title: Mail

text: Letters are often studied as an example of literature, and also in biography in the case of a famous person. A portion of the New Testament of the Bible is composed of the Apostle Paul's epistles to Christian congregations in various parts of the Roman Empire. See below for a list of famous letters.


title: Mail

text: A style of writing, called "epistolary," tells a fictional story in the form of the correspondence between two or more characters.


title: Mail

text: Numerous countries, including Sweden (1 January 1993), New Zealand (1998 and 2003), Germany (2005 and 2007), Argentina and Chile opened up the postal services market to new entrants. In the case of New Zealand Post Limited, this included (from 2003) its right to be the sole New Zealand postal administration member of the Universal Postal Union, thus the ending of its monopoly on stamps bearing the name New Zealand.


title: Mail

text: Letter-sized mail constitutes the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents printed on A4 (210×297 mm), Letter-sized (8.5×11 inches), or smaller paper and placed in envelopes.


title: Mail

text: Handwritten correspondence, while once a major means of communications between distant people, is now used less frequently due to the advent of more immediate forms of communication, such as the telephone or email. Traditional letters, however, are often considered to hark back to a "simpler time" and are still used when someone wishes to be deliberate and thoughtful about his or her communication. An example would be a letter of sympathy to a bereaved person.


title: Mail

text: Bills and invoices are often sent through the mail, like regular billing correspondence from utility companies and other service providers. These letters often contain a self-addressed envelope that allows the receiver to remit payment back to the company easily. While still very common, many people now opt to use online bill payment services, which eliminate the need to receive bills through the mail. Paperwork for the confirmation of large financial transactions is often sent through the mail. Many tax documents are as well.


title: Mail

text: New credit cards and their corresponding personal identification numbers are sent to their owners through the mail. The card and number are usually mailed separately several days or weeks apart for security reasons.


title: Mail

text: Bulk mail is mail that is prepared for bulk mailing, often by presorting, and processing at reduced rates. It is often used in direct marketing and other advertising mail, although it has other uses as well. The senders of these messages sometimes purchase lists of addresses (which are sometimes targeted towards certain demographics) and then send letters advertising their product or service to all recipients. Other times, commercial solicitations are sent by local companies advertising local products, like a restaurant delivery service advertising to their delivery area or a retail store sending their weekly advertising circular to a general area. Bulk mail is also often sent to companies' existing subscriber bases, advertising new products or services.


title: Mail

text: First-Class Mail in the U.S. includes postcards, letters, large envelopes (flats), and small packages, providing each piece weighs or less. Delivery is given priority over second-class (newspapers and magazines), third class (bulk advertisements), and fourth-class mail (books and media packages). First-Class Mail prices are based on both the shape and weight of the item being mailed. Pieces over 13 ounces can be sent as Priority Mail. As of 2011 42% of First-Class Mail arrived the next day, 27% in two days, and 31% in three. The USPS expected that changes to the service in 2012 would cause about 51% to arrive in two days and most of the rest in three.


title: Mail

text: The British Royal Mail equivalent to USPS First-Class Mail is stylized as 1st Class, and is simply a priority option over 2nd Class, at a slightly higher cost. Royal Mail aims (but does not guarantee) to deliver all 1st Class letters the day after postage.


title: Mail

text: The Canada Post counterpart is Lettermail. In Austria priority delivery mail is called Prio, in Switzerland A-Post.


title: Mail

text: Registered mail allows the location and in particular the correct delivery of a letter to be tracked. It is usually considerably more expensive than regular mail, and is typically used for valuable items. Registered mail is constantly tracked through the system.


title: Mail

text: Recorded mail is handled just like ordinary mail with the exception that it has to be signed for on receipt. This is useful for legal documents where proof of delivery is required.


title: Mail

text: In the United Kingdom recorded delivery mail (branded as "signed for" by the Royal Mail) is covered by "The Recorded Delivery Services Act 1962". Under this legislation any document which its relevant law requires service by registered post can also be lawfully served by recorded delivery.


title: Mail

text: The United States Postal Service introduced a test allowing "repositionable notes" (for example, 3M's Post-it notes) to be attached to the outside of envelopes and bulk mailings, afterwards extending the test for an unspecified period. The repositionable note may be fixed directly to the address side of First-Class Mail and Standard Mail letter-size mailpieces. These mailpieces must meet the standards in 7.2 through 7.6. The note is included as an integral part of the mailpiece for weight and postage rate and must be accounted for in pricing.


title: Mail

text: Postal cards and postcards are small message cards that are sent by mail unenveloped; the distinction often, though not invariably and reliably, drawn between them is that "postal cards" are issued by the postal authority or entity with the "postal indicia" (or "stamp") preprinted on them, while postcards are privately issued and require affixing an adhesive stamp (though there have been some cases of a postal authority's issuing non-stamped postcards). Postcards are often printed to promote tourism, with pictures of resorts, tourist attractions or humorous messages on the front and allowing for a short message from the sender to be written on the back. The postage required for postcards is generally less than postage required for standard letters; however, certain technicalities such as their being oversized or having cut-outs, may result in payment of the first-class rate being required.


title: Mail

text: Postcards are also used by magazines for new subscriptions. Inside many magazines are postage-paid subscription cards that a reader can fill out and mail back to the publishing company to be billed for a subscription to the magazine. In this fashion, magazines also use postcards for other purposes, including reader surveys, contests or information requests.


title: Mail

text: Postcards are sometimes sent by charities to their members with a message to be signed and sent to a politician (e.g. to promote fair trade or third world debt cancellation).


title: Mail

text: Larger envelopes are also sent through the mail. These are often composed of a stronger material than standard envelopes and are often used by businesses to transport documents that may not be folded or damaged, such as legal documents and contracts. Due to their size, larger envelopes are sometimes charged additional postage.


title: Mail

text: Packages are often sent through some postal services, usually requiring additional postage than an average letter or postcard. Many postal services have limitations as to what a package may or may not contain, usually placing limits or bans on perishable, hazardous or flammable materials. Some hazardous materials in limited quantities may be shipped with appropriate markings and packaging, like an ORM-D label. Additionally, as a result of terrorism concerns, the U.S. Postal Service subjects their packages to numerous security tests, often scanning or x-raying packages for materials that might be found in biological materials or mail bombs.


title: Mail

text: Newspapers and magazines are also sent through postal services. Many magazines are simply placed in the mail normally (but in the U.S., they are printed with a special bar code that acts as pre-paid postage – see POSTNET), but many are now shipped in shrinkwrap to protect the loose contents of the magazine. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, newspapers and magazines were normally posted using wrappers with a stamp imprint.


title: Mail

text: Hybrid mail, sometimes referred to as L-mail, is the electronic lodgement of mail from the mail generator's computer directly to a Postal Service provider. The Postal Service provider is then able to use electronic means to have the mail piece sorted, routed and physically produced at a site closest to the delivery point. It is a type of mail growing in popularity with some Post Office operations and individual businesses venturing into this market. In some countries, these services are available to print and deliver emails to those who are unable to receive email, such as the elderly or infirm. Services provided by Hybrid mail providers are closely related to that of mail forwarding service providers.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa (UI, U of I, UIowa, or simply Iowa) is a public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees.


title: University of Iowa

text: On an urban 1,880-acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River, the University of Iowa is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". In fiscal year 2021, research expenditures at Iowa totaled $818 million. The university is best known for its programs in health care, law, and the fine arts, with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas. The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writers' Workshop, which has produced 17 of the university's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners. Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities, the Universities Research Association, and the Big Ten Academic Alliance.


title: University of Iowa

text: Among public universities in the United States, UI was the first to become coeducational and host a department of religious studies; it also opened the first coeducational medical school. The University of Iowa's 31,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations. Iowa's 22 varsity athletic teams, the Iowa Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa was founded on February 25, 1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City "without branches at any other place." The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, but the Board of Regents approved using "The University of Iowa" for everyday usage in October 1964.


title: University of Iowa

text: The first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women. The 1856–57 catalog listed nine departments offering ancient languages, modern languages, intellectual philosophy, moral philosophy, history, natural history, mathematics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. The first president of the university was Amos Dean.


title: University of Iowa

text: The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the (4.05 hectares) of land on which it stood. Following the placing of the cornerstone July 4, 1840, the building housed the Fifth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa (December 5, 1842) and then became the first capitol building of the State of Iowa on December 28, 1846. Until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, the Old Capitol became the first permanent "home" of the university.


title: University of Iowa

text: In 1855, the university became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. In addition, Iowa was the world's first university to accept creative work in theater, writing, music, and art on an equal basis with academic research.


title: University of Iowa

text: The university was one of the first institutions in America to grant a law degree to a woman (Mary B. Hickey Wilkinson, 1873), to grant a law degree to an African American (Alexander G. Clark, Jr. in 1879), and to put an African American on a varsity athletic squad (Frank Holbrook in 1895). The university awarded its first doctorate in 1898.


title: University of Iowa

text: The university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union (in 1970).


