title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: It also featured Mitsubishi's new 6-speed "SST" dual-clutch automatic transmission with steering-mounted magnesium alloy shift paddles. It has replaced the Tiptronic automatic transmission, hence the SST version replaced the GT-A version (which was used in Evolution VII and Evolution IX Wagon). A 5-speed manual gearbox was also available. The Lancer Evolution also incorporated Mitsubishi's next-generation "RISE" safety body.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: The Evolution X went on sale October 2, 2007 in Japan, January 2008 in the US, February in Canada (as the first version of Evolution in Canada) and by March 2008 in the UK. The Twin Clutch SST version was available in Japan from November 2007. Europe will follow with sales in May, GSR and MR version included premium package. The introduction of the 2010 MR-Touring moved the car even further upscale. Leather and a moonroof became standard while revising the rear spoiler to just a lip spoiler.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: In 2014, it was revealed that Mitsubishi would discontinue production of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution after the 2015 model year.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: The engine is the 4B11T-type 2.0 litre turbo inline-4. The Evolution X can accelerate from 0– in 4.5 to 4.7 seconds. Aluminum is used in the roof panel, hood, front fenders and the rear spoiler frame structure. The launch model's engine was rated at at 6,500 rpm and at 3,500 rpm. Following the repeal of the 276 horsepower Gentleman's Agreement in Japan, engine power was raised to at 6,500 rpm beginning in 2009 model year.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: Acceleration: 0– 4.8 sec. with ; and 4.9 sec. with . Engine rated at at 6,500 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: The Philippines received its Evolution X in November 2008 and is the same as the USDM versions. The trims and specs are almost the same, excluding the MR Touring model from the USDM.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: In Malaysia, the Lancer Evolution X is available with only a 6-speed Twin Clutch SST transmission. Front license plates are aligned towards the center or right of the fascia. In 2009, the Royal Malaysian Police acquired a fleet of 5-speed manual-equipped Lancer Evolution X to be used in high-speed pursuits.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: A "Final Edition" (FE) trim was offered for sale after Mitsubishi announced that production of the Lancer Evolution would end after the 2015 model year. It had special production badges that were put on the center console indicating which number it is of the allocated amount per market. Being based on the GSR trim, a 5-speed manual transmission was mandatory. It also featured a black roof, "Final Edition" emblems, and darker Enkei wheels. Power was increased from 291 hp to 303 hp.


title: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X

text: The Evolution X Final Edition was first made available in Japan where 1,000 units were produced for the domestic market, with limited customization options. 150 of them were made available to the Australian + New Zealand market(s) as grey market imports. Only 350 units of the 2015 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Final Edition were sold in Canada, while another 1,600 units were sent to the United States.


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: In an interview held at the Anime Expo, when answering what inspired him to become a voice actor, Nobuhiko Okamoto mentioned that he has always been a big fan of "Slam Dunk" and thought the character Rukawa was really cool, so he wanted to be like him.


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: In the third Seiyu Awards held on March 7, 2009, he won the award for best rookie actor for his portrayals of Accelerator in "A Certain Magical Index", Shin Kanzato in "", and Ryuji Kuhoin in "Kure-nai", when he graduated from university.


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: In the fifth Seiyu Awards held on March 5, 2011, he won the award for best actor in a supporting role for his portrayals of Takumi Usui in "Maid Sama!", Eiji Niizuma in "Bakuman", and Accelerator in "A Certain Magical Index".


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: He has voiced Yū Nishinoya in "Haikyu!!", Katsuki Bakugo in "My Hero Academia", Rin Okumura in Blue Exorcist, Ghiaccio in "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", Karma Akabane in "Assassination Classroom", Isaac "Zack" Foster in "Angels of Death", Yoichi Saotome in Owari no Seraph, Louis Napoleon in "Captain Tsubasa", Khun Aguero Agnes in "Tower of God", Genya Shinazugawa in "", Kurokiba Ryo in "", Garfiel Tinsel in "", Bete Loga in "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?", Liebe in "Black Clover", and Obi in "Snow White with the Red Hair".


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: Okamoto established and transferred to a new voice talent agency Raccoon Dog on April 1, 2022, following the closure of Pro-Fit on March 31.


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: Nobuhiko has voiced many roles, including his involvement in character CDs and insert songs (soundtracks) for the anime. On his 25th birthday, he announced his singing debut for the year 2012. On May 23, he released his first EP, "Palette" which reached number 9 on the weekly Oricon chart. On June 5, 2013, he released his second EP, "Enjoy Full". On March 19, 2014, he released his first single, .


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: He is skilled at playing shogi, having the "Shogi Certification in 3rd Class". He appeared in several shogi events on Niconico and appeared in a "Pokémon" game event on Niconico as well. He also loves to play badminton. He's also the host of a radio program about gaming called "RADIO 4Gamer" from 2010 to 2015. Later, the program changed its name to "RADIO 4Gamer Tap" and continued on with Okamoto still being the host. The show was available on YouTube channel "4GamerSP."


title: Nobuhiko Okamoto

text: On March 21, 2020, Okamoto revealed that he is married to Asuka Ōgame after "Shūkan Bunshun" reported allegations of him having an extramarital affair. He apologized for his actions.


title: Dancing Queen

text: "Dancing Queen" is a Europop and disco song by the Swedish group ABBA, released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Arrival" (1976). It was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson. Andersson and Ulvaeus also produced the song. "Dancing Queen" was released as a single in Sweden on 15 August 1976, followed by a UK release and the rest of Europe a few days later. It was a worldwide hit. It became ABBA's only number one hit in the United States, and topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, West Germany and the Soviet Union. "Dancing Queen" also reached the top five in many other countries.


title: Dancing Queen

text: Musically, "Dancing Queen" is a Europop version of American disco music. As disco music dominated the US charts, the group decided to follow the trend, replicating Phil Spector's Wall of Sound arrangements. Andersson and Ulvaeus have cited George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby" as a source of inspiration for the style of the song. The song alternates between "languid yet seductive verses" and a "dramatic chorus that ascends to heart-tugging high notes". It features keyboard lines by Andersson, which accentuate the melody's sophistication and classical complexity, while Ulvaeus and Andersson interlace many instrumental hooks in and out of the mix. Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad’s layered vocals have been noted for their dynamism, "[negotiating] the melody's many turns flawlessly." Lyrically, the song concerns a visit to the discothèque, but approaches the subject from the joy of dancing itself. Today, the song has become ABBA's most recognisable and popular song.


title: Dancing Queen

text: The recording sessions for "Dancing Queen" began on 4 August 1975. The demo was called "Boogaloo" and as the sessions progressed, Andersson and Ulvaeus found inspiration in the dance rhythm of George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby", as well as the drumming on Dr. John's 1972 album, "Dr. John's Gumbo". The opening melody echoes "Sing My Way Home" by Delaney & Bonnie (from "Motel Shot", 1971). Fältskog and Lyngstad recorded the vocals during sessions in September 1975, and the track was completed three months later.


title: Dancing Queen

text: During the sessions, Benny Andersson brought a tape home with the backing track on it and played it to Anni-Frid Lyngstad, who apparently started crying when listening. Lyngstad said, "I found the song so beautiful. It's one of those songs that goes straight to your heart". Agnetha Fältskog later said: "It's often difficult to know what will be a hit. The exception was 'Dancing Queen.' We all knew it was going to be massive."


title: Dancing Queen

text: While working on the lyrics, the first half of the second verse was scrapped: "Baby, baby, you're out of sight/hey, you're looking all right tonight/when you come to the party/listen to the guys/they've got the look in their eyes..." It survives in footage from a recording session.


title: Dancing Queen

text: The band (especially Andersson) wanted to release "Dancing Queen" as the follow-up single to "Mamma Mia" but their manager, Stig Anderson, insisted that the more sedate and folksy "Fernando" should be first, as he felt it would appeal to a broader audience and so was more likely to be a hit. Therefore, whilst "Dancing Queen" premiered on both German and Japanese television during the spring of 1976, the song did not appear on vinyl until later that summer, having had its first live and domestic performance on 18 June 1976 during an all-star gala staged by Kjerstin Dellert at the Royal Swedish Opera (and shown on Swedish TV) in honour of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and his bride-to-be, Silvia Sommerlath, who were married the next day. For their 1980 Spanish-language compilation-album "Gracias Por La Música", ABBA recorded a Spanish version of "Dancing Queen", renamed "Reina Danzante", with Spanish lyrics provided by Buddy and Mary McCluskey. The track was retitled "La Reina Del Baile" when included on the compilation album "" in the 1990s.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In 1993, in honour of Swedish Queen Silvia's 50th birthday, Anni-Frid Lyngstad was asked to perform "Dancing Queen" on stage, repeating ABBA's 1976 performance of the song at the pre-wedding gala for King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. Frida contacted The Real Group and together they did an a cappella version of the song on stage at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, in front of the king and queen. The Swedish prime minister at the time, Ingvar Carlsson, was also in the audience that night and said it was an ingenious idea to perform "Dancing Queen" a cappella. The performance was recorded by Sveriges Television (SVT) and is included in the biographical documentary "Frida – The DVD" and The Real Group's 1994 compilation album "Varför får man inte bara vara som man är". When King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia attended the Tramp nightclub in London, the King requested that the DJ would play "Dancing Queen" owing to its use shortly before their wedding as previously mentioned.


title: Dancing Queen

text: For the soundtrack of the 1994 Australian film "Muriel's Wedding", songwriters Ulvaeus and Andersson allowed the use of "Dancing Queen" and other ABBA hits. "Dancing Queen" was among the ABBA songs included in "Mamma Mia!", the jukebox musical first produced in 1999 and adapted in 2008 as movie: "Mamma Mia!". It is also featured in the film's sequel, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again".


title: Dancing Queen

text: The first International Standard Musical Work Code was assigned in 1995 to "Dancing Queen"; the code is T-000.000.001-0.


