title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: The music video for "Blue Monday" also appeared on several music television stations, and the song was also released on vinyl.


title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: The song appeared on modern rock radio stations, and was a hit on MTV; it appeared on MTV's alternative music program "120 minutes" and "TRL", in which it debuted at number eight on 22 February 1999. The song was perceived as the band's gateway to success, allowing them to tour in Ozzfest. and in the Family Values Tour and led to the rerelease of the song "Stitches". The song appeared in "Spin" magazine's "Hits of the Year" for 1999. "Blue Monday" is also said to have helped pave the way for the cyberpunk trend, as best exemplified in the popularity of the 1999 science fiction film "The Matrix", which appeared soon afterwards. In an interview of Joel Gallen in "Los Angeles" magazine, the music supervisors were discussing the use of Orgy's "Blue Monday" for a football scene in "Not Another Teen Movie" (2001), among others. Stating that the song "had energy", they eventually selected it for the movie, and it appeared in the soundtrack as well.


title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: "Blue Monday" charted internationally, some of which included "CMJ's" "Commercial Alternative Cuts" and "Billboard's" Alternative, Pop, and Dance song charts as well as others. It also appeared in "Time" and "Newsweek" in 2000 as featured song clips.


title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: Orgy's "Blue Monday" has been called the "aggro-fied-for-the-1990s" version of New Order's song, and it is considered to be part of a resurgence of new wave covers in gloomcore, along with Dope's cover of Dead or Alive's "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)". Many critics attribute the success of the album "Candyass" to "Blue Monday", and some anticipated that Orgy would become a one-hit wonder, believing that it would be difficult for the band to follow up with another hit song. Many believed it to be their best song. Porter W. Richards of "Sputnik" felt that even though many of the songs off of "Candyass" sounded similar, "Blue Monday" was a great song that should not be overlooked. While the New Order song is viewed positively by the author of the comic book series "Blue Monday", Chynna Clugston, in an interview she expresses dislike for the misconception that she borrowed the title for her book from Orgy's cover version rather than the original.


title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: In a January 2000 "Spin" interview, Buckcherry's vocalist Josh Todd and guitarist Keith Nelson did not speak highly of the song, likening its sound to a Nine Inch Nails rip-off and calling the sound "mechanical".


title: Blue Monday (New Order song)

text: Flunk covered the song and released it as a single in 2002. In this version, Flunk slows down "Blue Monday", making it a popular hit for Flunk, based in part on the song's wide recognition. The lyrics become the focus for this version rather than the danceable beat (which was emphasized in the original version). The single received generally positive reviews by electronic music critics, but Mallory O'Donnell of "Stylus Magazine" commented that Flunk "only showed the paucity of melody" of the original New Order song. The song was subsequently remixed, with at least 7 remixes along with the original version available. The original release was on the 2002 EP titled "Blue Monday".


title: TD Garden

text: TD Garden is a multi-purpose arena in Boston, Massachusetts. It is named after its sponsor, TD Bank, a subsidiary of the Toronto-Dominion Bank of Toronto, Ontario. It opened in 1995 as a replacement for the original Boston Garden and has been known as FleetCenter, and TD Banknorth Garden. The arena is located directly above the MBTA's North Station. It is the most visited sports and entertainment arena in New England, as nearly 3.5 million people visit the arena each year.


title: TD Garden

text: TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. It is owned by food service and hospitality conglomerate Delaware North, whose CEO, Jeremy Jacobs, also owns the Bruins. It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament, and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships. The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including various rounds of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, and the 2014 United States Figure Skating Championships. In addition, TD Garden has hosted the 2021 Laver Cup, an international men’s tennis tournament.


title: TD Garden

text: Besides sporting events, the TD Garden has also served as a concert venue for numerous nationally touring acts in music and comedy.


title: TD Garden

text: As early as the late 1970s, the Bruins were looking for a new arena. The Boston Garden was approaching 50 years old at the time. The Jacobs family, who had bought the Bruins in 1975, was looking to build a 17,000-seat arena in suburban Boston after negotiations fell through with the city of Boston. The team nearly moved to Salem, New Hampshire around where the Mall at Rockingham Park is today. That fell through and the Bruins continued to play at Boston Garden. The Celtics, also looking for a new arena, considered moving to Revere.


title: TD Garden

text: In 1985, Boston Garden owner Delaware North was awarded the rights to construct a new arena by the Boston Redevelopment Authority and Mayor Raymond Flynn. However, poor economic conditions delayed the project.


title: TD Garden

text: On May 8, 1992, Delaware North announced that it had secured funding for a new arena in the form of $120 million worth of loans evenly split between Bank of Boston, Fleet Bank of Massachusetts and Shawmut National Corporation. That December, a bill approving construction of the new arena was killed in the Massachusetts Senate by Senate President William M. Bulger. Legislative leaders and Delaware North attempted to reach an agreement on plans for the new arena, but in February 1993 Bruins owner Jeremy Jacobs announced that he was backing out of the project as a result of the legislature's demand that his company pay $3.5 million in "linkage payments". Massachusetts governor Bill Weld lent strong support to a "Chapter 15" piece of legislation that included a "Section 7" that explicitly required Delaware North to "administer, produce, promote and sponsor no less than three charitable events per year at the New Boston Garden" and pay the proceeds from such events to the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), today known as the state's Department of Conservation and Recreation. Two weeks later, after a new series of negotiations, the two sides finally came to an agreement, and on February 26 the legislature passed a bill that allowed for construction of a new sports arena.


title: TD Garden

text: Construction began on April 29, 1993. Though the new arena was intended to be situated slightly north of the old facility, there was only nine inches (23 cm) of space between the two buildings when construction was completed. The site for the new arena occupied and eventually cost $160 million. Construction was completed in 27 months, including seven weeks of delay caused by heavy snowfall.


title: TD Garden

text: On the evening of September 29, 1995, a farewell event was held in the old Boston Garden hosted by WBZ-TV news personality Liz Walker and CBS national news anchor Dan Rather. Attendees included Bruins legends such as Bobby Orr and Phil Esposito as well as Celtics greats Larry Bird and Red Auerbach. The ceremony concluded with the release of thousands of balloons into the rafters to the music of the Boston Pops. The Boston Globe stated that "all New England has lost a friend."


title: TD Garden

text: The following night, opening ceremonies were held at the FleetCenter, including performances by the Boston Pops, Walt Disney's World on Ice, Olympic figure skaters Nancy Kerrigan and Paul Wylie, James Taylor, Patti LaBelle and US3.


title: TD Garden

text: The Boston Bruins played their first game in the new arena on October 7, a 4-4 tie with the New York Islanders. The Boston Celtics lost their first game at the FleetCenter by a score of 101-100 to the Milwaukee Bucks on November 3.


title: TD Garden

text: During the construction phase, the naming rights to the "New Garden" were sold to Boston-based Shawmut Bank, and the arena was originally slated to open as the Shawmut Center. However, just as the arena was being completed, Shawmut merged with Fleet Financial Group, forcing every seat in the arena, which had all been stamped with the Shawmut logo, to be replaced. The interior color scheme also had to be adjusted from Shawmut's darker blue to Fleet's marginally lighter blue.


title: TD Garden

text: The name of the arena was expected to change as a result of the April 1, 2004 merger of FleetBoston Financial with Bank of America. On January 5, 2005, Delaware North announced an agreement under which the bank made a payment to be released from the remaining six years on the naming rights agreement. The agreement left Delaware North free to sell the naming rights to another sponsor. On March 3, 2005, Maine-based TD Banknorth, a U.S. subsidiary of Toronto-Dominion Bank, announced its purchase of the naming rights for $6 million per year. The first major event to be held after the announcement was the 2005 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. On July 1, 2005, the facility was officially renamed the TD Banknorth Garden in honor of the original Boston Garden.


title: TD Garden

text: In early 2005, while still searching for a long-term corporate sponsor, the FleetCenter conducted auctions on eBay to sell one-day naming rights. From February 10 to March 13, the FleetCenter sold the naming rights 30 different times. The net proceeds of $150,633.22 generated during the auction were donated to charities in the greater Boston area. The FleetCenter also made private arrangements with a few companies for one-day naming rights, and offered one-day rights in an employee raffle.


title: TD Garden

text: During the name auction, only twice were names reported to have been rejected. Kerry Konrad, a New York City lawyer and Yankees fan, won naming rights for March 1 with a bid of $2,300. He proposed the name "Derek Jeter Center" after the New York Yankees shortstop, a stab at fellow Harvard College alumnus and Boston Red Sox fan Jerry Rappaport Jr., with whom he had a 25-year-old rivalry. With the arena located in the home city of the Red Sox, the name did not sit well with the executives and was rejected. An agreement was reached in which Rappaport added $6,300 for a total bid of $8,600, representing the 86 years of the Curse of the Bambino, and named the arena "New Boston Garden, Home of the Jimmy Fund Champions".


title: TD Garden

text: Fark.com founder Drew Curtis held a contest on his website to name the arena after he bought single-day rights. A user vote resulted in the name of "Fark.com UFIA Center", but the name was rejected because of its inappropriate meaning. The name eventually selected by Curtis and company was "Boston Garden".


title: TD Garden

text: In April 2008, TD Banknorth became TD Bank, after a merger with Commerce Bancorp, a New Jersey–based bank. Owner Delaware North Companies announced on April 15, 2009 that the building would be renamed TD Garden in July 2009.


title: TD Garden

text: Before the 2006–2007 season, the TD Garden underwent a major overhaul, installing a new HD entertainment board. For basketball, video advertising panels (installed by the NCAA for the 2006 Women's Final Four) replaced the traditional scrolling panels, and added a see-through shot clock, joining the FedExForum, Wells Fargo Center, State Farm Arena, Talking Stick Resort Arena, United Center, Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, and the Spectrum (this was done before the NBA mandate was installed in 2011). In addition, a vintage siren, just as the original Boston Garden had used, was added to replace the end-of-period horn for hockey only, a feature of the Montreal Canadiens, the Bruins' arch-rivals, at the Montreal Forum (now the Pepsi Forum shopping centre) and the current Centre Bell. In 2009, an LED energy efficient lighting system was added to the exterior of the building. The "Boston Globe" announced a $70 million project upgrade to TD Garden's concourses and Legends Club restaurant, along with technology upgrades and the relocation of a retail shop. Construction occurred in two phases, summer 2014 and then summer 2015.


