title: Navaratri

text: In the past, Shakta Hindus used to recite Durga's legends during the Chaitra Navaratri, but this practice around the spring equinox has been declining. For most contemporary Hindus, it is the Navaratri around the autumn equinox that is the major festival and the one observed. To Bengali Hindus and to Shakta Hindus outside of eastern and northeastern states of India, the term Navaratri implies Durga Puja in the warrior goddess aspect of Devi. In other traditions of Hinduism, the term Navaratri implies the celebration of Durga but in her more peaceful forms, such as Saraswati – the Hindu goddess of knowledge, learning, music, and other arts. In Nepal, Navaratri is called Dashain, and is a major annual homecoming and family event that celebrates the bonds between elders and youngsters with "Tika Puja", as well as across family and community members.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri is celebrated as the Durga Puja festival in West Bengal. It is the most important annual festival to Bengali Hindus and a major social and public event in eastern and northeastern states of India, where it dominates the religious life. The occasion is celebrated with thousands of "pandals" (temporary stages) that are built in community squares, roadside shrines, and large Durga temples in West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Nepal, Assam, Tripura, and nearby regions. It is also observed by some Shakta Hindus as a private, home-based festival. Durga Puja festival marks the victory of the goddess Durga in the battle against the shape-shifting, deceptive, and powerful buffalo demon Mahishasura.


title: Navaratri

text: The festival begins with "Mahalaya", a day where Shakta Hindus remember the loved ones who have died, as well the advent of the warrior goddess Durga. The next significant day of Durga Puja is called Shashthi, on which the local community welcomes the goddess Durga and festive celebrations are inaugurated. On the seventh (Saptami), eighth (Ashtami), and ninth (Navami) day, Durga, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Ganesha, and Kartikeya, are revered. These days mark the main Puja (worship) which is performed by the recitation of scriptures, legends of Durga in the "Devi Mahatmya," and social visits by families to temples and "pandals". On the tenth day, also known as Vijayadashami, a great procession is held where clay statues of Durga are ceremoniously walked to a river or ocean coast for a solemn goodbye. Many mark their faces with vermilion ("sindooram") or dress in red clothes. It is an emotional day for some devotees, and the congregation sings emotional goodbye songs. After the procession, Hindus distribute sweets, gifts, and visit their friends and family members.


title: Navaratri

text: In North India, Navaratri is marked by the numerous Ramlila events, where episodes from the story of Rama and Ravana are enacted by teams of artists in rural and urban centers, inside temples, or in temporarily constructed stages. This Hindu tradition of festive performance arts was inscribed by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" in 2008. The festivities, states UNESCO, include songs, narration, recital and dialogue based on the Hindu text "Ramcharitmanas" by Tulsidas. It is particularly notable in the historically important Hindu cities of Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna and Madhubani – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh.


title: Navaratri

text: The festival and dramatic enactment of the story is organized by communities in hundreds of small villages and towns, attracting a mix of audiences from different social, gender. and economic backgrounds. In many parts, the audience and villagers join in and participate spontaneously, some helping the artists, others helping with stage set up, create make-up, effigies, and lights.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri has historically been a prominent ritual festival for kings and military of a kingdom. At the end of the Navaratri, comes "Dussehra", where the effigies of Ravana, Kumbhakarna, and Indrajit are burnt to celebrate the victory of good (Rama) over evil forces.


title: Navaratri

text: Elsewhere, during this religious observance, goddess Durga's war against deception and evil is remembered. A pot is installed (ghatasthapana) at a sanctified place at home. A lamp is kept lit in the pot for nine days. The pot symbolizes the universe and the uninterrupted lit lamp symbolizes Durga.


title: Navaratri

text: In parts of Bihar, Durga is revered during the autumn of Navaratri. A huge number of pandals are made. In Bihar, Durga is worshipped alongside Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kartikey, and Ganesha. In other parts like Sitamarhi and close to the Nepal border, the spring Navaratri attracts a large Rama Navami fair, which marks the birth of Lord Rama. It is the largest cattle trading fair and attracts a large handicraft market in pottery, kitchen, and housewares, as well as traditional clothing. Festive performance arts and celebrations are held at the local Hindu temple dedicated to Sita, Hanuman, Durga, and Ganesha.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri in Gujarat is one of the state's main festivals. The traditional celebrations include fasting for a day, or partially fasting each of the nine days by not eating grains or just taking liquid foods, in remembrance of one of nine aspects of Shakti goddess. The prayers are dedicated to a symbolic clay pot called "garbo", as a remembrance of the womb of the family and universe. The clay pot is lit, and this is believed to represent the one Atman (soul, self).


title: Navaratri

text: In Gujarat and nearby Hindu communities such as in Malwa, the "garbo" significance is celebrated through performance arts on all nine days. The most visible is group dances called Garba accompanied by live orchestra, seasonal raga, or devotional songs. It is a folk dance where people of different background and skills join and form concentric circles. The circles can grow or shrink, reaching sizes of hundreds or thousands of people, dancing and clapping in circular moves in their traditional attire. The "garba" dance sometimes deploys "dandiyas" (sticks), coordinated movements and the striking of sticks between the dancers, and teasing between the genders. Post dancing, the group and the audience socializes and feasts together. Regionally, the same thematic celebration of community songs, music, and dances on Navaratri is called "garbi".


title: Navaratri

text: In the temples of Goa, on the first day of the Hindu month of Ashwin, a copper pitcher, surrounded by clay, is installed inside the sanctum sanctorum of Devi and Krishna temples, in which nine varieties of food grains are placed. The nine nights are celebrated through devotional songs and religious discourses. Artists arrive to perform folk musical instruments. Celebrations include placing Durga's image in a specially-decorated colourful silver swing, known as "Makhar," and for each of the nine nights, swinging Her to the tune of temple music (called as "ranavadya"). This is locally called "Makharotsav".


title: Navaratri

text: In Karnataka, Navaratri is observed at home and by lighting up Hindu temples, cultural sites, and many regal processions. It is locally called "Dasara" and it is the state festival ("Naadahabba") of Karnataka. Of the many celebrations, the Mysuru Dasara is a major one and is popular for its festivities.


title: Navaratri

text: The contemporary "Dasara" festivities at Mysore are credited to the efforts of King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610. On the ninth day of "Dasara", called "Mahanavami", the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants and horses. Also, Ayudha Puja is dedicated to Saraswati, in which military personnel upkeep their weapons and families upkeep their tools of livelihood, both offering a prayer to Saraswati, as well as Parvati and Lakshmi. The day after Navaratri, on "Vijayadashami", the traditional "Dasara" procession is held on the streets of Mysore. An image of the Goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden saddle ("hauda") on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses, and camels.


title: Navaratri

text: Another Navaratri tradition in Karnataka has been decorating a part of one's home with art dolls called "Gombe" or "Bombe", similar to Golu dolls of Tamil Nadu. An art-themed "Gaarudi Gombe", featuring folk dances that incorporate these dolls, is also a part of the celebration.


title: Navaratri

text: In Kerala, three days (Ashtami, Navami, and Vijayadashami) of Sharada Navaratri are celebrated as Sarasvati Puja in which books are worshipped. The books are placed for Puja on Ashtami in their own houses, traditional nursery schools, or in temples. On "Vijayadashami", the books are ceremoniously taken out for reading and writing after worshipping Sarasvati. "Vijayadashami" is considered auspicious for initiating the children into writing and reading, which is called Vidyarambham.


title: Navaratri

text: The Vidyarambham day tradition starts with the baby or child sitting on the lap of an elderly person such as the grandfather, near images of Saraswati and Ganesha. The elder writes a letter and the child writes the same with his or her index finger.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri celebrations vary across Maharashtra and the specific rites differ between regions, even if they are called the same and dedicated to the same deity. The most common celebration begins on the first day of Navaratri with Ghatasthapana, which literally means "mounting of a jar". On this day, rural households mount a copper or brass jar, filled with water, upon a small heap of rice kept on a wooden stool ("pat"). The jar is typically placed other agriculture symbols such as a turmeric root, leaves of a mango tree, coconut, and major staple grains (usually eight varieties). A lamp is lighted symbolising knowledge and household prosperity, and kept alight through the nine nights of Navaratri.


title: Navaratri

text: The family worships the pot for nine days by offering rituals and a garland of flowers, leaves, fruits, dry-fruits, etc. with a "naivedya", and water is offered in order to get the seeds sprouted. Some families also celebrate "Kali puja" on days 1 and 2, "Laxmi puja" on days 3, 4, 5 and Saraswati puja on days 6, 7, 8, 9 along with Ghatasthapana. On the eighth day, a "Yajna" or "Hom" is performed in the name of Goddess Durga. On the ninth day, the Ghat puja is performed and the Ghat is dismantled after taking off the sprouted leaves of the grains.


title: Navaratri

text: The Goddess Lalita is worshiped on the fifth day of the festival. On the ninth day of the festival, men participate in worshiping all kinds of tools, weapons, vehicles, and productive instruments.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri has been a historic tradition within Tamil Nadu, with Lakshmi, Saraswati, and Durga goddesses as the focus. Like the rest of India, the festival has been an occasion for performance arts, particularly Hindu temple dances such as Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam. Major palaces, community centers, and historic temples have embedded dance halls. For example, the Padmanabhapuram Palace built about 1600 CE has had a large dance hall with intricately carved pillars, a structure entirely made of stone. This dance hall has traditionally been known as "Navaratri Mantapa". The festivities begin with Vedic chants inaugurating the dances and other ceremonies. Other Tamil Hindu temples, such as those associated with Sri Vaishnavism, also celebrate the Navaratri festivities.


