title: Vaccination

text: In 1974 the WHO adopted the goal of universal vaccination by 1990 to protect children against six preventable infectious diseases: measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and tuberculosis. In the 1980s only 20 to 40% of children in developing countries were vaccinated against these six diseases. In wealthy nations the number of measles cases had dropped dramatically after the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963. WHO figures demonstrate that in many countries a decline in measles vaccination leads to a resurgence in measles cases. Measles are so contagious that public health experts believe a vaccination rate of 100% is needed to control the disease. Despite decades of mass vaccination polio remains a threat in India, Nigeria, Somalia, Niger, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. By 2006 global health experts concluded that the eradication of polio was only possible if the supply of drinking water and sanitation facilities were improved in slums. The deployment of a combined DPT vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus in the 1950s was considered a major advancement for public health. But in the course of vaccination campaigns that spanned decades, DPT vaccines became associated with high incidences of side effects. Despite improved DPT vaccines coming onto the market in the 1990s DPT vaccines became the focus of anti-vaccination campaigns in wealthy nations. As immunization rates fell outbreaks of pertussis increased in many countries.


title: Vaccination

text: In 2000, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization was established to strengthen routine vaccinations and introduce new and underused vaccines in countries with a per capita GDP of under US$1000.


title: Vaccination

text: To eliminate the risk of outbreaks of some diseases, at various times governments and other institutions have employed policies requiring vaccination for all people. For example, an 1853 law required universal vaccination against smallpox in England and Wales, with fines levied on people who did not comply. Common contemporary U.S. vaccination policies require that children receive recommended vaccinations before entering public school.


title: Vaccination

text: Beginning with early vaccination in the nineteenth century, these policies were resisted by a variety of groups, collectively called antivaccinationists, who object on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, religious, and other grounds. Common objections are that vaccinations do not work, that compulsory vaccination constitutes excessive government intervention in personal matters, or that the proposed vaccinations are not sufficiently safe. Many modern vaccination policies allow exemptions for people who have compromised immune systems, allergies to the components used in vaccinations or strongly held objections.


title: Vaccination

text: In countries with limited financial resources, limited vaccination coverage results in greater morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. More affluent countries are able to subsidize vaccinations for at-risk groups, resulting in more comprehensive and effective coverage. In Australia, for example, the Government subsidizes vaccinations for seniors and indigenous Australians.


title: Vaccination

text: Public Health Law Research, an independent US based organization, reported in 2009 that there is insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of requiring vaccinations as a condition for specified jobs as a means of reducing incidence of specific diseases among particularly vulnerable populations; that there is sufficient evidence supporting the effectiveness of requiring vaccinations as a condition for attending child care facilities and schools; and that there is strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of standing orders, which allow healthcare workers without prescription authority to administer vaccine as a public health intervention.


title: Vaccination

text: Fractional dose vaccination reduces the dose of a vaccine to allow more individuals to be vaccinated with a given vaccine stock, trading societal benefit for individual protection. Based on the nonlinearity properties of many vaccines, it is effective in poverty diseases and promises benefits in pandemic waves, e.g. in COVID-19, when vaccine supply is limited.


title: Vaccination

text: Allegations of vaccine injuries in recent decades have appeared in litigation in the U.S. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though most public health officials have said that the claims of injuries were unfounded. In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, which the US government believed could be a threat to public health, so laws were passed to shield manufacturers from liabilities stemming from vaccine injury claims. The safety and side effects of multiple vaccines have been tested to uphold the viability of vaccines as a barrier against disease. The influenza vaccine was tested in controlled trials and proven to have negligible side effects equal to that of a placebo. Some concerns from families might have arisen from social beliefs and norms that cause them to mistrust or refuse vaccinations, contributing to this discrepancy in side effects that were unfounded.


title: Vaccination

text: Opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns. It is widely accepted that the benefits of preventing serious illness and death from infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare serious adverse effects following immunization. Some studies have claimed to show that current vaccine schedules increase infant mortality and hospitalization rates; those studies, however, are correlational in nature and therefore cannot demonstrate causal effects, and the studies have also been criticized for cherry picking the comparisons they report, for ignoring historical trends that support an opposing conclusion, and for counting vaccines in a manner that is "completely arbitrary and riddled with mistakes".


title: Vaccination

text: Various disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. Some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. Some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. In response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life-threatening infections, not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations, but also in those who cannot be vaccinated due to age or immunodeficiency, who could contract infections from unvaccinated carriers (see herd immunity). Some parents believe vaccinations cause autism, although there is no scientific evidence to support this idea. In 2011, Andrew Wakefield, a leading proponent of the theory that MMR vaccine causes autism, was found to have been financially motivated to falsify research data and was subsequently stripped of his medical license. In the United States people who refuse vaccines for non-medical reasons have made up a large percentage of the cases of measles, and subsequent cases of permanent hearing loss and death caused by the disease.


title: Vaccination

text: Many parents do not vaccinate their children because they feel that diseases are no longer present due to vaccination. This is a false assumption, since diseases held in check by immunization programs can and do still return if immunization is dropped. These pathogens could possibly infect vaccinated people, due to the pathogen's ability to mutate when it is able to live in unvaccinated hosts. In 2010, California had the worst whooping cough outbreak in 50 years. A possible contributing factor was parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. There was also a case in Texas in 2012 where 21 members of a church contracted measles because they chose not to immunize.


title: Vaccination

text: The notion of a connection between vaccines and autism originated in a 1998 paper published in "The Lancet" whose lead author was the physician Andrew Wakefield. His study concluded that eight of the 12 patients (ages 3–10) developed behavioral symptoms consistent with autism following the MMR vaccine (an immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella). The article was widely criticized for lack of scientific rigor and it was proven that Wakefield falsified data in the article. In 2004, 10 of the original 12 co-authors (not including Wakefield) published a retraction of the article and stated the following: "We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient." In 2010, "The Lancet" officially retracted the article, stating that several elements of the article were incorrect, including falsified data and protocols. The article has sparked a much greater anti-vaccination movement, particularly in the United States, and even though the article was shown to be fraudulent and was heavily retracted, one in four parents still believe that vaccines can cause autism.


title: Vaccination

text: To date, all validated and definitive studies have shown that there is no correlation between vaccines and autism. One of the studies published in 2015 confirms there is no link between autism and the MMR vaccine. Infants were given a health plan, that included an MMR vaccine, and were continuously studied until they reached five years old. There was no link between the vaccine and children who had a normally developed sibling or a sibling that had autism making them a higher risk for developing autism themselves.


