned teams, the social media editors are composed of staff who have volunteered for handling digital media operations and work in collaboration with their website and television channels for their news output and are noted for prioritising monitoring of news agencies, international bodies and persons of interest on social media as part of their newsgathering operations. In a social network analysis of news outlets on Twitter, it was found that NDTV was one of the most prominent nodes alongside "The Indian Express" and "The Times of India".


title: NDTV

text: The co-founders, journalist Radhika Roy and economist Prannoy Roy are the promoters of the company and have a controlling stake of 61.45%; individually holding 16.32% and 15.95% of the shares respectively, and jointly holding an additional 29.18% through a holding company called RRPR. The shareholding of RRPR is contested between the promoters and the conglomerate Adani Group that is attempting a hostile takeover of NDTV.


title: NDTV

text: Among other shareholders are the Mauritius based LTS Investment Fund and Vikasa India EIF I Fund which hold 9.75% and 4.42% respectively. Both the companies have links to the Adani Group, LTS Investment Fund in particular has investments worth in 13 Indian companies of which 4 belong to the Adani Group and the investments in these 4 constitute around 98% of their total investments, worth .


title: NDTV

text: NDTV is noted for its stock options available to its employees and a consequent high distribution of wealth among its employees, with around 24.4% of the shares are owned through individual shareholdings of 1% or less in 2019. In 2022, the small shareholding comprised 23.85% were divided among 29,691 individuals and 947 entities. Four of these entities were Drolia Agencies, GRD Securities, Adesh Broking and Confirm Rebuild, which had interlinked directors and collectively held 7.11%.


title: NDTV

text: The two founders are designated as the executive co-chairpersons of the company, and a number of vice co-chairpersons have been appointed as the chief executive officer (CEO) from time to time. K. V. L. Narayan Rao was the CEO of the company between 2007 and 2013, followed by Vikram Chandra whose tenure ended in 2016 and Rao was re-appointed until his death in 2017. Suparna Singh was appointed as an interim CEO and resigned in 2019.


title: NDTV

text: NDTV was one of the first companies in India to make an independent foray in the media industry. The company was founded at a time when a few private operators were permitted on the official broadcast channels, and initially recruited journalists with bureaucratic connections. It eventually developed collegial newsrooms, and began offering greater benefits in an attempt to recruit and retain a pool of talented journalists. For a period, the newsrooms had acquired the moniker of "Roys boys" at a time when Prannoy Roy used to be the anchor and would refer to his colleagues as a "family" which is described by some of his former staff to have been broken when the editor-in-chief Rajdeep Sardesai resigned after the company went public. The newsrooms themselves were stewarded by Radhika Roy since the inception, who is described to have been incessant on maintaining a high standard for its editorial output, in the process instituting a code of conduct for journalistic ethics.


title: NDTV

text: Since the inception of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards, the journalists of the company's news channels have been the recipient one or more award every single year with the exception of 2013 and 2018, collectively winning 32 individual awards across various categories. It also has a high employee retention rate, with 28% of the workforce having been employed in it for over 10 years, considered to be unprecedented in the electronic media industry, which has an average service period of less than four years. Due to a number of notable broadcast journalists and media executives of various other companies emerging from employment under NDTV, the company has acquired a reputation of being a "training ground" for television broadcasting in India.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Keyshia Myeshia Cole Johnson; born October 15, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality. Born and raised in Oakland, California, Cole began her career as a backing vocalist for MC Hammer. After signing with A&M Records, she released her debut studio album, "The Way It Is" in 2005. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and garnered two nominations at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards. Cole starred in the BET reality television series "" (2006–2008), which became one of the most-watched programs in the network's history.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In 2007, Cole released her second studio album, "Just Like You", which spawned three number-one R&B singles — "Let It Go" (featuring Missy Elliott and Lil' Kim), "I Remember" and "Heaven Sent" — and earned her four Grammy nominations. The album reached number two on "Billboard" 200 chart and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Her third album, "A Different Me" (2008), was met with generally positive reviews and became the second of her career to debut atop of the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart as well as number two on the "Billboard" 200. A commercial success, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole's fourth album, "Calling All Hearts" (2010), included the singles "I Ain't Thru" and "Take Me Away". Her fifth studio album, "Woman to Woman" (2012), peaked at number ten on the "Billboard" 200. It spawned the single "Enough of No Love", which peaked within the top-ten of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. That same year, she starred in the reality series "". Further label changes saw the release of "Point of No Return" (2014) under Interscope and "" (2017) under Epic.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Dubbed by critics as the "Princess of Hip-Hop Soul", Cole is best known for her soulful voice. Her work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including an ASCAP Award and a Billboard Music Award. From 2019 to 2020, she hosted the Fox Soul syndicated television talk show "One on One with Keyshia Cole."


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Keyshia Myeshia Johnson was born on October 15, 1981, in Oakland, California, and is the biological daughter of Francine "Frankie" Lons (1960-2021) and boxing trainer Virgil Hunter. Cole is mixed of African-American and Mexican heritage. Her biological mother was addicted to alcohol and crack cocaine. She was adopted at the age of two by family friends Leon and Yvonne Cole, changing her last name to Cole. At the age of 12, Cole was introduced into the music industry, along with her brother Sean (also known as Nutt-So), where she met and recorded with MC Hammer.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: She later formed a friendship with Tupac Shakur, who promised to help her start her singing career after asking her to write a hook on his then-upcoming project on the night he got shot in a drive-by shooting unexpectedly, which caused his death six days later. At the age of 16, Cole became a participant at the East Oakland Youth Development Center (EOYDC), a local youth organization. Cole moved to Los Angeles at the age of 18 to pursue a music career. During this time, Cole collaborated with artists from her native Bay Area, among them D'Wayne Wiggins of Tony Toni Tone and Messy Marv. In 2002, she was introduced to A&M Records A&R Ron Fair, whom signed her and began mentoring her after listening to an unfinished version of one of her songs.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole's debut single, "Never", featuring Eve, was released on March 23, 2004, to promote the soundtrack to the film "". The single failed to reach the charts, but it eventually became the closing track on her debut album, "The Way It Is".


title: Keyshia Cole

text: On November 9, 2004, Cole released her first single from "The Way It Is" entitled "I Changed My Mind" featuring Kanye West. The radio remix, featuring then-incarcerated rapper Shyne reached #71 in the US.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Her second single from the album, "(I Just Want It) To Be Over", was released on April 5, 2005, and reached number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 (101).