title: Navaratri

text: Another notable Tamil tradition is a celebration of the festival with "Golu" dolls (also spelled as "Gollu"). These include gods, goddesses, animals, birds and rural life all in a miniature design. People set up their own creative themes in their homes, called "Kolu", friends and families invite each other to visit their homes to view Kolu displays, then exchange gifts and sweets. This tradition is also found in other parts of South India such as Andhra Pradesh where it called "Bommala Koluvu", and Karnataka where it is called "Gombe Habba" or "Gombe totti". Evidence of "Gombe totti" tradition as a Hindu celebration of the artisan arts goes back to at least the 14th-century Vijayanagara Empire. In the evening of "Vijayadashami", any one doll from the "Kolu" is symbolically put to sleep and the Kalasa is moved a bit towards the North to mark the end of that year's Navaratri Kolu. The family offers a prayer of thanks, and wraps up the display.


title: Navaratri

text: In temples of Tamil Nadu, Navaratri is celebrated for Durga's dwelling in each temple. The temples are decorated, ceremonial lamps are lit, and Vedic chantings are performed. Priests and visitors of some of these temples wear a special yellow coloured 'promise of protection' thread on their wrists, called "kappu" (Tamil) or "raksha bandhana" (Sanskrit). It is believed to symbolize a vow to the goddess and protection from the goddess against evil.


title: Navaratri

text: In Telangana, Navaratri is celebrated as in the rest of India and it ends with Dasara. During the Navaratri nights, a notable Telangana tradition involves Telugu Hindu women who produce Bathukamma for Navaratri goddesses. It is an artistic flower decorations driven event, particularly using marigolds, which revere three different aspects Devi, called "Tridevi". In 2016, 9,292 women simultaneously participated to create a 20 feet high flower arrangements, one of the world's largest festive flower arrangement.


title: Navaratri

text: Bathukamma celebrations will be started with the Mahalaya Amavasya (Pitru Amavasya), a day before Navaratri starts. The main deity of worship is goddess Gowri, a form of goddess Durga, who is symbolized with a idol made from turmeric powder and is placed on a floral arrangement called bathukamma. The festival will go for nine nights with women whirling around the bathukamma clapping their hands or sticks along with the recitation of the Ramayana, stories of Shiva, Gowri, Ganga, and common day-to-day life of women in the form of rhythmic songs. Every night, bathukamma is immersed in nearby water resources and a new bathukamma is made next day. This nine nights festival ends with Durgashtami, when Durga is believed to be worshiped in the form of Maha Gowri.


title: Navaratri

text: Like elsewhere in India, "Ayudha Puja" is observed by Telangana Hindus where weapons are maintained, decorated, and worshiped. Tradesmen and farmers similarly clean up, decorate, and worship their own equipment of the trade. On the 10th day, Dussehra (Vijayadashami), grand feasts are arranged with family members and friends.


title: Navaratri

text: Although rare, animal sacrifice is a part of some Durga puja celebrations during Navaratri in the eastern states of India. The goddess is offered a sacrificial animal in this ritual in the belief that it stimulates her violent vengeance against the buffalo demon. According to Christopher Fuller, the animal sacrifice practice is rare among Hindus during Navaratri, or at other times, outside the Shaktism tradition found in the eastern Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam. Even in these states, the festival season is one where significant animal sacrifices are observed. In some Shakta Hindu communities, the slaying of the buffalo demon and the victory of Durga are observed with a symbolic sacrifice instead of animal sacrifice.


title: Navaratri

text: The Rajput of Rajasthan worship their weapons and horses on Navaratri, and formerly offered a sacrificial goat to a goddess revered as "Kuldevi" – a practice that continues in some places. The ritual requires the slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past, this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior.


title: Navaratri

text: The tradition of animal sacrifice is being substituted with vegetarian offerings to the Goddess in temples and households around Banaras in Northern India.


title: Navaratri

text: The Hindu diaspora that migrated as indentured servants during colonial era to various plantations and mines around the world, as well as those who migrated on their own, continued to mark their Navaratri traditions. Hindus in Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand, and Sri Lanka for example, built Hindu temples in southeast Asia in the 19th century, and Navaratri has been one of their major traditional festivals. In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Mauritius, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and the United Kingdom, Navaratri and Diwali have been one of the most visible celebrations of the local Hindu communities from about mid 20th-century.


title: Navaratri

text: Navaratri and goddess worship is mentioned in the historic Sikhism literature, particularly in the "Dasam Granth" traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. According to Louis Fenech, the Sikhs have historically mirrored the reverence for "Devi" Shakti and the worship of weapons in a manner similar to those by Shakta Hindus. The second Guru of Sikhism, Guru Angad, was an ardent devotee of goddess Durga.


title: Navaratri

text: The Jains have observed the social and cultural celebrations of Navaratri with Hindus, such as the folk dances. The "stavan" poetry of Jainism, states M. Whitney Kelting, "draw much of their imagery from the "garba" poems" of Hinduism.


title: President of the United Arab Emirates

text: The president of the United Arab Emirates, or the Raʾīs (), is the head of state of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).


title: President of the United Arab Emirates

text: The president and vice-president are elected every five years by the Federal Supreme Council. Though the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates is formally appointed by the president, every UAE vice-president simultaneously serves as prime minister. Generally the ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi holds the presidency and the ruler of the Emirate of Dubai holds the vice-presidency and premiership. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the UAE Armed Forces.


title: President of the United Arab Emirates

text: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was widely credited with unifying the seven emirates into one nation. He was the UAE's first president from the formation of the UAE until his death on 2 November 2004. He was succeeded by his son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed, who died in office on 13 May 2022. Following his brother Khalifa's death, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected the third and current president of the UAE by the Federal Supreme Council on 14 May 2022.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: On 5 December 1791, the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at his home in Vienna, Austria at the age of 35. The circumstances of his death have attracted much research and speculation.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: The principal sources of contention are: (1) Whether Mozart declined gradually, experiencing great fear and sadness, or whether he was fundamentally in good spirits toward the end of his life, then felled by a relatively sudden illness; (2) Whether the cause of his death was from disease or poisoning; (3) Whether his funeral arrangements were the normal procedures for his day, or whether they were of a disrespectful nature.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Mozart scholarship long followed the accounts of early biographers, which proceeded in large part from the recorded memories of his widow Constanze and her sister Sophie Weber as they were recorded in the biographies by Franz Niemetschek and Georg Nikolaus von Nissen. For instance, the important biography by Hermann Abert largely follows this account. The following is a summary of this view.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: When in August 1791 Mozart arrived in Prague to supervise the performance of his new opera "La clemenza di Tito" (K. 621), he was "already very ill". During this visit, Niemetschek wrote, "he was pale and expression was sad, although his good humour was often shown in merry jest with his friends." Following his return to Vienna (mid September 1791), Mozart's condition gradually worsened. For a while, he was still able to work and completed his Clarinet Concerto (K. 622), worked toward the completion of his Requiem (K. 626), and conducted the premiere performance of "The Magic Flute" (K. 620) on 30 September. Still, he became increasingly alarmed and despondent about his health. An anecdote from Constanze is related by Niemetschek:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Constanze attempted to cheer her husband by persuading him to give up work on the Requiem for a while, encouraging him instead to complete the "Freimaurerkantate" (K. 623), composed to celebrate the opening of a new Masonic temple for Mozart's own lodge. The strategy worked for a time – the cantata was completed and successfully premiered on 18 November. He told Constanze he felt "elated" over the premiere. Mozart is reported to have stated, "Yes I see I was ill to have had such an absurd idea of having taken poison, give me back the Requiem and I will go on with it."


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Mozart's worst symptoms of illness soon returned, together with the strong feeling that he was being poisoned. He became bedridden on 20 November, suffering from swelling, pain and vomiting.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: From this point on, scholars are all agreed that Mozart was indeed very sick, and he died about two weeks later, on 5 December.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: The view that Mozart was in near-steady decline and despair during the last several months of his life has been met with much skepticism in recent years. Cliff Eisen supervised the reissue of Abert's biography in 2007 in a new edition, supplementing it with numerous footnotes. While generally deferential to Abert, Eisen expresses sharp criticism in the footnoting of the section leading up to Mozart's death:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: In the main biography article of the "Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia", Ruth Halliwell writes of the decline-and-despair account:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: As for why Constanze might have been "prompted by complicated motives both personal and financial" (Eisen), Halliwell contends that "Constanze and Sophie were not objective witnesses, because Constanze's continuing quest for charity gave her reasons to disseminate sentimental and sensationalist views." By "charity" Halliwell may be referring to the many benefit concerts from which Constanze received income in the years following Mozart's death, as well as, perhaps, the pension she received from the Emperor; see discussion below as well as Constanze Mozart.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Christoph Wolff, in a 2012 book entitled "Mozart at the Gateway to his Fortune", disputes the view that Mozart's last years represented a steady slide to despair and the grave; he also disagrees with interpretations of the music as reflecting late-life despair (for example) "the hauntingly beautiful autumnal world of [Mozart's] music written in 1791".


