title: Michonne

text: In the midseason premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", Michonne pushes the idea of going to Washington, D.C. despite Noah's (Tyler James Williams) community being overrun in Richmond, Virginia. Later, Tyreese is bitten and Michonne is forced to amputate his arm, but he dies of blood loss anyway. In the episode "Them", Michonne shows concern for Sasha telling her not to give in to anger like Tyreese over her recent losses, but Sasha then breaks formation in silently pushing away walkers by attacking them. Sasha walks off irritated. The group trudge on sixty miles to DC, as they face a tornado in the process. In the episode "The Distance", Maggie and Sasha introduce Aaron (Ross Marquand) to the group, who reveals himself as a recruiter for a safe haven, Alexandria, and takes them there despite going a dangerous route because of their previous mistrusting of communities like Terminus and Woodbury.), they are hesitant to trust him because of what happened in Woodbury and Terminus. Rick initially decides not to take the risk, prompting Michonne to step in and challenge his decision. She argues that the group should give Aaron a chance for the sake of survival, successfully convincing Rick to change his mind. The group arrives at the gates of Alexandria the next day. Rick hears children laughing inside the community's walls, and Michonne smiles, knowing they have made the right decision.


title: Michonne

text: In the episode "Remember", Rick's group has difficulty assimilating into the daily routines of the Alexandria residents. The people of Alexandria, led by politician Deanna Monroe (Tovah Feldshuh), have been shielded from many of the dangers and tribulations that the new world holds, which causes Rick's group to believe they are weak. Deanna asks Rick and Michonne to become the town constables, and they both accept their new roles. In the episode "Forget", Michonne has traded in her usual clothes for a police uniform. Deanna explains to Rick and Michonne that their basic roles as constables are to keep the peace and establish a sense of civilization inside the walls of Alexandria. Deanna invites the entire group to a welcoming party at her house, and Michonne reluctantly attends. Abraham finds her outside by herself, and the two have a discussion about adjusting to their new lives. Michonne is later seen hanging her sword on the fireplace mantle of one of Alexandria's houses, although she doesn't appear happy about doing so.


title: Michonne

text: In the episode "Try", Rosita tells Michonne that Sasha has gone missing from her post in the tower. Worried, they venture outside the walls to look for her. They find several dead walkers and realize Sasha is actively hunting them. They track her down and help her eliminate a large pack of walkers, which leads to an outburst from Sasha. Later, when Rick and Pete fight in the street, Rick begins ranting to the gathered crowd and pointing a gun at them, and Michonne eventually silences him by knocking him unconscious. In the season finale "Conquer", Rick admits to Michonne that he and Carol stole guns from the armory and tries to return the gun, though Michonne says she would not have stopped him, and that she knocked out Rick to protect "him", not Alexandria. She also tells Rick she is confident that they can find a way to integrate with Alexandria, but she will still follow him even if they cannot. At the town forum, Michonne is one of the people who speak in Rick's defense then witnesses Rick arrive with a dead walker, who got in because Gabriel left the gate open, and addresses Alexandria itself and how they aren't ready to survive but they have to be and he'll show them how. Pete arrives, drunk and angered, during the meeting with Michonne's katana, bent on assassinating Rick, and Michonne witnesses him killing Reg, Rick killing Pete and Morgan's arrival. Michonne is later seen contemplating mounting her katana back on the wall, but ultimately decides to carry it.


title: Michonne

text: Season 6 finds Rick, Michonne and the others struggling to keep the Alexandria members safe while also teaching them how to survive. In the season premiere "First Time Again", the group discovers an enormous herd of roamers trapped inside a quarry not far from Alexandria. They decide to use the herd as a learning opportunity and also eliminate the threat before it becomes a problem later. While trying to draw the herd away from the walls, Michonne, Rick, Morgan and a few others hear a horn sounding from Alexandria. The noise draws the attention of the walkers and the herd begins heading toward the walls. Morgan is sent ahead of the others to find out what is causing the noise. Rick decides to split up to draw more walkers in another direction, giving Michonne and Glenn the task of ensuring they get the others back to Alexandria and find out what is going on. In the episode "Thank You", Michonne, Glenn, and Heath struggle to stay ahead of the herd and keep the others alive. Glenn gets separated from the group and only Michonne and Heath return to Alexandria alive. In the episode "Now", Michonne informs Maggie she isn't sure what happened to Glenn, but that he would send up a signal if he was alive. Rick returns to Alexandria as well, but has been followed by the herd, and barely makes it back inside Alexandria's walls as Michonne helps close the gates. With walkers gathered outside the walls, the group must decide how to address the problem while waiting for Glenn, Daryl, Sasha and Abraham to return. Rick and Michonne learn more about what happened when the Wolves attacked, and Carol informs them that Morgan allowed several of the Wolves to escape (later killed by Rick). In the episode "Heads Up", Morgan maintains his belief that "all life is precious", and Michonne argues that life is not as simple as four words anymore.


title: Michonne

text: In the mid-season finale episode "Start to Finish", the herd finally breaks through Alexandra's walls after knocking over the guard tower. Michonne, Rick, and Deanna flee towards the houses, but Deanna gets knocked over and falls onto a saw blade, causing a mortal wound to her side. Rick, Michonne, Deanna, Gabriel, Jessie, Carl, and others manage to get inside a house and struggle to keep the walkers from breaking in. Michonne tends to Deanna's wound, only to discover a walker bite on her side. Realizing her end is near, Deanna and Michonne bond while waiting out the herd. Michonne affirms her belief that the new plans Deanna drew up for Alexandria can still work, and Deanna encourages Michonne to find her own answer for what survival means for her. Michonne admits she isn't sure, but later promises she will figure it out. The walkers eventually break into the house and the group is forced to move quickly and leave the dying Deanna. Michonne spends a few last minutes with her, offering to put her down before she turns, but Deanna insists on ending her own life with a gun. Deanna tells her to "give them hell" and Michonne leaves. Rick devises a plan for the group to cover themselves in guts from two walkers they have killed, which allows them to move outside the house undetected by the dead. However, Jessie's son, frightened by the situation, begins calling out to his mother as the group joins hands and moves through the herd.


title: Michonne

text: In the midseason premiere, Jessie and her sons are devoured by the walkers. Michonne is forced to stab Ron, who shoots Carl in the eye. Rick and Michonne get Carl to the infirmary and help the surviving residents drive the herd out of Alexandria. Two months later, Alexandria is being rebuilt and things have more or less returned to normal. After sharing a sincere moment with Carl, Michonne realizes what she desires in her life. That night, she and Rick kiss and have sex, beginning a romantic relationship. However, Rick's group soon becomes involved in a conflict with Negan, who captures most of the survivors and kills one of them with "Lucille" a bat wrapped in barbed wire.


title: Michonne

text: In the season premiere, "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be", Michonne witnesses the deaths of group members Abraham and Glenn. She is later held at gunpoint, along with the rest of the group, as Negan commands Rick to chop off Carl's left arm to remove the last of Rick's disobedience. Michonne tells Negan that they now understand, but Negan tells her that its Rick who doesn't understand. As Rick starts to comply, Negan stops Rick as it was all a test to break his will, which is successful. Sasha then helps get Maggie to the doctor at the Hilltop after Negan and his people leave. Michonne goes with Rick and the others in the RV. In "Service", Michonne is shown walking outside Alexandria with a rifle she concealed in the house before the Saviors arrive. She is shown practicing her marksmanship by shooting at a walker with the rifle to prepare for the fight she feels is coming. When she returns, Rick states he needs the rifle as the Saviors want all their guns. Michonne doesn't want her community to surrender their guns, but eventually hands it over. Rick later tells her about his old partner and friend being Judith's real father, and that he had to accept it in order to raise her and keep her alive as his own daughter. Stating that this is their life now and he had to accept it as she does. Michonne later reappears in "Sing Me a Song", where she is shown walking along whistling to lure walkers. She then kills them and drags their bodies over to a pile. This causes a female Savior to stop driving and observe the pile, allowing Michonne to take her hostage and demand that she take her to Negan. The following episode, "Hearts Still Beating", shows Michonne attempting to talk to the Savior, who remains silent. They arrive outside the Sanctuary and Michonne realizes the power and scope of the Saviors. She later returns to find the Saviors killed Spencer and Olivia and took Eugene hostage. She finds Rick in the jail cell Morgan built and attempts to convince him that they're fighters and that, despite Negan's power, they can find a way to win. Rick agrees, having seen the costs of subjugation and the two reunite with Maggie and Daryl at the Hilltop (along with Carl, Rosita, and Tara) as the group walks off to plan their next move. In "Rock in the Road", Michonne is part of the group that sets out with Rick and Jesus to the Kingdom to enlist their help. When this fails, they come across wired explosives, placed by the Saviors, to deter walker herds. Michonne aids Rick in stealing them and tells him that they can win, just to put a smile on his face. The episode ends with the group being captured by an unknown group of survivors which results in Rick smiling at the discovery of a potential ally. In "New Best Friends", Michonne is part of the group that meets with this new group. When Rick is tested by being pitted against an armored walker, Michonne helps advise him on how to kill it. He later thanks her by gifting her a metal cat sculpture he found. In "Say Yes", Michonne goes out scavenging with Rick to find the guns they need. They enjoy their time together and are eventually able to discover a carnival wrought with reanimated soldiers. They stumble upon a large amount of packaged food and discuss their future after the Saviors have been dealt with. The next day, their plans go awry and they are quickly swarmed by walkers. At one point, Rick is seemingly killed and Michonne goes into a catatonic state, nearly allowing herself to be killed before Rick is revealed to be okay and they manage to win. Michonne later confides to Rick that she can't bear the thought of losing him, but agrees that she'll take charge if he dies in the upcoming fight. In "Something They Need", after Tara tells Rick about the arsenal in Oceanside, they take a group of Alexandrians to the distant community. Michonne joins them to acquire weapons and people to win the war against the Saviors. Rick helps Michonne climb a tree and asks if she is good, she replies that she is good enough. When Michonne was about to shoot Natania who had Tara as a hostage, Cyndie manages to neutralize her. Michonne warns Rick that the walkers approach, the group of Rick and the Oceansider work together and eliminate the walkers and the group achieves its objective with those of Oceaneside but an angry Natania agrees to give them the weapons and rejects that their community go to war, late at night the group returns to Alexandria and Rosita opens the door, she takes them to the prison cell, where Dwight is waiting. Rick and Michonne retain Daryl when he wanted to kill him, moments later Dwight reveals that he wants to help them. In the season finale "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Rick and his group are betrayed by Jadis and the Scavengers, and it is revealed that Sasha has died and turned into a walker, unknown to Negan. The zombified Sasha attacks Negan but is not successful in killing him. Michonne participates in the ensuing battle, but she is badly hurt and nearly dies. She is later seen resting in bed, with Rick by her side.