title: Dancing Queen

text: According to Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic, the track's "sincerity and sheer musicality have allowed it to outlast the disco boom and become a standard of dance-pop." The song's release also cemented ABBA as an international act and signified the beginning of the group's 'classic period', which would span the following four years. It has become a standard for dance divas like Carol Douglas and Kylie Minogue, and it has been covered numerous times by acts including Ireland's U2. The song has been adopted by the LGBT community and, according to "Mojo" magazine, remains one of the most ubiquitous "gay anthems". "Billboard" found the theme of a person's greatest experience coming at a disco age 17 to be more substantive than most ABBA songs, and compared the vocal harmonies to the Mamas and the Papas. "Cash Box" said that the song is "backed by a strong upbeat, in keeping with the title" and "the hooks brought by lush vocal harmonies, as well as the reverb-soaked wall of sound that distinguishes this group, are present."


title: Dancing Queen

text: "Dancing Queen" was a worldwide No. 1 hit, topping the charts in more than a dozen countries including ABBA's native Sweden (where it spent 14 weeks at the top), Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway (where it charted for 32 weeks (VG-lista Top 10), making it the 11th best-performing single in that country), South Africa and Rhodesia. "Dancing Queen" also topped the charts in the United States, ABBA's only  1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and was a Top 5 hit in Austria, Finland, France and Switzerland. The song sold over three million copies. The track was the fourth biggest single of 1976 in the UK.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In the UK Singles Chart, "Dancing Queen" was the last of three consecutive chart-toppers for ABBA in 1976, following "Mamma Mia" and "Fernando" earlier in the year. The song was re-released in the UK in 1992, taking advantage of an ABBA revival sparked by the success of Erasure's "Abba-esque" EP. The re-issued "Dancing Queen" reached No. 16 in the UK in September 1992.


title: Dancing Queen

text: As of September 2021, it is ABBA's biggest song in the UK, being their only million-seller with 1.65 million chart sales, including 93 million streams since 2014.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In 2000, "Dancing Queen" came fourth in a Channel 4 television poll of "The 100 Greatest Number One Singles". It was chosen as No. 148 on the Recording Industry Association of America's Songs of the Century list. It is ranked No. 174 on "Rolling Stone"s 2004 list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the only ABBA song on the list. That same year, it made VH1's "100 Greatest Dance Songs in Rock & Roll" at No. 97. Also in 2000, editors of "Rolling Stone" with MTV compiled a list of the best 100 pop songs; "Dancing Queen" placed 12th among songs of the 1970s. "Billboard" and "Rolling Stone" both ranked the song number one on their lists of the greatest ABBA songs.


title: Dancing Queen

text: On 9 November 2002, the results of a poll, "Top 50 Favourite UK #1's", was broadcast on Radio 2, celebrating the 50th anniversary of The Official UK Charts Company. 188,357 listeners voted and "Dancing Queen" came out at No. 8. On 5 December 2010, Britain's ITV broadcast the results of a poll to determine "The Nation's Favourite ABBA Song" in which "Dancing Queen" placed at No. 2.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In 2009, the British performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited celebrated its 75th anniversary by listing the 75 songs that have played most in Great Britain on the radio, in clubs and on jukeboxes. "Dancing Queen" was number eight on the list.


title: Dancing Queen

text: Former US presidential candidate John McCain named "Dancing Queen" as his favourite song in a top-10 list submitted to "Blender" magazine in August 2008.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In August 2012, listeners to the 1970s-themed UK radio station "Smooth 70s" voted "Dancing Queen" as their favourite hit of the decade.


title: Dancing Queen

text: In October 2014, the musical instrument insurer Musicguard carried out a survey determining "Dancing Queen" to be the United Kingdom's favourite "floorfiller". Unlike its closest competitors, "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson (No. 2) and "Twist and Shout" by The Beatles (No. 3), it turned out to be very popular throughout the nation whereas the other two were strong regional favourites.


title: Dancing Queen

text: Online music magazine "Pitchfork" positioned "Dancing Queen" at number 80 in its 2016 ranking of the 200 best songs of the 1970s. Reviewer Cameron Cook wrote it is "a song so confident in its structure that its starts from the middle of its chorus", adding that it "bottles the out-of-body euphoria that accompanies dancing for dancing’s sake, with no agenda or motive other than pure joy." Eschewing the "disco" label sometimes attached to the track by latter-day critics, Cook called it "a pitch-perfect portrait of the hedonistic disco scene they were mimicking via their own, more down-to-Earth Europop".


title: Dancing Queen

text: In September 2016, "The Guardian" ran an article by Tim Jonze entitled "Why Abba's Dancing Queen is the best pop song ever". Jonze writes: "Dancing Queen is beautifully produced: catchy and euphoric, the perfect backdrop for a song that encapsulates the carefree bliss of youth". Several artists are cited as being influenced by the song, including Elvis Costello ("Oliver's Army"), MGMT ("Time to Pretend") and Chris Stein of Blondie ("Dreaming").


title: Dancing Queen

text: The British online music industry magazine "NME" placed "Dancing Queen" at number 27 in its 2018 listing of the top 100 songs of the 70s, reviewer Rebecca Schiller calling it "one of the greatest pop songs ever."


title: Dancing Queen

text: The song was accompanied by a music video, filmed in 1976 in Alexandra's discotheque in central Stockholm, Sweden. The music video features all four members of ABBA singing and performing to dancing club patrons. Directed by the Swedish film director Lasse Hallström, the music video on YouTube has over 500 million views as of May 2021. The video since has been remastered in ultra-high definition in August 2021 since the 500 million view milestone.


title: Dancing Queen

text: "Dancing Queen" is a single released by A-Teens, an ABBA tribute band from Sweden. It is the fourth and final single from their first album, "The ABBA Generation" (1999). Released in the spring of 2000, it peaked at number one in Mexico, becoming their first number-one hit in that country. The song was also a smash hit in South America peaking at number three in Argentina, number five in Chile, number six in Colombia and number 15 in Brazil.


title: Dancing Queen

text: This was the main single for the United States promotion, when the album was released in March 2000. "Dancing Queen" reached 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, 36 on Airplay and number 13 on the Hot Single Sales Chart.


title: Dancing Queen

text: "Dancing Queen" was released as a double A-side with "The Name of the Game" in Europe, where both songs were promoted on radio simultaneously; Universal Music Group thought that "Dancing Queen", being the last single, needed a back-up to be successful. The video for "The Name of the Game" was an unofficial video, made especially for an A-Teens television special in Sweden and it was never intended to be a promotional video. It was only aired by Channel 4 in the UK. It appeared on Disney's soundtrack album "".


title: Dancing Queen

text: Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video is set in a large high school. The video is a tribute to the 1980s film "The Breakfast Club", where band members (and extras serving as background dancers) are left in a classroom which shifts into a nightclub. Paul Gleason (he died seven years after the video filmed), the US actor who played the assistant principal in the film, reprises the role for the video. It also appears in "".


title: Dancing Queen

text: In 1978, Japanese synthpop duo Sandii & the Sunsetz did a cover version for their album "Mystery Nile."


title: Dancing Queen

text: Maruca and Anastácia perform the lounge version of the song for the album "Lavilla Vol 01" (Edinet S.r.l. Publishing Group, EDNCD036).


title: Dancing Queen

text: In 1992, the British disco group, known for covers of ABBA's songs in a Hi-NRG style charted at number 57 on the UK singles chart countdown after the song was licensed from Almighty Records by Pete Waterman's PWL, due to its popularity on his late-night television program "The Hitman and Her". In the US, the song was signed to BMG, where Abbacadabra's version became a club hit after being remixed by Love To Infinity.


title: Dancing Queen

text: Naya Rivera and Amber Riley of the "Glee" cast performed the song in "Prom Queen". It charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 74 and in the United Kingdom at number 169. British pop groups Brotherhood of Man and S Club 7 also recorded the song.


