title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland's brand of nationalism in his ballets differed from that of European composers such as Béla Bartók, who tried to preserve the folk tones they used as close to the original as possible. Copland enhanced the tunes he used with contemporary rhythms, textures and structures. In what could seem contradictory, he used complex harmonies and rhythms to simplify folk melodies and make them more accessible and familiar to his listeners. Except for the Shaker tune in "Appalachian Spring", Copland often syncopates traditional melodies, changes their metric patterns and note values. In "Billy the Kid", he derives many of the work's sparse harmonies from the implied harmonic constructions of the cowboy tunes themselves.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Like Stravinsky, Copland mastered the ability to create a coherent, integrated composition from what was essentially a mosaic of divergent folk-based and original elements. In that sense, Copland's Populist works such as "Billy the Kid", "Rodeo", "Appalachian Spring" are not far removed from Stravinsky's ballet "The Rite of Spring". Within that framework, however, Copland preserved the American atmosphere of these ballets through what musicologist Elliott Antokoletz calls "the conservative handling of open diatonic sonorities", which fosters "a pastoral quality" in the music. This is especially true in the opening of "Appalachian Spring", where the harmonizations remain "transparent and bare, suggested by the melodic disposition of the Shaker tune". Variations which contrast to this tune in rhythm, key, texture and dynamics, fit within Copland's compositional practice of juxtaposing structural blocks.


title: Aaron Copland

text: When Hollywood beckoned concert hall composers in the 1930s with promises of better films and higher pay, Copland saw both a challenge for his abilities as a composer as well as an opportunity to expand his reputation and audience for his more serious works. In a departure from other film scores of the time, Copland's work largely reflected his own style, instead of the usual borrowing from the late-Romantic period. He often avoided the full orchestra, and he rejected the common practice of using a leitmotif to identify characters with their own personal themes. He instead matched a theme to the action, while avoiding the underlining of every action with exaggerated emphasis. Another technique Copland employed was to keep silent during intimate screen moments and only begin the music as a confirming motive toward the end of a scene. Virgil Thomson wrote that the score for "Of Mice and Men" established "the most distinguished populist musical style yet created in America". Many composers who scored for western movies, particularly between 1940 and 1960, were influenced by Copland's style, though some also followed the late Romantic "Max Steiner" approach, which was considered more conventional and desirable.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland's work in the late 1940s and 1950s included use of Schoenberg's twelve-tone system, a development that he had recognized but not fully embraced. He had also believed the atonality of serialized music to run counter to his desire to reach a wide audience. Copland therefore approached dodecaphony with some initial skepticism. While in Europe in 1949, he heard a number of serial works but did not admire much of it because "so often it seemed that individuality was sacrificed to the method". The music of French composer Pierre Boulez showed Copland that the technique could be separated from the "old Wagnerian" aesthetic with which he had associated it previously. Subsequent exposure to the late music of Austrian composer Anton Webern and twelve-tone pieces by Swiss composer Frank Martin and Italian composer Luigi Dallapiccola strengthened this opinion.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland came to the conclusion that composing along serial lines was "nothing more than an angle of vision. Like fugal treatment, it is a stimulus that enlivens musical thinking, especially when applied to a series of tones that lend themselves to that treatment." He began his first serial work, the "Piano Fantasy", in 1951 to fulfill a commission from the young virtuoso pianist William Kapell. The piece became one of his most challenging works, over which he labored until 1957. During the work's development, in 1953, Kapell died in an aircraft crash. Critics lauded the "Fantasy" when it was finally premiered, calling the piece "an outstanding addition to his own oeuvre and to contemporary piano literature" and "a tremendous achievement". Jay Rosenfield stated: "This is a new Copland to us, an artist advancing with strength and not building on the past alone."


title: Aaron Copland

text: Serialism allowed Copland a synthesis of serial and non-serial practices. Before he did this, according to musicologist Joseph Straus, the philosophical and compositional difference between non-tonal composers such as Schoenberg and tonal composers like Stravinsky had been considered too wide a gulf to bridge. Copland wrote that, to him, serialism pointed in two opposite directions, one "toward the extreme of total organization with electronic applications" and the other "a gradual absorption into what had become a very "freely interpreted tonalism" [italics Copland]". The path he said he chose was the latter one, which he said, when he described his "Piano Fantasy", allowed him to incorporate "elements able to be associated with the twelve-tone method and also with music tonally conceived". This practice differed markedly from Schoenberg, who used his tone rows as complete statements around which to structure his compositions. Copland used his rows not very differently from how he fashioned the material in his tonal pieces. He saw his rows as sources for melodies and harmonies, not as complete and independent entities, except at points in the musical structure that dictated the complete statement of a row.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Even after Copland started using 12-tone techniques, he did not stick to them exclusively but went back and forth between tonal and non-tonal compositions. Other late works include: "Dance Panels" (1959, ballet music), "Something Wild" (1961, his last film score, much of which would be later incorporated into his "Music for a Great City"), "Connotations" (1962, for the new Lincoln Center Philharmonic hall), "Emblems" (1964, for wind band), "Night Thoughts" (1972, for the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition), and "Proclamation" (1982, his last work, started in 1973).


title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland did not consider himself a professional writer. He called his writing "a byproduct of my trade" as "a kind of salesman for contemporary music". As such, he wrote prolifically about music, including pieces on music criticism analysis, on musical trends, and on his own compositions. An avid lecturer and lecturer-performer, Copland eventually collected his presentation notes into three books, "What to Listen for in Music" (1939), "Our New Music" (1941), and "Music and Imagination" (1952). In the 1980s, he collaborated with Vivian Perlis on a two-volume autobiography, "Copland: 1900 Through 1942" (1984) and "Copland Since 1943" (1989). Along with the composer's first-person narrative, these two books incorporate 11 "interludes" by Perlis and other sections from friends and peers. Some controversy arose over the second volume's increased reliance over the first on old documents for source material. Due to the then-advanced stage of Copland's Alzheimer's and the resulting memory loss, however, this fallback to previous material was inevitable. The use in both books of letters and other unpublished sources, expertly researched and organized, made them what Pollack terms "invaluable".


title: Aaron Copland

text: During his career, Copland met and helped hundreds of young composers, whom he met and who were drawn to him by his continual interest and acuity into the contemporary musical scene. This assistance came mainly outside an institutional framework—other than his summers at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood, a decade of teaching and curating at The New School, and a few semesters at Harvard and the State University of New York at Buffalo, Copland operated outside an academic setting. Pollack writes: "Those composers who actually studied with him were small in number and did so for only brief periods; rather, Copland helped younger composers more informally, with intermittent advice and aid." This advice included focusing on expressive content rather than on purely technical points and on developing a personal style.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland's willingness to foster talent extended to critiquing scores in progress that were presented to him by his peers. Composer William Schuman writes: "As a teacher, Aaron was extraordinary... Copland would look at your music and try to understand what "you" were after [italics Schuman]. He didn't want to turn you into another Aaron Copland... When he questioned something, it was in a manner that might make you want to question it yourself. Everything he said was helpful in making a younger composer realize the potential of a particular work. On the other hand, Aaron could be strongly critical."


title: Aaron Copland

text: Although Copland studied conducting in Paris in 1921, he remained essentially a self-taught conductor with a very personal style. Encouraged by Igor Stravinsky to master conducting and perhaps emboldened by Carlos Chavez's efforts in Mexico, he began to direct his own works on his international travels in the 1940s. By the 1950s, he was also conducting the works of other composers, and after a televised appearance where he directed the New York Philharmonic, Copland became in high demand. He placed a strong emphasis in his programs on 20th-century music and lesser-known composers, and until the 1970s rarely planned concerts to feature his music exclusively. Performers and audiences generally greeted his conducting appearances as positive opportunities to hear his music as the composer intended. His efforts on behalf of other composers could be penetrating but also uneven.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Understated on the podium, Copland modeled his style after other composer/conductors such as Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith. Critics wrote of his precision and clarity before an orchestra. Observers noted that he had "none of the typical conductorial vanities". Copland's unpretentious charm was appreciated by professional musicians but some criticized his "unsteady" beat and "unexciting" interpretations. Koussevitzky advised him to "stay home and compose". Copland at times asked for conducting advice from Bernstein, who occasionally joked that Copland could conduct his works "a little better." Bernstein also noted that Copland improved over time, and he considered him a more natural conductor than Stravinsky or Hindemith. Eventually, Copland recorded nearly all his orchestral works with himself conducting.


title: Aaron Copland

text: Copland wrote a total of about 100 works which covered a diverse range of genres. Many of these compositions, especially orchestral pieces, have remained part of the standard American repertoire. According to Pollack, Copland "had perhaps the most distinctive and identifiable musical voice produced by this country so far, an individuality ... that helped define for many what American concert music sounds like at its most characteristic and that exerted enormous influence on multitudes of contemporaries and successors." His synthesis of influences and inclinations helped create the "Americanism" of his music. The composer himself pointed out, in summarizing the American character of his music, "the optimistic tone", "his love of rather large canvases", "a certain directness in expression of sentiment", and "a certain songfulness".


title: Aaron Copland

text: While "Copland's musical rhetoric has become iconic" and "has functioned as a mirror of America," conductor Leon Botstein suggests that the composer "helped define the modern consciousness of America's ideals, character and sense of place. The notion that his music played not a subsidiary but a central role in the shaping of the national consciousness makes Copland uniquely interesting, for the historian as well as the musician." Composer Ned Rorem states, "Aaron stressed simplicity: Remove, remove, remove what isn't needed... Aaron brought leanness to America, which set the tone for our musical language throughout [World War II]. Thanks to Aaron, American music came into its own."