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa established the first law school west of the Mississippi River. It was the first university to use television in education, in 1932, and it pioneered in the field of standardized testing. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of administrative vice president. (Phillip Hubbard, promoted in 1966)


title: University of Iowa

text: Under the leadership of Carl Seashore in 1922, Iowa became the first university in the United States to accept creative projects as theses for advanced degrees. Traditionally, graduate study culminates in the writing of a scholarly thesis, but Iowa accepted creative works including a collection of poems, a musical composition, or a series of paintings to be presented to the graduate college in support of a degree. In so doing, Iowa established a creative standard in qualifying for the Master of Fine Arts degree and secured a place for writers and artists in the academy. The university's Program in Creative Writing, known worldwide as the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, was founded in 1936 with the gathering together of writers of both poetry and fiction. It was the first creative writing program in the country, and it became the prototype for more than 300 writing programs, many of which were founded by Workshop alumni. The workshop remains the most prestigious creative writing program in the country and one of the most selective graduate programs of any kind, typically admitting fewer than five percent of its applicants.


title: University of Iowa

text: A shooting took place on campus on November 1, 1991. Six people died in the shooting, including the perpetrator, and one other person was wounded. This was one of the deadliest university campus shootings in United States history.


title: University of Iowa

text: In the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the floodwaters receded, university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million. The reconstruction and renovation work took a decade, but the university has recovered and taken several preventive measures with the hope of avoiding a tragic repeat of the event.


title: University of Iowa

text: In January 2009, UNESCO designated Iowa City the world's third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.


title: University of Iowa

text: In 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. The regents' choice of Harreld provoked criticism and controversy on the UI campus due to his corporate background, lack of history in leading an institution of higher education, and the circumstances related to the search process. The regents said they had based their decision on the belief that Harreld could limit costs and find new sources of revenue beyond tuition in an age of declining state support for universities.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa's main campus is located in Iowa City. The campus is roughly bordered by Park Road and U.S. Highway 6 to the north and Dubuque and Gilbert Streets to the east. The Iowa River flows through the campus, dividing it into west and east sides.


title: University of Iowa

text: Of architectural note is the Pentacrest which comprises five major buildings—Old Capitol, Schaeffer Hall, MacLean Hall, Macbride Hall, and Jessup Hall—at the center of the University of Iowa Campus. The Pentacrest reflects the Beaux-Arts in addition to Greek Revival architectural styles and the Collegiate Gothic architecture, which is dominant in sections of the campus east of the Iowa River. The Old Capitol was once the home of the state legislature and the primary government building for the State of Iowa but is now the symbolic heart of the university with a restored ceremonial legislative chamber and a museum of Iowa history.


title: University of Iowa

text: Also on the east side of the campus are six residence halls (Burge, Daum, Stanley, Currier, Mayflower, and Catlett), the Iowa Memorial Union, the Women's Resource & Action Center, the Pappajohn Business Building, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, the Lindquist Center (home of the College of Education), Phillips Hall (the foreign language building), Van Allen Hall (home to physics and astronomy), Trowbridge Hall (home to Earth & Environmental Sciences, as well as the Iowa Geological Survey), the English-Philosophy Building, the Becker Communication Building, the Adler Journalism Building, Voxman Music Building, and the buildings for biology, chemistry, and psychology. The Main Library can also be found on the east side.


title: University of Iowa

text: The Colleges of Law, Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Public health are on the west side of the Iowa River, along with the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Art Building West and Visual Arts Building, and the Theatre Building. Additionally, five residence halls (Hillcrest, Slater, Rienow, Parklawn, and Petersen), Kinnick Stadium, and Carver-Hawkeye Arena are located on the west campus.


title: University of Iowa

text: The campus is home to several museums, including the University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art, the Museum of Natural History, the Old Capitol Museum, the Medical Museum, the Athletic Hall of Fame and Museum, and Project Art at the University Hospitals and Clinics.


title: University of Iowa

text: A flood of the Iowa River in 2008 had a major impact on several campus buildings, forcing many to temporarily or permanently close. The upper levels of the Iowa Memorial Union remained open while its lower level was renovated. The arts campus, which included Art Building West, Old Art Building, Hancher Auditorium, Voxman Music Building, Clapp Recital Hall, and the Theatre Building, sustained significant damage. Art Building West reopened in 2012 after repairs were completed. Sections of Old Art Building were razed, leaving only the historic WPA-era building, which includes regionalist artist Grant Wood's former studio. Esteemed artists Elizabeth Catlett, Ana Mendieta, and Charles Ray were all trained in this building. The new Visual Arts Building was opened on a higher plot of land adjacent to Art Building West in 2016 after years when studio arts were housed in a temporary facility. Hancher Auditorium was rebuilt near its current site on the West bank of the Iowa River, and Voxman Music Hall was constructed adjacent to downtown Iowa City and the main campus on South Clinton Street. The new Hancher Auditorium and the new Voxman Music Building opened in 2016.


title: University of Iowa

text: The Oakdale Campus, which is home to some of the university's research facilities and the driving simulator, is located north of Interstate 80 in adjacent Coralville.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa holds and continues to commission an extensive collection of public art. The program began under the Iowa State 'Art in State Buildings Program,' one of the first percent for art programs in the United States since repealed in 2017. The collection includes many important works, including works by artists: Sol LeWitt (2-3-1-1, 1994); El Anatsui (Anonymous Creature 2009); Dale Chihuly (Forest Amber and Gilded Chandelier, 2004); August Rodin (Jean de Fiennes, draped, 1889); Peter Randall-Page (Ridge and Furrow, 2011).


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa is one of the EPA's Green Power Partners, burning oat hulls instead of coal and reducing coal consumption by 20%. In May 2004, the university joined the Chicago Climate Exchange, and in April 2009, a student garden was opened.


title: University of Iowa

text: The university also offers a Certificate in Sustainability through the Office of Sustainability (OS). The OS recently coordinated the university's first sustainability plan: "2020 Vision UIowa Sustainability Targets," proposed by UI president Sally Mason on October 29, 2010.


title: University of Iowa

text: The Iowa Board of Regents, a statewide body, governs the University of Iowa, as well as the state's two other public universities (Iowa State University and the University of Northern Iowa), along with certain other institutions. Created by the Iowa General Assembly in 1909, the Board of Regents is composed of nine volunteer members appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Iowa Senate to serve staggered six-year terms. The Iowa Board of Regents hires the president of the University of Iowa, and the university president reports to the Board. The 22nd and current president of the University of Iowa is Barbara J. Wilson, who has served since July 15, 2021.


title: University of Iowa

text: The 2022 annual ranking of "U.S. News & World Report" categorizes UIowa as "more selective." For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), UIowa received 22,434 applications and accepted 19,340 (86.2%). Of those accepted, 4,521 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 23.4%. UIowa's freshman retention rate is 88%, with 73.7% going on to graduate within six years.


title: University of Iowa

text: Of the 65% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 22 and 29. Of the 18% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1140-1330.


title: University of Iowa

text: University of Iowa is a college-sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 24 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 31 freshman students were National Merit Scholars.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa is regularly recognized as one of the top institutions of higher learning in the country, and over 5,000 courses are offered at the university each year. Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities. The university is home to ISCABBS, a public bulletin board system that was the world's largest Internet community before the commercialization of the World Wide Web.


title: University of Iowa

text: The Iowa Writers' Workshop was founded in 1936. Since 1947 it has produced thirteen Pulitzer Prize winners. Twenty-five people affiliated with the Writers' Workshop have won a Pulitzer Prize. The Hanson Center for Technical Communication was founded at The University of Iowa and named after a 1960 graduate, Thomas R. Hanson, who funded the institution with $800,000.


title: University of Iowa

text: The university has educated many of the state's professionals, including 79% of Iowa's dentists, 50% of physicians, 48% of pharmacists, as well as many teachers and administrators in each of the state's K–12 school districts.


title: University of Iowa

text: In 2021, the University of Iowa tied for 88th among national universities, tied for 34th among public universities, placed 108th among "Best Value Schools," tied for 77th among "Most Innovative Schools," and tied for 353rd in "Top Performers on Social Mobility" by "U.S. News & World Report".


title: University of Iowa

text: In graduate school rankings for 2021, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked Iowa's Carver College of Medicine tied for 20th in the U.S. for primary care and tied for 34th for research. Its College of Public Health tied for 19th, its College of Pharmacy tied for 18th, its College of Law tied for 27th, and its Nursing School tied for 21st.


title: University of Iowa

text: "U.S. News & World Report" also ranked 9 University of Iowa graduate programs among the top 25 in the United States for 2021.


title: University of Iowa

text: According to the National Science Foundation, Iowa spent $511 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 51st in the United States.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa library system is the state's largest library and comprises the Main Library, the Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, five branch libraries, and the Law Library. The University Libraries' holdings include more than five million bound volumes, more than 200,000 rare books, and 1000 historical manuscript collections. Significant holdings include Hardin Library's John Martin Rare Book Room, the Iowa Women's Archives, the Louis Szathmary culinary arts collections, the Ruth and Marvin Sackner Archive of Concrete and Visual Poetry, science fiction collections, and works of Walt Whitman. The comic books collection in the Special Collections contains original art for 6,000 cartoons, film and television scripts, magazines and other underground or amateur publications, as well as mainstream books from throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.


title: University of Iowa

text: There are also over 500 student organizations, including groups focused on politics, sports, games, lifestyles, dance, song, theater, and a variety of other activities. The university also tries to sponsor events that give students an alternative to the typical drinking scene. In 2004 the university established an annual $25,000 contract with the newly reopened Iowa City Englert Theatre to host concerts and performances for as many as 40 nights a year. Students participate in a variety of student media organizations. For example, students edit and manage "The Daily Iowan" newspaper (often called the DI), which is printed every Monday through Friday while classes are in session. Noted pollster George Gallup was an early editor of the DI. Daily Iowan TV, KRUI Radio, Student Video Productions, "Off Deadline" magazine, and "Earthwords" magazine are other examples of student-run media.


title: University of Iowa

text: The University of Iowa has 22 varsity athletic teams, known as the Hawkeyes. All teams are members of the Big Ten Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. There are 10 men's teams and 12 women's teams. Three of these teams - men's gymnastics, men's swimming and diving, and men's tennis - were eliminated after the 2020–21 academic year to help address a projected $60–75 million deficit related to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: University of Iowa

text: NCAA championships. Fifteen of those championships occurred during Dan Gable's 21-year tenure as head coach (1977-1997). It has 35 Big Ten titles, 81 individual NCAA Titles, and has graduated 17 Olympians. The team is currently coached by alumnus Tom Brands.