title: Michonne

text: The eighth season of the series focuses on the ongoing war against Negan and the Saviors, with both sides suffering several losses. Having been injured previously, Michonne does not make many appearances initially, but becomes more involved in the second half of the season. In the midseason premiere, "Honor", she and Rick deal with the aftermath of Carl being bitten by a walker. Michonne is forced to say a tearful goodbye as Carl, close to turning, shoots himself to prevent reanimation. In "The Lost and the Plunderers" she and Rick leave Alexandria after burying Carl and head towards Hilltop, stopping at the Junkyard on the way. Michonne seems shocked to find that all of Jadis’ people have been murdered and is later slightly uncomfortable after Rick decided not to save her. The couple eventually reach hilltop.


title: Michonne

text: Michonne contacts Negan via walkie-talkie and reads Carl's letter addressed to him, attempting to change Negan's mind and end the conflict without bloodshed, a belief that became very important to Michonne by the end of the eighth season. However, Negan insists on killing Rick, and destroys the walkie-talkie. In the final episode, Rick finally fights Negan and wins. Instead of killing him, Rick only cuts his throat and decides to imprison him for his actions, much to the dismay and anger of Maggie. Michonne, however, agrees with Rick's choice.


title: Michonne

text: The ninth season of the series finds Rick's group attempting to build new lives following an end to the conflict against the Saviors, with Negan being kept in the jail inside Alexandria. Despite the loss of Carl, Rick and Michonne have moved forward and have concentrated on building a future for the growing Judith. The couple also decides to start trying to conceive a baby together.


title: Michonne

text: The group has started construction on a bridge that will serve to connect Alexandria, the Kingdom, and Hilltop with the Sanctuary, ensuring that all communities are able to stay in contact ("The Bridge"). Rick and the others have learned that the remaining Saviors who still dwell at the Sanctuary are now starving without Negan to lead them. Maggie initially refuses to help them, but ultimately changes her mind. Michonne even suggests that the communities have common laws that everyone follows, and after getting Maggie's input, she begins drafting a charter. However, at the Hilltop, their leader Gregory (Xander Berkely) makes two unsuccessful attempts on Maggie's life. Taking justice into her own hands, Maggie has Daryl hang Gregory for his betrayal, which shocks Michonne and Rick ("A New Beginning").


title: Michonne

text: Despite staying busy throughout the day by overseeing construction in Alexandria and tending to the overall community, Michonne still feels unfulfilled. She then realizes it is because she has not faced any real excitement because she has not dispatched any walkers in a while. Deciding not to tell Rick, she ventures out late every night to fight any walkers that are roaming outside Alexandria's walls. On one such night, she comes across a walker strung up in a tree with his hands tied, which angers her because it reminds her of Gregory's death at the hands of Maggie. Distracted, she is attacked from behind by another walker and is nearly bitten. She grabs a baseball bat nearby and kills the walker, realizing with horror that the bat reminds her of Glenn and Abraham's deaths. After this encounter, she decides to stop sneaking out at night.


title: Michonne

text: Back in Alexandria, Michonne stops Maggie from going into Negan's cell and killing him. Although Maggie wants revenge for him killing her husband Glenn, Michonne tells her that it will only start something else. However, Maggie is insistent, and Michonne steps aside for her to go in. Despite her chance, Maggie realizes Negan is a shadow of his former self, and decides that leaving him to suffer in the cell is better.


title: Michonne

text: In the episode "What Comes After", Rick seemingly sacrifices himself by blowing up the bridge to stop an oncoming herd of walkers, leaving Michonne devastated. Unknown to Michonne and everyone else, Rick actually survives the explosion and is taken away in a helicopter, accompanied by Anne. In the six years following his disappearance, it is revealed that Michonne has assumed leadership over the Alexandria community and was pregnant at the time of Rick's supposed demise; she is now a parent to Rick's daughter Judith (Cailey Fleming), as well as their own child together, Rick Jr. (RJ) Grimes.


title: Michonne

text: It becomes apparent that over the course of those six years, a major rift has formed between Michonne and the other communities. She is hesitant to travel to the Hilltop, expressing concern that Maggie might kill her if she sees her. Also, Tara seems cold toward Michonne when she arrives there. However, it is revealed that Maggie is no longer at Hilltop and has left to go with another group, which Michonne didn't know about. Carol, now in a relationship with Ezikiel and helping him lead the Kingdom, tries to convince Michonne to allow Alexandria to come back into the fold, but she declines.


title: Michonne

text: At some point, Michonne learns that Negan has escaped from his cell, only to return to it a short time later, by his own free will. Confronting him in the jail, she believes he only returned because he couldn't make it in the new world by himself. Negan counters that he has changed over the years and wants to help Michonne lead Alexandria, an idea she rejects. She also learns that Judith has been talking to Negan in secret. Judith believes that Negan is not a bad person, putting her at odds with Michonne.


title: Michonne

text: Simultaneously, Michonne and the others must deal with a new threat - the Whisperers, a group of people who survive among the walkers by wearing their skin on their faces and imitating the walkers ("Evolution"). Longtime ally Jesus (Tom Payne) is killed when he is caught off-guard and stabbed by a male Whisperer in a cemetery. Daryl kills the man and discovers they all wear walker skin over their faces.


title: Michonne

text: In the episode “Scars”, some of the six-year time lapse is explored in a series of flashbacks. Michonne is shown visibly pregnant, having spent the last few months helping Daryl look for Rick's body after the explosion, finding no trace of him except for his pistol. New survivors turn up at Alexandria's gates, among them Jocelyn (Rutina Wesley), Michonne's friend from her college days. Jocelyn reveals that she has been taking care of a group of children, and encourages Michonne to leave Alexandria. While Michonne is gone, Jocelyn and her group steal supplies and other children from Alexandria, including Judith.


title: Michonne

text: Michonne and Daryl eventually track down Jocelyn, who has them captured, tortured and branded. However, they escape, with Michonne confronting Jocelyn and the children. In the ensuing struggle, Jocelyn beats Michonne with a wooden plank, and one of the children slashes her pregnant belly. Michonne ultimately kills Jocelyn by stabbing her with her sword. When the children attack, she is forced to kill them. However, she is successful in rescuing Judith and they return to Alexandria with Daryl.


title: Michonne

text: The violent incident is shown to have ramifications years later; when Daryl shows up at Alexandria's gates with a wounded Henry and Lydia (Cassady McClincy), daughter of the Whisperers' leader Alpha (Samantha Morton), Michonne and Aaron are initially hesitant to allow Lydia in. However, Michonne decides that she trusts Daryl and allows them in, but only long enough for Henry to get medical attention. She refuses to provide an escort for them as they plan to travel to the Kingdom. Judith decides to sneak away on her own to protect them, taking Rick's pistol with her. Michonne sets out to track down Judith, arriving in time to save her from a group of walkers. They discuss what happened years before with Jocelyn, as Michonne was unaware Judith had seen her slaughter the children and remembered the incident. Judith believes Michonne did the right thing at that time, but that Daryl and the others are still their allies and they should now help them. Michonne decides that Judith is right and they leave together to catch up with Daryl and the others, unaware that they are being watched by two Whisperers.


title: Michonne

text: In "The Calm Before", Michonne brings all the leaders from the communities to meet with Alpha. She apologizes for Alexandria forgoing its relationships, that Alexandria will give asylum to Alpha's daughter, Lydia, and to establish a mutual protection pact knowing that Alpha will likely retaliate. Sure enough, Alpha takes her revenge by killing Henry, Enid, Tara, Ozzy (Angus Sampson), Alek (Jason Kirkpatrick), D.J. (Matt Mangum), Frankie (Elyse Nicole DuFour), Tammy Rose (Brett Butler), and Rodney (Joe Ando Hirsh). Michonne blames herself for their deaths.


title: Michonne

text: In the season finale episode “The Storm”, the group must battle their way through freezing temperatures and walkers, crossing through the Whisperers’ territory in order to make it back to their own communities. The finale takes place a few months after the events of the previous episode, “The Calm Before”, which ended in the deaths of several allies. Michonne and the others eventually make it back to Alexandria, where she is relieved to be reunited with Judith and RJ. She later visits Negan, who is healing in the infirmary. He commends her for crossing through Alpha's territory, despite the danger. Although her issues with Negan are far from repaired, it appears that Michonne realizes he has changed over the years.


title: Michonne

text: The tenth season has been confirmed to be Michonne's last on the show, with Gurira exiting after a handful of episodes during the first half of the season.