title: Vaccination

text: It can be difficult to correct the memory of humans when wrong information is received prior to correct information. Even though there is much evidence to go against the Wakefield study and retractions were published by most of the co-authors, many people continue to believe and base decisions on the study as it still lingers in their memory. Studies and research are being conducted to determine effective ways to correct misinformation in the public memory. Since the Wakefield study was released over 20 years ago, it may prove easier for newer generations to be properly educated on vaccinations. A very small percentage of people have adverse reactions to vaccines, and if there is a reaction it is often mild; these reactions do not include autism.


title: Vaccination

text: A vaccine administration may be oral, by injection (intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous), by puncture, transdermal or intranasal. Several recent clinical trials have aimed to deliver the vaccines via mucosal surfaces to be up-taken by the common mucosal immunity system, thus avoiding the need for injections.


title: Vaccination

text: Health is often used as one of the metrics for determining the economic prosperity of a country. This is because healthier individuals are generally better suited to contributing to the economic development of a country than the sick. There are many reasons for this. For instance, a person who is vaccinated for influenza not only protects themselves from the risk of influenza, but simultaneously also prevents themselves from infecting those around them. This leads to a healthier society, which allows individuals to be more economically productive. Children are consequently able to attend school more often and have been shown to do better academically. Similarly, adults are able to work more often, more efficiently, and more effectively.


title: Vaccination

text: On the whole, vaccinations induce a net benefit to society. Vaccines are often noted for their high Return on investment (ROI) values, especially when considering the long-term effects. Some vaccines have much higher ROI values than others. Studies have shown that the ratios of vaccination benefits to costs can differ substantially—from 27:1 for diphtheria/pertussis, to 13.5:1 for measles, 4.76:1 for varicella, and 0.68–1.1 : 1 for pneumococcal conjugate. Some governments choose to subsidize the costs of vaccines, due to some of the high ROI values attributed to vaccinations. The United States subsidizes over half of all vaccines for children, which costs between $400 and $600 each. Although most children do get vaccinated, the adult population of the USA is still below the recommended immunization levels. Many factors can be attributed to this issue. Many adults who have other health conditions are unable to be safely immunized, whereas others opt not to be immunized for the sake of private financial benefits. Many Americans are underinsured, and, as such, are required to pay for vaccines out-of-pocket. Others are responsible for paying high deductibles and co-pays. Although vaccinations usually induce long-term economic benefits, many governments struggle to pay the high short-term costs associated with labor and production. Consequently, many countries neglect to provide such services.


title: Vaccination

text: According to a 2021 paper, vaccinations against haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, rotavirus, rubella, streptococcus pneumoniae, and yellow fever have prevented an estimated 50 million deaths from 2000 to 2019. The paper "represents the largest assessment of vaccine impact before COVID-19-related disruptions". According to a June 2022 study, COVID19 vaccinations prevented an additional 14.4 to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.


title: Vaccination

text: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations published a study in "The Lancet" in 2018 which estimated the costs of developing vaccines for diseases that could escalate into global humanitarian crises. They focused on 11 diseases which cause relatively few deaths at present and primarily strike the poor which have been highlighted as pandemic risks:


title: Vaccination

text: They estimated that it would cost between $2.8 billion and $3.7 billion to develop at least one vaccine for each of them. This should be set against the potential cost of an outbreak. The 2003 SARS outbreak in East Asia cost $54 billion.


title: Vaccination

text: Game theory uses utility functions to model costs and benefits, which may include financial and non-financial costs and benefits. In recent years, it has been argued that game theory can effectively be used to model vaccine uptake in societies. Researchers have used game theory for this purpose to analyse vaccination uptake in the context of diseases such as influenza and measles. Game theoretic analysis can be especially beneficial when a large and complex range of factors and parameters need to be taken into account by individuals in making vaccination decisions, and several options for vaccination are available, such as in the context of COVID-19 vaccination. Piraveenan et al. has argued that game theory, particularly when used in conjunction with models of bounded rationality of people, can be an effective tool in modelling and predicting COVID-19 vaccination uptake, which can in turn guide government policy.


title: Preston Lacy

text: Preston Lacy (born August 14, 1969) is an American stunt performer, actor, comedian and one of the stars of the reality stunt show "Jackass".


title: Preston Lacy

text: Lacy was born on August 14, 1969, in either Sarcoxie or Carthage, Missouri. He worked as a truck driver in Missouri before moving to California. He landed roles in several commercials, including one for Napster that aired during Super Bowl XXXIX. Lacy first met Johnny Knoxville through Knoxville's ex-wife, who ran a clothing company. Lacy was hired to transport textiles for the clothing company. After becoming friends with Knoxville, Lacy began to suggest ideas for the "Jackass" series to him. Originally brought on as a writer, Knoxville convinced Lacy to participate in the stunts.


title: Preston Lacy

text: Lacy shares a writing credit for "". He starred alongside Chris Kattan in the film "Christmas in Wonderland". He appeared in "" (2002), "Jackass Number Two" (2006), "Jackass 2.5" (2007), "Jackass 3D" (2010), "Jackass 3.5" (2011), "Jackass Forever" (2022), and "Jackass 4.5" (2022).


title: Preston Lacy

text: Lacy has been on tour doing stand-up comedy. Notably, he has participated in the BBM Comedy Tours in New York and Florida, as well performing at festivals, clubs and bar rooms around the United States.


title: Preston Lacy

text: When on "Jackass", Lacy is most often featured with Jason "Wee Man" Acuña and their most common skit involves Lacy chasing after Acuña down public streets in nothing more than their briefs and white tanktops, showing off his obesity. Lacy has contributed many of the ideas that later became "Jackass" skits and stunts. He is also known for his anger outbursts, the most memorable of which occurred during the "Eggnog Challenge" for the "Jackass Christmas Special". In "Jackass 2.5" (2007), it was revealed that Lacy has an extreme fear of heights.


title: David Baldacci

text: David Baldacci (born August 5, 1960) is an American novelist. An attorney by education, Baldacci writes mainly suspense novels and legal thrillers.


title: David Baldacci

text: David Baldacci was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. He graduated from Henrico High School and earned a B.A. in political science from Virginia Commonwealth University and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law, after which he practiced law for nine years in Washington, D.C. He is of Italian descent.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci began writing stories as a child, when his mother gave him a notebook in which to record them. He wrote for more than two decades, penning short stories and later screenplays without much success.