title: Dancing Queen

text: "Dancing Queen" was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again" soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was released on 21 July 2018 as the fourth single from the soundtrack. The song is performed by Pierce Brosnan, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried; it was produced by Benny Andersson.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Jean Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. He is described as an "enfant terrible" of the fashion industry and is known for his unconventional designs with motifs including corsets, marinières, and tin cans. Gaultier founded his self-titled fashion label in 1982, and expanded with a line of fragrances in 1993. He was the creative director for French luxury house Hermès from 2003 to 2010, and retired following his 50th-anniversary haute couture show during Paris Fashion Week in January 2020.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Aside from his work in the fashion industry, Gaultier co-presented the first seven series of the television series "Eurotrash" with Antoine de Caunes from 1993–1997.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier grew up in a suburb of Paris. His mother was a clerk and his father an accountant. It was his maternal grandmother, Marie Garrabe, who introduced him to the world of fashion.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: He never received formal training as a designer. Instead, he began to send sketches to famous couture stylists at an early age. Pierre Cardin was impressed by his talent and hired him as an assistant in 1970. Then he worked with Jacques Esterel in 1971 and Jean Patou later that year again worked for Cardin managing the Pierre Cardin boutique in Manila for a year until 1974. Despite Gaultier's youth, Cardin sent him to Manila to manage the local office. Imelda Marcos was one of his clients. He found himself on a "no leave" list and had to pretend to have a family emergency in order to leave. He never returned.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier's first individual collection was released in 1976. Although most people found his designs decadent at the time, fashion editors, notably Melka Tréanton of "Elle", Claude Brouet and Catherine Lardeur of French "Marie Claire", were impressed by his creativity and mastery of tailoring, and later launched his career. In 1980, he designed women's dresses out of plastic trash bags. Gaultier founded his eponymous fashion label in 1982. His 1983 collection "Boy Toy" relaunched the marinière for men. His garments were on sale at Bergdorf Goodman in New York as soon as 1984, and already lauded by Dawn Mello and Polly Allen Mellen. The term "Gaultiered" was coined to describe the classic pieces that were reinterpreted by the designer. During the 1984 Fall London and Paris shows, Jean Paul Gaultier introduced his line of skirts for men (actually kilts), a breakthrough in men's fashion that stirred a bit of controversy. In 1984 he also introduced the iconic women's corset with cone bra. Gaultier has also worked in close collaboration with Wolford Hosiery.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: By 1985, his company made $50 million in sales worldwide. In the 1985 movie "Desperately Seeking Susan", Madonna wore a skirt with men's suspenders she had bought from Gaultier. Besides his ready-to-wear collection, in 1988 Gaultier expanded his brand to include the label Junior Gaultier, a lower-priced line of products. The Junior Gaultier outfit was selected by Jeff Banks as the Dress of the Year. In 1988, he also recorded the music video "How to do that". At the end of the 1980s he invented a new look for the French accordionist Yvette Horner which relaunched her career. In 1990, he designed Madonna's clothes for her Blond Ambition World Tour.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: At the end of the 1980s, Gaultier suffered some personal losses, and in 1990 his boyfriend and business partner, Francis Menuge, died of AIDS-related causes. It is also around that time that he decided to tone down his showmanship and started to plan more intimate events.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier launched a line of fragrances (Classique) in 1993. The Junior Gaultier label was replaced in 1994 with JPG by Gaultier, a unisex collection that followed the designer's idea of fluidity of the sexes. Gaultier Jean's, a similar line consisting mainly of denim and more simply styled garments with a heavy street influence, followed in 1992, which was then replaced with Jean's Paul Gaultier from 2004 to 2008. Junior Gaultier's name was reused in 2009 for the launching of the child's wear, to be completed with a Baby Line in 2011.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: In 1998, Jean Paul Gaultier's company generated €12.9 million ($13.2 million) in sales. In 1999, Hermès acquired 35% of Gaultier's label for 150 million francs ($23 million). Jean Paul Gaultier owned 93% of his company prior to this deal. In 2002, Gaultier's label opened its first fully-fledged stand-alone store. Then, from 2003 to 2010, Gaultier was the creative director of Hermès where he succeeded Martin Margiela. Hermès later increased its stake in Jean Paul Gaultier to 45%. By 2008, 40 Jean Paul Gaultier stores opened worldwide.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: He sponsored the 2003–04 exhibit in the Costume Institute of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art entitled "Braveheart: Men in Skirts", which showed designs by Dries van Noten, Vivienne Westwood, and Rudi Gernreich in addition to Gaultier's in order to examine "designers and individuals who have appropriated the skirt as a means of injecting novelty into male fashion, as a means of transgressing moral and social codes, and as a means of redefining an ideal masculinity." He also designed some furniture for the French furniture brand Roche Bobois and an Evian bottle in 2008. Gaultier's spring 2009 couture was influenced by the visual style of singer Klaus Nomi, and he used Nomi's recording of "Cold Song" in his runway show.In 2011, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in collaboration with the Maison Jean Paul Gaultier organized a retrospective exhibit, "The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk." That exhibit is on tour with venues at the Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design ("Arkitektur- och designcentrum", ArkDes) in Stockholm, the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the Barbican Centre in London, the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, and the Grand Palais in Paris. The exhibition in Paris, which took place from April to August 2015, was the subject of a documentary called "Jean Paul Gaultier at the Grand Palais" aired exclusively on Eurochannel. In 2012, he participated in the Cali ExpoShow in Cali (Colombia), showing his extensive collection of perfumes and all classic clothes.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Up until 2014, he designed for three collections: his own couture and ready-to-wear lines, for both men and women. At the spring/summer 2015 show he announced that he was closing the ready-to-wear labels to focus on haute couture. In 2016, he designed more than 500 costumes for the revue THE ONE Grand Show at Friedrichstadt-Palast Berlin.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: In 2018, he staged a cabaret show that was loosely based on his life called "Fashion Freak Show" which took place at the Folies Bergere theater in Paris. In 2019, Gaultier collaborated with the New York streetwear brand Supreme.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: He announced on 17 January 2020 that his next Paris haute couture fashion show would be his last and that he was retiring from the runway.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: In 1988, Gaultier released a dance single titled "How To Do That" on Fontana Records, from which came one of the first ever "single title" remix albums, "Aow Tou Dou Zat", on Mercury Records. The album includes mixes by Norman Cook, J. J. Jeczalik, George Shilling, Mark Saunders, Latin Rascals, David Dorrell, Tim Atkins, Carl Atkins, and Kurtis Mantronik. It was co-written and produced by Tony Mansfield, and video directed by Jean-Baptiste Mondino. The album also featured a collaboration with accordion player Yvette Horner.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier is known as Eurovision enthusiast, and since 1991, he's dressed several of France's entrants. For the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, he dressed Greek entrant Anna Vissi, where she performed on homesoil. He commentated on the final of the 2008 contest with Julien Lepers on France Télévisions. He designed the dress that Anggun wore as she represented France during the grand-finals of the 2012 edition held in Baku, Azerbaijan. In Eurovision Song Contest 2013 he dressed the host Petra Mede.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Starting in 1993, he co-hosted the Channel 4 programme "Eurotrash" with Antoine de Caunes. Gaultier hosted the show until 1997.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: In 2012, he was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. This was the first time a fashion designer was called to sit on a jury at the festival.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: The fragrance house includes women's, men's, and unisex fragrances; a number of flanker fragrances have been released for each line. Jean Paul Gaultier fragrances have been licensed by Puig since 1 January 2016, and were previously licensed by Shiseido subsidiary Beauté Prestige International from 1991 through 31 December 2015. The BPI license was originally negotiated through 30 June 2016; however, Puig acquired the license for $79.2 million and paid $22.6 million for the early termination of the license. With this purchase, Puig now holds control of both the fashion and fragrance divisions of the Jean Paul Gaultier brand. The 1993 women's oriental floral Classique and the 1995 men's oriental fougere Le Male have been described by the brand as "flagship" products that "represent all the Jean Paul Gaultier values". Le Male was the top-selling men's fragrance in the European Union in 2012, and holds a strong market position in Australia and the United States.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Jean Paul Gaultier's characteristic irreverent style dating from 1981 has led to his being known as the "enfant terrible" of French fashion.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Many of Gaultier's subsequent collections have been based on street wear, focusing on popular culture, whereas others, particularly his haute couture collections, are very formal, yet at the same time unusual and playful. Jean Paul Gaultier says he is inspired by the baby boomers' TV culture, and the street culture where audacity sometimes triggers new trends. His main inspirations are the French popular culture, the mixing of types and genders, sexual fetishism and futurist designs.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: The advent of his haute couture line brought him massive success in 1997. Through this collection, he was able to freely express the scope and range of his aesthetic, drawing inspiration from radically divergent cultures, from Imperial India to Hasidic Judaism.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier caused shock by using unconventional models for his exhibitions, like older men and full-figured women, pierced and heavily tattooed models, and by playing with traditional gender roles in the shows. This earned him both criticism and enormous popularity. The "granny grey" hair colour trend is attributed to Gaultier, whose autumn/winter 2011 show featured models in grey beehives. In the spring of 2015, his catwalk show at Paris Fashion Week featured silver-haired models again, as did the shows of other fashion designers, Chanel and Gareth Pugh. The trend soon took off among celebrities and the general public.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Gaultier had always had an interest in fashion. In school, he found himself at odds with his classmates; though he didn't fit in, they nonetheless wanted him to do drawings for them.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: Uneasy with his sexuality, he was reassured when he learnt that some of the iconic fashion designers were also gay or bisexual, as he wanted to work in fashion himself. He met his partner Francis Menuge, who helped him to get established and start running shows. Gaultier and Menuge both learned about AIDS during its advent, and both were tested. Menuge was HIV positive, and both Gaultier and Menuge's parents looked after him until his death from AIDS.


title: Jean Paul Gaultier

text: In recent years, Gaultier has focused less on fashion to wear, and more on haute couture and putting on shows.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster. It was built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Circus now connects Piccadilly, Regent Street, Shaftesbury Avenue, the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square) and Glasshouse Street. It is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic junction has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right. The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain and statue of Anteros (which is popularly, though mistakenly, believed to be of Eros).


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: It is surrounded by several notable buildings, including the London Pavilion and Criterion Theatre. Underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus Underground station, part of the London Underground system.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus connects to Piccadilly, a thoroughfare whose name first appeared in 1626 as Piccadilly Hall, named after a house belonging to one Robert Baker, a tailor famous for selling piccadills, or piccadillies, a term used for various kinds of collars. The street was known as Portugal Street in 1692 in honour of Catherine of Braganza, the queen consort of King Charles II but was known as Piccadilly by 1743. Piccadilly Circus was created in 1819, at the junction with Regent Street, which was then being built under the planning of John Nash on the site of a house and garden belonging to a Lady Hutton; the intersection was then known as Regent Circus South (just as Oxford Circus was known as Regent Circus North) and it did not begin to be known as Piccadilly Circus until the mid 1880s, with the rebuilding of the Regent Street Quadrant and the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue. In the same period the circus lost its circular form.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The junction has been a very busy traffic interchange since construction, as it lies at the centre of Theatreland and handles exit traffic from Piccadilly, which Charles Dickens Jr. described in 1879: "Piccadilly, the great thoroughfare leading from the Haymarket and Regent-street westward to Hyde Park-corner, is the nearest approach to the Parisian boulevard of which London can boast."


