title: Monad (functional programming)

text: codice_133 and codice_135 differ only in which function signatures they accept, and how they complement those functions by wrapping or unwrapping values.


title: Monad (functional programming)

text: A less trivial example is the Stream comonad, which can be used to represent data streams and attach filters to the incoming signals with .


title: Monad (functional programming)

text: In fact, while not as popular as monads, researchers have found comonads particularly useful for stream processing and modeling dataflow programming.


title: Monad (functional programming)

text: Due to their strict definitions, however, one cannot simply move objects back and forth between monads and comonads.


title: Monad (functional programming)

text: As an even higher abstraction, arrows can subsume both structures, but finding more granular ways to combine monadic and comonadic code is an active area of research.


title: Collage

text: Collage (, from the , "to glue" or "to stick together";) is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts, but in music too, by which art results from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. (Compare with pastiche, which is a "pasting" together.)


title: Collage

text: A collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form of novelty.


title: Collage

text: The term "Papier collé" was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art.


title: Collage

text: Techniques of collage were first used at the time of the invention of paper in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage, however, did not arise until the 10th century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued paper, using texts on surfaces, when writing their poems. Some surviving pieces from this style are found in the collection of Nishi Hongan-ji— many volumes of the Sanju Rokunin Kashu.


title: Collage

text: The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century. Gold leaf panels started to be applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other precious metals were applied to religious images, icons, and also, to coats of arms. An 18th-century example of collage art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods also were used among hobbyists for memorabilia (e.g. applied to photo albums) and books (e.g. Hans Christian Andersen, Carl Spitzweg).


title: Collage

text: Many institutions have attributed the beginnings of the practice of collage to Picasso and Braque in 1912, however, early Victorian photocollage suggest collage techniques were practiced in the early 1860s. Many institutions recognize these works as memorabilia for hobbyists, though they functioned as a facilitator of Victorian aristocratic collective portraiture, proof of female erudition, and presented a new mode of artistic representation that questioned the way in which photography is truthful. In 2009, curator Elizabeth Siegel organized the exhibition: "Playing with Pictures" at the Art Institute Chicago to acknowledge collage works by Alexandra of Denmark and Mary Georgina Filmer among others. The exhibition later traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Art Gallery of Ontario.


title: Collage

text: Despite the pre-twentieth-century use of collage-like application techniques, some art authorities argue that collage, properly speaking, did not emerge until after 1900, in conjunction with the early stages of modernism.


title: Collage

text: For example, the Tate Gallery's online art glossary states that collage "was first used as an artists' technique in the twentieth century". According to the Guggenheim Museum's online art glossary, collage is an artistic concept associated with the beginnings of modernism, and entails much more than the idea of gluing something onto something else. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches "collided with the surface plane of the painting". In this perspective, collage was part of a methodical reexamination of the relation between painting and sculpture, and these new works "gave each medium some of the characteristics of the other", according to the Guggenheim essay. Furthermore, these chopped-up bits of newspaper introduced fragments of externally referenced meaning into the collision: "References to current events, such as the war in the Balkans, and to popular culture enriched the content of their art." This juxtaposition of signifiers, "at once serious and tongue-in-cheek", was fundamental to the inspiration behind collage: "Emphasizing concept and process over end product, collage has brought the incongruous into meaningful congress with the ordinary."


title: Collage

text: Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Snippets and fragments of different and unrelated subject matter made up Cubism collages, or "papier collé", which gave them a deconstructed form and appearance. According to some sources, Picasso was the first to use the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museum's online article about collage, Braque took up the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after (and could be the first to use collage in paintings, as opposed to drawings):


title: Collage

text: "It was Braque who purchased a roll of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper and attaching them to his charcoal drawings. Picasso immediately began to make his own experiments in the new medium."


title: Collage

text: In 1912 for his "Still Life with Chair Caning (Nature-morte à la chaise cannée)", Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a chair-cane design onto the canvas of the piece.


title: Collage

text: Surrealist artists have made extensive use of collage and have swayed away from the still-life focus of Cubists. Rather, in keeping with surrealism, surrealist artists such as Joseph Cornell created collages consisting of fictional and strange, dream-like scenes. Cubomania is a collage made by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are called "etrécissements" by Marcel Mariën from a method first explored by Mariën. Surrealist games such as "parallel collage" use collective techniques of collage making.


title: Collage

text: The Sidney Janis Gallery held an early Pop Art exhibit called the "New Realist Exhibition" in November 1962, which included works by the American artists Tom Wesselmann, Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, and Andy Warhol; and Europeans such as Arman, Baj, Christo, Yves Klein, Festa, Mimmo Rotella, Jean Tinguely, and Schifano. It followed the Nouveau Réalisme exhibition at the Galerie Rive Droite in Paris, and marked the international debut of the artists who soon gave rise to what came to be called Pop Art in Britain and The United States and Nouveau Réalisme on the European continent. Many of these artists used collage techniques in their work.


title: Collage

text: Wesselmann took part in the "New Realist" show with some reservations, exhibiting two 1962 works: "Still life #17" and "Still life #22".


title: Collage

text: Another technique is that of "canvas collage," which is the application, typically with glue, of separately painted canvas patches to the surface of a painting's main canvas. Well known for use of this technique is British artist John Walker in his paintings of the late 1970s, but canvas collage was already an integral part of the mixed media works of such American artists as Conrad Marca-Relli and Jane Frank by the early 1960s. The intensely self-critical Lee Krasner also frequently destroyed her own paintings by cutting them into pieces, only to create new works of art by reassembling the pieces into collages.


title: Collage

text: The wood collage is a type that emerged somewhat later than paper collage. Kurt Schwitters began experimenting with wood collages in the 1920s after already having given up painting for paper collages. The principle of wood collage is clearly established at least as early as his 'Merz Picture with Candle', dating from the mid to late 1920s.


title: Collage

text: In a sense, wood collage made its debut indirectly at the same time as paper collage, since according to the Guggenheim online, Georges Braque initiated use of paper collage by cutting out pieces of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and attaching them to his own charcoal drawings. Thus, the idea of gluing wood to a picture was implicit from the start, since the paper used was a commercial product manufactured to look like wood.


title: Collage

text: It was during a fifteen-year period of intense experimentation beginning in the mid-1940s that Louise Nevelson evolved her sculptural wood collages, assembled from found scraps, including parts of furniture, pieces of wooden crates or barrels, and architectural remnants like stair railings or moldings. Generally rectangular, very large, and painted black, they resemble gigantic paintings. Concerning Nevelson's "Sky Cathedral" (1958), the Museum of Modern Art catalogue states, "As a rectangular plane to be viewed from the front, "Sky Cathedral" has the pictorial quality of a painting..." Yet such pieces also present themselves as massive walls or monoliths, which can sometimes be viewed from either side, or even looked "through".


title: Collage

text: Much wood collage art is considerably smaller in scale, framed and hung as a painting would be. It usually features pieces of wood, wood shavings, or scraps, assembled on a canvas (if there is painting involved), or on a wooden board. Such framed, picture-like, wood-relief collages offer the artist an opportunity to explore the qualities of depth, natural color, and textural variety inherent in the material, while drawing on and taking advantage of the language, conventions, and historical resonances that arise from the tradition of creating pictures to hang on walls. The technique of wood collage is also sometimes combined with painting and other media in a single work of art.


title: Collage

text: Frequently, what is called "wood collage art" uses only natural wood - such as driftwood, or parts of found and unaltered logs, branches, sticks, or bark. This raises the question of whether such artwork is collage (in the original sense) at all (see Collage and modernism). This is because the early, paper collages were generally made from bits of text or pictures - things originally made by people, and functioning or signifying in some cultural context. The collage brings these still-recognizable "signifiers" (or fragments of signifiers) together, in a kind of semiotic collision. A truncated wooden chair or staircase newel used in a Nevelson work can also be considered a potential element of collage in the same sense: it had some original, culturally determined context. Unaltered, natural wood, such as one might find on a forest floor, arguably has no such context; therefore, the characteristic contextual disruptions associated with the collage idea, as it originated with Braque and Picasso, cannot really take place. (Driftwood is of course sometimes ambiguous: while a piece of driftwood may once have been a piece of worked wood - for example, part of a ship - it may be so weathered by salt and sea that its past functional identity is nearly or completely obscured.)


title: Collage

text: Decoupage is a type of collage usually defined as a craft. It is the process of placing a picture into an object for decoration. Decoupage can involve adding multiple copies of the same image, cut and layered to add apparent depth. The picture is often coated with varnish or some other sealant for protection.


title: Collage

text: In the early part of the 20th century, decoupage, like many other art methods, began experimenting with a less realistic and more abstract style. 20th-century artists who produced decoupage works include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. The most famous decoupage work is Matisse's "Blue Nude II".


title: Collage

text: There are many varieties on the traditional technique involving purpose made 'glue' requiring fewer layers (often 5 or 20, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are also applied under glass or raised to give a three-dimensional appearance according to the desire of the decouper. Currently decoupage is a popular handicraft.


title: Collage

text: The craft became known as découpage in France (from the verb "découper", 'to cut out') as it attained great popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques were developed during this time, and items could take up to a year to complete due to the many coats and sandings applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners included Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Beau Brummell. In fact the majority of decoupage enthusiasts attribute the beginning of decoupage to 17th century Venice. However it was known before this time in Asia.


