title: H. L. Mencken

text: Mencken wrote a review of Sir James Jeans's book, "The Mysterious Universe", in which Mencken wrote that mathematics is not necessary for physics. Instead of mathematical "speculation" (such as quantum theory), Mencken believed physicists should directly look at individual facts in the laboratory, as do chemists:


title: H. L. Mencken

text: In the same article, which he re-printed in the "Mencken Chrestomathy," Mencken primarily contrasts what real scientists do, which is to simply directly look at the existence of "shapes and forces" confronting them instead of (such as in statistics) attempting to speculate and use mathematical models. Physicists and especially astronomers are consequently not real scientists, because when looking at shapes or forces, they do not simply "patiently wait for further light", but resort to mathematical theory. There is no need for statistics in scientific physics, since one should simply look at the facts while statistics attempts to construct mathematical models. On the other hand, the really competent physicists do not bother with the "theology" or reasoning of mathematical theories (such as in quantum mechanics):


title: H. L. Mencken

text: Mencken ridiculed Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, believing that "in the long run his curved space may be classed with the psychosomatic bumps of [Franz Josef] Gall and [Johann] Spurzheim". In his private letters, he said:


title: H. L. Mencken

text: Mencken's home at 1524 Hollins Street in Baltimore's Union Square neighborhood, where he lived for 67 years, was bequeathed to the University of Maryland, Baltimore on the death of his younger brother, August, in 1967. The City of Baltimore acquired the property in 1983, and the H. L. Mencken House became part of the City Life Museums. It has been closed to general admission since 1997, but is opened for special events and group visits by arrangement.


title: H. L. Mencken

text: Shortly after World War II, Mencken expressed his intention of bequeathing his books and papers to Baltimore's Enoch Pratt Free Library. At his death, it was in possession of most of the present large collection. As a result, his papers as well as much of his personal library, which includes many books inscribed by major authors, are held in the Library's Central Branch on Cathedral Street in Baltimore. The original third floor "H. L. Mencken Room and Collection" housing this collection was dedicated on April 17, 1956. The new Mencken Room, on the first floor of the Library's Annex, was opened in November 2003.


title: H. L. Mencken

text: The collection contains Mencken's typescripts, newspaper and magazine contributions, published books, family documents and memorabilia, clipping books, large collection of presentation volumes, file of correspondence with prominent Marylanders, and the extensive material he collected while he was preparing "The American Language".


title: H. L. Mencken

text: Other Mencken related collections of note are at Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, Johns Hopkins University, and Yale University. In 2007, Johns Hopkins acquired "nearly 6,000 books, photographs and letters by and about Mencken" from "the estate of an Ohio accountant".


title: H. L. Mencken

text: The Sara Haardt Mencken collection at Goucher College includes letters exchanged between Haardt and Mencken and condolences written after her death. Some of Mencken's vast literary correspondence is held at the New York Public Library. "Gift of HL Mencken 1929" is stamped on "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell", Luce 1906 edition of William Blake, which shows up from the Library of Congress online version for reading. Mencken's letters to Louise (Lou) Wylie, a reporter and feature writer for New Orleans's "The Times-Picayune" newspaper, are archived at Loyola University New Orleans.


title: Halo-halo

text: Halo-halo, correctly spelled haluhalo, Tagalog for "mixed" (the more common spelling instead literally equating to "mix-mix") is a popular cold dessert in the Philippines made up of crushed ice, evaporated milk or coconut milk, and various ingredients including ube jam (ube halaya), sweetened kidney or garbanzo beans, coconut strips, sago, "gulaman" (agar), pinipig, boiled taro or soft yams in cubes, flan, slices or portions of fruit preserves and other root crop preserves. The dessert is topped with a scoop of ube . It is usually prepared in a tall clear glass and served with a long spoon. "Halo-halo" is considered to be the unofficial national dessert of the Philippines. The term ""halo-halo"" is supposed to mean "mixed" in English because the dessert is meant to be mixed before being consumed. Despite being strictly grammatically incorrect, this spelling has come to describe any object or situation composed of a similar, colorful combination of ingredients.


title: Halo-halo

text: The origin of "halo-halo" is traced to the pre-war Japanese Filipinos and the Japanese "kakigōri" class of desserts. One of the earliest versions of "halo-halo" was a dessert known locally as "monggo kon-yelo" or "mongo-ya," which consisted of only mung beans (Tagalog: "monggo" or "munggo", used in place of red azuki beans from Japan), boiled and cooked in syrup ("minatamis na monggo"), served on top of crushed ice with milk and sugar. Over time, more native ingredients were added, resulting in the creation and development of the modern "halo-halo". One difference between "halo-halo" and its Japanese ancestor is the placement of ingredients mainly under the ice instead of on top of it. The original "monggo kon-yelo" type can still be found today, with similar variations using sweet corn (mais kon-yelo) or "saba" bananas (saba kon-yelo).


title: Halo-halo

text: Some authors specifically attribute "halo-halo" to the 1920s or 1930s Japanese migrants in the Quinta Market of Quiapo, Manila, due to its proximity to the Insular Ice Plant, Quiapo's main ice supply. The Insular Ice Plant was built in 1902 by the Americans, which became the ice supplier for the Philippines. Although the ice plant was built, it was not the first introduction of ice in the Philippines. In the mid-19th century, the United States imported ice from Wenham Lake to different countries, including India, Australia, and the Philippines.


title: Halo-halo

text: The spelling of ""halo-halo"" is considered incorrect by the Commission on the Filipino Language, which prescribes ""haluhalo."" The word is an adjective meaning "mixed [together]" in Tagalog, a reduplication of the Tagalog verb "halo" "to mix."


title: Halo-halo

text: There is no correct set of ingredients for "halo-halo" as the ingredients can vary widely, but the dessert usually includes sugar palm fruit ("kaong"), coconut sport ("macapuno"), saba plantains cooked in syrup ("minatamis na saging"), jackfruit ("langkâ"), agar jellies ("gulaman"), tapioca pearls, nata de coco, sweet potato ("kamote"), sweetened beans, cheese, pounded toasted young rice ("pinipig"), and ice cream. The ingredients are placed in specific positions; the fruit, beans, and other sweets are placed at the bottom, followed by shaved ice, and are then topped with either a combination of leche flan, "ube halaya" (mashed purple yam), or ice cream. Evaporated milk or coconut milk is poured into the mixture upon serving. There are various local and regional varieties of Halo-halo that can be found throughout the country, which include different and/or additional ingredients than those previously listed, including sweetened wintermelon, durian, and strawberry ice cream, among others.


title: Halo-halo

text: A similar Visayan dessert "binignit", commonly called bilo-bilo, is also referred to as ""ginataang halo-halo"" in Tagalog (""halo-halo" in coconut milk"), commonly shortened to ""ginataan."" It is mostly the same ingredients, although the latter is usually served hot.


title: Halo-halo

text: "Halo-halo" was featured in season 1, episode 2 of "" when its host Anthony Bourdain visited a Jollibee branch, a Filipino fast-food restaurant, in Los Angeles. Bourdain praised the dessert and called it "oddly beautiful". He also posted a photo of the dessert on his Twitter account. The show featured the dessert again in season 7, episode 5 when Bourdain learns how Filipinos make the dessert.


title: Halo-halo

text: "Halo-halo" was also featured as a Quickfire Challenge dish season 4, episode 7 of the American reality television series "Top Chef". Filipino-American contestant Dale Talde prepared the dessert, which featured avocado, mango, kiwifruit, and nuts. Talde was named one of the top three Quickfire Challenge dishes by guest judge Johnny Iuzzinni of Jean Georges. Talde also made the dish in a later episode.


title: Halo-halo

text: Halo-halo has a wide range of where it can be found, from food stands to 5-star hotels. Filipino fast-food restaurants like Jollibee, Max's, and Chowking serve halo-halo.


title: New Thought

text: The New Thought movement (also Higher Thought) is a spiritual movement that coalesced in the United States in the early 19th century. New Thought was seen by its adherents as succeeding "ancient thought", accumulated wisdom and philosophy from a variety of origins, such as Ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Chinese, Taoist, Vedic, Hindu, and Buddhist cultures and their related belief systems, primarily regarding the interaction between thought, belief, consciousness in the human mind, and the effects of these within and beyond the human mind. Though no direct line of transmission is traceable, many adherents to New Thought in the 19th and 20th centuries claimed to be direct descendants from those systems.


title: New Thought

text: Although there have been many leaders and various offshoots of the New Thought philosophy, the origins of New Thought have often been traced back to Phineas Quimby, or even as far back as Franz Mesmer. Many of these groups are incorporated into the International New Thought Alliance. The contemporary New Thought movement is a loosely allied group of religious denominations, authors, philosophers, and individuals who share a set of beliefs concerning metaphysics, positive thinking, the law of attraction, healing, life force, creative visualization, and personal power.


title: New Thought

text: New Thought holds that "Infinite Intelligence", or God, is everywhere, spirit is the totality of real things, true human selfhood is divine, divine thought is a force for good, sickness originates in the mind, and "right thinking" has a healing effect. Although New Thought is neither monolithic nor doctrinaire, in general, modern-day adherents of New Thought share some core beliefs:


title: New Thought

text: William James used the term "New Thought" as synonymous with the "Mind cure movement", in which he included many sects with diverse origins, such as idealism and Hinduism.


title: New Thought

text: The New Thought movement was based on the teachings of Phineas Quimby (1802–1866), an American mesmerist and healer. Quimby had developed a belief system that included the tenet that illness originated in the mind as a consequence of erroneous beliefs and that a mind open to God's wisdom could overcome any illness. His basic premise was:


title: New Thought

text: During the late 19th century, the metaphysical healing practices of Quimby mingled with the "Mental Science" of Warren Felt Evans, a Swedenborgian minister. Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science, has sometimes been cited as having used Quimby as inspiration for theology. Eddy was a patient of Quimby's and shared his view that disease is rooted in a mental cause. Because of its theism, Christian Science differs from the teachings of Quimby.