title: David Baldacci

text: While practicing law, he turned to novel writing, taking three years to write "Absolute Power". Published in 1996, it was an international best seller. To date, Baldacci has published 46 best-selling novels for adults as well as seven novels for younger readers.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci and his wife, Michelle, are the co-founders of the Wish You Well Foundation, which works to combat illiteracy in the United States by funding adult literacy and education programs. Baldacci became involved with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society after his sister, author Sharon Baldacci, was diagnosed with MS.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci served for 10 years on the board of trustees of the Mark Twain House & Museum in Hartford, Connecticut. In 2019, he donated $1 million to the home.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci's first novel, "Absolute Power", tells the story of a fictional American president and his Secret Service agents who are willing to commit murder in order to cover up the accidental death of a woman with whom the President was having an affair. It was adapted as a film, "Absolute Power" (1997), starring Clint Eastwood and Gene Hackman.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of his novel "Wish You Well"; the movie was shot on location in southwest Virginia with Academy Award winner Ellen Burstyn, Josh Lucas, and Mackenzie Foy in the lead roles.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci was a consulting producer on "King & Maxwell", a TNT television series based on his characters Sean King and Michelle Maxwell. Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn starred.


title: David Baldacci

text: "The Christmas Train", Baldacci's eighth novel, was adapted in 2017 by Hallmark Channel as a Hallmark Hall of Fame feature presentation. The TV movie starred Dermot Mulroney, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, Danny Glover and Joan Cusack and was directed by Ron Oliver.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci's novel "One Summer" was adapted in 2021 for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and starred Sam Page, Sarah Drew and Amanda Schull.


title: David Baldacci

text: Baldacci's novels have been published in over 45 languages and in more than 80 countries, with over 130 million worldwide sales as of 2018.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Sendhil Amithab Ramamurthy (born May 17, 1974) is an American actor. A native of San Antonio, Texas, Ramamurthy is best known for his roles as geneticist Mohinder Suresh in the NBC sci-fi drama "Heroes", Gabriel "Gabe" Lowan in "Beauty and the Beast", and Jai Wilcox in "Covert Affairs".


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy was born in Chicago to a Hindu family who had emigrated from India; his father is a Kannadiga and mother is a Tamil from the Pillai community. He grew up speaking English and a little Kannada. His parents are physicians. He has one sister who is also a physician. He and his sister were raised in San Antonio. There, he went to Keystone School and graduated in 1991.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy attended Tufts University initially as a pre-med major to follow in his parents' footsteps. He was also a member of the Kappa Charge of Theta Delta Chi. He became interested in acting when he took an "Intro to Acting" class during his junior year as part of his graduation requirement. After participating in several plays, including "Our Country's Good", he chose to change career goals. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in history and then attended the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London in 1996, graduating in 1998.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy has appeared in theatrical productions of "A Servant of Two Masters" in London's West End, "Indian Ink" at the Soho Repertory Theatre, and "East Is East" at the Manhattan Theatre Club. His film credits include "Love & Debate" (originally titled "Thanks to Gravity"), "Orient Express", "Blind Dating", "Little India", "Shor in the City" and Gurinder Chadha's comedy film "It's a Wonderful Afterlife". In addition, he has appeared on several TV shows, including "Ellen", "Casualty", "Guiding Light", "Grey's Anatomy", "Ultimate Force", "", "Heroes", "Covert Affairs" and "Numb3rs".


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: He made a conscious decision to not audition for stereotypical Indian roles, although he has been offered such parts. Ramamurthy's role on "Heroes" was his biggest to date. Although the character of Mohinder Suresh was originally written for a 55-year-old, his audition tape and screen test were convincing enough for writers to rewrite the part for Ramamurthy. Ramamurthy starred in all four seasons of "Heroes", although his appearance in the final season was limited; had the series been recommissioned for a fifth season, he would not have returned for it.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy guest starred in a season four episode of "Psych" titled "Bollywood Homicide", directed by his cousin Jay Chandrasekhar.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy joined the cast of the USA Network show "Covert Affairs" as Jai Wilcox from the second episode onward, replacing character Conrad Sheehan III, played by Eric Lively in the pilot. The show premiered in July 2010. In the season 3 premiere, his character was killed off.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: Ramamurthy appeared in the eighth and ninth season of "The Office" as Kelly Kapoor's new boyfriend, Ravi.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that he would appear in the CW show "Beauty & the Beast" as Gabriel Lowen, an assistant district attorney.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: He appeared in his "Heroes" role in that series's continuation entitled "Heroes Reborn", in 2015 and 2016.


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: As of 2020, he is part of the cast of the new Netflix series "Never Have I Ever", playing Mohan Vishwakumar, the main character's father. The series is produced by Mindy Kaling, who had first worked with Ramamurthy when she was a writer and actor on "The Office".


title: Sendhil Ramamurthy

text: In 1999, Ramamurthy married actress Olga Sosnovska. They have two children, daughter Halina (b. 2005) and son Alek (b. 2008). He and his family previously lived in London and have since moved to New York.


title: H. P. Lovecraft bibliography

text: This is a complete list of works by H. P. Lovecraft. Dates for the fiction, collaborations and juvenilia are in the format: composition date / first publication date, taken from "An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia" by S. T. Joshi and D. E. Schultz, Hippocampus Press, New York, 2001. For other sections, dates are the time of composition, not publication. Many of these works can be .


title: H. P. Lovecraft bibliography

text: While put forward as posthumous collaborations while Derleth was alive, the status of these works as collaborations with Lovecraft was swiftly disputed after his death. Subsequent critics consider them part of the "Cthulhu Mythos", but often split this into the original "Lovecraft Mythos" and the later and lesser "Derleth Mythos".


title: H. P. Lovecraft bibliography

text: Lovecraft's complete poetry is collected in S.T. Joshi (ed), "The Ancient Track: Complete Poetical Works of H. P. Lovecraft" (NY: Hippocampus Press, 2013. (An earlier, less complete version was published by Night Shade Books in 2001).