title: TD Garden

text: On January 25, 2013, during a Celtics vs. Knicks game at the Garden, television announcer Marv Albert accused the TD Garden production crew for being one of those arenas that "constantly" use fake sound effects to intensify the crowd reactions on nationally televised games (which is very similar to "sweetening" on television); however, the official Twitter account of the Boston Celtics stated that the Celtics have never used artificial crowd noise. Following their 2011 Stanley Cup Finals win, the Bruins changed their previous Stanley Cup banners to reflect the changes in the team's main jersey logo through time during their past five Cup wins, as the current logo adorns the 2011 Cup win's banner.


title: TD Garden

text: Just before the 2018-19 series of pre-season NHL games began for the Bruins at TD Garden, a serious upgrade to the "interior" overhead lighting of the playing surface had been completed: as with the NHL hockey arenas for the Colorado Avalanche, Dallas Stars, San Jose Sharks and Tampa Bay Lightning, all-new LED-based overhead lighting technology now brilliantly light up Bruins and Celtics home games at TD Garden.


title: TD Garden

text: Before the 2021–22 NHL season, TD Garden had under went more renovations, adding a new jumbotron, along with a new audio system. The new jumbrotron, dubbed the "Hub Vision" has capabilities to go over 4K resolution, and it now has the highest resolution of the NHL and NBA. The main replay screen sizes are almost double of the old ones, at 18 feet by 32.5 feet wide. Unlike the old jumbotron, Hub Vision now has 4 underbelly screens which measure at 6.5 feet tall by 23 feet wide to cater to those sitting in the first few rows. Above the main boards, are 2 new ring displays. Each ring is 3.5 feet tall, and has a circumference of 179 feet. Hub Vision only has 2 rings above the main screens, unlike the old jumbotron with 2 at the top, and one at the bottom. TD Garden partnered with Clair Global Integration to add Cohesion Series CO10 loudspeakers to help improve the sound system.


title: TD Garden

text: This renovation was an extension of TD Garden’s Legendary Transformation, which was a $100 million dollar investment from the Jeremy Jacobs family.


title: TD Garden

text: Among the non-sporting events hosted by the Garden are concerts, shows, graduations, seminars, Disney on Ice, the circus, and commencement exercises for Northeastern University.


title: TD Garden

text: The arena is primarily the home venue for the NBA's Boston Celtics and the NHL's Boston Bruins. It has hosted the 1996 NHL All-Star Game, the 2008, 2010, and 2022 NBA Finals, and the 2011, 2013, and 2019 Stanley Cup Finals. While dominant in their previous arena, Boston Garden, the Celtics and Bruins were initially much less successful in their new home as both teams missed the playoffs numerous times and failed to make their league's finals until 2008. That year the Celtics defeated their arch-rival Los Angeles Lakers in six games, clinching the 2008 NBA championship in the Garden. The Celtics then lost the Finals rematch with the Lakers in 2010; despite taking Game 2 in Los Angeles and two of three games at home, the Celtics lost Game 7 on the road. The Bruins overcame the Vancouver Canucks in seven games to capture the 2011 Stanley Cup, winning all games in the Garden with lopsided scores (8-1, 4-0, and 5-2) and then taking the championship on the road at Rogers Arena. In the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs, the Bruins overcame a 4-1 deficit in the deciding Game 7 against the Toronto Maple Leafs to win 5-4 in overtime, en route to making it to the Finals; the Chicago Blackhawks hoisted the Stanley Cup in the Garden after a stunning comeback in the final minute of Game Six. The Bruins failed to win the Cup in 2019, hosting the event but losing a critical Game 7 to the St. Louis Blues, 4-1. The Golden State Warriors won the NBA championship at the Garden in 2022, defeating the Celtics in Game 6 to become only the second NBA team to win the championship in Boston after the 1984–85 Lakers. From March 28 to April 3, 2016, TD Garden hosted the 2016 World Figure Skating Championships.


title: TD Garden

text: Eddie Palladino is the current public address announcer for Celtics games, while Steve Forni is the current public address announcer for Bruins games. Jim Martin is the former PA announcer for the Bruins as he formerly served for the them between 1992 to 2020. Ron Poster is the arena organist.


title: TD Garden

text: As the former Boston Garden had from 1954 through 1995 - and the still-standing Matthews Arena had for its start in 1952 - the TD Garden is the home of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament between the Boston University Terriers, Boston College Eagles, Harvard University Crimson and Northeastern University Huskies. The facility has hosted the 2001 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, the 1996 and 2000 US Gymnastics Trials, and the 1998, 2004, 2015 and 2022 NCAA Men's Frozen Four.


title: TD Garden

text: High school championships and tournaments for the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association are annually hosted at the TD Garden. Events include ice hockey and basketball championships. The Super 8 is one of the popular events that fans and students attend.


title: TD Garden

text: TD Garden is one of two NBA arenas (along with Amway Center, home of the Orlando Magic) with parquet floors. The Celtics are best known for the tradition of the parquet floor from their Boston Garden years, originally built after World War II because of cost and the scarcity of lumber in that time. The Celtics are also the only NBA team to use an oak floor, whereas the other 29 teams use maple floors. However, a traditional floor was used in the 2006 NCAA Women's Final Four, the 2009 NCAA Men's East Regional and the 2018 NCAA Men's East Regional (NCAA rules require a special NCAA-specification floor be used for all tournament games). When the 2012 NCAA Men's East Regional was held at TD Garden, a maple parquet floor was used with the same NCAA-specific design.


title: TD Garden

text: In 2021, TD Garden hosted the 2021 Laver Cup in September. The Laver Cup is a men's tennis tournament between teams from Europe and the rest of the world. It was held from 24 until 26 September with Team Europe winning the tournament for the fourth consecutive year.


title: TD Garden

text: Ricky Hatton began his 'American dream' here on May 13, 2006, he stepped up to welterweight to fight WBA world champion Luis Collazo.


title: TD Garden

text: In August 2010, the TD Garden hosted UFC 118, which was the first time that the UFC held an event in Boston. UFC president Dana White confirmed that the UFC would return to The Garden on August 17, 2013. The TD Garden hosted , the launch of the new Fox Sports 1 cable channel, on August 17, 2013. This was the second UFC event to take place at the TD Garden. The UFC returned on January 18, 2015 for , and again on January 17, 2016 for . On January 20, 2018, the TD Garden hosted UFC 220. On October 18, 2019, the TD Garden hosted .


title: TD Garden

text: The TD Garden has been seen/mentioned in movies such as "The Town" (2010), "Knight and Day" (2010), "Zookeeper" (2011), "What's Your Number?" (2011) and "Ted" (2012).


title: TD Garden

text: Comedians such as Bill Burr, Denis Leary, Chris Rock and Louis C.K., among many others, have all performed at the TD Garden during their nationwide tours. Dane Cook did two sellout shows.


title: TD Garden

text: WWE professional wrestling events are held in the Garden, which frequently hosts its "RAW" and "SmackDown" shows. In addition, the arena has hosted several pay-per-views including WrestleMania XIV, Royal Rumble in 2003 and 2011, SummerSlam in 2006, Survivor Series in 2008, 2013 and 2022 (War Games), Money in the Bank in 2014, in 2015, Hell in a Cell in 2016 and Clash of Champions in 2017.


title: TD Garden

text: From July 26 to 29, 2004, the TD Garden (then the FleetCenter) was the host of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, in which Massachusetts Senator John Kerry was nominated as the Democratic candidate for the 2004 Presidential Election. The convention was also famous for then Senator and future President Barack Obama's keynote speech which began the speculation of his running for President in the 2008 Presidential Election.


title: TD Garden

text: In May 2013, Delaware North Companies and Boston Properties proposed plans to construct a multi-purpose 3 tower structure on the former site of the original Boston Garden. The complex would encompass , of which will be allotted for retail space and for commercial offices. It will also include 500 residential units, a 200-room hotel (CitizenM Boston North Station), and an 800-space underground parking garage. Construction began in late 2015. The project is being completed in three stages. The first stage is the podium that includes shopping, entertainment, dining, new access to the MBTA North Station Green Line and Orange Line, and a new entrance to the TD Garden and North Station. It also includes an expansion to the existing North Station Garage that sits underneath North Station and the TD Garden. The second phase includes two buildings built on top of the west side of the podium. One building will be apartments, the other a hotel. The third phase is an office building that will sit on top of the east side of the podium.


title: TD Garden

text: In the spring of 2017, a group of local teenagers from the Hyde Square Task Force group investigated the terms of TD Garden's original development agreement, and concluded that its owners had never satisfied a legal requirement to host three fundraisers a year to benefit the agency that oversees Boston’s recreational facilities. By mid-August 2017, the Massachusetts governor at the time of the TD Garden's original construction, Bill Weld, reminded Jeremy Jacobs about the deal he had made with the state's government in 1993 concerning the agreement. As a result, in August 2017, the TD Garden agreed to pay the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation nearly $2 million.


title: TD Garden

text: In May 2010, a bronze statue of Bruins defenseman Bobby Orr, in a flying pose celebrating "The Goal", was unveiled outside the stadium.


title: TD Garden

text: Located in TD Garden is The Sports Museum (also known as "The Sports Museum of New England"). The museum's exhibits focus on the history of various sports in the Boston area, including the Boston Bruins, the Boston Celtics, the New England Patriots, the Boston Red Sox and many more.


title: TD Garden

text: Just as the Boston Garden was, the TD Garden is built on top of Boston's North Station, a major transportation hub. The Commuter Rail waiting area becomes crowded during events due to this design: the fans shared a relatively small area with commuters and several fast food concessions. (There is a concourse on the second floor which is about the same size as the former main ground floor concourse, but this is utilized only as an entryway for the arena.) Work finished on the expanded North Station concourse in early 2007. A new, larger, railway concourse gives railway passengers a waiting area which does not interfere with patrons entering or leaving the Garden.


title: TD Garden

text: Connections to the Orange Line and Green Line are near the eastern entrance to the Garden. On January 6, 2019, the North Station pedestrian tunnel was completed which connects North Station to the MBTA, Green and Orange Line Stations. The entrance is located by the North Station East entrance. The Green Line ran on the Causeway Street Elevated in front of the building until a tunnel under it was opened in June 2004. The then-disused Elevated was used as a platform for security forces during the 2004 Democratic National Convention, then demolished slightly afterwards.


title: TD Garden

text: The arena has been recognized by many industry publications as one of the top arenas in the country. Arena industry publication "Venues Today" ranked the TD Garden as the No. 3 arena in the country for 2006. Additionally, the TD Garden has been recognized with the following recent awards and achievements:


title: Subhash Ghai

text: Subhash Ghai (born 24 January 1945) is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter, known for his works predominantly in Hindi cinema. He was one of the most prominent and successful filmmakers of Hindi cinema throughout 80s and 90s. His most notable works include "Kalicharan" (1976), "Vishwanath" (1978), "Karz" (1980), "Hero" (1983), "Vidhaata" (1982), "Meri Jung" (1985), "Karma" (1986), "Ram Lakhan" (1989), "Saudagar" (1991), "Khalnayak" (1993), "Pardes" (1997) and "Taal" (1999).