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole completed her debut album in early 2005. In anticipation, Cole and DJ Green Lantern released a mixtape entitled "Team Invasion Presents Keyshia Cole" in February 2005 featuring remixes of hip-hop instrumentals and snippets of songs from her album. It featured appearances by Remy Ma, Fat Joe, and Ghostface Killah.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: "The Way It Is" was released on June 21, 2005. It debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200, selling 89,000 copies in the first week of release.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: The third single from the album, "I Should Have Cheated" was released on August 3, 2005, and reached number 30 on the Hot 100. The fourth single, "Love" was released on January 6, 2006, and reached 19 on the Hot 100 and number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It has been certified platinum by the RIAA and is regarded as Cole's "breakthrough single".


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole began work on the second album in early 2006. She was featured on the single "Last Night" by Diddy from his album Press Play which also ended up being on her second LP. The recording of the album was documented on the second season of her reality TV show "". After A&M Records folded through a merger with Octone Records in early 2007, Cole was drafted by the Universal Music Group and Interscope Records boss Jimmy Iovine to its subsidiary label Geffen Records, the same "de facto" record label trade done on rapper The Game from Interscope to Geffen, a year earlier, to avoid his contractual obligations with his former rival, 50 Cent, and his crew, G-Unit. Now under Geffen, Cole released her second album, "Just Like You" on September 25, 2007. The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 281,000 copies in its first week. After four months of release, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA, just like her debut, and has since sold 1.7 million copies in the US alone.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Preceded by the number one hit single "Let It Go" featuring Missy Elliott and Lil' Kim, "Let It Go" has sold over one million copies in the US and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: The second single "Shoulda Let You Go" featuring Amina Harris, fared well on charts peaking at number seven on the US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs The album's final single Heaven Sent, followed in the previous singles success. "Heaven Sent" is Cole's third number one on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs from "Just Like You". It peaked at number one for nine consecutive weeks. It charted on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart for 55 weeks. On the "Billboard" Hot 100, it has peaked at number 28. The album's third single I Remember, reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and peaked at number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Cole received a variety of nominations for the album, including four Grammys, Best Contemporary R&B Album, and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 2008 Grammy Awards and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the 2009 Grammy Awards.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole was also featured on Jaheim's single "I've Changed", from his album "The Makings of a Man" and Keith Sweat's "Love You Better", which was featured on his album "Just Me" and the soundtrack to "Why Did I Get Married?" Additionally, Cole was scheduled to make a cameo on Missy Elliott's album, "Block Party".


