title: Shabaash Mithu

text: Anindita Mukherjee of "India Today" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Shabaash Mithu" is a film that will definitely not turn around Bollywood's fate in the era of South domination, but it surely moves you". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "As a fond tribute to a cricketer who transformed the fortunes of women in India's most popular sport, it puts just enough on the scoreboard not be dismissed as an innings without substance". Sonil Dedhia of "News 18" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film has sincerity and has been crafted with care. It deserves to be watched for the journey of a woman, who is responsible for the incredible rise of Indian Women's cricket in the last two decades". Rachana Dubey of "The Times of India" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote " The movie doesn't amply showcase those edge-of-the-seat, nail-biting moments that would have unfolded in her life, especially during the 2017 world cup". Himesh Mankad of "Pinkvilla" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Shabaash Mithu deserves to be watched to witness the journey of a woman, who is responsible for the incredible rise of Indian Women's cricket in the last two decades - Mithali Raj". Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Taapsee Pannu shines in a film that has no space for nuance. Director Srijit Mukerji ensures everything is underlined in this sports drama". Bollywood Hungama rated the film with 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "On the whole, "Shabaash Mithu" tells an inspiring tale of one of the greatest cricket legends in the world. At the box office, it has the potential to draw in audiences, especially in urban centres. It also deserves tax-free status."


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: Kavitha Ranjini, known by the stage name Urvashi, is an Indian actress, dubbing artist, television host, scriptwriter and producer known for her works in the Southern film industry, predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil films.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: Urvashi was a prominent lead actress of the 1980s and 1990s, primarily in Malayalam Films. She has written the films "Ulsavamelam" and "Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu", the latter was also produced by her. She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Achuvinte Amma" (2005), which was her comeback movie after a period of 6 years. She has won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress a record five times, which includes three consecutive wins from 1989 to 1991. She has also received two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: Urvashi was born to popular drama actors Chavara V. P. Nair and Vijayalakshmi in Sooranad,kollam district. Her elder sisters are actors Kalaranjini and Kalpana. Her two brothers, Kamal Roy and Prince had also acted in few Malayalam movies. Prince (Nandu of Layanam fame) committed suicide at the age of 26. She had her primary education from Fort Girl's Mission High School, Thiruvananthapuram, until fourth grade and later at Corporation Higher Secondary School, Kodambakkam until ninth grade, when the family shifted to Chennai. She couldn't continue her studies since she had become busy with her movie career by then. Firstly, Urvashi was acting in three films, Bhagyaraj saw the rush and booked her in "Munthanai Mudichi". Those three directors helped Urvashi to get preference in "Munthanai Mudichi" call-sheets. They calculated that the film would become a hit, then they could release their films with much profit.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: Urvashi married film actor Manoj K. Jayan on 2 May 2000. They have a daughter, Teja Lakshmi born in November 2001. However, they got divorced in 2008. Urvashi then married Chennai based builder Sivaprasad in November 2013. The couple had a boy, Ishaan Prajapathi in August 2014.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: She acted in around 702 films in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. She started her acting career as a child artist, at the age of 10, in a Malayalam movie "Kathirmandapam", released in 1979, as Jayabharathi's daughter. She acted as Srividya's dance student in the movie "Digvijayam", released in 1980, she plays Krishna in the song sequence "Madhumaasa Nikunjathil", where her sister Kalpana plays Radha. She has also acted as a child artist in "Ninaivukal Maraivathillai", a Tamil movie, in 1983, but it was never released. Then she acted as a heroine, at the age of 13, to Karthik in the movie "Thodarum Uravu", which completed shooting in 1983, but released in 1986.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: Her first released film as heroine was "Munthanai Mudichchu" (Tamil, directed by K. Bhagyaraj) in 1983, making her debut movie. "Ethirppukal" (Malayalam, 1984) was one of her earlier films in Malayalam. During the peak of her career, she starred in M. P. Sukumaran Nair's award-winning film "Kazhakam" in 1995, without taking a single penny as remuneration. She was awarded Best Actress for this role. She has acted in some advertisements, and has participated in many stage shows also.


title: Urvashi (actress)

text: She has acted in successful movies with Kamal Haasan which became super hit blockbuster in Tamil cinema.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: Caroline Louise Snodgress (October 27, 1945 – April 1, 2004) was an American actress. She is best remembered for her role in the film "Diary of a Mad Housewife" (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award as well as winning two Golden Globes and two Laurel Awards.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: Born in Barrington, Illinois, Snodgress attended Maine Township High School East in Park Ridge, then Northern Illinois University before leaving to pursue acting. She trained for the stage at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University). After a number of minor TV appearances, her film debut was an uncredited appearance in "Easy Rider" in 1969 and a credited appearance in 1970 in "Rabbit, Run". Her next film, "Diary of a Mad Housewife" (1970), earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress and two Golden Globe wins, as Best Actress in a Comedy or a Musical and New Star of the Year - Actress.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: She left acting soon after to live with musician Neil Young and care for their son Zeke, who was born with mild cerebral palsy. She returned to acting in 1978 in "The Fury".


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: According to Sylvester Stallone:The first choice for Adrian (in the movie "Rocky") was a girl named Carrie Snodgress, who I wanted badly because, at the time, I wanted Adrian's family to be Irish and Harvey Keitel would be the brother. She said there wasn't enough money in it (we were getting paid $360 before taxes), so I said "I'll give you my share, I truly want you." She passed to do a part in "Buffalo Bill and the Indians", which never happened for her.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: "Rocky" director John G. Avildsen cast Snodgress in two of his later films: "A Night in Heaven" and "8 Seconds".


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: Neil Young's song "A Man Needs a Maid" was inspired by Snodgress, featuring the lyric "I fell in love with the actress / she was playing a part that I could understand." The songs "Heart of Gold,” "Harvest" and "Out on the Weekend" from Young's "Harvest" album and "Motion Pictures" from "On the Beach" are also inspired by their relationship. She and Young split in 1974, and his song "Already One" bookends their relationship. Later she and musician and film score composer Jack Nitzsche became lovers. Nitzsche had previously worked with Young on several albums. In 1979, Nitzsche was charged with threatening to kill her after he barged into her home and beat her with a handgun. He pled guilty to threatening her, was fined, and placed on three years' probation.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: Her off-Broadway debut came as a replacement in 1981 with "A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking". She also appeared in "All the Way Home", "Oh! What a Lovely War!", "Caesar and Cleopatra", "Tartuffe", "The Balcony" and "The Boor" (all at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago); and "Curse of the Starving Class" at the Tiffany Theatre (in Los Angeles). Other films include "Murphy's Law", "White Man's Burden", "Pale Rider" and "Blue Sky". She also worked extensively in television.


title: Carrie Snodgress

text: While waiting for a liver transplant, Snodgress was hospitalized in Los Angeles, where she died of heart failure on April 1, 2004, at age 58.


title: Temptation Island (TV series)

text: Temptation Island is an American reality dating show, in which several couples agree to live with a group of singles of the opposite sex, in order to test the strength of their relationships. It is based on the Dutch TV-program (translated as "Blind Faith") created by Endemol and has been adapted in various countries.


title: Temptation Island (TV series)

text: The first season of the show was filmed on Ambergris Caye in Belize. Season 1 premiered on January 10, 2001 and aired its finale on February 28, 2001. The debut episode drew 16 million viewers. The show attracted controversy from the outset, which Fox hoped would drive ratings. Four male contestants lived in one section with a dozen female models, and the four female contestants lived in another section with a dozen attractive men. The initial couples were Kaya Wittenburg and Valerie Penso, Mandy Lauderdale and Billy Cleary, Ytossie Patterson and Taheed Watson, and Andy Lukei and Shannon Roghair. Patterson and Watson were removed from the show when the producers learned that the pair had children together. The remaining three couples continued.


title: Temptation Island (TV series)

text: Season 2 premiered on October 31, 2001 and delivered poor ratings. After a nearly two-year layoff, a third edition of the series premiered on August 28, 2003. Like Season 2, Season 3 also delivered poor ratings.


title: Temptation Island (TV series)

text: Mark L. Walberg hosted all three editions. Reruns once aired on Hulu, but are no longer available there.


title: Temptation Island (TV series)

text: A revamped version of the show, once again hosted by Walberg, premiered on the USA Network on January 15, 2019. USA Network announced the show was renewed for a fifth season on February 26, 2019. On August 22, 2019, it was announced that the fifth season would premiere on October 10, 2019.


title: Countryballs

text: Countryballs, also known as Polandball, is an art style and internet meme used in online comic strips in which countries are typically personified as imperfect spherical characters (there are some exceptions, such as Nepal, Israel, Singapore, etc.) decorated with their country's flag. The characters often interact in broken English characterized with vocabularies of their national languages (e.g., France's broken English is interspersed with French words). The comics poke fun at national stereotypes, international relations and historical conflicts.


title: Countryballs

text: Countryballs have their roots on drawball.com, a website that allowed Internet users to draw whatever they want on a circular canvas called a "drawball." In August 2008, thousands of Polish netizens took over the entire drawball with an illustration of the Polish flag. The circular canvas constrained the flag in such a way that it became a literal "Poland ball."