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In 1982, he started Mukta Arts Private Limited which, in 2000, became a public company, with Subhash Ghai as its executive chairman. In 2006, he received the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues for producing the social problem film "Iqbal." The same year he founded the Whistling Woods International film and media institution in Mumbai. In 2015, he received the IIFA Award for Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: Born in Nagpur, India, Subhash Ghai's father was a dentist in Delhi. Ghai graduated in commerce from Rohtak, Haryana, and then went on to graduate in Cinema from the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In an interview with Rajya Sabha TV, Ghai recounted that after passing out from FTII, he came to Bombay, but was not allowed to enter any studio as he was unknown. He then read self help books like Dale Carnegie's How to Win friends and influence people, and used techniques given in it to help him try and enter the film industry. At the same time, he learnt of and entered a United Producers Filmfare talent contest. Of the 5,000 participants, three people were selected in it, he, Rajesh Khanna and Dheeraj Kumar. While Khanna received a role soon after, Ghai received a role a year later.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: Ghai started his career in Hindi cinema as an actor with small roles in films including "Taqdeer" (1967) and "Aradhana" (1969). He was the male lead in the 1970s "Umang" and "Gumraah". His directorial debut was the film "Kalicharan" (1976) which he obtained through a recommendation by Shatrughan Sinha. , he has written and directed a total of 16 movies.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, he formed a successful collaboration with Dilip Kumar whom he directed in "Vidhaata" (1982), "Karma" (1986) and "Saudagar" (1991), the latter for which he won the Filmfare Award for Best Director. He introduced Jackie Shroff as a leading actor in "Hero" (1983) and helped establish Anil Kapoor's rising career with "Meri Jung" (1985). He went on to frequently work with Shroff and Kapoor, casting them together in the films "Karma" (1986), "Ram Lakhan" (1989) and "Trimurti" (1995), the latter which he had produced and it was directed by Mukul S. Anand. His 1993 release "Khalnayak" starring Sanjay Dutt, Madhuri Dixit and Shroff featured the hit songs "Nayak Nahin Khalnayak Hu Main" and the controversial "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai".


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In 1997, he directed "Pardes" which starred Shahrukh Khan and newcomers Mahima Chaudhry and Apoorva Agnihotri. In 1999, he directed "Taal" which starred Aishwarya Rai, Akshaye Khanna and Anil Kapoor. Both "Pardes" and "Taal" were released internationally and were super-hits at the box office. His following films were "Yaadein" (2001) and "" (2005), which were box office flops.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: He then took a break from directing and turned producer with films including "Aitraaz" (2004), "Iqbal" (2005), "36 China Town" (2006) and "Apna Sapna Money Money" (2006). In 2006, he set up his own film institute Whistling Woods International in Mumbai. The institute trains students in filmmaking: production, direction, cinematography, acting, animation. Ghai has done brief cameos in his directorial ventures.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: After a three-year hiatus from directing, he returned in 2008 with "Black & White" released on 7 March 2008 and, later "Yuvvraaj" released in November 2008 with collaboration Aaditya Kulshreshtha. which did not perform well at the box office. A. R. Rahman stated in an interview that Ghai had asked him to use the words "Jai Ho" in a song. Although intended for Yuvraaj, the song resulted in Jai Ho!, featured in Slumdog Millionaire and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: At the Cannes International Film Festival in May 2018, Ghai announced that he is co-producing a biopic on Osho Rajneesh along with an Italian production house. The movie would be directed by Lakshen Sucameli.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: Currently, he is also on the Board of Advisors of India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.).


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In 1970, Ghai married a girl from Pune named Rehana, known as Mukta. Today, he lives in Mumbai with his wife, Mukta Ghai and daughters, Meghna Ghai Puri and Muskaan Ghai. Meghna Ghai Puri is the President of Whistling Woods International Institute.


title: Subhash Ghai

text: In 2018, Subhash Ghai was accused of sexual assault by an anonymous woman. The victim, who used to be an assistant of Subash Ghai alleged that he raped her at Fariyas hotel, Lonavala after spiking her drinks with drugs.


title: Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?

text: A manga adaptation by Meicha was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's digital manga magazine "Young Ace Up" from September 2017 to January 2021. Both the light novel and manga are licensed in North America by Yen Press. A RPG browser game based on the series was released in April 2017. An anime television series adaptation by J.C.Staff aired from July to September 2019, with an original video animation (OVA) episode released in March 2020, the same month a collaborative study book was launched. The anime is licensed in North America by Aniplex of America.


text: Masato Oosuki is a teenager who is usually annoyed by his overly doting mother, Mamako, until both are teleported to a fantasy-themed world inside an online game. Masato tries his hardest to show his prowess inside the game, but constantly finds himself flustered by the fact that his mother possesses much higher stats, thus she can easily defeat all opponents with her twin swords, leaving little room for him to act. On their way, they befriend three girls who join their party. As they take quests inside the game, they later discover that it was originally designed to help strengthen the bonds between parents and their children.


text: "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?" began as a light novel series written by Dachima Inaka, with illustrations provided by Pochi Iida. It started publication under Japanese publisher Fujimi Shobo's imprint Fujimi Fantasia Bunko, with the first volume released on January 20, 2017, while the last volume was released on April 17, 2020, making a total of 11 volumes published. During their panel at Sakura-Con on March 31, 2018, North American publisher Yen Press announced that they had licensed the series for an English version, which was translated by Andrew Cunningham, and released from November 27, 2018 to November 16, 2021.


text: Japanese voice actress Ai Kayano provided the voice of Mamako Oosuki, the titular mother, in a series of promotions for "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?"; Kayano would eventually reprise her role in the anime adaptation. As part of a promotional campaign for the series, Animate announced that they would give away a 16-page short story booklet to anyone who brought their mother to purchase one of the four winners of the 29th Fantasia Prizes.


text: A manga adaptation of "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?", written and illustrated by Meicha, was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's digital manga magazine "Young Ace Up" from September 26, 2017 to January 18, 2021. The series was also serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker platform. Kadokawa Shoten has compiled the chapters into five individual "tankōbon" volumes, published from August 25, 2018 to February 4, 2021. The manga is also licensed in North America by Yen Press, with the first volume published on September 3, 2019, while the fifth and final volume will be released on December 14, 2021.


text: An anime television series adaptation was announced at the "Fantasia Bunko Dai Kanshasai 2018" event on October 21, 2018. The series was directed by Yoshiaki Iwasaki and written by Deko Akao, with animation by studio J.C.Staff. Yohei Yaegashi provided the series' character designs. Keiji Inai composed the music. It ran for 12 episodes from July 13 to September 28, 2019 on Tokyo MX and other channels. Spira Spica performed the series' opening theme song while Ai Kayano performed the series' ending theme song An additional OVA episode is bundled with the series' sixth Blu-ray volume, which was released on March 25, 2020. Aniplex of America has licensed the series.


text: A web radio show based on "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?" and hosted by Ai Kayano was broadcast every Wednesday and Friday starting on June 5, 2019.


text: A RPG browser game adaptation of "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?", developed by Atsumaru in collaboration with Urufu, was released on April 20, 2017, the same date the second volume in the series was published.


text: A collaborative study book titled "Let's Study English With Your Mom" was launched in Japan on March 28, 2020. It is intended to help junior high level students with their English courses by featuring characters from the series explaining conversational English and grammar, as well as presenting complete sentences in English, within the book. Furthermore, customers that purchase the book are able to download bonus audio recordings by Kayano, in addition to receive a review quiz.


text: Prior to its print debut, "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?" won the 29th annual Fantasia Grand Prize, an award given to novels published under the Fujimi Fantasia Bunko label. Within the first nine days of its release, the first volume of the series had sold over 12,889 copies. As of May 2017, the first two volumes had sold a combined 100,000 copies, while the series had over 800,000 copies in circulation as of December 2019. In 2019, as reported by Crunchyroll, the anime website Charapedia held a fan poll between June 6 and 19 to identify the most anticipated anime series of the 2019 summer season; "Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?" came in sixth place with 350 votes. The series has also inspired many memes on the internet.


text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the anime, Steve Jones of Anime News Network gave the series a 3 out of 5 star rating, saying it "emerges as an odd beast to pin down", while also commenting that the show's comedy "[has] definitely been hitting more often than the average "isekai"", with Jones admitting he had fun watching the episodes. In another review, Jones remarked how he enjoyed the show mostly because of its fan service. He also stated, ""Do You Love Your Mom" continues to function as a reasonably amusing self-aware "isekai" romp with plenty of motherly cheesecake to titillate its audience, but in no way do I trust it to say anything meaningful about motherhood without tripping over itself." In a third review, Jones highlighted how the anime addresses real-life issues related to abusive parent-child relationships, as, according to him, "It's good to try and address abusive parenting."