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Shad Javier Gaspard (January 13, 1981 – May 17, 2020) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with WWE, where he performed under his real name, or mononymously as Shad.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Gaspard signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (now WWE) in 2003, where he was assigned to their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) and was a two-time OVW Southern Tag Team Champion with JTG, as part of Cryme Tyme. In 2006, Cryme Tyme was promoted to WWE's main roster, before both Gaspard and JTG were released from the company the following year. Cryme Tyme returned to WWE in 2008, but Gaspard was released again in 2010.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: After departing WWE, Gaspard pursued an acting career that included several films and television roles, such as "Think Like a Man Too", "Get Hard", "The Game", and "". He was also the co-creator of the 2011 graphic novel "Assassin & Son" and provided motion capture for video games, most notably for the protagonist Kratos in the 2018 game "God of War".


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Gaspard drowned while trying to save his son on May 17, 2020. As a result of his heroic efforts, he was posthumously awarded the Warrior Award at the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony in 2022.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Shad Gaspard was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on January 13, 1981. He was of Curaçaoan and Haitian descent. His father was a former enforcer for street gangs and later a personal security guard in the early 1970s; he worked for gangster Frank Lucas and currently owns McFay Contracting Inc. At age five, Shad was trained by his father in boxing, and at age eight he began training in a mixture of different martial arts such as judo, kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, and Muay Thai.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: At age 16, Gaspard began prize fighting for promoter Hardbody Harrison, a former WCW wrestler and FX Tough Man Champion, in bar fighting tournaments such as boxing, kickboxing, MMA, and tough man competitions. Although he was only 16 years old, he competed against adults who were up to 20 years older due to his large size. He held win–loss records in MMA (35–7) and amateur boxing (57–26). He was extensively involved in athletics during his high school years, specializing in wrestling, track, and basketball. After high school, he continued to play basketball at Georgia Perimeter College. After leaving, he became a bodyguard for several celebrities, including P. Diddy and Mike Tyson.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Gaspard decided to become a professional wrestler, and he qualified for the finals of the reality television program "Tough Enough 2" in 2002, but was disqualified and replaced after failing a physical.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: After "Tough Enough", Gaspard was recruited by WWE talent scout Tom Prichard and allowed to attempt a career as a professional wrestler. He first trained with Dewayne Bruce from the WCW Power Plant for six months. Afterwards, he was signed to a developmental contract by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and he was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). Gaspard made his OVW debut in 2003 under the ring name 'Da Beast', eventually joining Bolin Services stable, which led by Kenny Bolin. Originally, he acted as Bolin's personal enforcer, until he was placed into a tag team with Carlos Colón, Jr. in February 2004. After Colón left OVW in October 2004, Gaspard left Bolin Services and formed several short lived tag teams with Osama, Mike Mondo, Ken Doane, and Ryan Wilson, before he began wrestling under his real name as a singles wrestler.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: In early 2006, during his feud in OVW with CM Punk, Gaspard was joined by The Neighborhoodie and formed a new tag team known as The Gang Stars. The Gang Stars won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on May 27, but they lost the titles to CM Punk and Seth Skyfire on July 28.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On the September 4, 2006 episode of "Raw", a series of vignettes began airing, hyping the debut of Cryme Tyme (Gaspard and The Neighborhoodie, with Neighborhoodie's ring name changing to JTG). On the October 16 episode of "Raw", Cryme Tyme made their in-ring debut by defeating then-World Tag Team Champions The Spirit Squad (Mikey and Johnny) in a non-title match. The duo made their pay-per-view debut at Cyber Sunday, where Cryme Tyme defeated Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, Charlie Haas and Viscera and The Highlanders (Robbie McAllister and Rory McAllister) in a Texas Tornado match (as voted by the fans). A few months later at the New Year's Revolution pay-per-view, Cryme Tyme won a Tag Team Turmoil Match against The Highlanders, The World's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin), Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, and Jim Duggan and Super Crazy, earning them a shot at the World Tag Team Championships. On April 1, 2007, at WrestleMania 23, Cryme Tyme made a cameo appearance and started a dance party with Eugene and some WWE legends in the backstage area. On the June 29 episode of "SmackDown!", Deuce 'n Domino (with Cherry) defeated Cryme Tyme in an inter-brand match tag match.<ref name="deuce/domino"></ref> While Deuce, Domino and Cherry celebrated their victory, Cryme Tyme appeared on the titantron and kayfabe stole their car, taking it to Brisco Brothers Auto Shop to sell it for parts chanting "Money, money, yeah, yeah". In July, Cryme Tyme returned to OVW and regained the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on July 21 from The James Boys (KC James and Kassidy James), becoming two-time tag team champions, but they lost the titles back to them the following day.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On the August 13 episode of "Raw", Cryme Tyme returned to their hometown of New York City, losing to then-World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch in a non-title match by disqualification, when Gaspard used a chair on Murdoch. On the August 27 episode of "Raw", Cryme Tyme stole Murdoch's hat and gave it away to a fan, starting a feud between them. However, on September 2, 2007, Gaspard and JTG were both released from their WWE contracts.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: After being released from WWE, Gaspard lost to Psicosis at a Pro Wrestling Alliance (PWA) event on September 22 in Houston, Texas. Gaspard, along with JTG wrestled at the Jersey All Pro Wrestling's (JAPW) 10th Anniversary Show on October 27, 2007, defeating The Dirty Rotten Scoundrelz. They left the promotion undefeated after defeating Style and Finesse (Mike Donovan and Rob Vegas) in January 2008's Reclaiming Hudson event.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On the March 31, 2008 episode of "Raw", Gaspard and JTG returned to WWE as Cryme Tyme, defeating Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch. Cryme Tyme began working with John Cena on the June 30 episode of "Raw", when they helped him interfere during John "Bradshaw" Layfield's (JBL) match. The following week, they again appeared together in a backstage segment, when they vandalized JBL's limo. After a house show match, Cena confirmed that they had created a faction and announced that it was called Cryme Tyme Cenation (CTC). Cryme Tyme also started a feud with the World Tag Team Champions Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, stealing their championship belts for a time, then losing a title match to them at the Unforgiven pay-per-view event.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On April 15, 2009, Cryme Tyme were drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the Draft. They made their debut on brand on the May 1 episode of "SmackDown", hosting a dance contest between Eve Torres and Layla. The team made their in-ring debut on the May 22 episode of "SmackDown", where they teaming up with John Morrison to defeat The World's Greatest Tag Team and Ricky Ortiz. On the July 31 episode of "SmackDown", Cryme Tyme defeated The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd) to become the number one contenders for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship. At SummerSlam, they failed to capture the titles against Jeri-Show (Chris Jericho and Big Show). On March 28, 2010, at WrestleMania XXVI, Gaspard competed in a battle royal, with Gaspard and JTG eliminated Luke Gallows, before Gaspard eliminated JTG, and Shad was later eliminated by William Regal.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On the April 2 episode of "SmackDown", after Cryme Tyme lost a match, Gaspard attacked JTG, thus turning heel and disbanding Cryme Tyme in the process. The next week on "SmackDown", Gaspard taunted JTG by showing footage of the attack, and JTG attempted to attack him, but was laid out by Gaspard. The following week, after JTG's match against Caylen Croft, Gaspard attacked JTG, but was eventually fought off. On the April 22 episode of "WWE Superstars", Gaspard, now sporting a new attire and a new theme song, defeated Goldust. Their feud led to a strap match at Extreme Rules, which JTG won. The two faced off again on the May 6 episode of "Superstars", where Gaspard was victorious, thus ending their feud. Gaspard made his final television appearance on the May 14 episode of "SmackDown", where he defeated Jesse Guyver. On November 19, 2010, he was released from his WWE contract.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On February 5, 2011, Gaspard went to Japan and worked for Antonio Inoki's Inoki Genome Federation (IGF), where he teamed with Bobby Lashley in a loss to Atsushi Sawada and Erik Hammer.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: After being released a second time by WWE, Gaspard returned to the independent circuit, and on January 22, 2011, he defeated Charlie Haas at FWE Retribution in New York City. On March 31, 2012, he lost to Big Daddy V at WrestleRama in Georgetown, Ghana. It was announced on June 19, 2014 that Gaspard and JTG were looking for booking interests labeled now as the slightly altered Crime Time, as JTG was released by WWE. They wrestled the first match on their Crime Time World Tour on August 23, 2014, for the Warriors of Wrestling promotion in Staten Island. At the JAPW 18th Anniversary Show on November 15, 2014, Crime Time defeated Damien Darling and Danny Demento in a tag team match. Gaspard then continued to wrestle alongside JTG, until his death in 2020.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Gaspard married Siliana, a fitness model and athlete, in 2009. They had a son named Aryeh in April 2010.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On March 5, 2011, Gaspard was arrested by police in Columbus, Ohio, for having allegedly refused the commands of a police officer and resisted arrest for jaywalking. He was later cleared of all charges in July 2011.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On December 11, 2016, Gaspard prevented the armed robbery of a gas station in Coral Springs, Florida, when he was approached by an intoxicated man who was intent on robbing the station. Gaspard shoved the man, took away his gun, and restrained him until police arrived.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: On May 17, 2020, Gaspard and his son were among a group of swimmers caught in a strong rip current in the Venice Beach neighborhood of Los Angeles. He told lifeguards to save his son before saving him, but disappeared underwater soon after. The Coast Guard's search team was joined by professional wrestlers JTG, John Morrison, and Chris Masters. On May 19, after searching 70 square nautical miles (240 km), the Coast Guard suspended the search. On May 20, Gaspard's body was found washed ashore in Venice Beach and was identified by the Los Angeles County coroner's office. He was 39 years old. On December 21, his widow filed court documents against the state of California and the city of Los Angeles, alleging negligence, dangerous condition of public property, and insufficient signs warning of the dangers of swimming in the area.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: After his death saving his son, Gaspard was awarded by "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" readers with the "PWI" Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year. Dave Meltzer also announced that he would include a "Shad Gaspard Award" for outside the ring contributions for betterment of society. In 2021, Meltzer created the Shad Gaspard/Jon Huber Memorial Award, named after Gaspard and fellow wrestler Jonathan Huber, who also died in 2020. In 2022, WWE also honored him with that year's Warrior Award for his actions that day.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: Gaspard appeared in video games as a playable character in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008", "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009", "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010", and "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011".