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In early to mid-2008, Cole made several guest appearances on songs such as "I Got a Thang for You" with rapper Trina, "Boyfriend/Girlfriend" with Atlanta hip hop group C-Side, and "Game's Pain" with west-coast native The Game. The third season of "Keyshia Cole: The Way It Is" premiered in October 2008 on BET. The 10-episode season followed up the last season following Keyshia's family and giving a look into her third studio album, "A Different Me". The series concluded on December 16, 2008.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole released "A Different Me" on December 16, 2008. It had its debut at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 322,000 copies in its first week. The album has gone on to sell over 1,020,000 copies in the US, and has received a platinum certification from the RIAA. The album was preceded by lead single "Playa Cardz Right", with a posthumous feature from Oakland-native and past mentor, Tupac Shakur. It was released on October 28, 2008, and reached number 63 on the Hot 100. The second single from the album, "You Complete Me", was released to radio in December 2008 and reached number 62 on the Hot 100. Cole released the third and final single from the album, "Trust", a duet with Monica, on May 5, 2009, which reached number five on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: To promote the album and single, Cole embarked on her first headlining tour, A Different Me Tour in summer 2009. Throughout this time, Cole was featured as the cover artist on several magazines such as the March 2009 issue of "Vibe", WordUp!, the Summer 2009 final double-cover issue of "King", and the June issue of "Sister 2 Sister" with her mother Yvonne Cole. With more collaborations along the way with Keri Hilson on her debut LP R. Kelly's single "Number One" along with T-Pain, and Gucci Mane on his own LP "The State vs Radric Davis", she began work on her fourth studio album.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Three months after the birth of her son, on June 27, 2010, Cole returned to the music industry, filling in for Hayley Williams to sing the chorus to B.o.B's "Airplanes (Part II)" featuring Eminem during the 2010 BET Awards. Over a year after Cole announced the beginning production of her fourth studio album, she released her first single, "I Ain't Thru", featuring Young Money Entertainment rap star, Nicki Minaj, on October 15, 2010, her birthday. Although not a big hit on the charts and later revealed as a regret as a single choice by Cole, fans loved the single and viewed it as a great comeback along with credits.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Her fourth studio album, "Calling All Hearts" was released on December 21, 2010, featuring collaborations from Timbaland, Nicki Minaj, Tank, and Faith Evans. It also featured Cole's mother Dr. Yvonne Cole on a gospel track inspired by Faith as well. With opening sales of 128,000 copies, she released Imani Entertainment as her management shortly after. The album has gone on to sell over 500,000 copies since its release, although it hasn't been riaa certified gold yet. She performed the promotional single, "Long Way Down" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Wendy Williams Show, and 106 & Park, in which a 30-minute concert by her was performed. In February 2011, Cole released her third single from "Calling All Hearts", "Take Me Away", to urban radio as a fan choice, which was released on December 21, 2010. Cole performed the single on January 19, 2011, on "Conan". The single's video, directed by Taj Stansberry, premiered on VEVO on April 18, 2011, and was also released on "106 & Park" later that day. The song has since then peaked on the Billboard US "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs" at number 27.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: On January 17, 2011, Cole tweeted "Would like for u guys to know that Manny Halley is no longer my management", followed by "Someone said if the people around u won't change, change the people around you." This happened shortly after the decline of opening week sales of Cole's album "Calling All Hearts". She also disclosed that recent business disagreements also played part in their departure. This is Cole's first album to be released without Halley, as he was with her at the beginning of her career.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole started development on her fifth studio album shortly after she came out with her fourth album ("Calling All Hearts"). She began production on the project working first with writers Ester Dean and Betty Wright. She also collaborated with producers Boi-1da, Cool & Dre, Bangladesh, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Toxic, Mave, and Earl Powell. This is her first project to be released without A&R executive Ron Fair. Her fifth studio album, "Woman to Woman" was released on November 19, 2012. The album debuted at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 selling 96,000 copies in its first week in the United States, becoming Cole's fifth consecutive top 10 album. In its second week, the album rose to number three, where it sold 37,100 copies. In its third week, the album fell two spots to number five, selling 28,600 copies. The album has sold over 246,300 copies as of January 2013.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: The lead single from "Woman to Woman ", "Enough of No Love", featuring YMCMB rapper and past collaborator, Lil Wayne was sent to radio and released for digital download on July 3, 2012. The song was written by Redd Stylez and Cole, and was produced by Harmony with a mid-tempo R&B production. It peaked at number seven on the "Billboard" R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. On August 9, 2012, the song debuted at number 94 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 where it ultimately peaked at number 84.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: The second single, "Trust and Believe" was released for digital download on October 22, 2012 and again on November 13, 2012. On October 24, it was ranked the number one added song to Urban radio of the week.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: "I Choose You" was released as the third single during August 2013. Cole embarked on her third headlining concert tour, in support of her fifth studio album, "Woman to Woman". Visiting North America and Europe the tour held 27 total dates. Singer Chrisette Michele was the supporting act for the North American leg.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In September 2013, after Geffen folded, Cole's Geffen deal was, once again, drafted, this time to its parent label, Interscope Records. She later returned to the studio and began recording her sixth studio album. On October 2, 2013, it was confirmed that Keyshia Cole and her former manager Manny Halley had resolved their differences & Halley was currently managing Keyshia Cole again.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: The lead single from Cole's sixth studio album, "Next Time (Won't Give My Heart Away)" was released as a digital download, on March 31, 2014, and officially impacted US Rhythmic radio on April 1, 2014. In March 2014, Cole revealed the title of her sixth studio album to be "Point of No Return". "Rick James", featuring rapper Juicy J, was released alongside "Next Time (Won't Give My Heart Away)" as a digital download in March 2014, while "She" followed as the third single from the album on July 8, 2014. The album was released on October 7, 2014, with open sales of 25,000 copies & has sold over 100,000 copies.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In February 2015, Cole revealed to Rap-Up TV that following the release of "Point of No Return", which sold poorly, she was contractually free from Interscope and was intending on moving forward as an independent recording artist. She also confirmed work on her seventh studio album, confirming she was halfway done with ten tracks so far, stating: "I don't know which direction I wanna go in. I don't know if I want it to be more fun, I don't know if I want it to be more heartfelt or if I want it upbeat, medium to slow. I'm just recording and recording and recording and recording and recording and recording and recording."


title: Keyshia Cole

text: On January 27, 2017, Cole released the lead single "You" (featuring Remy Ma and French Montana) from her seventh studio album. In an interview with "Rap-Up" magazine, she announced the name of the album, "", stating "For the past year, I've been seeing 1111 constantly and to my understanding, you're aligned spiritually with your destiny and everything that is meant to be in your life is happening at the right time. The timing is right. Everything is right. Reset is definitely cohesive with that." On August 25, 2017, she released the second single "Incapable". The album was released on October 20, 2017. It sold 15,000 copies within the first week. This mark's Coles lowest first week ever. Since then the album has sold around 100,000 copies.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In 2019, Cole was featured on "All Me" by Kehlani. That same year she started hosting her own talk show, "One on One with Keyshia Cole", airing on Fox Soul. In June 2020, it was reported that Keyshia Cole had signed a management deal with talent management company Primary Wave which was shortly after the reveal that she had reunited with longtime friend and record producer who she worked with for her first four albums, Ron Fair. On July 22, speculations came out about a possible Verzuz battle between Cole and Ashanti after Cole publicly challenged her during the live streamed match between rappers DMX and Snoop Dogg. On December 2, Cole announced via her Instagram Live that she would soon be competing in a match while singing a few of her previous records. Two days later, it was confirmed that the latest Verzuz battle would be between Cole and Ashanti. The in-person competition was expected to take place on December 12, 2020, though it was postponed after Ashanti tested positive for COVID-19 ahead of the event. Following the Verzuz battle, Cole released the non-album single "I Don't Wanna Be in Love", under her independent record label, Hearts and Stars, created with the support of BMG.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In July 2006, Cole premiered her 6 episode docu-series, titled "", on BET. With record breaking views, the show viewed Cole's life as an artist, daughter, and sister, performing, visiting her home town, and starting production on her next album.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In mid-July 2011, Cole tweeted that she, her husband Daniel, and James DeBose will be launching a new reality TV show, entitled "". Shooting of the show began during the summer of 2011. During the 8 episode docu-series, Cole will be crafting her follow-up to "Calling All Hearts". "I just kind of lay out all my emotions then we start from there" says Cole. "I usually work with big name producers and stuff like once all from my heart and soul is out that I need to get out." Aside from a look into the making of her new album, currently titled "Woman to Woman", Cole and her husband, Daniel, re-wed during taping. The first episode of the show aired on BET on October 9, 2012, with 2.9 million viewers. In November 2014, BET confirmed that Keyshia Cole is back with her third reality TV show ""; which was originally slated to premiere during Fall 2014, but aired on February 24, 2015. In 2019, BET announced and confirmed that Keyshia Cole is back with a fourth reality show "Keyshia Cole: My New Life", which premiered November 2019.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole announced that she was teaming up with fashion designer Steve Madden to create her own shoe collection, specifically high heels, wedges, and boots. "I am super excited to collaborate with Steve Madden," stated Cole. "It's something I've wanted to do for a long time. I love his style and I think we came up with an amazing vibrant collection. We have something for every fashion diva!"