text: Bipin Adhikari of Comic Book Resources expressed his opinion that the show is "as hysterical as the name suggests". The review anime website Beneath the Tangles wrote, ""Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks?" offers a fun play on the usual light novel shenanigans by saddling the hapless male protagonist with his doting mother. This does offer some amusing comedy. However, the [series] does also offer a nice glimpse at a deeper them of motherhood and managing the bond between a mother and a teenage child who's starting to want some independence."


text: Allen Moody of THEM Anime Reviews gave the anime a 2 out of 5 star rating, criticizing the series for its absurdly long title and dynamics between the characters.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: "Garota de Ipanema" ("The Girl from Ipanema") is a Brazilian bossa nova and jazz song. It was a worldwide hit in the mid-1960s and won a Grammy for Record of the Year in 1965. It was written in 1962, with music by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Portuguese lyrics by Vinícius de Moraes. English lyrics were written later by Norman Gimbel.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The first commercial recording was in 1962, by Pery Ribeiro. The Stan Getz recording featuring the vocal debut of Astrud Gilberto became an international hit. This version had been shortened from the version on the album "Getz/Gilberto" (recorded in March 1963, released in March 1964), which had also included the Portuguese lyrics sung by Astrud's then husband João Gilberto. In the US, the single peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and went to number one for two weeks on the Easy Listening chart. Overseas it peaked at number 29 in the United Kingdom, and charted highly throughout the world.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: Numerous recordings have been used in films, sometimes as an elevator music cliché. It is believed to be the second most recorded pop song in history, after "Yesterday" by The Beatles. The song was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001. In 2004, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The song was composed for a musical comedy titled "Dirigível" ("Airship"), then a work in progress of Vinicius de Moraes. The original title was "Menina que Passa" ("The Girl Who Passes By"); the first verse was different. Jobim composed the melody on his piano in his new house in Rua Barão da Torre, in Ipanema. In turn, Moraes had written the lyrics in Petrópolis, near Rio de Janeiro, as he had done with "Chega de Saudade" ("No More Blues") six years earlier. While firmly rooted in bossa nova, "The Girl from Ipanema" includes influences from blues and Tin Pan Alley.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: During a recording session in New York with João Gilberto, Antônio Carlos Jobim and Stan Getz, the idea of cutting an English-language version came up. Norman Gimbel wrote the English lyrics. João's wife, Astrud Gilberto, was the only one of the Brazilians who could speak English well and was chosen to sing. Her voice, without trained singer mannerisms, proved a perfect fit for the song.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The key the song is played in traditionally has varied depending upon the origin of the recording. While the original Ribeiro version was in the key of G, most Brazilian performances use D♭ and most American versions use F.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: Frank Sinatra recorded the song with Jobim in 1967 for their album "Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim". Ella Fitzgerald recorded it for her two-disc set of Brazilian music "Ella Abraça Jobim", released by Pablo Today in 1981.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: Ethel Ennis and Nat King Cole have also both recorded the song. A version by Gary Criss titled "The Girl From Ipanema / Brazilian Nights" from his album "Rio De Janeiro" reached number 19 in the Canadian RPM dance charts in August 1978. Eliane Elias included the song in her albums "Eliane Elias Sings Jobim" (1998) and "Brazilian Classics" (2003).


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The song was inspired by Heloísa Eneida Menezes Paes Pinto (now known as Helô Pinheiro), a seventeen-year-old girl living on Montenegro Street in Ipanema. Daily, she would stroll past the Veloso bar-café, not just to the beach ("each day when she walks to the sea"), but in the everyday course of her life. She would sometimes enter the bar to buy cigarettes for her mother and leave to the sound of wolf whistles. In the winter of 1962, the composers saw the girl pass by the bar. Since the song became popular, she has become a celebrity.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: In "Revelação: a verdadeira Garôta de Ipanema" (""Revealed: The Real Girl from Ipanema"") Moraes wrote that she was "the paradigm of the young Carioca: a golden teenage girl, a mixture of flower and mermaid, full of light and grace, the sight of whom is also sad, in that she carries with her, on her route to the sea, the feeling of youth that fades, of the beauty that is not ours alone—it is a gift of life in its beautiful and melancholic constant ebb and flow."


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The legacy of "The Girl from Ipanema" was acknowledged by multiple aspects of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics held in Rio de Janeiro: the Olympic and Paralympic mascots were respectively named Vinicius and Tom after the song's co-writers by a public vote, while the Olympics' opening ceremony featured a segment themed around the song and the architecture of Oscar Niemeyer. Jobim's grandson Daniel performed the song during the segment, which also featured an appearance by Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen. Spotify reported that the song had been streamed on its service 40,000 times per day in the days following the ceremony (a 1200% increase), while in the U.S., the song reached #5 on "Billboard"s World Digital Songs chart the following week.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: In 2001, the song's copyright owners (the heirs of their composer fathers) sued Pinheiro for using the title of the song as the name of her boutique (Garota de Ipanema). In their complaint, they stated that her status as The Girl from Ipanema (Garota de Ipanema) did not entitle her to use a name that legally belonged to them. Public support was strongly in favor of Pinheiro. A press release by Jobim and Moraes, the composers, in which they had named Pinheiro as the real Girl from Ipanema (Garota de Ipanema) was used as evidence that they had intended to bestow this title on her. The court ruled in favor of Pinheiro.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: In a separate legal dispute, Astrud Gilberto sued Frito-Lay for trademark infringement for using the song in a TV advertisement for its baked potato chips. Gilberto argued that:[A]s the result of the huge success of the 1964 recording, and her frequent subsequent performances of "Ipanema," she has become known as The Girl from Ipanema and is identified by the public with the 1964 recording. She claims as a result to have earned trademark rights in the 1964 recording, which she contends the public recognizes as a mark designating her as a singer. She contends, therefore, that Frito-Lay could not lawfully use the 1964 recording in an advertisement for its chips without her permission.In "Oliveira v. Frito-Lay Inc." (2001), her claims were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: When sung by female artists the song has often been rendered as "The Boy from Ipanema", such as by Julie London (1964 single), Peggy Lee (1964), Ella Fitzgerald and The Supremes (1965), Shirley Bassey (1966) and Eartha Kitt (1974). Petula Clark sang it in 1977 on The Muppet Show. Crystal Waters recorded her version in 1996 for the various artists Red Hot + Rio compilation and was later included on her 1998 greatest hits set. Diana Krall recorded another version on her 2009 album "Quiet Nights".


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The reason for "The Boy from Ipanema" version is partially caused by an awkward translation occurring when female vocalists sing: "But each time when she walks to the sea, she looks straight ahead not at HE." Some singers have corrected this by singing: "But each time when she goes for a swim, she looks straight ahead not at him."


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: A parody of the song, with different lyrics written by Stephen Sondheim, is entitled "The Boy From...".


title: The Girl from Ipanema

text: The phrase "Boy from Ipanema" — but nothing from the song — appears in Norwegian recording artist Annie's "Anthonio". Likewise, the phrase "Girl from Ipanema" appears in The B-52's' 1985 single "Girl from Ipanema Goes to Greenland," again without any musical reference to the original song.


title: The Bill

text: The Bill is a British police procedural television series, first broadcast on ITV from 16 August 1983 until 31 August 2010. The programme originated from a one-off drama, "Woodentop", broadcast in August 1983.


title: The Bill

text: The programme focused on the lives and work of one shift of police officers, rather than on any particular aspect of police work. "The Bill" was the longest-running police procedural television series in the United Kingdom, and among the longest running of any British television series at the time of its cancellation. The title originates from "Old Bill", a slang term for the police.


title: The Bill

text: Although highly acclaimed by fans and critics, the series attracted controversy on several occasions. An episode broadcast in 2008 was criticised for featuring fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis. The series has also faced more general criticism concerning its levels of violence, particularly prior to 2009, when it occupied a pre-watershed slot. "The Bill" won several awards, including BAFTAs, a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award, and Best Drama at the "Inside Soap" Awards in 2009, this being the series' fourth consecutive win.


title: The Bill

text: Throughout its 27-year run, the programme was always broadcast on the main ITV network. In later years, episodes of the show were repeated on ITV3 on their week of broadcast. The series has also been repeated on other digital stations, including Gold, Alibi, Watch, Dave, and Drama.


title: The Bill

text: In March 2010, following a spell of declining audiences and negative public and media reception, executives at ITV announced that the network did not intend to recommission "The Bill" and that filming would cease on 14 June 2010. The final episode aired on 31 August 2010.


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" was originally conceived by Geoff McQueen in 1983, then a new television writer, as a one-off drama. McQueen had originally titled the production "Old Bill". It was picked up by Michael Chapman for ITV franchise holder Thames Television, who retitled it "Woodentop" as part of Thames's "Storyboard" series of one-off dramas and broadcast on ITV under the title "Woodentop" on 16 August 1983. "Woodentop" starred Mark Wingett as PC Jim Carver and Trudie Goodwin as WPC June Ackland of London's Metropolitan Police, both attached to the fictional Sun Hill police station.


title: The Bill

text: Although originally only intended as a one-off, "Woodentop" so impressed ITV that a full series was commissioned, first broadcast on 16 October 1984 with one post-watershed episode per week, featuring an hourlong, separate storyline for each episode of the first three series. The first episode of the full series was "Funny Ol' Business – Cops & Robbers". With serialisation, the name of the show changed from "Woodentop" to "The Bill". Series one had 11 episodes and was broadcast in 1984, series two and three had 12 episodes each and were broadcast in 1985-6 and 1987 respectively. With a full ensemble cast to explore new characters not featured or just mentioned in "Woodentop", the focus of the storylines soon shifted away from new recruit Carver and towards Detective Inspector Roy Galloway and Sergeant Bob Cryer.