title: University of Iowa

text: Iowa's football team is one of the most financially valuable college programs in the country. They have won 11 Big Ten championships and claim a share of the 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958 and 1960 national championships. The program has produced 10 members of the College Football Hall of Fame, 27 consensus first-team All-Americans, 5 members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and 245 NFL Draft Picks. The team is currently coached by Kirk Ferentz, who has completed his 21st year following coach Hayden Fry, who coached the previous 20 seasons.


title: University of Iowa

text: Iowa's field hockey team is the most successful women's team at the university, winning the 1986 national championship. They have won 13 conference titles and have made 11 Final Four appearances in the 33-year history of the NCAA tournament, despite field hockey not being a high school sport in Iowa. The program has produced 85 All-Americans and 13 Olympians. The program is currently coached by Lisa Celluci.


title: University of Iowa

text: Other sports at the university include basketball, soccer, baseball, softball, gymnastics, golf, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, cross country, and rowing. Most of the school's athletic facilities are located on the west end of campus. The largest venue is the 70,585-seat Kinnick Stadium, home to the football program. Opening in 1929 as Iowa Stadium, it was renamed in 1977 after Nile Kinnick, winner of the 1939 Heisman Trophy. The basketball, wrestling, gymnastics, and volleyball teams play at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which seats 15,400. Other venues include the Beckwith Boathouse, Duane Banks Field, and the old Iowa Fieldhouse.


title: University of Iowa

text: Among the thousands of graduates from the University of Iowa, especially notable alumni include George Gallup, founder of the Gallup Poll (BA, 1923); Tennessee Williams, author of "A Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (BA 1938); Gene Wilder, comedic film and television actor (BA 1955, Communication and Theatre Arts); Andre Tippett, NFL Hall of Fame linebacker; James Van Allen, world-famous physicist and discoverer of two radiation belts (the Van Allen Belts) that surround the earth, Emeritus Carver Professor of Physics at the University of Iowa (MS 1936, PhD 1939, Physics); Mauricio Lasansky, Latin American artist known as the father of modern printmaking, founder of the University of Iowa's ‘Iowa print group’; Albert Bandura, one of the most cited psychologists of all-time as originator of social cognitive theory (MA 1951, PhD 1952); (Mary) Flannery O'Connor, novelist and author of numerous short stories (MFA 1947, English); Sarai Sherman, a twentieth century modernist painter whose work is in major national and international collections; John Irving, novelist who wrote "The World According to Garp", "A Prayer for Owen Meany", and several others (MFA 1967, English), Jenny Zhang (writer), Adrian Clayborn, Tyler Sash, and Luka Garza, an NBA Basketball Player. Jewel Prestage, the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in political science, graduated with a master's and a doctorate in 1954. Tom Brokaw, Mark Mattson, and Ashton Kutcher also attended the University of Iowa.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town is an American country music vocal group from Homewood, Alabama. Founded in 1998, the group has comprised the same four members since its founding: Karen Fairchild, Kimberly Schlapman (née Roads), Phillip Sweet, and Jimi Westbrook. Their musical style relies heavily on four-part vocal harmonies, with all four members alternating as lead vocalists.


title: Little Big Town

text: After a recording deal with the Mercury Nashville Records label which produced no singles or albums, Little Big Town released its self-titled debut on Monument Records in 2002. It produced two minor country chart singles before the group left the label. In 2005, the group signed to Equity Music Group, an independent record label owned by Clint Black. Their second album, "The Road to Here", was released that year, and received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "A Place to Land", their third album, was released via Equity, then re-released via Capitol Nashville after Equity closed in 2008. Six more albums followed for Capitol: "The Reason Why" (2010), "Tornado" (2012), "Pain Killer" (2014), "The Breaker" (2017), "Nightfall" (2020) and "Mr. Sun" (2022).


title: Little Big Town

text: Their albums accounted for 24 singles on Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay, including the No. 1 singles "Pontoon", and "Better Man" along with the top 10 hits "Boondocks", "Bring It On Home", "Little White Church", "Tornado", "Day Drinking", and "Girl Crush".


title: Little Big Town

text: Karen Fairchild and Kimberly Schlapman (then Kimberly Bramlett) met at Samford University in 1987, where they both sang in the school's vocal ensembles. In the mid-1990s, Karen Fairchild sang with the Christian vocal group Truth and was featured as a lead singer in a few of their songs. She also formed a duo called KarenLeigh with Leigh Cappillino (a fellow member of the group "Truth" and who later joined the group Point of Grace). KarenLeigh produced the singles, "Save It for a Rainy Day" and "This Love Has". Eventually, Fairchild and Schlapman moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where they reunited and began singing together. Jimi Westbrook joined Schlapman and Fairchild in 1998, followed by Phillip Sweet.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town's first record deal was with Mercury Nashville Records, although the band was dropped from the label's roster without releasing a single or album. In 2001, they sang backing vocals on Collin Raye's album "Can't Back Down", while Sweet and Roads co-wrote the song "Back Where I Belong" on Sherrié Austin's 2001 album "Followin' a Feelin'".


title: Little Big Town

text: A second contract, this time with Monument Records Nashville, began in 2002. The band's first album, "Little Big Town", was released that year. It produced the singles "Don't Waste My Time" and "Everything Changes", which peaked at 33 and 42 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Westbrook's father died in 2002, just after the group's first album was released. Fairchild and Sweet both divorced their spouses shortly afterward, and the group exited Monument when the label's Nashville branch was dissolved. The four members all took up day jobs to earn additional money, although they continued to tour as well.


title: Little Big Town

text: In 2005, Little Big Town was signed to Equity Music Group, a label started and partially owned by country music singer Clint Black. Their third single, "Boondocks", was released in May, peaking at No. 9 on the country charts in January 2006. It served as the first of four singles from the group's second album, "The Road to Here", which was released on October 4, 2005. "Bring It On Home", the second single from the album, became Little Big Town's first top 5 hit on Hot Country Songs. It was followed by "Good as Gone" and "A Little More You", both of which were top 20 hits. By the end of 2006, "The Road to Here" had been certified Platinum in the United States. Unlike their first album, the group's members co-wrote the majority of the songs on "The Road to Here" along with Wayne Kirkpatrick, who also produced it. In 2007, the group sang backing vocals on John Mellencamp's "Freedom's Road" album.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town released "A Place to Land", their third studio album and second with Equity, on November 6, 2007. Its lead-off single, "I'm with the Band", peaked at number 32 on the country chart. On April 23, 2008, Little Big Town announced it was leaving Equity for Capitol Nashville. Shortly afterward, they charted with Sugarland and Jake Owen on a live cover of The Dream Academy's "Life in a Northern Town". Taken from Sugarland's 2007 tour, it reached number 28 on the country chart based on unsolicited airplay. In October 2008, Capitol re-released "A Place to Land", which added four new songs, and the label promoted two further singles from the album, "Fine Line" and "Good Lord Willing".


title: Little Big Town

text: In the fall of 2008, Little Big Town opened up for Carrie Underwood on her Carnival Ride Tour. They began their first headlining tour in January 2009 in Jacksonville, Florida and continued through April.


title: Little Big Town

text: Fairchild recorded a duet with Mellencamp on his 2008 album, "Life, Death, Love and Freedom". The song, "A Ride Back Home", was released as the album's third single and was accompanied by a music video. Fairchild also duetted with Mellencamp on "My Sweet Love" and appears in its music video.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town was nominated for Vocal Group of the Year for the fourth year in a row at the 2009 CMA Awards.


title: Little Big Town

text: In March 2010, the group released a new single titled "Little White Church", as the lead-off single to their fourth studio album and first completely new album on Capitol Nashville, "The Reason Why", which was released on August 24, 2010. "Little White Church" peaked at number 6 on the country chart. The album produced two additional singles in "Kiss Goodbye" and the title track, but both failed to reach the top 40 of Hot Country Songs.


title: Little Big Town

text: The album's title track was released as a digital single on July 27, 2010, to begin an iTunes countdown to the album release on August 24, 2010. Three further digital singles – "Kiss Goodbye", "Why, Oh Why", and "All the Way Down" – were released weekly leading up until the album release. Also, in promotion of "The Reason Why", Little Big Town went on tour as an opening act for Sugarland on The Incredible Machine Tour, as well their own The Reason Why Tour.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town's fifth studio album, "Tornado", was released on September 11, 2012. It was also their first album to be produced by Jay Joyce. "Pontoon" was released as the album's lead single on April 30, 2012, and became their first number one hit on Hot Country Songs in September 2012. It was their first single to receive a Platinum certification. The title track was released as the album's second single on October 1, 2012. It reached number 2 on the Country Airplay chart in 2013. At the 55th Grammy Awards, "Pontoon" won the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance. The album was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2012.


title: Little Big Town

text: The band joined Rascal Flatts on their Changed Tour, along with Eli Young Band and Edens Edge, for dates spanning Summer 2012. They played at the festival in London on March 16, 2013.


title: Little Big Town

text: The band sang background vocals on Ashley Monroe's 2013 single, "You Got Me", featured on her 2013 release, "Like a Rose". Group member Karen Fairchild co-wrote the song with Monroe. It failed to chart.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town performed harmony vocals on David Nail's 2014 album, "I'm a Fire", on the song "When They're Gone (Lyle County)", co-written by Brett Eldredge. They were also featured on Miranda Lambert's 2014 album, "Platinum", on "Smokin' and Drinkin'", a song which the band was going to record themselves; it debuted on "Billboard"'s Country Airplay chart at number 38 after their performance at the CMA Awards in 2014 and was released as a single in 2015.