title: H. P. Lovecraft bibliography

text: The following are modern reprintings and collections of Lovecraft's work. This list includes only editions by select publishers; therefore, this list is not exhaustive:


title: Kalevala

text: The Kalevala (, ) is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology, telling an epic story about the Creation of the Earth, describing the controversies and retaliatory voyages between the peoples of the land of Kalevala called Väinölä and the land of Pohjola and their various protagonists and antagonists, as well as the construction and robbery of the epic mythical wealth-making machine Sampo.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland and is one of the most significant works of Finnish literature with J. L. Runeberg's "The Tales of Ensign Stål" and Aleksis Kivi's "The Seven Brothers". The "Kalevala" was instrumental in the development of the Finnish national identity and the intensification of Finland's language strife that ultimately led to Finland's independence from Russia in 1917. The work is also well known internationally and has partly influenced, for example, J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium (i.e. Middle-earth mythology).


title: Kalevala

text: The first version of the "Kalevala", called the "Old Kalevala", was published in 1835, consisting of 12,078 verses. The version most commonly known today was first published in 1849 and consists of 22,795 verses, divided into fifty folk stories (Finnish: "runot"). An abridged version, containing all fifty poems but just 9732 verses, was published in 1862. In connection with the "Kalevala", there is another much more lyrical collection of poems, also compiled by Lönnrot, called "Kanteletar" from 1840, which is mostly seen as a "sister collection" of the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: Elias Lönnrot (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a physician, botanist, linguist, and poet. During the time he was compiling the "Kalevala" he was the district health officer based in Kajaani responsible for the whole Kainuu region in the eastern part of what was then the Grand Duchy of Finland. He was the son of Fredrik Johan Lönnrot, a tailor and Ulrika Lönnrot; he was born in the village of Sammatti, Uusimaa.


title: Kalevala

text: At the age of 21, he entered the Imperial Academy of Turku and obtained a master's degree in 1826. His thesis was entitled "De Vainamoine priscorum fennorum numine" ("Väinämöinen, a Divinity of the Ancient Finns"). The monograph's second volume was destroyed in the Great Fire of Turku the same year.


title: Kalevala

text: In the spring of 1828, he set out with the aim of collecting folk songs and poetry. Rather than continue this work, though, he decided to complete his studies and entered Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki to study medicine. He earned a master's degree in 1832. In January 1833, he started as the district health officer of Kainuu and began his work on collecting poetry and compiling the "Kalevala". Throughout his career Lönnrot made a total of eleven field trips within a period of fifteen years.


title: Kalevala

text: Prior to the publication of the "Kalevala", Elias Lönnrot compiled several related works, including the three-part "Kantele" (1829–1831), the "Old Kalevala" (1835) and the "Kanteletar" (1840).


title: Kalevala

text: Lönnrot's field trips and endeavours helped him to compile the "Kalevala", and brought considerable enjoyment to the people he visited; he would spend much time retelling what he had collected as well as learning new poems.


title: Kalevala

text: Before the 18th century the "Kalevala" poetry was common throughout Finland and Karelia, but in the 18th century it began to disappear in Finland, first in western Finland, because European rhymed poetry became more common in Finland. Finnish folk poetry was first written down in the 17th century and collected by hobbyists and scholars through the following centuries. Despite this, the majority of Finnish poetry remained only in the oral tradition.


title: Kalevala

text: Finnish born nationalist and linguist Carl Axel Gottlund (1796–1875) expressed his desire for a Finnish epic in a similar vein to the "Iliad", "Ossian" and the "Nibelungenlied" compiled from the various poems and songs spread over most of Finland. He hoped that such an endeavour would incite a sense of nationality and independence in the native Finnish people. In 1820, founded the journal "Turun Wiikko-Sanomat" (Turku Weekly News) and published three articles entitled "Väinämöisestä" ("Concerning Väinämöinen"). These works were an inspiration for Elias Lönnrot in creating his masters thesis at Turku University.


title: Kalevala

text: In the 19th century, collecting became more extensive, systematic and organised. Altogether, almost half a million pages of verse have been collected and archived by the Finnish Literature Society and other collectors in what are now Estonia and the Republic of Karelia. The publication "Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot" ("Ancient Poems of the Finns") published 33 volumes containing 85,000 items of poetry over a period of 40 years. They have archived 65,000 items of poetry that remain unpublished. By the end of the 19th century this pastime of collecting material relating to Karelia and the developing orientation towards eastern lands had become a fashion called Karelianism, a form of national romanticism.


title: Kalevala

text: The chronology of this oral tradition is uncertain. The oldest themes, the origin of Earth, have been interpreted to have their roots in distant, unrecorded history and could be as old as 3,000 years.


title: Kalevala

text: The newest events, e.g. the arrival of Christianity, seem to be from the Iron Age, which in Finland lasted until c. 1300 CE. Finnish folklorist Kaarle Krohn proposes that 20 of the 45 poems of the "Kalevala" are of possible Ancient Estonian origin or at least deal with a motif of Estonian origin (of the remainder, two are Ingrian and 23 are Western Finnish).


title: Kalevala

text: It is understood that during the Finnish reformation in the 16th century the clergy forbade all telling and singing of pagan rites and stories. In conjunction with the arrival of European poetry and music this caused a significant reduction in the number of traditional folk songs and their singers. Thus the tradition faded somewhat but was never totally eradicated.


title: Kalevala

text: In total, Lönnrot made eleven field trips in search of poetry. His first trip was made in 1828 after his graduation from Turku University, but it was not until 1831 and his second field trip that the real work began. By that time he had already published three articles entitled "Kantele" and had significant notes to build upon. This second trip was not very successful and he was called back to Helsinki to attend to victims of the Second cholera pandemic.


title: Kalevala

text: The third field trip was much more successful and led Elias Lönnrot to Viena in east Karelia where he visited the town of Akonlahti, which proved most successful. This trip yielded over 3,000 verses and copious notes. In 1833, Lönnrot moved to Kajaani where he was to spend the next 20 years as the district health officer for the region, living in the Hövelö croft located near the Lake Oulujärvi in the Paltaniemi village, spending his spare time for poems. His fourth field trip was undertaken in conjunction with his work as a doctor; a 10-day jaunt into Viena. This trip resulted in 49 poems and almost 3,000 new lines of verse. It was during this trip that Lönnrot formulated the idea that the poems might represent a wider continuity, when poem entities were performed to him along with comments in normal speech connecting them.


title: Kalevala

text: On the fifth field trip, Lönnrot met Arhippa Perttunen who, over two days of continuous recitation, provided him with some 4,000 verses for the "Kalevala". He also met a singer called Matiska in the hamlet of Lonkka on the Russian side of the border. Although this singer had a somewhat poor memory, he did help to fill in many gaps in the work Lönnrot had already catalogued. This trip resulted in the discovery of almost 300 poems at just over 13,000 verses.