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In May 2009, Cole began dating former NBA player Daniel Gibson. They were engaged on January 1, 2010. On March 2, 2010, they welcomed their first child, a son. They wed on May 21, 2011 and renewed their vows in September 2011 in Hawaii. "My husband wanted me to have my dream wedding so he flew all of our family members here. He's giving me something I will never forget! Amazing," Cole said. The entire wedding weekend was filmed and aired on their new BET reality TV series "", on October 9 and 16, 2012. On March 21, 2014, during an interview, Cole announced and confirmed that she and Gibson had broken up, but they have not yet filed for divorce. In May 2016, she met her biological father, Virgil Hunter, after a paternity test confirmed their connection. In April 2017, Cole had announced that she and Gibson were divorcing. In an Instagram post on September 3, 2020, Cole announced that she and Gibson were officially divorced.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: On May 3, 2019, Cole announced via her Instagram that she was expecting her second child, a son, with her then boyfriend, Niko Khale. Cole welcomed her second son on August 1, 2019. In October 2020, Cole and Khale split up. Cole's mother, Frankie Lons died on July 19, 2021. Her cause of death was revealed to have been a drug overdose.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole possesses the vocal range of a soprano. Her voice has been described as having a "flexible range of R&B, the muscular punch of soul and the hard character of hip hop" and contains a "smoky flavor, and a husky texture." Cole's musical themes and lyrics touch upon the topics of empowerment, reflection, heartache and love. Coles fifth studio album "Woman to Woman" (2012) was described by


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Ben Ratliff of "The New York Times" as a R&B almanac of shaky romance, with nearly every song a first-person narrative with gnarled details, endlessly recombining data about suspicion, jealousy, pride, punishment, self-respect, the led-up, the aftermath." The album's lyrics revolved around "emotionally painful romantic issues." Betty Wright listed Cole as one of the artists who she believed were "still holding the torch" for R&B music.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: Cole grew up listening to her mentor Tupac Shakur. Cole cites Mary J. Blige as one of her greatest musical inspirations, along with R&B singers Faith Evans, Toni Braxton, Monica, Chanté Moore and Brandy.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: A feud between Cole and Lil' Mo began in August 2005 via the radio series "Star and Buc Wild Morning Show". Mo was reported to have dismissed the vocal talent of a new crop of R&B performers, saying that they relied on dancing. Cole took offense and went to Dream Hotel in New York City, where she encountered Lil' Mo's manager Phil Thornton and a stylist, allegedly stating "You all are traitors. [Lil' Mo] is the enemy.". Lil' Mo shrugged off the incident, saying she was told that Cole was intoxicated at the time, which Cole denied.


title: Keyshia Cole

text: On March 16, 2012, Cole came at Gucci Mane for the controversial song "Truth", on which Gucci rapped, "I did a song with Keyshia Cole and I know you still miss her. But Puff was f---ing her while you was falling in love with her." implying that, during the time of her rumored relationship with Young Jeezy, Cole was cheating on Jeezy with rap mogul and her "Last Night" collaborator Diddy. Cole stated on the radio, "Putting all ya trust in some of these 'Hood Rappers'... How you gonna be a G, and you spreading lies, to sell mix tapes! Where ya talent at. Dude ain't have to lie though! Could've kept me out of it."