title: New Thought

text: In the late 19th century, New Thought was propelled by a number of spiritual thinkers and philosophers and emerged through a variety of religious denominations and churches, particularly the Unity Church and Church of Divine Science (established in 1889 and 1888, respectively), followed by Religious Science (established in 1927). Many of its early teachers and students were women; notable among the founders of the movement were Emma Curtis Hopkins, known as the "teacher of teachers", Myrtle Fillmore, Malinda Cramer, and Nona L. Brooks; with many of its churches and community centers led by women, from the 1880s to today.


title: New Thought

text: Prentice Mulford, through writing "Your Forces and How to Use Them", a series of essays published during 1886–1892, was pivotal in the development of New Thought thinking, including the Law of Attraction.


title: New Thought

text: In 1906, William Walker Atkinson (1862–1932) wrote and published "Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World". Atkinson was the editor of "New Thought" magazine and the author of more than 100 books on an assortment of religious, spiritual, and occult topics. The following year, Elizabeth Towne, the editor of "The Nautilus", published Bruce MacLelland's book "Prosperity Through Thought Force", in which he summarized the "Law of Attraction" as a New Thought principle, stating "You are what you think, not what you think you are."


title: New Thought

text: These magazines were used to reach a large audience then, as others are now. "Nautilus" magazine, for example, had 45,000 subscribers and a total circulation of 150,000. One Unity Church magazine, "Wee Wisdom", was the longest-lived children's magazine in the United States, published from 1893 until 1991. Today, New Thought magazines include "Daily Word", published by Unity and the Religious Science magazine; and "Science of Mind", published by the Centers for Spiritual Living.


title: New Thought

text: The 1915 International New Thought Alliance (INTA) conference – held in conjunction with the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, a world's fair that took place in San Francisco – featured New Thought speakers from far and wide. The PPIE organizers were so favorably impressed by the INTA convention that they declared a special "New Thought Day" at the fair and struck a commemorative bronze medal for the occasion, which was presented to the INTA delegates, led by Annie Rix Militz. By 1916, the International New Thought Alliance had encompassed many smaller groups around the world, adopting a creed known as the "Declaration of Principles". The Alliance is held together by one central teaching: that people, through the constructive use of their minds, can attain freedom, power, health, prosperity, and all good, molding their bodies as well as the circumstances of their lives. The declaration was revised in 1957, with all references to Christianity removed, and a new statement based on the "inseparable oneness of God and Man".


title: New Thought

text: Adherents also generally believe that as humankind gains greater understanding of the world, New Thought itself will evolve to assimilate new knowledge. Alan Anderson and Deb Whitehouse have described New Thought as a "process" in which each individual and even the New Thought Movement itself is "new every moment". Thomas McFaul has claimed "continuous revelation", with new insights being received by individuals continuously over time. Jean Houston has spoken of the "possible human", or what we are capable of becoming.


title: New Thought

text: The Home of Truth has, from its inception as the Pacific Coast Metaphysical Bureau in the 1880s, under the leadership of Annie Rix Militz, disseminated the teachings of the Hindu teacher Swami Vivekananda. It is one of the more outspokenly interfaith of New Thought organizations, stating adherence to "the principle that Truth is Truth where ever it is found and who ever is sharing it". Joel S. Goldsmith's The Infinite Way incorporates teaching from Christian Science, as well.


title: New Thought

text: Divine Science, Unity Church, and Religious Science are organizations that developed from the New Thought movement. Each teaches that Infinite Intelligence, or God, is the sole reality. New Thought adherents believe that sickness is the result of the failure to realize this truth. In this line of thinking, healing is accomplished by the affirmation of oneness with the Infinite Intelligence or God.


title: New Thought

text: John Bovee Dods (1795–1862), an early practitioner of New Thought, wrote several books on the idea that disease originates in the electrical impulses of the nervous system and is therefore curable by a change of belief. Later New Thought teachers, such as the early-20th-century author, editor, and publisher William Walker Atkinson, accepted this premise. He connected his idea of mental states of being with his understanding of the new scientific discoveries in electromagnetism and neural processes.


title: New Thought

text: While the beliefs that are held by practitioners of the New Thought movement are similar to many mainstream religious doctrines, there have been concerns raised among scholars and scientists about some of the views surrounding health and wellness that are perpetuated by the New Thought movement. Most pressing is the New Thought movement's rejection of empirically supported scientific theories of the causes of diseases. In scientific medicine, diseases can have a wide range of physical causes, from abnormalities in genes and in cell growth that cause cancer, to viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause infections, to environmental toxins that can damage entire organ systems. While it has been empirically supported that the psychological and social health of a person can influence their susceptibility to disease (e.g., stress can suppress immune function, which increases risk of infection), critics allege that mental states are not the cause of human disease, as is claimed by the New Thought movement.


title: New Thought

text: Equally concerning, critics argue, is the New Thought movement's emphasis on using faith and mental states as treatments for all human disease. While it has been supported that the use of relaxation therapy and other forms of alternative health practices are beneficial in improving the overall well-being of patients with a wide variety of mental and physical health conditions (e.g., cancer, post-traumatic stress disorder), these practices are not effective in treating human disease alone, and should be undertaken in conjunction with modern medical therapies that have empirical support. This rejection of scientifically supported theories of disease and disease treatment is worsened by the New Thought movement's assertion that mental states, attitudes, and faith in New Thought are the sole determinants of health.


title: New Thought

text: The New Thought movement has received criticism akin to that levied against the holistic health movement that in claiming that sickness is caused by a person's attitudes, mental states, and faith, it is easy to place blame on patients for not adopting a correct attitude, thought processes, and/or lifestyle. Blame can have powerful psychological effects – with stress and isolation seen in victim blaming being the largest issues that arise and the most concerning in terms of effect on patients' health.


title: New Thought

text: New Thought publishing and educational activities reach approximately 2.5 million people annually. The largest New Thought-oriented denomination is the Japanese Seicho-no-Ie. Other belief systems within the New Thought movement include Jewish Science, Religious Science, Centers for Spiritual Living and Unity. Past denominations have included Psychiana and Father Divine.


title: New Thought

text: Religious Science operates under three main organizations: the Centers for Spiritual Living; the Affiliated New Thought Network; and Global Religious Science Ministries. Ernest Holmes, the founder of Religious Science, stated that Religious Science is not based on any "authority" of established beliefs, but rather on "what it can accomplish" for the people who practice it. "The Science of Mind", authored by Ernest Holmes, while based on a philosophy of being "open at the top", focuses extensively on the teachings of Jesus Christ.


title: New Thought

text: Unity, founded by Charles and Myrtle Fillmore, identifies itself as "Christian New Thought", focused on "Christian idealism", with the Bible as one of its main texts, although not interpreted literally. The other core text is "Lessons in Truth" by H. Emilie Cady. The "Universal Foundation for Better Living", or "UFBL", was founded in 1974 by Johnnie Colemon in Chicago, Illinois after breaking away from the Unity Church for "blatant racism".


title: Aga Khan III

text: Sultan Muhammad Shah (2 November 187711 July 1957), commonly known by his religious title Aga Khan III, was the 48th Imam of the Nizariyya. He played an important role in British Indian politics.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Born to Aga Khan II in Karachi, Aga Khan III was educated at the Eton College and the University of Cambridge. He succeeded his father as the Imam in 1885 and worked to receive homage of his followers. In 1906, Aga Khan III became a founding member of the All-India Muslim League in British India. In 1932, he was nominated by the League of Nations to represent India and subsequently served as the president of the League of Nations from 1937 to 1938.


title: Aga Khan III

text: He was born in Karachi, Sindh during the British Raj in 1877 (now Pakistan), to Aga Khan II and his third wife, Nawab A'lia Shamsul-Muluk, who was a granddaughter of Fath Ali Shah of Persia. After Eton College, he went on to study at the University of Cambridge.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Aga Khan travelled in distant parts of the world to receive the homage of his followers, and with the objective either of settling differences or of advancing their welfare by financial help and personal advice and guidance. The distinction of a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire (KCIE) was conferred upon him by Queen Victoria in 1897; and he was promoted to a Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list, and invested as such by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902. He was made a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) by George V (1912), and appointed a GCMG in 1923. He received like recognition for his public services from the German Emperor, the Sultan of Turkey, the Shah of Persia and other potentates.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In 1906, the Aga Khan was a founding member and first president of the All India Muslim League, a political party which pushed for the creation of an independent Muslim nation in the north west regions of India, then under British colonial rule, and later established the country of Pakistan in 1947.