title: Kalevala

text: In autumn of 1834, Lönnrot had written the vast majority of the work needed for what was to become the "Old Kalevala"; all that was required was to tie up some narrative loose ends and complete the work. His sixth field trip took him into Kuhmo, a municipality in Kainuu to the south of Viena. There he collected over 4,000 verses and completed the first draft of his work. He wrote the foreword and published in February of the following year.


title: Kalevala

text: With the "Old Kalevala" well into its first publication run, Lönnrot decided to continue collecting poems to supplement his existing work and to understand the culture more completely. The seventh field trip took him on a long winding path through the southern and eastern parts of the Viena poem singing region. He was delayed significantly in Kuhmo because of bad skiing conditions. By the end of that trip, Lönnrot had collected another 100 poems consisting of over 4,000 verses. Lönnrot made his eighth field trip to the Russian border town of Lapukka where the great singer Arhippa Perttunen had learned his trade. In correspondence he notes that he has written down many new poems but is unclear on the quantity.


title: Kalevala

text: Elias Lönnrot departed on the first part of his ninth field trip on 16 September 1836. He was granted a 14-month leave of absence and a sum of travelling expenses from the Finnish Literary Society. His funds came with some stipulations: he must travel around the Kainuu border regions and then on to the north and finally from Kainuu to the south-east along the border. For the expedition into the north he was accompanied by . The first part of the trip took Lönnrot all the way to Inari in northern Lapland. The second, southern part of the journey was more successful than the northern part, taking Lönnrot to the Russian town of Sortavala on Lake Ladoga then back up through Savo and eventually back to Kajaani. Although these trips were long and arduous, they resulted in very little Kalevala material; only 1,000 verses were recovered from the southern half and an unknown quantity from the northern half.


title: Kalevala

text: The tenth field trip is a relative unknown. What is known however, is that Lönnrot intended to gather poems and songs to compile into the upcoming work "Kanteletar". He was accompanied by his friend C. H. Ståhlberg for the majority of the trip. During that journey the pair met Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar in the small border town of Ilomantsi. Kuivalatar was very important to the development of the "Kanteletar". The eleventh documented field trip was another undertaken in conjunction with his medical work. During the first part of the trip, Lönnrot returned to Akonlahti in Russian Karelia, where he gathered 80 poems and a total of 800 verses. The rest of the trip suffers from poor documentation.


title: Kalevala

text: and David Emmanuel Daniel Europaeus collected most of the poem variants; one poem could easily have countless variants, scattered across rural areas of Karelia and Ingria. Lönnrot was not really interested in, and rarely wrote down the name of the singer except for some of the more prolific cases. His primary purpose in the region was that of a physician and of an editor, not of a biographer or counsellor. He rarely knew anything in-depth about the singer himself and primarily only catalogued verse that could be relevant or of some use in his work.


title: Kalevala

text: The student David Emmanuel Daniel Europaeus is credited with discovering and cataloguing the majority of the Kullervo story.


title: Kalevala

text: The poetry was often sung to music built on a pentachord, sometimes assisted by a kantele player. The rhythm could vary but the music was arranged in either two or four lines in metre. The poems were often performed by a duo, each person singing alternative verses or groups of verses. This method of performance is called an antiphonic performance, it is a kind of "singing match".


title: Kalevala

text: Despite the vast geographical distance and customary spheres separating individual singers, the folk poetry the "Kalevala" is based on was always sung in the same metre.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala"s metre is a form of trochaic tetrameter that is now known as the "Kalevala metre". The metre is thought to have originated during the Proto-Finnic period. Its syllables fall into three types: strong, weak, and neutral. Its main rules are as follows:


title: Kalevala

text: Traditional poetry in the Kalevala metre uses both types with approximately the same frequency. The alternating normal and broken tetrameters is a characteristic difference between the Kalevala metre and other forms of trochaic tetrameter.


title: Kalevala

text: Very little is actually known about Elias Lönnrot's personal contributions to the "Kalevala". Scholars to this day still argue about how much of the "Kalevala" is genuine folk poetry and how much is Lönnrot's own work – and the degree to which the text is 'authentic' to the oral tradition. During the compilation process it is known that he merged poem variants and characters together, left out verses that did not fit and composed lines of his own to connect certain passages into a logical plot. Similarly, as was normal in the preliterate conventions of oral poetry—according to the testimony of Arhippa Perttunen—traditional bards in his father's days would always vary the language of songs from performance to performance when reciting from their repertoire.


title: Kalevala

text: The Finnish historian Väinö Kaukonen suggests that 3% of the "Kalevala"s lines are Lönnrot's own composition, 14% are Lönnrot compositions from variants, 50% are verses which Lönnrot kept mostly unchanged except for some minor alterations, and 33% are original unedited oral poetry.


title: Kalevala

text: The first version of Lönnrot's compilation was entitled "Kalewala, taikka Wanhoja Karjalan Runoja Suomen Kansan muinoisista ajoista" ("The Kalevala, or old Karelian poems about ancient times of the Finnish people"), also known as the "Old Kalevala". It was published in two volumes in 1835–1836. The "Old Kalevala" consisted of 12,078 verses making up a total of thirty-two poems.


title: Kalevala

text: Even after the publication of the "Old Kalevala" Lönnrot continued to collect new material for several years. He later integrated this additional material, with significantly edited existing material, into a second version, the "Kalevala". This "New Kalevala", published in 1849, contains fifty poems, with a number of plot differences compared with the first version, and is the standard text of the "Kalevala" read and translated to this day. (Published as: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia. 14 Osa. KALEVALA.)


title: Kalevala

text: The word "Kalevala" rarely appears in the original folk songs. The first appearance of the word in folk songs was recorded in April 1836. Lönnrot chose it as the title for his project sometime at the end of 1834, but his choice was not random. The name "Kalev" appears in Finnic and Baltic folklore in many locations, and the "Sons of Kalev" are known throughout Finnish and Estonian folklore.


title: Kalevala

text: Lönnrot produced "Lyhennetty laitos", an abridged version of the Kalevala, in 1862. It was intended for use in schools. It retains all 50 runos from the 1849 version, but omits more than half of the verses.


title: Kalevala

text: Of the few complete translations into English, it is only the older translations by John Martin Crawford (1888) and William Forsell Kirby (1907) which attempt to strictly follow the original (Kalevala metre) of the poems.


title: Kalevala

text: A notable partial translation of Franz Anton Schiefner's German translation was made by Prof. John Addison Porter in 1868 and published by Leypoldt & Holt.