title: Keyshia Cole

text: In March 2013, Cole was criticized by urban media outlets for her Twitter critique of Beyoncé's "Bow Down/I Been On". This led to Lil' Mo and Cole exchanging hostile tweets over the next few days. Despite the exchanges, in May 2013, Mo said there was no beef between her and Cole, which led to the two exchanging hostile messages again via Instagram and Twitter.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Mermaids is a 1990 American family comedy-drama film directed by Richard Benjamin, and starring Cher, Bob Hoskins, Winona Ryder, Michael Schoeffling, and Christina Ricci in her film debut. Based on Patty Dann's 1986 novel of the same name, and set in the early 1960s, its plot follows a neurotic teenage girl who moves with her wayward mother and young sister to a small town in Massachusetts.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Originally planned as the English-language debut of Swedish director Lasse Hallström, the film was ultimately directed by Benjamin after both Hallström and Frank Oz abandoned the project. Filming of "Mermaids" took place in various locations in Massachusetts in the fall of 1989.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Released in December 1990, "Mermaids" was met with critical acclaim, particularly for the performance of Ryder, who received a Golden Globe Award nomination and a National Board of Review Award. Ricci also won a Young Artist Award for her performance.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: In 1963 Oklahoma, Charlotte Flax is a neurotic 15-year-old whose carefree single mother, Rachel, relocates Charlotte and her 9-year-old half-sister, Kate, each time she ends a relationship. Rachel's parenting approach - which more resembles friendship than mothering - troubles the anxiety-ridden Charlotte, who is embarrassed by her mother's flamboyant nature.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: After ending an affair with her married employer, Rachel and her daughters move to the small town of Eastport, Massachusetts where she also gets a job as a receptionist for a lawyer. Charlotte is ecstatic about their new home's location, as it borders a convent, and she is obsessed with Catholicism, to the annoyance of her irreligious Jewish mother.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Charlotte soon becomes enamored with Joe Peretti, a 26-year-old caretaker of the convent and local school bus driver. Meanwhile, Rachel meets a local shoe store owner, Lou Landsky, and slowly begins a relationship with him. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Charlotte finds Joe ringing the convent bell and consoles him. However, as they begin to kiss, she feels filled with sin and flees. After the encounter, she begins fasting to purge her sinful thoughts, eventually passing out from hunger.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Uneducated about sex, Charlotte fears that God will punish her with pregnancy via immaculate conception, and decides to steal her mother's car and run away. She drives all night before stopping at the home of a young family in New Haven, Connecticut, claiming to have suffered car troubles.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: The family invites her to have breakfast, but Lou arrives to retrieve Charlotte during the meal, having tracked her after reporting the car stolen. Rachel chastises Charlotte when she returns home, but Charlotte doesn't reveal why she ran away. The next day, Charlotte makes an appointment with a local obstetrician under the name Joan Arc. The doctor tells Charlotte it isn't possible for her to be pregnant as she is a virgin.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: At a New Year's Eve costume party, Lou asks Rachel to marry and move in with him, but she declines, reminding him he is still legally married to his wife (who had left him). After the party, discovering her car refuses to start, Rachel is given a ride home by Joe. Upon arriving home, Rachel gives Joe a kiss, wishing him a happy New Year.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Charlotte observes the kiss and storms outside, accusing her mother of trying to thwart her budding relationship and asking Joe why he would kiss Rachel before he drives off. On New Year's Day, with Rachel out for the day with Lou, Charlotte stays home with Kate and dresses up in her mom’s clothes and makeup. She drinks some wine and offers some to Kate, who drinks a large amount without Charlotte knowing. Charlotte takes Kate to see the convent, and Charlotte—not knowing Kate is drunk—goes to check out the top of the bell tower by herself, leaving Kate behind to collect rocks near the river. Charlotte unexpectedly finds Joe in the tower, and they embrace and start to have sex. An unattended Kate falls in the river and nearly drowns, but the nuns from the convent save her.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: While Kate recovers, an infuriated Rachel gets into an argument with Charlotte about being irresponsible and threatens to again move them to another town. The argument ends after Rachel slaps Charlotte across the face, and they subsequently have a calm, heartfelt conversation. Discussing her father, Charlotte realizes he is never coming back. Rachel ultimately agrees to Charlotte's plea to stay in Eastport at least one more year.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Over the following year, Rachel and Lou continue their relationship, while Joe relocates to California to open a plant nursery; he and Charlotte keep in contact via postcards. At school, she has gained a new reputation due to her sexual encounter with Joe, and replaces her Catholicism obsession with Greek mythology. Kate has recovered and has returned to competitive swimming, although the accident has left her hearing "sounding fuzzy" sometimes.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: The film ends with Rachel, Charlotte and Kate playfully dancing as they set the dinner table for a family meal, something they didn't use to do.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Producers initially engaged Swedish director Lasse Hallström to direct "Mermaids" as his English-language feature debut, but he left the project to direct "Once Around" (1991). They subsequently hired Frank Oz as a replacement, but he also abandoned the project after clashing with actresses Cher and Winona Ryder. Ultimately, they hired Richard Benjamin to direct the project.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Producer Patrick Palmer commented that both Hallström and Oz had envisioned a darker tone for the film, and that at one point, Hallström's version of the film included Charlotte committing suicide.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Emily Lloyd was originally cast in the role of Charlotte Flax. She had begun shooting the film when Cher complained that Lloyd did not look enough like her to play her daughter. Winona Ryder, who impressed both Cher and then-director Oz in "Heathers" (1988), was subsequently cast in the part. Lloyd sued Orion Pictures Corporation and Mermaid Productions for breach of contract and received US$175,000 in damages; reaching a settlement on the second day of the trial, 30 July 1991.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Principal photography of "Mermaids" began September 25, 1989 in Massachusetts, and completed on December 15 of that year. The Flax house exterior was built for the film in Coolidge Point near Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, and downtown Rockport, Massachusetts served as the fictional village of Eastport. In a rural area near North Easton, Massachusetts, the production crew built a bell tower for the convent set as well as a cottage. Some interior photography was completed on a soundstage constructed in a warehouse in Malden, Massachusetts. The majority of the film was shot in Massachusetts, and some additional photography occurred in Rhode Island and New Hampshire.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 71% based on reviews from 24 critics. On Metacritic it has a score of 56% based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A to F.


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Though the film’s coming-of-age story was seen as a somewhat familiar one, many critics argued the film was elevated by its performances—particularly Winona Ryder’s—and a script imbued with “a quality of everyday surrealism.” Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" wrote, “The film's comedy springs out of the incongruous pairing of a rebellious, crazy mom and a devoutly conservative daughter -- that and the nuttiness of having a Jewish girl obsessed with Catholicism.” Of Ryder, Hinson wrote, “What's great about "'Mermaids"' is how easily it keys us into Charlotte's hilariously warped teenage thought-waves…Having made something of a specialty of woe-is-me, adolescent angst, Ryder finds a deeper level here, a level of comedy with something genuinely painful mixed in.”