title: Shad Gaspard

text: In January 2012, he was advertised as appearing on BET television series "The Game", as well as TV Land original situation comedy "The Exes" in October 2012. He was also working on other upcoming films and often performed stunts. Besides wrestling and acting, Gaspard also did modeling and worked on a comic book.


title: Shad Gaspard

text: In 2013, Gaspard performed in the stage adaptation of "Pugilist" as Jack Johnson, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915), depicting the fighter's rise to the world heavyweight championship, and his tragic fall.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: J. Mandela Barnes (born December 1, 1986) is an American politician who has been the 45th lieutenant governor of Wisconsin since 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the state representative for the 11th district from 2013 to 2017. Barnes is the first African American to serve as Wisconsin's lieutenant governor.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes was the Democratic nominee in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Wisconsin, losing to incumbent Republican Senator Ron Johnson in a tight race.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes was born in Milwaukee on December 1, 1986, the son of a public school teacher and a United Auto Workers member. Jesse is his father's name and his middle name, Mandela, is a tribute to the anti-apartheid activist and first South African black president Nelson Mandela. Barnes says he has gone by his middle name since birth. His legal name is J. Mandela Barnes.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes attended Holy Redeemer Christian Academy in Milwaukee; Milwaukee Public Schools, including John Marshall High School; and Alabama A&M University.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes was involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) during college. He has also said that Barack Obama's keynote speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention inspired him to rethink his post-college career.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: In August 2019, Barnes admitted that he had never officially completed his bachelor's degree in 2008 due to incomplete coursework in one class that he called a "minor technical issue", contrary to previous statements that he had graduated from Alabama A&M. He received his B.A. degree in communications media specializing in performance on May 1, 2020, after resolving the outstanding coursework issue with the university.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes worked for various political campaigns and in the office of Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, eventually becoming an organizer for M.I.C.A.H., a Milwaukee-based interfaith coalition that advocates social justice. He served as deputy director of strategic engagement for State Innovation Exchange, a national progressive public policy organization based in Madison, from December 2016 to December 2017.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: In April 2012, Barnes announced his candidacy for Wisconsin's 11th Assembly district, representing the north side of Milwaukee and a small part of Wauwatosa, challenging incumbent Jason Fields in the Democratic primary election. His campaign made major issues of Fields's support for the school voucher program and opposition to limiting interest rates charged by payday loan companies, which can exceed a 500% annual percentage rate.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes defeated Fields in the August 2012 primary with 2,596 votes to Fields's 1,206. In the November general election Barnes was unopposed. He received 16,403 votes to 201 votes for others.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: As a state legislator in 2013, Barnes sponsored a bill that would have banned assault weapons and high-capacity magazines.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes sponsored a 2016 bill to eliminate cash bail. It would have barred judges from considering the "nature, number and gravity" of the charges and required the release of a defendant unless there was "clear and convincing evidence" of flight risk or of danger to an individual or witness. In February 2022, his campaign told the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" that Barnes still supports the proposal, and if elected to the Senate, he would support a bill to end cash bail nationwide.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes served on the Assembly Committees on Corrections, Education, Jobs & the Economy, and Small Business Development. He also chaired the legislature's Black and Latino Caucus and helped lead a number of international delegations to the Middle East and southeast Asia.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: On April 11, 2016, Barnes announced that he would resign from the Assembly to launch a primary challenge against Lena Taylor, the Democratic incumbent in Wisconsin's 4th State Senate district. Political science professor and former State Senator Mordecai Lee expressed surprise, noting both the rarity of Democratic Senate primaries and Wisconsin's 90% reelection rate for incumbents. Lee framed the race as reflecting the broader struggle in the Democratic Party, pitting a young progressive challenger against an older, more centrist incumbent.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: In January 2018, Barnes announced his candidacy for lieutenant governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 election.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: In June 2018, Barnes won the Democratic Party of Wisconsin straw poll with 80.9% of the vote, earning 617 out of 763 votes. During the primary, his name was omitted from election notices in three newspapers in two different counties. The day before the election, his picture was used in a local news report about a fatal motorcycle crash.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: On August 14, 2018, Barnes won the Democratic primary in a landslide over Sheboygan businessman Kurt Kober, and became the running mate of Democratic gubernatorial nominee Tony Evers. Evers and Barnes won the November 2018 election, narrowly defeating incumbent Republicans Scott Walker and Rebecca Kleefisch, 49.5% to 48.4%. Barnes became Wisconsin's first African American lieutenant governor and the nation's youngest lieutenant governor.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes was appointed chair of the governor's task force on climate change in October 2019. In December 2020, the task force released its report containing 55 policy recommendations to address climate change in the state. For the 2020 Democratic National Convention in Milwaukee, he served as a vice-chair of both the convention and the host committee.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: In the first two months of his term, Barnes faced criticism for having logged more hours of security protection than the last lieutenant governor had in all of 2018, although Governor Evers's office approved the additional security. In August 2022, the issue resurfaced when Barnes (now three years into his tenure) had reportedly used ten times as many security hours as his predecessor, who had declined security while doing personal tasks and did not run for the Senate while in office.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: On August 24, 2020, the day after the shooting of Jacob Blake, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, Barnes said it was "not an accident", and "This wasn't bad police work. This felt like some sort of vendetta taken out on a member of our community." On January 5, 2021, he condemned the district attorney's decision not to prosecute the officers who shot Blake, tweeting, "The non-prosecuting DAs are as negligent as the officers in these situations".


title: Mandela Barnes

text: On July 20, 2021, Barnes announced his candidacy for United States Senate in the 2022 election, contesting the seat held by Ron Johnson. Barnes was the eighth person to enter the race for the Democratic nomination. If elected, Barnes would have become the first black person to represent Wisconsin in the U.S. Senate. By July 29, 2022, all of Barnes's major competitors had withdrawn from the race and endorsed him, leaving his way clear to be the presumptive Democratic nominee.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes has branded himself as a progressive and voted for Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 Wisconsin presidential primaries.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes supports legislation that would codify federal protections of abortion rights nationwide, "to make "Roe v Wade" the law of the land", and would eliminate the U.S. Senate filibuster to pass such a bill.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes has said he will "prioritize preventing gun violence by keeping guns out of the hands of dangerous people" if elected to the Senate, saying in May 2022, "We can save lives or we can kowtow to the gun lobby." He supports red-flag laws, universal background checks for gun sales, and bans on ghost guns, assault weapons, and high-capacity magazines. He would vote to repeal the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, which gives manufacturers and dealers liability protection when a purchaser uses a firearm to commit a crime.


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes supports Medicare for All as well as incremental steps like lowering the age of enrollment from 65. In September 2021, as a candidate for the Senate, Barnes said in a series of tweets, "In Washington, I'll be one of the few elected officials that have actually been on one of the programs we fund and debate" and, referring to when he was enrolled in the Medicaid-based program in 2018, "I've been on BadgerCare, and I've seen how critical it is for working people."


title: Mandela Barnes

text: Barnes supports a Green New Deal, a $15/hour minimum wage, eliminating cash bail nationwide, and legalizing marijuana.


title: Jolene (song)

text: "Jolene" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton. It was produced by Bob Ferguson and recorded at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee on May 22, 1973. It was released on October 15, 1973, by RCA Victor, as the first single and title track from her album of the same name.


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song was ranked No. 217 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2004 and No. 63 on their revised list in 2021. According to Parton, it is her most-covered song.


title: Jolene (song)

text: According to Parton, the song was inspired by a red-headed bank clerk who flirted with her husband, Carl Dean, at his local bank branch around the time they were newly married. In an interview, she also revealed that Jolene's name and appearance are based on that of a young fan who came on stage for her autograph.


title: Jolene (song)

text: During an interview on "The Bobby Bones Show" in 2018, Dolly Parton revealed that she wrote "Jolene" on the same day that she wrote "I Will Always Love You".


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song tells of the narrator confronting Jolene, a stunningly beautiful woman, who she worries will steal away her lover/husband. Throughout the song, the narrator implores Jolene "please don't take him just because you can." The song is unclear about whether or not Jolene intends to steal the narrator's lover, an ambiguity that has been addressed in several answer songs. Onstage in 1988, Parton told the audience that "Jolene" was a true story and the reason she did not like to sing it too often.


title: Jolene (song)

text: In 2019, the podcast "Dolly Parton's America" had an episode addressing the question of whether the narrator's focus on Jolene's beauty and desirability is indicative of her own attraction to Jolene. A musicologist wrote and performed a fourth verse which makes this interpretation explicit; when the podcast's hosts played audio of this performance for Parton, she responded that this was "another take on it".


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song became Parton's second solo number-one single on the country charts after being released as a single in October 1973 (prior to the album's release). It reached the top position in February 1974; it was also a moderate pop hit for her and a minor adult contemporary chart entry. , the song had sold 935,000 digital copies in the US since it became available for digital download.


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song was released as a single later in the UK, and became Parton's first top ten hit song in the country, reaching number seven in the UK Singles Chart in 1976. The song also re-entered the chart when Parton performed at the Glastonbury festival in 2014. The song has sold 255,300 digital copies in the UK as of January 2017.