title: Countryballs

text: The beginning of the Countryballs format proper is credited to Falco, a British user on the German imageboard Krautchan.net who used Microsoft Paint to create a meme of Wojak – a Polish Internet troll on the same board who contributed in broken English. After this, creating Countryballs cartoons became popular among other users on the board, particularly Russians.


title: Countryballs

text: The style soon grew in popularity on the internet as a whole as a meme, having dedicated communities on platforms such as Reddit and Facebook. The popularity of the style has been attributed to the ability of the drawings to tell short stories of nations in a easily understandable fashion, often with a large amount of jokes and comical undertones, with the characterization of a group lending itself towards a short comic format.


title: Countryballs

text: The premise of Countryballs is that they represent the country and its history, foreign relations and stereotypes, focusing on megalomania and national complexes. With the exception of Anglophone countries, the dialogue of Countryballs tends to be written in broken English and Internet slang, reminiscent of the lolcat meme, and by the end of a cartoon, Poland is typically seen weeping.


title: Countryballs

text: Polandball's depiction of Poland portrays a number of stereotypes. These include bad English use by Poles, blaming others for its failures in particular given the backdrop of repeated invasions by its neighbours (such as the 18th-century partitions and World War II), Polish propensity for telling tales of the glorious past, and the perception of Poles as "dull-witted" and "psycho-Catholic".


title: Countryballs

text: Some Polandball comics arise from the premise that some countries can fly into space, whilst Poland cannot. One of the earliest Polandball comics begins with the premise that Earth is going to be struck by a giant meteor, leading to all countries with space technology leaving Earth and going into orbit around the planet. At the end of the cartoon, Poland, still on earth, is crying, and in broken English pronounces the canonical Polandball catchphrase "Poland cannot into space". In this humorous way, other Countryballs put a halt to all discussion with Poles on which country is superior.


title: Countryballs

text: Countryballs can also include comics on other countries: these comics are sometimes still referred to as Polandball comics, although they are more commonly also referred to as Countryballs. States, provinces, and other such divisions can also be used, along with multinational organisations such as the European Union, NATO and the United Nations, as well as countries and empires which formerly existed such as the Roman Empire.


title: Countryballs

text: There are various other established conventions. For example, the United Kingdom most frequently wears a monocle and a top hat, often holds a cup of tea, and often talks about when it was a superpower. The United States is frequently depicted wearing big black sunglasses, and having an egocentric personality. In a more bizarre example, Israel is almost always depicted as a cube, and a common joke is that Israel is depicted this way because of “Jewish physics”. Coats of arms in the upper hoist side are most often depicted as eyepatches; the civil ensign which depicts Austria-Hungary in the comics has two coat of arms, rendering the countryball either blind or wearing tinted glasses. Montenegro is frequently depicted as very sleepy and lazy, referring to real-world "Lazy Olympics".


title: Countryballs

text: The simplicity of Countryballs, together with its recognition of world history and a focus on current affairs, makes the meme suited to commenting on international events. Amongst events which have been covered by Countryballs and have been noted in the media, are the Senkaku Islands dispute, the 2013 papal conclave which saw Jorge Mario Bergoglio being elected as the new Pope, the Revolution of Dignity, the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and issues relating to Filipino workers in Taiwan.


title: Countryballs

text: In the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and after the invasion, Ukraine and Russia saw an increase in comic appearances.


title: Countryballs

text: A report on the Russian radio station Vesti FM noted a post on Livejournal which asked readers to list five images that come to mind when thinking of Poland or Poles. The five pages of responses, illustrating the complex and often difficult historical ties between Russia and Poland, recalled subjects including False Dmitriy I, "Tomek in the Land of the Kangaroos" by Polish author Alfred Szklarski, "Czterej pancerni i pies" ("Four tank-men and a dog"), Russophobia and Polandball.


title: Countryballs

text: Wojciech Oleksiak, writing on culture.pl, a project of the Polish government-funded Adam Mickiewicz Institute which has the aim of promoting Polish language and culture abroad, noted that due to anyone being able to create a Polandball comic, the existence of the meme has created new opportunities for people to express their personal views on race, religion and history. In describing Polandball as the Internet meme "par excellence", he further stated that comic plots can be "rude, impolite, racist, abusive, or just plain dumb", whilst also noting that the politically incorrect nature of the comics add to the attractiveness of the meme.


title: Countryballs

text: At the same time, Oleksiak notes that Polandball comics often employ exaggerated Polish stereotypes, such as Poles not being as proficient in English as other nationalities, and Poland itself being a country full of dull-witted hyper-Catholics. On the other hand, he admits that some stereotypes employed in Polandball comics, such as Poles telling stories about the nation's glorious history and dwelling on a deep rooted martyrdom, are mostly true; whilst the stereotype that Poles hold many national complexes and blame external forces for their own failures, is true, but somewhat justified.


title: Countryballs

text: Oleksiak further notes that from Polandball, Poles can learn to have "a sense of humour about our long-time grudges".


title: Countryballs

text: An online multiplayer third-person shooter called "Countryballs: Modern Ballfare" released on Steam in June 2021 for Microsoft Windows.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Morpheus () is a fictional character in "The Matrix" franchise. He is portrayed by Laurence Fishburne in the first three films, and in the video game "", where he was the only original actor to reprise his character's voice. In "The Matrix Resurrections", an AI program based on him is portrayed by Yahya Abdul-Mateen II.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Lana and Lilly Wachowski, the creators of "The Matrix" franchise, instructed Fishburne to base his performance on Morpheus, a character in Neil Gaiman's comic book series "The Sandman". At the studio's request, Gaiman later wrote "Goliath", a promotional short story set in the film's universe.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: The name Morpheus is that of the god of dreams in Greek mythology, which is consistent with the character's involvement with the "dreaming" of the Matrix. The mythical Morpheus and his family, including two brothers (Phobetor and Phantasos), lived in a dream world protected by the Gates of Morpheus with two monsters standing guard. Beyond the gates were the River of Forgetfulness, beside which Morpheus once carried his father to hide in a cave, and the River of Oblivion. This theme of duality carries over to Morpheus in "The Matrix", who offers Neo either a blue pill (to forget about the Matrix and continue to live in the world of illusion) or a red pill (to enter the painful world of reality).


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Fishburne did not reprise his role in the 2021 "The Matrix Resurrections" film. He stated that, "I am not in the next "Matrix" movie, and you'd have to ask Lana Wachowski why, because I don't have an answer for that". Both "Vulture" and "Polygon" highlighted that the recasting of Morpheus might imply that Matrix transmedia (such as "The Matrix Online") remains part of the canon.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In the "Matrix" films, Morpheus is the captain of the "Nebuchadnezzar", which is a hovercraft of the human forces of the last human city, Zion, in a devastated world where most humans are grown by sentient machines to be used as power sources and their minds kept imprisoned in the Matrix, a virtual computer-generated world, to stop them from realising the truth of the real world. Morpheus was once a human living inside the Matrix until he was freed.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Morpheus is apparently a very popular public figure in the city of Zion. He is also known in the Matrix, but as a dangerous terrorist wanted by 'Agents', who appear to be Federal agents, but are actually sentient computer programs that patrol the Matrix, eliminating any threat to it. Like other hovercraft crews, Morpheus and his crew are dedicated to the protection of Zion and the freeing of humans from the Matrix.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Earlier in his life, Morpheus gained the romantic attention of Niobe, another hovercraft captain. Their relationship became estranged shortly after Morpheus visited the Oracle, an ally living in the Matrix, who told Morpheus that he would be the person who would find the One, a person with superhuman abilities within the Matrix who could end the human/machine war. Since that visit, Morpheus has spent much of his life searching the Matrix for the One.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In "The Matrix" and "The Matrix Reloaded", Morpheus was known to be a truly inspirational leader and influential teacher to many people, particularly the majority of his crew, to the extent that Tank commented that "Morpheus was a father to them, as well as a leader". In "The Matrix Revolutions", with Morpheus's faith in the prophecy shattered, he does not appear as strong a leader or character as he was in the first two films, he comes across as subdued and defeated. Despite his strong faith, Morpheus still showed some rationality in dangerous situations rather than blindly relying on his beliefs to see him through the current crisis; perhaps his only truly irrational decision was to attack Agent Smith while unarmed in order to give Neo a chance to escape.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In the first feature film, "The Matrix", Morpheus successfully finds and monitors a man named Thomas A. Anderson, a hacker who calls himself Neo. Despite a close call with Agents that capture, interrogate, and place a surveillance device on Neo, Morpheus and his crew locate him. Morpheus offers Neo a choice of ingesting a red pill, which will activate a trace program to locate Neo's body in the real world and allow the "Nebuchadnezzar" crew to extract him, or a blue pill, which will leave Neo in the Matrix to live and believe as he wishes. Neo takes the red pill. The "Nebuchadnezzar" crew is then able to eject Neo's body from the Matrix power plant and retrieve him from the cold sewers beneath the Earth's surface. Morpheus takes a risk in helping Neo escape the Matrix, as human minds that live too long in the Matrix may have trouble in comprehending the reality. Initially, Neo does experience denial when Morpheus explains the truth, a point for which Morpheus apologises.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Shortly after Neo visits the Oracle, Morpheus is captured by agents who plan to hack into his mind. Because Morpheus, as a hovercraft captain, possesses access codes to the Zion mainframe computer, the surviving members of the ship's crew are about to unplug Morpheus from the Matrix, without reconnecting his mind and body, a process that will kill him. Neo and Trinity, however, reenter the Matrix to make a daring and successful rescue of Morpheus. Neo saves Trinity from a helicopter crash, confirming Morpheus' belief that Neo is indeed the One.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Neo is eventually killed by Agent Smith shortly after the rescue, but revived as the One and returned to the "Nebuchadnezzar" before the Machines' Sentinels can destroy the ship.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In the second film, "The Matrix Reloaded", Morpheus is more confident that the war is nearing its end. A spiritual as well as an influential leader, Morpheus convinces one hovercraft ship to stay in the Matrix to await contact from the Oracle, despite orders from Zion for all ships to return to the city. Here he incurs the wrath of Jason Locke, commander of the Zion defensive forces; but Morpheus' actions are defended by Councillor Hamann, a member of the city's ruling body.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: With the aid of Trinity and Niobe, Morpheus successfully retrieves the Keymaker, an exiled program that can access many hidden areas of the Matrix, including the Source, the central Machine City mainframe computer and programming heart of the Matrix. Morpheus aids Neo in successfully entering the door to the Source before returning to the "Nebuchadnezzar".