title: Aga Khan III

text: During the three Round Table Conferences (India) in London from 1930 to 1932, he played an important role to bring about Indian constitutional reforms.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In 1934, he was made a member of the Privy Council and served as a member of the League of Nations (1934–37), becoming the President of the League of Nations in 1937.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Under the leadership of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III, the first half of the 20th century was a period of significant development for the Ismā'īlī community. Numerous institutions for social and economic development were established in the Indian Subcontinent and in East Africa. Ismailis have marked the Jubilees of their Imāms with public celebrations, which are symbolic affirmations of the ties that link the Ismāʿīlī Imām and its followers. Although the Jubilees have no religious significance, they serve to reaffirm the Imamat's worldwide commitment to the improvement of the quality of human life, especially in the developing countries.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Jubilees of Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah, Aga Khan III, are well remembered. During his 72 years of Imamat (1885–1957), the community celebrated his Golden (1937), Diamond (1946) and Platinum (1954) Jubilees. To show their appreciation and affection, the Ismā'īliyya weighed their Imam in gold, diamonds and, symbolically, in platinum, respectively, the proceeds of which were used to further develop major social welfare and development institutions in Asia and Africa.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In India and later in Pakistan, social development institutions were established, in the words of Aga Khan III, "for the relief of humanity". They included institutions such as the Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Platinum Jubilee Investments Limited which in turn assisted the growth of various types of cooperative societies. "Diamond Jubilee High School for Girls" were established throughout the remote Northern Areas of what is now Pakistan. In addition, scholarship programs, established at the time of the Golden Jubilee to give assistance to needy students, were progressively expanded. In East Africa, major social welfare and economic development institutions were established. Those involved in social welfare included the accelerated development of schools and community centres, and a modern, fully equipped hospital in Nairobi. Among the economic development institutions established in East Africa were companies such as the Diamond Jubilee Investment Trust (now Diamond Trust of Kenya) and the Jubilee Insurance Company, which are quoted on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and have become major players in national development.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah also introduced organizational reforms that gave Ismāʿīlī communities the means to structure and regulate their own affairs. These were built on the Muslim tradition of a communitarian ethic on the one hand, and responsible individual conscience with freedom to negotiate one's own moral commitment and destiny on the other. In 1905 he ordained the first Ismā'īlī Constitution for the social governance of the community in East Africa. The new administration for the Community's affairs was organised into a hierarchy of councils at the local, national, and regional levels. The constitution also set out rules in such matters as marriage, divorce and inheritance, guidelines for mutual cooperation and support among Ismā'īlīs, and their interface with other communities. Similar constitutions were promulgated in India, and all were periodically revised to address emerging needs and circumstances in diverse settings.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In 1905, the Aga Khan was involved in the Haji Bibi case, where he was questioned about the origin of his followers. In his response, in addition to enumerating his followers in Iran, Russia, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Syria and other places, he also noted that “In Hindustan and Africa there are many Guptis who believe in me…I consider them Shi’i Imami Ismailis; by caste they are Hindus”.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Following the Second World War, far-reaching social, economic and political changes profoundly affected a number of areas where Ismāʿīlīs resided. In 1947, British rule in the Indian Subcontinent was replaced by the sovereign, independent nations of India, Pakistan and later Bangladesh, resulting in the migration of millions people and significant loss of life and property. In the Middle East, the Suez crisis of 1956 as well as the preceding crisis in Iran, demonstrated the sharp upsurge of nationalism, which was as assertive of the region's social and economic aspirations as of its political independence. Africa was also set on its course to decolonisation, swept by what Harold Macmillan, the then British prime minister, termed the "wind of change". By the early 1960s, most of East and Central Africa, where the majority of the Ismāʿīlī population on the continent resided, including Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Madagascar, Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire, had attained their political independence.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Aga Khan was deeply influenced by the views of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Along with Sir Sayyid, the Aga Khan was one of the backers and founders of the Aligarh University, for which he tirelessly raised funds and to which he donated large sums of his own money. The Aga Khan himself can be considered an Islamic modernist and an intellectual of the Aligarh movement.


title: Aga Khan III

text: From a religious standpoint, the Aga Khan followed a modernist approach to Islam. He believed there to be no contradiction between religion and modernity, and urged Muslims to embrace modernity. Although he opposed a wholesale replication of Western society by Muslims, the Aga Khan did believe increased contact with the West would be overall beneficial to Muslim society. He was intellectually open to Western philosophy and ideas, and believed engagement with them could lead to a revival and renaissance within Islamic thought.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Like many other Islamic modernists, the Aga Khan held a low opinion of the traditional religious establishment (the ʿUlamāʾ) as well as what he saw as their rigid formalism, legalism, and literalism. Instead, he advocated for renewed ijtihād (independent reasoning) and ijmāʿ (consensus), the latter of which he understood in a modernist way to mean consensus-building. According to him, Muslims should go back to the original sources, especially the Qurʾān, in order to discover the true essence and spirit of Islam. Once the principles of the faith were discovered, they would be seen to be universal and modern. Islam, in his view, had an underlying liberal and democratic spirit. He also called for full civil and religious liberties, peace and disarmament, and an end to all wars.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Aga Khan opposed sectarianism, which he believed to sap the strength and unity of the Muslim community. In specific, he called for a rapprochement between Sunnism and Shīʿism. This did not mean that he thought religious differences would go away, and he himself instructed his Ismāʿīlī followers to be dedicated to their own teachings. However, he believed in unity through accepting diversity, and by respecting differences of opinion. On his view, there was strength to be found in the diversity of Muslim traditions.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Aga Khan called for social reform in Muslim society, and he was able to implement them within his own Ismāʿīlī community. As he believed Islam to essentially be a humanitarian religion, the Aga Khan called for the reduction and eradication of poverty. Like Sir Sayyid, the Aga Khan was concerned that Muslims had fallen behind the Hindu community in terms of education. According to him, education was the path to progress. He was a tireless advocate for compulsory and universal primary education, and also for the creation of higher institutions of learning.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In terms of women's rights, the Aga Khan was more progressive in his views than Sir Sayyid and many other Islamic modernists of his time. The Aga Khan framed his pursuit of women's rights not simply in the context of women being better mothers or wives, but rather, for women's own benefit. He endorsed the spiritual equality of men and women in Islam, and he also called for full political equality. This included the right to vote and the right to an education. In regards to the latter issue, he endorsed compulsory primary education for girls. He also encouraged women to pursue higher university-level education, and saw nothing wrong with co-educational institutions. Whereas Sir Sayyid prioritized the education of boys over girls, the Aga Khan instructed his followers that if they had a son and daughter, and if they could only afford to send one of them to school, they should send the daughter over the boy.


title: Aga Khan III

text: The Aga Khan campaigned against the institution of purda and zenāna, which he felt were oppressive and un-Islamic institutions. He completely banned the purda and the face veil for his Ismāʿīlī followers. The Aga Khan also restricted polygamy, encouraged marriage to widows, and banned child marriage. He also made marriage and divorce laws more equitable to women. Overall, he encouraged women to take part in all national activities and to agitate for their full religious, social, and political rights.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Today, in large part due to the Aga Khan's reforms, the Ismāʿīlī community is one of the most progressive, peaceful, and prosperous branches of Islam.


title: Aga Khan III

text: He was an owner of Thoroughbred racing horses, including a record equalling five winners of The Derby (Blenheim, Bahram, Mahmoud, My Love, Tulyar) and a total of sixteen winners of British Classic Races. He was British flat racing Champion Owner thirteen times. According to Ben Pimlott, biographer of Queen Elizabeth II, the Aga Khan presented Her Majesty with a filly called "Astrakhan", who won at Hurst Park Racecourse in 1950.


title: Aga Khan III

text: In 1926, the Aga Khan gave a cup (the Aga Khan Trophy) to be awarded to the winners of an international team show jumping competition held at the annual horse show of the Royal Dublin Society in Dublin, Ireland every first week in August. It attracts competitors from all of the main show jumping nations and is carried live on Irish national television.


title: Aga Khan III

text: He wrote a number of books and papers two of which are of immense importance, namely (1) India in Transition, about the prepartition politics of India and (2) The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time, his autobiography. The Aga Khan III proposed "the South Asiatic Federation" in India in Transition that India might be re-organized into some states, and those states should have own autonomies. He was the first person who designed a detailed plan of such a federation of India.


title: Aga Khan III

text: Aga Khan III was succeeded as Aga Khan by his grandson Karim Aga Khan, who is the present Imam of the Ismaili Muslims. At the time of his death on 11 July 1957, his family members were in Versoix. A solicitor brought the will of the Aga Khan III from London to Geneva and read it before the family:


title: Aga Khan III

text: "Ever since the time of my ancestor Ali, the first Imam, that is to say over a period of thirteen hundred years, it has always been the tradition of our family that each Imam chooses his successor at his absolute and unfettered discretion from amongst any of his descendants, whether they be sons or remote male issue and in these circumstances and in view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes which have taken place including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interest of the Shia Muslim Ismailia Community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age and who brings a new outlook on life to his office as Imam. For these reasons, I appoint my grandson Karim, the son of my own son, Aly Salomone Khan to succeed to the title of Aga Khan and to the Imam and Pir of all Shia Ismailian followers"


title: Aga Khan III

text: Pakistan Post issued a special 'Birth Centenary of Agha Khan III' postage stamp in his honor in 1977. Pakistan Post again issued a postage stamp in his honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990. His goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in British India. The League, until the late 1930s, was not a large organisation but represented the landed and commercial Muslim interests as well as advocating for British education during the British Raj. There were similarities in the Aga Khan's views on education with those of other Muslim social reformers, but the scholar Shenila Khoja-Moolji argues that he also expressed distinct interest in advancing women's education for women themselves. Aga Khan called on the British Raj to consider Muslims to be a separate nation within India, the famous 'Two Nation Theory'. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted a major influence on its policies and agendas.


title: Sonic Mania

text: Sonic Mania is a 2017 platform game published by Sega for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows. Produced in commemoration of the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series' 25th anniversary, "Sonic Mania" pays homage to the original Sega Genesis "Sonic" games, featuring speedy side-scrolling gameplay. It takes place over 13 levels, including several redesigned from past games. The story follows Sonic, Tails and Knuckles as they venture to defeat their nemesis Doctor Eggman and his robotic henchmen, the Hard-Boiled Heavies.