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: An early rumor was that Mozart had been poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri; however, this has been proved untrue because the symptoms displayed by Mozart's illness did not indicate poisoning. Despite denying the allegation, Salieri was greatly affected by the accusations and widespread public belief that he had contributed to Mozart's death, which contributed to his nervous breakdowns in later life.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Beyond the Salieri theory, other theories involving murder by poison have been put forth, blaming the Masons, Jews, or both. One such theory was the work of Mathilde Ludendorff, wife of the German general Erich Ludendorff (who were both anti-Semitic). Historian William Stafford describes such accounts as outlandish conspiracy theories.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: In the parish register, the entry concerning Mozart's death states he died of "severe miliary fever" – "miliary" referring to the appearance of millet-sized bumps on the skin. This does not name the actual disease.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Mozart had health problems throughout his life, suffering from smallpox, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, typhoid fever, rheumatism, and gum disease. Whether these played any role in his demise cannot be determined.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Conjectures as to what killed Mozart are numerous. The following survey is arranged in rough chronological order.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Some ascribe Mozart's death to malpractice on the part of his physician, Dr. Closset. His sister-in-law Sophie Weber, in her 1825 account, makes the implication. Borowitz summarizes:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: A 1994 article in "Neurology" suggests Mozart died of a subdural hematoma. A skull believed to be Mozart's was saved by the successor of the gravedigger who had supervised Mozart's burial, and later passed on to anatomist Josef Hyrtl, the municipality of Salzburg, and the Mozarteum museum (Salzburg). Forensic reconstruction of soft tissues related to the skull reveals substantial concordance with Mozart's portraits. Examination of the skull suggested a premature closure of the metopic suture, which has been suggested on the basis of his physiognomy. A left temporal fracture and concomitant erosions raise the question of a chronic subdural hematoma, which would be consistent with several falls in 1789 and 1790 and could have caused the weakness, headaches, and fainting Mozart experienced in 1790 and 1791. Additionally, an episode of aggressive bloodletting used to treat suspected rheumatic fever on the night of December 4, 1791, could have decompensated such a lesion, leading to his death on the following day.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: In a 2000 publication, a team of two physicians (Faith T. Fitzgerald, Philip A. Mackowiak) and a musicologist (Neal Zaslaw) reviewed the historical evidence and tentatively opted for a diagnosis of rheumatic fever.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: A suggestion is that Mozart died as a result of his hypochondriasis and his predilection for taking patent medicines containing antimony. In his final days, this was compounded by further prescriptions of antimony to relieve the fever he clearly suffered.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: A 2006 article in a UK medical journal considered several theories for Mozart's death and, based on his letters from his last year, dismisses syphilis and other chronic diseases. The attending physicians wrote he died with fever and a rash, and a physician they consulted wrote later "this malady attacked at this time a great many of the inhabitants and not for a few of them it had the same fatal conclusions and the same symptoms as in the case of Mozart." The article's conclusion was "death came as a result of an acute infectious illness."


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: In 2009, British, Viennese and Dutch researchers performed epidemiological research combined with a study of other deaths in Vienna at the time of Mozart's death. They concluded that Mozart may have died of a streptococcal infection leading to an acute nephritic syndrome caused by poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In Austria this disease was also called "Wassersucht" (dropsy/edema).


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: In a journal article from 2011, it was suggested that Vitamin D deficiency could have played a role in Mozart's underlying medical conditions leading to his death.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: The funeral arrangements were made by Mozart's friend and patron Baron Gottfried van Swieten. Describing his funeral, the "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" states, "Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St. Marx Cemetery outside the city on 7 December." Otto Jahn wrote in 1856 that Salieri, Süssmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: The common belief that Mozart was buried in a pauper's grave is without foundation. The "common grave" referred to above is a term for a grave belonging to a citizen not of the aristocracy. It was an individual grave, not a communal grave; but after ten years the city had the right to dig it up and use it for a later burial. The graves of the aristocracy were spared such treatment.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: A description of Mozart's funeral, attributed to Joseph Deiner, appeared in the Vienna "Morgen-Post" of 28 January 1856:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: As Slonimsky notes, the tale was widely adopted and incorporated into Mozart biographies, but Deiner's description of the weather is contrary to records kept of the previous day. The diarist Karl Zinzendorf recorded on 6 December that there had been "mild weather and frequent mist". The Vienna Observatory kept weather records and recorded for 6 December a temperature ranging from 37.9 to 38.8 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8 °C–3.8 °C), with "a weak east wind at all ... times of the day".


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Following her husband's death, Constanze addressed the issue of providing financial security for her family; the Mozarts had two young children, and Mozart had died with outstanding debts. She successfully appealed to the Emperor on 11 December 1791 for a widow's pension due to her as a result of Mozart's service to the Emperor as a part-time chamber composer. Additionally, she organized a series of concerts of Mozart's music and the publication of many of her husband's works. As a result, Constanze became financially secure over time.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Soon after the composer's death a Mozart biography was started by Friedrich Schlichtegroll, who wrote an early account based on information from Mozart's sister, Nannerl. Working with Constanze, Franz Niemetschek wrote a biography as well. Much later, Constanze assisted her second husband, Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, on a more detailed biography published in 1826. See "Biographies of Mozart".


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Mozart's musical reputation rose following his death; 20th-century biographer Maynard Solomon describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm" for his work after he died, and a number of publishers issued editions of his compositions.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: What may have been Mozart's skull was exhumed in 1801, and in 1989–1991 it was examined for identification by several scientists.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Individuals present at the time of Mozart's death eventually committed their memories to writing, either on their own or through interviews by others. The stories they told are often contradictory, which may be due in part to some of the events not being recorded until the 1820s, when the witnesses' memories might have faded.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Benedikt Schack, Mozart's close friend for whom he wrote the role of Tamino in "The Magic Flute", told an interviewer that on the last day of Mozart's life, he participated in a rehearsal of the "Requiem" in progress. Schack's questionable account appeared in an obituary for Schack which was published in the 25 July 1827 issue of the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung":


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: The widely repeated claim that, on his deathbed, Mozart dictated passages of the "Requiem" to his pupil Süssmayr is strongly discounted by Solomon, who notes that the earliest reference for this claim dates to 1856. However, Süssmayr's handwriting is in the original manuscript of the Requiem and Sophie Weber did claim to recall that Mozart gave instructions to Süssmayr.


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: An 1840 letter from the composer Ignaz von Seyfried states that on his last night, Mozart was mentally occupied with the currently running opera "The Magic Flute". Mozart is said to have whispered the following to Constanze in reference to her sister Josepha Hofer, the coloratura soprano who premiered the role of the Queen of the Night:


title: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Solomon, while noting that Mozart's biographers often left out the "crueler memories" surrounding his death, stated, "Constanze Mozart told Nissen that just before the end Mozart asked her what [his physician] Dr. Closset had said. When she answered with a soothing lie, he said, 'It isn't true,' and he was very distressed: 'I shall die, now when I am able to take care of you and the children. Ah, now I will leave you unprovided for.' And as he spoke these words, 'suddenly he vomited —it gushed out of him in an arc— it was brown, and he was dead.'" Mozart's older, seven-year-old, son Karl was present at his father's death and later wrote, "Particularly remarkable is in my opinion the fact that a few days before he died, his whole body became so swollen that the patient was unable to make the smallest movement, moreover, there was stench, which reflected an internal disintegration which, after death, increased to the extent that an autopsy was impossible."


title: Tash Sultana

text: Tash Sultana (born 15 June 1995) is an Australian singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music producer and engineer, described as a "one-woman band". Sultana rose to international prominence with their 2016 single "Jungle", which was voted into third place in Triple J's Hottest 100 countdown of 2016.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The following year, Sultana had three songs voted into Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2017; "Mystik" placing at number 28, "Murder to the Mind" at number 43, and their "Like a Version" cover of MGMT's "Electric Feel" at number 78.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Sultana grew up in Melbourne, and has been playing guitar from the age of three, beginning a career in music through busking. An active musician on Bandcamp since 2013, Sultana's recordings were viewed millions of times on YouTube in 2016. Sultana's EP, "Notion", was released on 23 September 2016, followed by a sold-out world tour in early 2017.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Australian of Maltese ancestry, Sultana was born and grew up in Melbourne, and received a guitar from their grandfather at the age of three. Sultana plays a large variety of instruments including piano, keyboard, synth, bass, drums/percussion, beat making/sampling, beatboxing, trumpet, saxophone, flute, mandolin, oud, harmonica, lapsteel, panpipes; and arranges it into loop style performances along with percussive and finger tapping style guitar playing. Sultana has a vocal range stretching 5 octaves.


title: Tash Sultana

text: At the age of 13, Sultana performed in open mic nights up to 6 times a week across Victoria. Their refusal to conform to social norms pushed the artist, who at the time was unable to find regular work, to busking on the streets of Melbourne in order to make a living. From 2008 to 2012, Sultana was the vocalist of the band Mindpilot with Patrick O'Brien, Emily Daye and David Herbert. This band won several Battles of the Bands competitions in Melbourne. The band split in 2012.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In 2016, Sultana shared a video on social media of "Jungle" that amassed over one million views within five days, and has since been viewed over 40 million times. In the same year, they won Triple J's J Award for Unearthed Artist of the Year, and had two tracks voted into the Triple J Hottest 100, 2016: "Jungle" (No. 3) and "Notion" (No. 32). Both are singles from their subsequently released EP, "Notion". Sultana performed at the Woodford Folk Festival, Southbound, and St Jerome's Laneway Festival. Sultana is managed by Lemon Tree Music with whom they signed in June 2016.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Sultana spent time in the recording studio with producer Nikita Miltiadou, and began working on the EP release "Notion". In September 2016, they released the EP through their own independent record label, Lonely Lands Records. The EP reached a peak position of number 8 on the ARIA Album Chart.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Following the success of "Notion", Sultana announced a world tour, which included hundreds of live performances across Australia, Europe, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Their father resigned from his job in order to become their roadie. A product of sessions with Miltiadou in April 2017, Sultana released "Murder to the Mind", the first single since the release of "Notion". It reached number 59 on the ARIA Australian Singles Chart. Not long after the release of "Murder to the Mind", Sultana was diagnosed with laryngitis, and was forced to cancel and postpone shows across Australia.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In a June 2017 interview, Sultana told Fairfax that their debut album was slated for release in April 2018, after which they had planned to tour, record a second album, tour again, and then take a break and return to normal life. On 25 July 2017, Sultana announced the Homecoming Tour, including performances in Adelaide (Entertainment Centre), Sydney (Hordern Pavilion), Fremantle (Arts Centre), Margaret River (3 Oceans Winery), Melbourne (Margaret Court Arena) and Noosa (Noosa Sporting Grounds), with Pierce Brothers and Willow Beats as supporting acts.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In October 2017, Sultana announced the premiere of a new single "Mystik" on Triple J. Also in October, Sultana made their US late-night television debut on "Late Night with Seth Meyers", performing "Jungle". In the same year, Sultana was nominated for four ARIA Awards: Breakthrough Artist, Best Independent Release, Best Blues and Roots Album and Best Australian Live Act.