title: Collage

text: The most likely origin of decoupage is thought to be East Siberian funerary art. Nomadic tribes would use cut out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased. From Siberia, the practice came to China, and by the 12th century, cut out paper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. In the 17th century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of trade with the Far East and it is generally thought that it is through these trade links that the cut out paper decorations made their way into Europe.


title: Collage

text: Collage made from photographs, or parts of photographs, is called photomontage. Photomontage is the process (and result) of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs. The composite picture was sometimes photographed so that the final image is converted back into a seamless photographic print. The same method is accomplished today using image-editing software. The technique is referred to by professionals as "compositing".


title: Collage

text: "Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?" was created in 1956 for the catalogue of the "This Is Tomorrow" exhibition in London, England in which it was reproduced in black and white. In addition, the piece was used in posters for the exhibit. Richard Hamilton has subsequently created several works in which he reworked the subject and composition of the pop art collage, including a 1992 version featuring a female bodybuilder. Many artists have created derivative works of Hamilton's collage. P. C. Helm made a year 2000 interpretation.


title: Collage

text: Other methods for combining pictures are also called photomontage, such as Victorian "combination printing", the printing from more than one negative on a single piece of printing paper (e.g. O. G. Rejlander, 1857), front-projection and computer montage techniques. Much as a collage is composed of multiple facets, artists also combine montage techniques. Romare Bearden’s (1912–1988) series of black and white "photomontage projections" is an example. His method began with compositions of paper, paint, and photographs put on boards 8½ × 11 inches. Bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he then applied with handroller. Subsequently, he enlarged the collages photographically.


title: Collage

text: The 19th century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a composite and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and offset lithography until the widespread use of digital image editing. Contemporary photo editors in magazines now create "paste-ups" digitally.


title: Collage

text: Creating a photomontage has, for the most part, become easier with the advent of computer software such as Adobe Photoshop, Pixel image editor, and GIMP. These programs make the changes digitally, allowing for faster workflow and more precise results. They also mitigate mistakes by allowing the artist to "undo" errors. Yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current trend is to create pictures that combine painting, theatre, illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole.


title: Collage

text: Digital collage is the technique of using computer tools in collage creation to encourage chance associations of disparate visual elements and the subsequent transformation of the visual results through the use of electronic media. It is commonly used in the creation of digital art using programs such as Photoshop.


title: Collage

text: A 3D collage is an art of putting altogether three-dimensional objects such as rocks, beads, buttons, coins, or even soil to form a new whole or a new object. Examples can include houses, bead circles, etc.


title: Collage

text: Though Le Corbusier and other architects used techniques that are akin to collage, collage as a theoretical concept only became widely discussed after the publication of "Collage City" (1978) by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter.


title: Collage

text: Rowe and Koetter were not, however, championing collage in the pictorial sense, much less seeking the types of disruptions of meaning that occur with collage. Instead, they were looking to challenge the uniformity of Modernism and saw collage with its non-linear notion of history as a means to reinvigorate design practice. Not only does historical urban fabric have its place, but in studying it, designers were, so it was hoped, able to get a sense of how better to operate. Rowe was a member of the so-called Texas Rangers, a group of architects who taught at the University of Texas for a while. Another member of that group was Bernhard Hoesli, a Swiss architect who went on to become an important educator at the ETH-Zurich. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an actual practice, Hoesli actively made collages as part of his design process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and frequently introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work.


title: Collage

text: The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music, with the advances on recording technology, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the middle of the twentieth century.


title: Collage

text: In the 1960s, George Martin created collages of recordings while producing the records of The Beatles. In 1967 pop artist Peter Blake made the collage for the cover of the Beatles seminal album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". In the 1970s and 1980s, the likes of Christian Marclay and the group Negativland reappropriated old audio in new ways. By the 1990s and 2000s, with the popularity of the sampler, it became apparent that "musical collages" had become the norm for popular music, especially in rap, hip-hop and electronic music. In 1996, DJ Shadow released the groundbreaking album, "Endtroducing...", made entirely of preexisting recorded material mixed together in audible collage. In the same year, New York City based artist, writer, and musician, Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky's work pushed the work of sampling into a museum and gallery context as an art practice that combined DJ culture's obsession with archival materials as sound sources on his album "Songs of a Dead Dreamer" and in his books "Rhythm Science" (2004) and "Sound Unbound" (2008) (MIT Press). In his books, "mash-up" and collage based mixes of authors, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud, James Joyce, William S. Burroughs, and Raymond Scott were featured as part of a what he called "literature of sound." In 2000, The Avalanches released "Since I Left You", a musical collage consisting of approximately 3,500 musical sources (i.e., samples).


title: Collage

text: Collage is commonly used as a technique in children's picture book illustration. Eric Carle is a prominent example, using vividly colored hand-textured papers cut to shape and layered together, sometimes embellished with crayon or other marks. See image at "The Very Hungry Caterpillar".


title: Collage

text: Collage is sometimes used alone or in combination with other techniques in artists' books, especially in one-off unique books rather than as reproduced images in published books.


title: Collage

text: Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative.


title: Collage

text: The bible of discordianism, the "Principia Discordia", is described by its author as a literary collage. A collage in literary terms may also refer to a layering of ideas or images.


title: Collage

text: Collage is utilized in fashion design in the sketching process, as part of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with diverse materials such as paper, photographs, yarns or fabric bring ideas into designs.


title: Collage

text: Collage film is traditionally defined as, “A film that juxtaposes fictional scenes with footage taken from disparate sources, such as newsreels.” Combining different types of footage can have various implications depending on the director's approach. Collage film can also refer to the physical collaging of materials onto filmstrips. Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett was especially renowned for his collage films, many of which were made from the cutting room floors of the National Film Board studios.


title: Collage

text: The use of CGI, or "computer-generated imagery", can be considered a form of collage, especially when animated graphics are layered over traditional film footage. At certain moments during "Amélie" (Jean-Pierre Juenet, 2001), the mise en scène takes on a highly fantasized style, including fictitious elements like swirling tunnels of color and light. David O. Russell's "I Heart Huckabees" (2004) incorporates CGI effects to visually demonstrate philosophical theories explained by the existential detectives (played by Lily Tomlin and Dustin Hoffman). In this case, the effects serve to enhance clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film.


title: Collage

text: When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars call a "derivative work". The collage thus has a copyright separate from any copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works.


title: Collage

text: Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased financial interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage (such as hip hop music), some court rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement, thus shifting collage practice away from non-permissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing. Examples of musical collage art that have run afoul of modern copyright are "The Grey Album" and Negativland's "U2".


title: Collage

text: The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists have argued that the first-sale doctrine protects their work. The first-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "first sale" of their work, although the Ninth Circuit has held that the first-sale doctrine does not apply to derivative works. The de minimis doctrine and the fair use exception also provide important defenses against claimed copyright infringement. The Second Circuit in October, 2006, held that artist Jeff Koons was not liable for copyright infringement because his incorporation of a photograph into a collage painting was fair use.


title: John Sculley

text: John Sculley III (born April 6, 1939) is an American businessman, entrepreneur and investor in high-tech startups. Sculley was vice-president (1970–1977) and president of PepsiCo (1977–1983), until he became chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple Inc. on April 8, 1983, a position he held until leaving in 1993. In May 1987, Sculley was named Silicon Valley's top-paid executive, with an annual salary of US$10.2 million.


title: John Sculley

text: Sales at Apple increased from $800 million to $8 billion under Sculley's management, although many attribute his success to Sculley joining the company just when Steve Jobs' visions and Steve Wozniak's creations had become highly lucrative. His stint at Apple remains controversial due to his departure from co-founder Steve Jobs's sales structure, particularly regarding Sculley's decision to compete with IBM in selling computers to the same types of customers. Others say that the "two clashed over management styles and priorities, Jobs focusing on future innovation and Sculley more on current product lines and profitability". But Sculley ultimately was forced to step down as Apple CEO because he was opposed to licensing Macintosh software and was talking to Goldman Sachs about splitting Apple into two companies. When Sculley left in May 1993, Apple had $2 billion in cash and $200 million in debt.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley is recognized as an expert in marketing, in part because of his early successes at PepsiCo, notably his introduction of the Pepsi Challenge, which allowed the company to gain market share from primary rival Coca-Cola. He used similar marketing strategies throughout the 1980s and 1990s at Apple to mass-market Macintosh personal computers, and today he continues to speak and write about disruptive marketing strategies.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley is currently invested in and involved with a number of high-tech start-up companies, including 3CInteractive, Zeta Global, Inflexion Point, Mobeam, OpenPeak, x10 Credit, Pivot Acquisition Corp., nextSource and WorldMate. He is currently Chairman of the PeopleTicker and SkillsVillage.


title: John Sculley

text: Jeff Daniels portrayed Sculley in the film "Steve Jobs", Matthew Modine portrayed him in the 2013 film "Jobs", and Allan Royal portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film "Pirates of Silicon Valley."