title: Sonic Mania

text: The development team was composed of members known for their work in the "Sonic" fangame and ROM hacking community. Development began after lead developer, director and programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead, who was previously contracted by Sega to develop enhanced mobile ports of Genesis "Sonic" games, presented a playable prototype to Sonic Team producer Takashi Iizuka. Art, level design, audio, and additional programming were provided by independent studios PagodaWest Games and Headcannon. The team used Whitehead's Retro Engine and aimed for a graphical quality between Genesis and Sega Saturn games.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was released in August 2017 and became the highest-rated "Sonic" game in fifteen years. Many reviewers saw it as a return to form for the "Sonic" series following a number of poorly received games released after the 1990s. Its presentation, level design, music, and faithfulness to the early "Sonic" games were praised, but its lack of originality was criticized. Several described it as one of the best "Sonic" games and one of the best games of 2017. Within a year, it had sold over one million copies worldwide. "Sonic Mania Plus", an enhanced version with additional content, was released in July 2018.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" is a side-scrolling platformer similar to the early "Sonic the Hedgehog" games released for the Sega Genesis. Players select one of 3 playable characters, each with their own unique abilities: Sonic can perform a "drop dash" which sends him rolling in a dash after a jump, Tails can fly and swim, and Knuckles can glide and climb walls. As with "Sonic 2" (1992), players can play as Sonic and Tails simultaneously, or a second player can control Tails independently. Unlockable options include Sonic's abilities from "Sonic CD" (1993) and "Sonic 3 & Knuckles" (1994) in place of the drop dash and "& Knuckles" mode, which allows simultaneous control of any character and Knuckles, including himself.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" takes place over 13 levels, called zones; the game features eight "remixed" zones, such as Green Hill Zone from the first "Sonic" game (1991), alongside five original ones. Remixed stages consist of both new elements and recycled gimmicks and ideas from other past "Sonic" games. Each zone is divided into 2 acts, in which the player must guide their character past various enemies and obstacles to reach the end. At the end of each act, the player takes part in a boss battle against Doctor Eggman, also known as Dr. Robotnik, or one of his robots, including the Hard-Boiled Heavies, elite henchmen based on the EggRobo enemies from "Sonic 3 & Knuckles". The player collects golden rings, which serve as a form of health; players survive hits as long as they have at least one ring, but, if hit, their rings scatter and disappear after a short time. Television monitors containing rings, elemental shields, or power-ups such as invincibility and faster running speed are scattered throughout each level. Like "Sonic 3 & Knuckles", the story is told via short in-game cutscenes between levels.


title: Sonic Mania

text: Giant rings hidden in each act, a feature of the original games, lead to pseudo-3D special stages similar to those in "Sonic CD", where players can attempt to collect a Chaos Emerald. In special stages, players dodge obstacles and collect colored spheres to increase their speed, allowing them to pursue a UFO carrying a Chaos Emerald; collecting all seven Chaos Emeralds allows players to use their character's super transformation and unlocks the game's true ending. Players' ring counters slowly decrease during special stages and must be continually replenished; if the player runs out of rings before they catch the UFO, the special stage ends. The "Blue Sphere" special stages from "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" also return, repurposed as bonus stages that are accessed by entering a portal that appears when the player passes a checkpoint while carrying 25 or more rings. Completing bonus stages earns the player a silver or gold medal depending on their performance; collecting medals unlocks features such as a debug mode and sound test.


title: Sonic Mania

text: In a time attack mode, players must complete levels as quickly as possible, with the best times included on an online leaderboard; players can instantly reload a level to try again at any time. A split-screen competitive multiplayer mode allows two players to race to the end of a level, similar to those of "Sonic 2". Players can also unlock "Mean Bean", a 2-player minigame based on "Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine".


title: Sonic Mania

text: After the events of "Sonic 3 & Knuckles", Sonic and Tails detect a powerful energy reading on Angel Island and board their biplane, the Tornado, to investigate. However, Dr. Eggman sends an elite group of EggRobos to reach the signal before Sonic and Tails. The EggRobos excavate the source of the signal, a magical gemstone called the Phantom Ruby, just as Sonic and Tails arrive. The EggRobos gain new powers from the ruby, becoming the Hard Boiled Heavies, and send Sonic, Tails, and the island's guardian, Knuckles, through zones the trio have previously visited where they pursue Eggman to prevent him from using the ruby's power for evil, clashing with him and the Heavies along the way.


title: Sonic Mania

text: Sonic and his allies discover that Eggman has used the Phantom Ruby's power to retake control of Little Planet from "Sonic CD". They board Eggman's robotic fortress, defeat him and the Heavies, and escape just as it explodes. If all 7 Chaos Emeralds are collected while playing as Sonic, the Phantom Ruby transports him and Eggman to another dimension. There, the Heavy King (the Hard Boiled Heavies' leader) betrays Eggman and takes the ruby, imbuing himself with power; Eggman attacks the Heavy to try to reclaim it. Sonic uses the Chaos Emeralds to become Super Sonic and fights Eggman and the Heavy King separately to keep the ruby out of their possession. After the battle, the Phantom Ruby reacts with the Emeralds, negating Sonic's super state and creating a wormhole that engulfs itself and Sonic as Little Planet vanishes.


title: Sonic Mania

text: Development of "Sonic Mania" began in 2015, led by Australian programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead. Whitehead was a prominent member of the "Sonic" fangame community, and had previously been contracted by Sega to develop remastered ports of "Sonic the Hedgehog", "Sonic 2", and "Sonic CD" for mobile phones. After developing the game for a few months, Whitehead presented a prototype, which he called "Sonic Discovery", to series producer Takashi Iizuka. Iizuka was receptive, and suggested that it should include old levels from the early "Sonic" games it was inspired by, "remixed" in a way that felt new. He also gave it the working title of "Sonic Mania", which stuck after no one suggested a better one. The title referenced the development team's "maniacal" fandom for the series; Iizuka described the project as being made "by the mania, for the mania", and as a "passion product" driven by the fans' love for the early "Sonic" games.<ref name="VG24/7 preview2"></ref>


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was produced in commemoration of the series' 25th anniversary. It was developed using Whitehead's Retro Engine, a game engine tailored for creating two-dimensional games, which he also used for the enhanced ports of "Sonic the Hedgehog", "Sonic 2", and "Sonic CD". The team also included programmer Simon "Stealth" Thomley of the independent studio Headcannon, who assisted Whitehead with those projects and on various "Sonic" fangames and ROM hacks, as well as level designer Jared Kasl and art director Tom Fry of PagodaWest Games, who had previously independently collaborated on an unofficial high-definition remaster of "Sonic 2". Tantalus Media helped develop the Nintendo Switch port. Iizuka and the rest of Sonic Team provided guidance and made sure the team did not "go off the rails into something that doesn't feel like "Sonic"". Iizuka described the visuals as a cross between the graphical capabilities of the Genesis and Sega Saturn, comprising mostly pixel art with some polygonal graphics.


title: Sonic Mania

text: The developers modeled the gameplay on "Sonic 3", with boss fights at the end of each zone. For returning stages, the designers made the first act feel familiar, and introduced new elements in the second act. The team cited "Sonic CD" and "Sonic 3" as major influences on the level design for their "big, wide open" and "streamlined" designs, respectively. According to Thomley, the team typically decided what elements to include in the returning stages prior to designing them, but sometimes came up with new ideas or changed them based on how the development progressed. The first original level designed was the Hollywood-themed Studiopolis Zone. The desert-themed Mirage Saloon Zone was inspired by an unfinished level from "Sonic 2" and the Monument Valley region of the United States. The special stages were inspired by more recent games such as "Sonic Rush" (2005) and "Sonic Colors" (2010). The team felt proud of their recreation of classic "Sonic" gameplay.


title: Sonic Mania

text: The game features animated opening and ending sequences led by Tyson Hesse, one of the artists of the "Sonic" comics by Archie Comics. It also features an optional CRT graphical filter, and supports the enhanced features of both the PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X, outputting at a native 4K resolution. The soundtrack was composed by Tee Lopes of PagodaWest Games, consisting of rearranged pieces from previous "Sonic" games alongside new material. Lopes was chosen due to his popularity on YouTube for producing arrangements of various "Sonic" tracks, and for his work on the "Sonic 2 HD" project. Lopes initially wanted his score to resemble the "Sonic CD" soundtrack, trying to imagine what a sequel to it might have sounded like. As development progressed, he took inspiration from other older "Sonic" and Sega games, such as "The Revenge of Shinobi" (1989) and the "Sega Rally" games, and from 1990s popular music, such as the work of Michael Jackson. The reveal trailer theme, "Checkpoint", was composed by the electronic music groups Hyper Potions and Nitro Fun and the opening theme, "Friends", was composed by Hyper Potions.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was announced alongside "Sonic Forces" at the 25th anniversary "Sonic" event at the San Diego Comic-Con (SDCC) convention in July 2016. The game was also featured at South by Southwest (SXSW), the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and SDCC in 2017; at SDCC 2017, attendees received a promotional instruction manual for the game. The game was announced for the second quarter of 2017, but Sega announced at SXSW that it had been delayed to allow for more development.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was released digitally for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on August 15, 2017. Four days before release, Sega delayed the Windows version for another two weeks for further optimization, releasing it on August 29 as a download on Steam. As compensation, those who had pre-ordered the game received a copy of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" on Steam.


title: Sonic Mania

text: In addition to the standard release, a Sega Genesis-themed collector's edition was also released, containing a 12-inch (30 cm) Sonic statue atop a model Genesis, a game cartridge cast with a golden ring, and a metallic collector's card with a download code for the game. To promote the collector's edition, Sega released a retro-styled infomercial featuring former series art director Kazuyuki Hoshino and social media manager Aaron Webber, based on an American television commercial for "Sonic The Hedgehog 2". The music label Data Discs published a vinyl LP featuring the game's original music in late 2017. An expanded soundtrack was released on digital music distribution platforms on January 17, 2018.