title: Tash Sultana

text: On 13 June 2018, Sultana sent out a private Facebook message to selected fans, with a video sneak peek of a new single titled "Salvation", accompanied by footage in the studio. In the same month, Sultana announced that the new single would premiere on Triple J on 21 June, and would be released the following day on 22 June.


title: Tash Sultana

text: On 21 June 2018, they announced the album's forthcoming release date would be 31 August 2018, and made pre-orders available. Sultana also announced the album's tracklist, including the previously released tracks "Mystik", "Murder To The Mind", "Harvest Love" and "Free Mind".


title: Tash Sultana

text: The album was released on 31 August 2018 via Lonely Lands Records, distributed by Sony Music Australia in Australia, and Mom + Pop Music across the rest of the world. "Flow State" peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Albums Charts.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In February 2019, and in support of "Flow State", Sultana played their biggest headlining Australian shows yet, including a sold-out show at Melbourne's Sidney Myer Music Bowl, and Brisbane's Riverstage. Sultana's first release for 2019 was the standalone single "Can't Buy Happiness", released on 4 April. Then, on 10 July, Sultana released their first collaborative track "Talk It Out", which featured Australian singer Matt Corby. Sultana's third and final single release for 2019 was the single "Daydreaming", a collaboration with Milky Chance.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Early in 2020, Sultana announced they were recruiting for live session musicians to round out their on stage presence on social media, stating they 'didn't have enough hands' to play all instruments on stage at the same time. On 26 February, Sultana played their final partial solo live show at Melbourne's Sidney Myer Music Bowl as part of the one-day fundraising music festival Down To Earth. The event was raising funds for bushfire relief, following Australia's Black Summer bushfires, and included performances by Gang of Youths, Angus & Julia Stone and more.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In April 2020, Sultana announced that they had found session band members to take on the road. They subsequently released their first single for 2020, "Pretty Lady" on 9 April. The track was premiered on triple j Breakfast the same day. Shortly after, Sultana released the "Pretty Lady" music video, featuring a selection of fans, friends and family from across the world dancing.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In June 2020, Sultana announced the next single "Greed", which was released on 20 June 2020. This was followed by a third single, "Beyond The Pine" in September, and a fourth single "Willow Tree" in October, which featured Australian rapper Jerome Farah.


title: Tash Sultana

text: On the same day as the release of "Willow Tree", Sultana announced that their new album Terra Firma would be released on 19 February 2021.


title: Tash Sultana

text: Written and recorded over a period of almost 2 years, between 2019 and 2021, Terra Firma saw Sultana lead the entire recording process. They recorded, engineered, performed, arranged and produced the album in its entirety.


title: Tash Sultana

text: "Terra Firma" was released on 19 February 2021, and was met with generally favourable reviews from critics.


title: Tash Sultana

text: In 2021, Sultana announced a United Kingdom and Europe tour in support of "Terra Firma," with dates taking place from March 2022. They also announced a one-off performance at Colorado's Red Rocks Amphitheatre, which sold 10,000 tickets within five minutes.


title: Tash Sultana

text: On 1 February 2022, Sultana announced their anticipated two-month tour of North America. The North America tour has dates listed from 10 June (Las Vegas) to 23 July (Los Angeles).


title: Tash Sultana

text: On 18 February 2022, Sultana released "Coma", the lead single from "MTV Unplugged, Live in Melbourne" album, scheduled for release in May 2022.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".


title: Tash Sultana

text: The ARIA Music Awards are annual awards, which recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Sultana has won one award from thirteen nominations.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The Pop Awards are presented annually by Pop Magazine, honoring the best in popular music. Tash Sultana has won two awards from two nominations and is the first artist to win multiple Pop Awards.


title: Tash Sultana

text: The Rolling Stone Australia Awards are awarded annually in January or February by the Australian edition of "Rolling Stone" magazine for outstanding contributions to popular culture in the previous year.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: Zidane Aamar Iqbal (born 27 April 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United. Born in England, he represents the Iraq national team.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: Born in Manchester, Iqbal joined the Manchester United youth system aged nine. He made his first-team debut in a UEFA Champions League match in December 2021. Iqbal represented Iraq at under-23 level before making his senior international debut in January 2022.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: Born in Manchester to a Pakistani father and an Iraqi mother, Iqbal played for local side Sale United from the age of four before joining Manchester United at the age of nine.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: Iqbal signed his first professional contract with Manchester United in April 2021. He made his first-team debut for Manchester United on 8 December 2021 as an 89th-minute substitute in a Champions League match against Young Boys. Thus, he became the first British-born South Asian to play for the club, and the first ever British South Asian to play in the Champions League.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: In May 2021, he received an Iraqi passport, and has represented Iraq at youth international level. In June 2021, he was called up to the Iraq under-20 team for the 2021 Arab Cup U-20. However, he was refused to travel by Manchester United, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: In September 2021, Iqbal received his first call up to the Iraq U23s for a training camp in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). He made his debut on 4 September against the UAE U23s, making the starting line-up. In October 2021, Iqbal was named as part of the 23-man Iraq U23 squad for the 2021 WAFF U-23 Championship in Saudi Arabia. On 8 October, Iqbal scored his first goal for the Iraq U23 team as the captain of his side.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: In January 2022, Iqbal was called up to the Iraq national team for the 2022 World Cup qualifiers against Iran and Lebanon. He made his debut in a 1–0 loss to Iran on 27 January.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: Iqbal is a midfielder with lots of flair, and is fairly versatile. His main position is as a central midfielder however he has been deployed as a defensive midfielder and attacking midfielder before.


title: Zidane Iqbal

text: As one of a small number of British Asians in association football, Iqbal was part of an FA content series to support South Asian Heritage Month in 2021.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Revival is the ninth studio album by American rapper Eminem. The album was released on December 15, 2017, through Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records and Interscope Records. Production for the album took place during 2016 to 2017 at various recording studios. In addition to Eminem himself, music production was handled by various record producers, including Rick Rubin, Fredwreck, Skylar Grey, Alex da Kid, and executive producer Dr. Dre. "Revival" features guest appearances from artists Beyoncé, Phresher, Ed Sheeran, Alicia Keys, X Ambassadors, Skylar Grey, Kehlani, and Pink.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Eminem first revealed that he was working on an album following the release of "Campaign Speech" in October 2016. A year later, he performed a viral freestyle at the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards, criticizing President Donald Trump. The album has many lines critiquing Trump's presidential campaign and election.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: The album's lead single, "Walk on Water", featuring Beyoncé, was released on November 10, 2017. "Untouchable" was released as a promotional single a week prior to the album's release. "Revival" was leaked online on December 13, 2017, two days before the album's release date. The album issued several more singles, including "River", featuring Ed Sheeran, "Nowhere Fast", featuring Kehlani, and "Remind Me". A music video for "Framed" was also released on April 3, 2018.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Reception to "Revival" was mixed, with critics divided over its rock-influenced production on several songs and the heavy use of pop artists for guest appearances. The album debuted at number one in Australia, Canada, Finland, the UK, and the US. In addition, it was the UK Christmas number one album of 2017 and has been certified platinum in the UK. It was followed by "Kamikaze" (2018), Eminem's tenth studio album, in which he reacts to criticism of "Revival".


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Eminem first revealed that he was working on an album when he announced the song "Campaign Speech" on his Twitter in October 2016, writing, "Don't worry I'm working on an album! Here's something meanwhile." Rumors about the release date started in late 2016, saying the album would be called "Success" and would be released sometime in January 2017. A fake tracklist also was leaked at the same time, with Adele, Chance the Rapper, Kid Cudi, Vince Staples, The Weeknd and Mástein Bennett as featured artists. Rumors were sparked again in February and March 2017, when Eminem announced he was headlining three shows in Reading, Glasgow and Leeds. Various news articles said that because he was performing, he would have to release new material to perform, or at least preview, at the festivals.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On October 10, 2017, Eminem performed a freestyle titled "The Storm" at the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards, criticizing former President Donald Trump. The freestyle went viral, garnering millions of views and hundreds of thousands of likes on YouTube within weeks.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On October 25, 2017, Paul Rosenberg posted a photo to Instagram of Yelawolf's "Trial by Fire". In the background of the photo, there is a billboard ad promoting a drug called "Revival". Suspicion was aroused when fans noticed that the 'E' in "Revival" was reversed, similar to Eminem's previous logos. Visiting the website listed on the billboard ad revealed several clues. On the website, a promotional video about "Revival" makes references to Eminem's song "Lose Yourself". The website also references "Sing for the Moment", "Brain Damage", "Fack", "Role Model", and "Any Man". According to the website, "Revival" treats "Atrox Rithimus", a nonexistent medical condition. One translation of Atrox Rithimus, from Latin, is 'terrible rhyme'. The website is also registered to one of Eminem's labels, Interscope Records. When the phone number for "Revival" is called, it plays the background music of Dr. Dre's "I Need a Doctor", which Eminem features on. These details led fans to believe Eminem's new album will be called "Revival". This would follow suit with the names of two of his last three solo albums, "Relapse" and "Recovery".