title: Kalevala

text: Edward Taylor Fletcher, a British-born Canadian literature enthusiast, translated selections of the "Kalevala" in 1869. He read them before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec on 17 March 1869.


title: Kalevala

text: Francis Peabody Magoun published a scholarly translation of the "Kalevala" in 1963 written entirely in prose. The appendices of this version contain notes on the history of the poem, comparisons between the original "Old Kalevala" and the current version, and a detailed glossary of terms and names used in the poem. Magoun translated the "Old Kalevala", which was published six years later entitled "The Old Kalevala and Certain Antecedents".


title: Kalevala

text: Eino Friberg's 1988 translation uses the original metre selectively but in general is more attuned to pleasing the ear than being an exact metrical translation; it also often reduces the length of songs for aesthetic reasons. In the introduction to his 1989 translation, Keith Bosley stated: "The only way I could devise of reflecting the vitality of Kalevala metre was to invent my own, based on syllables rather than feet. While translating over 17,000 lines of Finnish folk poetry before I started on the epic, I found that a line settled usually into seven syllables of English, often less, occasionally more. I eventually arrived at seven, five and nine syllables respectively, using the "impair" (odd number) as a formal device and letting the stresses fall where they would."


title: Kalevala

text: Most recently, translator Kaarina Brooks translated into English the complete runic versions of "Old Kalevala" 1835 (Wisteria Publications 2020) and "Kalevala" (Wisteria Publications 2021). These works, unlike previous versions, faithfully follow the Kalevala metre throughout and can be sung or chanted.


title: Kalevala

text: Modern translations were published in the Karelian and Urdu languages between 2009 and 2015. Thus, the "Kalevala" was published in its originating Karelian language only after 168 years since its first translation into Swedish.


title: Kalevala

text: As of 2010, the "Kalevala" had been translated into sixty-one languages and is Finland's most translated work of literature.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" begins with the traditional Finnish creation myth, leading into stories of the creation of the earth, plants, creatures, and the sky. Creation, healing, combat and internal story telling are often accomplished by the character(s) involved singing of their exploits or desires. Many parts of the stories involve a character hunting or requesting lyrics (spells) to acquire some skill, such as boat-building or the mastery of iron making. As well as magical spell casting and singing, there are many stories of lust, romance, kidnapping and seduction. The protagonists of the stories often have to accomplish feats that are unreasonable or impossible which they often fail to achieve, leading to tragedy and humiliation.


title: Kalevala

text: The Sampo is a pivotal element of the whole work. Many actions and their consequences are caused by the Sampo itself or a character's interaction with the Sampo. It is described as a magical talisman or device that brings its possessor great fortune and prosperity, but its precise nature has been the subject of debate to the present day.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 1 to 2: The poem begins with an introduction by the singers. The Earth is created from the shards of the egg of a goldeneye and the first man Väinämöinen is born to the goddess Ilmatar. Väinämöinen brings trees and life to the barren world.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 3–5: Väinämöinen encounters the jealous Joukahainen and they engage in a battle of song. Joukahainen loses and pledges his sister's hand in return for his life; the sister Aino soon drowns herself in the sea.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 6–10: Väinämöinen heads to Pohjola to propose to a maiden of the north, a daughter of the mistress of the north Louhi. Joukahainen attacks Väinämöinen again, and Väinämöinen floats for days on the sea until he is carried by an eagle to Pohjola. He makes a deal with Louhi to get Ilmarinen the smith to create the Sampo. Ilmarinen refuses to go to Pohjola so Väinämöinen forces him against his will. The Sampo is forged. Ilmarinen returns without a bride.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 11–15: Lemminkäinen sets out in search of a bride. He and the maid Kyllikki make vows but the happiness doesn't last long and Lemminkäinen sets off to woo a maiden of the north. His mother tries to stop him, but he disregards her warnings and instead gives her his hairbrush, telling her that if it starts to bleed he has met his doom. At Pohjola Louhi assigns dangerous tasks to him in exchange for her daughter's hand. While hunting for the swan of Tuonela, Lemminkäinen is killed and falls into the river of death. The brush he gave to his mother begins to bleed. Remembering her son's words, she goes in search of him. With a rake given to her by Ilmarinen, she collects the pieces of Lemminkäinen scattered in the river and pieces him back together.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 16–18: Väinämöinen builds a boat to travel to Pohjola once again in search of a bride. He visits Tuonela and is held prisoner, but he manages to escape and sets out to gain knowledge of the necessary spells from the giant Antero Vipunen. Väinämöinen is swallowed and has to torture Antero Vipunen for the spells and his escape. With his boat completed, Väinämöinen sets sail for Pohjola. Ilmarinen learns of this and resolves to go to Pohjola himself to woo the maiden. The maiden of the north chooses Ilmarinen.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 19–25: Ilmarinen is assigned dangerous unreasonable tasks to win the hand of the maiden. He accomplishes these tasks with some help from the maiden herself. In preparation for the wedding, beer is brewed, a giant steer is slaughtered, and invitations are sent out. Lemminkäinen is uninvited. The wedding party begins and all are happy. Väinämöinen sings and lauds the people of Pohjola. The bride and bridegroom are prepared for their roles in matrimony. The couple arrive home and are greeted with drink and viands.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 26–30: Lemminkäinen is resentful for not having been invited to the wedding and sets out immediately for Pohjola. On his arrival he is challenged to and wins a duel with Sariola, the Master of the North. Louhi is enraged and an army is conjured to enact revenge upon Lemminkäinen. He flees to his mother, who advises him to head to Saari, the Island of Refuge. On his return he finds his house burned to the ground. He goes to Pohjola with his companion Tiera to exact his revenge, but Louhi freezes the seas and Lemminkäinen has to return home. When he arrives home he is reunited with his mother and vows to build larger better houses to replace the ones burned down.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 31–36: Untamo kills his brother Kalervo's people, but spares his wife who later conceives Kullervo. Untamo sees the boy as a threat, and after trying to have him killed several times without success, sells Kullervo as a slave to Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen's wife torments and bullies Kullervo, so he tricks her into being torn apart by a pack of wolves and bears. Kullervo escapes from Ilmarinen's homestead and learns from an old lady in the forest that his family is still alive, and is soon reunited with them. While returning home from paying taxes, he meets and seduces a young maiden, only to find out that she is his sister. Upon realizing this, she kills herself and Kullervo returns home distressed. He decides to wreak revenge upon Untamo and sets out to find him. Kullervo wages war on Untamo and his people, laying all to waste, and then returns home, where he finds his farm deserted. Filled with remorse and regret, he kills himself in the place where he seduced his sister.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 37–38: Grieving for his lost love, Ilmarinen forges himself a wife out of gold and silver, but finds her to be cold and discards her. He heads for Pohjola and kidnaps the youngest daughter of Louhi. The daughter insults him so badly that he instead sings a spell to turn her into a bird and returns to Kalevala without her. He tells Väinämöinen about the prosperity and wealth that has met Pohjola's people thanks to the Sampo.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 39–44: Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen sail to Pohjola to recover the Sampo. While on their journey they kill a monstrous pike and from its jaw bone the first kantele is made, with which Väinämöinen sings so beautifully even deities gather to listen. The heroes arrive in Pohjola and demand a share of the Sampo's wealth or they will take the whole Sampo by force. Louhi musters her army however Väinämöinen lulls everyone in Pohjola to sleep with his music. The Sampo is taken from its vault of stone and the heroes set out for home. Louhi conjures a great army, turns herself into a massive eagle and fights for the Sampo. In the battle the Sampo is lost to the sea and destroyed.