title: Little Big Town

text: The band began recording their sixth studio album, "Pain Killer", in early 2014. The lead single, "Day Drinking", was released digitally June 3, and was sent to country radio on June 9. It debuted on the Country Airplay chart at number 32, their highest-ever debut at the time, and went on to peak at number 2 on Country Airplay. It hit number 1 on the Canada Country chart, becoming their second number 1 single and first as songwriters. "Pain Killer"'s track listing was announced on July 14, and the album was released on October 21.


title: Little Big Town

text: On October 3, 2014, Reba McEntire invited the group to join the Grand Ole Opry. They accepted and were inducted by Vince Gill on October 17.


title: Little Big Town

text: The second single from the album, "Girl Crush", was released December 15, 2014. Some radio stations were reported to have pulled "Girl Crush" from their playlists, in response to concerns from listeners who interpreted the song's lyrics to be about lesbianism. In response, Fairchild said, "That's just shocking to me, the close-mindedness of that, when that's just not what the song was about…But what if it were? It's just a greater issue of listening to a song for what it is." In addition, the label created a short commercial in which the band discusses the song and its actual meaning. "Billboard" consulted several radio program directors on its panel and found only one who detailed a specific complaint from a listener. The song became their second No. 1 on a "Billboard" chart in May 2015 and their highest showing on the "Billboard" Hot 100 after gaining exposure on ""The Voice"" and the 50th Annual ACM Awards. The album's third single and the title track, "Pain Killer", released to country radio on August 24, 2015.


title: Little Big Town

text: On September 9, 2015, the group was nominated for five CMA Awards: Vocal Group of the Year, Album of the Year for "Pain Killer", Single of the Year for "Girl Crush", Music Video of the Year for "Girl Crush" and Musical Event of the Year for their collaboration on the Miranda Lambert single "Smokin' and Drinkin'". They tied Eric Church for most nominations that year. Additionally, the songwriters of "Girl Crush" were recognized with a Song of the Year win.


title: Little Big Town

text: For the 58th Annual Grammy Awards "Pain Killer" was nominated for Best Country Album, "Girl Crush" was nominated for Best Country Duo/Group Performance, Song of the Year and Best Country Song. Little Big Town only received nominations for Best Country Album and Best Country Duo/Group Performance since they did not write on "Girl Crush".


title: Little Big Town

text: On January 24, 2016, the band sang the National Anthem before the Arizona/Carolina NFC Championship game. On July 4 of that year, they performed with the Boston Pops at their annual Independence Day concert.


title: Little Big Town

text: In February 2016, they appeared on "Take Me Down", a track on "Down to My Last Bad Habit", the fourteenth album by Vince Gill.


title: Little Big Town

text: In March 2016, Little Big Town returned to the UK as part of the tour, becoming one of four acts at the time (the others being Brantley Gilbert, Sam Hunt and Carrie Underwood) to perform at the festival twice. They headlined the launch party in 2015 where they announced the full line-up, revealing they would be supporting Underwood along with Hunt and Maddie & Tae.


title: Little Big Town

text: On May 24, 2016, the band announced their seventh studio album titled "Wanderlust". The album contains eight tracks produced by Pharrell Williams and was released on June 10, 2016. Fairchild describes the album as, "It's not a country album and it's not like anything we've ever done. It's fun to be spontaneous and put it out there to the fans, because we want to, and not to overthink it, but just because it has brought us a lot of joy, and we think it will for them as well. So why not? We're going with our gut and putting it out there. It's just music, you know?"


title: Little Big Town

text: Fairchild stated that they are also working on a country record with Jay Joyce. In July, they appeared on the 2000–2005 episode of "ABC's Greatest Hits" where they performed covers by Alicia Keys, Oasis and Sheryl Crow. They were also selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "On the Road Again" and "I Will Always Love You", which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.


title: Little Big Town

text: The band released "Better Man", which was written by singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, on October 20, 2016, as the lead single to their upcoming seventh studio album, "The Breaker", that was released on February 24, 2017. Initially masking the song's writer, the band revealed that Swift wrote the song. The song's music video, directed by Reid Long and Becky Fluke, was released November 1, 2016. The band would follow up with singles "Happy People", their worst-charting single to date, and "When Someone Stops Loving You", a minor top 40 hit.


title: Little Big Town

text: The band announced they would be the first act in history to have a residency at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. Little Big Town announced a six-date UK tour supported by Seth Ennis beginning on September 28 and concluding in London on October 5 before revealing that Kacey Musgraves and Midland would support them on the American leg of "The Breakers Tour" beginning in February 2018. On October 5 during their show at the Royal Albert Hall, the band revealed that they would be headlining the 2018 festival, making history as the first act to play the event three times.


title: Little Big Town

text: "Summer Fever" was released as a stand-alone single on June 6, 2018. It debuted (and peaked) at number 29 on Country Airplay, becoming the band's highest debut to date. The song also peaked within the top 40 of Hot Country Songs and Canada Country charts.


title: Little Big Town

text: The group then released "The Daughters" on April 5, 2019 as the first single from their ninth album "Nightfall", which the band produced themselves. It was released on January 17, 2020. "The Daughters" debuted at number 29 on Hot Country Songs but was not promoted to radio and thus failed to chart on Country Airplay. On September 8, 2019, Little Big Town released "Over Drinking", the second single from "Nightfall". The band embarked on a 30-date theatre tour of the same name with supporting act Caitlyn Smith, beginning with a show at New York City's Carnegie Hall the day before the album release.


title: Little Big Town

text: On April 11, 2022, the band released the song "Hell Yeah". On July 19, the band announced their tenth studio album, "Mr. Sun", which was released on September 16.


title: Little Big Town

text: Kimberly Roads married Stephen Schlapman on November 28, 2006, and gave birth to a daughter in July 2007. In January 2017, Schlapman announced that she and her husband adopted another daughter on December 31, 2016. She now goes by her husband's last name, Schlapman. Kimberly was previously married to Steven Roads, who died from a heart attack in 2005. He was also the band's lawyer.


title: Little Big Town

text: Little Big Town's musical stylings are defined by four-part vocal harmonies. Unlike most vocal groups, Little Big Town does not feature a definitive lead vocalist. Instead, their songs are either led by any one of the four members, or by all four in varying combinations (such as on "Boondocks" and "Life in a Northern Town").


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita was assigned to defend the Philippines from the advancing Allied forces later in the war, and while unable to prevent the Allied advance, he was able to hold on to part of Luzon until after the formal Surrender of Japan in August 1945.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: After the war, Yamashita was tried for war crimes committed by troops under his command during the Japanese defense of the occupied Philippines in 1944. Yamashita denied ordering those war crimes and denied having knowledge that they even occurred. Conflicting evidence was presented during the trial concerning whether Yamashita had implicitly affirmed commission of these crimes in his orders and whether he knew of the crimes being committed. The court eventually found Yamashita guilty and he was executed in 1946. The ruling against Yamashita – holding the commander responsible for subordinates' war crimes as long as the commander did not attempt to discover and stop them from occurring – came to be known as the Yamashita standard.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita was the second son of a local doctor in Osugi, a village in what is now part of Ōtoyo, Kōchi Prefecture, Shikoku. He attended military preparatory schools in his youth.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: In November 1905, Yamashita graduated from the 18th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He was ranked 16th out of 920 cadets. In December 1908 he was promoted to lieutenant and fought against the German Empire in World War I in Shandong, China in 1914. In May 1916 he was promoted to captain. He attended the 28th class of the Army War College, graduating sixth in his class in 1916. The same year, he married Hisako Nagayama, daughter of retired Gen. Nagayama. Yamashita became an expert on Germany, serving as assistant military attaché at Bern and Berlin from 1919 to 1922.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: In February 1922, he was promoted to major. He twice served in the Military Affairs Bureau of the War Ministry responsible for the Ugaki Army Reduction Program, aimed at reforming the Japanese army by streamlining its organisation despite facing fierce opposition from factions within the Army.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: In 1922, upon his return to Japan, Major Yamashita served in the Imperial Headquarters and the Staff College, receiving promotion to lieutenant-colonel in August 1925. While posted to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, Yamashita unsuccessfully promoted a military reduction plan. Despite his ability, Yamashita fell into disfavor as a result of his involvement with political factions within the Japanese military.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: As a leading member of the "Imperial Way" group, he became a rival to Hideki Tojo and other members of the "Control Faction". In 1927 Yamashita was posted to Vienna, Austria, as a military attaché until 1930. He was then promoted to the rank of colonel. In 1930 Col. Yamashita was given command of the elite 3rd Imperial Infantry Regiment. (Imperial Guards Division). He was promoted to major-general in August 1934.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: After the February 26 Incident of 1936, he fell into disfavor with Emperor Hirohito due to his appeal for leniency toward rebel officers involved in the attempted coup. He realized that he had lost the trust of the Emperor and decided to resign from the Army—a decision that his superiors dissuaded him from carrying out. He was eventually relegated to a post in Korea, being given command of a brigade. Akashi Yoji argued in his article ""General Yamashita Tomoyuki: Commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army"" that his time in Korea gave him the chance to reflect on his conduct during the 1936 coup and at the same time study Zen Buddhism, something which caused him to mellow in character yet instilled a high level of discipline.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita was promoted to lieutenant-general in November 1937. He insisted that Japan should end the conflict with China and keep peaceful relations with the United States and Great Britain, but he was ignored and subsequently assigned to an unimportant post in the Kwantung Army.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: From 1938 to 1940, he was assigned to command the IJA 4th Division which saw some action in northern China against insurgents fighting the occupying Japanese armies. In December 1940 Yamashita was sent on a six-month clandestine military mission to Germany and Italy, where he met with Adolf Hitler on 16 June 1941 in Berlin as well as Benito Mussolini.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Throughout his time in the military, Yamashita had consistently urged the implementation of his proposals, which included "streamlining the air arm, to mechanize the Army, to integrate control of the armed forces in a defense ministry coordinated by a chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, to create a paratroop corps and to employ effective propaganda".