title: Michonne

text: The tenth season of the series focuses on the group's struggle to survive while under the omnipresent watch of Alpha and the Whisperers. In the midseason finale “The World Before”, Michonne meets a man named Virgil (Kevin Carroll), who may hold a vital position in the war against the Whisperers. Michonne agrees to travel with him by boat to an abandoned island to help him find his family, in exchange for weapons the group can use against Alpha. Michonne leaves her children behind with Daryl, Carol, and the others, sailing away on a boat.


title: Michonne

text: Michonne arrives at the naval base with Virgil but finds no weapons, soon realizing it's a trap; before she is able to leave however, Virgil locks her up, and she finds there are other captives on the island. Virgil then drugs her, and she experiences hallucinogenic visions of Andrea and Siddiq, and what her life would have been had she sided with Negan and the Saviors. As she comes to, she stabs Virgil, escapes, and frees the others. She chases Virgil to a storage room where she finds Rick's boots. Later, on a stranded naval ship, she also finds a phone with Rick's name and a drawing of her and Judith etched into it, suggesting that Rick may still be alive. She allows Virgil to live, takes leave of the others and contacts Judith via walkie-talkie to tell of her intent to find Rick. Taking two new walker pets fastened in chains, Michonne starts on her journey in the wilderness. She later finds two stragglers, a man and woman, who need help catching up to a large group of organized troops marching ahead of them. Thinking back on how Rick helped her all those years ago, she decides to help them. Michonne disposes of the walker pets and offers her hand to the injured man. The three of them then begin walking to catch up to the larger group.


title: Michonne

text: In "On the Inside," Virgil talks about his experiences with Michonne to Connie while trying to convince her to leave him behind.


title: Michonne

text: In "For Blood," Judith asks Virgil what he knows about Michonne's departure. However, Virgil doesn't know the name of the man that Michonne went looking for, but he compares Judith to her adoptive mother.


title: Michonne

text: In the series finale, over a year after Michonne's departure to find Rick, she continues her search, although she appears to have parted ways with the group of survivors that she had encountered and resumed her journey alone on horseback. At the same time, Judith finally reveals the truth about Michonne's departure and Rick's survival to her friends. Setting out to search for other survivors, Daryl promises Judith that he will also try to find Rick and Michonne and bring them home.


title: Michonne

text: Michonne was voted #86 on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. Regarding the television portrayal of the character, her scowling expression, reserved nature, and "Magical Negro" qualities have been much-discussed by reviewers. Michonne's uniquely independent nature has been praised, with one website commenting, "A case could be made that no character is as independently strong as Michonne." However, others have criticized Michonne's lack of development on the show, writing that she "was quickly sinking into the "strong black woman" trope. She is constantly assaulted and manhandled with seemingly very little concern shown for her wellbeing."


title: Michonne

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Michonne number one in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "She survived on her own for months, figuring out how to thrive in the wilderness under the harshest of circumstances. Yet she's also adapted well to living in a group, and has even started to draw on her pre-apocalypse past as a mother and an academic to start thinking about how best to rebuild society. Savage when she has to be, tender and affectionate with her friends and lovers, both nurturing and deadly as they come, this character (courtesy of Danai Gurira's continually extraordinary performance) represents this series at its best. Michonne hasn't lost touch with her humanity. And she's a thrill to watch on a killing spree."


title: The Body Shop

text: The Body Shop International Limited, trading as The Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care and perfume company.


title: The Body Shop

text: Founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, the company currently has a range of 1,000 products sold in about 3,000 stores, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets in more than 65 countries.


title: The Body Shop

text: Originally trading from Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by Brazilian cosmetics company Natura as a subsidiary of the Natura & Co group. The company had been owned by the French cosmetics company L'Oréal between 2006 and 2017. In September 2017, L'Oréal sold the company to Natura for £880 million.


title: The Body Shop

text: The original Body Shop, unaffiliated with Anita Roddick or The Body Shop International Limited, was opened in Berkeley, California in 1970 by Peggy Short and Jane Saunders. The shop featured dark green walls, locally made skin care products, and custom scenting with essential oils. The products were sold in simple containers with handwritten labels, and a discount was given to customers who brought in empty containers for refills.


title: The Body Shop

text: Anita Roddick opened her own health and beauty shop, also named The Body Shop, in her hometown of Brighton in 1976. She started a business with the motivation to simply "make a living for herself and her two daughters while her husband was away travelling."


title: The Body Shop

text: The business's original vision was to sell products with ethically-sourced, cruelty-free and natural ingredients. None of Roddick's products were tested on animals, and the ingredients were sourced directly from producers.


title: The Body Shop

text: The shop began trading with just 25 products. Roddick had purchased urine sample bottles from a nearby hospital to sell her products in, but did not have enough of them, creating the business's refillable bottles policy. Labels were hand-written and Roddick did not advertise explicitly, preferring to rely on local press instead.


title: The Body Shop

text: In 1977, Roddick purchased another shop through selling 50% of the business to a local garage owner. Roddick's partner, Gordon, returned to Brighton from America in this time, and suggested the business foster growth through franchising. By 1984, the business had 138 stores, 87 of which were not located in the United Kingdom. By 1994, 89% of the business's locations would be franchises.


title: The Body Shop

text: In 1987, Roddick offered $3.5 million to the owners of the original Body Shop, Peggy Short and Jane Saunders, for the exclusive rights to the business's name. They agreed to the sale, and in 1992 changed their business's name to "Body Time". The business closed in 2018.


title: The Body Shop

text: After acquiring the US rights to the name, the UK business began trading in the United States in 1988, with all new stores in the States being company-owned until 1990.


title: The Body Shop

text: Throughout the 1980s and 90s, the company joined a number of campaigns related to social responsibility and environmental issues. These included a "Trade Not Aid" campaign in 1987, wherein the company sourced some of its ingredients directly from the native communities they originated from. The company also made alliances with Greenpeace and Amnesty International.


title: The Body Shop

text: The September 1994 "Business Ethics" magazine published an investigative article entitled "Shattered Image: Is The Body Shop Too Good to Be True?," written by Jon Entine on the company's practices. The article was mentioned on "The New York Times"' business section front page and on "ABC World News Tonight". This led to a temporary 50% drop in the market value of the stock of the company, which until that point had been considered a model "socially responsible" company.


title: The Body Shop

text: Entine reported that Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop International in the UK, had stolen the name, store design, marketing concept and most product line ideas from "The Body Shop" founded in 1970 in Berkeley, California by Peggy Short and Jane Saunders who started the French-style perfume store, where customers could do their own blending. Roddick subsequently fabricated her story of travelling the world discovering exotic beauty ingredients. In 1989, Roddick purchased the US and Israeli rights to "The Body Shop" name, and the Berkeley-based chain of five stores renamed itself "Body Time".


title: The Body Shop

text: Roddick's unsubstantiated claims and inaccurate reports in popular articles and even some university case studies that Roddick's The Body Shop "gave most of its profits to charity", documents from Britain's Charity Commission showed that Roddick's company gave nothing to charity over its first 11 years and was penurious in its philanthropy thereafter. The Body Shop also faced millions of dollars in claims by disenchanted franchisees.


title: The Body Shop

text: Entine referred to The Body Shop's marketing as "greenwashing." The article in "Business Ethics", which was cited with a National Press Club Award for Consumer Journalism in 1994, is still widely used in university business ethics classes and is generally credited with prompting companies claiming to be socially responsible to match their claims with operational practices and to increase transparency.


title: The Body Shop

text: The "Shattered Image" article had originally been scheduled to be published as a 10,000-word feature in "Vanity Fair" earlier in 1994 but was dropped after legal threats by The Body Shop. The original article was eventually published in 2004 by The Nation Books in "Killed: Great Journalism Too Hot to Print", edited by David Wallis. "Business Ethics", which had featured Roddick on its cover the year before, subsequently agreed to print a much shorter version of the exposé.


title: The Body Shop

text: In March 2006, The Body Shop agreed to a £652.3 million takeover by L'Oréal. The Roddicks made £130 million from the sale.


title: The Body Shop

text: The sale caused some media controversy, particularly surrounding L'Oréal's use of animal testing. Although L'Oréal ceased animal testing itself in 1989, the company had begun selling its products in China in 1997, where the law required cosmetics to be tested on animals before sale to the public. Roddick stated that she believed the sale could allow her to be a "Trojan Horse" within the larger company, working through the Body Shop to improve its standards on animal testing and environmental issues.


title: The Body Shop

text: In addition to retail channels, products from The Body Shop are available through "The Body Shop At Home" multilevel marketing network. The network was established in 1994. Distributors (or consultants) can also recruit others to sell the products. The Body Shop At Home currently operates in the UK, Australia, and the USA.


title: The Body Shop

text: The multilevel marketing program was known as "The Body Shop Direct" in Britain, and was first trialled in Australia in Gippsland in 1997. In 1998, the Australian division was featured in the Australian Financial Review for their motivational-based policy of funding unrelated courses for home distributors, such as tarot reading or French polishing. In 2003, Anita Roddick parted with her publisher HarperCollins, but despite this, planned to release two titles. That same year, Roddick predicted that the company's home sales would fuel growth, and eventually exceed the sales of retail outlets.


title: The Body Shop

text: In 2014, an unfair dismissal case ruled against The Body Shop (Adidem Pty Ltd T/A The Body Shop v Suckling [2014] FWCFB 3611). Nicole Suckling worked in an administrative support role for The Body Shop At Home and began a role as an independent direct candle seller for company PartyLite. The Body Shop alleged that Suckling's access to their confidential contractual information could threaten The Body Shop's commercial interests.