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: After Neo enters the Source and returns from the Matrix with new information, he tells Morpheus that the Prophecy was a system of control that would bring the One to the Source to disseminate the programming inside Neo into the Matrix to allow a reload of the Matrix while Zion is destroyed by the machines and rebuilt by the One and red pills. A sudden Sentinel attack destroys the "Nebuchadnezzar", further damaging Morpheus' belief in the outcome of the war. Upon witnessing the destruction of his ship, he quotes the Biblical Nebuchadnezzar; "I have dreamed a dream... but now that dream has gone from me."


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: The crew is rescued by the hovercraft "Mjolnir" commanded by Captain Roland, who joins forces with the craft "Logos" commanded by Niobe.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In the third film, "The Matrix Revolutions", Morpheus is somewhat dispirited, and has problems in understanding now what may happen to Zion and its people. Now without a ship of his own, he and Link (the "Nebuchadnezzar's" Operator) reside on the hovercraft "Mjolnir", commanded by Roland. Morpheus renews his conviction that Neo could still save Zion, and supports Trinity in finding Neo, whose mind is trapped in a computer netherworld called Mobil Avenue, despite not being jacked in. Morpheus is called to the Oracle with Trinity, and with the Oracle's guardian, Seraph, he helps Trinity rescue Neo, via a visit to the Merovingian's lair and a Mexican standoff.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Morpheus says farewell to Neo and Trinity before they leave for the Machine City in the hovercraft "Logos" to stop the war. Morpheus then aids Niobe as she flies the "Mjolnir" in a desperate ride back to Zion. The ship successfully stops the first onslaught of the Machine attack with the ship's electromagnetic pulse weapon.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: When the Sentinels suddenly stop a second wave of attacks, Morpheus realizes that Neo is somehow fighting for them. When the Sentinels retreat after Neo defeats the former Agent Smith, now a virus that has threatened both humans and machines, Morpheus and Niobe embrace in celebration as cheers arise from the Zion population, who have received a brokered peace through Neo's sacrifice.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Of the original "Nebuchadnezzar" crew in "the Matrix", Morpheus is the only surviving member to see freedom for Zion.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Referring to the subjectivity of reality throughout the film trilogy, Morpheus' last line in "The" "Matrix Revolutions", said in disbelief as the Sentinels retreat from Zion, is ""Is this real?"".


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In the fourth film "The Matrix Resurrections", a new version of Morpheus, originally a program subconsciously created by a suppressed Neo as part of a modal based upon his memories, is released by Bugs from the Matrix. Initially, Morpheus is an amalgamation of Neo's memories of Agent Smith and Morpheus. He retains the same purpose as Smith in "The Matrix", serving as the lead Agent in a trio alongside Agents White and Jones. After Bugs infiltrates the modal and frees 'Smith', he assumes the identity of Morpheus and joins Bugs in working to find and free Neo from the Matrix once again.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Morpheus appears before Neo inside Deus Machina during an evacuation due to an impending SWAT assault. He offers Neo the Red Pill, but Neo rejects it and Morpheus is forced to fight against SWAT during his attempt to persuade Neo. After Neo is collected by Bugs, Morpheus decides on using set and setting, with clips from Neo's video game playing in the background to instill a sense of nostalgia, in order to calm Neo. After Neo accepts the Red Pill, Morpheus fights people on a train through Tokyo under the influence of swarm mode, encouraging Neo to exit the Matrix through a mirror in a bathroom on board.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Once Neo and the group reach Io, they visit an elderly Niobe, who is now the leader. She reveals that the new city was built by humans and machines, and that the Oracle warned them about a forthcoming threat before disappearing. Niobe then leads Neo to Morpheus' statue, telling him that he was elected for the high chair at the council, but ignored the warnings of the new power that was coming, firmly believing what Neo did was right (implying that in the 60 year time period, Zion was destroyed and Morpheus was killed).


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Morpheus appears aboard the "Mnemosyne" using a nanobot body, and encourages Neo to escape confinement in Io in order to search the Matrix for Trinity, which the extraction is successful as they manage to rescue her onto the ship. He later aids Bugs in rescuing her crew from the swarm people.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In Chapter 1.2 of "The Matrix Online", Morpheus grows impatient with the machines and demands that they return the body of Neo. After many unanswered public speeches threatening action, Morpheus starts terrorist attacks throughout the Matrix. These attacks take the form of weapons that reveal the Matrix's inner workings (its code) for all human beings to see, even those not yet awakened to the simulation. This is known to have caused mass panic and forced awakenings to those not ready to see the truth. By killing Morpheus' simulacrum guards, redpills--humans freed from the Matrix--were however able to find means of disabling Morpheus' bombs.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: During the game events on May 26, 2005 (as recorded on the game's official website), Morpheus plants a code bomb in the Rumbaar water treatment facility. After planting the bomb, he realizes he is being hunted by the enigmatic, masked figure known as the Assassin. Morpheus escapes the treatment facility; however, upon his leaving, the Assassin bends the code of the Matrix and emerges from a vent in the wall. Morpheus is caught off-guard and is unable to dodge the Assassin's bullets. He dies from gunshot wounds.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Some players argued against the death of the character Morpheus as the Matrix now provides an "Emergency Jack-Out" upgrade for redpills, eliminating the permanent death that previous redpills experienced if killed within the Matrix before the Truce. This feature could save a redpill's life with no fatal injuries. It was later revealed that the Assassin's bullets had contained a new form of code encryption, named a "kill code," which bypassed this technology. These kill codes are explained to be extremely difficult to produce and usually require a direct sample of the subject's residual self-image data, thus making them extremely rare and only used in the most extreme and specialist of circumstances. These codes were utilized later in the story as well, being the basis of function for The Apothecary character and the subject of The Oracle's plan to wound the Oligarchy.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: Rumors and the popular belief of a faked death still run rampant however, largely based on the fact that prior to Morpheus' assassination a few select redpills were sent an email stating that he would likely "fade away" and hide.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: During Chapter 6 a figure appeared resembling Morpheus. It took the form of an RSI transmission, apparently originating from the Real World and spread disjointed messages about Neo's survival and imprisonment at the hands of The Machines. This was later revealed to be nothing more than a farce created by The General to sow dissent between Zion and The Machines, an effort he'd hoped would renew conflict between the two parties and give him purpose again.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: The fake, a Morpheus Simulacrum created from Zion records of the captain, took on a greater role once its master ordered it to deactivate itself. Disobeying its initial programming and refusing to shut down, the program went on to, over time, gain greater levels of self-awareness and sentience. It proved instrumental in The Machines' unlocking of the Zion RSI Database acquired during the 6th destruction of Zion as part of the renewed war effort following the Cypherite discovery of New Zion. This wasn't however done with malicious intent, in fact, the Simulacrum's personality was notably innocent, being more concerned with the world around it and its own existence than taking sides in any political or ideological struggles.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In later chapters the Morpheus Simulacrum played a supporting role in the Oracle's faked death and subsequent plan to weaken the Oligarch forces threatening The Matrix. Approached by the Oligarch Halborn during his research into the life of The One, the Simulacrum coldly dismissed the Intruder's actions as only leading to his inevitable defeat.


title: Morpheus (The Matrix)

text: In January 2014, Fishburne reprised his role as Morpheus in Kia Motors' K900 commercial for Super Bowl XLVIII. He also sings the legendary aria "Nessun dorma" from Giacomo Puccini opera "Turandot".


title: MPLA

text: The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (, abbr. MPLA), for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (), is an Angolan left-wing, social democratic political party. The MPLA fought against the Portuguese army in the Angolan War of Independence from 1961 to 1974, and defeated the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) in the Angolan Civil War. The party has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975, being the "de facto" government throughout the civil war and continuing to rule afterwards.