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song was ranked No. 217 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2004, and No. 63 on their revised list in 2021. According to Parton, "Jolene" is her most frequently covered song.


title: Jolene (song)

text: "Jolene" was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Best Female Country Vocal Performance twice, in 1975 and 1976. The first nomination was for the original recording, and the second was for a live recording from the TV series "In Concert". It did not win either time, but in 2017, a cover by the a cappella group Pentatonix which featured Parton as a guest singer won the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance.


title: Jolene (song)

text: In the film "The Intervention" (Clea Duvall; 2016), Annie (Melanie Lynskey) tells Lola (Alia Shawkat), "Nobody likes a Jolene," after the younger woman stirs up trouble among a group of older couples by making a play for several individuals among them.


title: Jolene (song)

text: The song's international popularity became apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic when the New Zealand government put the country in lockdown. A newspaper summary of "essential things to know" explained that washing one's hands with soap should take "as long as it takes to sing the "Happy Birthday" song twice or the chorus of Dolly Parton's hit song "Jolene"."


title: Jolene (song)

text: In 1976 Olivia Newton-John's recorded a version and released it as the second and final single from her seventh studio album Come On Over in selected countries. In Japan the song peaked at number 11 on the Oricon Singles Chart.


title: Jolene (song)

text: "Jolene (Live Under Blackpool Lights)" was released as a live single by American garage rock band the White Stripes on November 15, 2004. The single reached No. 16 on the UK Singles Chart and also reached No. 12 in Norway and No. 28 in Flanders. The White Stripes previously released a studio version of "Jolene", as the B-side to their 2000 single of "Hello Operator", from the album "De Stijl". In Australia, the song was ranked No. 10 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004. Another live performance of the song is featured on the 2010 live album "Under Great White Northern Lights". The White Stripes' version was voted one of the greatest live covers by readers of "Rolling Stone" magazine.


title: Jolene (song)

text: In September 2016, the American a cappella group Pentatonix released a cover of the song with Dolly Parton herself as feature artist. The cover won the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance.


title: Jolene (song)

text: Kirsty MacColl's 1995 song "Caroline" was inspired by "Jolene" and is told from the other woman's point of view.


title: Jolene (song)

text: In 2013, country singer Jennifer Nettles recorded "That Girl", which she stated in interviews is a lyrical counterpoint to "Jolene". The song is written from the perspective of the Jolene character, who Nettle feels is unfairly maligned in the original song. In this version, the other woman is shown to have no interest in taking another woman's man, and her song is in fact framed as a warning to Parton's character that "her man" has a roving eye.


title: Jolene (song)

text: In 2017, American singer-songwriter Cam released her single "Diane" in response to Parton's song. The song is sung from Jolene's point of view, where she sings to 'Diane', Parton's character, and states that she did not know that 'her man' was her man. Cam noted to "Rolling Stone Country" that the song is her "response to Dolly Parton's 'Jolene.' It's the apology so many spouses deserve, but never get. The other woman is coming forward to break the news to the wife about an affair, respecting her enough to have that hard conversation, once she realized he was married. Because everyone should be able to decide their own path in life, based on the truth. Women especially should do this for each other, since our self-worth can still be so wrapped up in our partners. And in true country fashion, I've set the whole raw story to upbeat music, so you can dance while you process it all."


title: Jolene (song)

text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, linguist Gretchen McCulloch wrote a parody of the song entitled "Vaccine", inspired by Parton's $1 million donation funding research on a coronavirus vaccine. The parody was sung by English professor Ryan Cordell, and the video went viral. Dolly Parton broke into parody herself, singing "Vaccine, vaccine, vaccine, vaccine, I'm begging of you please don't hesitate" as she got a 'dose of her own medicine' in a March 2021 vaccination.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Tommy Hilfiger B.V. (), formerly known as Tommy Hilfiger Corporation and Tommy Hilfiger Inc., is an American clothing brand, manufacturing apparel, footwear, accessories, fragrances and home furnishings. The company was founded in 1985, and the brand's merchandise is sold in department stores and over 2000 free-standing retail stores in 100 countries. In 2006, private equity firm Apax Partners acquired the company for approximately $1.6 billion. In March 2010, PVH Corp. (then known as Phillips-Van Heusen) bought the company. Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO in July 2014, while founder Tommy Hilfiger remains the company’s principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. Global sales in retail through the brand were US $6.4 billion in 2013, and $6.7 billion in 2014.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Tommy Hilfiger’s career in fashion began in 1968, when he co-founded a clothing and record store named People’s Place in upstate New York. Using $150 he had saved from working at a petrol station as startup money, he oversaw the expansion of the company into a chain of ten stores. Despite meeting with initial success, People's Place filed for bankruptcy in 1977. In 1979, Hilfiger moved to New York City to pursue a career as a fashion designer, working on several different labels including Jordache Jeans.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In the early 1980s, he met Mohan Murjani, an Indian textile magnate hoping to launch a line of men’s clothing. With Murjani’s backing in 1985, Hilfiger debuted his first signature collection, which featured modernized versions of button-down shirts, chinos, and other classic preppy styles. The casual and youthful attitude of these first designs would remain a trait of the company's later collections. The new clothing line made its debut with a high-profile marketing campaign, which included a large billboard in Times Square by advertiser George Lois.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: The Tommy Hilfiger brand left Murjani International in 1989, with Silas Chou instead providing financial backing. That year, Lawrence Stroll and Joel Horowitz, both former executives of Ralph Lauren, were hired as executives of the newly formed company Tommy Hilfiger, Inc., which had an initial focus on casual male sportswear.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation went public in 1992. After licensing Pepe Jeans USA in 1995, in 1996 Tommy Hilfiger Inc. began distributing women's clothing as well. By the end of the next year, Hilfiger had opened his first store in Beverly Hills, which was followed by a store in London in 1998. The company launched its bed and bath line in 1998.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Throughout the 1990s the company's marketing division worked in tandem with the popular music industry, and as early as 1993 Hilfiger was an official sponsor for Pete Townshend's Psychoderelict tour. In the early 1990s a baggier, less tailored menswear look came into fashion, and Hilfiger gave his clothes a more relaxed fit. As roomier styles with oversized logos became popular with hip-hop artists in the mid-to-late 1990s, Hilfiger's style of clothing became both increasingly popular with the American "preppy" scene and as hip hop fashion, and when Snoop Dogg wore a Hilfiger sweatshirt during an appearance on "Saturday Night Live" in the 1990s, it sold out of New York City stores the next day. Moreover, Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market, and rappers like Puffy and Coolio walked during his runways shows. With collections often influenced by the fashion of music subcultures, the clothes are also marketed in connection with the music industry, and American R&B icon Aaliyah became the much-publicized spokesperson for Tommy Hilfiger Corporation in 1997. The company would later sponsor Sheryl Crow's "If It Makes You Happy" tour in 1997, Britney Spears 1999 ...Baby One More Time Tour, and Lenny Kravitz's 1999 Freedom tour.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Women's intimate apparel was introduced in 2001. After sales and net income faltered in 2001, the company's sales in 2002 totaled $1.87 billion. Overall between 2000 and 2009, sales slipped from around $1.9 billion to $700 million. During the same time period, however, Hilfiger’s European sales steadily rose to $1.13 billion. In 2003, Hilfiger executive Fred Gehring and Hilfiger decided to further invest in the brand's growing overseas audience by re-focusing on the brand’s original style, “classic American cool,” and designing the clothes out of New York City. Gehring also adapted the business model to suit European retail culture, pursuing partnerships with European department stores and with smaller boutiques, signing 4,500 of them in 15 countries. Hilfiger also strove to retain the designer brand exclusivity of the Hilfiger label by signing a deal to distribute the best-selling Hilfiger lines at Macy's only.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Hilfiger has endorsed products such as True Star is a fragrance, which was released in 2004 with Beyoncé Knowles as poster girl. True Star would go on to win a FiFi Award for Best New Commercial Fragrance. By 2004, the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation company had revenues of $1.8 approximately billion and 5,400 employees. In 2006, Tommy Hilfiger sold Tommy Hilfiger Inc. for $1.6 billion, or $16.80 a share, to Apax Partners, a private investment company. After the acquisition Gehring assumed control of the American headquarters of Tommy Hilfiger as well as Europe. Gehring and Hilfiger narrowed their focus in the United States to the profitable core sportswear line, and U.S. sales began to rise in 2010.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In March 2010, Phillips-Van Heusen (PVH Corp.) bought the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation for $3 billion, in a deal that was nearly seven times what PVH had paid for Calvin Klein in 2003. Fred Gehring, who launched Hilfiger’s European division in 1996, assumed the role of Hilfiger's CEO. Global sales in retail for the brand in 2013 were US $6.4 billion, and $6.7 billion in 2014. Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO of Tommy Hilfiger Group in July 2014. Former CEO Gehring was made executive chairman of Tommy Hilfiger Group and was appointed vice chairman of PVH.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In January 2015, Tommy Hilfiger debuted a digital sales showroom at its New York City headquarters, which the publication "WGSN" opined would "transform the traditional buying process." With plans to open showrooms in other cities, Hilfiger described the showroom as "an innovation of the order process with cost saving potentials along the whole value chain." Gehring stepped down as Tommy Hilfiger Group’s chairman in August 2015, though he retained his role at PVH. Tommy Hilfiger remains the company’s principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In 2020, PVH announced that as part of their animal welfare policy, the company does not use exotic skins and would be banning their use in Tommy Hilfiger collections when "our annual update of that policy is released."