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley was born in New York City, the son of Margaret Blackburn (Smith), a horticulturist, and John Sculley, Jr., a Wall Street lawyer. Sculley and his brothers spent much of their childhood in Bermuda before moving back to New York. He attended high school at St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley received a bachelor's degree in Architectural Design from Brown University and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley joined the Pepsi-Cola division of PepsiCo in 1967 as a trainee, where he participated in a six-month training program at a bottling plant in Pittsburgh. In 1970, at the age of 30, Sculley became the company's youngest marketing vice-president.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley initiated one of the company's first consumer-research studies, an extended in-home product test in which 350 families participated. As a result of the research, Pepsi decided to launch new, larger, and more varied packages of their soft drinks, including the two-liter bottle Sculley worked with DuPont to develop. In 1970, Pepsi set out to dethrone Coca-Cola as the market leader of the industry, in what eventually became known as the Cola Wars. Pepsi began spending more on marketing and advertising, typically paying between US$200,000 and $300,000 for each television spot, while most companies spent between $15,000 and $75,000. With the Pepsi Generation campaign, Pepsi aimed to overturn Coca-Cola's classic marketing.


title: John Sculley

text: In 1974, Sculley became president of PepsiCo's International Food Operations division, shortly after he visited a failing potato-chip factory in Paris. PepsiCo's food division was their only money-losing division, with revenues of US$83 million and losses of $156.5 million. To make the food division profitable, Sculley improved product quality, enhanced accounts, and established financial controls. Within three years, the food division was making US$300 million in revenues and $40 million in profit.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley was best known at Pepsi for the Pepsi Challenge, an advertising campaign he started in 1975 to compete against Coca-Cola to gain market share, using heavily advertised taste tests. It claimed based on Sculley's own research that Pepsi-Cola tasted better than Coca-Cola. The Pepsi Challenge included a series of television advertisements that first aired in the early 1970s, featuring lifelong Coca-Cola drinkers participating in blind taste tests. Pepsi's soft drink was always chosen as the preferred product by the participant; however, these results have been criticized as being caused by Pepsi's sweetness, rather than its superior taste. The Pepsi Challenge was mostly targeted at the Texas market, where Pepsi had a significantly lower market share at the time. The campaign was successful, significantly increasing Pepsi's market share in that state. At the time the Pepsi Challenge was started, Sculley was senior vice-president of United States sales and marketing operations at Pepsi. Sculley himself took the taste test and picked Coke instead of Pepsi.


title: John Sculley

text: In 1977, Sculley was named Pepsi's youngest-ever president. Although commonly called the CEO of Pepsi, this was never the case. At the time of his departure, Don Kendall was CEO of Pepsi.


title: John Sculley

text: Apple lured Sculley away from Pepsi in order to apply his marketing skills to the personal computer market. Steve Jobs successfully sealed the deal after he made his legendary pitch to Sculley: "Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life? Or do you want to come with me and change the world?" Apple's president, Mike Markkula, wanted to retire and believed that Jobs, who wished to be the company's president, lacked the discipline and temperament needed to run Apple on a daily basis. Sculley, with his solid business background and considerable recent success, would give Apple an image of greater reliability and stability. In an interview with Authority Magazine, Scully said that Jobs came to him and said "How did you do that? You had no money to speak of at Pepsi. “How did you pass Coca Cola?” And I responded, “Well, we call it experience marketing.” The focus was on selling the experience, not the product. When Sculley started at Apple, he got a $1 million signing bonus, $1 million in annual pay and options on 350,000 Apple shares. From the time they first met in 1982 until 1985, Jobs and Sculley had what both acknowledged as an amazing partnership. Sculley used his marketing experience to help keep the aging Apple II generating much-needed cash and helped Jobs launch the Mac with the most admired consumer marketing campaign of its time. Once Jobs took over the Macintosh project from Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak and early Apple employee Jef Raskin, he became the executive product manager and made all the product decisions.


title: John Sculley

text: The Lisa computer, an innovative model designed by a team initially led by Jobs, became available in January 1983, and had disastrous sales. When Jobs's Macintosh, the first of a new series of models with a pioneering black-and-white graphical user interface, was shipped to stores in January 1984, Sculley raised the initial price to $2,495 from the originally planned $1,995, allocating the additional money to hypothetically higher profit margins and to expensive advertising campaigns. Macintosh sold well, and received excellent reviews, but it did not eliminate the IBM PC.


title: John Sculley

text: At the peak of the Macintosh success, Apple made an attempt to move unsold inventory of Lisa computers by renaming it to "Macintosh XL" and positioning it as a top-of-the-line pro Macintosh model. At this point, a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley was becoming obvious. Jobs became "non-linear": he kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am. Sculley had little control over the Macintosh division where Jobs was the general manager. The Apple board of directors instructed Sculley to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley's direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. Sculley found out about Jobs's plans and called a board meeting at which Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year. Sculley said in 2015 that Jobs never forgave him and their friendship was never repaired.


title: John Sculley

text: After Jobs left, Sculley was named president and the company experienced a turnaround in 1986; one journalist wrote "since Sculley joined the company … many things have changed", and that his "strategy has worked". Wozniak credited the Macintosh's initial success to Sculley, saying that he "worked to build a Macintosh market when the Apple II went away". Under the direction of Sculley, who had learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky Macintosh Portable in 1989, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991. The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system, which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001, when the classic Mac OS was replaced by Mac OS X. The success of the PowerBook and other products brought increasing revenue. For some time, it appeared that Apple could do no wrong, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine "MacAddict" named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh. Under the leadership of Sculley, Apple's sales multiplied from $982 million in 1983 to $7.9 billion in 1993.


title: John Sculley

text: Microsoft threatened to discontinue Microsoft Office for the Macintosh if Apple did not license parts of the Macintosh graphical user interface to use in the Windows operating system. Under pressure, Sculley agreed, a decision which later affected the "Apple v. Microsoft" lawsuit. About that time, Sculley coined the term personal digital assistant (PDA) referring to the Apple Newton, one of the world's first PDAs, a product that Sculley oversaw and launched in 1993.


title: John Sculley

text: In 1987, Sculley made several predictions in a "Playboy" interview. He predicted that the Soviet Union would land a man on Mars within the next 20 years and claimed that optical storage media such as the CD-ROM would revolutionize the use of personal computers. Some of his ideas for the Knowledge Navigator were eventually fulfilled by the Internet and the World Wide Web during the 1990s and others by Apple itself with the introduction of Siri.


title: John Sculley

text: On December 5, 1992, Sculley, as Chairman, CEO, and CTO of Apple Computer, Inc., gave a seminal speech regarding the future of the Internet, titled "The Dawn of a $3.5 Trillion Communications Mega-Industry: Information Access, Processing and Distribution in a Digital World." This was the keynote address to a packed house at the Harvard Business School's Burden Auditorium, as part of the inaugural student-run Harvard/MIT Communications 2000 Symposium (now known as the Harvard Business School Tech Club's annual Cyberposium).


title: John Sculley

text: In the early 1990s, Sculley led Apple to port its operating system to run on a new microprocessor, the PowerPC. Sculley later acknowledged such an act was his greatest mistake, indicating that he should instead have targeted the dominant Intel architecture. After a bad first quarter in 1993, amid a personal-computer price war and internal tension over the company's direction, Apple's board forced Sculley out. He resigned on October 15, 1993 and was replaced by German-born Michael Spindler, who had been Chief Operating Officer. Spindler was ousted three years later.


title: John Sculley

text: After leaving Apple on October 23, 1993, Sculley became chairman and chief executive officer at Spectrum Information Technologies, a New York-based company that held key computer patents for wireless data transmission. Only four months later he resigned from the company and filed a lawsuit against Spectrum president Peter Caserta, seeking more than $10 million in damages. Sculley alleged that he was misled when he was hired at Spectrum by not being told of SEC inquiries and "aggressive revenue recognition accounting" for license fees.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley has been a founding investor in MetroPCS (formerly General Wireless) and helped guide the company's brand marketing; MetroPCS became a multibillion-dollar public company on the New York Stock Exchange until its acquisition by T-Mobile in 2013. He built NFO Research from $25 million to $550 million in revenue, and sold it to IPG for $850 million. He helped launch and advised Hotwire.com, Intralinks (which was co-founded by his brother Arthur), and InPhonic, Buy.com, and PeoplePC.


title: John Sculley

text: In 1997, Sculley became the chairman of Live Picture, a California-based company, to oversee its push into high-quality, low-bandwidth imaging over the Internet. US$22M in venture capital was provided for the company. Sculley later left the company, but remained an investor. In 1999, Live Picture filed for federal bankruptcy protection as part of a plan to be acquired by MGI Software.


title: John Sculley

text: In 1997, Sculley co-founded PopTech with Bob Metcalfe and several other dignitaries from the technology industry. In 1998, he joined the board of directors of BuyComp LLC (now Buy.com), an Internet-only computer store. Two years later, he partnered with Dennis M. Lynch to launch Signature21, providing marketing services to small to medium-sized businesses. In 2001, Sculley and Lynch transitioned the company into a learning program for rising entrepreneurs. Months later, Lynch left the company, while Sculley continued to consult and work with small businesses, including InPhonic, whose board of directors he later joined. InPhonic was an online retailer of cell phones and wireless plans. Sculley's early leadership helped steer InPhonic towards its successful IPO in 2004. Sculley served as the vice chairman of the InPhonic board of directors. InPhonic filed for bankruptcy in 2007.