title: The Bill

text: The series then changed to two 30-minute episodes per week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays in 1988 (from July 1988 onwards, and began being broadcast all year round without a summer break), increasing to three a week beginning in 1993, with the third episode being broadcast on Fridays. In 1998, "The Bill" returned to hour-long episodes, which later became twice-weekly, with the Friday episode being dropped, at which point the series adopted a much more serialised approach. When Paul Marquess took over as executive producer in 2002, as part of a drive for ratings, the series was revamped, bringing more of a soap-opera feel to many of its stories. Many veteran characters were written out, leading to the Sun Hill fire during 2002. Marquess stated that the clearout was necessary to introduce "plausible, powerful new characters". As part of the new serial format, much more of the characters' personal lives were explored but, as Marquess put it, the viewers still "don't go home with them". The change also allowed "The Bill" to become more reflective of modern policing, with the introduction of officers from ethnic minorities, most notably the new superintendent, Adam Okaro. It also allowed coverage of the relationship of homosexual Sergeant Craig Gilmore and PC Luke Ashton, a storyline which Marquess was determined to explore before rival "Merseybeat".


title: The Bill

text: In 2005, Johnathan Young took over as executive producer. The serial format was dropped and "The Bill" returned to stand-alone episodes with more focus on crime and policing than on the officers' personal lives. 2007 saw the reintroduction of episode titles, which had been dropped in 2002. In 2009, "The Bill" moved back to the 9 pm slot it previously held, and the theme tune, "Overkill", was replaced as part of a major overhaul of the series.


title: The Bill

text: On 26 March 2010, ITV announced that it would be cancelling the series later that year after 26 years on air. ITV said that this decision reflected the "changing tastes" of viewers. The last episode of "The Bill" was filmed in June 2010 and broadcast on 31 August 2010 followed by a documentary titled "Farewell The Bill". Fans of the show started a 'Save the Bill' campaign on social networking website Facebook to persuade ITV to reconsider the cancellation, and BBC Radio 1's Chris Moyles promoted the campaign on air.


title: The Bill

text: At the time the series ended in August 2010, "The Bill" was the United Kingdom's longest-running police drama and was among the longest-running of any British television series. The series finale, entitled "Respect", was aired in two parts and was dedicated to "the men and women of the Metropolitan Police Service past and present". The finale storyline concerned gang member Jasmine Harris being involved in the murder of fellow member Liam Martin who died in the arms of Inspector Smith after being stabbed. Jasmine is then gang raped because she talked to the police, and when Callum Stone found the person responsible he was held at gunpoint. Of the finale's title, executive producer Jonathan Young said "It's called "Respect" and we hope it will respect the heritage of the show". The finale episodes featured all the cast and the final scene was specially written so all cast members would be featured. Following the final episode, ITV aired a documentary entitled "Farewell The Bill" which featured interviews from past and present cast and crew members. The finale was watched by 4.4 million viewers, with "Farewell The Bill" averaging 1.661 million viewers.


title: The Bill

text: On 17 April 2021, various media outlets began reporting that the series may be set for a reboot. Writer Simon Sansome was understood to have bought the rights to the original series, and was planning a revival, dubbed "Sun Hill" (as licensing meant the series could not be named "The Bill" once more), alongside Holby City creator and former "EastEnders" writer Tony McHale, who had previously written episodes of The Bill and one of its spin-offs, "Beech is Back". Sansome had been in talks with various cast members during a 2020 reunion and discussed possible appearances for show legends Mark Wingett (Jim Carver), Trudie Goodwin (June Ackland) and Graham Cole (Tony Stamp). However, no official date had been set for a return, nor had the mooted "Sun Hill" project been picked up by any TV network. On 18 April, Mark Wingett confirmed this on his Twitter account, stating they had been "approached" by production companies but the "Sun Hill" project had not been given the green light.


title: The Bill

text: Throughout the series, there have been three filming locations for Sun Hill police station. From the first series, the police station consisted of a set of buildings in Artichoke Hill, Wapping, East London. However, these buildings were next to the News International plant and during the winter of 1985–86 there was much industrial action which resulted in some altercations between the strikers and what they thought were the real police but were actually actors working on "The Bill". Working conditions got so dire, that the production team realised they needed to find another base to set Sun Hill police station.


title: The Bill

text: The second location was an old record distribution depot in Barlby Road, North Kensington in North West London. Filming began here in March 1987. In 1989, the owners of the Barlby Road site ordered "The Bill" out, due to their redevelopment plans for the area. After an extensive search, two sites were selected, the favourite being a disused hospital in Clapham. However, this fell through and the second option was chosen—an old wine distribution warehouse in Merton, South West London. The move was made in March 1990 and was disguised on screen by the 'ongoing' refurbishment of Sun Hill police station and then finally the explosion of a terrorist car-bomb in the station car-park, which ended up killing PC Ken Melvin.


title: The Bill

text: Filming for the series took place all over London, mainly in South London and particularly the London Borough of Merton, where the Sun Hill set was located. Locations used when the show was filmed on a housing estate included:


title: The Bill

text: Scenes were often filmed in east London, most notably the London Docklands, with other scenes filmed in Tooting, Greenwich and Croydon among other locations around London.


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" is set in and around Sun Hill police station, in the fictional "Canley Borough Operational Command Unit" in East London. Geoff McQueen, creator of "The Bill", claimed that he named Sun Hill after a street name in his home town of Royston, Hertfordshire.


title: The Bill

text: The fictional Sun Hill suburb is located in the fictional London borough of Canley in the East End, north of the River Thames. The Borough of Canley is approximately contiguous to the real-life London Borough of Tower Hamlets, and in the first few years of "The Bill", Sun Hill police station was actually stated as being located in Wapping in Tower Hamlets. Sun Hill has a London E1 postcode (the 'address' of Sun Hill police station is given as '2 Sun Hill Road, Sun Hill, Canley E1 4KM'), which corresponds to the real-life areas of Whitechapel and Stepney.


title: The Bill

text: When filming "The Bill", some outdoor scenes were re-enacted indoors with microphones surrounding the actors and the extra sounds being "dubbed" on later. Some of the more aggressive scenes were also filmed indoors either for dubbing or safety reasons. The sirens used in the series were added later in the dubbing suite as "The Bill" did not have permission to use them while on location. However, the police uniforms used in the series were genuine, again making "The Bill" unique amongst police dramas. When the series ended, London's Metropolitan Police Service, after talks with the production company, bought 400 kilograms of police-related paraphernalia, including uniforms and body armour, to prevent them falling into the hands of criminals after the programme's production ceased.


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" is unique amongst police dramas in that it takes a serial format, focusing on the work and lives of a single shift of police officers, rather than on one particular area of police work. Also unique is that "The Bill" adapted to this format after several series, whereas comparable series started with the serial format.


title: The Bill

text: During its initial broadcast, "The Bill" was always shown on ITV. In 2009, STV, ITV's regional franchise in Central and Northern Scotland, opted out of broadcasting the series along with a number of other dramas, a decision that later became the subject of legal proceedings between STV and the main ITV network. The legal dispute was settled on 27 April 2011, with ITV receiving £18 million from STV.


title: The Bill

text: Aside from repeats of episodes on ITV3, which occurred on the original week of their broadcast, the show has regularly been repeated on other digital stations. Re-runs of the series began on 1 November 1992, when new digital channel UKTV Gold began broadcasting. The channel broadcast repeats of the series for nearly 16 years, until 6 October 2008, when the channel was given a revamp by the owners of the network. During the 16-year period, re-runs of the series covered every episode broadcast between 16 October 1984, and 8 March 2007. On 7 October 2008, UKTV launched a new British drama channel, Alibi, and from this point on, episodes of the series were broadcast at 8 am. Alibi broadcast episodes until 23 December 2009, when the show was taken from the channel's schedule due to poor viewer feedback. During the 14 months that the show broadcast on Alibi, the channel covered all of the episodes broadcast between 25 August 1998 and 27 February 2002. On 27 January 2010, UKTV relocated "The Bill" to one of its more recent entertainment channels, Watch, which began by airing the episode "Sweet Revenge", broadcast on 21 March 2007, continuing in broadcast order, carrying on from where UKTV Gold, had finished. Through the course of the year, the channel continued to broadcast episodes from the latter years of the show, concluding in November 2010 with the episode "Conviction: Judgement Day", broadcast on 16 July 2009. Following a short break from the network, the series returned in December 2010, beginning with Episode #001, broadcast on 28 February 2002. This continued on from the broadcast order of episodes repeated on Alibi, carrying on from where the network had finished. As of April 2012, Watch had repeated every single episode from 28 February 2002 to 24 February 2005, and was to begin airing episodes from March 2005. In July 2013 the show started to be broadcast by UKTV channel Drama, starting with episodes from 1998. On 14 August 2017, Drama started showing "The Bill" from the beginning. As of 6 November, Drama jumped approximately a decade.


title: The Bill

text: When "The Bill" was first commissioned as a series by ITV, it started with 12 episodes per year, each an hour long with a separate storyline. In 1988, the format changed to a year-round broadcast with two 30-minute episodes per week. In 1993, this expanded to three 30-minute episodes per week. In 1998, the broadcast format changed to two one-hour episodes each week, also recording in widescreen Digibeta. In 2009, "The Bill" began broadcasting in HD and as part of a major revamp, was reduced to broadcasting once a week. "The Bill" finished on 31 August 2010 after 2,425 episodes.