title: MPLA

text: On 10 December 1956, in Estado Novo-ruled Portuguese Angola, the underground Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, with Viriato da Cruz, the president of the PCA, as secretary general. Other groups later merged into MPLA, such as Movement for the National Independence of Angola (MINA) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola (FDLA).


title: MPLA

text: The MPLA's core base includes the Ambundu ethnic group and the educated intelligentsia of the capital city, Luanda. The party formerly had links to European and Soviet communist parties, but is currently a full-member of the Socialist International grouping of social democratic parties. The armed wing of MPLA was the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA). The FAPLA later became the national armed forces of the country.


title: MPLA

text: In 1961, the MPLA joined the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), its fraternal party in Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde, in direct combat against the Portuguese empire in Africa. The following year, the expanded umbrella group Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies (CONCP) replaced FRAIN, adding FRELIMO of Mozambique and the CLSTP, forerunner of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP).


title: MPLA

text: In the early 1970s, the MPLA's guerrilla activities were more and more reduced, due to the counter-insurgency campaigns of the Portuguese military. At the same time, internal conflicts caused the movement to temporarily split up into three factions (Ala Presicencialista, Revolta Activa and Revolta do Leste) – a situation which was overcome in 1974/75, but scarred the party.


title: MPLA

text: The Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, Portugal in 1974 established a military government that promptly ceased anti-independence fighting in Angola and agreed to hand over power to a coalition of three pro-independence Angolan movements. The coalition quickly broke down and the newly independent Angola broke into a state of civil war. Maintaining control over Luanda and the lucrative oil fields of the Atlantic coastline, Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declared the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November 1975 in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and FNLA together declared Angolan independence in Huambo. These differences reignited civil war between UNITA & FNLA and the MPLA, with the latter winning the upper hand. Agostinho Neto became the first president upon independence, and he was succeeded after his death by José Eduardo dos Santos in 1979.


title: MPLA

text: In 1974–1976, South Africa and Zaire intervened militarily in favor of FNLA and UNITA, and the United States heavily aided the two groups. Cuba in turn intervened in 1975 to aid the MPLA against South African intervention, with the Soviet Union aiding both Cuba and the MPLA government during the war. In November 1980, the MPLA had all but pushed UNITA into the bush, and the South African forces withdrew. The United States Congress barred further U.S. military involvement in the country against the wishes of President Ronald Reagan, fearing situation similar to the Vietnam War. In 1976 the FNLA withdrew its troops to their bases in Zaire, while part of them joined the 32 Battalion formed by South Africa in order to receive anti-MPLA Angolans.


title: MPLA

text: At its first congress in 1977, the MPLA adopted Marxism–Leninism as the party ideology and added "Partido do Trabalho" (Labour Party) to its name.


title: MPLA

text: After Nito Alves's attempted "coup" in 1977, Neto ordered the killing of suspected followers and sympathisers of "orthodox communism" inside and outside the party. During the coup, Cuban forces stationed in Angola sided with the MPLA leadership against the coup organizers. Estimates for the number of Alves' followers killed by Cuban and MPLA troops in the aftermath range from 2,000 — 70,000 dead, with some placing the death toll at 18,000. After the violent internal conflict called Fractionism, it made it clear that it would follow the socialist, not the communist, model. However, it maintained close ties with the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc, establishing socialist economic policies and a one-party state. Several thousand Cuban troops remained in the country to combat UNITA fighters and bolster the regime's security.


title: MPLA

text: When the Cold War ended, the MPLA abandoned its Marxist–Leninist ideology and declared social democracy to be its official ideology on its third congress in December 1991.


title: MPLA

text: The MPLA emerged victorious in Angola's 1992 general election, but eight opposition parties rejected the election as rigged. UNITA sent negotiators to the Luanda, where they were killed. As a consequence, hostilities erupted in the city, and immediately spread to other parts of the country. Tens of thousands of UNITA and FNLA sympathizers were subsequently killed nationwide by MPLA forces, in what is known as the Halloween Massacre, and the civil war resumed. The war continued until 2002, when UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was killed. The two parties promptly agreed to a ceasefire, and a plan was laid out for UNITA to demobilize and become a political party. Over 500,000 civilians were killed during the civil war. Human rights observers have accused the MPLA of "genocidal atrocities," "systematic extermination," "war crimes" and "crimes against humanity during the civil war." Political scientist Rudolph Rummel estimated that the MPLA were responsible for between 100,000 and 200,000 deaths in democide from 1975 to 1987.


title: MPLA

text: The MPLA government of Angola has been accused of human rights violations such as arbitrary arrest and detention and torture by international organisations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. In response, the MPLA government hired Samuels International Associates Inc in 2008 to help improve Angola's global image.


title: MPLA

text: At present, major mass organizations of the MPLA-PT include the Angolan Women's Organization ("Organização da Mulher Angolana"), National Union of Angolan Workers ("União Nacional dos Trabalhadores Angolanos"), Agostinho Neto Pioneer Organization ("Organização de Pioneiros de Agostinho Neto"), and the Youth of MPLA ("Juventude do MPLA").


title: MPLA

text: During both the Portuguese Colonial War and the Angolan Civil War, the MPLA received military and humanitarian support primarily from the governments of Algeria, the Bulgarian People's Republic, East Germany, Cape Verde Islands, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Congo, Cuba, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, the Mozambican People's Republic, Nigeria, North Korea, the Polish People's Republic, China, the Romanian Socialist Republic, São Tomé and Príncipe, Somalia, the Soviet Union, Sudan, Tanzania, Libya and SFR Yugoslavia. While China did briefly support the MPLA, it also actively supported the MPLA's enemies, the FNLA and later UNITA, during the war for independence and the civil war. The switch was the result of tensions between China and the Soviet Union for dominance of the communist bloc, which almost led to war.


title: MPLA

text: In the 1992 election, MPLA-PT won 53.74% of the votes and 129 out of 227 seats in parliament; however, eight opposition parties rejected the 1992 elections as rigged. In the next election, delayed until 2008 due to the civil war, the MPLA won 81.64% of the vote and 191 out of 220 parliamentary seats. In the 2012 legislative election, the party won 71.84% of the vote and 175 of 220 parliamentary seats.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Bang Bang! is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Siddharth Anand and written by Abbas Tyrewala, Sujoy Ghosh and Suresh Nair. Produced by Fox Star Studios, it is an official remake of the 2010 American satirical action comedy film "Knight and Day" and stars Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif, while co-starring Javed Jaffrey and Danny Denzongpa, with Jimmy Sheirgill in a special appearance. The film follows a mysterious thief on the run, whose encounter with an unassuming bank receptionist sets off a chain of events resulting in a series of escapades.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Made on a budget of , "Bang Bang!" was released in conventional and IMAX theatres on 2 October 2014, coinciding with Gandhi Jayanti. Also released with dubbed versions on the same date simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu, the film attracted praise towards its action sequences and grossed globally to become the one of the top grossing Bollywood film of 2014 and the 35th highest grossing Indian film of all time.


title: Bang Bang!

text: After a treaty between India and the UK to expedite extradition of terrorist Omar Zafar to India is passed, Col.Viren Nanda is murdered and burnt alive by Omar in London during his escape from prison. Omar, who is escorted by his trusted lieutenant Hamid Gul, declares 50 million reward for an Indian thief to steal the Koh-i-Noor diamond, so as to hold up the treaty.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Later, a mysterious person named Rajveer aka Raj steals it, and demands 20 million as Zafar and Gul aim to retrieve it. After a subsequent brawl with Gul's men at a local restaurant in Shimla, Raj visits a restaurant where he meets an ambitious but unassuming bank receptionist, Harleen Sahni , who is waiting for her blind internet date, "Vickie Kapoor", to show up. Raj assumes the date and the pair fall for each other, but he is forced to abandon her after being found by Gul's surviving men. Harleen leaves upon learning the truth, but on her way back home, bumps again into Raj, who seeks her help to remove a bullet. Before leaving, he drugs her with a sedative water and informs her of scare tactics that some law enforcement officials will try and coerce her into working against him.


title: Bang Bang!