title: John Sculley

text: In 2002, Sculley endorsed and invested in the Wine Clip, a wine accessory product, which claims to accelerate the aeration of wine by exposure to magnets. A year later he helped in the founding of Verified Person Inc., an online pre-employment screening company. As of 2012, he serves on the board of directors. In 2004, Sculley joined the board of directors at OpenPeak, a maker of software for wireless consumer electronics, digital media, computers, and home systems. In the same year, Sculley became a venture partner at Rho Ventures. In March 2006, Sculley was named Chairman of IdenTrust (formerly Digital Signature Trust Company) a San Francisco-based firm focusing on verifying identity and boosting financial security.


title: John Sculley

text: Before speaking at the Silicon Valley 4.0 conference, Sculley was interviewed by CNET in October 2003, where he explained the mistakes he made at Apple concerning the Apple Newton and HyperCard. Sculley had canceled Apple's first hand-held mobile tablet PenMac led by Paul Mercer with applications by Samir Arora and instead signed an agreement to work with Sharp Electronics on the Newton technology. Also in 2003, Sculley was interviewed by the BBC for the television documentary "The World's Most Powerful" episode "Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates", discussing his time at Apple during the 1980s as CEO. In 2010, he was interviewed for "Cult of Mac" on the topics of Steve Jobs and design.


title: John Sculley

text: In 2007, Sculley co-founded the data company Zeta Global with business partner David A. Steinberg, and in January 2014 the data analytics firm XL Marketing, rebranded and incorporated its resources into Zeta Interactive, re-launching it as a Big Data-Driven Marketing firm. On January 30, 2014, Sculley was a panelist at a forum organized by Zeta, which featured ad executives, marketers and NFL executive to discuss the changes in the way companies market and reach consumers since Sculley's time at Apple in 1984 when the computer company featured what became one of the first iconic Super Bowl ads—the 1984 commercial. In October 2016, Zeta Interactive was again rebranded as Zeta Global.


title: John Sculley

text: In 2014, Sculley co-founded Obi Mobiles, a smartphone brand aimed at the emerging markets. The company was renamed Obi Worldphone. In September 2017, Sculley distanced himself from Obi Worldphone and told that his name was used for PR only. He has also been working in the health care industry, focusing on RxAdvance, a cloud-based platform that helps pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and insurers manage chronically ill patients living at home.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley went political in the early 1990s on behalf of Republican Tom Campbell, who in 1992 was running in the California Republican primary to be the party candidate for a United States Senate seat. Sculley hosted a fundraiser for Campbell at his ranch in Woodside. Sculley had become acquainted with Hillary Clinton, serving with her on a national education council. When Bill Clinton ran for president, Sculley supported him. Sculley sat next to Hillary Clinton during the President's first State of the Union address in January 1993.


title: John Sculley

text: Sculley married Ruth, stepdaughter of PepsiCo president Donald Kendall in 1960, with whom he had two children. The couple divorced in 1965. In 1978, he married Carol Lee Adams, ex-wife of a former PepsiCo vice president, ultimately divorcing in 2011.


title: John Sculley

text: In 2013, Sculley married Diane Gibbs Poli, vice president and design coordinator for Wittman Building Corporation, and they live in Palm Beach, Florida.


title: John Sculley

text: In 2016, while visiting Japan, Sculley saw Steve Jobs’ autograph in a sushi restaurant, and broke down in tears. The owner said “He told me that since they were retired from the frontlines of business, they could have enjoyed sushi at Steve’s favorite restaurant and had a good time together, but he has passed away and now he’s in heaven.”


title: Black rice

text: Black rice, also known as purple rice, is a range of rice types of the species "Oryza sativa", some of which are glutinous rice.


title: Black rice

text: There are several varieties of black rice available today. These include Indonesian black rice, Philippine heirloom balatinaw black rice and pirurutong black glutinous rice, and Thai jasmine black rice. Black rice is known as "chak-hao" in Manipur, India.


title: Black rice

text: In Bangladesh, it is known as "kalo dhaner chaal" (black paddy rice) and used to make polao or rice-based desserts. The bran hull (outermost layer) of black rice contains one of the highest levels of anthocyanins found in food. The grain has a similar amount of fiber to brown rice and like brown rice, has a mild, nutty taste.


title: Black rice

text: Black rice has a deep black color and usually turns deep purple when cooked. Its dark purple color is primarily due to its anthocyanin content, which is higher by weight than that of other colored grains. It is suitable for creating porridge, dessert, traditional Chinese black rice cake, bread, and noodles.


title: Vigilantism

text: Vigilantism () is the act of preventing, investigating and punishing perceived offenses and crimes without legal authority.


title: Vigilantism

text: A vigilante (from Spanish, Italian and Portuguese “vigilante”, which means "sentinel" or "watcher") is a person who practices or partakes in vigilantism, or undertakes public safety and retributive justice without commission.


title: Vigilantism

text: According to political scientist Regina Bateson, vigilantism is "the extralegal prevention, investigation, or punishment of offenses." The definition has three components:


title: Vigilantism

text: Other scholars have defined "collective vigilantism" as "group violence to punish perceived offenses to a community."


title: Vigilantism

text: Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word "vigilante" was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual parallels between the Dark Age and medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy.


title: Vigilantism

text: Elements of the concept of vigilantism can be found in the Biblical account in Genesis 34 of the abduction and rape (or, by some interpretations, seduction) of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, in the Canaanite city of Shechem by the eponymous son of the ruler, and the violent reaction of her brothers Simeon and Levi, who slew all of the males of the city in revenge, rescued their sister and plundered Shechem. When Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied "Should he [i.e., Shechem] treat our sister as a harlot?"


title: Vigilantism

text: Similarly, in , Absalom kills his brother Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, their sister.


title: Vigilantism

text: In the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of "vigilantism" have often been vested in folkloric heroes and outlaws (e.g., Robin Hood).


title: Vigilantism

text: During medieval times, punishment of felons was sometimes exercised by such secret societies as the courts of the Vehm (cf. the medieval Sardinian "Gamurra" later become "Barracelli", the Sicilian Vendicatori and the Beati Paoli), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westphalian Germany during the 15th century.


title: Vigilantism

text: After the founding of the United States, a citizen's arrest became known as a procedure, based on common law and protected by the United States Constitution when civilians arrest people who they have either seen or suspect of doing things which are wrong.


title: Vigilantism

text: The exact circumstances under which this type of arrest, also known as a detention, can be made varies widely from state to state.


title: Vigilantism

text: On October 21, 2022, the popular American singer Taylor Swift released a song which is titled “Vigilante Shit”. This song was eventually referenced in a tweet which was written by the FBI. The line which was referenced is “ Someone told his white-collar crimes to the FBI”. This line references a $200,000,000 lawsuit which was filed against Scooter Braun for fraud.


title: Vigilantism

text: Vigilantism is not legal in the United States; however, many Americans take it upon themselves to impose their own form of justice.


title: Vigilantism

text: In the United States, it is defined as acts which violate societal limits which are intended to defend and protect the prevailing distribution of values and resources from some form of attack or some form of harm. People that act on vigilantism often are doing something beneficial in their own morals.


title: Rob Morrow

text: Robert Alan Morrow (born September 21, 1962) is an American actor and director. He is known for his portrayal of Dr. Joel Fleischman on "Northern Exposure", a role that garnered him three Golden Globe and two Emmy nominations for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series, and later for his role as FBI agent Don Eppes on "Numb3rs".


title: Rob Morrow

text: Morrow was born in New Rochelle, New York, the son of Diane Francis (née Markowitz), a dental hygienist, and Murray Morrow, an industrial lighting manufacturer. He is Jewish, and had a Reform Bar Mitzvah. Morrow grew up in Hartsdale, New York. His parents divorced when he was nine years old. He attended Cardigan Mountain School and Edgemont High School and dropped out at the beginning of his senior year to begin his acting career.


title: Rob Morrow

text: Morrow's film career began when he appeared as an extra at age 18 on "Saturday Night Live". He co-starred alongside Johnny Depp in "Private Resort" (1985).


title: Rob Morrow

text: Morrow played the lead role in the television show "Northern Exposure" from 1990 to 1995. Morrow's character, Joel Fleischman, is "a New York City physician who is surprised to be assigned to the isolated and icy town of Cicely, Alaska". For his work on "Northern Exposure", Morrow was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards and two Emmy Awards. He left the CBS comedy-drama in 1995 to act in movies.


title: Rob Morrow

text: Morrow starred in the critically acclaimed film "Quiz Show" (1994) as Dick Goodwin, a congressional investigator intent on uncovering the corruption behind the 1950s game show scandal. Morrow played the younger brother of Albert Brooks' character in "Mother" (1996). In 2000, he directed and starred in "Maze", about an artist with Tourette syndrome.


title: Rob Morrow

text: In 2002, Morrow played Kevin Hunter on the Showtime television series "Street Time". He also appeared in the television film "Custody". In 2007, he played Jack Nicholson's doctor, Dr. Hollins, in "The Bucket List". From 2005 to 2010, he starred with David Krumholtz and Judd Hirsch as FBI agent Don Eppes in "Numb3rs" on CBS. On March 8, 2010, it was announced that Morrow had signed on to star in Jerry Bruckheimer's new series, "The Whole Truth", on ABC. The series aired on September 13, 2010, but was pulled from the ABC schedule in December. Morrow filmed 13 episodes. Morrow starred as Henry Rearden in "", which was released September 12, 2014. In 2017, Morrow starred in the recurring role of reporter Abe Leonard in the first season of the ABC political drama "Designated Survivor". He also starred in "" as Barry Scheck. As of November 2018, news was released that a revival of "Northern Exposure" was in the works at CBS and that Morrow would return as Joel Fleischman.


title: Rob Morrow

text: Morrow is a teacher at the Ruskin Group Theatre in Santa Monica. During the summer of 2019, he starred as Willy Loman in the theater's production of "Death of a Salesman".


title: Rob Morrow

text: On his 36th birthday in 1998, Morrow married actress Debbon Ayer. They have one daughter, Tu Morrow, born in 2001. They live in Santa Monica, California. Morrow previously lived in Seattle at the time of filming "Northern Exposure".