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus tube station was opened on 10 March 1906, on the Bakerloo line, and on the Piccadilly line in December of that year. In 1928, the station was extensively rebuilt to handle an increase in traffic. The junction's first electric advertisements appeared in 1910, and, from 1923, electric billboards were set up on the facade of the London Pavilion. Electric street lamps, however, did not replace the gas ones until 1932. The circus became a one-way roundabout on 19 July 1926. Traffic lights were first installed on 3 August 1926.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: During World War II many servicemen's clubs in the West End served American soldiers based in Britain. So many prostitutes roamed the area approaching the soldiers that they received the nickname "Piccadilly Commandos", and both Scotland Yard and the Foreign Office discussed possible damage to Anglo-American relations.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: At the start of the 1960s, it was determined that the Circus needed to be redeveloped to allow for greater traffic flow. In 1962, Lord Holford presented a plan which would have created a "double-decker" Piccadilly Circus; the upper deck would have been an elevated pedestrian concourse linking the buildings around the perimeter of the Circus, with the lower deck being solely for traffic, most of the ground-level pedestrian areas having been removed to allow for greater vehicle flow. This concept was kept alive throughout the rest of the 1960s. A final scheme in 1972 proposed three octagonal towers (the highest tall) to replace the Trocadero, the Criterion and the "Monico" buildings. The plans were permanently rejected by Sir Keith Joseph and Ernest Marples; the key reason given was that Holford's scheme only allowed for a 20% increase in traffic, and the Government required 50%.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Holford plan is referenced in the short-form documentary film "Goodbye, Piccadilly", produced by the Rank Organisation in 1967 as part of their "Look at Life" series when it was still seriously expected that Holford's recommendations would be acted upon. Piccadilly Circus has since escaped major redevelopment, apart from extensive ground-level pedestrianisation around its south side in the 1980s.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Circus has been targeted by Irish republican terrorists multiple times. On 24 June 1939 an explosion occurred, although no injuries were caused. On 25 November 1974 a bomb injured 16 people. A 2 lb bomb exploded on 6 October 1992, injuring five people.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus was erected in 1893 to commemorate the philanthropic works of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. It was removed from the Circus twice and moved from the centre once. The first time was in 1922, so that Charles Holden's new tube station could be built directly below it. The fountain returned in 1931. During the Second World War, the fountain was removed for the second time and replaced by advertising hoardings. It was returned again in 1948. When the Circus underwent reconstruction work in the late 1980s, the entire fountain was moved from the centre of the junction at the beginning of Shaftesbury Avenue to its present position at the southwestern corner.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus is surrounded by tourist attractions, including the Shaftesbury Memorial, Criterion Theatre, London Pavilion and retail stores. Nightclubs, restaurants and bars are located in the area and neighbouring Soho, including the former Chinawhite club.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus was surrounded by illuminated advertising hoardings on buildings, starting in 1908 with a Perrier sign, but only one building now carries them, the one in the northwestern corner between Shaftesbury Avenue and Glasshouse Street. The site is unnamed (usually referred to as "Monico" after the Café Monico, which used to be on the site); its addresses are 44/48 Regent Street, 1/6 Sherwood Street, 17/22 Denman Street and 1/17 Shaftesbury Avenue, and it has been owned by property investor Land Securities Group since the 1970s.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The earliest signs used incandescent light bulbs; these were replaced with neon lights and with moving signs (there was a large Guinness clock at one time). The first Neon sign was for the British meat extract Bovril. From December 1998, digital projectors were used for the Coke sign, the square's first digital billboard, while in the 2000s there was a gradual move to LED displays, which completely replaced neon lamps by 2011. The number of signs has reduced over the years as the rental costs have increased, and in January 2017 the six remaining advertising screens were switched off as part of their combination into one large ultra-high definition curved Daktronics display, turning the signs off during renovation for the longest time since the 1940s. On 26 October 2017, the new screen was switched on for the first time.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Until the 2017 refurbishment, the site had six LED advertising screens above three large retail units facing Piccadilly Circus on the north side, occupied by Boots, Gap and a mix of smaller retail, restaurant and office premises fronting the other streets. A Burger King located under the Samsung advert, which had been a Wimpy Bar until 1989, closed in early 2008 and was converted into a Barclays Bank.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: On special occasions the lights are switched off, such as the deaths of Winston Churchill in 1965 and Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997. On 21 June 2007, they were switched off for one hour as part of the Lights Out London campaign.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Other companies and brands that have had signs on the site were Bovril, Volkswagen, Max Factor, Wrigley's Spearmint, Skol, Air India and Gold Flake (as Will's Gold Flake Cigarettes).


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: At the southeastern side of the Circus, moved after World War II from its original position in the centre, stands the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain, erected in 1892–1893 to commemorate the philanthropic works of Lord Shaftesbury, a Victorian politician, philanthropist and social reformer. The subject of the Memorial is the Greek god Anteros and was given the name "The Angel of Christian Charity" but is generally mistaken for his brother Eros.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Criterion Theatre, a Grade II* listed building, stands on the south side of Piccadilly Circus. Apart from the box office area, the entire theatre, with nearly 600 seats, is underground and is reached by descending a tiled stairway. Columns are used to support both the dress circle and the upper circle, restricting the views of many of the seats inside.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The theatre was designed by Thomas Verity and opened as a theatre on 21 March 1874, although original plans were for it to become a concert hall. In 1883, it was forced to close to improve ventilation and to replace gaslights with electric lights and was reopened the following year. The theatre closed in 1989 and was extensively renovated, reopening in October 1992.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: On the northeastern side of Piccadilly Circus, on the corner between Shaftesbury Avenue and Coventry Street, is the London Pavilion. The first building bearing the name was built in 1859 and was a music hall. In 1885, Shaftesbury Avenue was built through the former site of the Pavilion, and a new London Pavilion was constructed, which also served as a music hall. In 1924 electric billboards were erected on the side of the building.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: In 1934, the building underwent significant structural alteration and was converted into a cinema. In 1986, the building was rebuilt, preserving the 1885 facade, and converted into a shopping arcade. In 2000, the building was connected to the neighbouring Trocadero Centre, and signage on the building was altered in 2003 to read "London Trocadero". The basement of the building connects with the Underground station.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The former Swan & Edgar department store on the west side of the circus between Piccadilly and Regent Street was built in 1928–29 to a design by Reginald Blomfield. Since the closure of the department store in the early 1980s, the building has been successively the flagship London store of music chains Tower Records, Virgin Megastore and Zavvi. The current occupier is clothing brand The Sting.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Lillywhites is a major retailer of sporting goods located on the corner of the circus and Lower Regent Street, next to the Shaftesbury fountain. It moved to its present site in 1925. Lillywhites is popular with tourists, and they regularly offer sale items, including international football jerseys up to 90% off. Nearby Fortnum & Mason is often considered to be part of the Piccadilly Circus shopping area and is known for its expansive food hall.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Dominating the north side of the circus, on the corner of Glasshouse Street, is the County Fire Office building, with a statue of Britannia on the roof. The original building was designed by John Nash as the extreme southern end of his Regent Street Quadrant. Its dramatic façade was clearly influenced by Inigo Jones's old Somerset House. Although Robert Abraham was the County Fire Insurance Company's architect, it was probably Nash who was instrumental in choosing the design. In 1924 the old County Fire Office was demolished and replaced with a similar but much coarser building designed by Reginald Blomfield, but retaining the statue of Britannia. During the London Blitz it was the only building in the Circus to be damaged, with a few window panes blown out. The building is Grade II listed.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Piccadilly Circus station on the London Underground is located directly beneath Piccadilly Circus itself, with entrances at every corner. It is one of the few stations which have no associated buildings above ground and is fully underground. The below ground concourse and subway entrances are Grade II listed.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The station is on the Piccadilly line between Green Park and Leicester Square, and the Bakerloo line between Charing Cross and Oxford Circus.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The Circus' status as a high-profile public space has made it the destination for numerous political demonstrations, including the February 15, 2003 anti-war protest and the "Carnival Against Capitalism" protest against the 39th G8 summit in 2013.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The phrase "it's like Piccadilly Circus" is commonly used in the UK to refer to a place or situation which is extremely busy with people. It has been said that a person who stays long enough at Piccadilly Circus will eventually bump into everyone they know. Probably because of this connection, during World War II, "Piccadilly Circus" was the code name given to the Allies' D-Day invasion fleet's assembly location in the English Channel.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Piccadilly Circus has inspired artists and musicians. "Piccadilly Circus" (1912) is the name and subject of a painting by British artist Charles Ginner, part of the Tate Britain collection. Sculptor Paul McCarthy also has a 320-page two-volume edition of video stills by the name of "Piccadilly Circus". In the lyrics of their song "Mother Goose", on the "Aqualung" album from 1971, the band Jethro Tull tells "And a foreign student said to me: 'was it really true there were elephants, lions too, in Picadilly Circus?'". Bob Marley mentioned Piccadilly Circus in his song "Kinky Reggae", on the "Catch a Fire" album from 1973.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: L. S. Lowry R.A painting "Piccadilly Circus, London" (1960), part of Lord Charles Forte's collection for almost three decades, sold for £5,641,250 when auctioned for the first time at Christie's 20th Century British & Irish Art sale on 16 November 2011. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall's painting 'Piccadilly Circus' (2017) is a large monochrome canvas depicting the area at night with crowds, the making of which involved painting over 70 portraits from life.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: CIRCA is an art platform based in London's Piccadilly Circus. Founded in October 2020, they commission and stream a monthly programme of art and culture, every evening at 20:21, across a global network of billboards in London, Tokyo and Seoul.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Established in 2020 by British-Irish artist Josef O'Connor, the daily and free public art programme pauses the world-famous advertisements at Piccadilly Circus and across a global network of screens for three minutes every evening. They commission new work to fill the space that considers the world in response to the present year: circa 2020, 2021, etc. It is the largest digital art exhibition in Europe.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The first artist to fill the three-minute daily slot was Ai Weiwei. Other notable artists and curators whose works have been exhibited as part of the CIRCA programme include Cauleen Smith, Eddie Peake, Patti Smith, James Barnor curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Vivienne Westwood David Hockney, Alvaro Barrington and Anne Imhof.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: Each commission for the project is approved by an independent council chaired by the British independent curator and ex-director and chief curator of The Royal Academy, Norman Rosenthal. Other members include the Ghanaian-British architect Sir David Adjaye, Sarah Barker, Ramita Navai, Greg Sanderson and Patrick Morey-Burrows.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: The art platform is recognised for repositioning Piccadilly Circus as a destination for art and culture. In 2020, Ai Weiwei set a record on Piccadilly Lights as his film "CIRCA 20:20" became the longest-ever single piece of content to be displayed on the giant illuminated billboard at Piccadilly Circus. His film ran for just over an hour, pausing the regular advertisements at precisely 20:20 GMT, joining together the 30 parts of his month-long CIRCA residency.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: On 1 January 2021, CIRCA commissioned two live performances from Patti Smith to help put an end to 2020 and beckon in the new year. The New Year's Eve screening at Piccadilly Circus was eventually cancelled due to COVID-19 restrictions, but the performance was still broadcast for free via the CIRCA YouTube Channel on 31 December to an audience of over 1.5 million people around the world.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: CIRCA and Serpentine Galleries collaborative presentation of James Barnor’s work in April 2021 completed a journey that began more than half a century ago, when Barnor photographed BBC Africa Service presenter Mike Eghan against the backdrop of Piccadilly Circus’s neon signs in 1967. The iconic image is held within the Tate collection and was the inspiration behind Ferdinando Verderi’s Italian Vogue cover, with Barnor remote-shooting model Adwoa Aboah standing in the exact same location to create a present reflection on the past.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: To celebrate her 80th birthday, British fashion designer Vivienne Westwood was commissioned by CIRCA to present a new video work at Piccadilly Circus created with her brother titled "Don't Buy a Bomb", an anti-war message presented for ten minutes on the Piccadilly Lights screen. In the ten-minute film, the punk icon performed a rewritten rendition of ‘Without You’ from My Fair Lady to offer a stark warning of societal indifference to the looming environmental catastrophes, a cry against the arms trade, and its link to climate change.