title: The Body Shop

text: The Body Shop has long-held aims of social activism as part of its business practices, first evidenced in 1986 when proposing an alliance with Greenpeace to save the whales. Roddick later began launching other promotions through the business tied to social causes, such as featuring posters in its stores and sponsoring local charity and community events.


title: The Body Shop

text: Over time, Roddick herself took on gradually more critical views of both wider business and the cosmetics industry in particular, criticising what she considered the environmental insensitivity of the industry and its traditional views of beauty, and aimed to change standard corporate practices through her business. Roddick stated that "For me, campaigning and good business is also about putting forward solutions, not just opposing destructive practices or human rights abuses".


title: The Body Shop

text: In 1997, Roddick launched a global campaign to raise self-esteem in women and against the media stereotyping of women. It focused on unreasonably thin models in the context of rising numbers in bulimia and anorexia.


title: The Body Shop

text: Launched in 1987, The Body Shop’s Community Trade programme based on the practice of trading with communities in need and giving them a fair price for natural ingredients or handcrafts, including brazil nut oil, sesame seed oil, honey, and shea butter. The first Community Trade product was a wooden footsie roller which was supplied by a small community in Southern India, Teddy Exports, which is still a key Community Trade supplier.


title: The Body Shop

text: Fair trade activists has criticised the programme. "The company's prominently displayed claims claim to pay fairer prices to the Third World poor but covered less than a fraction of 1 percent of its turnover", wrote Paul Vallely, the former chair of Traidcraft, in the obituary of Anita Roddick published in "The Independent".


title: The Body Shop

text: The Body Shop regularly invites employees and stakeholders to visit Community Trade suppliers to see the benefits that the Community Trade programme has brought to communities and The Body Shop products.


title: The Body Shop

text: As part of the Community Trade programme, The Body Shop undertakes periodic social audits of its sourcing activities through Ecocert.


title: The Body Shop

text: A campaign by Christian Peacemaker Team and other allies protested the alleged role of The Body Shop in purchasing palm oil from Daabon, a third-party supplier in Colombia, who forcefully evicted 123 families from their land at Las Pavas, Columbia on 14 July 2009. The Body Shop initially denied intentionally purchasing palm oil from the Las Pavas area, but later dropped Daabon as a supplier after the company failed to provide proof that it was not involved in the land seizures.


title: The Body Shop

text: The Body Shop has campaigned to end animal testing in cosmetics alongside animal cruelty NGO Cruelty-Free International since 1989. The company's products are non-animal tested and are certified cruelty-free by Cruelty Free International’s Leaping Bunny.


title: The Body Shop

text: In June 2017, The Body Shop and Cruelty-Free International launched Forever Against Animal Testing, its largest ever campaign, aimed at banning animal testing in cosmetics everywhere and forever. By the end of 2018, the petition had reached 8.3 million signatures and was taken to the United Nations.


title: The Body Shop

text: In October 2009, The Body Shop was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the RSPCA in Britain, in recognition of its uncompromised policy which ensures ingredients are not tested by its suppliers.


title: The Body Shop

text: In 2021, The Body Shop announced that all their products would be certified vegan by The Vegan Society as of the end of 2023. Currently, around 60% of the retailer's products are vegan.


title: The Body Shop

text: The Roddicks founded The Body Shop Foundation in 1990, which supports innovative global projects working in the areas of human and civil rights and environmental and animal protection. It is The Body Shop International's charitable trust funded by annual donations from the company and through various fundraising initiatives. The Body Shop Foundation was formed to consolidate all the charitable donations made by the company. To date, The Body Shop Foundation has donated over £24 million sterling in grants. The Foundation regularly gives gift-in-kind support to various projects and organisations such as Children On The Edge (COTE). Approximately 65% of the grants that the company funds come to nominations from the staff, consultants or franchisers attached to the company from all over the world.


title: The Body Shop

text: In 2017, The Body Shop announced its new approach to corporate philanthropy, the World Bio-Bridges Mission (Re-Wilding the World). The purpose of the World Bio-Bridges Mission is to enrich biodiversity around the world while creating truly sustainable supply chains where possible.


title: The Body Shop

text: The Body Shop carries a wide range of products for the body, face, hair and home. The Body Shop claims its products are "inspired by nature" and feature ingredients such as marula oil and sesame seed oil sourced through the Community Trade program.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical drama film directed by George Cukor, written by Moss Hart, and starring Judy Garland and James Mason. Hart's screenplay is an adaptation of the original 1937 film, based on the original screenplay by Robert Carson, Dorothy Parker and Alan Campbell, and from the same story by William A. Wellman and Carson, with uncredited input from six additional writers—David O. Selznick, Ben Hecht, Ring Lardner Jr., John Lee Mahin, Budd Schulberg and Adela Rogers St. Johns.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Garland had not made a film since she had negotiated release from her MGM contract soon after filming began on "Royal Wedding" in 1950, and "Star" was promoted heavily as her comeback. For her performance, Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, but lost to Grace Kelly for "The Country Girl".