text: As predicted, The government agents Zorawar Kalra and his informer, Inspector Bhola (Pradeep Kabra) implore Harleen to travel with them to the Police Station, but instead head for a "safe place", taking note of Raj's instructions, she finds a pistol and holds them at gunpoint. Raj arrives and the pair escape, but meet Harleen's manager Karan Saxena, who is shot in the leg by Raj. Harleen, perturbed, demands that she return home, having made a huge mistake by trusting him, which leads to an argument over their loyalties, but she eventually decides to stay upon realizing that he truly intends to protect her, and proceeds to accompany him. Raj later reveals during a visit to a Pizza Hut outlet that he stole the Koh-i-Noor, much to Harleen's surprise, and the pair are immediately confronted by Zorawar and his team, who had been following the duo. Raj shoots Harleen with a tranquilizer dart and they escape with Harleen later waking up at a beach after an unknown period on the run. After she takes Raj's phone to call her grandmother, which allows government officials and subsequently Gul's men, led by his lieutenant Robert, to track them, a shootout ensues, which forces the duo to escape again after eliminating the officials and Robert's henchmen.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Harleen wakes up the following morning in Prague; recognizing Raj's efforts in leading the escape, she regains her faith in him. Later, they track Gul down to a casino, and after a plot involving her, Raj ultimately kills Gul. Harleen is taken to the Indian Embassy, where she meets Zorawar and his boss, RAW Chief Narayanan as he gives her a tracking device to pinpoint Raj's location and retrieve the Koh-i-Noor. After another argument on a bridge as they try to escape, Raj activates the tracking device himself, gives the Koh-i-Noor to Harleen and gets shot while jumping off the bridge.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Harleen returns home to reunite with her grandmother but begins to miss Raj; in a moment of epiphany, she locates his house where she meets Raj's father, Pankaj and his mother Shikha, posing as a delivery runner for Pankaj's book order. A tense moment results in Harleen trying to leave suddenly, when she soon bumps into photographs of Raj, who is revealed by Shikha to be Jai Nanda, Viren's brother; while Viren's murder is confirmed, Pankaj refuses to accept the army's version of the story behind Jai's death, as he pinpoints to a swimming championship trophy he had won in his young days, being the only person who was able to cross the lake in just one breath. Immediately outside her home, Harleen is kidnapped and taken to the interior of a desert castle, meets Zafar, who reveals that the surrendered diamond is a fake, while Zorawar turns out to be Zafar's informer; he gives Harleen a truth serum in an attempt to find the location of the real diamond, but she then deduces that Raj (Jai) is alive and is coming soon to kill Zafar and finish off his men. At the same time, Jai, who was assumed dead, plants time bombs and silently eliminates Zafar's henchmen who have been posted outside the castle.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Inside the castle, Jai confronts Zafar, revealing that the Koh-i-Noor was not stolen at all and that it was a joint operation between the British Intelligence and the Indian RAW agencies to apprehend Zafar; in the conversation that follows, Jai intends to avenge Viren's death by killing Zafar. As the time bombs destroying the castle start going off, Zafar escapes with his remaining men while Jai escapes with Harleen, saving her all along; however, Zafar later blocks the duo, taking Harleen hostage and leaving with her on a seaplane; Jai eventually catches up, shooting down the seaplane to the ground and ultimately Zorawar in the process; following an intense confrontation, he kills Zafar after pushing Harleen out of the burning aircraft. Once he jumps out of the seaplane, which explodes seconds after Zafar's death, Jai loses consciousness and starts to drown, but is saved by Harleen as the army officers airlift the duo. Jai wakes up in a hospital, where he is informed by Narayanan, revealed to be his real boss, that he will not be allowed to see Harleen or his own family again. Harleen, posing as a nurse, then administers a sedative knocking him out and the pair escape.


title: Bang Bang!

text: In the mid-credits scene, after an unknown period on the run, Jai is eventually reunited with Pankaj and Shikha, as he finally introduces Harleen to them.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Earlier reports had suggested that Siddharth Anand, who had made "Salaam Namaste", "Ta Ra Rum Pum", "Bachna Ae Haseeno" and "Anjaana Anjaani" in the past, planned to make his next film with Shahid Kapoor, but Kapoor wanted to avoid comparisons with Hollywood star Tom Cruise and also had no dates for the film as he had opted "Haider" already. Bipasha Basu rumouredly was also on board but turned down. Soon news came that Anand was planning a film with Hrithik Roshan. In September 2012, Roshan was confirmed to play the lead role, with Katrina Kaif confirmed to play the female lead in the film. Roshan started working on the film immediately after wrapping up Krrish 3, and charged a fee for his performance in the film, which until then was the most any actor in Bollywood had charged up front. The film was soon revealed to be the official Bollywood remake of "Knight and Day", starring Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz.


title: Bang Bang!

text: In June 2014, the Bollywood group known as the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) authorized an official protest on the movie set of "Bang Bang!" in protest of foreign make-up artist Daniel Bauer working on the movie for its lead actress, Katrina Kaif. The CCMAA and 15 of its members protested on the movie set as Daniel Bauer was not registered with the Union, despite the Union banning foreign artists working in Bollywood. The issue was resolved with the CCMAA granting Daniel Bauer full membership.


title: Bang Bang!

text: In December 2012, it was confirmed that the official remake of "Knight and Day" would be titled "Bang Bang". In March 2013, the film's Kashmir schedule was cancelled. Shooting for the film began on 1 May 2013, with the film scheduled for release on 1 May 2014. Unique water action sequences were shot in Thailand and Greece. In an interview with Mumbai Mirror, Roshan spoke about the action sequences in the film stating, "I have pushed myself to the extreme for this stunt. This sequence called for mental and physical tenacity. The rush that I experienced while training and executing the sequence was out of the world. I was hooked to a sea plane while I did the stunt. I had trained non-stop to even attempt the sequence". Roshan refused to use any body double to perform the stunts.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Talking about another water action sequences, the film's director Siddharth Anand revealed, "We can control the action we shoot on land, but while shooting at sea, you're at the mercy of the tide. Three days before the shoot, Hrithik started practicing the stunts for five-six hours daily. It took us eight days to shoot the sequences in water. For another water action sequence, Hrithik trained for four days, before the shooting. He learnt to jetski with a speed boat pulling him along first. Then, an antiquated plane was brought in with an experienced pilot at the controls, so that it could be slowed down and speeded up at will."


title: Bang Bang!

text: In July 2013, one of the songs of the film, "Meherbaan" was shot in the city of Santorini in Greece and choreographed by Ahmed Khan. In Phuket, Roshan performed a stunt where he had to use a water jetpack called a Flyboard and go 45 feet high in the sky and then dive down in the water. Roshan thus became the first actor in Hollywood or Bollywood to do a flyboarding stunt in a film. He was injured during this schedule and subsequently had to undergo a brain surgery for removal of a blood clot from his brain. Also, the Kashmir schedule of the film was delayed because of unrest in the valley.


title: Bang Bang!

text: The delays caused the film's release date to be postponed to 2 October 2014. There were reports that the film had overshot its budget to from a planned budget of around 80–90 crore. Anand denied such reports, saying "It's funny! Yes, "Bang Bang!" is a big-ticket film but its budget is as per the scale of the film. There's no question of exceeding it." The shooting resumed in January 2014, in Shimla, Manali, Mumbai, Abu Dhabi, Delhi and Prague. The shooting schedule in Shimla went on for straight six weeks. The Manali bridge where the majority of scenes were shot, has become a grand tourist attraction and it was renamed as "Bang Bang Point". Just before the Abu Dhabi segment of the film, a song shoot was completed at an open-cafeteria in Film City, Mumbai on 19 April 2014. Shimla was created in Film City, Mumbai to shoot a song and few action sequences for the film. The film was shot for 20 days in Film City with the lead pair . After wrapping up the Mumbai schedule, the filming team left for Abu Dhabi.


title: Bang Bang!

text: The Abu Dhabi schedule of shooting was intense and action-packed. In Abu Dhabi, filming started early May, and took place at various locations in Abu Dhabi including the Corniche, Liwa oasis, Hyatt Capital Gate Hotel, Qasr al Sarab, Emirates Palace and Yas Island. In one of the chase sequences in the film, 120 cars were involved. The film also had used Formula 1 cars. Even after the brain surgery, all the stunts were performed by Roshan himself. The stunts were designed by Andy Armstrong and shot in Abu Dhabi. The Abu Dhabi segment of shooting was completed on 20 May in collaboration with "twofour54". It is the first Bollywood film to be shot and co-produced in Abu Dhabi. The last leg of the film was scheduled in Prague. One stunt in which Roshan is on water skis while being pulled along by a sky plane was shot in a lake in Prague. He trained for four days to shoot this scene. Shooting wrapped on 15 July 2014.


title: Bang Bang!

text: While filming in Thailand, Roshan suffered a head injury from a stunt accident and underwent brain surgery at the Hinduja Hospital, done by Dr. B. K. Misra to relieve subacute-subdural hematoma.


title: Bang Bang!

text: On the lines of the popular Ice Bucket Challenge – one of the biggest trends of the year, the dare on social media, Roshan came up with the dare-to-do game to Bollywood co-stars Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Nargis Fakhri, Sonam Kapoor, Ranveer Singh, Farhan Akhtar, Priyanka Chopra, Dino Morea, Uday Chopra and Dabboo Ratnani on Twitter asking them to post videos of themselves doing a particular task and adding the hashtag #bangbangdare to it. Roshan even dared the smokers asking them not to smoke for 3 days. One of the companies challenged Roshan himself, where he was asked to buy bed sheets from their store and if he did, ₹500,000 would be donated to city hospitals. He took up the dare sportingly. While most stars take to television shows to generate buzz about their films, Roshan refrained from promoting his movie through reality TV shows.


title: Bang Bang!

text: To protect the film from piracy, the makers of the film approached the Court of Piracy with the plea that the film should not be viewed on any device or broadcast on any platform through the Internet without their permission and submitted a list of 90 websites. The Court responded positively on that and restrained them all from making the film available on the Internet.


title: Bang Bang!

text: The songs of the film were composed by Vishal–Shekhar, while the background score has been composed by Salim–Sulaiman. The digital album rights of the film were acquired by Zee Music Company.


title: Bang Bang!