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" broadcast two live episodes. The first was in 2003 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the pilot, "Woodentop". The second was in 2005 to celebrate the 50th birthday of ITV.


title: The Bill

text: The live episode in 2003 was episode No. 162, originally broadcast on 30 October 2003 at 8 pm, and produced with a crew of 200 staff including seven camera crews. It was reported to be the first live television broadcast of a programme where filming was not largely confined to a studio. Detective Constable Juliet Becker and Constable Cathy Bradford are being held hostage by a man called Mark in a van in the station yard. Bradford raises the custody suite alarm. When the rest of the station arrive outside, Mark makes it known that he intends to kill Becker. The police get permission to break into the carrier, only to find that Juliet has been stabbed. She is rushed to hospital, but attempts to resuscitate her fail. The episode was watched by around 10 million viewers. This special was later released onto DVD in United Kingdom 31 October 2011, as part of Network DVD's "Soap Box: Volume 1".


title: The Bill

text: The live episode in 2005 was episode No. 349, broadcast on 22 September 2005 at 8 pm. In this episode, it was revealed that PC Gabriel Kent had assumed a false identity. It is revealed that he has been operating under his brother's name and is, in fact, David Kent. In this episode the "real" Gabriel Kent arrived in Sun Hill to meet his mother, Sergeant June Ackland. In this episode, Sun Hill police station is hosting a reception party and, as the police arrive, they are taken hostage by a distraught father whose son was killed by a stolen car. A struggle ensues in which a shot is fired, alerting others in the building the incident. After an evacuation of the station, Superintendent Amanda Prosser encourages PC Dan Casper to attempt to overpower the man. As he does so, both Casper and the real Gabriel Kent are shot. The real Gabriel Kent is rushed to hospital where the false Gabriel Kent threatens him to keep the identity switch a secret.


title: The Bill

text: A series of special episodes titled "The Bill Uncovered" were produced to reflect the stories of select characters and events. The first was "The Bill Uncovered : Des and Reg" (2004) – The story of the unusual friendship between PC Des Taviner and PC Reg Hollis, traversing their history from Des's first day at Sun Hill to his death in a Sun Hill cell.


title: The Bill

text: The second was "The Bill Uncovered : Kerry's Story" (2004), the story of PC Kerry Young, who met her death outside Sun Hill. The third special was "The Bill Uncovered : Jim's Story" (2005), the story of DC Jim Carver – from his first day at Sun Hill (in the pilot "Woodentop"). The last was "The Bill Uncovered: On The Front Line" (2006), in which Superintendent Adam Okaro recounts the extraordinary events that have surrounded Sun Hill over his time in charge. A review of the second of these specials criticised the "increasingly degenerative plotlines" of the series, and characterised the special as a "cheerless outing" covering "The Bill"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "travesties of plot". All four editions of The Bill Uncovered were released on DVD in Australia as part of The Bill Series 26 DVD boxset, 30 April 2014.


title: The Bill

text: In 2008 a special programme called ""The Bill Made Me Famous"" in light of the show's 25th anniversary was broadcast, which saw former actors and special guest stars telling their accounts of working on the show and how it changed their lives. It included old favourites such as Billy Murray (DS Don Beech), Chris Ellison (DI Frank Burnside) and popular TV personalities such as Paul O'Grady and Les Dennis.


title: The Bill

text: A two-part crossover episode with the German series "Leipzig Homicide", entitled "Proof of Life", was broadcast in November 2008. This included scenes filmed in Germany; other countries in which episodes were filmed included France (Foreign Body, 1999) and Australia (Beech on the Run, 2001).


title: The Bill

text: Following "The Bill's" final episode, on 31 August 2010, a one-hour special titled "Farewell The Bill" was broadcast. The special explored the history of the series and gave viewers a behind the scenes look at the filming of the last episode. This special was later released on DVD in Australia on 5 October 2011, along with the last two-part episode "Respect".


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" had a large regular cast to support the number of episodes that were produced each year. Working on "The Bill" had become something of a comical joke in British acting, with 174 actors having formed part of the series' main cast since the series began.


title: The Bill

text: The following list contains characters whose roles transformed the series, and in some cases led to spin-offs, as well as characters who hold individual accolades for their time on the series. An expanded version is available at List of characters of The Bill.


title: The Bill

text: The constant need for minor characters, normally appearing in only a single episode, inevitably led to numerous guest roles in "The Bill" being played by actors and actresses who later achieved a high profile, some of whom appeared as child actors. The following actors appeared in the show at least once.


title: The Bill

text: Some guest parts were also played by guest actors who were already well known when they appeared, including:


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" was a popular drama in the United Kingdom and in many other countries, most notably in Australia.


title: The Bill

text: The series attracted audiences of up to six million viewers in 2008 and 2009. Ratings during 2002 peaked after the overhaul of the show which brought about the 2002 fire episode, in which six officers were killed, and the 2003 live episode attracted 10 million viewers – 40% of the UK audience share. Immediately following "The Bill"'s revamping and time slot change, it was reported that the programme had attracted 4.5 million viewers, 19% of the audience share, but it lost out in the ratings to the BBC's "New Tricks", with the "Daily Mirror" later reporting that ITV's schedule change was behind a two million viewer drop in ratings.


title: The Bill

text: In 2001, prior to Paul Marquess's appointment as executive producer, ratings had dropped to approximately six million viewers, and advertising revenues had fallen, in part due to the ageing demographic of its viewers, leading ITV to order a "rejuvenation", which saw the series adopt a serial format.


title: The Bill

text: In 2002, "The Independent" reported that "The Bill"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Thursday episode was viewed by approximately 7 million people, a fall of approximately 3 million viewers in the space of six months. After the cast clearout resulting from the Sun Hill fire in April 2002, BBC News reported that the show attracted 8.6 million viewers, the highest figure for the year to that point, and by October 2003, the program had around 8 million viewers each week.


title: The Bill

text: In 2005, "The Bill" was averaging around 11 million viewers, in comparison to "Coronation Street", which was attracting around 10 million viewers.


title: The Bill

text: In 2009, "The Daily Mirror" reported that "The Bill" was to be moved to a post-watershed slot to allow it to cover grittier storylines. It was reported that it was the first time in British Television that ITV had broadcast a drama all year in the 9 pm slot. The changeover happened at the end of July 2009. Before the move, the program was averaging 5 million viewers between the two episodes each week. BARB reported that the week of 12–18 October 2009 saw 3.78 million viewers watch the show.


title: The Bill

text: "The Bill" has achieved a number of awards throughout its time on air, ranging from a BAFTA to the Royal Television Society Awards. and the "Inside Soap" Awards, particularly the Best Recurring Drama category.


title: The Bill

text: In 2010, "The Bill" was nominated for a Royal Television Society award for Best Soap/Continuing Drama, beating both "Coronation Street" and "Emmerdale" onto the nominations list. The only soap to be nominated was "EastEnders" and the results were announced on 16 March 2010. In 2009 an episode of "The Bill" won the Knights of Illumination Award for Lighting Design- Drama.


title: The Bill

text: It has been compared to "Hill Street Blues" due to the similar, serial, format that both series take. However, "The Bill" has seen little direct competition on British television in the police procedural genre over its 25-year history, though the BBC has twice launched rival series. The first was "Merseybeat", which ran from 2001 but was cancelled in 2004 due to poor ratings and problems with the cast. The second, "HolbyBlue", launched in 2007, was a spin-off of successful medical drama "Holby City" (itself a spin-off of the long-running "Casualty"). It was scheduled to go "head to head" with "The Bill", prompting a brief "ratings war" but, in 2008, "HolbyBlue" was also cancelled by the BBC, again, largely due to poor ratings.


title: The Bill

text: When "The Bill" started, the majority of the Police Federation were opposed to the programme, claiming that it portrayed the police as a racist organisation, but feelings towards the programme later mellowed, to the extent that, in 2006, executive producer, Johnathan Young, met Sir Ian Blair, then Commissioner of the Met, and it was decided that the editorial relationship between the police and the programme was sufficient. However, Young stressed that "The Bill" is not "editorially bound" to the police.


title: The Bill

text: Despite better relations with the police, "The Bill" was still not without controversy. It was sometimes criticised for the high levels of violence, especially prior to 2009, when it occupied a pre-watershed timeslot. Specific story lines also came under fire in the media, such as that involving a gay kiss in 2002, as well as an episode broadcast in March 2008 which featured a fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis, leading the MS Society to brand the plot "grossly irresponsible".


title: The Bill

text: During its 27-year-run, "The Bill" spawned several spin-off productions and related series in German and Dutch languages, as well as a series of documentaries. The following is a list of the most notable of these.


title: Umbria

text: Umbria ( , ) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the River Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The regional capital is Perugia.


title: Umbria

text: The region is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.


title: Umbria

text: Umbria is bordered by Tuscany to the west and the north, Marche to the east and Lazio to the south. Partly hilly and mountainous, and partly flat and fertile owing to the valley of the Tiber, its topography includes part of the central Apennines, with the highest point in the region at Monte Vettore on the border of the Marche, at ; the lowest point is Attigliano, . It is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a common border with other countries. The comune of Città di Castello has an exclave named Monte Ruperto within Marche. Contained within Umbria is the hamlet of Cospaia, which was a tiny republic from 1440 to 1826, created by accident.


title: Umbria

text: Umbria is crossed by two valleys: the Umbrian valley ("Valle Umbra"), stretching from Perugia to Spoleto, and the Tiber Valley ("Val Tiberina"), north and west of the first one, from Città di Castello to the border with Lazio. The Tiber River forms the approximate border with Lazio, although its source is just over the Tuscan border. The Tiber's three principal tributaries flow southward through Umbria. The Chiascio basin is relatively uninhabited as far as Bastia Umbra. About farther on, it joins the Tiber at Torgiano. The Topino, cleaving the Apennines with passes that the Via Flaminia and successor roads follow, makes a sharp turn at Foligno to flow NW for a few kilometres before joining the Chiascio below Bettona. The third river is the Nera, flowing into the Tiber further south, at Terni; its valley is called the "Valnerina". The upper Nera cuts ravines in the mountains; the lower, in the Tiber basin, has created a wide floodplain.


title: Umbria

text: In antiquity, the plain was covered by a pair of shallow, interlocking lakes, the Lacus Clitorius and the Lacus Umber. They were drained by the Romans over several hundred years. An earthquake in the 4th century and the political collapse of the Roman Empire resulted in the refilling of the basin. It was drained a second time, almost a thousand years later, during a 500-year period: Benedictine monks started the process in the 13th century, and the draining was completed by an engineer from Foligno in the 18th century.


title: Umbria

text: The eastern part of the region, being crossed by many faults, has been often hit by earthquakes: the last ones have been that of 1997 (which hit Nocera Umbra, Gualdo Tadino, Assisi and Foligno) and those of 2016 (which struck Norcia and the Valnerina).


title: Umbria

text: In literature, Umbria is referred to as "Il cuore verde d'Italia" or "The green heart of Italy". The phrase is taken from a poem by Giosuè Carducci, the subject of which is the source of the Clitunno River in Umbria.