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote ""Mermaids", adapted by the English writer June Roberts from the novel by Patty Dann, is a terribly gentle if wisecracking comedy about the serious business of growing up."


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "Mermaids is not exactly good, but it is not boring. Winona Ryder, in another of her alienated outsider roles, generates real charisma. And what the movie is saying about Cher is as elusive as it is intriguing."


title: Mermaids (1990 film)

text: In a negative review, "Time Out New York" wrote "The film is burdened by curious details and observations, and its preoccupation with all things aquatic (little sister is an ace swimmer, Mom dresses up as a mermaid for New Year's Eve, etc.) is overworked. Characterisation suffers, with Charlotte and Rachel too self-absorbed to engage our sympathies. Crucially, they just aren't funny".


title: Rijeka

text: Rijeka ( , , ; also known as Fiume , ; local Chakavian: "Reka"; ; ) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants.


title: Rijeka

text: Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port, the city was fiercely contested, especially between the Holy Roman Empire, Italy and Croatia, changing rulers and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are Croats, along with small numbers of Serbs,


title: Rijeka

text: Rijeka is the main city and county seat of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding (shipyards "3. Maj" and "Viktor Lenac Shipyard") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632 and the local Jesuit School of Theology.


title: Rijeka

text: Apart from Croatian and Italian, linguistically the city is home to its own unique dialect of the Venetian language, Fiuman, with an estimated 20,000 speakers among the autochthonous Italians, Croats and other minorities. Historically Fiuman served as the main "lingua franca" among the many ethnicities inhabiting the multi-ethnic port city. In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality the autochthonous population still speaks Chakavian, a dialect of Croatian.


title: Rijeka

text: Historically, Rijeka was also called Tharsatica, Vitopolis (), or Flumen () in Latin. The city is called "Rijeka" in Croatian, "Reka" in Slovene, and "Reka" or "Rika" in the local dialects of the Chakavian language. It is called "Fiume" () in Italian. All these names mean "river" in their respective languages. Meanwhile, while in German the city has been called "Sankt Veit am Flaum"—St-Vitus-on-the-Flaum—or "Pflaum" ().


title: Rijeka

text: Rijeka is located in western Croatia, south-west of the capital, Zagreb, on the coast of Kvarner Gulf, in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea. Geographically, Rijeka is roughly equidistant from Milan (), Budapest (), Munich (), Vienna () and Belgrade (). Other major regional centers such as Trieste (), Venice () and Ljubljana () are all relatively close and easily accessible. The Bay of Rijeka, which is bordered by Vela Vrata (between Istria and the island of Cres), Srednja Vrata (between Cres and Krk Island) and Mala Vrata (between Krk and the mainland) is connected to the Kvarner Gulf and is deep enough (about ) to accommodate large commercial ships. The City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of the river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. From three sides Rijeka is surrounded by mountains. To the west, the Učka range is prominent. To the north/north-east there are the Snežnik plateau and the Risnjak massif with the national park. To the east/south-east there is the Velika Kapela range. This type of terrain configuration prevented Rijeka from developing further inland (to the north) and the city mostly lies on a long and relatively narrow strip along the coast. Two important inland transport routes start in Rijeka. The first route runs north-east to the Pannonian Basin. This route takes advantage of Rijeka's location close to the point where the Dinaric Alps are the narrowest (about ) and easiest to traverse, making it the optimal route from the Hungarian plain to the sea. It also makes Rijeka the natural harbour for the Pannonian Basin (especially Hungary). The other route runs north-west across the Postojna Gate connecting Rijeka with Slovenia and further through the Ljubljana Gap with Austria and beyond. A third more coastal route runs east-west connecting Rijeka (and—by extension—the Adriatic coastal cities to the south) with Trieste and northern Italy.


title: Rijeka

text: Though traces of Neolithic settlements can be found in the region, the earliest modern settlements on the site were Celtic Tharsatica (modern Trsat, now part of Rijeka) on the hill, and the tribe of mariners, the Liburni, in the natural harbour below. The city long retained its dual character. Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his "Natural History" (iii.140). Rijeka (Tarsatica) is again mentioned around AD 150 by the Greek geographer and astronomer Ptolemy in his Geography when describing the "Location of Illyria or Liburnia, and of Dalmatia" (Fifth Map of Europe). In the time of Augustus, the Romans rebuilt Tarsatica as a "municipium" Flumen (MacMullen 2000), situated on the right bank of the small river Rječina (whose name means "the big river"). It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century. In this period the city is part of the Liburnia limes (system of walls and fortifications against raiding Barbarians). Remains of these walls are still visible in some places today.


title: Rijeka

text: After the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus, the city's patron saint, as "Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti" or in German "Sankt Veit am Pflaum". From the 5th century onwards, the town was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, and the Avars. The city was burned down in 452 by the troops of Attila the Hun as part of their Aquileia campaign. Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, "Rika svetoga Vida" ("the river of Saint Vitus"). At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall. At the center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress.


title: Rijeka

text: In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne. Their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire. From about 925, the town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, from 1102 in personal union with Hungary. Trsat Castle and the town was rebuilt under the rule of the House of Frankopan. In 1288 the Rijeka citizens signed the Law codex of Vinodol, one of the oldest codes of law in Europe.