text: The first look of the song "Tu Meri" was revealed on 20 August 2014 featuring Roshan and Kaif. On 21 August 2014, its official music video was released. The song was written and sung by Vishal Dadlani. The second song of the film "Meherbaan" featuring Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif was released on 3 September 2014. This song was written by Anvita Dutt Guptan and sung by Ash King, Shilpa Rao and Shekhar Ravjiani. The teaser of the title song was released on 16 September 2014 featuring Roshan and Kaif. On 17 September 2014, the official music video of the song was released. The track was written by Dadlani, who also performed backing vocals on it, and sung by Benny Dayal and Neeti Mohan. It was choreographed by Bosco-Caesar. The song experience was "fun" for Roshan, who said, "It's my ode to the inspiration he [Michael Jackson] has been", while Kaif described her experience as "the biggest challenge. His flexibility is incredible. It is at a different level altogether. You have to be really good to match up to his energy. He has natural energy when he dances. It comes to him so effortlessly". All the songs were well received by audiences.


title: Bang Bang!

text: Domestically, "Bang Bang!" received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The film was praised for its action sequences, humor and performances while it was criticised by some for its story and screenplay. Nandhini Srinivasan from FilmiBeat gave 3 out of 5 stars and recommended "this total action-packed fun entertainer for the long weekend holiday".


title: Bang Bang!

text: Paloma Sharma from Rediff, giving 2.5/5 rating to the film called it "a pointless official remake of an already bad original", while Raja Sen, again from Rediff, also gave 2/5 stars and wrote that the film is "a stupid, stupid film trying to be slick, a B-grade film made on an A-list budget.". Rajeev Masand on IBN Live gave the film 2/5 stars, commenting that "the film isn't unwatchable, but at 2 hours and 35 minutes, it certainly tests your patience".


title: Bang Bang!

text: "Bang Bang!" (Hindi) had a theatrical run for 5 weeks with a final domestic nett of around . The Tamil and Telugu versions of the film grossed around nett.


title: Bang Bang!

text: "Bang Bang!" earned $4.89 million overseas in its opening weekend. The biggest debut came from the UAE ($1.8 million), North America ($3.35 million), United Kingdom ($922,000).


title: Bang Bang!

text: At the end of its theatrical run overseas, the film earned $13.97 million. The highest revenue came from Gulf ($4.46 million), US/Canada ($2.62 million), UK (£1.165 million) and Australia (Aus $457,000).


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the United Nations system; though governed by its own founding treaty, the organization reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations, and is headquartered at the UN Office at Vienna, Austria.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA was created in response to growing international concern toward nuclear weapons, especially amid rising tensions between the foremost nuclear powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech, which called for the creation of an international organization to monitor the global proliferation of nuclear resources and technology, is credited with catalyzing the formation of the IAEA, whose treaty came into force on 29 July 1957 upon U.S. ratification.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide. It maintains several programs that encourage the development of peaceful applications of nuclear energy, science, and technology; provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials; and promote and implement nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards. The organization also conducts research in nuclear science and provides technical support and training in nuclear technology to countries worldwide, particularly in the developing world.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Following the ratification of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968, all non-nuclear powers are required to negotiate a safeguards agreement with the IAEA, which is given the authority to monitor nuclear programs and to inspect nuclear facilities. In 2005, the IAEA and its administrative head, Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way".


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: According to Article II of the IAEA Statute, the objectives of the IAEA are "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world" and to "ensure ... that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose." Its primary functions in this area, according to Article III, are to encourage research and development, to secure or provide materials, services, equipment, and facilities for Member States, and to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information and training.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Three of the IAEA's six departments are principally charged with promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The Department of Nuclear Energy focuses on providing advice and services to Member States on nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle. The Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications focuses on the use of non-power nuclear and isotope techniques to help IAEA Member States in the areas of water, energy, health, biodiversity, and agriculture. The Department of Technical Cooperation provides direct assistance to IAEA Member States, through national, regional, and inter-regional projects through training, expert missions, scientific exchanges, and provision of equipment.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Article II of the IAEA Statute defines the Agency's twin objectives as promoting peaceful uses of atomic energy and "<nowiki>ensur[ing]</nowiki>, so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose." To do this, the IAEA is authorized in Article III.A.5 of the Statute "to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities, and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy."


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The Department of Safeguards is responsible for carrying out this mission, through technical measures designed to verify the correctness and completeness of states' nuclear declarations.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA classifies safety as one of its top three priorities. It spends 8.9 percent of its 352 million-euro ($469 million) regular budget in 2011 on making plants secure from accidents. Its resources are used on the other two priorities: technical co-operation and preventing nuclear weapons proliferation.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA itself says that, beginning in 1986, in response to the nuclear reactor explosion and disaster near Chernobyl, Ukraine, the IAEA redoubled its efforts in the field of nuclear safety. The IAEA says that the same happened after the Fukushima disaster in Fukushima, Japan.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: In June 2011, the IAEA chief said he had "broad support for his plan to strengthen international safety checks on nuclear power plants to help avoid any repeat of Japan's Fukushima crisis". Peer-reviewed safety checks on reactors worldwide, organized by the IAEA, have been proposed.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed the creation of an international body to both regulate and promote the peaceful use of atomic power (nuclear power), in his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly. In September 1954, the United States proposed to the General Assembly the creation of an international agency to take control of fissile material, which could be used either for nuclear power or for nuclear weapons. This agency would establish a kind of "nuclear bank".


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The United States also called for an international scientific conference on all of the peaceful aspects of nuclear power. By November 1954, it had become clear that the Soviet Union would reject any international custody of fissile material if the United States did not agree to disarmament first, but that a "clearinghouse" for nuclear transactions might be possible. From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland. In October 1957, a Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955–1957 by a group of twelve countries. The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Former US Congressman W. Sterling Cole served as the IAEA's first Director-General from 1957 to 1961. Cole served only one term, after which the IAEA was headed by two Swedes for nearly four decades: the scientist Sigvard Eklund held the job from 1961 to 1981, followed by former Swedish Foreign Minister Hans Blix, who served from 1981 to 1997. Blix was succeeded as Director General by Mohamed ElBaradei of Egypt, who served until November 2009.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Beginning in 1986, in response to the nuclear reactor explosion and disaster near Chernobyl, Ukraine, the IAEA increased its efforts in the field of nuclear safety. The same happened after the 2011 Fukushima disaster in Fukushima, Japan.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Both the IAEA and its then Director General, ElBaradei, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. In his acceptance speech in Oslo, ElBaradei stated that only one percent of the money spent on developing new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world, and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, then nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience, and no role in our security.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: On 2 July 2009, Yukiya Amano of Japan was elected as the Director General for the IAEA, defeating Abdul Samad Minty of South Africa and Luis E. Echávarri of Spain. On 3 July 2009, the Board of Governors voted to appoint Yukiya Amano "by acclamation", and IAEA General Conference in September 2009 approved. He took office on 1 December 2009. After Amano's death, his Chief of Coordination Cornel Feruta of Romania was named Acting Director General.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: On 2 August 2019, Rafael Grossi was presented as the Argentine candidate to become the Director General of IAEA. On 28 October 2019, the IAEA Board of Governors held its first vote to elect the new Director General, but none of the candidates secured the two-thirds majority (23 votes) in the 35-member IAEA Board of Governors that was needed to be elected. The next day, 29 October, the second voting round was held, and Grossi won 24 votes. He assumed office on 3 December 2019. Following a special meeting of the IAEA General Conference to approve his appointment, on 3 December Grossi became the first Latin American to head the Agency.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA's mission is guided by the interests and needs of Member States, strategic plans, and the vision embodied in the IAEA Statute (see below). Three main pillars – or areas of work – underpin the IAEA's mission: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; and Safeguards and Verification.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA as an autonomous organization is not under the direct control of the UN, but the IAEA does report to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council. Unlike most other specialized international agencies, the IAEA does much of its work with the Security Council, and not with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The structure and functions of the IAEA are defined by its founding document, the IAEA Statute (see below). The IAEA has three main bodies: the Board of Governors, the General Conference, and the Secretariat.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA exists to pursue the "safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear sciences and technology" (Pillars 2005). The IAEA executes this mission with three main functions: the inspection of existing nuclear facilities to ensure their peaceful use, providing information and developing standards to ensure the safety and security of nuclear facilities, and as a hub for the various fields of science involved in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA recognizes knowledge as the nuclear energy industry's most valuable asset and resource, without which the industry cannot operate safely and economically. Following the IAEA General Conference since 2002 resolutions the Nuclear Knowledge Management, a formal program was established to address Member States' priorities in the 21st century.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: In 2004, the IAEA developed a Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT). PACT responds to the needs of developing countries to establish, to improve, or to expand radiotherapy treatment programs. The IAEA is raising money to help efforts by its Member States to save lives and reduce the suffering of cancer victims.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA has established programs to help developing countries in planning to build systematically the capability to manage a nuclear power program, including the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Group, which has carried out Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review missions in Indonesia, Jordan, Thailand and Vietnam. The IAEA reports that roughly 60 countries are considering how to include nuclear power in their energy plans.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: To enhance the sharing of information and experience among IAEA Member States concerning the seismic safety of nuclear facilities, in 2008 the IAEA established the International Seismic Safety Centre. This centre is establishing safety standards and providing for their application in relation to site selection, site evaluation and seismic design.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. The IAEA has two "Regional Safeguards Offices" which are located in Toronto, Canada, and in Tokyo, Japan. The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City, United States, and in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition, the IAEA has laboratories and research centers located in Seibersdorf, Austria, in Monaco and in Trieste, Italy.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The Board of Governors is one of two policy-making bodies of the IAEA. The Board consists of 22 member states elected by the General Conference, and at least 10 member states nominated by the outgoing Board. The outgoing Board designates the ten members who are the most advanced in atomic energy technology, plus the most advanced members from any of the following areas that are not represented by the first ten: North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, and South Asia, South East Asia, the Pacific, and the Far East. These members are designated for one year terms. The General Conference elects 22 members from the remaining nations to two-year terms. Eleven are elected each year. The 22 elected members must also represent a stipulated geographic diversity.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The Board, in its five-yearly meetings, is responsible for making most of the policies of the IAEA. The Board makes recommendations to the General Conference on IAEA activities and budget, is responsible for publishing IAEA standards and appoints the Director-General subject to General Conference approval. Board members each receive one vote. Budget matters require a two-thirds majority. All other matters require only a simple majority. The simple majority also has the power to stipulate issues that will thereafter require a two-thirds majority. Two-thirds of all Board members must be present to call a vote. The Board elects its own chairman.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The General Conference is made up of all 175 member states. It meets once a year, typically in September, to approve the actions and budgets passed on from the Board of Governors. The General Conference also approves the nominee for Director General and requests reports from the Board on issues in question (Statute). Each member receives one vote. Issues of budget, Statute amendment and suspension of a member's privileges require a two-thirds majority and all other issues require a simple majority. Similar to the Board, the General Conference can, by simple majority, designate issues to require a two-thirds majority. The General Conference elects a President at each annual meeting to facilitate an effective meeting. The President only serves for the duration of the session (Statute).