title: Sonic Mania

text: An expanded version of the game, "Sonic Mania Plus", was released in North America and Europe at retail and as downloadable content for the original version on July 17, 2018, and in Japan on July 19, 2018. A version for Amazon Luna was released on October 20, 2020. It adds playable characters Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel from the 1993 arcade game "SegaSonic the Hedgehog", each with unique abilities: Mighty can slam the ground and is immune to spikes when in ball form, while Ray can glide without losing altitude. "Plus" also adds an "Encore Mode" with remixed levels and a reworked lives mechanic, a pinball bonus stage, and a four-player competition mode. Additionally, an update released alongside "Sonic Mania Plus" adds more cutscenes and a reworked Metal Sonic battle based on his appearance in "Knuckles' Chaotix" (1995). The physical version was released with a 32-page art book and a reversible cover in the style of Genesis or Mega Drive boxart covers, depending on the region. A soundtrack CD was included with the Japanese physical release.


title: Sonic Mania

text: In an interview with "Famitsu", Iizuka explained that "Sonic Mania" was not intended to have a physical release; Sega staff requested one, but a retail version would have presented a challenge for the production schedule. After the game launched, fans also expressed interest in a physical version. As a retail release would cost more than the downloadable version, the team added value with new content. Mighty and Ray were included because they were rarely featured in games; to accommodate them, level designs had to be altered. Additionally, the multiplayer mode was updated because of the increased number of selectable characters.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was announced following years of mixed reviews for the "Sonic" franchise. According to the "International Business Times," the series had been "tarnished by years of sub-par games with only the occasional gem". The "Business Times" predicted that Sega's approach of releasing "Sonic Forces" and "Sonic Mania" in the same year, catering to new and old fans, could repair the series' reputation and lead to a ""Sonic" renaissance". Several critics expressed excitement for a return to the style of the early "Sonic" games, and wrote that Sega's previous efforts to develop games in the "classic" style, such as "Sonic the Hedgehog 4" in 2010, had been disappointing.


title: Sonic Mania

text: According to the review aggregator site Metacritic, "Sonic Mania" received "generally favorable" reviews. It became the best-reviewed "Sonic" game in fifteen years, and several critics described it as one of the best 2D platform games. At launch, "Sonic Mania" was the bestselling Switch game, outselling "Minecraft" and "". It greatly increased Sega's third-quarter profits, and helped Sega almost double sales of packaged games compared to the same period in 2016. By April 2018, it had sold over one million copies worldwide across all platforms.


title: Sonic Mania

text: The presentation attracted acclaim. "USGamer" described it as the "pinnacle" of the series' pixel graphics. "GameSpot" called the animations and detail superior to the original games, writing that they added an extra layer of personality. "Cubed3" described the levels as stylish and vibrant. Critics also praised the attention to detail in recreating the early games. "Game Informer" wrote that its gameplay was "nearly indistinguishable" from its Genesis predecessors, but with "extra polish". "Easy Allies" wrote that "Mania" emulated the original games "exceptionally", and that "running, jumping, and spin dashing all work exactly as well as you would hope". "Nintendo World Report" wrote that it avoided the physics problems from "Sonic the Hedgehog 4" and recaptured the spirit of the 16-bit games.


title: Sonic Mania

text: The level design and music also received praise. "Hardcore Gamer" wrote that the remixed versions of older stages felt fresh while staying true to the originals. "Game Informer" wrote that the new stages matched the quality and captured the spirit of early "Sonic" games. "The A.V. Club" praised the detail and content in each level; "Metro" praised the fan service, and likened it to a school project "gone wild, something enthusiastic kids have made while the teacher was away and which far surpasses anything they were actually supposed to be doing". Like "IGN," "Venture Beat" appreciated the replay value, with branching paths that made multiple playthroughs "fresh". "EGM" wrote that the soundtrack was "completely fantastic" and felt nostalgic and new at the same time. "Nintendo Life" called the soundtrack "one of the best of recent times".


title: Sonic Mania

text: The game received some criticism. "Polygon" commented that frustrations with controls and enemy placement in the original "Sonic" games were present in "Sonic Mania". "VideoGamer.com" wrote that the game relied too much on nostalgia, with minimal innovation and too few original stages, but was a good proof of concept that the development team could expand upon. "Nintendo World Report" complained about the boss fights, which they felt were poorly executed and too easy. The Windows version was subject to review bombing due to its implementation of the digital rights management (DRM) software Denuvo, which some thought to be the real reason behind the two-week delay. The game could not be played offline on launch day; Sega stated this was a bug unrelated to Denuvo, and released a patch the following day.


title: Sonic Mania

text: Multiple reviewers saw it as a return to form for the "Sonic" series after a number of poorly reviewed games after the 1990s. "EGMNow" commended "Sonic Mania" as one of the "purest and most enjoyable" "Sonic" games, expressing excitement for the future of the series. "IGN" wrote that it was the "classic" throwback that fans had clamored for since the 1990s, but also recommended it for people new to the franchise. "Nintendo World Report" called it a "must-buy" for fans of the older "Sonic" games. "Waypoint" compared it favorably to "Donkey Kong Country Returns", describing it as a game that knew "what was fun" about its predecessors. "Nintendo Life" felt that "Mania" represented "a true return to form" and was a contender for the best game in the series.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania Plus" received stronger reviews, with the Nintendo Switch version receiving "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregator Metacritic. Multiple reviewers called it the definitive version thanks to its extra game mode and characters. DualShockers' Tomas Franzese praised the "Encore" mode for feeling fresh, as well as the movement options introduced with Mighty and Ray. Michael Leri of "Game Revolution", however, found the new partner system more frustrating than the traditional lives system found in classic "Sonic" games. "IGN Spain" did not recommend the update for those that own the original game, but commended the physical release and the added value for new players and hardcore fans.


title: Sonic Mania

text: "Sonic Mania" was nominated for the "Best Family Game" at The Game Awards 2017 and the "Best Kids Game" at the 2018 New York Game Awards. The theme song "Friends" was reused for the prologue of the 2020 "Sonic the Hedgehog" film.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: The 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping was the abduction of a school bus driver and 26 children, ages 5 to 14, in Chowchilla, California, United States, on July 15, 1976. The kidnappers held their captives in a box truck buried in a quarry in Livermore, California, intending to demand a ransom for their return. After about 16 hours underground, the driver and children dug themselves out and escaped, all surviving. The quarry owner's son and two of his friends were convicted of the crime, each receiving a sentence of life with the possibility of parole. By 2022, all three had been paroled.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: At around 4 p.m. PDT on Thursday, July 15, 1976, school bus driver Frank Edward "Ed" Ray was driving 26 students of Dairyland Elementary School home from a summer class trip to the Chowchilla fairgrounds swimming pool when a van blocked the road ahead of the bus. Ray stopped the bus and was confronted by three armed men with nylon stockings covering their faces. One of the men held a gun to Ray while another drove the bus; the third man followed in the van.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: The kidnappers hid the bus in the Berenda Slough, a shallow branch of the Chowchilla River, where a second van had been parked. Both vans' back windows were painted black; their interiors were reinforced with paneling. Ray and the children were forced into the two vans at gunpoint and then driven around for 11 hours before being taken to a quarry () in Livermore. There, in the early morning of July 16, the kidnappers forced the victims to climb down a ladder into a buried moving truck that they had stocked with a small amount of food and water and some mattresses.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: Ray and the older children later stacked the mattresses so that some of them could reach the opening at the top of the truck, which had been covered with a heavy sheet of metal and weighed down with two industrial batteries. After hours of effort, Ray and the oldest boy, 14-year-old Michael Marshall, wedged the lid open with a piece of wood and moved the batteries; they then dug away the remainder of the debris blocking the entrance. Sixteen hours after they had entered the truck, the group emerged and walked to the quarry's guard shack, near Shadow Cliffs Regional Park.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: The quarry owner's son, 24-year-old Frederick Newhall Woods IV, quickly came under suspicion as one of the people who had keys to the quarry and enough access to have buried the moving truck there. He and two of his friends, brothers James and Richard Schoenfeld (aged 24 and 22 respectively), had previously been convicted of motor vehicle theft, for which they had been sentenced to probation. A warrant was executed on the estate of Woods' father, and there police recovered one of the guns used in the kidnapping as well as a draft of a ransom note, but the three men had fled. Woods was caught two weeks after the kidnapping in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. James Schoenfeld had been captured earlier the same day in Menlo Park, California, while Richard Schoenfeld had voluntarily turned himself in to authorities eight days after the kidnapping.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: The kidnappers had been unable to call in their intended ransom demand of $5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) because telephone lines to the Chowchilla Police Department were tied up by media calls and families searching for their children. They went to sleep at some point on July 16 and woke late that night to television news reports informing them that the victims had freed themselves and were safe.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: James Schoenfeld later stated that despite coming from wealthy families, both he and Woods were deeply in debt: "We needed multiple victims to get multiple millions, and we picked children because children are precious. The state would be willing to pay ransom for them. And they don't fight back. They're vulnerable. They will mind."