title: Piccadilly Circus

text: In May 2021, British artist David Hockney's iPad sketch of a sunrise titled "Remember you cannot look at the sun or death for very long", was broadcast by CIRCA across digital billboard screens in London's Piccadilly Circus, New York's Times Square and prominent locations in Los Angeles, Tokyo and the largest outdoor screen in Seoul.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Ashton Dumar Norwill Simmonds (born April 5, 1995), known professionally as Daniel Caesar, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. After independently building a following through the release of two critically acclaimed EPs, "Praise Break" (2014) and "Pilgrim's Paradise" (2015), Caesar released his debut studio album, "Freudian", in August 2017, which garnered widespread critical acclaim. He released his second studio album, "Case Study 01", in June 2019. In March 2021, Caesar was featured alongside Giveon on Justin Bieber's single "Peaches", which serves as his first number-one song on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Ashton Dumar Norwill Simmonds was born on April 5, 1995, in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, and raised in Oshawa. He is the second eldest of four children to his mother Hollace and father Norwill Simmonds, a pastor and gospel singer who released his first album as a high school student in Jamaica. Caesar attended the Seventh-day Adventist Church and private school in Oshawa. He is of Bajan and Jamaican descent.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Caesar grew up in church, singing before his father's congregation in Oshawa. He was raised listening to soul and gospel delivered through musicality and religion, even though his parents were cautious of temptations that came with music. Caesar longed for the city, which was an hour’s drive from his home.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: At the age of 17, Caesar was kicked out of the house after a fight with his father on the weekend of his high school graduation; he was briefly homeless during this time. He felt no choice but to pursue his calling as a musician. After leaving his home, he began doing gigs. He connected with producers and future collaborators Jordan Evans and Matthew Burnett and began writing and recording what would by his debut EP "Praise Break" in 2014; it was No. 19 on the "20 Best R&B Albums of 2014" by "Rolling Stone" and the top projects of 2014 by Noisey Canada.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Caesar's career gained notability in 2015, with the release of his second EP, "Pilgrim's Paradise". The album received positive critical acclaim and, while not immediately a commercial success, tracks like the cover "Streetlights" became sleeper hits.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: On August 25, 2017, Caesar released his debut album "Freudian", which includes the singles "Get You", "We Find Love", and "Blessed". The album was a shortlisted finalist for the 2018 Polaris Music Prize. At the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, Caesar received two nominations for Best R&B Album and Best R&B Performance for "Get You". At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, Caesar won Best R&B Performance for his single "Best Part". On March 19, 2021, Caesar was also featured alongside American singer-songwriter Giveon on fellow Canadian singer Justin Bieber's single "Peaches", from the latter's sixth studio album, "Justice", which became his first chart-topping single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Caesar's music is influenced by soul and gospel. His music draws from his childhood experiences and integrates them with R&B and electronics, while his lyrics explore subjects of religion, philosophy and unrequited love. In his music, he often references concepts of philosophy. His singing voice reshapes itself on each track, often veering into a hushed, introspective lilting style. According to Caesar, "In my religious surroundings growing up, the point is to be still, to direct as little attention to yourself as possible and instead, direct all attention to what you’re saying. Now, it’s kind of the opposite." Caesar cites Frank Ocean, Kanye West, Beyoncé, and The Doors frontman Jim Morrison as musical and stylistic inspirations.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Caesar works in close collaboration with producers Matthew Burnett and Jordan Evans, with whom he co-founded his independent label, Golden Child Recordings, and has co-produced almost all of his music with since 2015. Caesar is also part of an informal collaborative of Toronto-based musicians and songwriters that includes River Tiber, BadBadNotGood, and Charlotte Day Wilson, among others.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: In April 2018, Caesar retweeted and then deleted tweets from conservative Candace Owens. He noted that he did not want to "martyr" for the tweets and that people should hear opposing arguments. He later backtracked his comments.


title: Daniel Caesar

text: Also in April 2018, Caesar did not credit Jeremy Passion's "Lemonade" for lyrics to his song "Best Part" (with H.E.R.).


title: Daniel Caesar

text: In March 2019, Caesar defended his friend Julieanna Goddard via an Instagram live stream. Goddard had been criticized for her insensitive comments on race, particularly those regarding black women. Caesar came to her defense, asking why some black people were "being so mean," and called call out culture overly sensitive. His comments were received negatively by some on social media. Caesar later apologized for the way he gave his opinions, saying: "I was talking down to you guys. I apologize for how I expressed my idea, [t]here was no one there to challenge my ideas. That’s also dangerous. That’s why it’s tyrannical... that is where I went wrong. I believe in what I said. A real man can admit when he’s wrong. I can admit when I’m wrong."


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya Sen (born Riya Dev Varma; 24 January 1981) is an Indian actress and model. who predominantly appears in Hindi, Bengali, English, Telugu and Tamil films.


title: Riya Sen

text: Sen comes from a royal background; her father Bharat Dev Varma hails from the royal family of Tripura. He was the son of Ila Devi, a princess of Cooch Behar and nephew of Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur. Sen's mother Moon Moon Sen and grandmother Suchitra Sen were reputed veteran actresses. She began her acting career when she was 5 years old, playing her mother's daughter on screen for the first time. Later in 1991 she worked as a child actress in the film "Vishkanya". Her first commercial success in her film career was with "Style", a 2001 Hindi low-budget comedy directed by N. Chandra. Some of her other notable films include producer Pritish Nandy's musical film, "Jhankaar Beats" (2003) in Hinglish, and Malayalam horror film "Ananthabhadram" (2005). She won the Star Guide Award as best actress for her performance in Noukadubi.


title: Riya Sen

text: Sen was first recognised as a model when she performed in Falguni Pathak's music video "Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi" at the age of seventeen in 1998. Since then, she has appeared in music videos, television advertisements, fashion shows, and on magazine covers. Sen has worked as an activist and appeared in an AIDS awareness music video with the aim of dispelling popular myths about the disease. She also helped raise funds for pediatric eye-care and underprivileged children.


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya first appeared as a child artist in the film when she was 5 years old later in 1991 she worked as a child actress in the film "Vishkanya"., where she played the role of the young Pooja Bedi. At the age of 19, she did National Film Awards winning director Bharathiraja's Tamil film, "Taj Mahal" (2000) which was written by Mani Ratnam while music was composed by A. R. Rahman, which did not achieve commercial success. She was scheduled to make her Bollywood film debut in "Love You Hamesha", opposite actor Akshaye Khanna; however, the film was stalled, and she finally made her debut in N. Chandra's "Style" in 2001. This low-budget comedy was the first commercial success in over a decade for the director. A launch pad for Riya, cast in the female lead along with fellow-newcomers, Sharman Joshi, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal, the film pioneered a trend of commercial success for small budget films in India. Riya and the second female lead of the film were replaced by aspirant actresses Sonali Joshi and Jaya Seal in "Xcuse Me".


title: Riya Sen

text: Her next success was "Jhankaar Beats", comedy revolving around the music of legendary composer R D Burman, which saw her playing a small and glamorous role alongside Shayan Munshi, Juhi Chawla, Rahul Bose, Rinke Khanna and Sanjay Suri. Produced by Pritish Nandy, publishing director of "The Times of India", the film was made on a budget of Rs. 25 million (US$525,000), marking the sixth in a row of small to medium budget films made by Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC). Despite being part of a wave of offbeat films that mostly failed to make an impact at the box office, it drew public attention upon its release, which led to a commercial success among a restricted audience targeted by a selective release in twenty cities. It was one of the first films made in Hinglish, a mixture of Hindi and English.


title: Riya Sen

text: Her films Style and Jhankar Beats have done wonders commercially. Her latter films Harry Baweja's Qayamat and Subhash Ghai's Apna Sapna Money Money were also box office hits and that ran for 150 days. These films were 4 consecutive hits in a row. While many of her appearances have been item numbers and cameos, few of her leading roles have been in Low-budget films. Though she had small roles in "Dil Vil Pyar Vyar" (2002), "" (2003) and "Plan" (2004), attention was drawn to her item numbers in all three, especially the one in "Qayamat" that featured her in a bubble-bath. Besides this, she performed another item number in "James" (2005) on director-producer Ram Gopal Varma's behest, who has a history of casting aspirant actress-models like Sameera Reddy, Isha Koppikar and Koena Mitra in similar roles. Furthermore, she took part in a dance number for Sajid Khan's "Heyy Babyy" (2007) that featured several mainstream Bollywood actresses.