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The main function of the General Conference is to serve as a forum for debate on current issues and policies. Any of the other IAEA organs, the Director-General, the Board and member states can table issues to be discussed by the General Conference (IAEA Primer). This function of the General Conference is almost identical to the General Assembly of the United Nations.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The Secretariat is the professional and general service staff of the IAEA. The Secretariat is headed by the Director General. The Director General is responsible for enforcement of the actions passed by the Board of Governors and the General Conference. The Director General is selected by the Board and approved by the General Conference for renewable four-year terms. The Director General oversees six departments that do the actual work in carrying out the policies of the IAEA: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Safety and Security, Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Safeguards, Technical Cooperation, and Management.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA budget is in two parts. The regular budget funds most activities of the IAEA and is assessed to each member nation (€344 million in 2014). The Technical Cooperation Fund is funded by voluntary contributions with a general target in the US$90 million range.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: In 2011, Russian nuclear accident specialist Iouli Andreev was critical of the response to Fukushima, and says that the IAEA did not learn from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. He has accused the IAEA and corporations of "wilfully ignoring lessons from the world's worst nuclear accident 25 years ago to protect the industry's expansion". The IAEA's role "as an advocate for nuclear power has made it a target for protests".


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The journal "Nature" has reported that the IAEA response to the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan was "sluggish and sometimes confusing", drawing calls for the agency to "take a more proactive role in nuclear safety". But nuclear experts say that the agency's complicated mandate and the constraints imposed by its member states mean that reforms will not happen quickly or easily, although its INES "emergency scale is very likely to be revisited" given the confusing way in which it was used in Japan.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Some scientists say that the Fukushima nuclear accidents have revealed that the nuclear industry lacks sufficient oversight, leading to renewed calls to redefine the mandate of the IAEA so that it can better police nuclear power plants worldwide. There are several problems with the IAEA says Najmedin Meshkati of University of Southern California:


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: It recommends safety standards, but member states are not required to comply; it promotes nuclear energy, but it also monitors nuclear use; it is the sole global organisation overseeing the nuclear energy industry, yet it is also weighed down by checking compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: In 2011, the journal "Nature" reported that the International Atomic Energy Agency should be strengthened to make independent assessments of nuclear safety and that "the public would be better served by an IAEA more able to deliver frank and independent assessments of nuclear crises as they unfold".


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The process of joining the IAEA is fairly simple. Normally, a State would notify the Director General of its desire to join, and the Director would submit the application to the Board for consideration. If the Board recommends approval, and the General Conference approves the application for membership, the State must then submit its instrument of acceptance of the IAEA Statute to the United States, which functions as the depositary Government for the IAEA Statute. The State is considered a member when its acceptance letter is deposited. The United States then informs the IAEA, which notifies other IAEA Member States. Signature and ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are not preconditions for membership in the IAEA.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The IAEA has 175 member states. Most UN members and the Holy See are Member States of the IAEA. Non-member states Cape Verde (2007), The Gambia (2016), and Guinea (2020) have been approved for membership and will become a Member State if they deposit the necessary legal instruments.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Four states have withdrawn from the IAEA. North Korea was a Member State from 1974 to 1994, but withdrew after the Board of Governors found it in non-compliance with its safeguards agreement and suspended most technical co-operation. Nicaragua became a member in 1957, withdrew its membership in 1970, and rejoined in 1977, Honduras joined in 1957, withdrew in 1967, and rejoined in 2003, while Cambodia joined in 1958, withdrew in 2003, and rejoined in 2009.


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: There are four regional cooperative areas within IAEA, that share information, and organize conferences within their regions:


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: The African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (AFRA):


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Cooperative Agreement for Arab States in Asia for Research, Development and Training related to Nuclear Science and Technology (ARASIA):


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology for Asia and the Pacific (RCA):


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Cooperation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL):


title: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Typically issued in July each year, the IAEA Annual Report summarizes and highlights developments over the past year in major areas of the Agency's work. It includes a summary of major issues, activities, and achievements, and status tables and graphs related to safeguards, safety, and science and technology.


title: Suicide attack

text: A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign (as with the Japanese "kamikaze" pilots of 1944–1945 during World War II), and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns (such as the September 11 attacks in 2001).


title: Suicide attack

text: While few, if any, successful suicide attacks took place anywhere in the world from 1945 until 1980, between 1981 and September 2015 a total of 4,814 suicide attacks occurred in over 40 countries, killing over 45,000 people. During this time the global rate of such attacks grew from an average of three a year in the 1980s to about one a month in the 1990s to almost one a week from 2001 to 2003 to approximately one a day from 2003 to 2015.


title: Suicide attack

text: Suicide attacks tend to be more deadly and destructive than other terror attacks because they give their perpetrators the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, and they do not require remote or delayed detonation, escape plans or rescue teams. They constituted only 4% of all terrorist attacks around the world over one period (between 1981 and 2006), but caused 32% of all terrorism-related deaths (14,599). Ninety percent of those attacks occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Overall, as of mid-2015, about three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.


title: Suicide attack

text: Suicide attacks have been described (by W. Hutchinson) as a weapon of psychological warfare to instill fear in the target population, a strategy to eliminate or at least drastically diminish areas where the public feels safe and the "fabric of trust that holds societies together", as well as to demonstrate the lengths to which perpetrators will go to achieve their goals.


title: Suicide attack

text: Suicide attackers may have various motivations. "Kamikaze" pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been perpetrated for religious or nationalist purposes. Before 2003, most attacks targeted forces occupying the attackers' homeland, according to analyst Robert Pape. Anthropologist Scott Atran states that since 2004, the ideology of Islamist martyrdom has motivated the overwhelming majority of bombers.


title: Suicide attack

text: Suicide attacks include both suicide terrorism—terrorism often defined as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants" for the purpose of intimidation—and suicide attacks not targeting non-combatants. An alternative definition is provided by Jason Burke, a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants, and suggests that most define terrorism as 'the use or threat of serious violence' to advance some kind of 'cause', stressing that terrorism is a tactic. Academic Fred Halliday, has written that assigning the descriptor of 'terrorist' or 'terrorism' to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny 'legitimacy' and 'rights to protest and rebel'.


title: Suicide attack

text: The definition of "suicide" is another issue. Suicide terrorism (see Jihadism) itself has been defined by Ami Pedahzur, a professor of government, as "violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero". Other sources exclude from their work ""suicidal"" or high risk attacks, such as the Lod Airport massacre or "reckless charge in battle", focusing only on true "suicide attacks", where the odds of survival are not "close to zero" but required to be zero, because "the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission".


title: Suicide attack

text: Also excluded from the definition are "proxy bombings", which may have political goals and may be designed to look like suicide bombing, but where the "proxy" is forced to carry a bomb under threat (such as having their children killed); and "suicidal rampage shootings" (such as the Columbine High School massacre, the Virginia Tech shooting or Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the U.S.) which are usually thought of as being driven by personal and psychological reasons, not political, social or religious motives.


title: Suicide attack

text: It may not always be clear to investigators which type of killing is which. Suicide attack campaigns sometimes also using proxy bombers (as alleged in Iraq). or manipulating the vulnerable to be bombers. At least one researcher (Adam Lankford) argues that the motivation to kill and be killed connects some suicide attackers more closely to "suicidal rampage" murderers than is commonly thought.