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In 2021, Tommy Hilfiger released their first genderless collection in collaboration with Indya Moore.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Tommy Hilfiger delivers its products worldwide under the Tommy Hilfiger and Hilfiger Denim brands, and also has a breadth of collections including Hilfiger Collection, Tommy Hilfiger Tailored, men’s, women’s and kid’s sportswear, denim, accessories, and footwear. In addition, the brand is licensed for a range of products such as fragrances, eyewear, watches, and home furnishings.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In the late 1990s, Tommy Hilfiger and other large American textile companies such as Calvin Klein and Sears were defendants in a class-action lawsuit alleging that luxury clothes were being manufactured in sweatshop conditions in Saipan. After a group settlement that admitted no liability, in March 2000, Tommy Hilfiger volunteered to allow independent oversight of their manufacturing on the island. In March 2012, ABC aired a report that 29 workers had died in a factory fire in 2011 in Bangladesh, with the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation included among the factory's clients. PVH Corp. issued a press release in response, stating they would commit $1 million to a two-year program to help facilitate safety programs. The company, however, announced they would not abandon their manufacturing in Bangladesh, with PVH CEO Emanuel Chirico stating that the brand was instead "trying for a global solution" and staying at the factories to affect change, as "you need to have a voice at the table to get changes made as you go forward." Tommy Hilfiger later signed a Bangladeshi safety accord along with eighty other Western retailers, with the goal of protecting unionizers.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In 2014, PVH was consulting about investing in Ethiopia in relation to Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein, with labor rights among the key talking points. In 2016, the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN) reported that textile workers in Bangalore were working in conditions akin to slavery. Clothing companies H&M, Inditex, C&A and PVH publicly committed to "improving the lives of workers in Bengaluru" after the report, while PVH also announced it would independently investigate and establish new guidelines for its suppliers.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In 1985, to help him launch his first collection, Hilfiger hired advertiser and graphic designer George Lois to make a billboard for the center of Times Square in New York City. Instead of models, the ad featured the initials of three well-known fashion designers—“PE” (Perry Ellis), “RL” (Ralph Lauren), “CK” (Calvin Klein), and announced that “TH” (Tommy Hilfiger) was the next great menswear designer. The billboard created a stir in the fashion press and succeeded in creating awareness of the Hilfiger name. In subsequent years Hilfiger and Lois collaborated again on other ads for the Hilfiger brand. One campaign, in 1990, compared Hilfiger’s American style with other “iconic American” classics, such as the 1955 Thunderbird and the 1940 Harley-Davidson bike. Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market in the 1990s, and rappers like Puffy and Coolio walked during its runways shows.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: From 2002 to 2006, Tommy Hilfiger owned the naming rights to the Tommy Hilfiger at Jones Beach Theatre amphitheater on Long Island, one of the more popular music venues in the United States. Starting in 2010, in collaboration with New York advertising firm Laird & Partners, Tommy Hilfiger Corporation launched the advertising campaign “The Hilfigers.” The campaign features a fictional family of Hilfigers wearing the brand's clothing in fun preppy venues. The first campaign, for fall 2010, was a photoset of a college football tailgate, followed by photoshoots at a tennis court, a rustic holiday party, a camping trip, an Ivy League college, and the beaches of Malibu. The spring and summer collections of 2015 were displayed at a wedding in Sonoma, California, followed by an American football stadium for fall and winter.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: The brand created the publicity tour "Prep World” in 2011, which featured specialty pop-up shops in Paris, New York, London, Stockholm, Los Angeles, Madrid, Milan, the German island Sylt, and the Belgian town of Knokke. Hilfiger made personal appearances with author and preppy expert Lisa Birnbach, as well as designing a special clothing collection to support the initiative. The brand's 30th anniversary was in 2015, and the company celebrated the occasion with a fashion tour. Among other events, in Beijing in May 2015 the brand recreated their New York Fashion Week runway show internationally for the first time. The couple Olivia Palermo and Johannes Huebl were also brought in as guest editors for the summer 2015 women's and men's collections. For the fall of 2015, Rafael Nadal is the brand ambassador for Tommy Hilfiger underwear and Tommy Hilfiger Tailored collections.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: Zendaya was the global women’s ambassador for the spring of 2019. She also designed a Tommy x Zendaya capsule collection.


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: With a head office in Amsterdam, the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation has global flagship stores in the following seven locations:


title: Tommy Hilfiger (company)

text: In addition to the flagship stores, anchor stores are located in the cities of Amsterdam, Beijing, Berlin, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Cannes, Cologne, Dublin, Florence, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Prague, Helsinki, Hong Kong, Istanbul, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Mauritius, Mexico City, Miami, Milan, Montréal, Moscow, Mumbai, Munich, New York City, Osaka, Panama City, Punta del Este, Santiago, São Paulo, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Tel Aviv, Vancouver, Vienna, Marbella and Zurich. The company often operates hundreds of stores in the larger countries, and the subsidiary Tommy Hilfiger Japan Corp., for example, operates 170 stores with 1,000 employees as of 2014. In 2015, the brand launched its first store in Thailand.


title: Ethernet frame

text: In computer networking, an Ethernet frame is a data link layer protocol data unit and uses the underlying Ethernet physical layer transport mechanisms. In other words, a data unit on an Ethernet link transports an Ethernet frame as its payload.


title: Ethernet frame

text: An Ethernet frame is preceded by a preamble and start frame delimiter (SFD), which are both part of the Ethernet packet at the physical layer. Each Ethernet frame starts with an Ethernet header, which contains destination and source MAC addresses as its first two fields. The middle section of the frame is payload data including any headers for other protocols (for example, Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a frame check sequence (FCS), which is a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check used to detect any in-transit corruption of data.


title: Ethernet frame

text: A data packet on the wire and the frame as its payload consist of binary data. Ethernet transmits data with the most-significant octet (byte) first; within each octet, however, the least-significant bit is transmitted first.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The internal structure of an Ethernet frame is specified in IEEE 802.3. The table below shows the complete Ethernet packet and the frame inside, as transmitted, for the payload size up to the MTU of 1500 octets. Some implementations of Gigabit Ethernet and other higher-speed variants of Ethernet support larger frames, known as jumbo frames.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The optional 802.1Q tag consumes additional space in the frame. Field sizes for this option are shown in brackets in the table above. IEEE 802.1ad (Q-in-Q) allows for multiple tags in each frame. This option is not illustrated here.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The preamble consists of a 56-bit (seven-byte) pattern of alternating 1 and 0 bits, allowing devices on the network to easily synchronize their receiver clocks, providing bit-level synchronization. It is followed by the SFD to provide byte-level synchronization and to mark a new incoming frame. For Ethernet variants transmitting serial bits instead of larger symbols, the (uncoded) on-the-wire bit pattern for the preamble together with the SFD portion of the frame is 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101011; The bits are transmitted in order, from left to right.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The SFD is the eight-bit (one-byte) value that marks the end of the preamble, which is the first field of an Ethernet packet, and indicates the beginning of the Ethernet frame. The SFD is designed to break the bit pattern of the preamble and signal the start of the actual frame. The SFD is immediately followed by the destination MAC address, which is the first field in an Ethernet frame. SFD is the binary sequence 10101011 (0xD5, decimal 213 in the Ethernet LSB first bit ordering).


title: Ethernet frame

text: Physical layer transceiver circuitry (PHY for short) is required to connect the Ethernet MAC to the physical medium. The connection between a PHY and MAC is independent of the physical medium and uses a bus from the media independent interface family (MII, GMII, RGMII, SGMII, XGMII). Fast Ethernet transceiver chips utilize the MII bus, which is a four-bit (one nibble) wide bus, therefore the preamble is represented as 14 instances of 0x5, and the SFD is 0x5 0xD (as nibbles). Gigabit Ethernet transceiver chips use the GMII bus, which is an eight-bit wide interface, so the preamble sequence followed by the SFD would be 0x55 0x55 0x55 0x55 0x55 0x55 0x55 0xD5 (as bytes).


title: Ethernet frame

text: The header features destination and source MAC addresses (each six octets in length), the EtherType field and, optionally, an IEEE 802.1Q tag or IEEE 802.1ad tag.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The EtherType field is two octets long and it can be used for two different purposes. Values of 1500 and below mean that it is used to indicate the size of the payload in octets, while values of 1536 and above indicate that it is used as an EtherType, to indicate which protocol is encapsulated in the payload of the frame. When used as EtherType, the length of the frame is determined by the location of the interpacket gap and valid frame check sequence (FCS).


title: Ethernet frame

text: The IEEE 802.1Q tag or IEEE 802.1ad tag, if present, is a four-octet field that indicates virtual LAN (VLAN) membership and IEEE 802.1p priority. The first two octets of the tag are called the Tag Protocol IDentifier (TPID) and double as the EtherType field indicating that the frame is either 802.1Q or 802.1ad tagged. 802.1Q uses a TPID of 0x8100. 802.1ad uses a TPID of 0x88a8.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Payload is a variable-length field. Its minimum size is governed by a requirement for a minimum frame transmission of 64 octets (bytes). With header and FCS taken into account, the minimum payload is 42 octets when an 802.1Q tag is present and 46 octets when absent. When the actual payload is less than the minimum, padding octets are added accordingly. IEEE standards specify a maximum payload of 1500 octets. Non-standard jumbo frames allow for larger payloads on networks built to support them.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The frame check sequence (FCS) is a four-octet cyclic redundancy check (CRC) that allows detection of corrupted data within the entire frame as received on the receiver side. According to the standard, the FCS value is computed as a function of the protected MAC frame fields: source and destination address, length/type field, MAC client data and padding (that is, all fields except the FCS).


title: Ethernet frame

text: Per the standard, this computation is done using the left shifting CRC32 BZIP2 (poly = 0x4C11DB7, initial CRC = 0xFFFFFFFF, CRC is post complemented, verify value = 0x38FB2284) algorithm. The standard states that data is transmitted least significant bit (bit 0) first, while the FCS is transmitted most significant bit (bit 31) first. An alternative is to calculate a CRC using the right shifting CRC32 (poly = 0xEDB88320, initial CRC = 0xFFFFFFFF, CRC is post complemented, verify value = 0x2144DF1C), which will result in a CRC that is a bit reversal of the FCS, and transmit both data and the CRC least significant bit first, resulting in identical transmissions.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The standard states that the receiver should calculate a new FCS as data is received and then compare the received FCS with the FCS the receiver has calculated. An alternative is to calculate a CRC on both the received data and the FCS, which will result in a fixed non-zero "verify" value. (The result is non-zero because the CRC is post complemented during CRC generation). Since the data is received least significant bit first, and to avoid having to buffer octets of data, the receiver typically uses the right shifting CRC32. This makes the "verify" value (sometimes called "magic check") 0x2144DF1C.


title: Ethernet frame

text: However, hardware implementation of a logically right shifting CRC may use a left shifting Linear Feedback Shift Register as the basis for calculating the CRC, reversing the bits and resulting in a verify value of 0x38FB2284. Since the complementing of the CRC may be performed post calculation and during transmission, what remains in the hardware register is a non-complemented result, so the residue for a right shifting implementation would be the complement of 0x2144DF1C = 0xDEBB20E3, and for a left shifting implementation, the complement of 0x38FB2284 = 0xC704DD7B.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The "end of a frame" is usually indicated by the end-of-data-stream symbol at the physical layer or by loss of the carrier signal; an example is 10BASE-T, where the receiving station detects the end of a transmitted frame by loss of the carrier. Later physical layers use an explicit "end of data" or "end of stream" symbol or sequence to avoid ambiguity, especially where the carrier is continually sent between frames; an example is Gigabit Ethernet with its 8b/10b encoding scheme that uses special symbols which are transmitted before and after a frame is transmitted.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Interpacket gap (IPG) is idle time between packets. After a packet has been sent, transmitters are required to transmit a minimum of 96 bits (12 octets) of idle line state before transmitting the next packet.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The different frame types have different formats and MTU values, but can coexist on the same physical medium. Differentiation between frame types is possible based on the table on the right.