title: Kalevala

text: Cantos 45–49: Enraged at the loss of the Sampo, Louhi sends the people of Kalevala diseases and a great bear to kill their cattle. She hides the sun and the moon and steals fire from Kalevala. Väinämöinen heals all of the ailments and, with Ilmarinen, restores the fire. Väinämöinen forces Louhi to return the Sun and the Moon to the skies.


title: Kalevala

text: Canto 50: The shy young virgin Marjatta becomes impregnated from a lingonberry she ate while tending to her flock. She conceives a son. Väinämöinen orders the killing of the boy, but the boy begins to speak and reproaches Väinämöinen for ill judgement. The child is then baptised King of Karelia. Väinämöinen sails away leaving only his songs and kantele as legacy but vowing to return when there's no moon or sun and happiness isn't free anymore.


title: Kalevala

text: Väinämöinen, the central character of "The Kalevala", is a shamanistic hero with a magical power of song and music similar to that of Orpheus. He is born of Ilmatar and contributes to the creation of Earth as it is today. Many of his travels resemble shamanistic journeys, most notably one where he visits the belly of a ground-giant, Antero Vipunen, to find the songs of boat building. Väinämöinen's search for a wife is a central element in many stories, but he never finds one.


title: Kalevala

text: Väinämöinen is associated with playing a kantele, a Finnish stringed instrument that resembles and is played like a zither.


title: Kalevala

text: Seppo Ilmarinen is a heroic artificer (comparable to the Germanic Weyland and the Greek Daedalus). He crafted the dome of the sky, the Sampo and various other magical devices featured in "The Kalevala". Ilmarinen, like Väinämöinen, also has many stories told of his search for a wife, reaching the point where he forges one of gold.


title: Kalevala

text: Lemminkäinen, a handsome, arrogant and reckless ladies' man, is the son of Lempi ("lust" or "favourite"). He has a close relationship with his mother, who revives him after he has been drowned in the river of Tuonela while pursuing the object of his romantic desires.


title: Kalevala

text: Ukko ("English: Old man") is the god of sky and thunder, and the leading deity mentioned within "The Kalevala". He corresponds to Thor and Zeus. John Martin Crawford wrote that the name may be related to the obsolete Hungarian word for an old man ("agg").


title: Kalevala

text: Joukahainen is a base young man who arrogantly challenges Väinämöinen to a singing contest, which he loses. In exchange for his life Joukahainen promises his young sister Aino to Väinämöinen. Joukahainen attempts to gain his revenge on Väinämöinen by killing him with a crossbow, but only succeeds in killing Väinämöinen's horse. Joukahainen's actions lead to Väinämöinen promising to build a Sampo in return for Louhi rescuing him.


title: Kalevala

text: Louhi, the Mistress of the North, is the shamanistic matriarch of the people of Pohjola, a people rivalling those of Kalevala. She is the cause of much trouble for Kalevala and its people.


title: Kalevala

text: Louhi at one point saves Väinämöinen's life. She has many daughters whom the heroes of Kalevala make many attempts, some successful, to seduce. Louhi plays a major part in the battle to prevent the heroes of Kalevala from stealing back the Sampo, which as a result is ultimately destroyed. She is a powerful witch with a skill almost on a par with that of Väinämöinen.


title: Kalevala

text: Kullervo is the vengeful, mentally ill, tragic son of Kalervo. He was abused as a child and sold into slavery to Ilmarinen. He is put to work and treated badly by Ilmarinen's wife, whom he later kills. Kullervo is a misguided and troubled youth, at odds with himself and his situation. He often goes into berserk rage, and in the end commits suicide.


title: Kalevala

text: Marjatta is a young virgin of Kalevala. She becomes pregnant from eating a lingonberry. When her labour begins she is expelled from her parents' home and leaves to find a place where she can sauna and give birth. She is turned away from numerous places but finally finds a place in the forest and gives birth to a son. Marjatta's nature, impregnation and searching for a place to give birth are in allegory to the Virgin Mary and the Christianisation of Finland. Marjatta's son is later condemned to death by Väinämöinen for being born out of wedlock. The boy in turn chastises Väinämöinen and is later crowned King of Karelia. This angers Väinämöinen, who leaves Kalevala after bequeathing his songs and kantele to the people as his legacy.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" is a major part of Finnish culture and history. It has affected the arts in Finland and in other cultures around the world.


title: Kalevala

text: The influence of the "Kalevala" in daily life and business in Finland is tangible. Names and places associated with the "Kalevala" have been adopted as company and brand names and even as place names.


title: Kalevala

text: There are several places within Finland with "Kalevala"-related names, for example: the district of Tapiola in the city of Espoo; the district of Pohjola in the city of Turku, the district of Metsola in the city of Vantaa, and the districts of Kaleva and Sampo in the city of Tampere; the historic provinces of Savo and Karjala and the Russian town of Hiitola are all mentioned within the songs of the "Kalevala". In addition the Russian town of Ukhta was in 1963 renamed Kalevala. In the United States a small community founded in 1900 by Finnish immigrants is named Kaleva, Michigan; many of the street names are taken from the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: The banking sector of Finland has had at least three "Kalevala"-related brands: Sampo Bank (name changed to Danske Bank in late 2012), OP-Pohjola Group and Tapiola Bank.