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Such strategies caused much friction between himself and Gen. Hideki Tojo, the war minister, who was not keen on implementing these proposals.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 6 November 1941 Lt. Gen. Yamashita was put in command of the Twenty-Fifth Army. It was his belief that victory in Malaya would be successful only if his troops could make an amphibious landing—something that was dependent on whether he would have enough air and naval support to provide a good landing site.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 8 December he launched an invasion of Malaya from bases in French Indochina. Yamashita remarked that only a "driving charge" would ensure victory in Malaya. This is because the Japanese force was about one-third as large as the opposing British forces in Malaya and Singapore. The plan was to conquer Malaya and Singapore in the shortest time possible in order to overcome any numerical disadvantage, as well as to minimize any potential losses from a long, drawn-out battle.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The Malayan campaign concluded with the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942, in which Yamashita's 30,000 front-line soldiers captured 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops, the largest surrender of British-led personnel in history. He became known as the "Tiger of Malaya".


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The campaign and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Singapore included war crimes committed against captive Allied personnel and civilians, such as the Alexandra Hospital and Sook Ching massacres. Yamashita's culpability for these events remains a matter of controversy as some argued that he had failed to prevent them. The order to execute 50,000 Chinese came, according to postwar testimony, from senior officers within Yamashita's Operations staff. Yamashita's troops had fought in China, where it was customary to conduct massacres to subdue the population. Major Ōnishi Satoru, one of the accused in the postwar trial, affirmed that he acted under a specific order issued from General Headquarters, that read, 'Due to the fact that the army is advancing fast and in order to preserve peace behind us it is essential to massacre as many Chinese as possible who appear in any way to have anti-Japanese feelings.'


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita later apologized to the few survivors of the 650 bayoneted or shot, and had some soldiers caught looting in the aftermath of the slaughter executed. Akashi Yoji claims that this would have been in line with Yamashita's personality and belief. According to him, the first orders given by Yamashita to the soldiers was "no looting; no rape; no arson", and that any soldier committing such acts would be severely punished and his superior held accountable.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Nevertheless, Yamashita's warnings to his troops were generally not heeded, and wanton acts of violence were reported. In his article, Akashi argued that the main issue was that despite being an excellent tactician and leader, his personal ideals constantly placed him at odds with the General Staff and War Ministry. His humane treatment of prisoners of war as well as British leaders was something the other officers had difficulty coming to terms with.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Despite the finger of blame for the Sook Ching Massacre being pointed at Yamashita, it is now argued that he had no direct part in it, and his subordinates were the ones behind the incident. A study by Ian Ward concluded that Yamashita should not be held responsible for the Sook Ching Massacre, but Ward did hold him responsible "for failing to guard against Tsuji's manipulation of Command affairs".


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 17 July 1942, Yamashita was reassigned from Singapore to far-away Manchukuo again, having been given a post in commanding the First Area Army, and was effectively sidelined for a major part of the Pacific War. It is thought that Tojo, by then the Prime Minister, was responsible for his banishment, taking advantage of Yamashita's gaffe during a speech made to Singaporean civilian leaders in early 1942, when he referred to the local populace as "citizens of the Empire of Japan" (this was considered embarrassing for the Japanese government, who officially did not consider the residents of occupied territories to have the rights or privileges of Japanese citizenship). He was promoted to full general in February 1943. Some have suggested that he may have been sent there to prepare for an attack upon the Soviet Union in the event that Stalingrad fell to Germany.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 26 September 1944, when the war situation was critical for Japan, Yamashita was rescued from his enforced exile in China by the new Japanese government after the downfall of Hideki Tōjō and his cabinet, and he assumed the command of the Fourteenth Area Army to defend the occupied Philippines on 10 October. U.S. forces landed on Leyte ten days later. On 6 January 1945, the Sixth U.S. Army, totaling 200,000 men, landed at Lingayen Gulf in Luzon.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita commanded approximately 262,000 troops in three defensive groups; the largest, the "Shobu" Group, under his personal command numbered 152,000 troops, defended northern Luzon. The smallest group, totaling 30,000 troops, known as the "Kembu" Group, under the command of Rikichi Tsukada, defended Bataan and the western shores. The last group, the "Shimbu" Group, totaling 80,000 men under the command of Shizuo Yokoyama, defended Manila and southern Luzon. Yamashita tried to rebuild his army but was forced to retreat from Manila to the Sierra Madre mountains of northern Luzon, as well as the Cordillera Central mountains. Yamashita ordered all troops, except those given the task of ensuring security, out of the city.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita did not declare Manila an open city like General Douglas MacArthur had done so in December 1941 before its capture. When a military commander or political leader formally declares an open city this means that the defending military will not defend the city in battle and the victorious forces can enter unopposed. Open city declarations are declared in order to save civilian lives and to guarantee no destruction of buildings. Because Yamashita, who also served as the governor-general and military governor of the Philippines, did not declare Manila an open city while he evacuated most of his soldiers northward Imperial Japanese Navy Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi re-occupied Manila with 16,000 sailors, with the intent of destroying all port facilities and naval storehouses. Once there, Iwabuchi took command of the 3,750 Army security troops, and against Yamashita's specific order, turned the city into a battlefield. The battle and the Japanese atrocities resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 Filipino civilians, in what is known as the Manila massacre, during the fierce street fighting for the capital which raged between 4 February and 3 March.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita continued to use delaying tactics to maintain his army in Kiangan (part of the Ifugao Province), until 2 September 1945, several weeks after the surrender of Japan. At the time of his surrender, his forces had been reduced to under 50,000 by the lack of supplies and tough campaigning by elements of the combined American and Filipino soldiers including the recognized guerrillas. Yamashita surrendered in the presence of Generals Jonathan Wainwright and Arthur Percival, both of whom had been prisoners of war in Manchuria. Percival had surrendered to Yamashita after the Battle of Singapore.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: From 29 October to 7 December 1945, an American military tribunal in Manila tried General Yamashita for war crimes relating to the Manila massacre and many atrocities in the Philippines against civilians and prisoners of war, and sentenced him to death. Yamashita was held responsible for numerous war crimes that the prosecution claimed was a systematic campaign to torture and kill Filipino civilians and Allied POWs as shown in the Palawan Massacre of 139 U.S. POWs, wanton executions of guerrillas, soldiers, and civilians without due process like the execution of Philippine Army general Vicente Lim, and the massacre of 25,000 civilians in Batangas Province. These crimes that were committed outside of the Manila massacre were done by the Japanese Army, not the Navy. It was argued that Yamashita was in full command of the Japanese Army's secret military police, the Kempeitai, which committed numerous war crimes on POWs and civilian internees and he simply nodded his head without protest when asked by his Kempeitai subordinates to execute people without due process or trials because there were too many prisoners to do proper trials. This controversial case has become a precedent regarding the command responsibility for war crimes and is known as the Yamashita Standard.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The principal accusation against Yamashita was that he had failed in his duty as commander of Japanese forces in the Philippines to prevent them from committing atrocities. The defense acknowledged that atrocities had been committed but contended that the breakdown of communications and the Japanese chain of command in the chaotic battle of the second Philippines campaign was such that Yamashita could not have controlled his troops even if he had known of their actions, which was not certain in any case; furthermore, many of the atrocities had been committed by Japanese naval forces outside his command. The prosecution countered by presenting testimony (some of it hearsay) from multiple individuals indicating that the orders had come from Yamashita. One such hearsay statement alleged that Yamashita had told General Artemio Ricarte to " wipe out the


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: whole Philippines...since everyone in the Islands were either guerrillas or active supporters of the guerrillas." Another piece of testimony alleging that Yamashita had made similar statements to Ricarte through translation by the latter's grandson, was refuted by the grandson who denied ever having translated such a statement. However, some firsthand evidence was presented that Yamashita ordered or agreed with proposed orders that trials be foregone for suspected guerrillas and punishments handled directly by military tribunal officers following cursory investigations.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: American lawyer Harry E. Clarke Sr., a colonel in the United States Army at the time, served as the chief counsel for the defense. In his opening statement, Clarke asserted:


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: For his part Yamashita denied he had knowledge of the crimes committed by his men, and claimed that he would have harshly punished them if he had had that knowledge. Further, he argued that with an army as large as his, there was no way for him to control all actions by all his subordinates. As such he felt what he was really being charged with was losing the war:


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The court found Yamashita guilty as charged and sentenced him to death. Clarke appealed the sentence to General MacArthur, who upheld it. He then appealed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the Supreme Court of the United States, both of which declined to review the verdict. President Truman denied Yamashita's petition to grant clemency and let the decision stand.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The legitimacy of the hasty trial was questioned at the time, including by Justice Frank Murphy, who protested various procedural issues, the inclusion of hearsay evidence, and the general lack of professional conduct by the prosecuting officers. Evidence that Yamashita did not have ultimate command responsibility over all military units in the Philippines was not admitted in court.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Former war crimes prosecutor Allan A. Ryan has argued that by order of General MacArthur and five other generals, and the Supreme Court of the United States, Yamashita was executed for what his soldiers did without his approval or even prior knowledge. The two dissenting Supreme Court Justices called the entire trial a miscarriage of justice, an exercise in vengeance, and a denial of human rights.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Following the Supreme Court decision, an appeal for clemency was made to U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who declined to intervene and left the matter entirely in the hands of the military authorities. In due course, General MacArthur confirmed the sentence of the commission.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 23 February 1946, Yamashita was hanged at Los Baños, Laguna Prison Camp, south of Manila. After climbing the thirteen steps leading to the gallows, he was asked if he had a final statement. The "Arizona Republic" alleges that his reply, through a translator, was thus:


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: Yamashita was hanged. He was later buried first at the Japanese cemetery near the Los Baños Prison Camp. His remains were moved to Tama Reien Cemetery, Fuchū, Tokyo.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: On 23 December 1948, Akira Mutō, Yamashita's chief of staff in the Philippines, was executed after having been found guilty of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.


title: Tomoyuki Yamashita

text: The U.S. Supreme Court's 1946 Yamashita decision set a precedent, called command responsibility or the Yamashita standard, in that a commander can be held accountable before the law for the crimes committed by his troops even if he did not order them, didn't stand by to allow them, or possibly even know about them or have the means to stop them. This doctrine of command accountability has been added to the Geneva Conventions and was applied to dozens of trials in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. It has been adopted by the International Criminal Court established in 2002.


title: Winner (band)

text: Winner (; romanized: "wineo"; stylized in all caps), is a South Korean boy band consisting of four members: Jinu, Hoony, Mino and Seungyoon. The band was formed in 2013 by YG Entertainment through Mnet's survival program "WIN: Who Is Next" leading to their official debut on August 17, 2014, with studio album "2014 S/S". Originally a five-piece band, Taehyun, departed from the group in November 2016 for his mental health and well-being. Upon their debut, "The Korea Herald" cited their immediate success as "unprecedented" for a new group, thus dubbed as "Monster rookies". Winner is often cited as a "self-producing" band with all members actively taking on roles from producing and choreographing to designing and marketing. The band also earned the titles "Trust and Listen" alongside "Kings of Summer" by media outlets and the general public through releases.


title: Winner (band)

text: As of March 2019, Winner was recorded as the fastest Korean act to top the "Billboard" World Album Chart with their debut album "2014 S/S", and topped domestic charts on Gaon for both their album and lead single "Empty". Winner is currently the fastest act to win on a televised music show, with a time of five days. As of October 2019, they are the only artists to have all lead singles consecutively top Melon five years straight since debut. Their success in Asia earned them numerous awards for music, fashion and popularity including the Melon Music Awards, MTV Asia Music Gala and Style Icon Awards. Following the band's reformation, Winner's lead single, "Really Really" from their first single album "Fate Number For" (2017), instantly went to number one in South Korea. It went on to sell over 2.5 million digital copies domestically and surpass 100 million streams on Gaon, making Winner the first-ever K-pop boy group in history to achieve this while keeping their "Chart-In" status.


title: Winner (band)

text: Throughout their career, the band cumulatively held over 100 concerts. Their first world tour, "Winner Everywhere Tour" in 2018, was the band's largest tour to date. Winner is also known through endorsement deals with brands Adidas, Oreo, Kiehl's and more. The band actively participates in various charitable activities and animal campaigns.


title: Winner (band)

text: In 2010, the group's leader Kang Seung-yoon was a contestant on Mnet's "Superstar K2," finishing in fourth place. The following year, he signed with YGE and made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom "". In 2013, he debuted as a solo artist and released multiple songs, including hit single "It Rains". In 2010, Kim Jin-woo was brought to the agency by Big Bang's Seungri through " Joy Dance Plug In Music Academy". Nam Tae-hyun was recruited through audition in 2011. Lee Seung-hoon competed in SBS's "K-pop Star" in 2012, finishing in fourth place. Soon after, he signed under YGE the same year on May 22. Song Min-ho initially debuted under Y2Y Contents Company in the group BoM, which disbanded two years later. In 2013, he joined YGE through audition, after being noticed from his appearance in Channel A's "The Strongest K-POP Survival".


title: Winner (band)

text: On August 23, 2013, the five competed as "Team A" on Mnet survival program "Win: Who Is Next" against "Team B", consisting of trainees they also have trained with under the label. Throughout the span of 100 days, the show consisted of three rounds of performances and public voting. During the finale, on October 25 Team A was announced as the winners thus claiming the title "Winner" and commencing with preparation for debut. They performed as the opening act at labelmate senior Big Bang's Japanese dome tour beginning on November 15. From December 13, Winner broadcast their reality program, "Winner TV", consisting of ten episodes on Mnet showcasing their debut preparation and lifestyle.


title: Winner (band)

text: On March 1 and 2, 2014 Winner performed as guests at labelmate senior 2NE1's All or Nothing World Tour in Seoul. Winner continued appearing as guest performers in other stops of 2NE1's second world tour, including Hong Kong on March 22, April 11 in China, April 26 and 27 in Taiwan, May 17 in Philippines and May 24 in Malaysia. In the midst of touring with 2NE1, Winner joined the YG Family Power World Tour from April 12. Between June and August, the group members were re-introduced to the public after eight months in anticipation for their debut, through series of teaser images and videos. Ahead of their debut, on August 6 Winner held a showcase in the form of a launch party with an audience of 400 attendees. The event held a fashion show with models from YGKPlus on the runway, ultimately finishing with the members themselves in their unique suits. South Korean media revealed such an event was uncommon and fresh. The show gave an insight to the classy image the group will bring through their debut with the digital release of studio album "2014 S/S" on August 12 and the physical release on August 14.


title: Winner (band)

text: After several delays, the group officially debuted on August 17 with lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring", also marking their first music show appearance on SBS' "Inkigayo". The quintet became the fastest group to win on a music show through "M! Countdown", doing so in five days. "2014 S/S" charted at number one on the "Gaon" Album Chart as well as the "Billboard" World Albums Chart, while lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring" claimed first and third respectively on the "Gaon" Digital Chart. "The Korea Herald" cited the success of their lead single "Empty" as "unprecedented" for a newly debuted group, thus claiming the title "Monster rookies". Their commercial success earned them the 'Top 10 Artist' award on Melon Music Awards, followed by multiple 'Best New Artist' awards on shows including Golden Disc Awards and Gaon Chart Music Awards. Winner also found success in China, soon earning the Best New Force Group award at the QQ Music Awards alongside the Most Popular Korean Group award on the Youku Tudou Young Choice 2014.


title: Winner (band)

text: On September 10, Winner released the Japanese version of their album, "2014 S/S: Japan Collection" which peaked at No. 2 on the "Oricon" Weekly Album Chart, selling 35,079 copies in four days. They embarked on their first Japan tour the next day, later successfully concluding the tour in Tokyo on October 11, drawing 50,000 people in total. On December 9, Fuse announced their 13 Top Breakout Artists of 2014, with Winner at number 11, being the only South Korean artists on the list. "Dazed Digital" revealed their top 20 K-pop tracks of 2014 on December 17 with Winner's "Color Ring" placing tenth.


title: Winner (band)

text: Despite the group's successful debut, in 2015, Winner was put on hiatus while members of the group pursued solo endeavors while simultaneously embarking on their second Japan tour beginning in September, and finishing in October with over 36,000 attendees. In December, they were revealed to be returning in 2016 with five 'project releases', where the first was a "warm-up" duet featuring Mino and Nam, titled "Pricked".


title: Winner (band)

text: In the lead-up to the group's official comeback, a number of musical covers of their lead singles were released as promotional teasers, featured artists include Lee Hi, Dean, AKMU, Zion.T, Epik High, Taeyang and G-Dragon. Winner returned with EP "" on February 1, 18 months since "2014 S/S".


title: Winner (band)

text: "Exit : E" debuted at Number 2 on "Billboard"s World Albums Chart and Number 1 on the Gaon Album chart. Lead singles "Baby Baby" and "Sentimental" topped all eight music streaming platforms in South Korea and achieved a real-time "all-kill", further proving their title as "digital monsters". Their lead single "Baby Baby" received profound attention in China, becoming the most streamed song within the first half of the year among Korean releases on QQ Music, the largest music platform in China. Winner held their first-ever concert tour nationwide starting on March 12 and 13 at Olympic Gymnasiums Arena in Seoul. The group also held additional stops in Gwangju, Daegu and Busan in April.


title: Winner (band)

text: From April 23, Winner's variety show "Half-Moon Friends" aired on JTBC, which gained popularity both domestically and abroad, particularly garnering over 75 million views via Miaopai and surpassing 100 million views through other platforms in China. Their heightened success in China led them to winning the Overseas Popularity Award at the MTV Asia Music Gala. In June, the group brought their Exit Tour to Japan, drawing over 36,000 fans in Japan alone. On October 12, YGE announced Nam would be taking a break due to health problems, thus the rest of the "Exit Movement" series would be delayed indefinitely. On November 25, Nam's departure from the group was announced, soon deciding to continue as four.


title: Winner (band)

text: After 14 months of hiatus, on April 4, 2017, Winner made their anticipated return as four with single album "Fate Number For" and lead singles "Really Really" and "Fool". Notably, the music video for "Really Really" was filmed by director Dave Meyers. Domestically, "Really Really" achieved placing number one on Gaon, while also debuting at No. 3 on "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales, marking the group's best position to date. "Really Really" was also chosen to be on the Apple Music's "Best of the Week" list. "Really Really" went on to creating the record of surpassing 100 million streams, making Winner the first ever male idol group in history to achieve this while keeping their "Chart-In" status. As part of their promotions, Winner held a three-day "concept showroom" showcase, from April 2 to 4, located at Club NB in Seoul. On May 31, they released their debut Japanese single, containing Japanese renditions of "Really Really" and "Fool". On August 4, Winner made a comeback with the single album "Our Twenty For" including lead singles, "Love Me Love Me" and "Island". "Love Me Love Me" was chosen by "Dazed Digital" as one of the 20 best K-Pop songs of 2017. Through tvN's New Journey to the West 4, Mino's wish to appear on "Youth Over Flowers" with his fellow Winner members was granted as a special supplementary show. Filming for Winner's "Youth Over Flowers" took place in West Australia while airing began on November 7. On November 30, Kang and Mino released the soundtrack, "The Door" for tvN's "Prison Playbook", where Kang starred in.