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya has, in addition to Hindi films, appeared in Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and English films. Her film career began in the earnest with Tamil films such as Bharathi Raja's "Taj Mahal", co-starring Manjoj Bharatiraja in the male lead, and Manoj Bhatnaghar's "Good Luck", opposite Prashanth. Both of the films failed commercially, she also did a dance number for N. Maharajan's "Arasatchi".


title: Riya Sen

text: Her first English language movie was "It Was Raining That Night", a remake of the Bengali film "Hei Brishtir Raat", scripted by Sudeshna Roy and directed by Mahesh Manjrekar. In the film, she collaborated with her mother Moon Moon Sen. Riya was slated to appear in Anjan Dutt's Bengali-English bilingual film "The Bong Connection" with her sister, but she was eventually dropped from the project and replaced by Peeya Rai Chaudhary. The two sisters were later cast together in director Ajai Sinha's "3 Bachelors", a Bengali film that started as "The Bachelor" in 2002 and was released in 2012.


title: Riya Sen

text: Her most successful non-Hindi film has been director Santhosh Sivan's "Ananthabhadram" (2005). The first Malayalam venture for both Riya and Sivan, was both a critical and commercial success. It won five Kerala State Film Awards and surfaced as one of the biggest Malayalam successes that year. She played the role of "Bhama" in the film, a village girl who is lured by Digambaran, the evil magician portrayed by Manoj K. Jayan. In a song-and-dance sequence showing Digambaran turning Bhama into a medium for demonic rituals, the choreographer Aparna Sindoor made abundant use of Kathakali movements. The use of Kathakali has been a high point in the resurgence of the classical dance form in other major Indian films as well, including Shaji Karun's "Vanaprastham" (1999) and Adoor Gopalakrishnan's "Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair" (2005). She made her Telugu Debut with "Nenu Meeku Telusa...?", in which she was paired opposite Manoj Manchu.


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya became a popular model when she appeared in numerous music videos for songs by popular singers, including Falguni Pathak's "Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi" (alternative title: "Chudi Jo Khankayi"), Asha Bhosle's "Jhumka Gira Re", Jagjit Singh and Bhosle's "Jab Samne Tum" and "Kahin Kahin Se", Lata Mangeshkar, Bhonsle and Singh's "Dil Kahin Hosh Kahin", Sonu Nigam's "Jeena Hai Tere Liye" and Shaan's "Sutta Maro". She shot for her first music video, "Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi", at the age of sixteen. This led to her being identified primarily as a performer for music videos early in her career, an image she aimed to shed in 2005. Riya has appeared on several magazine covers, including "Femina", "Elaan", "Man's World", "Gladrags", "Savvy" and Indian versions of "Elle", "Maxim" and "Cosmopolitan", as well as on the ramp of major fashion shows like Lakmé Fashion Week (2005–07) and Wills Fashion Week (2006–2007). She participated in fashion shows along with her elder sister, Raima Sen.


title: Riya Sen

text: Besides modelling, Riya has ventured into the advertisement world as well. A high point of her modelling career came in 2006, when she became the soft drink, Limca's brand ambassador, replacing Deepika Padukone. Her other notable assignments include Colgate, Dabur Vatika, Reliance Industries, Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, and Nirma.


title: Riya Sen

text: In 2004, she was featured partially nude in leading Indian photographer Dabboo Ratnani's annual calendar, which is a major happening in the Indian glamour industry. According to Daboo, "Her mother saw it much later, after the calendar released. She thought it was too sexy, and Riya shouldn't have done it. But the response to the photograph was superb. Riya was so thrilled that for her next ad campaign, she asked me to light her up like I did in this." A career highlight for the model, it led to a three-year contract with Ratnani to feature her on his annual calendar. She is the only female face to be featured on the calendar for five consecutive years (2003–07).


title: Riya Sen

text: Born on 24 January 1981 in Kolkata, West Bengal, Riya is the daughter of Moon Moon Sen, a former actress, and granddaughter of Suchitra Sen, a legend in Bengali cinema. Before leaving for Mumbai, she lived in Kolkata with her parents and sister Raima Sen, also an actress. Her father Bharat Dev Varma is a member of the royal family of Tripura. Her paternal grandmother, Ila Devi, was a princess of Cooch Behar, whose younger sister Gayatri Devi was the Maharani of Jaipur. Her paternal great-grandmother Indira was the only daughter of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda. Riya's maternal great-grandfather Adinath Sen was a prominent Kolkata businessman, whose father Dinanath Sen – a relative of former Union Law Minister Ashoke Kumar Sen- was the Diwan or a Minister of the Maharaja of Tripura. The sisters are credited on-screen under their mother's maiden name, although their official papers carry the surname Dev Varma.


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya completed her schooling in ICSE from Loreto House in Kolkata. She went on to studying philosophy in a Bengali uccha madhyamik school Rani Birla Girls' College (a University of Calcutta affiliate). Riya had a degree from the National Institute of Fashion Technology NIFT Mumbai in fashion designing and information technology. She went to London to the Pinewood Actors Studio for acting course and simultaneously did voice and dubbing classes. She also did a couple of private acting workshops with renowned British teachers. She learnt the Queens English -British accent with renowned voice coach Barbara Berkeley. She studied in New York at the TV1 acting studio in Times Square. Riya has also done a course in Paris at the Institute Marangoni for fashion and image styling. Riya also did a course at the University of Arts in London in ‘branding' and a cooking course in Thailand at the blue elephant culinary school. Riya briefly practiced kickboxing and karate. She is passionate about painting and has been painting since she was a baby. She's a certified yoga teacher. She did her 200 hours Teacher training course in Rishikesh for hatha vinyasa, Yin yoga teacher training course in dharamsala at the Trimurti school and Aerial yoga teacher training course from Ulu yoga in Bali.


title: Riya Sen

text: During the filming of "Shaadi No. 1" in France, she was knocked unconscious after being accidentally run over by a stuntman's motorbike, but she was not seriously injured.


title: Riya Sen

text: Riya's on-screen performances have established her as a bold youth icon in India. Since entering the film industry, she has gained attention for wearing a bikini in "Shaadi No. 1" and sharing on-screen kisses with co-stars Ashmit Patel in "Silsiilay" and Sharman Joshi in "Style", respectively. Such performances garnered negative attention because of the relatively conservative outlook of Indian cinema at that time and her own statements about such practices. Riya's public persona is compared to her mother Moon Moon, who was seen as a sex symbol of her time.


title: Riya Sen

text: Although her film career has yet to achieve large-scale success, Riya has generated considerable media attention. She was ranked ninth on "Femina 50 Most Beautiful Women", published in the magazine's September 2007 issue. She was a jury member for the 2008 Final of the Mr. India contest. Riya appeared in "Haath Se Haath Mila", an HIV/AIDS awareness music video. She made charity appearances at McDonald's India to raise money for paediatric eye-care during World Children's Week (14–20 November) in 2003 and also for underprivileged children during the Corona virus pandemic in 2020.


title: Syllable

text: A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the phonological "building blocks" of words. They can influence the rhythm of a language, its prosody, its poetic metre and its stress patterns. Speech can usually be divided up into a whole number of syllables: for example, the word "ignite" is made of two syllables: "ig" and "nite".


title: Syllable

text: Syllabic writing began several hundred years before the first letters. The earliest recorded syllables are on tablets written around 2800 BC in the Sumerian city of Ur. This shift from pictograms to syllables has been called "the most important advance in the history of writing".


title: Syllable

text: A word that consists of a single syllable (like English "dog") is called a monosyllable (and is said to be "monosyllabic"). Similar terms include disyllable (and "disyllabic"; also "bisyllable" and "bisyllabic") for a word of two syllables; trisyllable (and "trisyllabic") for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and "polysyllabic"), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable.


title: Syllable

text: "Syllable" is an Anglo-Norman variation of Old French "sillabe", from Latin "syllaba", from Koine Greek "syllabḗ" (). means "the taken together", referring to letters that are taken together to make a single sound.


title: Syllable

text: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the period marks syllable breaks, as in the word "astronomical" .


title: Syllable

text: In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. In addition, the stress mark is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of a word, in practice, the stress mark also marks a syllable break, for example in the word "understood" (though the syllable boundary may still be explicitly marked with a full stop, e.g. ).


title: Syllable

text: When a word space comes in the middle of a syllable (that is, when a syllable spans words), a tie bar can be used for liaison, as in the French combination "les amis" . The liaison tie is also used to join lexical words into phonological words, for example "hot dog" .


title: Syllable

text: A Greek sigma, , is used as a wild card for 'syllable', and a dollar/peso sign, , marks a syllable boundary where the usual period might be misunderstood. For example, is a pair of syllables, and is a syllable-final vowel.


title: Syllable

text: In the typical theory of syllable structure, the general structure of a syllable (σ) consists of three segments. These segments are grouped into two components:


title: Syllable

text: The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. nucleus and coda are grouped together as a "rime" and are only distinguished at the second level.