title: Ethernet frame

text: In addition, all four Ethernet frame types may optionally contain an IEEE 802.1Q tag to identify what VLAN it belongs to and its priority (quality of service). This encapsulation is defined in the IEEE 802.3ac specification and increases the maximum frame by 4 octets.


title: Ethernet frame

text: The IEEE 802.1Q tag, if present, is placed between the Source Address and the EtherType or Length fields. The first two octets of the tag are the Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID) value of 0x8100. This is located in the same place as the EtherType/Length field in untagged frames, so an EtherType value of 0x8100 means the frame is tagged, and the true EtherType/Length is located after the Q-tag. The TPID is followed by two octets containing the Tag Control Information (TCI) (the IEEE 802.1p priority (quality of service) and VLAN id). The Q-tag is followed by the rest of the frame, using one of the types described above.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Ethernet II framing (also known as DIX Ethernet, named after DEC, Intel and Xerox, the major participants in its design), defines the two-octet EtherType field in an Ethernet frame, preceded by destination and source MAC addresses, that identifies an upper layer protocol encapsulated by the frame data. Most notably, an EtherType value of 0x0800 indicates that the frame contains an IPv4 datagram, 0x0806 indicates an ARP datagram, and 0x86DD indicates an IPv6 datagram. See for more.


title: Ethernet frame

text: As this industry-developed standard went through a formal IEEE standardization process, the EtherType field was changed to a (data) length field in the new 802.3 standard. Since the recipient still needs to know how to interpret the frame, the standard required an IEEE 802.2 header to follow the length and specify the type. Many years later, the 802.3x-1997 standard, and later versions of the 802.3 standard, formally approved of both types of framing. Ethernet II framing is the most common in Ethernet local area networks, due to its simplicity and lower overhead.


title: Ethernet frame

text: In order to allow some frames using Ethernet II framing and some using the original version of 802.3 framing to be used on the same Ethernet segment, EtherType values must be greater than or equal to 1536 (0x0600). That value was chosen because the maximum length of the payload field of an Ethernet 802.3 frame is 1500 octets (0x05DC). Thus if the field's value is greater than or equal to 1536, the frame must be an Ethernet II frame, with that field being a type field. If it's less than or equal to 1500, it must be an IEEE 802.3 frame, with that field being a length field. Values between 1500 and 1536, exclusive, are undefined. This convention allows software to determine whether a frame is an Ethernet II frame or an IEEE 802.3 frame, allowing the coexistence of both standards on the same physical medium.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Novell's "raw" 802.3 frame format was based on early IEEE 802.3 work. Novell used this as a starting point to create the first implementation of its own IPX Network Protocol over Ethernet. They did not use any LLC header but started the IPX packet directly after the length field. This does not conform to the IEEE 802.3 standard, but since IPX always has FF as the first two octets (while in IEEE 802.2 LLC that pattern is theoretically possible but extremely unlikely), in practice this usually coexists on the wire with other Ethernet implementations, with the notable exception of some early forms of DECnet which got confused by this.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Novell NetWare used this frame type by default until the mid-nineties, and since NetWare was then very widespread, while IP was not, at some point in time most of the world's Ethernet traffic ran over "raw" 802.3 carrying IPX. Since NetWare 4.10, NetWare defaults to IEEE 802.2 with LLC (NetWare Frame Type Ethernet_802.2) when using IPX.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Some protocols, such as those designed for the OSI stack, operate directly on top of IEEE 802.2 LLC encapsulation, which provides both connection-oriented and connectionless network services.


title: Ethernet frame

text: IEEE 802.2 LLC encapsulation is not in widespread use on common networks currently, with the exception of large corporate NetWare installations that have not yet migrated to NetWare over IP. In the past, many corporate networks used IEEE 802.2 to support transparent translating bridges between Ethernet and Token Ring or FDDI networks.


title: Ethernet frame

text: There exists an Internet standard for encapsulating IPv4 traffic in IEEE 802.2 LLC SAP/SNAP frames. It is almost never implemented on Ethernet, although it is used on FDDI, Token Ring, IEEE 802.11 (with the exception of the 5.9 GHz band, where it uses EtherType) and other IEEE 802 LANs. IPv6 can also be transmitted over Ethernet using IEEE 802.2 LLC SAP/SNAP, but, again, that's almost never used.


title: Ethernet frame

text: By examining the 802.2 LLC header, it is possible to determine whether it is followed by a SNAP header. The LLC header includes two eight-bit address fields, called "service access points" (SAPs) in OSI terminology; when both source and destination SAP are set to the value 0xAA, the LLC header is followed by a SNAP header. The SNAP header allows EtherType values to be used with all IEEE 802 protocols, as well as supporting private protocol ID spaces.


title: Ethernet frame

text: In IEEE 802.3x-1997, the IEEE Ethernet standard was changed to explicitly allow the use of the 16-bit field after the MAC addresses to be used as a length field or a type field.


title: Ethernet frame

text: for untagged frames, since the packet size is maximum 1500 octet payload + 8 octet preamble + 14 octet header + 4 octet trailer + minimum interpacket gap corresponding to 12 octets = 1538 octets. The maximum efficiency is:


title: Ethernet frame

text: where the physical layer net bit rate (the wire bit rate) depends on the Ethernet physical layer standard, and may be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s or 10 Gbit/s. Maximum throughput for 100BASE-TX Ethernet is consequently 97.53 Mbit/s without 802.1Q, and 97.28 Mbit/s with 802.1Q.


title: Ethernet frame

text: Channel utilization is a concept often confused with protocol efficiency. It considers only the use of the channel disregarding the nature of the data transmitted – either payload or overhead. At the physical layer, the link channel and equipment do not know the difference between data and control frames. We may calculate the channel utilization:


title: Ethernet frame

text: The total time considers the round trip time along the channel, the processing time in the hosts and the time transmitting data and acknowledgements. The time spent transmitting data includes data and acknowledgements.


title: Ethernet frame

text: A runt frame is an Ethernet frame that is less than the IEEE 802.3's minimum length of 64 octets. Runt frames are most commonly caused by collisions; other possible causes are a malfunctioning network card, buffer underrun, duplex mismatch or software issues.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The is a subcompact car manufactured by Toyota from 1973 until 1999, replacing the Publica, but retaining the Publica's "P" code and generation numbering. The first generation Starlet was sold as the Publica Starlet in some markets. In Japan, it was exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" dealers.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: It is the first subcompact car from a Japanese automaker to offer a high-performance variant. These were available in three generations: the 1986–1989 Turbo S (EP71), the 1990–1995 GT Turbo (EP82), and the 1996–1999 Glanza V (EP91). Another variant was the Toyota Sera, a sport compact made in the early 1990s and officially sold only in Japan; the Sera had a unique two-door coupe body and butterfly doors but shared the Starlet's chassis and mechanicals.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: In 1999, the Starlet was replaced by the Vitz—sold as the Echo or Yaris in international markets—and the bB mini MPV, which was later sold as the Scion xB in Canada and the United States and as the Daihatsu Materia in Europe. However, Toyota effectively vacated the European city car market until the Aygo was launched in 2005.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The "Starlet" nameplate was revived in 2020 for the rebadged Suzuki Baleno hatchback, sold exclusively in some African countries and India (the latter using the "Glanza" name).