title: Winner (band)

text: On February 7, 2018, Winner released their first Japanese studio album, "Our Twenty For", consisting new Japanese songs, "Raining" and "Have a Good Day". Soon after, the group embarked on their third Japan tour, "We'll Always Be Young". On April 4, Winner released their second studio album "Everyday" with lead single "Everyday" consisting of twelve songs including Korean versions of "Raining" and "Have a Good Day". The single became the group's first time experimenting with the genre, trap alongside reuniting with director Dave Meyers for the music video. On June 17, Winner successfully held their fan meeting, "WWIC 2018", 3 years since their last private stage in 2015. A total of 6,000 tickets were sold out. On July 4, Winner announced their first-ever world tour, "Everywhere", starting in Seoul on August 19, followed seven stops throughout Asia. The tour resumed in January 2019 with an encore tour in Seoul. The same month, Winner branched their "Everywhere" tour to North America beginning with Seattle, followed six other cities including Los Angeles, Dallas, and Toronto. On November 26, Mino made his solo debut with studio album "XX" and lead single "Fiancé". The lead single topped Gaon's Digital and Streaming charts for the month of December. On December 19, Winner returned with single album "Millions" with lead single of the same name. "Millions" soon claimed the number two spot on Gaon, and received six music show wins.


title: Winner (band)

text: On May 15, Winner released their second EP "We", alongside lead single, "Ah Yeah". The single received positive reviews among the public for its cool lyrics that sublimates the realistic emotions of a cold-hearted breakup thus ultimately creating a cheerful breakup song. Through their comeback, the group entered the Gaon Chart with a triple crown, where "Ah Yeah" peaked at number one and two respectively on the Gaon Download and Digital Chart while EP "We" claimed number one on the Album Chart, selling over 129,000 physical copies. Winner performed their first broadcast stage for "Ah Yeah" on May 18 at MBC's "Show! Music Core". On June 29, the group successfully held their private stage, WWIC 2019. The show was held twice within the same day at Jang Chung Gymnasium, Seoul. On July 3, Winner commenced on their 2019 concert tour in Japan starting with their concert at Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo while ending on September 16 at Marine Messe in Fukuoka. The tour garnered a total audience of 50,000 attendees in eight cities. On August 14, Kim Jin-woo became the third member of Winner to release solo material after Kang Seung-yoon and Mino. Kim made his solo debut with single album "Jinu's Heyday" and lead single "Call Anytime" featuring bandmate Mino. The single album charted number two on Gaon Chart selling over 50,000 physical copies within the first week. Kim performed his first stage on August 17, also marking Winner's debut anniversary on MBC's "Show! Music Core" alongside bandmate Mino.


title: Winner (band)

text: Winner released their third EP "Cross" with lead single "Soso" on October 23 ahead of Cross Tour. The music video for the lead single was well acclaimed and praised for its artistry and symbolism. "Billboard" stated: "The rawness of human emotion is relayed through intense scenes acted out by the group's members. Feelings of being stomped on and tied up by emotions and those around you are acted out, as is the idea of baring it all, a rarity in the K-pop world, while emotions such as lethargy, anger and melancholy are expressed through a variety of moments splintered across the screen". Through this comeback, Winner pushed out of the boundaries of "K-pop" and did what was considered an "anomaly" within the industry. With their Asian tour beginning in Seoul on October 26, the tour visited nine cities throughout Asia continuing onto February 2020. Later, it was revealed their stop in Singapore was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, soon also followed by the cancellation of their Seoul encore concert. The series of events led to the group holding a free online live concert entitled "Winner Cross Special Live" through Naver V Live on February 14, 2020, where they performed live singing and dancing for 2 hours, garnering almost 1 million attendees.


title: Winner (band)

text: On March 26, 2020, Winner's pre-release single titled "Hold" charted number one on multiple South Korean music platforms including Naver, Bugs and Soribada. The music video gained various attention for its amusing and witty plot where label-mate Lee Su-hyun of AKMU played the group's little sister. Winner initiated a "Ddeum Challenge" on TikTok which garnered the attention of many while becoming a trending challenge within South Korea. Celebrities who partook included 2NE1's Sandara Park, model Hyoni Kang, CIX's Seunghun and Hyunsuk and many more.


title: Winner (band)

text: Ahead of Winner's third studio album release on April 9, Kim Jin-woo became the first member to enlist and serve his mandatory military service on April 2, thus temporarily halting all full-group activities until all four members return after completing their mandatory enlistment. The studio album, entitled "Remember", contains eight new songs, including its lead single of the same name and pre-release single, alongside four re-recorded songs from their debut album, "2014 S/S". Notably, the album recorded their highest first week sales since debut. Following Kim Jin-woo, Lee Seung-hoon became the second member to enlist on April 16.


title: Winner (band)

text: The members of Winner renewed their contracts with YG Entertainment for five more years in August 2021.


title: Winner (band)

text: Jin-woo was discharged on December 31, 2021, followed by Seung-hoon on January 15, 2022. On February 18, 2022, YG Entertainment announced Winner will hold their first full-group concert in two years on April 30 and May 1. While the April 30 event will only run in person at the Olympic Park Olympic Hall in Seoul, the concert on May 1 will also be available for online streaming.


title: Winner (band)

text: On June 20, 2022, YG Entertainment announced that Winner will make their comeback with their fourth EP "Holiday" and its lead single "I Love U" on July 5.


title: Winner (band)

text: On December 11, 2022, YG Entertainment It has been announced that Winner will hold an online concert "Winner Live Stage [White Holiday]" at 9:00 PM on December 29.


title: Winner (band)

text: Through multiple releases, Winner acquired the term 'Trust and Listen' among the general public of South Korea. The term originated as the public recognized the group's potential in creating quality music accordingly for the mass audience, and so just by the mention of the group's name, they will willingly listen without complaint. The term 'Kings of Summer' was also acquired through their positively received releases with upbeat tunes of various genres in correlation to the summer heat. Winner is also often known for their musical versatility. Ranging from ballad, blues, alternative rock, hip hop, disco and more, no restriction in genre is found. Apple Music cited them as "Versatile K-Pop chameleons" among the music scenes. Among releases, all members participate in production, composition and songwriting for all songs amidst album production from start to finish since debut. Overall, Kang Seung-yoon overlooks all production and is often cited as the main producer of the group. Their self-produced songs mainly encapsulate the themes of love, hope, consolation, and relatable everyday life stories.


title: Winner (band)

text: Winner has contributed to choreographing the majority of their songs, particularly member Lee Seung-hoon. For Winner, he has choreographed their debut lead singles "Empty" and "Color Ring" from "2014 S/S" and "Fool" from "Fate Number For", which he created and finalized within 5 hours. Winner went on to gain recognition for their lyrically displayed choreography to portray the messages of their songs. The group also broadened their scope by working with choreographers of different ethnic backgrounds, including African-American choreographer Oththan Burnside for the lead single "Really Really" from "Fate Number For" as well as the lead single "Everyday" alongside world renowned dance crew Kinjaz from the studio album of the same name.


title: Winner (band)

text: Since debut, Winner has heavily been invested towards creating concepts and providing ideas towards each and every upcoming release. Particularly through the quartet's "Cross Tour" , as a group they came up with the concept focusing on a 'spy agent' theme while also arranging two very different set lists, where the performances for both were held on different days throughout the tour. The set lists were differentiated through the symbols, "x" and "+", where they also allude to the term "cross".


title: Winner (band)

text: Through interviews and social media platforms, members Tag and Hong Joo-chan of boy group Golden Child cited Winner as role models they look up to and is often influenced by them on multiple occasions throughout their career. Tag also once revealed he especially admired and respected Winner member Lee Seung-hoon since his "K-pop Star" days. A.C.E member Dong-hun stated Winner as an influence towards music, particularly the way Winner portrays their emotions and lyrics within a song, thus overall liking their style and wishes to express music in a similar manner. Former JBJ member Jin Longguo mentioned Winner as his role model while explaining within the music industry, some attract attention for their outer appearance in comparison to their musicality, further adding that Winner is a group that he believes has a good balance of both thus wishes to also follow these traits. In September 2019, newly debuted boy group Signal explicitly revealed through a press conference that Winner are their role models. They further elaborated that by listening to their music, they became heavily influenced by them. Yoo Yong-ha of WEi stated through GQ Korea that after falling for Winner, he wished to be "cool" like them and so despite having a shy personality trait, he took the courage to enroll into a vocal academy, and in result deciding to become an idol.


title: Winner (band)

text: During festival season among universities in South Korea, Mersenne, a company that works on casting for these events revealed the most requested artists for the 2018 spring festival season. While labelmate PSY was placed at number one among all artists in South Korea, Winner was listed as the only male idol group beside labelmate iKon. In April 2019, five companies that worked on casting for these events, Mersenne, Innobay, 2M, Waikiki, and Top Plan, revealed the list of artists who were in high demand for the 2019 spring festival season. Regardless of age and gender, Winner was the only male idol group that year to be sought out by them.