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Godfrey Harold Hardy (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947) was an English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis. In biology, he is known for the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of population genetics.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy is usually known by those outside the field of mathematics for his 1940 essay "A Mathematician's Apology", often considered one of the best insights into the mind of a working mathematician written for the layperson.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Starting in 1914, Hardy was the mentor of the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, a relationship that has become celebrated. Hardy almost immediately recognised Ramanujan's extraordinary albeit untutored brilliance, and Hardy and Ramanujan became close collaborators. In an interview by Paul Erdős, when Hardy was asked what his greatest contribution to mathematics was, Hardy unhesitatingly replied that it was the discovery of Ramanujan. In a lecture on Ramanujan, Hardy said that "my association with him


title: G. H. Hardy

text: G. H. Hardy was born on 7 February 1877, in Cranleigh, Surrey, England, into a teaching family. His father was Bursar and Art Master at Cranleigh School; his mother had been a senior mistress at Lincoln Training College for teachers. Both of his parents were mathematically inclined, though neither had a university education.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy's own natural affinity for mathematics was perceptible at an early age. When just two years old, he wrote numbers up to millions, and when taken to church he amused himself by factorising the numbers of the hymns.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: After schooling at Cranleigh, Hardy was awarded a scholarship to Winchester College for his mathematical work. In 1896, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. After only two years of preparation under his coach, Robert Alfred Herman, Hardy was fourth in the Mathematics Tripos examination. Years later, he sought to abolish the Tripos system, as he felt that it was becoming more an end in itself than a means to an end. While at university, Hardy joined the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy cited as his most important influence his independent study of "Cours d'analyse de l'École Polytechnique" by the French mathematician Camille Jordan, through which he became acquainted with the more precise mathematics tradition in continental Europe. In 1900 he passed part II of the Tripos, and in the same year he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College. In 1903 he earned his M.A., which was the highest academic degree at English universities at that time. When his Prize Fellowship expired in 1906 he was appointed to the Trinity staff as a lecturer in mathematics, where teaching six hours per week left him time for research. In 1919 he left Cambridge to take the Savilian Chair of Geometry (and thus become a Fellow of New College) at Oxford in the aftermath of the Bertrand Russell affair during World War I. Hardy spent the academic year 1928–1929 at Princeton in an academic exchange with Oswald Veblen, who spent the year at Oxford. Hardy gave the Josiah Willards Gibbs lecture for 1928. Hardy left Oxford and returned to Cambridge in 1931, becoming again a fellow of Trinity College and holding the Sadleirian Professorship until 1942.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy is credited with reforming British mathematics by bringing rigour into it, which was previously a characteristic of French, Swiss and German mathematics. British mathematicians had remained largely in the tradition of applied mathematics, in thrall to the reputation of Isaac Newton (see Cambridge Mathematical Tripos). Hardy was more in tune with the "cours d'analyse" methods dominant in France, and aggressively promoted his conception of pure mathematics, in particular against the hydrodynamics that was an important part of Cambridge mathematics.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: From 1911, he collaborated with John Edensor Littlewood, in extensive work in mathematical analysis and analytic number theory. This (along with much else) led to quantitative progress on Waring's problem, as part of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method, as it became known. In prime number theory, they proved results and some notable conditional results. This was a major factor in the development of number theory as a system of conjectures; examples are the first and second Hardy–Littlewood conjectures. Hardy's collaboration with Littlewood is among the most successful and famous collaborations in mathematical history. In a 1947 lecture, the Danish mathematician Harald Bohr reported a colleague as saying, "Nowadays, there are only three really great English mathematicians: Hardy, Littlewood, and Hardy–Littlewood."


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy is also known for formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of population genetics, independently from Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908. He played cricket with the geneticist Reginald Punnett, who introduced the problem to him in purely mathematical terms. Hardy, who had no interest in genetics and described the mathematical argument as "very simple", may never have realised how important the result became.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy preferred his work to be considered "pure mathematics", perhaps because of his detestation of war and the military uses to which mathematics had been applied. He made several statements similar to that in his "Apology":


title: G. H. Hardy

text: However, aside from formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle in population genetics, his famous work on integer partitions with his collaborator Ramanujan, known as the Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula, has been widely applied in physics to find quantum partition functions of atomic nuclei (first used by Niels Bohr) and to derive thermodynamic functions of non-interacting Bose–Einstein systems. Though Hardy wanted his maths to be "pure" and devoid of any application, much of his work has found applications in other branches of science.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Moreover, Hardy deliberately pointed out in his "Apology" that mathematicians generally do not "glory in the uselessness of their work," but rather – because science can be used for evil ends as well as good – "mathematicians may be justified in rejoicing that there is one science at any rate, and that their own, whose very remoteness from ordinary human activities should keep it gentle and clean." Hardy also rejected as a "delusion" the belief that the difference between pure and applied mathematics had anything to do with their utility. Hardy regards as "pure" the kinds of mathematics that are independent of the physical world, but also considers some "applied" mathematicians, such as the physicists Maxwell and Einstein, to be among the "real" mathematicians, whose work "has permanent aesthetic value" and "is eternal because the best of it may, like the best literature, continue to cause intense emotional satisfaction to thousands of people after thousands of years." Although he admitted that what he called "real" mathematics may someday become useful, he asserted that, at the time in which the "Apology" was written, only the "dull and elementary parts" of either pure or applied mathematics could "work for good or ill."


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Socially, Hardy was associated with the Bloomsbury group and the Cambridge Apostles; G. E. Moore, Bertrand Russell and J. M. Keynes were friends. He was an avid cricket fan. Maynard Keynes observed that if Hardy had read the stock exchange for half an hour every day with as much interest and attention as he did the day's cricket scores, he would have become a rich man.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: He was at times politically involved, if not an activist. He took part in the Union of Democratic Control during World War I, and For Intellectual Liberty in the late 1930s.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Apart from close friendships, he had a few platonic relationships with young men who shared his sensibilities, and often his love of cricket. A mutual interest in cricket led him to befriend the young C. P. Snow. Hardy was a lifelong bachelor and in his final years he was cared for by his sister.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy was extremely shy as a child, and was socially awkward, cold and eccentric throughout his life. During his school years he was top of his class in most subjects, and won many prizes and awards but hated having to receive them in front of the entire school. He was uncomfortable being introduced to new people, and could not bear to look at his own reflection in a mirror. It is said that, when staying in hotels, he would cover all the mirrors with towels.


title: G. H. Hardy

text: Hardy is a key character, played by Jeremy Irons, in the 2015 film "The Man Who Knew Infinity", based on the biography of Ramanujan with the same title. Hardy is a major character in David Leavitt's fictive biography, "The Indian Clerk" (2007), which depicts his Cambridge years and his relationship with John Edensor Littlewood and Ramanujan. Hardy is a secondary character in "Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture" (1992), a mathematics novel by Apostolos Doxiadis. Hardy is also a character in the 2014 Indian film, "Ramanujan", played by Kevin McGowan.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Charles Hirsch Barris (June 3, 1929 – March 21, 2017) was an American game show creator, producer, and host. Barris was known for hosting "The Gong Show" and creating "The Dating Game" and "The Newlywed Game". He was also a songwriter who wrote "Palisades Park", recorded by Freddy Cannon and also recorded by Ramones.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris wrote an autobiography titled "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", which was made into the film of the same name and directed by George Clooney.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 3, 1929, the son of Edith (née Cohen) and Nathaniel Barris, a dentist. He was raised in Lower Merion Township and attended Lower Merion High School. His uncle was singer, songwriter and actor Harry Barris. He graduated in 1953 from Drexel University where he was a columnist for the student newspaper, "The Triangle".


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris got his start in television as a page and later was part of the staff at NBC in New York City. Following his stint at NBC, Barris worked as a standards-and-practices person at the television music show "American Bandstand" for ABC. Barris produced pop music for records and television, and wrote "Palisades Park," which was recorded by Freddy Cannon and peaked at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for two weeks (June 23–30, 1962) to become the biggest hit of Cannon's career. Barris also wrote or co-wrote some of the music that appeared on his game shows.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris was promoted to the daytime programming division at ABC in Los Angeles and was responsible for determining which game shows ABC would air. Barris told his bosses the game show concepts being pitched were worse than his own ideas. They suggested that Barris quit his programming job and become a producer.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris formed his production company Chuck Barris Productions on June 14, 1965. His first success came in 1965 with "The Dating Game", which aired on ABC. This show was hosted by Jim Lange and featured three contestants who competed for a date with a person blocked from their view. The contestants' sexy banter and its "flower power"-motif studio set were a revolution for the game show genre. The show ran until 1980 and was twice revived, later in the 1980s and 1990s. A Celebrity version of the show began in June 2021.


title: Chuck Barris

text: In 1966 Barris began "The Newlywed Game", originally created by Nick Nicholson and E. Roger Muir, also for ABC. The combination of the newlywed couples' humorous candor and host Bob Eubanks's sly questioning made the show another hit for Barris. The show is the longest lasting of any developed by his company, broadcast until 1985, for a total of 19 full years on both "first run" network TV and syndication. Game Show Network airs a current version with Sherri Shepherd. Interviewed on the NPR program "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" on August 1, 2009, Barris said that "The Newlywed Game" was the easiest program he had developed: "All I needed was four couples, eight questions, and a washer-dryer."