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: It was the second of four official adaptations of "A Star Is Born", with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In 2000, the 1954 film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." The film ranked #43 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Passions list in 2002 and #7 on its list of greatest musicals in 2006. The song "The Man That Got Away" was ranked #11 on AFI's list of 100 top songs in films.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Esther Blodgett is a talented aspiring singer with a band, and Norman Maine is a former matinée idol whose career is beginning to decline. When he arrives intoxicated at a function at the Shrine Auditorium, studio publicist Matt Libby attempts to keep him offstage. After an angry exchange, Norman rushes away and bursts onto a stage where an orchestra is performing. Blodgett takes him by the hand and pretends he is part of the act, thereby turning a potentially embarrassing and disruptive moment into an opportunity for the audience to greet Norman with applause.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Realizing that Esther has saved him from public humiliation, Norman thanks her and draws a heart on the wall with her lipstick. He invites her to dinner, and later watches her perform in an after-hours club. He recognizes her impressive talent, urges her to follow her dream, and convinces her she can break into movies. Esther is surprised that someone of Norman's stature sees something special in her. He offers her a screen test and advises her to "sleep on it", promising to call her the next day. Esther tells Danny McGuire, her bandmate, that she is quitting their upcoming gig to pursue movies in L.A. Thinking she is crazy, he tries to talk her out of it, but Esther is determined. Norman is called away early in the morning to filming and then falls ill. He attempts to get a message to Esther but cannot remember her address. When she does not hear from him, she suspects he was insincere. Not disheartened, she takes jobs as a carhop and TV commercial singer to make ends meet, convinced she can make it with or without Norman.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Norman tries to find Esther, who has had to move from her apartment. Then he hears her singing on a television commercial and tracks her down. Studio head Oliver Niles believes Esther is just a passing fancy for the actor, but casts her in a small film role. The studio arbitrarily changes her name to Vicki Lester, which she finds out when she tries to pick up her paycheck. When Norman finally gets Niles to hear "Vicki" sing, he is impressed and she is cast in an important musical film, making her a huge success. Her relationship with Norman flourishes, and they wed.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: As Vicki's career continues to flourish, Norman finds himself unemployed and going downhill fast—an alcoholic in a tough new film business with no tolerance for alcoholics. Norman arrives, late and drunk, in the middle of Vicki's Oscar acceptance speech. He interrupts her speech, rambling and pacing back and forth in front of her. While begging for work from the assembled and embarrassed Hollywood community, he accidentally strikes Vicki in the face.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Vicki continues working and tells Oliver that Norman has entered a sanitarium. After supporting him for so long, she worries about the effect of Norman's alcoholism on her, while acknowledging that he is trying very hard to overcome his addiction. Niles is amenable to offering Norman work, a gesture for which Vicki is grateful, thinking this may be just the boost her husband needs. At the racetrack, Norman runs into Libby, who taunts him and accuses him of living on Vicki's earnings. The resulting fight prompts Norman to go on a drinking binge; he is eventually arrested for being drunk and disorderly and receives ninety days in the city jail. Vicki bails him out and brings him home, where they are joined by Niles. Norman goes to bed but overhears Vicki telling Niles she will give up her career to take care of him. He also hears Oliver say that Norman ruined his own career with his drinking. Finally realizing what he has done to himself, Vicki, his career, and the people around him, Norman leaves his bed, tells Vicki cheerfully that he is going to go for a swim, walks into the ocean, and drowns himself.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: At Norman's funeral, Vicki is mobbed by reporters and insensitive fans. Despondent, Vicki becomes a recluse and refuses to see anyone. Finally, her old bandmate Danny convinces her she needs to attend a charity function because she constitutes the only good work Norman did and which he died trying to save. At the Shrine Auditorium, she notices the heart Norman drew on the wall on the night they met and for a moment seems to lose her composure. When she arrives on stage, the master of ceremonies tells her the event is being broadcast worldwide, and asks her to say a few words to her fans. She says, "Hello, everybody. This is Mrs. Norman Maine", which prompts the crowd into a standing ovation.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In December 1952, George Cukor was approached by Sid Luft, who proposed the director helm a musical remake of the 1937 film "A Star Is Born", with his then wife Judy Garland in the lead role. Garland previously had portrayed Vicki Lester in a December 1942 Lux Radio Theater broadcast with Walter Pidgeon, and she and Luft, along with several associates, had formed Transcona Enterprises specifically to produce the project on screen. Cukor had declined to direct the original film because it was too similar to his 1932 work "What Price Hollywood?", but the opportunity to direct his first Technicolor film and first musical film, work with screenwriter Moss Hart, and especially with Garland, appealed to him, and he accepted. It was Garland's first film since leaving MGM.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Getting the updated film to the screen proved to be a challenge. Cukor wanted Cary Grant, whom he had directed three times before, for the male lead, and went so far as to read the entire script with him. Grant, while agreeing it was the role of a lifetime, was more interested in traveling with wife Betsy Drake, and steadfastly refused the role (he also turned down "Roman Holiday" and "Sabrina"). He was also concerned about Garland's reputation for unreliability; Cukor never forgave Grant for declining the role. The director then suggested either Humphrey Bogart or Frank Sinatra for the part, but Jack L. Warner rejected both. Garland suggested John Hodiak (with whom she had previously worked in "The Harvey Girls" eight years earlier) for the part, but Hodiak was unavailable at the time. Stewart Granger was the frontrunner for a time, but withdrew when he was unable to adjust to Cukor's habit of acting scenes as a form of direction.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Ultimately, James Mason was signed, and filming began on October 12, 1953. As the months passed, Cukor was forced to deal not only with constant script changes but an unstable leading lady, who was plagued by chemical dependencies, significant weight fluctuations, illnesses, and hypochondria. After eight days of filming, including both standard and CinemaScope versions of "The Man That Got Away," studio executives decided the film should be the first Warner Brothers motion picture to use CinemaScope.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In March 1954, a rough cut still missing several musical numbers was assembled, and Cukor had mixed feelings about it. When the last scene was filmed in the early morning hours of July 28, 1954, Cukor had already departed the production and was unwinding in Europe. The long "Born in a Trunk" sequence was added after Cukor had left, supervised by Garland's professional mentor Roger Edens.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: The first test screening the following month ran to 196 minutes, and despite ecstatic feedback from the audience, Cukor and editor Folmar Blangsted trimmed it to 182 minutes for its New York premiere in October. The reviews were excellent, but Warner executives, concerned the running time would limit the number of daily showings, made drastic cuts without Cukor, who had departed for India to scout locations for "Bhowani Junction". At its final running time of 154 minutes, the film lost two major musical numbers and crucial dramatic scenes; Cukor called it "very painful" to watch.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: "A Star Is Born" cost more than $5 million to produce, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: On October 22, 1954, it was reported that Warner Bros. had removed 27 minutes from the film, and the new version would be sent back to theaters on November 1.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In October 1981, an Academy tribute to Ira Gershwin was held, in which the musical number "The Man That Got Away" was screened. Following the ceremony, academy president Fay Kinan expressed interest in the removed footage. By courtesy of Warner Bros. studio chairman Robert A. Daly, film preservationist Ronald Haver was granted access into the studio's film vaults. Alongside archivist Don Woodruff and editor Craig Holt, Haver located four minutes of the missing thirty minutes inside a storage facility that belonged to film librarian Merle Ray Harlin, who had been recently convicted of grand theft of motion pictures. Over the course of six months, Haver located more missing scenes, including two complete musical numbers: "Here's What I'm Here For" and "Lose That Long Face". Additionally, the film's stereophonic soundtrack had been found inside the Burbank sound library. However, seven to eight minutes of matching footage to some of the film's dramatic scenes was never located. Rather than scrap these scenes, a choice was made to intersperse the soundtrack with filtered production stills of these sequences, assembled from the archives.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: On July 7, 1983, the reconstructed version (with a runtime of 176 minutes) was screened at the Radio City Music Hall. Those in attendance included James Mason and Garland's daughters Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft. Cukor had died the night before a special screening of the film was held at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater on January 24, 1983. In the spring of 1984, the restored film was re-issued and shown at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City; for this engagement, an outtake of Garland's performing "The Man That Got Away" in a different costume and hairstyle was included. The same year, when PBS was producing its documentary for "Great Performances", "Judy Garland: The Concert Years", another small piece of footage was found and shown for the first time in the program: Garland singing "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street", which was deleted from the "Born in a Trunk" sequence.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Warner Home Video released the 176-minute 1983 "restored" version on DVD in letterbox widescreen format on September 19, 2000. The film was digitally remastered from original CinemaScope elements for superior picture clarity and optimal audio vitality and features a remastered English audio soundtrack in Dolby Digital 5.1 and subtitles in English and French. Bonus features include the network telecast of the Hollywood premiere at the Pantages Theatre on September 29, 1954; highlights from the post-premiere party at the Cocoanut Grove; three alternative filmings of "The Man That Got Away" with additional original recording session music; a short musical sequence that appeared in a test screening but was deleted before the film's official premiere, "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street" (which was to be part of the extended "Born in a Trunk" sequence); and the theatrical trailers for this, the 1937 original, and the 1976 remake.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: On June 22, 2010, Warner Home Video released the film on Blu-ray and DVD. The release also included supplemental features such as alternate takes, deleted scenes, excerpts from Garland's audio recording sessions, a collectible book of rare photos, press materials, and an essay by film historian John Fricke.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: During its initial release, "A Star is Born" earned $6 million in North American distributor rentals. However, despite its huge popularity, the film failed to make a profit for Warner Brothers due to its excessive cost.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: The film received critical acclaim; on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads ""A Star Is Born" is a movie of grand scope and intimate moments, featuring Judy Garland's possibly greatest performance."


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote the film was "one of the grandest heartbreak dramas that has drenched the screen in years." He also added: "The whole thing runs for three hours, and during this extraordinary time a remarkable range of entertainment is developed upon the screen...No one surpasses Mr. Cukor at handling this sort of thing, and he gets performances from Miss Garland and Mr. Mason that make the heart flutter and bleed."


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Abel Green, reviewing for "Variety", felt the "casting is ideal; the direction sure; the basic ingredients honest and convincing all the way. Miss Garland glitters with that stardust which in the plot the wastrel star James Mason recognizes." "Harrison's Reports" wrote that "...in addition to being a powerful human-interest drama that frequently tugs at the heartstrings, the picture is studded with nice touches of comedy and vastly entertaining musical interludes that are well-placed and do not interfere with the progress of the story." The paper also applauded Garland's performance, writing she "has never appeared to better advantage than she does in this film; she not only makes the most of her exceptional musical talents, but also endears herself to the audience with her highly sympathetic portrayal of a wholesome young woman..."


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: "Time" wrote that Garland "gives what is just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history". Jack Moffitt of "The Hollywood Reporter" described the film as "the perfect blend of drama and musical—of cinematic art and popular entertainment". He furthermore felt "the entire success of the picture depends upon the fact that Judy really has it. Her song styling is as individual and arresting as Ethel Merman's. And, as the picture progresses, she proves it in one smash number after another." Similarly, "Newsweek" wrote that the film is "best classified as a thrilling personal triumph for Judy Garland...As an actress, Miss Garland is more than adequate. As a mime and comedienne she is even better. But as a singer she can handle anything from torch songs and blues to ballads. In more ways than one, the picture is hers".


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: When the Oscar for Best Actress went to Grace Kelly instead of Garland, Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram reading: "Dear Judy, this is the biggest robbery since Brink's".


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: The soundtrack has never been out of print. It was originally released by Columbia Records in 1954 in 10-inch 78 rpm and 12-inch rpm editions, and also on 7-inch 45 rpm records.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In 1988, Columbia released the soundtrack on compact disc, taking the overture and the main musical numbers directly from the film's stereo soundtrack due to the fact no stereo pre-recordings for the soundtrack master existed for this number.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In 2004, in commemoration of the film's 50th anniversary, Columbia, Legacy Recordings, and Sony Music Soundtrax released a nearly complete, digitally-remastered, expanded edition of the soundtrack. Due to the lack of a complete multitrack version of all songs and score from the film, the CD includes a mix of monaural and stereo elements in order to make as complete a soundtrack as possible.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Because some of the songs were not complete on the film soundtrack, as well as the fact that many of the original music stems had been lost or destroyed subsequent to original mono mixdown, numbers such as "Here's What I'm Here For" and "Lose That Long Face" are taken from the original mono LP masters.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: Other numbers such as "Gotta Have Me Go with You" are mostly in stereo, save for brief sections where the mono soundtrack album master was used in order to remove various endemic plot-related sound effects from the track. All of the instrumental tracks are in mono as well due to the fact that the original elements have been lost or destroyed.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: The 2004 soundtrack also includes three vocal outtakes – an alternative vocal for the reprise of "It's a New World" that Esther sings while Norman goes for his final swim; "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street", which was intended to be part of the "Born in a Trunk" sequence, but was deleted for time constraints; and "The Trinidad Coconut Oil Shampoo Commercial", which was taken from the only surviving recording of the complete track, a very worn acetate artist reference disc.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: In addition, much of the instrumental portion of the 2004 soundtrack contains partial or whole outtakes. This CD also sees the first CD release of the complete version of "Gotta Have Me Go with You" with the full introduction, as well as "The Man That Got Away" with an expanded introduction not used in the original film.