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: The lead single, "Walk on Water", was first performed by Eminem at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 12, 2017, with co-producer and writer Skylar Grey on vocals. Both performed the song and a medley of "Stan" / "Love the Way You Lie" on "Saturday Night Live" on November 18.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: The album release date was teased multiple times. On November 28, 2017, the release date of the album was announced to be December 15 via both Dr. Dre's and Eminem's social media accounts, while also revealing the fake drug campaign of the record. On December 5, Eminem shared a complete list of all the tracks featuring on his album via his Instagram account. The list features a total of 19 tracks, including an interlude track to Revival, featuring artists such as Phresher, Ed Sheeran, Skylar Grey, Alicia Keys, X Ambassadors, Pink and Kehlani.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On December 7, 2017, the album cover was revealed and projected onto a Detroit building. That night, the song "Untouchable" was released and a pre-order was set up on iTunes. "Billboard"'s Tatiana Cirisano listed the cover as one of the worst of 2017, dubbing it "provocative but undeniably cringeworthy".


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On November 8, 2017, Eminem tweeted a picture of a doctor's prescription note with the words "Walk on Water" and "Take as needed" written on it. Additionally, the doctor's note was labeled with the logo for "Revival". This caused speculation that the first single would be titled "Walk on Water". On November 9, Paul Rosenberg shared a video on Instagram linking the drug "Revival" with "Walk on Water" and confirming the song, which was subsequently released the next day. An audio video was uploaded to Eminem's YouTube channel. As of December 16, 2017, the video had nearly 50 million views and over 1.1 million likes. On December 23, 2017, the music video for the song was released exclusively on Apple Music and Eminem's official Vevo channel. "Walk on Water" debuted at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the 57th entry for both artists on the chart.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "River", featuring Ed Sheeran, was released as a second single of the album. The song was released to radio on January 5, 2018, and was released a single on February 7. An audio video was uploaded to Eminem's YouTube channel on December 14, 2017. As of January 15, 2018, the video has over 60 million views and 1 million likes. On February 14, 2018, the music video for the song was released on Eminem's official Vevo channel. Commercially, it has reached number one in the United Kingdom, Norway, and Sweden as well as the top 10 in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, and Switzerland, and the top 20 in Belgium and the United States.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: The album's third single, "Nowhere Fast" featuring Kehlani, impacted US Contemporary hit radio on March 27, 2018. The two artists performed the song at the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards. "Remind Me" was released to Italian radio as the fourth single from the album on July 6, 2018.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Framed", a horrorcore song, received a music video on April 3, 2018, inspired by 1980s horror films.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Untouchable" was released as a promotional single on December 8, 2017. The song features a sample from the song "Earache My Eye" by comedy duo Cheech & Chong. A remix of "Chloraseptic" featuring 2 Chainz and Phresher was released as a promotional single on January 8, 2018.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: According to Eminem, the album's title is "kind of a double entendre. It's a revival for myself and (that's) the theme of the album. But there's also hopefully the revival of America."


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Revival" has many lines critiquing Donald Trump's presidential campaign and election, calling Trump a racist, an Aryan, a Nazi and "basically ... Adolf Hitler". In "Framed", Eminem narrates a fantasy in which he seems to have murdered Trump's daughter Ivanka. On "Like Home", he raps his regret over having collaborated with Trump on a mock national convention in which Trump endorses his Slim Shady persona. Such criticisms are contrasted by lyrics such as those on "Like Home" celebrating the sanctity of U.S. civil liberties and calling for a "brand new America" without Trump. On "Heat", Eminem jokes that he agrees with the former president about one thing—grabbing women by the "pussy".


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On "Untouchable", Eminem addresses racism in America, including police brutality, blaming it on Republicans and criticizing the philosophy of 'pull yourself up by the bootstraps', retorting, "where the fuck are the boots?" "Nowhere Fast" deals with gun violence in the U.S., with an extended version naming the National Rifle Association as being largely responsible.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Two joke-laden tracks focus on newfound romance and related sexual escapades: "Remind Me", which samples Joan Jett & the Blackhearts' "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", and "Heat", which samples clips from the film "Boogie Nights" (1997).


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: The last three songs, "In Your Head", "Castle", and "Arose" deal with the rapper's personal life. The first of these, sampling The Cranberries' "Zombie", expresses regret regarding some of his early lyrics related to his Slim Shady persona. "Castle" is structured as a series of letters to his daughter, Hailie Mathers, climaxing in a series of events in 2007 which led to him overdosing, also expressing a struggle with fame which made him consider quitting rap. Continuing the theme, in "Arose", Eminem pens thoughts to his family from the perspective of his near-death experience. Finding his strength to continue living, he rewinds to the near the end of the previous track, where he considers quitting the industry, then continues in a new direction to his sobriety and the success of his more recent work, with high hopes for the current album.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Upon release, "Revival" generally polarized music critics, as many were divided over its perceived lack of focus, lyrics, heavy sampling of rock music in the production, and the abundance of pop artists for guest appearances. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 50, based on 24 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Don Needham of "The Guardian" criticized the album's production and focus, stating that "If Eminem thinks his verbal box of tricks can overcome the weakness of any backing track, his recent albums have demonstrated otherwise." In a positive review, Andy Gill of "The Independent" complimented the album's lyrical themes: "But ultimately, it's all about Eminem himself, and nowhere more dynamically than in the berserk self-assessment "Offended", where he asserts, amongst other things, that if the time he spent writing were taken into account, he'd be a minimum-wage slavea faintly ludicrous claim, but immediately backed up by a bravura extended burst of rapid-rap babble that both explains and exemplifies his skills, and leaves one wondering not just how long it took to write, but how on earth he manages to pronounce such a polysyllabic torrent so perfectly." Neil McCormick of "The Daily Telegraph" stated that "Revival" "represents Eminem on top form, which is to say unstoppable, unbeatable yet often indefensible."


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "The Irish Times" concluded that "Revival" is "mildly more admirable than previous outings but no more enjoyable. A chance to bust out of the slump has passed Eminem by. It just might never happen for him." In a mixed review, Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" remarked that while the album is "probably the best of his recent albums", he criticized Eminem's apparent lack of awareness to the evolution of hip hop's sound in general, arguing that he is too "beholden to his own aesthetic." In a negative review, "Consequence of Sound" gave the album an "F" rating, calling the album "ugly, arthritic, and pleasureless" and "a disaster".


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Comparing "Revival" to Eminem's previous bodies of work, Matthew Ismael Ruiz of "Pitchfork" stated that "Musically, "Revival" is no different, chock full of piano ballads and pop-star features that echo the most cynically commercial corners of his catalog. The shock value comes not from the album's overwhelmingly bland hooks or cringe-worthy humor (of which there is plenty), but from the moments where his growth as a human is most apparent", concluding that ""Revival" is another late-career album that does little for his legacy." Writing for "Vice", Robert Christgau found the album "much cleverer than lemmings claim, bluntly and intelligently political too, but so received in its cartoon misogyny and pop grandeur you know he felt irrelevance bearing down even before #MeToo killed this album on the vine". He singled out "Untouchable", "Chloraseptic", and "Like Home" as highlights.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Trent Clark from "HipHopDX" said that "Eminem's dedication to wrecking mics like Robert Mueller can never be questioned but the production choices still remain an enigma. When he's not bathing in lamely visible rock samples like Joan Jett and the Blackhearts' "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" or The Cranberries' "Zombie" (on "Remind Me" or "In Your Head" respectively), he's mostly square pegging his intensified lyrics on mechanical slabs of assembly line pop hybrids." He singled out "Framed" and "Castle" as highlights:it's largely the retreads of past glory where he hits his stride the hardest. On the hypnotically-produced "Framed," Marshall dons the hockey mask for old times sake and pulls up off homicidal fantasies that for better or worse, feature the album's most in-pocket rhyme moment. And when he plunges into his drug-altered psyche to speak on his greatest love — his daughter Haile Jade — the ever-reliable DJ Khalil steps up to the plate on "Castle" with a darkened soundbed of macabre guitars and deathly drum marches that feature the album's most vintage Eminem moment.Mitch Findlay from "HotNewHipHop" wrote: ""Revival" is, by far, Eminem's most pop-friendly album to date. While previous albums merely flirted with the sound, "Revival" has bought a ring and proposed to it. Therefore, if you're somebody who finds no pleasure in the production of 'pop-rap,' you'll find no solace here." He singled out "Framed," "Castle" and "Arose" as highlights, with the latter two being "among "Revival"s strongest tracks. Conceptually and lyrically, the closing pair find Eminem in excellent form, and longtime fans will no doubt cite these two as album highlights."


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Revival" is Eminem's eighth consecutive album to top the US "Billboard" 200, debuting with 267,000 album-equivalent units, 197,000 being traditional album sales. As a result, Eminem became the first musical act to have eight entries in a row debut at its summit.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Revival" entered atop the UK Albums Chart with 132,000 album-equivalent units, becoming the year's second largest opening behind Ed Sheeran's "÷" and giving the rapper his eighth consecutive number-one album. As of October 2018, it sold 321,000 album-equivalent units in the UK.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: It additionally arrived at number one in Australia, becoming his ninth entry to top the ARIA Albums Chart. The album then fell behind "÷" the following week.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: Eminem said of the reaction to "Revival": "I think there's things to be taken away from this album and the reaction to it. Were there too many songs? Were there too many features? There were certain songs like 'Tragic Endings' and 'Need Me' where I felt like lyrically they would give the listener a second to breathe. I spend a lot of time writing shit that I think nobody ever gets." Later he said: "When the "Revival" tracklist came down the pipe, it was like overwhelmingly, 'This shit is going to be trash.' Nobody really wanted to be wrong about it. I'm not saying everybody, but a lot of people had already formed their opinion." He also stated that he is proud of the album, saying: "I'm good with "Revival". Fuck it. Because I couldn't have made this album ["Kamikaze"] without it."