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: All three perpetrators pleaded guilty to kidnapping for ransom and robbery, but they refused to plead guilty to infliction of bodily harm, as a conviction on that count in conjunction with the kidnapping charge carried a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. They were tried on the bodily harm charge, found guilty and given the mandatory sentence, but their convictions were overturned by an appellate court which found that physical injuries sustained by the children (mostly cuts and bruises) did not meet the standard for bodily harm under the law. They were re-sentenced to life with the possibility of parole. Richard Schoenfeld was released in 2012, and James Schoenfeld was paroled on August 7, 2015.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: In October 2019, Woods was denied parole for the 19th time. Over the years, reasons given for the denials have included his continued minimization of his crime as well as disciplinary infractions for possession of contraband pornography and cellphones.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: In 2016, a worker's compensation lawsuit filed against Woods also revealed that he had been running several businesses, including a gold mine and a car dealership, from behind bars without notifying prison authorities as required. The heir to two wealthy California families, the Newhalls and the Woodses, he inherited a trust fund from his parents that was described in one court filing as being worth $100 million (equivalent to $ million in ), although Woods' lawyer disputed that amount. He has married three times while in prison and has purchased a mansion about 30 minutes away from the prison.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: In March 2022, a panel of two commissioners recommended Woods for parole. The recommendation required the approval of the full parole board, the board's legal division, and California's governor. California Governor Gavin Newsom asked the parole board to reconsider its decision but the decision was affirmed. On August 17, 2022, it was reported that Woods' parole had been granted and he was to be released from prison.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: Frank Edward "Ed" Ray (February 26, 1921 – May 17, 2012) received a California School Employees Association citation for outstanding community service. Before he died in 2012, he was visited by many of the schoolchildren he had helped save. In 2015, the Sports & Leisure Park in Chowchilla was renamed the Edward Ray Park, and every February 26 was declared "Edward Ray Day" in Chowchilla.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: A study found that the kidnapped children suffered from panic attacks, nightmares involving kidnappings and death, and personality changes. Many developed fears of such things as "cars, the dark, the wind, the kitchen, mice, dogs and hippies", and one shot a Japanese tourist with a BB gun when the tourist's car broke down in front of his home. Many of the children continued to report symptoms of trauma at least 25 years after the kidnapping, including substance abuse and depression, and a number have been imprisoned for "doing something controlling to somebody else." What was learned from the after-effects suffered by the kidnapped children has guided the treatment of young victims of trauma since the kidnapping.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: In 2016, the 25 surviving kidnapped children settled a lawsuit they had filed against their kidnappers. The money they received was paid out of Frederick Woods' trust fund, and although the exact settlement amount was not disclosed, one survivor stated that they had each received "enough to pay for some serious therapy — but not enough for a house."


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: A two-hour made-for-television movie about the event aired on the ABC Network on March 1, 1993 titled, "They've Taken Our Children: The Chowchilla Kidnapping". It starred Karl Malden as bus driver Ed Ray, and Julie Harris as his wife.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: The Chowchilla kidnappings were featured on episode 7 of season 2 of the program "House of Horrors: Kidnapped," which airs on the American cable network Investigation Discovery. The episode, "Buried Alive", first aired on April 21, 2015, and was told from the point of view of Michael Marshall, who at age 14 was the oldest of the children on the bus.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: Also in 2015, an episode of "Inside Edition" reunited some of the kidnapped women to tell their stories of the kidnappings. The bus from the kidnappings, which is now stored in a Chowchilla farm warehouse, was also seen in the episode.


title: 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping

text: In 2019, the television news magazine "48 Hours" investigated the story in the episode "Live to Tell: The Chowchilla Kidnapping".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On January 12, 2018, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that in October 2016, just before the 2016 United States presidential election, Michael Cohen, lawyer for then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, arranged a payment of $130,000 to adult film actress Stormy Daniels to stop her disclosing an affair they allegedly had in 2006. Daniels had signed a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). At first, Cohen denied Trump had the alleged affair and sought to suppress the allegation based on the NDA, but a month later publicly acknowledged making the payment.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Besides the allegations of the affair itself, the acknowledged payment raised legal and ethical questions as to whether the payment violated federal campaign finance laws, either because the payment was not duly disclosed as a campaign contribution or because campaign funds may have been used towards the payment. On February 13, Cohen said he paid the money out of his own pocket, not as a campaign contribution; and that neither The Trump Organization nor the Trump campaign reimbursed him for making it. On April 5, Trump said he had no knowledge of Cohen's payment; but on April 26 admitted for the first time that Cohen represented him in "the Stormy Daniels deal". On May 2, Trump's new lawyer Rudy Giuliani said that Trump had reimbursed Cohen for the payment.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: In August 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to eight criminal charges, including a campaign finance violation for Daniels' payment. He stated under oath that he paid her "in coordination with and at the direction of a candidate for federal office". Cohen was sentenced to three years in federal prison on various charges, and was disbarred.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Daniels filed three lawsuits against Trump and/or Cohen. In the first lawsuit she argued that the NDA was invalid. She won the lawsuit, though it was dismissed after Trump and Cohen agreed not to enforce the NDA. A California court subsequently ordered Trump pay $44,100 to reimburse her legal fees. She lost the second lawsuit, in which she argued she was defamed, and was ordered to pay almost $300,000 in legal fees and court sanctions. In the third lawsuit she claimed that Cohen colluded with her previous attorney Keith Davidson against her interests when he negotiated the payment. The lawsuit did not name Trump as a defendant, and settled in May 2019.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Trump's accounting firm, Mazars, provided his tax returns and related documents to the Manhattan District Attorney, Cyrus Vance Jr., following the outcome of the Supreme Court's "Trump v. Vance" ruling in February 2021. The potential liability of Trump and other potential charges against Cohen arising from the payments to Daniels had yet to be determined and resolved. Although an internal report said there was "reason to believe" Trump's campaign had knowingly violated campaign finance law, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) abandoned an inquiry into the payment to Daniels. The FEC's vote on May 6, 2021, split 2–2 along party lines.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Both the blog "The Dirty" and the magazine "Life & Style" published the first reports of an alleged 2006 affair between Trump and Daniels (the latter took a polygraph test) in October of 2011. Daniels talked about the alleged affair with the gossip magazine "In Touch Weekly", who chose not to publish the interview after Cohen threatened to sue the magazine around the same time. "The Wall Street Journal" reported on January 12, 2018, that Cohen paid Daniels $130,000 in October 2016, a month before the election, to stop her discussing the alleged affair.<ref name="Rothfeld_Palazzolo_1/12/2018"></ref><ref name="Prokop_1/12/2018"></ref>


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Cohen denied the existence of the affair on behalf of his client Donald Trump on January 14<ref name="Stern_Snow_1/12/2018"></ref> but acknowledged on February 13 that he paid Daniels $130,000.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Daniels filed a lawsuit against Trump on March 6, 2018, claiming that the non-disclosure agreement she signed about the alleged affair was invalid since Trump never personally signed it despite acknowledging that she accepted the payment made in exchange for her silence in the matter. It also alleged that Trump's attorney tried to intimidate Daniels and "scare her into not talking". Cohen initiated an ex parte arbitration process the next day that resulted in an order barring Daniels from disclosing "confidential information" related to the non-disclosure agreement. The order that Daniels' lawyers called "bogus" was to remain confidential.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: In an interview with "60 Minutes" that aired March 25, 2018, Daniels said that she and Trump had sex once. She also said that she was threatened in front of her infant daughter after a fitness class in Las Vegas in 2011. The threat pressured her to later sign a non-disclosure agreement.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: FBI agents raided Cohen's office and seized emails, tax documents, and business records relating to several matters, including the payment to Daniels, on April 9, 2018.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Daniels' lawyer said that the $130,000 payment to her was a cover-up, while others also raised questions about whether the payment violated federal campaign finance laws, which may be the case if campaign funds were involved. "The Wall Street Journal" reported on January 12, 2018, that Daniels was paid $130,000 after a non-disclosure agreement via a Delaware limited liability company called Essential Consultants LLC that Cohen created for the purpose. The political watchdog group Common Cause filed a complaint on January 22, calling on the Federal Election Commission and U.S. Department of Justice to investigate if the reported payout violated campaign finance rules, saying the alleged payment amounted to an in-kind donation to Trump's presidential campaign that should have been publicly disclosed in its official reports.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Cohen responded to "The New York Times" on February 13 that he paid Daniels the $130,000 from his own pocket, not as a campaign contribution, and that neither the Trump Organization nor the Trump campaign reimbursed him for making it. "The Washington Post" later noted that Cohen never ruled out the possibility that Trump reimbursed Cohen for the payment stating that he used his own money to "facilitate" it. Cohen said on March 13 that he transferred funds from his home equity line of credit to Essential Consultants LLC and from the company to Daniels' attorney.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On April 5, 2018, Trump claimed that he had no knowledge of Cohen's payment to Daniels but admitted that Cohen represented him in "the Stormy Daniels deal" for the first time on April 26. Trump's new lawyer Rudy Giuliani said on May 2 that Trump reimbursed Cohen for the payment, stating Trump "didn't know about the specifics of it but he did know about the general arrangement, that Michael [Cohen] would take care of things like this". Trump tweeted the next day that Cohen entered into the non-disclosure agreement and stated that Cohen was reimbursed for the $130,000 through monthly $35,000 retainer payments to him tweeting "Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no in this transaction". Trump contradicted Giuliani's statements on May 4, saying that Giuliani "wasn't familiar with everything" and that, "He started yesterday. He'll get his facts straight." Giuliani later released a statement saying "the payment was made to resolve a personal and false allegation in order to protect the President's family".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Cohen pleaded guilty to eight charges on August 21, 2018, including a campaign finance violation, for his role in the payment. He implicated Trump, saying that he acted "in coordination and at the direction of a candidate for federal office". Trump said that he only knew about the payments "later on", adding that the payments "didn't come out of the campaign, they came from me". "The New York Times" reported on August 22 that Cohen's court documents revealed that two senior Trump Organization executives also involved in the hush money payments. It also said that Cohen "coordinated with one or more members of the campaign, including through meetings and phone calls" about the payments.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: The Common Cause filed complaints with the Department of Justice and the Federal Election Commission claiming that the $130,000 payment to Daniels was a campaign contribution and that Trump's campaign violated campaign finance laws by not disclosing the payment to the Federal Election Commission. If the payment was made by Cohen, there is also a question whether it is an illegal or undisclosed in-kind contribution to the Trump campaign. However, several members of Trump's legal team deny the payment related to the campaign, instead claiming that it was a personal payment, to save Trump's marriage. Questions have also been raised about how the payment was categorized for tax purposes, and if there is a possibility of tax-based charges or fees relating to the payment.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Daniels filed a civil suit in an attempt to nullify the non-disclosure agreement between Trump and her on March 6, 2018. The hearing set for July; but U.S. district judge S. James Otero pushed it back, citing the possible indictment of Cohen in the ongoing criminal probe by federal prosecutors.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Cohen also faces discipline from the State Bar of New York under the New York Rules of Professional Conduct that prohibits lawyers making loans to clients.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: A well established principle of contract law is the offer and acceptance of "consideration" or something of value, in exchange for a promise to do something (or not do something, as in the case of a non-disclosure agreement]. Legal experts argue that the $130,000 payment being accepted by one party is valid consideration and enforceable regardless of the unsigned state of the Daniels non-disclosure agreement, but other elements in the Daniels agreement make predicting the outcome difficult. Issues like the use of pseudonyms and the disclosure exception for law enforcement investigations may favor Daniels' position.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Cohen pleaded guilty to eight charges on August 21, 2018, including tax fraud, bank fraud, and campaign finance violations, for his role in the payment, and implicated Trump, who in response said that he only knew about the payments "later on".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: "The Wall Street Journal" reported on November 9, 2018, that federal prosecutors have evidence of Trump's "central role" in payments to both Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal that violated campaign-finance laws.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: Federal prosecutors implicated Trump in directing Cohen to commit the campaign finance law felonies that Cohen pleaded guilty in a sentencing memorandum for Cohen on December 7, 2018. Trump tweeted shortly after the memorandum court filing, "Totally clears the president. Thank you!" Cohen was sentenced to three years in federal prison.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: NBC News reported on December 13, 2018, that Trump was present in an August 2015 meeting with Cohen and David Pecker when they discussed how American Media could help counter negative stories about Trump's relationships with women, confirming previous reporting by "The Wall Street Journal".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York investigated the possible role of Trump and others regarding concealment of hush money payments, but indicated in a sealed court filing that it is unlikely to bring additional charges. On July 17, 2019, U.S. district judge William H. Pauley III, finding the investigation to be over, ordered that filing and materials related to the probe be unsealed on July 18, 2019.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On January 12, 2018, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Michael Cohen paid Daniels $130,000 in October 2016, a month before the presidential election, to stop her discussing an affair she allegedly had with Trump in 2006. On January 14, Cohen denied the existence of an affair on behalf of his client, Trump, but acknowledged that he had paid Daniels $130,000. He also said that the payment was out of his own money. In its initial report, it was reported that the payment came via Essential Consultants LLC, a private company founded by Cohen in Delaware on October 17, 2016, which received £500,000 from Columbus Nova, an affiliate of Viktor Vekselberg's Renova Group. Daniels was reportedly in talks to tell her account to both "Good Morning America" and "Slate" at the time.<ref name="Twohey_Rutenberg_1/12/2018"></ref> "The Daily Beast" also discussed with Daniels "after three sources—including fellow porn star Alana Evans—told the website that both Daniels and Trump were involved. Daniels ultimately backed out on November3, just five days before the 2016 election."<ref name="AP_1/13/2018"></ref>