title: Rijeka

text: In the period from about 1300 to 1466 Rijeka was ruled by a number of noble families, the most prominent of which was the German Walsee family. Rijeka even rivalled Venice when in it was sold by Rambert II Walsee to the Habsburg emperor Frederick III, Archduke of Austria in 1466. It would remain under Austrian Habsburg rule for over 450 years (except for a brief period of French rule between 1809 and 1813) until the end of World War I in 1918 when it was occupied by Croatian and subsequently by Italian irregulars.


title: Rijeka

text: Austrian presence on the Adriatic Sea was seen as a threat by the Republic of Venice and during the War of the League of Cambrai the Venetians raided and devastated the city with great loss of life in 1508 and again in 1509. The city did however recover and remain under Austrian rule. For its fierce resistance to the Venetians it will receive the title of the "most loyal city" ("fidelissimum oppidium") as well as commercial privileges from the Austrian emperor Maximilian I in 1515. While Ottoman forces attacked the town several times, they never occupied it. From the 16th century onwards, Rijeka's present Renaissance and Baroque style started to take shape. Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port (together with the Port of Trieste) in 1719 and had the trade route to Vienna expanded in 1725.


title: Rijeka

text: On November 28, 1750 Rijeka was hit by a large earthquake. The devastation was so widespread that the city had to be almost completely rebuilt. In 1753, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa approved the funding for rebuilding Rijeka as a "new city" ("Civitas nova"). The rebuilt Rijeka was significantly different - it was transformed from a small medieval walled town into a larger commercial and maritime city centered around its port.


title: Rijeka

text: By order of Maria Theresa in 1779, the city was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary and governed as "corpus separatum" directly from Budapest by an appointed governor, as Hungary's only international port. From 1804, Rijeka was part of the Austrian Empire (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the Compromise of 1867), in the Croatia-Slavonia province.


title: Rijeka

text: During the Napoleonic Wars, Rijeka was briefly captured by the French Empire and included in the Illyrian Provinces. During the French rule, between 1809 and 1813, the critically important Louisiana road was completed (named after Napoleon's wife Marie Louise). The road was the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior (Karlovac) and gave a strong impulse to the development of Rijeka's port. In 1813 the French rule came to an end when Rijeka was first bombarded by the Royal Navy and later re-captured by the Austrians under the command of the Irish general Laval Nugent von Westmeath. The British bombardment has an interesting side story. The city was apparently saved from annihilation by a young lady named Karolina Belinić who - amid the chaos and destruction of the bombardment - went to the English fleet commander and convinced him that further bombardment of the city was unnecessary (the small French garrison was quickly defeated and left the city). The legend of Karolina is warmly remembered by the population even today. She became a folk hero Karolina Riječka (Caroline of Rijeka) and has been celebrated in plays, movies and even in a rock opera.


title: Rijeka

text: In the early 19th century, the most prominent economical and cultural leader of the city was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić. Fiume also had a significant naval base, and in the mid-19th century it became the site of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie), where the Austro-Hungarian Navy trained its officers.


title: Rijeka

text: During the Hungarian revolution of 1848, when Hungary tried to gain independence from Austria, Rijeka was captured by the Croatian troops (loyal to Austria) commanded by Ban Josip Jelačić. The city was then annexed directly to Croatia, although it did keep a degree of autonomy.


title: Rijeka

text: Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor from 1872 to 1896) proved to be an authoritative local political leader. Under his leadership, an impressive phase of expansion of the city started, marked by major port development, fuelled by the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Austro-Hungarian railway network. Modern industrial and commercial enterprises such as the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company "Adria", a rival shipping company the Ungaro-Croata (established in 1891) and the Smith and Meynier paper mill (which operated the first steam engine in south-east Europe), situated in the Rječina canyon, producing cigarette paper sold around the world.


title: Rijeka

text: The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (up to World War I) was a period of great prosperity, rapid economic growth and technological dynamism for Rijeka. Many authors and witnesses describe Rijeka of this time as a rich, tolerant, well-to-do town which offered a good standard of living, with endless possibilities for making one's fortune. The Pontifical Delegate Celso Costantini noted in his diary "the religious indifference and apathy of the town". The further industrial development of the city included the first industrial scale oil refinery in Europe in 1882 and the first torpedo factory in the world in 1866, after Robert Whitehead, manager of the "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano" (an Austrian engineering company engaged in providing engines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy), designed and successfully tested the world's first torpedo. In addition to the Whitehead torpedo factory, which opened in 1874, the oil refinery (1882) and the paper mill, many other industrial and commercial enterprises were established or expanded in these years. These include a rice husking and starch factory (one of the largest in the world), a wood and furniture company, a wheat elevator and mill, the Ganz-Danubius shipbuilding industries, a cocoa and chocolate factory, a brick factory, a tobacco factory (the largest in the Monarchy), a cognac distillery, a pasta factory, the Ossoinack barrel and chest factory, a large tannery, five foundries and many others. At the beginning of the 20th century more than half of the industrial capacity in Croatia (which was at that time mostly agrarian) was located in Rijeka.


title: Rijeka

text: Rijeka's Austro-Hungarian Marine Academy became a pioneering centre for high-speed photography. The Austrian physicist Peter Salcher working in the Academy took the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed in 1886, devising a technique that was later used by Ernst Mach in his studies of supersonic motion.


title: Rijeka

text: Rijeka's port underwent tremendous development fuelled by generous Hungarian investments, becoming the main maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By 1913–14, the port of Fiume became the tenth-busiest port in Europe. The population grew rapidly from only 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910. Major civic buildings constructed at this time include the Governor's Palace, designed by the Hungarian architect Alajos Hauszmann. There was an ongoing competition between Rijeka and Trieste, the main maritime outlet for Austria—reflecting the rivalry between the two components of the Dual Monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian Navy sought to keep the balance by ordering new warships from the shipyards of both cities.