title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)

text: The original Columbia 1954 mono vinyl version of the soundtrack has been released on CD in Britain by Prism Leisure and is available for digital download. This version includes bonus tracks of Judy Garland's Decca recordings of songs from other films.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai Phule was an Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra. Along with her husband, in Maharashtra, she played an important and vital role in improving women's rights in India. She is considered to be the pioneer of India's feminist movement. Savitribai and her husband founded one of the first modern Indian girls' school in Pune, at Bhide wada in 1848. She worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai Phule was born on 3 January 1831 in the village of Naigaon in Satara District, Maharashtra. Her birthplace was about from Shirval and about from Pune. Savitribai Phule was the youngest daughter of Lakshmi and Khandoji Nevase Patil, both of whom belonged to the Mali Community. She had three siblings. Savitribai was married to her husband Jyotirao Phule at the age of 9 or 10 (he was 13). Savitribai and Jyotirao had no children of their own. It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a Brahmin widow. However, there is no original evidence available yet to support this. It is said when Yashwant was about to get married, no one was willing to give him a girl because he was born to a widow. Hence Savitribai arranged his marriage to her organization's worker Dynoba Sasane's daughter in February 1889.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai was illiterate at the time of her marriage. Jyotirao educated Savitribai and Sagunabai Shirsagar, his cousin sister at their home along with working at their farm.<ref name="O'Hanlon 2002 https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118"></ref> After completing her primary education with Jyotirao, her further education was the responsibility of his friends, Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar. She also enrolled herself in two teacher's training programs; the first was at institution run by an American missionary, Cynthia Farrar, in Ahmednagar, and the second course was at a Normal School in Pune. Given her training, Savitribai may have been the first Indian woman teacher and headmistress.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: After completing her teacher's education, Savitribai Phule started teaching girls at the Maharwada in Pune. She did so alongside Sagunabai Kshirsagar who was a revolutionary feminist as well as a mentor to Jyotirao. Not long after beginning to teach with Sagunabai, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule along with Sagunabai started their own school at Bhide Wada. Bhide Wada was the home of Tatya Saheb Bhide, who was inspired by the work that the trio was doing. The curriculum at Bhide Wada included traditional western curriculum of mathematics, science, and social studies. By the end of 1851, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were running three different schools for girls in Pune. Combined, the three schools had approximately one hundred and fifty students enrolled. Like the curriculum, the teaching methods employed by the three schools differed from those used in government schools. The author, Divya Kandukuri believes that the Phule methods were regarded as being superior to those used by government schools. As a result of this reputation, the number of girls receiving their education at the Phule's schools outnumbered the number of boys enrolled in government schools.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Unfortunately, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule's success came with much resistance from the local community with conservative views. Kandukuri states that Savitribai often travelled to her school carrying an extra sari because she would be assailed by her conservative opposition with stones, dung, and verbal abuse. Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were living at Jyotirao's father's home. However, in 1839, Jyotirao's father asked the couple to leave his home because their work was considered a sin as per the Manusmriti and its derived Brahmanical texts.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: After moving out of Jyotirao's father's home, the Phule's moved in with the family of one of Jyotirao's friends, Usman Sheikh. It was there that Savitribai met a soon to be close friend and colleague named Fatima Begum Sheikh. According to Nasreen Sayyed, a leading scholar on Sheikh, "Fatima Sheikh knew how to read and write already, her brother Usman who was a friend of Jyotiba, had encouraged Fatima to take up the teacher training course. She went along with Savitribai to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India". Fatima and Savitribai opened a school in Sheikh's home in 1849.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: In the 1850s, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule established two educational trusts. They were entitled: the Native,Male School, Pune and the Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs, and Etceteras. These two trusts ended up encompassing many schools which were led by Savitribai Phule and later, Fatima Sheikh.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Jyotirao summarises Savitribai and his work in an interview given to the Christian missionary periodical, Dnyanodaya, on 15 September 1853, saying,


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Together with her husband, she taught children from different castes and had opened a total of 18 schools. The couple also opened a care centre called Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (literally, "Child-killing Prohibition Home") for pregnant rape victims and helped deliver and save their children.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai and Jyotirao had no children of their own. It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, a son born to a Brahmin widow. However, there is no original evidence available yet to support this. It is said when Yashwant was about to get married, no one was willing to give him a girl because he was born to a widow. Hence Savitribai arranged his marriage to her organization's worker Dynoba Sasane's daughter in February 1889.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai and her adopted son, Yashwant, opened a clinic to treat those affected by the worldwide Third Pandemic of the bubonic plague when it appeared in the area around Nalasopara in 1897. The clinic was established at stern outskirts of Pune, in an area free of infection. Savitribai died a heroic death trying to save the son of Pandurang Babaji Gaekwad. Upon learning that Gaekwad's son had contracted the Plague in the Mahar settlement outside of Mundhwa, Savitribai Phule rushed to his side and carried him on her back to the hospital. In the process, Savitribai Phule caught the Plague and died at 9:00pm on 10 March 1897.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai Phule was also an author and poet. She published "Kavya Phule" in 1854 and "Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar" in 1892, and also a poem entitled "Go, Get Education" in which she encouraged those who are oppressed to free themselves by obtaining an education. As a result of her experience and work, she became an ardent feminist. She established the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness for issues concerning women's rights. She also called for a gathering place for women that was free of caste discrimination or differentiation of any kind. Symbolic of this was that all the women that attended were to sit on the same mat. She was also an anti-infanticide activist. She opened a women's shelter called the Home for the Prevention of Infanticide, where Brahmin widows could safely deliver their children and leave them there to be adopted if they so desired. She also campaigned against child marriage and was an advocate of widow remarriage. Savitribai and Jyotirao strongly opposed Sati Pratha, and they started a home for widows and forlorn children.


title: Savitribai Phule

text: In a letter to her husband Jyotirao, Savitribai told the story about a boy about to be lynched by his fellow villagers for having relations with a woman of lower caste when Savitribai intervened. She wrote, "I came to know about their murderous plan. I rushed to the spot and scared them away, pointing out the grave consequences of killing the lovers under the British law. They changed their mind after listening to me".


title: Savitribai Phule

text: Savitribai Phule's legacy lives on today, her work for Girl's- women's education are hugely respected.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The Cliffs of Moher (; ) are sea cliffs located at the southwestern edge of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. They run for about . At their southern end, they rise above the Atlantic Ocean at Hag's Head, and, to the north, they reach their maximum height of just north of O'Brien's Tower, a round stone tower near the midpoint of the cliffs, built in 1835 by Sir Cornelius O'Brien, then continue at lower heights. The closest settlements are the villages of Liscannor to the south, and Doolin to the north.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: From the cliffs, and from atop the tower, visitors can see the Aran Islands in Galway Bay, the Maumturks and Twelve Pins mountain ranges to the north in County Galway, and Loop Head to the south. The cliffs rank among the most visited tourist sites in Ireland, with around 1.5 million visits per year.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The cliffs take their name from an old promontory fort called "Mothar" or "Moher", which once stood on Hag's Head, the southernmost point of the cliffed coast, now the site of Moher Tower. The writer Thomas Johnson Westropp referred to it in 1905 as "Moher Uí Ruis" or "Moher Uí Ruidhin". The fort still stood in 1780 and is mentioned in an account from John Lloyd's "A" "Short Tour Of Clare" (1780). It was demolished in 1808 to provide material for a lookout/telegraph tower that was intended to provide warning in case of a French invasion during the Napoleonic wars.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The cliffs are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Ireland and topped a list of attractions in 2006 by receiving almost one million visitors at the official visitor centre. With additional visitors to other locales included there are around 1.5 million a year. Since 2011, they have formed a part of the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark, one of a family of geotourism destinations throughout Europe that are members of the European Geoparks Network and also recognized by UNESCO. The cliffs are also a "signature point" on the official Wild Atlantic Way tourist trail.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: While the cliffs can be accessed at multiple points, and there is an Cliff Walk, the majority of visitors come to the official visitor centre.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: In the 1990s the local authority, Clare County Council, initiated development plans to enable visitors to experience the cliffs without significant intrusive man-made amenities. In keeping with this approach, a modern visitor centre, the Cliffs of Moher Visitor Experience, was built into a hillside approaching the cliffs. The centre was planned to be environmentally sensitive in its use of renewable energy systems including geothermal heating and cooling, solar panels, and grey water recycling.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The €32 million facility was planned and built over a 17-year period and officially opened in February 2007. Exhibits include interactive media displays covering the geology, history, flora and fauna of the cliffs. A large multimedia screen displays a bird's-eye view from the cliffs, as well as video from the underwater caves below the cliffs. There are also two cafés and several shops. Accessibility is a priority, and wheelchairs are available to borrow.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: As of 2022, the centre charges €10 per adult or €9 for students and seniors, when booked in advance online, with children under 12 admitted free. This covers parking, access to the visitor centre and Atlantic Edge exhibition, and a contribution towards conservation and safety at the cliffs.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The visitor experience recorded 1,427,000 visits in 2016, up 14% on 2015, and up 52% in off-peak December, for example. In 2017 the Cliffs of Moher was the second most popular 'fee charging' tourist attraction in the country with 1,527,000 visitors. This increased again by 3.8% in 2018 to 1,580,010 visitors.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The nature and speed of increase in visitor numbers has led to some capacity problems at peak times and in peak season. To counter this, visitors are increasingly encouraged to come at other times, with discounts given to coach operators who book for off-peak slots, and late opening of the centre introduced for July and much of August. Later-arriving visitors have also been facilitated by the fitting of automatically opening exit gates from the official car parking facilities.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The Cliffs of Moher Visitor Experience won an award in the Interpret Britain & Ireland Awards 2007 awarded by the Association of Heritage Interpretation (AHI). Although the award was specifically for the Atlantic Edge exhibition, the AHI assessed the entire visitor centre and site. The citation stated that the entire visitor centre was "one of the best facilities that the judges had ever seen."