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Initially launched in April 1973 as the higher-grade and bigger model of Publica P30, the Starlet was offered with 1,000 and 1,200 cc engines. Generally the car looked like a shortened Corolla. The body style was originally only available as two-door coupe. The four-door sedan arrived in October 1973. Grades offered were Standard, Deluxe, Hi-Deluxe, ST, and SR. It was never sold in Europe, despite the popularity in that continent (particularly in the United Kingdom) of the similar-sized Datsun Cherry, produced by Toyota's rival manufacturer Nissan, as well as the success of modern new superminis like the Fiat 127 and Renault 5.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The 60 series, introduced in February 1978, was better known than its predecessor due to being the first Starlet extensively sold outside Japan. It was particularly well received in Europe, including the United Kingdom, at which time superminis were soaring in popularity. It was offered with a 993 (KP60 2K), 1,166 (KP62, 3K) or 1,290 cc (KP61, 4K) engine. Three- and five-door hatchbacks were offered in export markets, although a longer five-door wagon variant (also known as the "Van" in the Japanese market) was sold in Japan and certain Asian and European markets. The Van arrived in October 1978, at the same time that the 1.2-litre KP62 became available in most export markets. The KP62 was first seen in Sweden in July 1978, where it was equipped with the de-smogged 3K-C engine to meet that country's particular emissions requirements. In Japan, all Starlets except the Van were only available with the larger 1.3 litre engine; the Van model retained the smaller, 1.2 litre, 3K-HJ type.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The 60 series Starlet was the first Toyota passenger car to utilize rack-and-pinion steering. Suspension on 60 series Starlets is in the form of MacPherson front struts accompanied by four link rear suspension with coil springs for hatchback models and leaf spring suspension on van models.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Trim levels were Standard, De Luxe (also known as DX in some markets), GL, XL, S, Si, Sprint, SE and Lisse. Si models have a fuel injected 4K-E engine. Sprint models included the upgraded Toyota Sports Handling Suspension, a tachometer, five-speed (K50) transmission, 1,290cc (4K) engine and a sportier interior compared to other models. The external trimming on Sprint models is also clipped into place, as opposed to being glued on as in other models. Sprint models include the same alloy wheels as featured on early AE86 Corollas as well. Japanese market models did not generally have self-retracting rear seatbelts. Japanese and New Zealand market models have 203 mm front brake rotors, as opposed to many other markets receiving Starlets with 228 mm front brake rotors.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Vehicles fitted with a 2K engine received a smaller differential (X code, ) than vehicles fitted with a 4K engine (U code, ). Differential ratios depend on the trim model and market for each car, with 3.909:1 being common for vehicles with a 2K engine, 4.3:1 for European van models, 3.727:1 for Japanese van models, 3.417:1 for vehicles fitted with an automatic transmission, and 3.583:1 for general applications with a 4K engine. Other ratios also existed for various Japanese market models.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: In 1980, the Starlet was facelifted to include square headlights. A second facelift followed in 1983 to incorporate a slant nose front end and a new lower hatch opening.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Clean 60 series Starlets are becoming more difficult to acquire, largely to their age and susceptibility to rust. Many Starlets have also been converted into track and rally cars on account of their RWD layout. Their scarcity has led to them becoming a relatively valuable collector's car.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The 3-door KP61 was the only Starlet ever sold in the US, where it was available from the 1981 through the 1984 model years. The 1981–1982 models came with standard five-speed manual transmissions and tachometers. It is an equivalent to other markets' S model. The 1983–1984 models featured electronic fuel injection (EFI) with the 4K engine, but with a four-speed manual transmission and equipment similar to other markets' XLi model.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Common rust locations on a 60 series Starlet are under the rear hatch seal, around the front window wiper mount, behind the front fenders, and the bottom of the doors.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The P70 series of October 1984 saw the Starlet switch to front-wheel drive, which was now the normal format for cars of this size. Three-door and five-door hatchbacks were offered, and a three-door van for commercial use was also available in many markets. The 12 valve 1E and 2E engines replaced the old K-series engines. The extensive Japanese line up consisted of Standard, CD-L, DX, DX-A, Soleil, Soleil-L, XL, XL-Lissé, SE, Si, Si Limited, Ri, Turbo R, and Turbo S, although the one-litre version was available for export only. The engine fitted in turbo models was the 2E-TELU, and was installed with Toyota's active suspension technology called TEMS. The Ri and Turbo R are the light weight models designed for motorsports.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: For the export markets the Starlet 70 series were offered as 1.0 Standard, 1.0 DX, 1.0 XL, 1.0 XL Lisse, 1.3 DX, 1.3 XL, 1.3 S, and 1.3 SE. The export version "Si Limited" was basically an XL or 1.3 S with front and rear spoilers, sporty red and black interior, Multi-point fuel injection and special exterior colour 2-tone black-silver, or white.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The first Starlet assembled outside Japan was the 1985 1.0 XL built in Indonesia. A year later, the 1.3-litre model joined the production line there. The Indonesian-built Starlets were only available as 5-door with carburettor, 4-speed manual transmission and offered as XL, SE, Lissé and Si Limited. A minor change for Japanese models was given in 1987 with new nose, tail lights, bigger bumpers, and revised interior. Indonesian-built Starlet received these minor changes in 1988, while European and general market models retained the older appearance.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet 80 series was introduced to the Japanese market in December 1989. It featured a more rounded body style and interior. Japanese models received new twin cam engines: 4E-F, 4E-FE and turbocharged 4E-FTE. Export models retained the 1E and 2E engines, and the special version 4E-FE (only for UK and Hong Kong facelift models). The 1N 1.5-litre diesel engine was also available. The Starlet for Japan and Indonesia have a rear center garnish and therefore the license plate is mounted on the bumper. The 80 Series Starlets exported to other destinations have their number plates mounted on the hatch centre panel.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: In Japan, the 80 Series Starlet was again offered in a wide range of variants: Soleil, the best selling Soleil L, S, X, X Limited, Si, Canvas Top, the sports model Gi and GT Turbo. The sports model have different bumpers, headlights, and tail lights from the regular models. Sports bucket front seats and a rear spoiler are also standard on the Gi and GT. The GT has a two-mode (low and high) turbo. The Japanese only full-time 4WD models (EP85) were offered in Soleil L, S, and X Limited grades.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: New Zealand initially received the 3 door 1.0 XL, 1.3 XL and 1.3 S with manual transmission. In March 1993, the automatic only 5 door 1.3 XL was added into the line up. The 2E-engined versions were carburetted and produce .


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The locally assembled Starlet for Indonesia was offered as 1.0 XL, 1.3 SE and 1.3 SE Limited with only 5-speed manual transmission. Only the 1.0 XL was sold in Singapore. All the Starlets officially sold in the Southeast Asian countries were the 5-door models.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet made its European debut at the 1990 Geneva Motor Show. The 1.3 XLi was the version sold in most European countries. The sporty 1.3 Si was offered in Switzerland. It came with standard sports front seats, three-spoke steering wheel, sunroof, and rear spoiler.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The UK model was the 1.0 GL, only offered as a three-door hatchback, replaced by the 1.3 GLi three-door from 1993 onwards. For 1994, the UK models were 1.3 XLi three-door and 1.3 GLi five-door. All GLi models have a sunroof.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: They were some special editions of 80-series sold in Europe such as 1.3 Jeans in the UK and Germany, 1.3 Dance in Switzerland, and 1.3 Westwood in Belgium, all of these are based on the 1.3 XLi. There was also a van model for certain markets where the tax structure suited such a model, without rear seating and often with blanked out windows in the rear. While van versions of earlier Starlets had always been available in Japan, changes in the tax system meant that the fourth generation Starlet was only sold as a passenger car in the home market.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: A minor facelift occurred in January 1992, with all Japanese models gaining fuel injection and the discontinuation of the X variant. A new front bumper and revised interior were installed, and the addition of a safety beam inside the doors were added for all models. The S, X Limited, Gi, and GT also gained a new rear center garnish. In Indonesia the new SE-G replaced the SE Limited. The SE-G has upmarket interior similar to the Japanese X Limited, and shares the redesigned tail lights and trunk garnish with the Gi and GT. For the Hong Kong market, the Japanese model Soleil L 5 door hatchback replaced the old 1.3 XL. The Starlet canvas top Si 1992 with folding canvas roof was offered in Hong Kong and certain European countries.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet EP81 participated in the WRC Acropolis Rally in Greece, and won the A5 class. The Starlet also competed in the Starlet One Make Race in Japan, the Indonesian Touring Car Championship, and rallies in the Caribbean.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The second minor update was in May 1994 with new front end and tail lights. The full-wide rear garnish was removed. The hatch trunk now has smooth panel with small garnishes. The Gi and GT featured twin round headlights and mesh grille, also known as "quad" headlights. These minor changes were only extended to Japan, Hong Kong, Indonesia and New Zealand. Hong Kong received Japanese market Soleil L. The 1.3 SE and 1.3 SE-G continued in Indonesia, but the 1.0 XL was discontinued. In New Zealand, the sporty 1.3 S was replaced by the new 1.3 GS.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Production in Japan ended in December 1995, but continued in Indonesia until March 1998. The last 80-series in Indonesia was marketed as the "Fantastic Starlet" and nicknamed "turbo look", with sporty bumpers, grille, and hood from the Japanese Gi. At the beginning, the Starlet was offered in the mid-level SE and top-of-the line SE-G, but later the cheaper model was discontinued.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet GT Turbo is a high performance model of the fourth generation Starlet, first introduced in 1990 as a successor to the 70 series Starlet 1.3 Turbo R. The EP82 GT turbo was powered by a turbocharged version of a Toyota's E Engine, the 4E-FTE with a CT9 turbocharger. This engine produced at 6,400 rpm. The car weighed in at , providing a greater than 100 kilowatt per tonne power-to-weight ratio. Adding to its handling abilities, Toyota's active suspension technology continued from the previous generation, called TEMS.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: As with other Japanese market Starlets, the GT Turbo received minor changes in January 1992 which included new bumpers and rear combination lamps.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The second minor change was given in May 1994, this time with four round quad headlights combined with the mesh grille. The tail lights remained the same, but the full length center garnish was replaced by the small ones on each side.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Production of the car ended in December 1995, but the popularity of the car is still maintained by a cult of drivers, mainly as a used import. The Starlet GT turbo and the normally aspirated 1.3 Gi were replaced by the Starlet Glanza series, the Glanza V and Glanza S respectively.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Two limited edition versions of the GT turbo were produced; the GT Limited and the GT Advance, both featured small changes such as different steering wheels and gear shifter knobs, a rear strut bar, ABS (later versions only) and were distinguishable by their two tone paint scheme. These models also featured an optional LSD which was available with the C153 transaxle.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet 90 series, introduced in 1996, retained the same three- or five-door hatchback ideas. The unique design is a sloped-down belt line on the front doors. The Japanese versions were divided into three models: Reflet (normal), Glanza (sports) and Carat (more luxurious). The Reflet (Base, f, and x), the Carat, and the Glanza S were powered by the 4E-FE engine. The Base model was also offered with the 1N Diesel engine. Based on the five-door Reflet, the Starlet Remix came with a rugged SUV style. It has over fenders, body cladding, roof rail, and spare tire mounted on the back.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The 90-series Starlet shared its platform with the Paseo including suspension, engine, and many other components. The RHD Starlet has its dashboard design with slightly higher center AC outlets, while the LHD shares the dashboard with Tercel and Paseo.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet EP91 came to Europe in the second quarter of 1996. Although basically, all European models were 1.3 XLi with a version of the 4E-FE engine, they were marketed under different name across Europe. Initially, the UK models were the base 1.3 Sportif and the upmarket 1.3 CD (with standard CD-player and sunroof). In 1998, the UK lineup was revised with base 1.3 S, sporty 1.3 SR (with lowered suspension, spoiler, and sport exhaust), and loaded 1.3 GLS. The French models were Base, GL, and GLS. In Switzerland, the upgraded model similar to GLS is called 1.3 Crystal, while in Norway is called SLi. All of high-grade models have driver's side SRS airbag, tachometer, front power windows, rear headrests, and colored bumpers. ABS and Sunroof are options.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The only generation sold new in Australia, the EP91 Starlet was available from March 1996 to December 1999, originally under three trim levels, the base three-door Life, sporty three-door Group X and luxury five-door Style. In 1997, a five-door version of the Life was introduced. During 1998, the Group X and Style models were dropped, and the Life gained a driver's airbag as standard equipment. When first sold in Australia, the Starlet suffered from higher pricing in its category, but sold well later on after Toyota entered a small-car price cut war, competing against the Hyundai Excel and Ford Festiva.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: Minor changes with new front bumpers, grille, tail lights and revised interior fabric were new for 1998 Japanese market models. Production of the Starlet ended in July 1999, just after the launch of the Yaris.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: This model was not offered for the Indonesian market; the previous EP81 Starlet was instead succeeded by the Soluna sedan in 2000. At the time, Toyota's hatchback segment in Indonesia went into hiatus until 2006, when the second-generation Yaris was introduced and marketed as a spiritual successor of the Starlet.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Starlet Glanza is the sports version of the P90 generation Starlet, and is the successor to the 80 series naturally aspirated Starlet 1.3 Gi and Starlet GT Turbo. The Glanza S was powered by the naturally aspirated 1331 cc 4E-FE and the Glanza V was powered by the turbocharged 1331 cc 4E-FTE. The 4E-FE used in the Glanza S generated which, for the extremely light Starlet, was enough to propel the car from 0–100 km/h in 11.9 seconds. The turbo 4E-FTE used in the Glanza V generated at 6400 rpm with a 0–100 km/h time of 8.2 seconds (factory brochure stats).