title: Rijeka

text: During this period the city had an Italian majority. In fact, according to the census of 1880, in Rijeka there were 9,076 Italians, 7,991 Croats, 895 Germans and 383 Hungarians. Some historians claim that the city had a Slavic majority at the beginning of the 19th century, because the 1851 census reported a Croatian majority. However, this census is considered not very reliable, especially by Italian historians.


title: Rijeka

text: At the last Austro-Hungarian census in 1910, the "corpus separatum" had a population of 49,806 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:


title: Rijeka

text: By religion, the census of 1910 indicates that - from the total of 49,806 inhabitants - there were 45,130 Catholics, 1,696 Jewish, 1,123 Calvinist, 995 Orthodox and 311 Lutheran. The Jewish population expanded rapidly, particularly in the 1870s-1880s, and built a large synagogue in 1907 (which would be destroyed in 1944, during the German occupation, concurrent with the murder of most of the city's Jewish residents). At the eve of WWI, there were 165 inns, 10 hotels with restaurants, 17 cafés, 17 jewellers, 37 barbers and 265 tailor shops in Rijeka.


title: Rijeka

text: World War I put an end to Rijeka's "golden era" of peace, stability and rapid economic growth. The city would never quite recover to the same level of prosperity. Initially there was a semblance of normalcy (the city was far from the frontlines), however - a growing part of the male population started to be mobilized by the army and the navy. The city's war-related industries continued to work full steam and contributed significantly to the Austro-Hungarian war effort, especially to the navy. The shipyard Ganz-Danubius produced a number of warships and submarines like the U-27-class submarines, the Novara-class cruisers, the large battleship SMS Szent István and others. In total, between the early 1900s and 1918 the city's shipyards produced 1 battleship, 2 cruisers, 20 destroyers, 32 torpedo boats and 15 submarines for the navy. Rijeka was also the main center for the production of torpedoes. However, a lot changed with the war becoming a protracted conflict and especially with the Italian declaration of war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915. This opened a frontline only 90 km from the city and caused a pervasive sense of anxiety among the large Italian population. Several hundred Italians, considered disloyal (enemy non-combatants) by the authorities, were deported to camps in Hungary (Tápiósüly and Kiskunhalas), where many died of malnutrition and diseases. The torpedo factory was attacked by the Italian airship "Citta` di Novara" in 1915 (later shot down by Austrian hydroplanes) and suffered damages. As a consequence - most of the torpedo production was moved to Sankt Pölten in Austria, further away from the frontlines. The city was again attacked by Italian airplanes in 1916 and suffered minor damage. The Naval Academy ceased its activities and was converted to a war hospital (the ex-naval academy buildings are still housing the city hospital to this day). On 10 February 1918 the Italian navy raided the nearby bay of Bakar causing little material damage but achieving a significant propaganda effect. As the war dragged on, the city's economy and the living standard of the population deteriorated rapidly. Due to a maritime blockade, the port traffic suffered a collapse - from 2,892.538 tons in 1913 (before the war) to only 330.313 tons in 1918. Many factories - lacking manpower and/or raw materials - reduced the production or simply closed. Shortages of food and other basic necessities became widespread. Even public safety became a problem with an increase in the number of thefts, violent incidents and war profiteering. The crisis escalated on October 23, 1918, when the Croatian troops stationed in Rijeka (79th regiment) mutinied and temporarily took control of the city. Amid growing chaos, the Austro-Hungarian empire dissolved a few weeks later, on November 12, 1918, starting a long period of instability and uncertainty for the city.


title: Rijeka

text: Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's disintegration in October 1918 during the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in the city; both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty based on their "irredentist" ("unredeemed") ethnic populations.


title: Rijeka

text: After a brief military occupation by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, followed by the unilateral annexation of the former Corpus Separatum by Belgrade, an international force of British, Italian, French and American troops entered the city in November 1918. Its future became a major barrier to agreement during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president Wilson even proposed to make Rijeka a free city and the headquarters of the newly formed League of Nations.


title: Rijeka

text: The main problem arose from the fact that Rijeka was not assigned either to Italy or to Croatia (now Yugoslavia) in the Treaty of London which defined the post-war borders in the area. It remained assigned to Austria-Hungary because - until the very end of WWI - it was assumed that the Austro-Hungarian empire would survive WWI in some form and Rijeka was to become its only seaport (Trieste was to be annexed by Italy). However, once the empire disintegrated, the status of the city became disputed. Italy based its claim on the fact that Italians comprised the largest single nationality within the city (46.9% of the total population). Croats made up most of the remainder and were a majority in the surrounding area. Andrea Ossoinack, who had been the last delegate from Fiume to the Hungarian Parliament, was admitted to the conference as a representative of Fiume, and essentially supported the Italian claims. Nevertheless, at this point the city had had for years a strong and very active Autonomist Party seeking for Rijeka a special independent status among nations as a multicultural Adriatic city. This movement even had its delegate at the Paris peace conference - Ruggero Gotthardi.


title: Rijeka

text: On 10 September 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, declaring the Austro-Hungarian monarchy dissolved. Negotiations over the future of the city were interrupted two days later when a force of Italian nationalist irregulars led by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio captured the city. Because the Italian government, wishing to respect its international obligations, did not want to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and the intellectuals at his side eventually established an independent state, the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a unique social experiment for the age and a revolutionary cultural experience in which various international intellectuals of diverse walks of life took part (like Osbert Sitwell, Arturo Toscanini, Henry Furst, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Harukichi Shimoi, Guglielmo Marconi, Alceste De Ambris, Whitney Warren and Léon Kochnitzky).