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On January 16, CNN reported that Fox News reporter Diana Falzone wrote an article about Daniels and Trump in October 2016, that Fox News never published. It included Daniels' then-manager Gina Rodriguez alleging on-the-record about a sexual relationship between them. CNN also reported that "Falzone had even seen emails about a settlement" between Daniels and Trump. "In Touch Weekly" published excerpts of a 2011 interview of Daniels alleging a 2006 extramarital affair with Trump the next day. The magazine described her account as being supported by a polygraph and corroborated by both her friend Randy Spears and her ex-husband Mike Moz. Although Cohen alleged that claims made in that interview were untrue and previously published in "Life & Style" magazine on October 24, 2011, "The Daily Beast" described the interviews as "hardly identical". Although Daniels declined to comment to "Life & Style", the "In Touch Weekly" interview had direct quotes from Daniels.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On January 18, "Mother Jones" reported that Daniels considered running to become the senator for Louisiana in 2009, identified Trump as a potential campaign donor to a political consultant, and described details of a sexual relationship with Trump. That consultant discussed Daniels' revelations to another consultant in emails that "Mother Jones" obtained and published.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On February 13, Cohen publicly acknowledged paying Daniels $130,000 and said the payment was made with his own funds. He also said that neither The Trump Organization nor the campaign reimbursed him. Daniels' attorneys notified Cohen that by disclosing the payment Cohen was in breach of the NDA agreement, and so Daniels was no longer bound to it.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 5, "The Wall Street Journal" cited anonymous sources recounting Cohen as saying he missed two deadlines to pay Daniels since Cohen "couldn't reach Mr. Trump in the hectic final days of the presidential campaign" and that he complained that he had not been reimbursed for the payment after Trump's election. Cohen described this report as "fake news".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 6, Daniels filed a lawsuit against Trump in California Superior Court, claiming that the non-disclosure agreement never came into effect since Trump never signed it among other things. A complaint for declaratory relief, the suit seeks a judgment declaring that no agreement formed and for costs of the suit and other relief the Court deemed proper. The Court set a July hearing date.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 7, NBC News reported that Cohen initiated an "ex parte" private arbitration case against Daniels on February 27, 2018, and obtained a restraining order barring Daniels from disclosing "confidential information" related to the NDA agreement and stated that Daniels faces penalties for discussing her alleged relationship with Trump in public. Daniels' lawyers called the order bogus and was to remain confidential. White House press secretary Sarah Sanders said that President Trump's personal attorneys won an arbitration case "in the President's favor" against Daniels, and "there was no knowledge of any payments [to Daniels] from the President".


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 14, documents surfaced indicating that Jill Martin, assistant general counsel for The Trump Organization, signed legal papers in connection with the restraining order against Daniels.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 16, Daniels' lawyer, Michael Avenatti, said on both CNN and MSNBC that Daniels had been threatened with physical harm if she was not silent about the alleged affair with Trump. Avenatti did not state when the threat was made, or who made it.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 16, Cohen asked for Daniels' suit to move from the state to federal court, based on the criteria that the parties live in different places and the amount at stake is more than $75,000 with Trump's approval. Cohen asserted that Daniels could owe up to $20 million in liquidated damages for breaching the agreement. The filing marked the first time that Trump himself, through his personal attorney, took part in the Daniels litigation.


title: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

text: On March 25, Daniels' involvement with Trump was the subject of a segment on the U.S. television news program "60 Minutes". The segment included interviews by Anderson Cooper with Daniels, her attorney Avenatti, and Trevor Potter, the former chairman of the Federal Election Commission. Daniels said in her interview that she briefly spanked Trump with a copy of a "Forbes" magazine; had sex with Trump in the same encounter; later met Trump privately but not had sex on that occasion; and signed multiple false statements that the affair was not under pressure from her former business manager–lawyer. She also said that, while she was getting her infant daughter out of their vehicle in a Las Vegas parking lot, an unknown man showed up at the vehicle car and said "Leave Trump alone. Forget the story. That's a beautiful little girl. It'd be a shame if something happened to her mom".


title: Lou Williams

text: Louis Tyrone Williams (born October 27, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted directly out of high school by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 45th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft. He is a 3-time NBA Sixth Man of the Year. As of March 2019, he is the NBA's career leader in points off the bench, and has played the most career games off the bench, surpassing Dell Curry's record in February 2022.


title: Lou Williams

text: Williams spent seven seasons with Philadelphia before signing with the Atlanta Hawks in 2012, playing two seasons there before being traded to the Toronto Raptors in the 2014 offseason. He spent a season with the Raptors and then signed with the Los Angeles Lakers from 2015 until the middle of the 2016–17 NBA season, when he was traded to the Houston Rockets. After finishing the season with the Rockets, he was then traded in the 2017 offseason to the Los Angeles Clippers. Williams was dealt back to the Hawks in 2021.


title: Lou Williams

text: Williams was born in Memphis, Tennessee and moved to Atlanta at age 11. Williams played at Snellville's South Gwinnett High School under Roger Fleetwood, where he was a four-time All-State selection and was named Georgia's "Mr. Basketball" as a junior and senior. As a junior, Williams led South Gwinnett to the 5A Georgia State Championship. At the end of his senior year, Williams was named the Naismith Prep Player of the Year and a McDonald's All-American as well as a first-team "Parade" All-American. Lou Williams also participated in the Nike Hoop Summit and Jordan Brand Classic.


title: Lou Williams

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Williams was listed as the No. 3 shooting guard and the No. 7 player in the nation in 2005.


title: Lou Williams

text: Williams, and high school teammate Mike Mercer, committed to play at the University of Georgia, for then-coach Dennis Felton, but Williams ended up declaring for the 2005 NBA draft instead. Williams finished his career as the second all-time leading scorer in Georgia high school basketball history.


title: Lou Williams

text: After disappointing workout performances, Williams fell to the second round of the draft and was eventually picked 45th overall by the Philadelphia 76ers. Williams played sparingly as a rookie, averaging 1.9 points and .3 assists over 30 games.


title: Lou Williams

text: The next season, Williams was sent to play for the Fort Worth Flyers of the NBA Development League on November 28, 2006. After a good showing in the D-League, and trade rumors surrounding 76ers' starting point guard Allen Iverson, Williams was recalled back to the 76ers' roster on December 5.


title: Lou Williams

text: During the 2007–08 season, Williams averaged 11.3 ppg, 3.2 apg and 2.0 rpg. At the end of that season, Williams became a restricted free agent and signed a five-year deal worth $25 million to remain with Philadelphia.


title: Lou Williams

text: In game 4 of the first round of the 2011 Eastern Conference Playoffs, Williams hit a go-ahead three-pointer to give the 76ers a win against the Miami Heat, 86–82. However, the Sixers ended up losing the series in five games.


title: Lou Williams

text: For the 2011–12 season, Williams led the 76ers in scoring with 14.9 points per game, despite not starting a single game. He was the runner-up finisher for the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award.