title: Umbria

text: The region is named for the Umbri people, an Italic people which was absorbed by the expansion of the Romans. The Umbri, unlike the Etruscans, with few exceptions did not live in an urban society, but occupied small dwellings located in the Apennines. Pliny the Elder recounted a fanciful derivation for the tribal name from the Greek ὄμβρος ("ombros", "a shower"), which led to the idea that they had survived the Deluge familiar from Greek mythology, allowing them to claim to be the most ancient race in Italy. In fact, they belonged to a broader family of neighbouring peoples with similar roots. Their language was Umbrian, one of the Italic languages, related to Latin and Oscan. The town of Gubbio houses today the longest and most important document of any of the Osco-Umbrian group of languages, the Iguvine Tablets, written in Umbrian at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The northern part of the region was occupied by Gallic tribes.


title: Umbria

text: The Umbri probably sprang, like neighbouring peoples, from the creators of the Terramara, and Proto-Villanovan culture in northern and central Italy, who entered north-eastern Italy at the beginning of the Bronze Age.


title: Umbria

text: The Etruscans were the chief enemies of the Umbri. The Etruscan invasion extended from the western seaboard towards the north and east from about 700 to 500 BC. They eventually drove the Umbrians towards the Apennine uplands and captured 300 Umbrian towns. Nevertheless, the Umbrian population does not seem to have been eradicated in the conquered districts. The border between Etruria and Umbria was the Tiber river, as testified by the ancient name of Todi, "Tular" ("border").


title: Umbria

text: After the downfall of the Etruscans, Umbrians aided the Samnites in their struggle against Rome (308 BC). Later communications with Samnium were impeded by the Roman fortress of Narnia (founded 229 BC on the place of the umbrian "Nequinum", conquered in 299 BC). Romans defeated the Samnites and their Gallic allies in the battle of Sentinum (295 BC). Allied Umbrians and Etruscans had to return home and defend each of their territories against simultaneous Roman attacks, leaving the Samnites without their help at Sentinum.


title: Umbria

text: The Roman victory at Sentinum initiated a period of integration under the Roman rulers, who established some colonies, such as Spoletium, and built the via Flaminia (219 BC). The via Flaminia became a principal vector for Roman development in Umbria. During Hannibal's invasion during the second Punic war, the battle of Lake Trasimene was fought inside the borders of today's Umbria, but the local people did not aid the invader.


title: Umbria

text: During the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian (40 BC), the city of Perugia supported Antony and was almost completely destroyed by Octavian. In Pliny the Elder's time, 49 independent communities still existed in Umbria, and the abundance of inscriptions and the high proportion of recruits in the imperial army attest to its population. Under Augustus, Umbria became the Regio VI of Roman Italy.


title: Umbria

text: Modern Umbria is different from Roman Umbria. Roman Umbria extended through most of what is now the northern Marche to Ravenna, but excluded the west bank of the Tiber, which belonged to Etruria. Thus Perugia was an Etruscan city and the area around Norcia was in the Sabine territory.


title: Umbria

text: After the collapse of the Roman empire, Ostrogoths and Byzantines struggled for supremacy in the region, and the decisive battle of the war between these two peoples took place near modern Gualdo Tadino.


title: Umbria

text: Soon after the end of the Gothic war, the Lombards invaded Italy and founded the duchy of Spoleto, covering much of today's southern Umbria, but the Byzantine were able to keep in the region a corridor along the Via Flaminia linking Rome with the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis. The Lombard king controlled also the northern part of the region ruled directly by Pavia. When Charlemagne conquered most of the Lombard kingdoms, some Umbrian territories were given to the Pope, who established temporal power over them. Some cities acquired a form of autonomy named "comune". These cities were frequently at war with each other, often in a context of more general conflicts, either between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire or between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.


title: Umbria

text: In the early 14th century, the "signorie" arose and the most important of them were those of the Vitelli in Città di Castello, of the Baglioni in Perugia and of the Trinci in Foligno, but the region was subsumed by the middle of the same century into the Papal States by Cardinal Albornoz, who in this way prepared the return of the pope from Avignon to Rome. Città di Castello was subsumed later into the Papal States by Cesare Borgia. During the 15th century Renaissance spread in the northern part of the region. It was in this period that humanists started to use again the ancient denomination of "Umbria" to name the area, which until then had been named "Ducato", after the Duchy of Spoleto in the southern part of it. The supremacy of the pope on Umbria was reinforced in 16th century through the erection of a fortress in Perugia by Pope Paul III, named after him "Rocca Paolina". The Papacy ruled the region uncontested until the end of the 18th century.


title: Umbria

text: After the French Revolution and the French conquest of Italy, Umbria became part of the ephemeral Roman Republic (1798–1799) and later, part of the Napoleonic Empire (1809–1814) under the name of department of Trasimène.


title: Umbria

text: After Napoleon's defeat, the Pope regained Umbria and ruled it until 1860. In that year, during Italian Risorgimento, Umbria with Marche and part of Emilia Romagna were annexed by Piedmontese King Victor Emmanuel II, and the people of Perugia destroyed in the same year the Rocca Paolina, symbol of the papal oppression. The region of Umbria, with capital Perugia, became part of the Kingdom of Italy in the following year. The region, whose economy was mainly based on agriculture, experienced a dramatic economic shift at the end of the 19th century with the founding of the "Acciaierie di Terni", a major steelwork placed in Terni because of its abundance of electric power due to the Marmore waterfall and its secluded position.


title: Umbria

text: The region of Umbria at the time was somewhat larger than today, comprising Rieti to the south, now part of Lazio. Rieti was detached and added to the Province of Rome (Lazio) in 1923. In 1927, the region of Umbria was divided into the provinces of Perugia and Terni.


title: Umbria

text: During WWII, the industrial centers of the region like Terni and Foligno were heavily bombed and in 1944 became a battlefield between the allied forces and the Germans retreating towards the Gothic Line. In 1946, Umbria was incorporated into the Italian Republic as a region, comprising the two provinces of Perugia and Terni.


title: Umbria

text: One of the most important festivals in Umbria is "the festival of the Ceri (Candles)", also known as Saint Ubaldo Day in Gubbio. The race has been held every year since 1160, on the 15th day of May. The festival is focused around a race consisting of three teams of "cerioli", carrying large symbolic "candles" topped by saints, including St. Ubald (the patron saint of Gubbio), S. Giorgio (St. George), and S. Antonio (Anthony the Great), and run through throngs of cheering supporters. The cerioli are clad in the distinctive colors of yellow, blue or black, according to the saint they support, with white trousers and red belts and neckbands. They travel up much of the mountain from the main square in front of the "Palazzo dei Consoli" to the basilica of St. Ubaldo, each team carrying a statue of their saint mounted on a wooden octagonal prism, similar to an hour-glass shape 4 metres tall and weighing about 280 kg (617 lb).


title: Umbria

text: The race has strong devotional, civic, and historical overtones and is one of the best-known folklore manifestations in Italy, and therefore the Ceri were chosen as the heraldic emblem on the coat of arms of Umbria as a modern administrative region.


title: Umbria

text: Umbria is not only known for its historical recollections such as the festival of the Ceri, "Calendimaggio" in Assisi and the "giostra della Quintana" in Foligno, but also for one of the biggest jazz music festivals called "Umbria Jazz". "Umbria Jazz" was born as a festival in 1973 and since 2003 has been held in the Umbrian capital "Perugia" in July; it has become the fixed appointment of all jazz and good music lovers. Another important festival is the "Festival dei Due Mondi" (Festival of the Two Worlds), an annual summer music and opera festival which is held each June to early July in Spoleto.


title: Umbria

text: The present economic structure emerged from a series of transformations which took place mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, there was rapid expansion among small and medium-sized firms and a gradual retrenchment among the large firms which had hitherto characterised the region's industrial base. This process of structural adjustment is still going on.


title: Umbria

text: Economically the most important region is the upper Tiber valley with Città di Castello. Terni steelworks (stainless steel, titanium, alloy steel) and processing companies (automotive, stainless steel tubes, industrial food facility) account for 20 to 25% of Umbria's GDP. In Terni there are also many multinational companies in the fields of chemistry, hydroelectric power, renewable sources of energy, and textiles (Alcantara, Cashmere). In the rest of the region the ornamental ceramics industry is much esteemed.


title: Umbria

text: Umbrian agriculture is noted for its tobacco, olive oil and vineyards, which produce excellent wines. Regional varietals include the white Orvieto, which draws agri-tourists to the vineyards in the area surrounding the medieval town of the same name. A notable wine is the Grechetto of Todi. Other noted wines produced in Umbria are Torgiano and Rosso di Montefalco. The Umbrian wineries are at the center of the "Cantine Aperte" or "Open Cellars" event, when local wine makers open their wineries to the public. Another typical Umbrian product is the black truffle found in Valnerina, an area that produces 45% of this product in Italy.


title: Umbria

text: The food industry in Umbria produces processed pork-meats, confectionery, pasta and the traditional products of Valnerina in preserved form (truffles, lentils, cheese).


title: Umbria

text: Umbria is the region where the Umber pigment was originally extracted. The name comes from "terra d'ombra", or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. The word also may be related to the Latin word "umbra", meaning "shadow". Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.


title: Umbria

text: In the 20th century, natural umber pigments began to be replaced by pigments made with synthetic iron oxide and manganese oxide. Natural umber pigments are still being made, with Cyprus as a prominent source.


title: Umbria

text: Umbria was a former stronghold of the Italian Communist Party, forming with Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Marche what was then known as Italy's "Red Regions". Umbria was considered a stronghold of the Democratic Party and left-leaning parties for over 50 years, however in 2019 the candidate of the centre-right coalition Donatella Tesei won the region's presidential election against her centre-left rival Vincenzo Bianconi, garnering 57.5% of the vote.