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The official Cliffs of Moher Coastal Walk runs for 18 km, from Hag's Head to Doolin, passing the Visitor Centre and O'Brien's Tower, with good viewing throughout, subject to rain or sea fog.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: There are two paths near the visitor centre, the official one being set back a little for safety, while an unofficial path runs closer to the edge. In July 2016 the so-called Cliff Walk, outside the official Cliffs of Moher amenities, was temporarily closed because of the risk of rock falls. People were warned to stay on the official path further off the cliff edge instead of the unofficial seaside trail.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: Separate ferry trips also allow tourists to view the cliffs from sea level, and at certain times fixed-wing aircraft from Connemara Airport also provide a viewing opportunity.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The cliffs consist mainly of beds of Namurian shale and sandstone, and the oldest rocks are at the bottom of the cliffs. During the time of their formation between 313 and 326 million years ago, a river dumped sand, silt and clay into an ancient marine basin. Over millions of years, the sediments collecting at the mouth of this ancient delta were compacted and lithified into the sedimentary strata preserved in the now-exposed cliffs. The area is considered a geologic laboratory that preserves a record of deltaic deposition in deep water. Individual strata vary in thickness from just a few centimetres to several metres, each representing a specific depositional event in the history of the delta. In aggregate, up to 200 metres of sedimentary rocks are exposed in the Cliffs of Moher. Trace fossils are abundant, comprising two main types: (1) scolicia or worming trails, which are interpreted as feeding trails left by as-yet-unidentified invertebrates, and (2) burrow marks, which are circular features preserved as casts of burrows once occupied by as-yet-unidentified marine creatures. Ripple marks are preserved in some stones.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: Today the cliffs are subject to erosion by wave action, which undermines the base of support causing the cliff to collapse under its own weight. This process creates a variety of coastal landforms characteristic of erosional coasts such as sea caves, sea stacks, and sea stumps. Branaunmore, a 67-metre high sea stack at the foot of the Cliffs of Moher below O'Brien's Tower, was once part of the cliffs, but coastal erosion gradually removed the layers of rock that joined it with the mainland. A large sea arch can also be seen at Hag's Head below the Napoleonic signal tower and many smaller sea arches can be seen from sea level.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: It is possible to see 300-million-year-old river channels cutting through, forming unconformities at the base of the cliffs.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: At peak season, there are an estimated 30,000 pairs of birds living on the cliffs, representing more than 20 species. These include Atlantic puffins, which live in large colonies at isolated parts of the cliffs and on the small Goat Island, and razorbills.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: A wide range of sea life can also be seen, from grey seals through porpoises, dolphins, minke whales and basking sharks, as well as, occasionally, sunfish. On land, feral goats, foxes, badgers and the Irish hare are found, along with various breeds of farm cattle.


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: The Cliffs of Moher have appeared in numerous media. In cinema, the cliffs have appeared in several films, including "The Princess Bride" (1987) (as the filming location for "The Cliffs of Insanity"), "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2009), and "Leap Year" (2010). The cliffs are mentioned in the Martin Scorsese film "Bringing Out the Dead" (1999) and are noted in the 2008 documentary "Waveriders" as the location of a large surfing wave known as "Aileens".


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: In music, the cliffs have been the scene for music videos, including Maroon 5's "Runaway", Westlife's "My Love", and Rich Mullins' "The Color Green". In 1999, most of singer Dusty Springfield's ashes were scattered at the cliffs by her brother Tom. There is also an Irish fiddle tune called "The Cliffs Of Moher."


title: Cliffs of Moher

text: Bus Éireann route 350 links the Cliffs of Moher to several locations: Ennis, Ennistymon, Doolin, Lisdoonvarna, Kinvara and Galway. This service includes a number of journeys each way daily. There is also a privately operated shuttle bus that serves the site from Doolin.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Naomi King Biden Neal (born December 23, 1993) is an American lawyer and a granddaughter of U.S. President Joe Biden. The eldest daughter of Hunter Biden and Kathleen Buhle, she grew up in Washington, D.C. and attended the University of Pennsylvania. Biden is a graduate of Columbia Law School and works as an associate at the law firm Arnold & Porter.


title: Naomi Biden

text: A member of the First family of the United States, she has lived in the White House with her grandfather and step-grandmother since August 2021. Biden accompanied them on official visits to China, Brazil, Turkey, New Zealand, and Trinidad and Tobago while they were serving as Vice President and Second Lady.


title: Naomi Biden

text: In November 2022, she became the first granddaughter of a president to marry at the White House. According to the White House Historical Association, Biden's wedding was the first to take place on the South Lawn.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Biden was born on December 23, 1993 to Hunter Biden and Kathleen Buhle. She has two younger sisters, Finnegan and Roberta ("Maisy"), a half-brother named Beau from her father's second marriage to South African filmmaker Melissa Cohen, and a half-sister named Navy Joan Roberts from her father's relationship with Lunden Alexis Roberts. The eldest grandchild of U.S. President Joe Biden, she was named after his daughter, Naomi Christina Biden, who at age 1 was killed, along with his first wife, Neilia Hunter Biden, in a 1972 car crash. Joe Biden married Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1977.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Naomi King Biden grew up in Washington, D.C. She attended Sidwell Friends School, a private Quaker school in Washington, D.C. She majored in international relations at the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a classmate and friend of First Daughter Tiffany Trump, and earned her Juris Doctor degree from Columbia Law School.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Biden attended the 2008 Democratic National Convention with her family, prior to the 2008 United States presidential election.


title: Naomi Biden

text: In May 2013, Biden accompanied her grandparents, at the time the Vice President and Second Lady of the United States, on an official trip to Trinidad and Tobago. While there, she met with Christian and Anura Carmona, the children of President Anthony Carmona. She later accompanied the vice president on official visits to Brazil, China, Turkey, and New Zealand.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Biden encouraged her grandfather to run in the 2020 United States presidential election against incumbent U.S. President Donald Trump, calling a family meeting in 2019 to persuade him to enter the race. She gave a speech supporting her grandfather in a video that played during the 2020 Democratic National Convention.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Biden works as an international arbitration associate attorney at Arnold & Porter, having started with the law firm in 2020.


title: Naomi Biden

text: Biden met Peter George Heermann Neal, an associate at Georgetown Law's Center on National Security, in East Hampton, New York on June 8, 2018, after being set up on a date by a mutual friend. In August 2021, the couple moved into the White House. In September 2021, Neal proposed to Biden in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. On November 19, 2022, the couple married in a joint Catholic-Presbyterian ceremony held on the South Lawn of the White House.


title: Naomi Biden

text: A wedding luncheon was hosted by President and First Lady Biden in the State Dining Room of the White House. It was the first wedding to ever be held on the South Lawn, according to the White House Historical Association, and was the first time a president's granddaughter was married at the White House.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: RMS "Queen Elizabeth" was an ocean liner operated by Cunard Line. With "" she provided weekly luxury liner service between Southampton in the United Kingdom and New York City in the United States, via Cherbourg in France.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: While being constructed in the mid-1930s by John Brown and Company at Clydebank, Scotland, the build was known as "Hull 552". She was launched on 27 September 1938 and named in honour of Queen Elizabeth, who was later known as the Queen Mother. With a design that improved upon that of "", "Queen Elizabeth" was a slightly larger ship, the largest passenger liner ever built at that time and for 56 years thereafter. She also has the distinction of being the largest-ever riveted ship by gross tonnage. She first entered service in February 1940 as a troopship in the Second World War, and it was not until October 1946 that she served in her intended role as an ocean liner.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: With the decline in popularity of the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the smaller, more economical "Queen Elizabeth 2", which made her maiden voyage in 1969. "Queen Mary" was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and sold to the city of Long Beach, California. "Queen Elizabeth" was retired after her final crossing to New York, on 8 December 1968. She was moved to Port Everglades, Florida, and converted to a tourist attraction, which opened in February 1969. The business was unsuccessful, and closed in August 1970. Finally, "Queen Elizabeth" was sold to Hong Kong businessman Tung Chao Yung, who intended to convert her into a floating university cruise ship called "Seawise University". In 1972, whilst she was undergoing refurbishment in Hong Kong harbour, a fire broke out aboard under unexplained circumstances, and the ship was capsized by the water used to fight the fire. The following year the wreck was deemed an obstruction to shipping in the area, and in 1974 and 1975 was partially scrapped on site.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: On the day RMS "Queen Mary" sailed on her maiden voyage, Cunard's chairman, Sir Percy Bates, informed his ship designers, headed by George Paterson, that it was time to start designing the planned second ship. The official contract between Cunard and government financiers was signed on 6 October 1936.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: The new ship improved upon the design of "Queen Mary" with sufficient changes, including a reduction in the number of boilers to twelve instead of "Queen Mary" twenty-four, that the designers could discard one funnel and increase deck, cargo and passenger space. The two funnels were self-supporting and braced internally to give a cleaner-looking appearance. With the forward well deck omitted, a more refined hull shape was achieved, and a sharper, raked bow was added for a third bow-anchor point. She was to be eleven feet longer and 4,000 tons greater displacement than her older sibling, "Queen Mary".


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: "Queen Elizabeth" was built on slipway four at John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, Great Britain. During her construction she was more commonly known by her shipyard number, Hull 552. The interiors were designed by a team of artists headed by the architect George Grey Wornum. Cunard's plan was for the ship to be launched in September 1938, with fitting-out intended to be complete for the ship to enter service in the spring of 1940. Queen Elizabeth herself performed the launching ceremony on 27 September 1938. Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before the Queen could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the liner's bow just before it slid out of reach. The ship was then sent for fitting out. It was announced that on 23 August 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were to visit the ship and tour the engine room and that 24 April 1940 was to be the proposed date of her maiden voyage. Due to the outbreak of the Second World War, these two events were postponed and Cunard's plans were shattered.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: "Queen Elizabeth" sat at the fitting-out dock at the shipyard in her Cunard colours until 2 November 1939, when the Ministry of Shipping issued special licences to declare her seaworthy. On 29 December her engines were tested for the first time, running from 0900 to 1600 with the propellers disconnected to monitor her oil and steam operating temperatures and pressures. Two months later Cunard received a letter from Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, ordering the ship to leave Clydeside as soon as possible and "to keep away from the British Isles as long as the order was in force".