title: Toyota Starlet

text: In December 1996, the Glanza S Limited was released. It has standard body kits same as Glanza V Turbo except the scooped-hood and the engine did not have a Turbo. A lightweight version of the Glanza V was also available without air conditioner and electric windows to keep the car as light as possible, being intended for competitive usage.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The Glanza S and Glanza V were only officially available on the Japanese market, although some used private imports made their way to the UK, New Zealand, and many other right-hand drive markets.


title: Toyota Starlet

text: The "Glanza" nameplate was revived in June 2019 for the rebadged Indian market Suzuki Baleno hatchback. The vehicle was released through a partnership with Indian automobile manufacturer Maruti Suzuki. The Glanza is also sold in Africa since September 2020 under the revived Starlet nameplate.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Sandra Dale Dennis (April 27, 1937 – March 2, 1992) was an American actress. She made her film debut in the drama "Splendor in the Grass" (1961). For her performance in the comedy-drama film "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1966), she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis appeared in the films "The Three Sisters" (1966), "Up the Down Staircase" (1967), "That Cold Day in the Park" (1969), "The Out-of-Towners" (1970), "God Told Me To" (1976), "The Four Seasons" (1981), "Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean" (1982), and "Another Woman" (1988). Her final film appearance came in the crime drama film "The Indian Runner" (1991).


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis had a successful career on stage, appearing in the original stage production of "Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean". For her performance in the play "A Thousand Clowns", she received the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. For her performance in the play "Any Wednesday", she received the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis was a renowned animal activist. She rescued stray cats from the bowels of Grand Central Terminal. At the time of her death in Westport, Connecticut, she lived with more than 20 cats, who were adopted out by longtime friends to new homes.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis was born in Hastings, Nebraska, the daughter of Yvonne (née Hudson), a secretary, and Jack Dennis, a postal clerk. Her parents divorced in 1967, after 39 years of marriage. She had an elder brother, Frank. Dennis grew up in Kenesaw, Nebraska, and Lincoln, Nebraska, graduating from Lincoln High School in 1955; one of her classmates was writer and comedian Dick Cavett. She attended Nebraska Wesleyan University and the University of Nebraska, appearing in the Lincoln Community Theater Group before moving to New York City at age 19. She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: She had an early break when cast as an understudy in the Broadway production of William Inge's "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" (1957) directed by Elia Kazan. Kazan cast Dennis in her first feature film, a small part in "Splendor in the Grass" (1961), which starred Natalie Wood and Warren Beatty.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis was cast in "Face of a Hero" (1960) on Broadway alongside Jack Lemmon. The play had only a short run, but Dennis received good notices. "The Complaisant Lover" (1961–62) by Graham Greene was more successful, running for 101 performances; Michael Redgrave and Googie Withers were also in the cast.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis achieved Broadway fame with her leading role in Herb Gardner's "A Thousand Clowns" (1962–63), for which she won a Tony award for her performance alongside Jason Robards. The show ran for 428 performances.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Around this time, Dennis guest-starred on episodes of the TV series "Naked City" ("Idylls of a Running Back", 1962, "Carrier", 1963), "The Fugitive" ("The Other Side of the Mountain", 1963), "Arrest and Trial" ("Somewhat Lower Than the Angels" 1964), and "Mr. Broadway" ("Don't Mention My Name in Sheboygan", 1964). She was the lead of the Broadway comedy "Any Wednesday" (1964–66), which ran for 983 performances and won her a second Tony.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis's second film role was as Honey, the fragile, neurotic young wife of George Segal's character, in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1966). Directed by Mike Nichols and starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, the film was a huge critical and commercial success and Dennis won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her role.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis returned to the stage in a production of "The Three Sisters" (1966) with Geraldine Page and Kim Stanley that went to London and was filmed.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis's first lead role in a movie was in "Up the Down Staircase" (1967), directed by Robert Mulligan, a box-office success, as was "The Fox" (1967), directed by Mark Rydell, despite its controversial subject matter. In 1967 Dennis was voted the 18th biggest star in the US.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: She starred in "Sweet November" (1968) as a terminally ill woman who takes multiple lovers, and made a TV version of the play "A Hatful of Rain" (1968).


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis went to London to star in "A Touch of Love" (1969), which flopped at the box office, as did "That Cold Day in the Park" (1969), despite being directed by Robert Altman. "The Out-of-Towners" (1970), a Neil Simon comedy with Jack Lemmon, was a hit.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis made a TV movie with Stuart Whitman, "Only Way Out Is Dead" (1970). She returned to Broadway for "How the Other Half Loves" (1971) by Alan Ayckbourn, which ran for over 100 performances, then did another TV movie "Something Evil" (1972), directed by Steven Spielberg, which drew a mixed reception.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: "Let Me Hear You Smile" (1973) on Broadway only lasted one performance, but "Absurd Person Singular" (1974–76) was a big hit, running 591 performances.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: In 1974 she played Joan of Arc in the pilot of "Witness to Yesterday", Patrick Watson's series of interviews with great figures out of the past.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis was in "Mr. Sycamore" (1975) with Jason Robards and had a small role in the low-budget horror film "God Told Me To" (1976) by Larry Cohen. Her performance in the British comedy "Nasty Habits" (1977) drew harsh criticism from Vincent Canby in the "New York Times".


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis guest starred in "Police Story" ("Day of Terror... Night of Fear", 1978), and starred in the TV movies "Perfect Gentlemen" (1979) (written by Nora Ephron), and "Wilson's Reward" (1981). On Broadway she briefly joined the cast of the long-running "Same Time, Next Year".


title: Sandy Dennis

text: She had a well-received part in Alan Alda's "The Four Seasons" (1981) and was in "The Supporting Cast" (1981) on Broadway for Gene Saks. She was in the stage production and film version of Robert Altman's "Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean" (1982).


title: Sandy Dennis

text: In the mid- and late 1980s, Dennis acted less, owing to growing health problems. She appeared on TV in "Young People's Specials" ("The Trouble with Mother", 1985), "The Love Boat" ("Roommates/Heartbreaker/Out of the Blue", 1985), "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" ("Arthur, or the Gigolo", 1985) and "The Equalizer" ("Out of the Past", 1986). In motion pictures, she had supporting roles in a 1986 remake of "Laughter in the Dark", which was never completed, Woody Allen's "Another Woman" (1988), and the horror films "976-EVIL" (1989) and "Parents" (1989).


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Her final role was in the crime drama "The Indian Runner", filmed in 1990 and released in 1991. The movie marked Sean Penn's debut as a film director. Actor Viggo Mortensen, who played one of her two sons, wrote of the preparations for the movie and filming in the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska:


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis lived with prominent jazz musician Gerry Mulligan from 1965 to 1974. In October 1965, her hometown newspaper, "The Lincoln Star", published an Associated Press article stating she and Mulligan had married in Connecticut in June of that year. In a 1989 interview with "People", however, Dennis admitted that they only pretended to be married after she unintentionally became pregnant. Dennis miscarried, adding, "If I'd been a mother, I would have loved the child, but I just didn't have any connection with it when I was pregnant ... I never, ever wanted children. It would have been like having an elephant."


title: Sandy Dennis

text: From 1980 to 1985, Dennis lived with actor Eric Roberts. On June 4, 1981, her German Shepherd was riding with Roberts when he crashed his vehicle into a tree. Roberts, who was under the influence of cocaine at the time, fell in a coma for 72 hours and had to withdraw from the Broadway show "Mass Appeal". Dennis's dog survived the accident. She and Roberts were engaged to be married in spring 1983, but the ceremony never took place.


title: Sandy Dennis

text: Dennis's sexual orientation was subjected to public discussion as early as 1968, when the scandal magazine "Uncensored" ran a story that labeled her a lesbian. In an article published more than 20 years after Dennis' death, Eric Roberts identified her as bisexual. According to Roberts, Dennis told him she had many lesbian relationships and that she "appreciated the beauty of women. But she also liked and appreciated what a very, very young man could do to a woman, I suppose."


title: Sandy Dennis

text: During Dennis's lifetime, in-depth published interviews with her, such as one with "The Christian Science Monitor" during her stint performing in an ensemble cast at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1981, made no mention of close relationships with women. That interview included the following exchange about her marital status:


title: Justin Hayward

text: David Justin Hayward (born 14 October 1946) is an English musician best known as the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist of the rock band the Moody Blues. Hayward became the group's principal lead guitarist and vocalist over the 1967–1974 period, and the most prolific songwriter and composer of several international hit singles for the band.