title: Syllable

text: The "nucleus" is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The "onset" is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the "coda" (literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. They are sometimes collectively known as the "shell". The term "rime" covers the nucleus plus coda. In the one-syllable English word "cat", the nucleus is "a" (the sound that can be shouted or sung on its own), the onset "c", the coda "t", and the rime "at". This syllable can be abstracted as a "consonant-vowel-consonant" syllable, abbreviated "CVC". Languages vary greatly in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a syllable, according to what is termed a language's phonotactics.


title: Syllable

text: Although every syllable has supra-segmental features, these are usually ignored if not semantically relevant, e.g. in tonal languages.


title: Syllable

text: In Chinese syllable structure, the onset is replaced with an initial, and a semivowel or liquid forms another segment, called the medial. These four segments are grouped into two slightly different components:


title: Syllable

text: In many languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, such as Chinese, the syllable structure is expanded to include an additional, optional segment known as a medial, which is located between the onset (often termed the "initial" in this context) and the rime. The medial is normally a semivowel, but reconstructions of Old Chinese generally include liquid medials ( in modern reconstructions, in older versions), and many reconstructions of Middle Chinese include a medial contrast between and , where the functions phonologically as a glide rather than as part of the nucleus. In addition, many reconstructions of both Old and Middle Chinese include complex medials such as , , and . The medial groups phonologically with the rime rather than the onset, and the combination of medial and rime is collectively known as the final.


title: Syllable

text: Some linguists, especially when discussing the modern Chinese varieties, use the terms "final" and "rime/rhyme" interchangeably. In historical Chinese phonology, however, the distinction between "final" (including the medial) and "rime" (not including the medial) is important in understanding the rime dictionaries and rime tables that form the primary sources for Middle Chinese, and as a result most authors distinguish the two according to the above definition.


title: Syllable

text: In some theories of phonology, syllable structures are displayed as tree diagrams (similar to the trees found in some types of syntax). Not all phonologists agree that syllables have internal structure; in fact, some phonologists doubt the existence of the syllable as a theoretical entity.


title: Syllable

text: There are many arguments for a hierarchical relationship, rather than a linear one, between the syllable constituents. One hierarchical model groups the syllable nucleus and coda into an intermediate level, the "rime". The hierarchical model accounts for the role that the "nucleus"+"coda" constituent plays in verse (i.e., rhyming words such as "cat" and "bat" are formed by matching both the nucleus and coda, or the entire rime), and for the distinction between heavy and light syllables, which plays a role in phonological processes such as, for example, sound change in Old English and .


title: Syllable

text: In some traditional descriptions of certain languages such as Cree and Ojibwe, the syllable is considered left-branching, i.e. onset and nucleus group below a higher-level unit, called a "body" or "core". This contrasts with the coda.


title: Syllable

text: The rime or rhyme of a syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda. It is the part of the syllable used in most poetic rhymes, and the part that is lengthened or stressed when a person elongates or stresses a word in speech.


title: Syllable

text: The rime is usually the portion of a syllable from the first vowel to the end. For example, is the rime of all of the words "at", "sat", and "flat". However, the nucleus does not necessarily need to be a vowel in some languages. For instance, the rime of the second syllables of the words "bottle" and "fiddle" is just , a liquid consonant.


title: Syllable

text: Just as the rime branches into the nucleus and coda, the nucleus and coda may each branch into multiple phonemes. The limit for the number of phonemes which may be contained in each varies by language. For example, Japanese and most Sino-Tibetan languages do not have consonant clusters at the beginning or end of syllables, whereas many Eastern European languages can have more than two consonants at the beginning or end of the syllable. In English, the onset, nucleus, and coda may all have two phonemes, as in the word "flouts": [fl] in the onset, the diphthong [aʊ] in the nucleus, and [ts] in the coda.


title: Syllable

text: "Rime" and "rhyme" are variants of the same word, but the rarer form "rime" is sometimes used to mean specifically "syllable rime" to differentiate it from the concept of poetic rhyme. This distinction is not made by some linguists and does not appear in most dictionaries.


title: Syllable

text: A heavy syllable is generally one with a "branching rime", i.e. it is either a "closed syllable" that ends in a consonant, or a syllable with a "branching nucleus", i.e. a long vowel or diphthong. The name is a metaphor, based on the nucleus or coda having lines that branch in a tree diagram.


title: Syllable

text: In some languages, heavy syllables include both VV (branching nucleus) and VC (branching rime) syllables, contrasted with V, which is a light syllable.


title: Syllable

text: Some languages distinguish a third type of superheavy syllable, which consists of VVC syllables (with both a branching nucleus and rime) or VCC syllables (with a coda consisting of two or more consonants) or both.


title: Syllable

text: In moraic theory, heavy syllables are said to have two moras, while light syllables are said to have one and superheavy syllables are said to have three. Japanese phonology is generally described this way.


title: Syllable

text: Many languages forbid superheavy syllables, while a significant number forbid any heavy syllable. Some languages strive for constant syllable weight; for example, in stressed, non-final syllables in Italian, short vowels co-occur with closed syllables while long vowels co-occur with open syllables, so that all such syllables are heavy (not light or superheavy).


title: Syllable

text: The difference between heavy and light frequently determines which syllables receive stress – this is the case in Latin and Arabic, for example. The system of poetic meter in many classical languages, such as Classical Greek, Classical Latin, Old Tamil and Sanskrit, is based on syllable weight rather than stress (so-called "quantitative rhythm" or "quantitative meter").


title: Syllable

text: Syllabification is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. In most languages, the actually spoken syllables are the basis of syllabification in writing too. Due to the very weak correspondence between sounds and letters in the spelling of modern English, for example, written syllabification in English has to be based mostly on etymological i.e. morphological instead of phonetic principles. English written syllables therefore do not correspond to the actually spoken syllables of the living language.


title: Syllable

text: Phonotactic rules determine which sounds are allowed or disallowed in each part of the syllable. English allows very complicated syllables; syllables may begin with up to three consonants (as in "strength"), and occasionally end with as many as five (as in "angsts", pronounced [æŋsts]). (Some dialects of English pronounce "strengths" with a four-consonant onset, and "angsts" with a five-consonant coda: [stʃɹɛŋkθ] and [æŋksts] respectively.) Many other languages are much more restricted; Japanese, for example, only allows and a chroneme in a coda, and theoretically has no consonant clusters at all, as the onset is composed of at most one consonant.


title: Syllable

text: The linking of a word-final consonant to a vowel beginning the word immediately following it forms a regular part of the phonetics of some languages, including Spanish, Hungarian, and Turkish. Thus, in Spanish, the phrase ('the men') is pronounced , Hungarian ('the human') as , and Turkish ('I hated it') as . In Italian, a final sound can be moved to the next syllable in enchainement, sometimes with a gemination: e.g., ('I've never had any of them') is broken into syllables as and ('I go there and she does as well') is realized as . A related phenomenon, called consonant mutation, is found in the Celtic languages like Irish and Welsh, whereby unwritten (but historical) final consonants affect the initial consonant of the following word.


title: Syllable

text: There can be disagreement about the location of some divisions between syllables in spoken language. The problems of dealing with such cases have been most commonly discussed with relation to English. In the case of a word such as "hurry", the division may be or , neither of which seems a satisfactory analysis for a non-rhotic accent such as RP (British English): results in a syllable-final , which is not normally found, while gives a syllable-final short stressed vowel, which is also non-occurring. Arguments can be made in favour of one solution or the other: A general rule has been proposed that states that "Subject to certain conditions ..., consonants are syllabified with the more strongly stressed of two flanking syllables", while many other phonologists prefer to divide syllables with the consonant or consonants attached to the following syllable wherever possible. However, an alternative that has received some support is to treat an intervocalic consonant as "ambisyllabic", i.e. belonging both to the preceding and to the following syllable: . This is discussed in more detail in .


title: Syllable

text: The onset (also known as anlaut) is the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable, occurring before the nucleus. Most syllables have an onset. Syllables without an onset may be said to have an "empty" or "zero onset" – that is, nothing where the onset would be.


title: Syllable

text: Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. For example, in English, onsets such as "pr-", "pl-" and "tr-" are possible but "tl-" is not, and "sk-" is possible but "ks-" is not. In Greek, however, both "ks-" and "tl-" are possible onsets, while contrarily in Classical Arabic no multiconsonant onsets are allowed at all.


title: Syllable

text: Some languages forbid null onsets. In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word "at", are impossible.


title: Syllable

text: This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic glottal stop (the sound in the middle of English "uh-oh" or, in some dialects, the double T in "button", represented in the IPA as ). In English, a word that begins with a vowel may be pronounced with an epenthetic glottal stop when following a pause, though the glottal stop may not be a phoneme in the language.


title: Syllable

text: Few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. However, Maltese and some Polynesian languages do make such a distinction, as in Hawaiian ('fire') and / ← ('tuna') and Maltese ← Arabic and Maltese ← Arabic .


title: Syllable

text: Ashkenazi and Sephardi Hebrew may commonly ignore , and , and Arabic forbid empty onsets. The names "Israel", "Abel", "Abraham", "Omar", "Abdullah", and "Iraq" appear not to have onsets in the first syllable, but in the original Hebrew and Arabic forms they actually begin with various consonants: the semivowel in , the glottal fricative in , the glottal stop in , or the pharyngeal fricative in , , and . Conversely, the Arrernte language of central Australia may prohibit onsets altogether; if so, all syllables have the underlying shape VC(C).


title: Syllable

text: The difference between a syllable with a null onset and one beginning with a glottal stop is often purely a difference of phonological analysis, rather than the actual pronunciation of the syllable. In some cases, the pronunciation of a (putatively) vowel-initial word when following another word – particularly, whether or not a glottal stop is inserted – indicates whether the word should be considered to have a null onset. For example, many Romance languages such as Spanish never insert such a glottal stop, while English does so only some of the time, depending on factors such as conversation speed; in both cases, this suggests that the words in question are truly vowel-initial.