title: Lou Williams

text: On July 12, 2012, Williams signed with the Atlanta Hawks. On January 18, 2013, against the Brooklyn Nets, Williams landed awkwardly on his right knee and had to leave the game on a wheelchair. It was later revealed that he tore his ACL and would miss the rest of the season.


title: Lou Williams

text: Williams missed the first few games of the 2013–14 season while recovering from his knee injury. He made his debut on November 20, 2013, scoring 6 points off the bench. On December 14, 2013, Williams scored a season high of 27 points. He finished the season with averages of 10.4 points, 3.5 assists, and 2.1 rebounds.


title: Lou Williams

text: On June 30, 2014, Williams was traded, along with the draft rights to Lucas Nogueira, to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for John Salmons and a 2015 second round pick. On November 22, 2014, he scored a then career-high 36 points in the Raptors' 110-93 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On April 20, 2015, Williams was named the 2015 NBA Sixth Man of the Year, becoming the first member of the Toronto Raptors to ever win the award.


title: Lou Williams

text: On July 9, 2015, Williams signed a three-year, $21 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers. He made his debut for the Lakers in the season opener against the Minnesota Timberwolves on October 28, 2015, scoring 21 points off the bench in a 112–111 loss. On January 3, 2016, he scored a then season-high 30 points in a 97–77 win over the Phoenix Suns. Five days later, he scored 23 of his then career-high 44 points in the fourth quarter of the Lakers' 117–113 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: Lou Williams

text: On December 3, 2016, Williams scored a season-high 40 points off the bench in a 103–100 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. Williams's 40 points were the most ever scored by an opponent's reserve against Memphis, and he became the first player to score 40 off the bench since Jordan Crawford in April 2014. Two days later, he had 38 points, six rebounds and seven assists in a 107–101 loss to the Utah Jazz, putting together the first back-to-back 30-point games of his 12-year NBA career. He also became the first Lakers player to score at least 38 points in successive games since Kobe Bryant in March 2013. Over four games between December 3 and 9, Williams scored 137 points—the biggest four-game scoring performance by a reserve since the NBA began keeping track of starts in 1970.


title: Lou Williams

text: On February 23, 2017, Williams was traded to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Corey Brewer and a 2017 first-round draft pick. He made his debut for the Rockets that night, scoring 27 points with seven three-pointers off the bench in a 129–99 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On March 15, 2017, he scored 30 points in a 139–100 win over the Lakers.


title: Lou Williams

text: On June 28, 2017, the Los Angeles Clippers acquired Williams, Patrick Beverley, Sam Dekker, Montrezl Harrell, Darrun Hilliard, DeAndre Liggins, Kyle Wiltjer, and a 2018 first-round pick from the Houston Rockets in exchange for Chris Paul. On November 27, 2017, Williams scored a season-high 42 points in a 120–115 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 9, 2017, he hit a go-ahead pull-up 3-pointer with 1.2 seconds remaining, lifting the Clippers to a 113–112 victory over the Washington Wizards. He finished with 35 points to lead a dominant bench effort for the Clippers. On December 31, 2017, he scored 40 points off the bench in a 106–98 win over the Charlotte Hornets. Williams was subsequently named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, December 25 through Sunday, December 31. On January 10, 2018, he scored 27 of his career-high 50 points in the third quarter of the Clippers' 125–106 win over the Golden State Warriors. He shot 16 for 27 with a career-best eight 3-pointers and made all 10 of his free throws. It was the highest scoring effort by any Clipper in a single game since Charles Smith tied a franchise record with 52 points in December 1990. Williams was subsequently named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, January 8 through Sunday, January 14. On January 20, 2018, he recorded 31 points, a franchise-record 10 steals, and seven assists in a 125–113 loss to the Utah Jazz. He became the first player in league history to reach 30 points, 10 steals, and seven assists in a game since steals became a recorded stat. On January 26, 2018, he had 40 points and matched his season high with 10 assists in the Clippers' 109–100 victory over the Memphis Grizzlies. On February 7, 2018, he signed a multi-year contract extension with the Clippers. On February 23, 2018, he had 35 points in 33 minutes, including a 23-point second quarter, in a 128–117 win over the Phoenix Suns. Williams averaged career highs in points (22.6), assists (5.3), and minutes (32.8) during the 2017–18 season. His bench scoring led the NBA in his 13th season. He was subsequently named NBA Sixth Man of the Year for the second time in his career.


title: Lou Williams

text: On November 2, 2018, Williams scored 23 of his game-high 28 points in the second half of the Clippers' 120–95 win over the Orlando Magic. The Clippers started the season with a 17–9 record before Williams suffered a right hamstring injury. In the four games he missed, the Clippers endured a four-game losing streak. In his return to action on December 20, Williams scored 13 of his 26 points in the fourth quarter of the Clippers' 125–121 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On December 28, he had a season-high 36 points in a 118–107 win over the Lakers. On January 25, 2019, he recorded his first career triple-double with 31 points, 10 assists and 10 rebounds in a 106–101 win over the Chicago Bulls, joining Detlef Schrempf (in 1993) as the only other player in NBA history with a 30-point triple double off the bench. Williams' first triple-double occurred in his 904th career game—only Zach Randolph at 974 games logged his first later in his career. On February 2, he scored 39 points and helped the Clippers rally from a 25-point deficit to beat the Detroit Pistons 111–101. On February 11, he scored a season-high 45 points off the bench in a 130–120 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. On February 13, he recorded 30 points and 10 assists in 22 minutes in a 134–107 win over the Suns, becoming the first player in NBA history with at least 30 points and 10 assists in fewer than 23 minutes. On March 8, he scored 40 points in a 118–110 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder, thus passing Jamal Crawford for second in NBA career points off the bench. It was also the 28th game of his career with 30 or more off the bench, breaking Ricky Pierce's record of 27. On March 11, he became the NBA's career leader in points off the bench with 34 points in a 140–115 win over the Boston Celtics, thus surpassing Dell Curry (11,147). On March 17, he scored 25 points and hit a 28-foot 3-pointer from the top of the key at the buzzer to give the Clippers a 119–116 victory over the Brooklyn Nets.


title: Lou Williams

text: On April 15, 2019, Williams had 36 points and 11 assists to help the Clippers overcome a 31-point deficit—the biggest comeback in NBA playoff history—and tie the first-round series at 1–1 against the Warriors with a 135–131 win. He became only the second bench player in NBA history with a 30-point, 10-assist performance in the playoffs. In Game 5 of the series, he had 33 points and 10 assists in a 129–121 win. The Clippers went on to lose Game 6 to bow out of the playoffs. At the NBA's end-of-season awards night, Williams was named the NBA's Sixth Man of the Year, joining Jamal Crawford as the only three-time winners of the award.


title: Lou Williams

text: After violating the rules of the NBA Bubble, Williams was required to sit out the first two seeding games of the 2019–20 season to fulfill his quarantine requirements. In the 2020 NBA playoffs, he struggled throughout the postseason, having averages of 12.8 points and 4.2 assists as the Clippers fell in seven games against the Denver Nuggets while surrendering a 3–1 lead in the Western Conference semi-finals.


title: Lou Williams

text: On February 14, 2021, Williams logged 30 points and 10 assists, both season-highs, in a 128–111 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Lou Williams

text: On March 25, 2021, Williams, two second-round draft picks, and cash considerations were traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Rajon Rondo. With his hometown team, Williams reached the Conference Finals for the first time in his career and played a career high 18 playoff games with his Atlanta Hawks. On August 6, 2021, he re-signed with the Hawks.


title: Lou Williams

text: Williams is the son of the late Willie Louis Williams and Janice Faulkner. He has two brothers, Taurus Stinnett and Willie Louis Williams II, and one sister, Shaun Haynes. Williams has three children. He is a close friend of Bow Wow and was seen socializing with him at his house on an episode of "MTV Cribs".


title: Lou Williams

text: He runs an annual summer camp at South Gwinnett High School, his alma mater, for children ages 10–16. "This camp means a lot to me because I can give back to a community that has done so much for me", Williams said.


title: Lou Williams

text: In December 2011, Williams claimed his NBA recognition saved him from an armed robbery attempt in the Philadelphia neighborhood of Manayunk. A gunman allegedly tried to rob Williams but stopped and said he was a fan of the player. After Williams and the gunman reached an understanding, Williams bought him food from McDonald's.


title: Lou Williams

text: In 2014, it was revealed that Williams was dating both Ashley Henderson and Rece Mitchell at the same time. As of 2018, his relationship with Henderson had ended.


title: Lou Williams

text: He is the subject of a song by Canadian rapper Drake called "6 Man" on Drake's mixtape "If You're Reading This It's Too Late". Drake referenced Williams' role as a sixth man for the Raptors, as well as his alleged two girlfriends. The song was released on February 12, 2015, the same season Williams won the Sixth Man of the Year Award. The song was played during Williams' trophy presentation during the Raptors playoff game against the Washington Wizards, and he is featured in the song's music video: a promotion for OVO's Raptors themed Spring 2015 Apparel.


title: Lou Williams

text: In July 2020, while on an excused absence from the Orlando NBA quarantine bubble, Williams attended a funeral viewing for Paul G. Williams, the father of a family friend. After the viewing, Williams went to the Magic City gentlemen's club for dinner. The controversy caused NBA investigators to question Williams and assess the length of his re-quarantining process.


title: Dhadak

text: Dhadak () is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language romance film written and directed by Shashank Khaitan and jointly produced by Karan Johar, Hiroo Yash Johar and Apoorva Mehta under the Dharma Productions banner with Zee Studios as a sponsor producer. A remake of the 2016 Marathi language film "Sairat" by Nagraj Manjule, also produced by Zee Studios, the film stars Ishaan Khatter and debutant Janhvi Kapoor, with Ashutosh Rana, Ankit Bisht, Shridhar Watsar, Kshitij Kumar and Aishwarya Narkar in supporting roles.