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: On the "Kamikaze" opener, "The Ringer", Eminem criticizes detractors of "Revival" but apologizes for alienating fans who supported Trump while maintaining that he believes Trump is an "evil serpent" and says that he was questioned by the U.S. Secret Service for his seemingly threatening lyrics against the president. This led BuzzFeed to file a Freedom of Information Act request with the Secret Service to find out if the claim was true. In October 2019, the agency revealed to BuzzFeed that, in response to an email from a TMZ employee pressing the agency to investigate Eminem for his "threatening lyrics" about Donald and Ivanka Trump, they had conducted a background check and arranged an interview, in which the interviewers read the verse out loud to Eminem—and he rapped along. The agency subsequently decided against referring the case to a federal prosecutor.


title: Revival (Eminem album)

text: "Revival" is widely considered Eminem's worst and most polarizing album by fans and critics. The CD case for "Revival" appears in the music videos for two songs from "Kamikaze": "Fall" and "Venom".


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Diablo is an action role-playing video game developed by Blizzard North and released by Blizzard Entertainment in January 1997, and is the first installment in the video game series of the same name.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Set in the fictional Kingdom of Khanduras in the mortal realm, the player controls a lone hero battling to rid the world of Diablo, the Lord of Terror. Beneath the town of Tristram, the player journeys through sixteen randomly generated dungeon levels, ultimately entering Hell in order to face Diablo.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: An expansion pack, "", was released in November 1997 by Synergistic Software. In 1998, Electronic Arts released "Diablo" for the PlayStation. This version, developed by Climax Studios, featured direct control of the main character's direction using the PlayStation controller, as opposed to point-and-click movement. A Sega Saturn version was considered by Electronic Arts but never released. "Diablo" has been considered one of the greatest games of all time for its randomized assignment of quests and enemies on each playthrough, online multiplayer, and graphics. The game's success led to two sequels: "Diablo II" in 2000 and "Diablo III" in 2012. A third sequel, "Diablo IV", is in development. In 2022 a mobile-device-oriented version, "Diablo Immortal", was released.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" is an action role-playing video game. The player moves and interacts with the environment primarily by way of a mouse. Other actions, such as casting a spell, are performed in response to keyboard inputs. The player can acquire items, learn spells, defeat enemies, and interact with non-player characters (NPCs) throughout the game.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The dungeon levels are procedurally generated with themes for each level; for instance, the catacombs tend to have long corridors and closed rooms, while the caves are more non-linear. The players are assigned a random number of quests from several tiers; these quests are optional but usually offer powerful unique items as rewards and help to level up the character and/or reveal more of the backstory. The final two quests are mandatory in order to finish the game.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" has three character classes: the Warrior, the Rogue, and the Sorcerer. Each class has a different level of assigned attributes along with a unique skill. Each class is capable of using almost all of the same items and spells, in contrast to later titles in the "Diablo" series which have class-specific items and spells/skills. However, the limitations in the attributes for each class reward play that utilizes them efficiently; for instance the Warrior's low maximum level of Magic prevents him from learning the higher levels of powerful spells like the Sorcerer, instead the Warrior is best suited to melee with a faster weapon swing plus a "critical strike" for bonus damage.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In the expansion set, "", the Monk was added. The Monk is proficient at melee combat with the staff. Two other classes, the Bard and Barbarian, were unfinished but remained hidden characters in "Diablo: Hellfire", and could be enabled using a hack. Using the in-game sprites of the Rogue and Warrior, respectively, the Bard is capable of dual-wielding weapons while the Barbarian was a two-handed axe specialist.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: White-colored items are normal items, blue-colored items are magic items and gold-colored items are unique items. Any items that are not white in color must be identified to make use of their magical effects, although characters can use unidentified items as they would the base item. Magic items can have a maximum of 2 of these effects, but unique items can have as many as 6. Furthermore, Uniques can have special properties, or properties not found in the usual prefixes/suffixes for that item type; most uniques have a very rare chance of being dropped, although certain uniques are guaranteed quest rewards. Items wear down through use, and have fixed amounts of durability that decrease as they receive damage; when an item's durability reaches zero, it is destroyed. Players can return to the town and pay a fee to an NPC, Griswold the Blacksmith, to have the items restored, while the Warrior can repair objects in his possession at the cost of overall durability.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Bows are the ranged weapon of the game, best used by rogues. Staves, while capable of physical attacks, are mainly used for the spell charges that they contain, as casting from a staff does not require the player to learn the spell or use mana. A staff's spell can only be cast a certain number of times before it requires a recharge, usually returning to town and paying an NPC, Adria the Witch, while the Sorcerer can recharge the staff which lowers the maximum number of spell charges. Swords are typically one-handed (though two-handed varieties also exist), while axes are all two-handed. Maces and clubs add a 50% damage bonus against the undead. Two-handed melee weapons allow the player to inflict more damage. Shields, when paired with single-handed weapons, allow attacks to be blocked. There are three classifications of armor: light, medium and heavy. Characters are also allowed to wear a helmet, two rings, and one amulet. Many higher-level weapons and armor can only be equipped if the player meets the minimum strength and/or dexterity requirements.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Books contain spell formulae and cannot be used more than once; reading the first book will place that particular spell in the character's repository while using multiple books of the same spell will increase the spell level, up to a maximum of 15. A character needs a minimum level of the magic attribute in order to read spell books, particularly in raising spells to higher levels, where they are more typically more powerful/effective while consuming less mana for each casting. Scrolls allow use of both spells not yet learned as well as and spells not available in book form, but vanish after one use. Many potions are available for use, including health and mana restoration, and elixirs that increase statistics.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Multiplayer is available up to four players. Multiplayer characters' states are saved periodically. Players can either be aggressive towards, or play co-operatively with, other players. Players can connect direct connection, modem connection, Battle.net connection or IPX network connection. The game lacks the stronger anti-cheating methods of Blizzard's later games and as a result, many characters online have been altered in various ways by common third-party programs known as trainers and/or game editing programs such as Cheat Engine.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The setting of "Diablo" includes the mortal realm which is the world of Man as well as the High Heavens and the Burning Hells. After eons of war between angels and demons, the ascension of man prompted the three Lords of Hell (including Diablo himself) to seek victory through influence, prompting their exile into the mortal realm. There, they sowed chaos, distrust, and hatred among men until a group of magi, called the Horadrim, trapped them in enchanted crystals called "Soulstones". Diablo's soulstone was buried deep in the earth and a monastery was built over the site.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Generations passed and the purpose of the monastery was forgotten. A small town named Tristram sprang up next to the monastery's ruins. When King Leoric rebuilt the monastery as a cathedral, Diablo manipulated its archbishop, Lazarus, to destroy his soulstone prison. Diablo briefly possessed the king, sending out his knights and priests to battle against peaceful kingdoms, and then possessed the king's son, Prince Albrecht, filling the caves and catacombs beneath the cathedral with creatures formed from Albrecht's nightmares.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Tristram became a town of fear and horror, where people were abducted in the night. With no king, no law, and no army left to defend them, many villagers fled.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The game starts when the player's character arrives in Tristram. Several of the remaining townsfolk assist the player such as Deckard Cain the Elder. The labyrinth under the Cathedral descends from the dungeon/church, to the catacombs, followed by the caves, and finally Hell itself, each with a mixture of the undead, animals, and demons. King Leoric has been re-animated as the Skeleton King.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Late in the game, the hero must defeat Archbishop Lazarus, and eventually Diablo himself. At the end of the game, the hero kills Diablo's mortal form. The hero then takes the Soulstone out of Diablo's forehead after which Diablo transforms into a lifeless Prince Albrecht. The hero then drives the Soulstone into his/her own forehead, and he or she contains the essence of Diablo within himself or herself.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: As told in the sequel "Diablo II", canonically the warrior was the hero that defeated Diablo only to become possessed. The Rogue became Blood Raven while the Sorcerer became the False Summoner, both of them NPC enemies. "Diablo III" further retconned the story by establishing the nameless warrior as Prince Aidan, the eldest son of Leoric and older brother of Albrecht.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" was conceived by David Brevik during the development of the fighting game "Justice League Task Force" (1995), developed by Japanese studio Sunsoft with two American studios, Condor Games (later Blizzard North) on the Sega Genesis version and Silicon & Synapse on the SNES version, which by the end of "Justice League Task Force"s development, had renamed themselves Blizzard Entertainment. Brevik's concept was a personal computer game based heavily on the roguelike genre that featured turn-based gameplay, but he wanted to improve how quickly the player would be able to get into the game compared to typical role-playing games. Brevik was inspired by "NHL '94" and similar sports games to make it so that players only had to select a pre-determined class and would be able to jump into the game with minimal interactions. Brevik also wanted these classes to be combinations of typical character classes so that players would be not overly restricted in what type of attacks or equipment they could use. A further departure from the roguelike approach was to make the loot system from felled monsters more expansive. According to Matt Barton, the game "Telengard", released by Avalon Hill in 1982, influenced the development of "Diablo". Barton and Bill Loguidice also cite "The Legend of Zelda" series as an influence on "Diablo", particularly its move towards real-time action, away from the stat-heavy, turn-based gameplay of earlier computer RPGs. Brevik also wanted a "modern and cool" interface intended to bring the quick directness of console games as well as "Doom" (1993) to computer RPGs. He had named the game idea "Diablo" based on Mount Diablo, which was where Brevik lived when he conceived of the game idea.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Condor started development while pitching the game to publishers. Bill Roper said that the team's "initial pitch, in a nutshell, was to take the excitement and randomness of games like "Moria", "Nethack", and "Rogue", and bring them into the 1990s with fantastic graphics and sound". Condor Games had tried to shop Brevik's idea to other publishers but was turned down on the grounds that "RPGs are dead".