title: Syllable

text: But there are exceptions here, too. For example, standard German (excluding many southern accents) and Arabic both require that a glottal stop be inserted between a word and a following, putatively vowel-initial word. Yet such words are perceived to begin with a vowel in German but a glottal stop in Arabic. The reason for this has to do with other properties of the two languages. For example, a glottal stop does not occur in other situations in German, e.g. before a consonant or at the end of word. On the other hand, in Arabic, not only does a glottal stop occur in such situations (e.g. Classical "he asked", "opinion", "light"), but it occurs in alternations that are clearly indicative of its phonemic status (cf. Classical "writer" vs. /mak "written", "eater" vs. "eaten"). In other words, while the glottal stop is predictable in German (inserted only if a stressed syllable would otherwise begin with a vowel), the same sound is a regular consonantal phoneme in Arabic. The status of this consonant in the respective writing systems corresponds to this difference: there is no reflex of the glottal stop in German orthography, but there is a letter in the Arabic alphabet (Hamza (<bdi>ء</bdi>)).


title: Syllable

text: The writing system of a language may not correspond with the phonological analysis of the language in terms of its handling of (potentially) null onsets. For example, in some languages written in the Latin alphabet, an initial glottal stop is left unwritten (see the German example); on the other hand, some languages written using non-Latin alphabets such as abjads and abugidas have a special zero consonant to represent a null onset. As an example, in Hangul, the alphabet of the Korean language, a null onset is represented with ㅇ at the left or top section of a grapheme, as in "station", pronounced "yeok", where the diphthong "yeo" is the nucleus and "k" is the coda.


title: Syllable

text: The "nucleus" is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes called the "peak"), and the minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel, in the form of a monophthong, diphthong, or triphthong, but sometimes is a syllabic consonant.


title: Syllable

text: In most Germanic languages, lax vowels can occur only in closed syllables. Therefore, these vowels are also called checked vowels, as opposed to the tense vowels that are called "free vowels" because they can occur even in open syllables.


title: Syllable

text: The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of obstruents without any intervening vowel or sonorant. By far the most common syllabic consonants are sonorants like , , , or , as in English "bottle, "church" (in rhotic accents), "rhythm, "button" and "lock n key". However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal onomatopoeic utterances such as "shh" (used to command silence) and "psst" (used to attract attention). All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic. Obstruent-only syllables also occur phonetically in some prosodic situations when unstressed vowels elide between obstruents, as in "potato" and "today" , which do not change in their number of syllables despite losing a syllabic nucleus.


title: Syllable

text: A few languages have so-called "syllabic fricatives", also known as "fricative vowels", at the phonemic level. (In the context of Chinese phonology, the related but non-synonymous term "apical vowel" is commonly used.) Mandarin Chinese is famous for having such sounds in at least some of its dialects, for example the pinyin syllables "sī shī rī", usually pronounced , respectively. Though, like the nucleus of rhotic English "church", there is debate over whether these nuclei are consonants or vowels.


title: Syllable

text: Languages of the northwest coast of North America, including Salishan, Wakashan and Chinookan languages, allow stop consonants and voiceless fricatives as syllables at the phonemic level, in even the most careful enunciation. An example is Chinook 'those two women are coming this way out of the water'. Linguists have analyzed this situation in various ways, some arguing that such syllables have no nucleus at all and some arguing that the concept of "syllable" cannot clearly be applied at all to these languages.


title: Syllable

text: In Bagemihl's survey of previous analyses, he finds that the Bella Coola word 'he arrived' would have been parsed into 0, 2, 3, 5, or 6 syllables depending on which analysis is used. One analysis would consider all vowel and consonant segments as syllable nuclei, another would consider only a small subset (fricatives or sibilants) as nuclei candidates, and another would simply deny the existence of syllables completely. However, when working with recordings rather than transcriptions, the syllables can be obvious in such languages, and native speakers have strong intuitions as to what the syllables are.


title: Syllable

text: This type of phenomenon has also been reported in Berber languages (such as Indlawn Tashlhiyt Berber), Mon–Khmer languages (such as Semai, Temiar, Khmu) and the Ōgami dialect of Miyako, a Ryukyuan language.


title: Syllable

text: The coda (also known as auslaut) comprises the consonant sounds of a syllable that follow the nucleus. The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a rime. Some syllables consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and coda with no onset.


title: Syllable

text: The phonotactics of many languages forbid syllable codas. Examples are Swahili and Hawaiian. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. At a phonemic level in Japanese, for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word, gemination of the following consonant. (On a phonetic level, other codas occur due to elision of /i/ and /u/.) In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even clusters of consonants. In English, for example, all onset consonants except are allowed as syllable codas.


title: Syllable

text: If the coda consists of a consonant cluster, the sonority typically decreases from first to last, as in the English word "help". This is called the sonority hierarchy (or sonority scale). English onset and coda clusters are therefore different. The onset in "strengths" does not appear as a coda in any English word. However, some clusters do occur as both onsets and codas, such as in "stardust". The sonority hierarchy is more strict in some languages and less strict in others.


title: Syllable

text: A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. (V = vowel, C = consonant) is called an open syllable or free syllable, while a syllable that has a coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) is called a closed syllable or checked syllable. Note that they have nothing to do with open and close vowels, but are defined according to the phoneme that ends the syllable: a vowel (open syllable) or a consonant (closed syllable). Almost all languages allow open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.


title: Syllable

text: When a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed. This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. For example, Spanish ("to marry") is composed of an open syllable followed by a closed syllable ("ca-sar"), whereas "to get tired" is composed of two closed syllables ("can-sar"). When a geminate (double) consonant occurs, the syllable boundary occurs in the middle, e.g. Italian "cream" ("pan-na"); cf. Italian "bread" ("pa-ne").


title: Syllable

text: English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by ν, and coda denoted by κ:


title: Syllable

text: The domain of suprasegmental features is the syllable (or some larger unit), but not a specific sound. That is to say, these features may effect more than a single segment, and possibly all segments of a syllable:


title: Syllable

text: Sometimes syllable length is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. However, syllables can be analyzed as compositions of long and short phonemes, as in Finnish and Japanese, where consonant gemination and vowel length are independent.


title: Syllable

text: In most languages, the pitch or pitch contour in which a syllable is pronounced conveys shades of meaning such as emphasis or surprise, or distinguishes a statement from a question. In tonal languages, however, the pitch affects the basic lexical meaning (e.g. "cat" vs. "dog") or grammatical meaning (e.g. past vs. present). In some languages, only the pitch itself (e.g. high vs. low) has this effect, while in others, especially East Asian languages such as Chinese, Thai or Vietnamese, the shape or contour (e.g. level vs. rising vs. falling) also needs to be distinguished.


title: Syllable

text: Syllable structure often interacts with stress or pitch accent. In Latin, for example, stress is regularly determined by syllable weight, a syllable counting as heavy if it has at least one of the following:


title: Syllable

text: In languages accented on one of the last three syllables, the last syllable is called the ultima, the next-to-last is called the penult, and the third syllable from the end is called the antepenult. These terms come from Latin ' "last", ' "almost last", and "" "before almost last".


title: Syllable

text: In Ancient Greek, there are three accent marks (acute, circumflex, and grave), and terms were used to describe words based on the position and type of accent. Some of these terms are used in the description of other languages.


title: Syllable

text: Guilhem Molinier, a member of the Consistori del Gay Saber, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the Floral Games to award the best troubadour with the "violeta d'aur" top prize, gave a definition of the syllable in his "Leys d'amor" (1328–1337), a book aimed at regulating then-flourishing Occitan poetry:


title: MatPat

text: Matthew Robert Patrick (born November 15, 1986), known online as MatPat, is an American YouTuber and internet personality. He is the creator of the Game Theorists, Film Theorists, and Food Theorists YouTube channels, each analyzing various video games, food and film respectively. In addition to the creation of his channels, Patrick narrates the majority of the videos that are presented on his channels. Patrick has also created the live gaming channel GTLive and hosted the YouTube Premium series "MatPat's Game Lab". As of December 2022, Patrick has amassed over 34 million subscribers, as well as over 7 billion total views across all four of his channels.


title: MatPat

text: Matthew Robert Patrick was born on November 15, 1986, in Medina County, Ohio. Growing up Patrick took an interest in video games such as the Mario franchise as well as Castlevania. During his early years is where he obtained his nickname MatPat. He also became heavily involved with the performing arts specifically musical theatre. Patrick was involved in five show choirs, he was the president and dance captain as well as a violist in a hometown orchestra in which he would perform in approximately six stage shows per year. From an early age, Patrick enjoyed school and would take extra courses, which would transfer over to his university years.


title: MatPat

text: After graduating valedictorian of his high school graduating class, Patrick attended Duke University on an academic scholarship and majored in psychology and theater as well as neuroscience. He was a resident assistant for three years and graduated in 2009 as "summa cum laude" and a member of Phi Beta Kappa.


title: MatPat

text: Patrick first created a YouTube account under the name "MatthewPatrick13" in 2009. He uploaded numerous videos of his performances and auditions for musical theatre.


title: MatPat

text: After graduation, Patrick moved to New York City to pursue an acting career, but after two years of near-total unemployment, he uploaded the promotional trailer for "Game Theory", inspired by the YouTube series "Extra Credits" episode "Tangential Learning". He uploaded the first episode of "Game Theory" on April 18, 2011, with the goal of creating "gaming's tangential learning experience" to show his abilities to companies that might watch his channel. Example topics covered on "Game Theory" include Nintendo characters, "Minecraft", "Five Nights at Freddy's", "Call of Duty", "Pokémon", and "Petscop". He occasionally uploaded videos commenting on the gaming market, as well as on other matters that he deemed noteworthy. He gained subscribers and his videos were being posted on the front pages of sites such as ScrewAttack and GameTrailers.


title: MatPat

text: In 2012 Patrick introduced two partner channels that included Gaijin Goombah as well as Ronnie Edwards.