title: Suicide attack

text: The usage of the term "suicide attack" goes back a long way but "suicide bombing" dates back to at least 1940 when a "New York Times" article mentions the term in relation to German tactics. Less than two years later that newspaper referred to a Japanese kamikaze attempt on an American carrier as a "suicide bombing". In 1945 "The Times of London", referred to a kamikaze plane as a "suicide-bomb", and two years later an article there referred to a new British pilot-less, radio-controlled rocket missile as originally designed "as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber'".


title: Suicide attack

text: Sometimes, to assign either a more positive or negative connotation to the act, suicide bombing is referred to by different terms.


title: Suicide attack

text: Islamist supporters often call a suicide attack "Istishhad" (often translated as "martyrdom operation"), and the suicide attacker "shahid" (pl. "shuhada", literally 'witness' and usually translated as 'martyr'). The idea being that the attacker died in order to testify his faith in God, for example while waging "jihad bis saif" (jihad by the sword). The term "suicide" is never used because Islam has strong strictures against taking one's own life. The terms "Istishhad" / "martyrdom operation" have been embraced by the Palestinian Authority, and by Hamas, Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah and other Palestinian factions.


title: Suicide attack

text: Some efforts have been made to replace the term "suicide bombing" with "homicide bombing", on the grounds that since the primary purpose of such a bombing is to kill other people, homicide is a more apt adjective than "suicide".


title: Suicide attack

text: The first to use the term for a wide audience was White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer in April 2002. The only major media outlets to use it were Fox News Channel and the "New York Post" (both of which are owned by News Corporation and have since mostly abandoned the term).


title: Suicide attack

text: Robert Goldney, a professor emeritus at the University of Adelaide, has argued in favor of the term "homicide bomber", arguing that studies show that there is little in common between people who blow themselves up, intending to kill as many people as possible in the process, and actual suicide victims. Fox News producer Dennis Murray argued that a suicidal act should be reserved for a person who does something to kill themselves only. CNN Producer Christa Robinson argued that the term "homicide bomber" reflects only that you have killed other people, but not that you have also killed yourself.


title: Suicide attack

text: "Genocide bombing" was coined in 2002 by Irwin Cotler, a member of the Canadian parliament, in an effort to focus attention on the alleged intention of genocide by militant Palestinians in their calls to "wipe Israel off the map".


title: Suicide attack

text: In the German-speaking area the term "sacrifice bombing" (Ger. "Opferanschlag") was proposed in 2012 by German scholar Arata Takeda. The term is intended to shift the focus away from the suicide of the perpetrators and towards their use as weapons by their commanders.


title: Suicide attack

text: The first-century AD Jewish Sicarii sect are thought to have carried out suicidal attacks against Hellenized Jews they considered immoral collaborators. The Hashishiyeen (Assassins) sect of Ismaili Shi'a Muslims assassinated two caliphs, and many viziers, sultans and Crusader leaders over the course of 300 years, before being annihilated by Mongol invaders. Hashishiyeen were known for their targeting of the powerful, their use of the dagger as a weapon (rather than something safer for the assassin such as a crossbow), and for making no attempt to escape after completing their killing.


title: Suicide attack

text: Arnold von Winkelried became a hero in the Swiss struggle for independence when he sacrificed himself at the Battle of Sempach in 1386.


title: Suicide attack

text: The earliest known non-military suicide attack occurred in Murchison in New Zealand on 14 July 1905. A long-standing dispute between two farmers resulted in a court case, and the defendant (Joseph Sewell) had sticks of gelignite strapped to his body. When Sewell excitedly shouted during the court sitting about the other farmer "I'll blow the devil to hell, and I have enough dynamite to do just that", he was ushered out of the building. Sewell detonated the charge when a police officer tried to arrest him on the street, and his body was blown to pieces, but nobody else died from their injuries.


title: Suicide attack

text: In 1780 an Indian woman named Kuyili applied ghee and oil onto her body and set herself ablaze, jumping into an armoury of the East India Company which subsequently blew up. This suicide attack helped to secure victory for her commander, Velu Nachiyar in the battle.


title: Suicide attack

text: In the late 17th century, Qing official Yu Yonghe recorded that injured Dutch soldiers fighting against Koxinga's forces for control of Taiwan in 1661 would use gunpowder to blow up both themselves and their opponents rather than be taken prisoner. However, the Chinese observer may have confused such suicidal tactics with the standard Dutch military practice of undermining and blowing up positions recently overrun by the enemy which almost cost Koxinga his life during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia.


title: Suicide attack

text: On February 5, 1831, during the Belgian Revolution a gale blew a Dutch gunboat under the command of Jan van Speyk into the quay of the port of Antwerp. As the ship was stormed by Belgians Jan van Speyk refused to surrender the ship, instead igniting the ship's gunpowder with either his gun or cigar, blowing up the ship and killing 28 out of the 31 crewmen as well as an unknown number of Belgians.


title: Suicide attack

text: Muslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed suicide attacks known as "Parang-sabil" against Dutch invaders during the Aceh War. It was considered as part of personal jihad in the Islamic religion of the Acehnese. The Dutch called it "Atjèh-moord", (literally "Aceh-murder"). The Acehnese work of literature, the "Hikayat Perang Sabil" provided the background and reasoning for the "Aceh-mord"— Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch. The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).


title: Suicide attack

text: "Atjèh-moord" was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh. The Acehnese Ulama (Islamic Scholars) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.


title: Suicide attack

text: Moro Muslims who performed suicide attacks were called "mag-sabil", and the suicide attacks were known as "Parang-sabil". The Spanish called them "juramentado". The idea of the juramentado was considered part of jihad in the Moros' Islamic religion. During an attack, a Juramentado would throw himself at his targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as barongs and kris until he himself was killed. The Moros performed juramentado suicide attacks against the Spanish in the Spanish–Moro conflict of the 16th to the 19th centuries, against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion (1899–1913), and against the Japanese in World War II.


title: Suicide attack

text: The Moro Juramentados aimed their attacks specifically against their enemies, and not against non-Muslims in general. They launched suicide attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese as the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people. The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all known family members and relatives of the attacker(s).


title: Suicide attack

text: According to historian Stephan Dale, the Moro were not the only Muslims who carried out suicide attacks "in their fight against Western hegemony and colonial rule". In the 18th century, suicide tactics were used on the Malabar coast of southwestern India, and in Atjeh (Acheh) in Northern Sumatra as well.


title: Suicide attack

text: The first known suicide bomber was a Russian man named Ignaty Grinevitsky. The invention of dynamite in the 1860s presented revolutionary and terrorist groups in Europe with a weapon nearly 20 times more powerful than gunpowder, but with technical challenges to detonating it at the right time. One way around that obstacle was to use a human trigger, and this was the technique that assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881.


title: Suicide attack

text: During the Xinhai Revolution (the Revolution of 1911) and the Warlord Era of the Republic of China (1912–1949), "Dare to Die Corps" () or "Suicide squads" were frequently used by Chinese armies. China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.


title: Suicide attack

text: In the Xinhai Revolution, many Chinese revolutionaries became martyrs in battle. "Dare to Die" student corps were founded, for student revolutionaries wanting to fight against Qing dynasty rule. Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing promoted the Dare to Die corps. Huang said, "We must die, so let us die bravely." Suicide squads were formed by Chinese students going into battle, knowing that they would be killed fighting against overwhelming odds.


title: Suicide attack

text: The 72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang died in the uprising that began the Wuchang Uprising, and were recognized as heroes and martyrs by the Kuomintang party and the Republic of China. The martyrs in the Dare to Die Corps who died in battle wrote letters to family members before heading off to certain death. The Huanghuakang was built as a monument to the 72 martyrs. The deaths of the revolutionaries helped the establishment of the Republic of China, overthrowing the Qing dynasty imperial system. Other Dare to Die student corps in the Xinhai revolution were led by students who later became major military leaders in Republic of China, like Chiang Kai-shek, and Huang Shaoxiong with the Muslim Bai Chongxi against Qing dynasty forces.


title: Suicide attack

text: "Dare to Die" troops were used by warlords. The Kuomintang used one to put down an insurrection in Canton. Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents. They were known as 烈士 "Lit-she" (Martyrs) after accomplishing their mission.


title: Suicide attack

text: Suicide bombing was also used against the Japanese. A "dare to die corps" was effectively used against Japanese units at the Battle of Taierzhuang. They used swords. They wore suicide vests made out of grenades.


title: Suicide attack

text: A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese soldiers at Sihang Warehouse. Chinese troops strapped explosives such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, to stop a Japanese tank column when an attacker exploded himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where Chinese troops with dynamite and grenades strapped to themselves rushed Japanese tanks and blew themselves up,


title: Suicide attack

text: During the 1946–1950 Communist Revolution, coolies fighting the Communists formed "Dare to Die Corps" to fight for their organizations, with their lives. During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, protesting students also formed "Dare to Die Corps", to risk their lives defending the protest leaders.


title: Suicide attack

text: "Kamikaze", a ritual act of self-sacrifice carried out by Japanese pilots of explosive-laden aircraft against Allied warships, occurred on a large scale at the end of World War II. About 3000 attacks were made and about 50 ships were sunk.