title: Winner (band)

text: Prior to debut, on January 17, 2014, Winner signed an exclusive endorsement contract with South Korean trendy casual clothing brand, NII, for the span of two years. The brand's insider revealed: "We selected Winner because Winner is a group who has big potential. We expect that they will create a new and fresh image for the NII brand". The same year Winner went on to becoming CF models for multiple brands, including Coca-Cola brand Fanta, Pizza Etang, Elite Uniform, and Adidas.


title: Winner (band)

text: In August 2017, Winner became exclusive models for Italian sport brand Ellesse. With Winner as its endorser, 'Ellesse' sold 14 billion won in 2017 alongside the year end sales increasing by 160% in comparison to the previous years. An Ellesse representative also revealed through Winner as the face of the brand, a boost in customers from a younger generation significantly increased. In October 2017, Winner also joined clothing brand, '8Seconds' for their Good Luck Padding Campaign. Following Winner's first pictorial with the brand, their padded coats increased in sales by selling over 6,000 within two weeks. Due to popularity, the padded coats were often referred to as "Winner Padding".


title: Winner (band)

text: On April 18, 2018, the Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS), part of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced Winner as its official campaign model for the global 'Talk Talk Korea 2018' contest. The contest gathered the most participants ever since its launch in 2014. On May 12, Winner joined Kiehl's on its third campaign held to protect nature inside cities with the #MyLittleGarden project. Winner sent out the message to recycle empty cosmetic bottles as flower pots to create their own garden and connect with nature in their daily lives. They also participated in label designing. On July 26, Café Droptop announced that Winner was the new face of the cafe franchise, revealing they believed the members suited well with the young image the brand desires. The franchise collaborated with Winner in creating numerous merchandises, which later instantly sold out. A Café Droptop official said: "Every time a product collaboration with Winner is released, it gains tremendous popularity where fans even wait in line at the stores." In October, Winner became the new endorsers of snack brand Oreo in Korea. Alongside filming a 30-second CF, Winner also recorded a Korean version of the CF's song. In February 2019, due to high popularity and demand, the advertisement with Winner aired in eight more countries, including Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam and Taiwan.


title: Winner (band)

text: In June 2019, Winner became the official endorsement models for De Medicotem (DMT) Mask Packs. DMT further announced that with Winner, the brand will earnestly expand into the Asian market, including the existing Chinese market. DMT went on to find success as sales for the "Seven Hydro Zenith Mask" pack rose with Winner as the brand's image. Ahead of time, the brand held a collaboration with Winner during their private stage, WWIC 2019.


title: Winner (band)

text: On December 17, 2014, Winner took part in the "Creating a Better World With Stars" charity event, where they personally donated goods and attended a talk session. All the proceeds were donated to Good Neighbors, a humanitarian organization that helps single mothers and welfare of children.


title: Winner (band)

text: On January 29, 2016, through the joint collaboration between clothing brand NII and photo studio "Thank You Studio", Winner participated in the animal campaign, "Happiness" by raising awareness through publications and photoshoots. Ultimately, all the proceeds from the campaign was donated to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Winner further showed their love for animals by donating their merchandise and products to the SAC Pet Festival bazaar held on May 27, 2018, alongside fellow groups Got7, Red Velvet and more. The items were then auctioned and donated to charity.


title: Winner (band)

text: A charity event organized by YG Entertainment and Muju YG Foundation in partnership with Unicef was held in Seoul on May 15, 2017, in commemoration of the company's 20th anniversary. The "YG X Unicef Walking Festival" reached its maximum capacity of 5,000 participants for the walk, where all profits were donated to the Korean Committee of Unicef for children suffering from malnutrition. Winner alongside many artists of YG Entertainment participated including actor Cha Seung-won, Sean of Jinusean and more.


title: Winner (band)

text: Winner was reported to have donated 5.95 tonnes of rice and 100 kilograms of animal feed while together with the group's fan club, Inner Circles, donated 35.865 tonnes of rice, 2,840 packets of ramen, 48 cans of powdered milk, 1.604 tonnes of animal feed, 20 kilograms of cat food, 1,290 eggs and 180 briquettes on June 17, 2018, during their fan meeting, "WWIC 2018" private stage. In particular the rice was donated to single and unwed mothers alongside youth protection facilities.


title: Winner (band)

text: On January 4, 2019, Winner announced all profit from their "Millions" postcard merchandise sales will be donated to KARA (Korea Animal Rights Advocates), a non profit organization that supports animal welfare in South Korea, with the intention to contribute towards protecting animals.


title: Winner (band)

text: On January 18, 2020, through labelmate senior Big Bang Taeyang's charity flea market and auction, "Flower Response (花答)", Winner participated by contributing personal items with a combined total of over 700 items alongside Sandara Park, CL, AKMU, iKon and Ione, while Taeyang alone donated over 1,300 personal items. All proceeds were donated to Love Snail Charity, a social welfare organization dedicated to help provide cochlear implants and hearing aids to those in need.


title: Solihull

text: Solihull (, or ) is a market town and the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in West Midlands County, England. The town had a population of 126,577 at the 2021 Census. Solihull is situated on the River Blythe in the Forest of Arden area. Solihull's wider borough had a population of 216,240 at the 2021 Census.


title: Solihull

text: Solihull itself is mostly urban; however, the larger borough is rural in character, with many outlying villages, and three quarters of the borough is designated as green belt. The town and its borough, which has been part of Warwickshire for most of its history, has roots dating back to the 1st century BC, and was further formally established during the medieval era. Today the town is famed as, amongst other things, the birthplace of the Land Rover car marque, the home of the British equestrian eventing team and is considered to be one of the most prosperous areas in the UK.


title: Solihull

text: Solihull's name is commonly thought to have derived from the position of its arden stone parish church, St Alphege, on a 'soily' hill. The church was built on a hill of stiff red marl, which turned to sticky mud in wet weather.


title: Solihull

text: The earliest known settlement in the area was at Berry Mound, Shirley, which was the site of an Iron Age Hill Fort, a fortified village protected by earth banks, dating back to the 1st century BC and which covered approximately 11 acres (4.5 ha). The name Shirley means either 'a bright clearing' or 'a border clearing' in the Forest of Arden.


title: Solihull

text: During the later Iron Age the River Cole which feeds the River Blythe, is believed to have been the border between the Corieltauvi and the Cornovii, with Solihull forming the junction of the two powerful Celtic Tribes.


title: Solihull

text: Throughout the Roman occupation of Britain it was held that no Roman roads made it through the Forest of Arden because it was so dense. The nearest known major Roman settlements being at Coleshill on the Solihull border, Metchley Fort (around 8.5 miles north west), and Alcester (around 15 miles south).


title: Solihull

text: By the Anglo Saxon era, the forest of Arden was part of the Kingdom of Mercia. An assart settlement known as the manor of Ulverlei, meaning 'Wulfhere's clearing' was established, with its centre north east of the hillfort at Shirely. Wulfhere was the first Christian King of all Mercia. The settlement was a clearing in the dense woodland of the Forest of Arden, with the land farmed in common. The older settlement at Shirely was considered part of the new Manor of Ulverlei. This status as a clearing in the countryside is still reflected to this day in the town motto, "Urbs in rure" or "town in the country".


title: Solihull

text: Local folklore holds that as part of his campaigns against the Viking invasion in the mid 9th century Alfred the Great fought a battle against the Danes at Berry Mound, Shirley.


title: Solihull

text: After the absorption of Mercia into the rest of England, Ulverlei became the property of the Earls of Mercia. The first of these was Leofric, husband of Lady Godiva, heroine of the Warwickshire legend. The manor of Ulverlei later passed to Leofric's grandson, Edwin, Earl of Mercia who held it until his death in 1071. Leofric's great-nephew, Thorkell of Arden, would become progenitor of the locally prominent Arden family, one of the few Anglo Saxon families to retain their land holdings after the Norman Conquest, and eventually settling in their primary estate in Castle Bromwich, today in the Borough of Solihull.


title: Solihull

text: In 1086, it was recorded that the Manor of Ulverlei was now held by Cristina, great-granddaughter of Ethelred the Unready, daughter of Edward the Exile, and sister of the last Anglo Saxon King Edgar Aetheling. Shortly after 1086, Christina entered the nunnery of Romsey Abbey in Hampshire. Her lands were granted to the Norman Ralph de Limesy. The extent of the area historically considered the manor of Ulverlei is demarked by an area called 'Worlds End', a historical naming practice indicating that people did not live beyond there.


title: Solihull

text: It was between 1170 and 1180 that the de Limsey family founded the settlement of 'Solihull' as a "planted borough" or planned village to the south of Ulverli. It was called a borough simply because the de Limsey Lord of the Manor offered free burgage tenure where residents were free, rent-paying burgesses, rather than villeins owing service to the Lord of the Manor. By the time of Edward I, Ulverlie was sub-infeudated into the newly created Manor of Solihull, and became known as the 'Old Town', contracted to its present name, Olton to distinguish itself from the New Town of Solihull.


title: Solihull

text: The de Limsey family held the Manor of Solihull, until Ralph's great-granddaughter married Hugh de Odingsells, whose family were thought to be of Flemish origin.


title: Solihull

text: The Odingsells were the Lords of the Manor of Ulverley, and later after its subinfeudation, Solihull, from the 12th century and are believed to have constructed a castle on the site now known as Hobs Moat (a possible corruption of Odingsells' Moat). The castle was occupied until around the 14th century. The Odingsells were relatives of the powerful Clinton Earls of Huntingdon of Maxstoke Castle (around 8 miles north east of Hobs Moat), whose relatives would also found nearby Kenilworth Castle (around 13 miles south east of Hobs moat) and Baddesley Clinton (around 8 miles south of Hobs Moat).