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris created several other short-lived game shows for ABC in the 1960s and for syndication in the 1970s, all of which revolved around a common theme: the game play normally derived its interest (and often, humor) from the excitement, vulnerability, embarrassment, or anger of the contestants or participants in the game. Barris also made several attempts through the years at non-game formats, such as ABC's "", a variety show staged at military bases akin to USO shows; a CBS revival of "Your Hit Parade;" and "The Bobby Vinton Show," a Canadian-based syndicated variety show for singer Bobby Vinton (produced in conjunction with Chris Bearde and Allan Blye). The last was his most successful program other than a game show.


title: Chuck Barris

text: The somewhat shy Barris rarely appeared on camera, though he once dashed onto the set of "The New Treasure Hunt" to throw a pie at emcee Geoff Edwards. However, Barris became a public figure in 1976 when he produced and served as the host of the talent show spoof "The Gong Show", which he packaged in partnership with television producer Chris Bearde. The show's cult following has endured, though it ran only two seasons on NBC (1976–78) and four in syndication (1976–80). As with some of Barris' other projects (including "The Newlywed Game"), it was at one point possible to see "The Gong Show" twice daily, a relatively uncommon feat in the years prior to cable TV's expansion into the commercial market.


title: Chuck Barris

text: The original host of the NBC show was John Barbour, who misunderstood the show's concept and considered it a straight talent show, as opposed to Barris' parody concept. Barris dropped Barbour at the last minute; in order to save the show, Barris followed the advice of an NBC executive who suggested that he should host his own show.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris' jokey, bumbling personality, his accentuated hand-clapping between sentences (which eventually had the studio audience joining in with him), and his catchphrases (he would usually go into commercial break with, "We'll be right back with more er ... STUFF ...", occasionally paired with shifting his head to reveal the ubiquitous sign behind the stage reading simply "STUFF", and "This is me saying 'bye'" was one of his favorite closing lines) were the antithesis of the smooth TV host (such as Gary Owens, who hosted the syndicated version in its first season). Barris joined in with the eccentricity of the format, using unusual props, dressing in colorful and somewhat unusual clothing (such as strange hats pulled over his head, if not his eyes), he became yet another performer of the show, and for many viewers, quite a cult hero. Dubbed "Chuckie Baby" by his fans, Barris was a perfect fit with the show's goofy, sometimes wild amateur performers and its panel of three judges (including regulars Jamie Farr, Jaye P. Morgan, and Arte Johnson). In addition, there was a growing "cast of characters", including a NBC stage carpenter who played "Father Ed," a priest who would get flustered when his cue cards were deliberately turned upside-down; stand-up comedian Murray Langston, who as "The Unknown Comic" wore a paper bag over his head (with cut-outs for his eyes, mouth, and even a box of Kleenex), and "Gene Gene the Dancing Machine" (Gene Patton), arguably the most popular member of the "cast", the show's stagehand, who would show up and dance whenever the band played the song "Jumpin' at the Woodside". In the early 1980s, Patton was even pointed out by tour guides of incoming NBC tours as his onscreen character, while at the same time adhering to his more typical off-camera work duties.


title: Chuck Barris

text: One "Gong Show" episode consisted of every act appearing singing the song "Feelings", which was popular at the time. One of its most infamous incidents came on the NBC version in 1978, when Barris presented an onstage act consisting of two teenage girls, slowly and suggestively sucking popsicles. Another incident was when during a "Gene Gene, The Dancing Machine" segment, Jaye P. Morgan opened her blouse to reveal her bare breasts.


title: Chuck Barris

text: In 1980, Barris starred in and directed "The Gong Show Movie". The film was a major failure at the box office.


title: Chuck Barris

text: "The Gong Show" has had four subsequent revivals, one under Barris' title (with Don Bleu) in 1988–1989, one on The Game Show Network in 2000 called "Extreme Gong" and another with current format owner Sony Pictures Television (with Dave Attell) in 2008. A fourth version, produced by Will Arnett and hosted by fictional British celebrity "Tommy Maitland" (Mike Myers), aired on ABC beginning in 2017.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris continued strongly until the mid-1970s, when ABC cancelled the "Dating" and "Newlywed" games. This left Barris with only one show, his weekly syndicated effort "The New Treasure Hunt", but the success of "The Gong Show" in 1976 encouraged him to revive the "Dating" and "Newlywed" games, as well as adding the "$1.98 Beauty Show" to his syndication empire. He also hosted a short lived prime time variety hour for NBC from February to April 1978, called "The Chuck Barris Rah-Rah Show," essentially a non-competitive knock-off of "Gong".


title: Chuck Barris

text: The empire crumbled again amid the burnout of another of his creations, the 1979–1980 "Three's a Crowd" (in which three sets of wives and secretaries competed to see who knew more about their husbands/bosses). This show provoked protests from both feminist and socially conservative groups, who charged that the show deliberately exploited adultery, to advocate it as a social norm. Most stations dropped this show months before the season was over as a response to those criticisms. At the same time, "The Newlywed Game" lost the sponsorships of Ford and Procter & Gamble and earned the resentment of Jackie Autry, whose husband and business partner Gene Autry owned the show's Los Angeles outlet and production base, KTLA, because of its supposedly highly prurient content. So strong were the feelings of the Autrys that "The Newlywed Game" came close to being expelled from the KTLA facilities, but the show was discontinued by the syndicator before any action occurred. "The Gong Show" and "The Dating Game" also ended otherwise successful syndicated runs in 1980.


title: Chuck Barris

text: During the winter of 1980, Barris attempted to rebuild by bringing back another game show that was not an original of his, "Camouflage", in which contestants answered questions for the chance to locate a "hidden object" (such as a toaster) concealed within a cartoon-type drawing. Although a noncontroversial format, it lasted only a short time in syndication. By September 1980, for the first time in his company's history, Barris had no shows in production.


title: Chuck Barris

text: After a year's inactivity, Barris revived "Treasure Hunt" again in 1981 in partnership with the original 1950s version's producer, Budd Granoff, who had become his business partner (the show itself was created by its original host, Jan Murray). Unlike with the 1970s version of "Treasure Hunt", Barris did not have direct involvement with the production of the show itself. This revival, a five-day-a-week strip, lasted only one year.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris, by this time living in France, came back again in 1984 and formed Barris Industries. He formed a distributor arm called Bel-Air Program Sales (later Barris Program Sales) and an ad-sales barter called Clarion Communications (later Barris Advertising Sales). After a week-long trial of "The Newlywed Game" on ABC in 1984 (with "Dating Game" emcee Jim Lange), Barris produced the daily "Newlywed Game" (titled "The New Newlywed Game") in syndication from 1985 to 1989, with original host Eubanks (and in 1988, comedian Paul Rodriguez). "The Dating Game" returned to syndication the next year for a three-year run (the first year hosted by Elaine Joyce, and the next two hosted by Jeff MacGregor). "The Gong Show" would also return for one season in 1988, now hosted by "True" Don Bleu. All of those shows (except for the one-week trial run of "Newlywed" on ABC) aired in syndication, not on the networks.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Chuck Barris sold his shares of Barris Industries, Inc. in 1987 to Burt Sugarman and left to move back to France and was no longer directly involved in his media company. In 1988, Barris Industries acquired the Guber-Peters Company. On September 7, 1989, Barris Industries was renamed as the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company. After the shows' runs ended, Sony Corporation acquired Guber-Peters Entertainment (formerly Barris Industries) for $200 million on September 29, 1989, a day after Sony Corporation of Japan acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment. The sale was completed on November 9, 1989, after Sony's acquisition of Columbia Pictures Entertainment a day earlier. Sony revived "Dating" and "Newlywed" from 1996 to 1999. Sony also revived "The Gong Show" in 1998, this time as "Extreme Gong", a Game Show Network (GSN) original production. "Three's a Crowd" would be revived as "All New Three's a Crowd", which, like "Extreme Gong", was a GSN original. A few years after "Extreme Gong" ended, Sony planned to revive the show again under its classic name and format for The WB Television Network, but this version was never realized. Sony and MTV Networks' Comedy Central collaborated on a fourth "Gong Show" revival as "The Gong Show with Dave Attell" in 2008; this did sell and aired on Comedy Central from July to September 2008.


title: Chuck Barris

text: One more attempt at reviving an old game show that was not his own originally resulted in an unsold pilot of the 1950s-era game "Dollar a Second", hosted by Bob Eubanks. It had at least one showing on GSN, and has since become part of the collector/trader's circuit. Two more unsold pilots were called "Bamboozle" and "Comedy Courtroom".