title: Diablo (video game)

text: While Condor sought a publisher for Brevik's idea, Blizzard had completed their next game, the real-time strategy "" (1994) for the personal computer. Condor Games saw Blizzard shared their same interest in personal computer games and pitched Brevik's idea to them. About three to four months into development, Blizzard offered to work with them on "Diablo" but requested two major changes, to make it real-time and to have multiplayer, having had done these steps during their work in creating "Warcraft". Brevik did not want to change the turn-based nature of his game at first fearing that it would add extra time onto development, and Condor's development team put the idea to a vote, with the real-time approach winning out. Brevik prepared Blizzard for the potential added development time and to ask for extra development costs, and then on a Friday afternoon as everyone had left, started to toy around with converting the game from turn-based to real-time; within hours he had the basics of the system in place, and was able to show this to the rest of Condor by the following Monday. They kept this news from Blizzard for a short while but eventually revealed how fast they had come up with the change, which Blizzard readily accepted.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The game was also originally conceived to be made in claymation (much like "ClayFighter"), but they decided to have a 3D isometric style instead.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In 1996, as development on "Diablo" continued, Blizzard acquired Condor Games. Blizzard named their Irvine, California location to Blizzard South and Condor Games to Blizzard North to distinguish their studios. Around eight months before the planned release, Blizzard South were finishing up "Warcraft II", and began focusing on the upcoming release of "Diablo". Blizzard did not want to rely on existing online gaming services like Total Entertainment Network for matchmaking. While Blizzard North finished up "Diablo", Blizzard South began development of the basis of Battle.net. According to Brevik, when Blizzard South came up to start to see how "Diablo"s multiplayer code would incorporate with Battle.net, they discovered then that "Diablo" had no multiplayer code as Brevik nor others had any idea how to write such code. Blizzard South sent employees up to Blizzard North, including Mike O'Brien, at that point to incorporate multiplayer for "Diablo" and interface with Battle.net over the last six months of development.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The music of "Diablo" was composed by Matt Uelmen. The soundtrack consists of six tracks. It was released after 15 years, in 2011.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" normally requires the original CD to play, however also included on the disk is a shareware version of the software that could be played without the CD called "Diablo" Spawn. This version of the game allows access to the first two areas of the dungeon, and locks out two of the three playable classes and many of the NPC townsfolk. It is playable in both single- and multiplayer with those restrictions. The demo is also downloadable.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In 2016, David Brevik stated that a dispute existed as to whether "Diablo" had been released in 1996 or 1997. In 1997 and 2000, Blizzard reported "Diablo"s release date as January 1997, and issued a press release on January 3 to announce the game's availability in stores. At the time, CNET Gamecenter reported that "Diablo"s wide release occurred on January 6. Conversely, Brevik argued in 2016 that the game was available in certain western U.S. retailers by December 31, 1996. Blizzard marked "Diablo"s 20th anniversary on December 31, 2016.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: According to Max Schaefer, Blizzard's initial sales estimates for "Diablo" were modest. He remarked, "We were thinking that if everything went well, we would sell 100,000 copies." Following the game's positive press coverage before its release, estimates by the team were increased to roughly 500,000 copies, David Brevik later said. Pre-orders had surpassed 450,000 units globally by December 17, at which point the game was set to launch with a shipment of 500,000 units staggered across its initial days on shelves. "Diablo" debuted at #1 on PC Data's monthly computer game sales chart for January 1997. It held the position for another three months, before being displaced to #2 by "X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter" in May. "Diablo" remained in second place until September, when it dropped to fifth. It exited the top 10 that October.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In the United States, the game was the highest-selling computer title of the first six months of 1997. Its worldwide sales surpassed 500,000 units by April, 750,000 by June and 1 million by late November. By the end of 1997, "Diablo" had sold 670,155 copies in the United States alone. It was declared the country's fourth-best-selling computer game of the year by PC Data. Schaefer attributed the game's success in part to its December 27 shipment date, and noted that "there weren't any other games released after Christmas, so we were the only game in town for a long time."


title: Diablo (video game)

text: After being absent from PC Data's charts during the final months of 1997, "Diablo" took 13th place in the rankings for February 1998. It remained in the top 20 for another month, dropped out in April and reappeared in June. It returned to the top 10 from July through October, rising to #3 in August. For the first half of 1998, it was the United States' 14th-best-selling computer release. At the time, Jason Ocampo of "Computer Games Strategy Plus" called "Diablo" one of the charts' " 'perennial' inhabitants", and compared its longevity to that of "Myst" and "NASCAR Racing 2". The game's average sale price during the January–June period was $36; by October, it had fallen to $26. "Diablo" finished 11th for the year in the United States, with sales of 354,961 units and revenues of $9.57 million in the region. In August 1998, "Diablo" received a "Gold" sales award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD), indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo"s global sales reached almost 2 million units by September 1998. One year later, its sales in the United States alone had grown to 1.17 million copies, which made it the country's seventh-highest computer game seller since January 1993. This number rose to 1.3 million copies by March 2000. Remarking upon these sales, GameSpot's writer Desslock hailed "Diablo" as an "undisputed commercial blockbuster". The game returned in 2000 to PC Data's annual top 20 for the United States, with 260,020 copies sold.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Worldwide, "Diablo" broke 2 million sales by mid-2000 and reached 2.3 million by January of the next year. Ultimately, the game sold over 2.5 million units by mid-2001. According to GameSpot Japan, the game was a "big hit" among Japanese players.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" has received critical acclaim, with an average rating of 94/100 on Metacritic. Most praised the game's addictive gameplay, randomly generated dungeons, superior graphics, moody musical score, and great variety of possible magic items, enemies, levels, and quests. This last aspect was noted by "GameSpot" editor Trent Ward in his review: "Similarly, although a set number of monsters is included, only a few will be seen during each full game. This means that players going back for their second or third shot at the game will very likely fight opponents they haven't seen before. Talk about replay value."


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Reviewers commonly cited the online multiplayer aspect as one of the strongest points of the game, with it being described as greatly extending its replay value. Columnist Bernard Yee commented that compared to contemporary online multiplayer games such as "Quake", "Diablo" gives newcomers a much better chance of enjoying themselves, as they can either cooperate with other players or build their character so that they can hold their own against hostile players. "Computer Games Magazine"s Cindy Yans said that "weapons, armor and items are so numerous that you're "always" acquiring something new to try... not to "mention" the game's multiplayer universe"; she went on to say that "for anyone who enjoys a good multiplayer dungeon crawl, "Diablo" can't be beat". Yans finished her review, "Despite the rather pale storyline, [...] watered-down quests and a fair amount of necessary repetition, "Diablo" is a must for anyone interested in 'just plain fun.'" Ward stated: "Diablo is the best game to come out in the past year, and you should own a copy. Period."


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Macworld"s Michael Gowan wrote, "The only downside to this role-playing game is that the adventure ends too soon." Steve Klett's review for "PC Games", which was reprinted in sister magazine "GamePro", commented that ""Diablo"s definitely not your typical dungeon hackfest. ... In fact, its closest rivals are games like "Gauntlet" and "Loaded" on the PlayStation, but they really don't compare." A "Next Generation" critic similarly remarked that "Diablo" is more of a modern incarnation of "Gauntlet" than an RPG, "but with enough changes and improvements to make it a completely new experience, and one of the best titles so far this year."


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "If you were addicted to the PC version, you can experience it all over again on PlayStation. And if you haven't played "Diablo" at all, check this one out."


title: Diablo (video game)

text: "Diablo" won the overall "Game of the Year" awards of "Computer Gaming World", "GameSpot" and "Computer Game Entertainment" for 1996, and was a runner-up for "Computer Games Strategy Plus"s award in this category. The editors of "Computer Gaming World" wrote, "For this year, "Diablo" is the game that everyone will remember." It was also named 1996's best computer role-playing game by "GameSpot", "Computer Game Entertainment" and "Computer Games". While it was nominated for "Computer Gaming World"s "Role-Playing Game of the Year" award, the publication gave the honor to "".