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: At the start of the Second World War, it was decided that "Queen Elizabeth" was so vital to the war effort that she must not have her movements tracked by German spies operating in the Clydebank area. An elaborate ruse suggested to any German observers that she would sail to Southampton to complete her fitting-out. Another factor prompting "Queen Elizabeth"s departure was the necessity to clear the fitting-out berth at the shipyard for the battleship , which was in need of its final fitting-out. Only the berth at John Brown could accommodate the "King George V"-class battleships.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: One major factor that limited the ship's departure date was that there were only two spring tides that year that would see the water level high enough for "Queen Elizabeth" to leave the Clydebank shipyard, and German intelligence were aware of this fact. A minimal crew of four hundred were assigned for the trip; most were transferred from and told that this would be a short coastal voyage to Southampton. Parts were shipped to Southampton, and preparations were made to move the ship into the King George V Graving Dock when she arrived. The names of Brown's shipyard employees were booked to local hotels in Southampton to give a false trail of information, and Captain John Townley was appointed as her first master. Townley had previously commanded "Aquitania" on one voyage, and several of Cunard's smaller vessels before that. Townley and his hastily signed-on crew of four hundred Cunard personnel were told by a company representative before they left to pack for a voyage where they could be away from home for up to six months.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: By the beginning of March 1940, "Queen Elizabeth" was ready for her secret voyage. The Cunard colours were painted over with battleship grey, and on the morning of 3 March, the ship quietly left her moorings in the Clyde and proceeded out of the river to sail further down the coast, where she was met by a King's Messenger, who presented sealed orders directly to the captain. While waiting for the messenger, the ship was refuelled; adjustments to the compass and some final testing of equipment were also carried out before she sailed to her secret destination.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Captain Townley discovered that he was to take the ship directly to New York in the then neutral United States without stopping, or even slowing to drop off the Southampton harbour pilot who had embarked on at Clydebank, and to maintain strict radio silence. Later that day, at the time when she was due to arrive at Southampton, the city was bombed by the Luftwaffe. "Queen Elizabeth" zigzagged across the Atlantic to elude German U-boats and took six days to reach New York at an average speed of 26 knots. In New York she found herself moored alongside both "Queen Mary" and the French Line's , the only time all three of the world's largest ocean liners were ever berthed together.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Captain Townley received two telegrams on his arrival, one from his wife congratulating him, and the other from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth thanking him for the vessel's safe delivery. The ship was then secured so that no one could board her without prior permission, including port officials.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: "Queen Elizabeth" left the port of New York on 13 November 1940 for Singapore to receive her troopship conversion. After two stops to refuel and replenish her stores in Trinidad and Cape Town, she arrived in Singapore's naval docks, where she was fitted with anti-aircraft guns, and her hull repainted grey.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: As a troopship, "Queen Elizabeth" left Singapore on 11 February, and on 23 February 1942 "Queen Elizabeth" secretly arrived in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. She underwent refit work in drydock adding accommodation and armaments, and three hundred naval ratings quickly painted the hull. In mid-March, carrying 8,000 American soldiers, "Queen Elizabeth" began a 7,700-mile voyage from San Francisco to Sydney, Australia. Initially she carried Australian troops to theatres of operation in Asia and Africa. After 1942, the two "Queen"s were relocated to the North Atlantic for the transportation of American troops to Europe.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: "Queen Elizabeth" and "Queen Mary" were both used as troop transports during the war. Their high speeds allowed them to outrun hazards, principally German U-boats, usually allowing them to travel outside a convoy. During her war service as a troopship, "Queen Elizabeth" carried more than 750,000 troops, and she also sailed some .


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Following the end of the Second World War, "Queen Elizabeth" was refitted and furnished as an ocean liner, while her running mate "Queen Mary" remained in her wartime role and grey appearance except for her funnels, which were repainted in the company's colours. For another year, her sibling did military service, returning troops and G.I. brides to the United States while "Queen Elizabeth" was overhauled at the Firth of Clyde Drydock, in Greenock, by the John Brown Shipyard.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Six years of war service had never permitted the formal sea trials to take place, so they were now finally undertaken. Under the command of Commodore Sir James Bisset, the ship travelled to the Isle of Arran and her trials were carried out. On board was the ship's namesake, Queen Elizabeth, and her two daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. During the trials, Queen Elizabeth took the wheel for a brief time, and the two young princesses recorded the two measured runs with stopwatches that they had been given for the occasion. Bisset was under strict instructions from Sir Percy Bates, who was also aboard the trials, that all that was required from the ship was two measured runs of no more than 30 knots and that she was not permitted to attempt to attain a higher speed record than "Queen Mary". "Queen Elizabeth"s engines were capable of driving her to speeds of over 32 knots. After her trials "Queen Elizabeth" finally entered passenger service, allowing Cunard White Star to launch the long-planned two-ship weekly service to New York. Despite specifications similar to those of "Queen Mary", "Queen Elizabeth" never held the Blue Riband, for Cunard White Star chairman Sir Percy Bates asked that the two ships do not try to compete against each other.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: The ship ran aground on a sandbank off Southampton on 14 April 1947, and was re-floated the following day. In 1955, during an annual overhaul at Southampton, England, "Queen Elizabeth" was fitted with underwater fin stabilisers to smooth the ride in rough seas. Two fins were fitted on each side of the hull. The fins were retractable into the hull to save fuel in smooth seas and for docking. On 29 July 1959, she was in a collision with the American freighter "American Hunter" in foggy conditions in New York Harbor and was holed above the waterline.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Together with "Queen Mary" and in competition with the American liners and , "Queen Elizabeth" dominated the transatlantic passenger trade until their fortunes began to decline with the advent of the faster and more economical jet airliner in the late 1950s. As passenger numbers declined, the liners became uneconomic to operate in the face of rising fuel and labour costs. For a short time the "Queen Elizabeth", now under the command of Commodore Geoffrey Trippleton Marr attempted a dual role in order to become more profitable; when not plying her usual transatlantic route, which she now alternated in her sailings with the French Line's SS "France", the ship cruised between New York and Nassau. For this new tropical purpose, the ship received a major refit in 1965, with a new Lido deck added to her aft section, enhanced air conditioning, and an outdoor swimming pool. With these improvements, Cunard intended to keep the ship in operation until at least the mid-1970s. However, the strategy did not prove successful, owing to the ship's deep draught, which prevented her from entering various island ports, her width, which prevented her from using the Panama Canal, and also her high fuel costs.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Cunard retired "Queen Mary" in 1967 and "Queen Elizabeth" completed her final Atlantic crossing to New York on 5 November 1968. The two liners were replaced with the new, more economical "Queen Elizabeth 2".


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: In late 1968, "Queen Elizabeth" was sold to the Elizabeth Corporation, with 15% of the company controlled by a group of Philadelphia businessmen and 85% retained by Cunard. The new company intended to operate the ship as a hotel and tourist attraction in Port Everglades, Florida, similar to the planned use of "Queen Mary" in Long Beach, California. "Elizabeth", as she was now called, arrived in Port Everglades on 8 December 1968 and opened to tourists in February 1969, well before "Queen Mary", which opened two years later, in 1971. The vessel was sold to Queen Ltd of Port Everglades on 19 July 1969. However, the Elizabeth's retirement in Florida was not to last. The climate of southern Florida was much harder on "Queen Elizabeth" than the climate of southern California was on "Queen Mary". There was some talk of permanently flooding the bilge and allowing the Queen Elizabeth to rest on the bed of the Intracoastal Waterway in Ft. Lauderdale harbour (Port Everglades) and remain open, but the ship was forced to close in August 1970, after losing money and being declared a fire hazard. The vessel was sold at auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon Tung Chao Yung.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: Tung, the head of the Orient Overseas Line, intended to convert the vessel into a university for the World Campus Afloat program (later reformed and renamed as Semester at Sea). Following the tradition of the Orient Overseas Line, the ship was renamed "Seawise University", as a play on Tung's initials (C.Y.'s).


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: The ship was now under Hong Kong ownership, and she sailed to Hong Kong on 10 February 1971. This proved to be problematic, for the ship's engines and boilers were in poor condition after several years of neglect. The now retired Commodore Marr and a former chief engineer of the ship were hired by Tung as advisors for the journey to Hong Kong. Marr recommended that "Seawise University" be towed to the New Territories, but Tung and his crew were convinced that they could sail the ship there using just the aft engines and boilers. The planned several-week trip turned into months as the crew battled with boiler issues and a fire. An unplanned lengthy mid-voyage stopover allowed the new owners to fly spare parts out to the ship and carry out repairs before resuming the course to Hong Kong Harbour, where she arrived in July 1971.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: With the £5 million conversion nearing completion, the vessel caught fire on 9 January 1972. These fires were set deliberately, as several blazes broke out simultaneously throughout the ship and a later court of inquiry handed down a cause of arson by person or persons unknown. The fact that C.Y. Tung had acquired the vessel for $3.5 million, and had insured it for $8 million, led some to speculate that the inferno was part of a fraud to collect on the insurance claim. Others speculated that the fires were the result of a conflict between Tung, a Chinese Nationalist, and Communist-dominated ship construction unions.


title: RMS Queen Elizabeth

text: The ship was destroyed by the fire, and the water sprayed on her by fireboats caused the burnt wreck to sink in Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour. The vessel was finally declared a shipping hazard and dismantled for scrap between December 1974 and 1975. Portions of the hull that were not salvaged were left at the bottom of the bay. The keel, boilers and engines remained at the bottom of the harbour, and the area was marked as "Foul" on local sea charts, warning ships not to try to anchor there. It is estimated that around 40–50% of the wreck was still on the seabed. In the late 1990s, the last remains of the wreck were buried during land reclamation for the construction of Container Terminal 9. Position of the wreck: .