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris published "Della: A Memoir of My Daughter" in 2010 about the death of his only child, who died in 1998 after a long struggle with drug addiction.


title: Chuck Barris

text: In 1984, Barris wrote an autobiography, "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind". In the book he states that he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as an assassin in the 1960s and the 1970s in Southeast Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. A 2002 feature film version, directed by George Clooney and starring Sam Rockwell, depicts Barris killing 33 people. Barris wrote a sequel to "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind" in 2004 called "Bad Grass Never Dies".


title: Chuck Barris

text: The CIA denied Barris ever worked for them in any capacity. After the release of the movie, CIA spokesman Paul Nowack said Barris' assertions that he worked for the spy agency “[are] ridiculous. It's absolutely not true".


title: Chuck Barris

text: In an interview on NBC's "Today Show" in 1984, Barris admitted to having made the story up. "No, I was never a CIA hit man. I never did those things. I once applied for the CIA, and while I was going through the process I got a job and went on television. But I had always wondered what would have happened if I had done both." In an interview in 2010 with the Television Academy Foundation, he was asked if he had ever disclosed the truth to anyone, including his wife. "No, never," Barris said. "I'll never say, one way or the other".


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris' first wife was Lyn Levy, the niece of one of the founders of CBS. Their marriage lasted from 1957 to 1976, ending in divorce. Together they had a daughter, Della, who frequently appeared on "The Gong Show", usually introducing her father. Della died of an alcohol and cocaine overdose in 1998 at the age of 36. At the time of her death, she was HIV positive. In 1980, Barris married Robin Altman, 23 years his junior. That marriage also ended in divorce, in 1999. The following year, he married Mary Clagett.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris was diagnosed with lung cancer in the 1990s. After undergoing surgery to remove part of his lung, he contracted an infection and spent a month in intensive care.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris died on March 21, 2017, of natural causes at the age of 87 at his home in Palisades, New York, where he lived with Clagett.


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris composed music and released them on the following 45 rpm records. Songs with an asterisk (*) are songs not composed by Barris, yet featured on the recordings:


title: Chuck Barris

text: Barris also composed the following songs (with performer, who performed the music first, listed on each). The first two songs were released on "Swan" 45 rpm records, and the third released on a "Decca" LP record:


title: Chuck Barris

text: In 1973, Barris released an LP of television game show music, "Chuck Barris Presents Themes From TV Game Shows" (Friends Records). All tracks are instrumentals and are arranged by Tom Scott, Mike Barone, and Dale Oehler. The tracks for the LP, as listed from the back of the LP jacket, are as follows:


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Kevin Tighe (born Jon Kevin Fishburn; August 13, 1944) is an American actor who has worked in television, film, and theatre since the late 1960s. He is best known for his character, firefighter-paramedic Roy DeSoto, on the 1972-77 NBC series "Emergency!"


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe was cast in his first major film as an extra in 1967's "The Graduate". After being under contract with Paramount and Universal, Tighe's career took a turn from bit parts and extra work when he was cast as Roy DeSoto on "Emergency!". Following "Emergency!", Tighe went on to make numerous guest television appearances in shows such as "Ellery Queen", "Cos", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries", and "The Six Million Dollar Man".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Aside from "The Graduate", some of Tighe's film credits include "Road House", "City of Hope", "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", and "Jade". Tighe won a 1994 Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor in "I Love a Man in Uniform". In the 2000s he played Anthony Cooper on the ABC television series "Lost", as well as Giles Corey in the premiere episode of the original WGN America series "Salem".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe has also been seen in a number of stage productions including "A Reckoning", "Mourning Becomes Electra", "Anna Christie", "Other Desert Cities", and "Curse of the Starving Class".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe was born on August 13, 1944, as Jon Kevin Fishburn in Los Angeles, California, of Czech-Bohemian and Irish descent, the son of an actor.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: When he was five, Tighe moved with his family from Los Angeles to nearby Pasadena, where he began acting at an early age, auditioning for juvenile leads at the Pasadena Playhouse. He graduated from Pasadena High School in 1962, and went on to attend Pasadena City College and CSU-LOS ANGELES where he was a member of Beta Chi fraternity, before receiving a Bachelor's degree from USC and then an MFA for acting in 1967. After USC, Tighe was drafted into the United States Army. Due to an injury to his finger, he was stationed for two years at Fort Knox rather than being sent to Vietnam.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe's first film appearance was in 1967 as a fraternity brother in "The Graduate", after which he appeared in two other films: "Narcotics: Pit of Despair" and "Yours, Mine and Ours". After being discharged from the Army, Tighe appeared at the Taper Theater in Los Angeles in "The Trial of the Catonsville Nine" and in Noël Coward's "Design for Living" at the Ahmanson Theatre, also in Los Angeles. After this, he went on to perform in "Design for Living" with the National Theatre of Great Britain. During this period Tighe worked with a number of well-known actors including Lorne Greene, Maggie Smith, and Michael Landon before signing a contract with Universal Studios. During Tighe's tenure at Paramount, he appeared on NBC's "Bonanza" in the episode, "The Weary Willies".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe auditioned for a new Jack Webb television series, "Emergency!" in 1972 and landed the role of firefighter-paramedic Roy DeSoto, alongside Randolph Mantooth as his partner, John Gage. DeSoto and his team would respond to vehicle crashes, medical emergencies, and other rescues in a fire department rescue squad. After receiving advice and treatment orders from a local hospital via radiotelephone, the medics performed advanced life support techniques to stabilize patients needing aid before having them transported to a medical facility.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: In order to better portray his character, Tighe, along with other actors on the show, sat in on paramedic classes and participated in "ride-alongs" with the LA County Fire Department. When the show premiered, there were only 12 fire departments or ambulance services in North America fielding paramedics; the show is credited with introducing its audience to the concept of pre-hospital care, fire prevention, and CPR. In a 2006 Seattle radio interview, Tighe stated that "Emergency!" "...resonated with working people and I was always very proud of that fact. It promoted the paramedic program."


title: Kevin Tighe

text: The show ran six seasons (129 episodes) with seven two-hour television movie specials including a pilot film, "The Wedsworth-Townsend Act" and averaged 30 million viewers each week. Tighe directed four episodes of "Emergency!": "Gossip" (1974), "Inventions" (1974), Equipment (1975), and "Fair Fight" (1977). and wrote one episode for the show, "Up all Night" (1977). Tighe and Mantooth did many of their own stunts in the early years of the show. Mantooth has been quoted as saying, "If you could see our faces, it was us doing the stunts, if you couldn't, it was our stunt double."


title: Kevin Tighe

text: While on "Emergency!", Tighe appeared as Roy DeSoto in episodes of two other shows created by Robert A. Cinader, "Sierra" which had its backdoor pilot as an "Emergency!" episode, and "Adam-12" (the episode "Lost and Found"). Tighe voiced Roy DeSoto on the animated spin-off "Emergency +4". and narrated an episode about the work of paramedics in LA County with Mantooth on NBC's "Go!"


title: Kevin Tighe

text: During the series' run and after it was cancelled, Tighe became and remained friends with Mantooth as well as co-stars Julie London and Bobby Troup. Tighe served as a best man at Mantooth's second wedding in 2002. Through his friendship with Troup and London, who were married to each other as well as recording artists prior to being cast on the show, Tighe had the opportunity to meet well known jazz musicians and artists.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Both Tighe and Mantooth appear in the video presentation "The Pioneers of Paramedicine Story", a project done in conjunction with the Los Angeles County Fire Museum. Originally filmed in 2001 with additional scenes filmed in 2013, the video is a documentation of the history of pre-hospital medicine.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe was an honorary committee member on Project 51 and its efforts to honor "Emergency!"'s legacy. Tighe conducted interviews and compiled a brief history of American EMS for the project. Roy DeSoto's uniform, along with some of the medical equipment used on the show was inducted into the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in the Public Services division in May 2000.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Along with Mantooth, Tighe was presented in 2012 with a traditional white leather firefighter helmet by the Los Angeles County Fire Department as Honorary Fire Chief. The honor was bestowed for contributions to the fire service and emergency medicine through educating and inspiring others to work in firefighting and EMS.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: After the cancellation of "Emergency!", Tighe continued to work in episodic television, appearing on "Ellery Queen", "Cos", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries", "The Six Million Dollar Man", and "The Love Boat". He also appeared on the CBS Library production of "Orphans, Waifs, and Wards" and as Thomas Jefferson in an adaptation of the John Jakes novel "The Rebels" in 1979.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: During the 80s, Tighe taught drama at USC. To keep his acting skills honed, he once again studied acting, this time with Robert Lewis and Stella Adler in New York City. He worked in summer stock as part of a company directed by Alfred Christie at the Hampton Playhouse in 1980, and performed in "Come Blow Your Horn". In 1983, Tighe was cast in "Two for the Seesaw" at William Putch's Totem Pole Playhouse in Caledonia, Pennsylvania.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe made his Broadway debut at the Music Box Theatre in the play, "Open Admissions"; the show closed after two weeks. He then acted in "Night of the Iguana" with McCarter Theatre Company, in Princeton, NJ; Mark Weller's "The Ballad of Soapy Smith" in 1983 at the Seattle Repertory Theatre in Seattle; and the New York Shakespeare Festival at the Public Theatre in New York City. In 1989, he received an NEA fellowship at the Seattle Repertory Theatre. Tighe also wrote and directed "Homegirl" for the Seattle Repertory Theatre in 1986.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: After returning to Los Angeles in 1986, Tighe began working again in television and movies. His late 1980s movie appearances were in "Matewan", "Eight Men Out", "K-9", and as club-owner Frank Tilghman in 1989's "Road House" with Patrick Swayze. During a 2006 interview, Tighe stated, "I've gotten more comments on that movie than any other film I've ever done." Saying he is amazed by the film's broad audience appeal, he further said, "Working class people like it, (college kids), white people, black people. I think a lot of that is due to the music ... the movie had great music."