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In 1998, "PC Gamer" declared it the 42nd-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "a nearly flawless gaming experience". Akira Nishitani ranked it number 1 on his personal list of the greatest games of all time in 1997.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In 2005 GameSpot chose "Diablo" as one of "The Greatest Games of All Time". It was placed at No. 20 on "Game Informer"s "Top 100 RPGs Of All Time" list.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The expansion pack made for "Diablo" is "", released in 1997. It was produced by Synergistic Software and published by Sierra Entertainment rather than an in-house Blizzard North development team. The multiplayer feature of the expansion pack was disabled with version 1.01. The added content included two additional dungeon segments located within a new side storyline, several unique items and magical item properties, spells, and a fourth class, the Monk. There are also two unfinished "test" classes (the Bard and Barbarian) and two quests which could be accessed through a configuration file modification.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: Blizzard sold exclusive worldwide rights to develop, publish, and distribute console versions of the game to Electronic Arts in 1996. In 1998, a PlayStation version of "Diablo" was released, developed by Climax Studios and published by Electronic Arts. The game lacked online play, but featured a two-player cooperative mode. Notable differences to the PC version include new lighting effects, auto-aiming for range weapons and spells, and an option for increased game speed. Despite the original PC game being based around mouse control, it does not support the PlayStation Mouse. It features an option to learn the story through a narrator without having to find the books in the game. The European PAL version is translated and dubbed into French, German and Swedish in addition to the original English.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: The game was re-released alongside "Hellfire" in a 1998 bundle, called "Diablo + Hellfire". 1998's "Blizzard's Game of the Year Collection" contained copies of "Diablo", "StarCraft" and "". The "Blizzard Anthology" (2000) contained "Diablo", "StarCraft", "" and "WarCraft II: Battle.net Edition". The "Diablo Gift Pack" (2000) contained "Diablo" and "Diablo II", but no expansions. The "Diablo: Battle Chest" (2001) contained "Diablo", "Diablo II" and "Diablo II"s expansion, "". Later releases of the "Diablo: Battle Chest" also have a strategy guide for "Diablo II" and "Lord of Destruction", though subsequent releases do not include the original game, instead featuring "Diablo II", its expansion, and their respective strategy guides.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: For "Diablo"s 20th anniversary, it was announced during BlizzCon 2016 that "Diablo III" would receive a free patch called "The Darkening of Tristram" that recreates the original game. The patch contains a 16-level dungeon, four main bosses from the 1997 version and special graphics filters and 8-directions limited movement like the original game. The test patch was released on November 11, 2016 on the Public Test Realm server.


title: Diablo (video game)

text: In March 2019, "Diablo" was made available for sale on GOG.com, which marked the first time Blizzard had released the game on a digital distribution platform. The release featured two versions of the game: the original 1996 version and a new DirectX-based version built in-house by GOG that features additional display and graphical options.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Michael Spinks (born July 13, 1956) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1977 to 1988. He held world championships in two weight classes, including the undisputed light heavyweight title from 1983 to 1985, and the lineal heavyweight title from 1985 to 1988. As an amateur he won a gold medal in the middleweight division at the 1976 Summer Olympics.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Nicknamed "Jinx", which spawned the nickname of his straight right hand, "The Spinks Jinx", Spinks is the brother of former world heavyweight champion Leon Spinks, and uncle of Cory Spinks, a former welterweight and light middleweight champion.


title: Michael Spinks

text: After a successful amateur career, which culminated in his Olympic gold medal win, Spinks went undefeated in his first 31 professional fights, beating Dwight Muhammad Qawi, Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, Marvin Johnson and Eddie Davis en route to becoming the undisputed light heavyweight champion. After defending the title against 10 different fighters, Spinks moved up to heavyweight, and as an underdog defeated long-reigning IBF heavyweight champion Larry Holmes (whose own 48–0 record up to that point was one victory short of tying Rocky Marciano's 49–0 unblemished record); in doing so, Spinks became the first reigning light heavyweight world champion to win the heavyweight title. In his final fight, Spinks was knocked out by Mike Tyson in 91 seconds, the only defeat of his professional career.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Spinks has been inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame. The International Boxing Research Organization and BoxRec rank Spinks among the 10 greatest light heavyweights of all time.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Spinks won the 1974 156-pound Golden Gloves Light Middleweight Championship by defeating Wilber Cameron in Denver, Colorado and then took the Silver Medal in the National AAU 165-pound Championship Competition in 1975, losing in three rounds to Tom Sullivan in Shreveport, Louisiana. He rebounded to take the 1976 National Golden Gloves Middleweight championship with a three-round victory over Lamont Kirkland in Miami, Florida, and that same year captured the United States Olympic Trials Middleweight Championship by defeating Keith Broom in Cincinnati, Ohio. At the 1976 Montreal Olympics, Spinks benefited from a favorable draw. Due to a bye and two wins by walkover, he was only required to box two opponents to win the gold medal in the middleweight division. He went on to defeat the Soviet Union's Rufat Riskiyev in the final.


title: Michael Spinks

text: With the Olympics behind him, Spinks returned to work at a chemical factory in St. Louis, Missouri, "scrubbing floors and cleaning toilets," as one source tells it. He had no big contracts awaiting him and, while Michael appeared to experts to be the more promising of the two brothers, Leon was at that time the big shooting star, a television staple of ABC Sports, on his way to a shot at heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali. Michael had their mother to care for, and he was intent on helping Leon prepare for Ali. All of this pushed Michael's career to the back burner. It was Butch Lewis in 1977 who convinced Michael to turn professional.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Spinks then turned professional with a win over Eddie Benson, knocking him out in one round on April 17, 1977 in Las Vegas. With that, Spinks began a 31 fight winning streak that would almost extend to the end of his career. After four more wins, Spinks finished '77 with the first fight that began a gradual ascent in opposition quality: an eight-round decision over Gary Summerhays, a popular young boxer of the time.


title: Michael Spinks

text: In 1978, Spinks won two fights, including an eight-round decision over former world Middleweight title challenger Tom Bethea, in the same undercard where his brother Leon dethroned Ali as world Heavyweight champion in Las Vegas.


title: Michael Spinks

text: 1979 saw Spinks get less than three minutes of boxing action inside a ring, with his only fight ending in a first round knockout of Marc Hans, but in 1980, Spinks took his ascent towards the top to another level, when he beat future IBF super-middleweight champion Murray Sutherland, David Conteh, and fringe contenders Ramon Ronquillo and Alvaro Yaqui Lopez (who challenged for a world title four times). Of his five wins that year, three came by knockout, Sutherland and Johnny Wilburn being the only ones who lasted the distance.


title: Michael Spinks

text: By 1981, Spinks was already a top ranked contender, and after beating former and future world light-heavyweight champion Marvin Johnson by a knockout in four rounds, the WBA made Spinks their number one challenger, and so, on July 18 of that year, he met WBA light-heavyweight champion Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, once again in Las Vegas. Spinks dropped Mustafa Muhammad in round 12 and went on to become the WBA light heavyweight champion with a 15-round decision win. He defended the title once in '81, beating Vonzell Johnson by a knockout in seven.


title: Michael Spinks

text: 1982 began with a knockout victory over Mustafa Wassaja. Spinks had become a superstar, at least in the boxing world. He began appearing on the covers of boxing magazines and boxing fans started clamoring for a unification fight with WBC champion Dwight Muhammad Qawi. Tragedy struck his life, however, when in January 1983, his 24-year-old wife, Sandy Massey, died in a car crash, leaving Spinks the single parent of his two-year-old daughter, Michelle.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Meanwhile, the fight all the fans wanted was being asked for by boxing critics and magazine editors, too. On March 18, two months after his wife's death, Spinks and Qawi met in a boxing ring for the undisputed light heavyweight championship. The fight was broadcast by HBO World Championship Boxing, and, according to the book "", Spinks had a very tough moment to overcome before it even started: His daughter asked him, while he was in his dressing room, if her mother would come to watch the fight. After breaking into tears he composed himself and dominated the fight with his jab and plenty of strategic hooks and crosses. He repeatedly stopped Qawi in his tracks over the first 11 rounds but cautiously waited for Qawi to come out of his crouched defense to resume his assault. Qawi scored a knockdown in round eight. The official scores were 144–140, 144–141, and 144–141, all for Spinks, who was now the undisputed world Light Heavyweight champion. He defended the title one more time before the end of the year, against Oscar Rivadeneira, whom he beat by a ten-round knockout.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Spinks fought only once in 1984, retaining his crown with a twelve-round majority decision over Eddie Davis. He and Qawi were only a couple of weeks away from fighting a rematch in September of that year, but that fight got called off when Qawi was injured during training. Spinks also was recognized as IBF Light heavyweight champion in 1984.


title: Michael Spinks

text: In 1985, Spinks beat David Sears and Jim McDonald, both by knockout, in title defenses, before challenging Larry Holmes for the IBF and lineal heavyweight championship. Holmes was trying to tie Rocky Marciano's record of 49–0 as the heavyweight champion, but it was Spinks who made history that night, winning a controversial and narrow fifteen-round unanimous decision and becoming the first ever world light-heavyweight champion to win the world heavyweight title. His controversial victory over Holmes was named "Ring Magazine" Upset of the Year. With this, Michael and Leon had also become the first pair of brothers ever to be world heavyweight champions, followed two decades later by Wladimir and Vitali Klitschko.


title: Michael Spinks

text: In 1986, Spinks and Holmes fought a rematch as part of the heavyweight unification series, and had nearly the same result, this time Spinks winning by a 15-round split decision. After that, he retained the world heavyweight championship once again, by a knockout in four against Steffen Tangstad. In 1987 he was stripped of the crown by the IBF for refusing to fight their mandatory challenger, Tony Tucker, and accepting a higher offer to fight Gerry Cooney instead. Spinks knocked out Cooney in five rounds, and after Mike Tyson had unified the heavyweight belts, fans started clamoring for a fight between them as many still recognized Spinks as the legitimate lineal champion.


title: Michael Spinks

text: The fight between Spinks and Mike Tyson took place in June 1988, with Tyson knocking Spinks down twice on his way to a first-round knockout. Tyson and Dwight Muhammad Qawi were the only fighters to officially floor Spinks. It was Spinks's first defeat in the professional ring, and his last, as he retired following the fight. In this fight he was badly affected by fear.


title: Michael Spinks

text: Spinks had a record of 31 wins and 0 losses, prior to the fight, with 21 wins by knockout as a professional.


title: Michael Spinks

text: In addition to his success as a heavyweight, Spinks is generally considered one of the greatest light-heavyweight champions and fighters of all time. He was the only light-heavyweight champion to remain undefeated in the entire history of the division since its inception in 1903 (until Joe Calzaghe), as well as the only reigning light-heavyweight champion to win the heavyweight title.