title: Umbria

text: , the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 75,631 foreign-born immigrants live in Umbria, equal to 8.5% of the total population of the region.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: East of Eden is a 1955 American period drama film directed by Elia Kazan and written by Paul Osborn, loosely based on the fourth and final part of the 1952 novel of the same name by John Steinbeck. It stars James Dean as a wayward young man who, while seeking his own identity, vies for the affection of his deeply religious father against his favored brother, thus retelling the story of Cain and Abel. Appearing in supporting roles are Julie Harris, Raymond Massey, Burl Ives, Richard Davalos, and Jo Van Fleet.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Although set in early 20th century Monterey, California, much of the film was actually shot on location in Mendocino, California. Some scenes were filmed in the Salinas Valley. Of the three films in which James Dean played the lead, this is the only one to have been released during his lifetime.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: "East of Eden", along with Dean's other films "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955) and "Giant" (1956) was named one of the 400 best American films of all time by the American Film Institute. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: East of Eden (film)

text: The plot line is loosely based on the biblical story of Cain and Abel. The story is set in 1917, during World War I, in the central California coastal towns of Monterey and Salinas. Cal and Aron are the young adult sons of a farmer and wartime draft board chairman, Adam Trask, with whom they live in the Salinas valley. Adam is a deeply religious Christian. Aron is pious, dutiful, and responsible, while Cal is moody, embittered, and thinks he is sinful. He believes his father loves only Aron. Adam told the boys their mother, Kate, died when they were infants. However, Cal discovers Kate operates a brothel in nearby Monterey, though he keeps this from Adam and Aron.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Adam's idealistic plans for a long-haul vegetable shipping enterprise end disastrously, losing him his entire savings. To recoup his father's loss, Cal decides to enter the bean-growing business, knowing that if the United States enters the war, bean prices will skyrocket. Cal hopes this will earn his father's love and respect. He goes to Kate to ask for the $5,000 capital he needs. Kate reveals she deserted the family because she hated living on the farm, never loved Adam, and rebelled against him completely controlling her. She shot Adam in the shoulder when he attempted to stop her leaving. Kate loans the money to Cal, noting the irony that the loan proceeds from her business are intended to preserve Adam's good name. Meanwhile, Aron's girlfriend, Abra, is growing attracted to Cal, who seems to reciprocate her feelings.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Cal's bean venture is successful, and he intends to give the profits to Adam at a surprise birthday party he and Abra have planned. As the party begins, Aron suddenly announces that he and Abra are engaged. While Adam is openly pleased, both Abra and Cal are uneasy due to their growing feelings for one another. Cal presents the money to his father; however, Adam refuses it, claiming it is war profiteering and demands he give it back to the farmers he "robbed." Adam adds that Aron's gift, compared to Cal's, is "honest and...good." A confused Cal sees his father's refusal as just another emotional rejection. When a distraught Cal leaves the room, Abra goes after him. Aron follows and orders Cal to stay away from her. Cal angrily tells Aron that their mother is alive, then takes him to her Monterey bordello. Cal roughly shoves the stunned Aron at the elderly Kate, causing her to fall. When Cal arrives home, Adam demands to know where Aron is. Cal initially responds he is not his brother's keeper, then tells Adam what he did.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: The truth about his mother drives the pacifistic Aron to get drunk, lose control, and then board a troop train to enlist in the army. When the sheriff informs Adam, he rushes to the station in a futile attempt to dissuade him. Adam fails and watches helplessly as Aron smashes his head through the rail car window, maniacally laughing as the train pulls away. A shocked Adam suffers a stroke, leaving him paralyzed and unable to communicate. Cal tries talking to Adam, but gets no response and leaves the bedroom. Abra pleads with Adam to show Cal some affection before it is too late. When Cal makes his last bid for acceptance before leaving town, Adam manages to speak. He tells Cal to fire the annoying nurse, then whispers something to him. Cal tells Abra that Adam said he wants only Cal to care for him. The film ends with Cal, alone, sitting by his father's bedside, the emotional chasm between the father and son apparently healing.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Director Elia Kazan first toyed with the idea of casting Marlon Brando as Cal and Montgomery Clift as Aron, but at 30 and 34 years old, respectively, they were simply too old to play teenage brothers. Paul Newman, who was one year younger than Brando, was a finalist for the part of Cal, which eventually was played by James Dean, who was six years younger than Newman.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Newman and Dean, who were up for the part of Cal, screen tested together for the parts of the rival brothers. In the end, Richard Davalos got the part of Aron. This was his screen debut.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Julie Harris was cast as Abra James. Executive producer Jack L. Warner was opposed to her casting, because she was ten years older than her character.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Kazan denied rumors that he didn't like Dean: "You can't not like a guy with that much pain in him… You know how a dog will be mean and snarl at you, then you pat him, and he's all over you with affection? That's the way Dean was." Kazan did intervene sternly, however, when Dean started to feel his power as a hotly emerging star and treated crew members disrespectfully.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: The underlying theme of "East of Eden" is a biblical reference to the brothers Cain and Abel. Cal is constantly struggling to earn his father's approval. The relationship between Cal and his father is a stressful one and is not resolved until late in the story, after his father suffers a paralyzing stroke. In his paralyzed state and with the help of Julie Harris' character, Abra, Cal's father finally expresses his suppressed love for the boy.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Other themes touched upon in the film include anti-German xenophobia, specifically as wrought against a local German immigrant as resentment about United States entry into World War I grew. The themes of young love and sibling rivalry are also present in the film, as Aron's girlfriend finds herself increasingly drawn to the more rebellious Cal.


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Dave Kehr of the "Chicago Reader" praised the adaptation by Kazan and the "down-to-earth" performances of James Dean and Richard Davalos. Bosley Crowther, writing for "The New York Times", described the film as having "energy and intensity but little clarity and emotion"; he notes:


title: East of Eden (film)

text: According to Truman Capote, "many critics reviewing [the film] remarked on the well-nigh plagiaristic resemblance between [Dean's] acting mannerisms and [Marlon] Brando's." Bosley Crowther called Dean's performance a "mass of histrionic gingerbread" which clearly emulated the style of Brando. Kate Cameron, of the "New York Daily News", on the other hand, proclaimed Dean "a new star" who had "walked away with most of the honors." While conceding that he did "sound at times like Marlon Brando," she called him "a fine actor" who "plays his first film role with a naturalness that is completely convincing."


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Fifty years later, film critic Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" was much more positive, saying "East of Eden" is "not only one of Kazan's richest films and Dean's first significant role, it is also arguably the actor's best performance." The film's depiction of the interaction between Dean and Massey was characterized by Turan as "the paradigmatic generational conflict in all of American film."


title: East of Eden (film)

text: Actor Leonardo DiCaprio stated in an interview with MTV that "East of Eden" was the film that made him "obsessed with movies".


title: David Choe

text: David Choe (born April 21, 1976) is an American artist, musician, and former journalist and podcast host from Los Angeles. Choe's work appears in a wide variety of urban culture and entertainment contexts. He has illustrated and written for magazines including "Hustler", "Ray Gun" and "Vice". He has an ongoing relationship with the Asian pop culture store-cum-magazine "Giant Robot". He once hung his work in a Double Rainbow ice cream shop located on Melrose Avenue. His figurative paintings, which explore themes of desire, degradation, and exaltation, are characterized by a raw, frenetic method that he has termed "dirty style."


title: David Choe

text: Choe was born in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Korean immigrants and born-again Christians. He spent his childhood in Koreatown, Los Angeles. He has been spray-painting on the streets since he was in his teens. He briefly attended the California College of the Arts.


title: David Choe

text: In 1996, Choe self-published a graphic novel titled "Slow Jams"; he claims to have made only 200 copies and given them away at Comic-Con in 1998, hoping to interest a publisher. In 1999, he submitted "Slow Jams" for the Xeric Grant and was awarded $5,000 to self-publish a second, expanded edition of 1,000 which came out in 1999 with a cover price of $4.


title: David Choe

text: He accepted mural commissions from Hollywood madam Heidi Fleiss and from the founders of Facebook. After holding several solo shows in San Jose and San Francisco, he was offered a solo exhibit at the Santa Rosa Museum of Contemporary Art in 2005. He held his first New York solo exhibit, "Gardeners of Eden," in 2007 at Jonathan LeVine Gallery in Chelsea, and in 2008, he had his first UK solo exhibition, "Murderous Heart," in both the London and Newcastle locations of Lazarides Gallery, simultaneously.


title: David Choe

text: After being approached for his artwork by Gavin McInnes and Shane Smith, Choe was recruited to write and do artwork for "Vice" magazine.


title: David Choe

text: For an online series called "Thumbs Up!" with Vice, which has three seasons, Choe and Harry Kim were filmed hitchhiking and freight hopping from Los Angeles to Miami and Tijuana to Alaska, and then hitching across China from Beijing to Shenzhen and the gambling mecca of Macau. A fourth season, in which Choe and Kim travel from San Francisco to New York, was 'released' on Snapchat and Instagram.


title: David Choe

text: In 2013, Choe began hosting an online lifestyle and entertainment podcast with adult film star Asa Akira entitled "DVDASA". In a March 2014 podcast, Choe recounted an instance where he sexually assaulted a masseuse. He later released a statement to clarify that the story he recounted was fiction and should be viewed as an extension of his art.


title: David Choe

text: He has also become recognized for his watercolors, which exhibited in his solo show at the Museo Universario del Chopo, Mexico City in 2013.


title: David Choe

text: After receiving extensive therapy and treatment, he reemerged in 2017 with a new body of work and an exhibition in Los Angeles that presented heavy themes of trauma, self-reflection and hope for recovery.


title: David Choe

text: In 2005, internet entrepreneur Sean Parker, a longtime fan, asked him to paint graphic sexual murals in the interior of Facebook's first Silicon Valley office, and in 2007, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg commissioned him to paint somewhat tamer murals for their next office. Although he thought the Facebook business model was "ridiculous and pointless," Choe chose to receive company stock in lieu of cash payment for the original Facebook murals. His shares were valued at approximately $200 million on the eve of Facebook's 2012 IPO.


title: David Choe

text: Since 2008, Choe has dedicated many of his works to charity and has collaborated with foundations to support their local causes, including fundraising for Haiti with Yle Haiti, a foundation founded by Wyclef Jean; painting with the children of The LIDÈ Haiti Foundationl; and painting with children of South Central LA at APCH.


title: David Choe

text: In the early 2000s, Choe was reportedly arrested in Japan, where he was taking part in an art show, after an altercation with a police officer. Various sources cite the year as 2003 or 2005 and state that Choe spent two or three months in prison.