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe's work in the 1990s included work on episodic television crime, drama, and science-fiction programs. Tighe appeared on episodes of "Murder, She Wrote", "Tales from the Crypt", "Under Suspicion", "Chicago Hope", "The Single Guy", "ER", "The Outer Limits". For six episodes, he portrayed police detective David Blalock on the crime and legal drama, "Murder One" and Henry Janeway, an ancestor of Captain Kathryn Janeway, in the "" episode "".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Besides episodic work, Tighe appeared in a number of television movies during the 90s, including "", the remake of "Escape to Witch Mountain", and slain Kansas father and farmer Herb Clutter in the 1996 miniseries adaptation of Truman Capote's book "In Cold Blood". Tighe also portrayed newspaper legend William Randolph Hearst in "Winchell".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe's roles in feature films included lawyers, law enforcement officers, and military figures including the part of Blake Wilson in the Eddie Murphy and Nick Nolte vehicle "Another 48 Hrs." Other film roles during this period were in "Bright Angel", "City of Hope", "Newsies", "School Ties", and "Mumford". Tighe portrayed Ken Carver in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" and Brigadier General Nelson Miles "". In 1994, he won a Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor in the role of "Frank" in "I Love a Man in Uniform".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe continued to work in theater and appeared in three different roles: Hilton Lasker, Swifty, and Lord Kitterson in "The End of the Day: An Entertainment" at the Seattle Repertory Theatre, in 1989 and 1990. Tighe continued to do plays in the 1990s at the Seattle Repertory Theatre including "Hedda Gabler" in 1992.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe continued to do episodic work on both cable and network television and appeared on "Freaks and Geeks", "Family Law", "The West Wing" portraying Governor of Indiana Jack Buckland, "Strange World", "Everwood", "", "The 4400", and "". Tighe appeared numerous times on ABC show, "Lost", as Anthony Cooper, father of John Locke. His work included episodes of "Numb3rs", "Leverage", and "Lie to Me".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: His work on television included two movies and mini-series. Tighe appeared in "The Sight", and "Nancy Drew". He has also continued to work heavily in film and has appeared in "Fast Food High", "The Deal", "Today You Die", and "My Bloody Valentine". Tighe portrayed William Gottschalk in three of the Tulse Luper films: "The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 1: The Moab Story", "The Tulse Luper Suitcases: Antwerp", and "A Life in Suitcases".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe worked in regional and repertory theater, with the bulk of his stage work in Seattle. Tighe played Mick Dowd, a gravedigger, in Martin McDonagh's "A Skull in Connemara" at ACT Theatre in Seattle in 2000. Six months later, the production moved to New York, where it played at the Roundabout Theatre Company and Gramercy Theatre.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: He played Brigadier General Ezra Mannon in "Mourning Becomes Electra" and the play was initially performed at the ACT Theatre with Jane Alexander in 2001. The play was staged later in 2001 at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut with Tighe and Alexander in the cast. Tighe worked with his daughter, Jennifer, in "A Reckoning" at the Magic Theater in San Francisco. Tighe played Matt in "Anna Christie", along with Sam Shepard's "Buried Child", and Yuri Lubymov's production of "Crime And Punishment" on The Arena Stage at the Kreeger Theatre in Washington, D.C.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe played Salter in "A Number", exploring the human consequences of cloning. at the ACT Theatre in Seattle. His character examines parent-child relationships in five concentrated scenes through his three cloned sons and the nature of human bonds.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe played Captain Channing on "Trauma". His recent episodic television work includes "Common Law", "Complications", and "Salem". His most recent film appearance is "I am I", released in June 2014.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe narrated the documentary, "The Mountain Runners", examining the mountain marathon runners at Mount Hood in the early 1900s. Tighe was interviewed for "America on Stage" examining the development of new plays funded by the National Endowment for the Arts. Tighe appeared on a documentary that was aired on the PBS program, "Independent Lens". The documentary examined the development and staging of a new play in "Playwright: From Page to Stage".


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe played the title role in Rajiv Joseph's Pulitzer Prize-nominated drama "Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo", about the lives of American soldiers who guard a philosophical tiger (Tighe) while on duty in the Iraq War. Tighe played the role in both the New York and at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles productions, replacing Robin Williams, He won positive reviews for his performance of the Tiger. He won a 2010 Garland Award for best Performance in a Play.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Tighe played Fredrik in "Anatomy of Pain" on the Mirror Stage at the Ethnic Cultural Theatre in Seattle in 2012. In Sam Shepard's "Curse of the Starving Class", Tighe played Weston in 2013 at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven with Judith Ivey. He had the following thoughts in his approach to doing Shepard's play,"You have to beware of naturalism, which is the place actors tend to go into. You have to leave the ground for awhile and then hope you land." Later in 2013, Tighe played Lyman Wyeth in Other Desert Cities with Pamela Reed at ACT Theatre in Seattle.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: Since 1985, Tighe has resided in Skagit County, Washington with his wife, the artist Rebecca Fletcher.


title: Kevin Tighe

text: From Skagit County, he travels to Los Angeles and New York City for work. Tighe has a daughter from his first marriage (to Mary Lou Seaman), Jennifer Tighe, an actress with whom he appeared in the stage production of "A Reckoning".


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu releases are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd, the developers of the Ubuntu operating system, using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004. Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month (or even year) to that planned, the version number will change accordingly.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Canonical schedules Ubuntu releases to occur approximately one month after GNOME releases, resulting in each Ubuntu release including a newer version of GNOME.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Every fourth release, occurring in the second quarter of even-numbered years, has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) release. The desktop version of LTS releases for 10.04 and earlier were supported for three years, with server version support for five years. LTS releases 12.04 and newer are freely supported for five years. Through the ESM paid option, support can be extended even longer, up to a total of ten years for 18.04. The support period for non-LTS releases is 9 months. Prior to 13.04, it had been 18 months.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter – an alliteration, "e.g.", "Dapper Drake". With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, and except for the first three releases, the first letters are sequential, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. As of Ubuntu 17.10, however, the initial letter "rolled over" and returned to "A". Names are occasionally chosen so that animal appearance or habits reflects some new feature, "e.g.", "Koala's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus"; see below. Ubuntu releases are often referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name, "e.g.", "Feisty".


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 4.10 ("Warty Warthog"), released on 20 October 2004, was Canonical's first release of Ubuntu, building upon Debian, with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter. Ubuntu 4.10's support ended on 30 April 2006. Ubuntu 4.10 was offered as a free download and, through Canonical's ShipIt service, was also mailed to users free of charge in CD format.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 5.04 ("Hoary Hedgehog"), released on 8 April 2005, was Canonical's second release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.04's support ended on 31 October 2006. Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features including an Update Manager, upgrade notifier, readahead and grepmap, suspend, hibernate and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors, Ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication. Ubuntu 5.04 was the first version that allowed installation from USB devices. Beginning with Ubuntu 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 5.10 ("Breezy Badger"), released on 12 October 2005, was Canonical's third release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.10's support ended on 13 April 2007. Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader (Usplash), an Add/Remove Applications tool,<ref name="add/remove"></ref> a menu editor (Alacarte), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, a new Ubuntu logo in the top-left, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 6.06 ("Dapper Drake"), released on 1 June 2006, was Canonical's fourth release, and the first long-term support (LTS) release. Ubuntu 6.06 was released behind schedule, having been intended as 6.04. It is sometimes jokingly described as their first "Late To Ship" (LTS) release. Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June, making it 6.06 instead.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 6.06's support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers. Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features, including having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc, a graphical installer on Live CD (Ubiquity), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files. Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 6.10 ("Edgy Eft"), released on 26 October 2006, was Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 6.10's support ended on 25 April 2008. Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-Spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu, a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 7.04 ("Feisty Fawn"), released on 19 April 2007, was Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.04's support ended on 19 October 2008. Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, assisted codec and restricted drivers installation including Adobe Flash, Java, MP3 support, easier installation of Nvidia and ATI drivers, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access, the addition of Sudoku and chess, a disk usage analyzer (baobab), GNOME Control Center, and zeroconf support for many devices.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 7.10 ("Gutsy Gibbon"), released on 18 October 2007, was Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.10's support ended on 18 April 2009. Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework, fast desktop search, a Firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox), a graphical configuration tool for X.Org, full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G, and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default. Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10 and Fast user switching was added.


title: Ubuntu version history

text: Ubuntu 8.04 ("Hardy Heron"), released on 24 April 2008, was Canonical's eighth release of Ubuntu and the second long-term support release. Ubuntu 8.04's support ended on 12 May 2011 for desktops and ended on 9 May 2013 for servers as well. Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration, Brasero disk burner, Transmission BitTorrent client, Vinagre VNC client, system sound through PulseAudio, and Active Directory authentication and login using Likewise Open. In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance, various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the Live CD that allows Ubuntu to be installed as a single file on a Windows hard drive without the need to repartition the disk. The first version of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix was also introduced.