title: Kalevala

text: The jewellery company Kalevala Koru was founded in 1935 on the 100th anniversary of the publication of the "Old Kalevala". It specialises in the production of unique and culturally important items of jewellery. It is co-owned by the Kalevala Women's League and offers artistic scholarships to a certain number of organisations and individuals every year.


title: Kalevala

text: The Finnish dairy company Valio has a brand of ice-cream named Aino, specialising in more exotic flavours than their normal brand.


title: Kalevala

text: The construction group Lemminkäinen was formed in 1910 as a roofing and asphalt company, the name was chosen specifically to emphasise that they were a wholly Finnish company. They now operate internationally.


title: Kalevala

text: Kalevala Day is celebrated in Finland on 28 February, to match Elias Lönnrot's first version of the "Kalevala" in 1835. By its other official name, the day is known as the Finnish Culture Day.


title: Kalevala

text: Several of the names in the "Kalevala" are celebrated as Finnish name days. The name days themselves and the dates they fall upon have no direct relationship with the "Kalevala" itself; however, the adoption of the names became commonplace after the release of the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: Several artists have been influenced by the "Kalevala", most notably Akseli Gallen-Kallela who has painted many pieces relating to the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: Iittala group's Arabia brand kilned a series of "Kalevala" commemorative plates, designed by Raija Uosikkinen (1923–2004). The series ran from 1976 to 1999 and are highly sought after collectables.


title: Kalevala

text: In 1989, the fourth full translation of the "Kalevala" into English was published, illustrated by Björn Landström.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" has been translated over one-hundred and fifty times into over sixty different languages. (See § translations.)


title: Kalevala

text: Finnish cartoonist Kristian Huitula illustrated the comic book adaptation of the "Kalevala". The "Kalevala Graphic Novel" contains the storyline of all the 50 chapters in original text form.


title: Kalevala

text: Finnish cartoonist and children's writer Mauri Kunnas wrote and illustrated "Koirien Kalevala" ("The Canine Kalevala"). The story is that of the "Kalevala" with the characters presented as anthropomorphised dogs, wolves and cats. The story deviates from the full "Kalevala" to make the story more appropriate for children.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" inspired the American Disney cartoonist Don Rosa to draw a Donald Duck (who is himself a popular character in Finland) story based on the "Kalevala", called "The Quest for Kalevala". The comic was released in the year of the 150th anniversary of the "Kalevala"s publication.


title: Kalevala

text: Franz Anton Schiefner's translation of the "Kalevala" was one inspiration for Longfellow's 1855 poem "The Song of Hiawatha", which is written in a similar trochaic tetrameter.


title: Kalevala

text: Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald's Estonian national epic "Kalevipoeg" was inspired by the "Kalevala". Both Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen are mentioned in the work and the overall story of Kalevipoeg, Kalev's son, bears similarities with the Kullervo story.


title: Kalevala

text: J. R. R. Tolkien claimed the "Kalevala" as one of his sources for "The Silmarillion". For example, Kullervo is the basis of Túrin Turambar in "Narn i Chîn Húrin", including the sword that speaks when the anti-hero uses it to commit suicide, and Aulë, the Lord of Matter and the Master of All Crafts, has been influenced by Ilmarinen, the Eternal Hammerer. Echoes of the "Kalevala"s characters, Väinämöinen in particular, can be found in Tom Bombadil of "The Lord of the Rings".


title: Kalevala

text: Poet and playwright Paavo Haavikko took influence from the "Kalevala", including the poem "Kaksikymmentä ja yksi" (1974), and the TV-drama "Rauta-aika" (1982).


title: Kalevala

text: American science fiction and fantasy authors L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt used the "Kalevala" as source materials for their 1953 fantasy novella "The Wall of Serpents". This is the fourth story in the authors' Harold Shea series, in which the hero and his companions visit various mythic and fictional worlds. In this story, the characters visit the world of the Kalevala, where they encounter characters from the epic drawn with a skeptical eye.


title: Kalevala

text: Emil Petaja was an American science fiction and fantasy author of Finnish descent. His best known works, known as the "Otava Series", a series of novels based on the "Kalevala". The series brought Petaja readers from around the world, while his mythological approach to science fiction was discussed in scholarly papers presented at academic conferences. He has a further "Kalevala" based work which is not part of the series, entitled "The Time Twister".


title: Kalevala

text: British fantasy author Michael Moorcock's sword and sorcery anti-hero, Elric of Melniboné is influenced by the character Kullervo.


title: Kalevala

text: British fantasy author Michael Scott Rohan's "Winter of the World" series feature Louhi as a major antagonist and include many narrative threads from the "Kalevela".


title: Kalevala

text: The web comic "A Redtail's Dream", written and illustrated by Minna Sundberg, cites the "Kalevala" as an influence. (Physical edition 2014.)


title: Kalevala

text: The British science fiction writer Ian Watson's "Books of Mana" duology, "Lucky's Harvest" and "The Fallen Moon", both contain references to places and names from the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: In 2008, Vietnamese author and translator Bùi Viêt Hoa published an epic poetry "The Children of Mon and Man" (), which delves into Vietnamese folk poetry and mythology, based in partly on the "Kalevala". The work was written mainly in Finland and the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs has also co-financed it.


title: Kalevala

text: Music is the area which has the richest influence from the "Kalevala", which is apt considering the way that the folk poetry and songs were originally performed.


title: Kalevala

text: The first recorded example of a musician influenced by the "Kalevala" is Filip von Schantz. In 1860, he composed the Kullervo Overture. The piece premièred on the opening of a new theatre building in Helsinki on November of the same year. Von Schantz's work was followed by Robert Kajanus' "Kullervo's Funeral March" and the symphonic poem "Aino" in 1880 and 1885, respectively. "Aino" is credited with inspiring Jean Sibelius to investigate the richness of the "Kalevala". "Die Kalewainen in Pochjola", the first opera freely based upon the "Kalevala", was composed by Karl Müller-Berghaus in 1890, but the work has never been performed.


title: Kalevala

text: Jean Sibelius is the best-known "Kalevala"-influenced classical composer. Twelve of Sibelius' best-known works are based upon or influenced by the "Kalevala", including his "Kullervo", a tone poem for soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra composed in 1892. Sibelius also composed the music of "Jääkärimarssi" (The Jäger March) to words written by Finnish soldier and writer Heikki Nurmio. The march features the line "Me nousemme kostona Kullervon" ("We shall rise in vengeance like that of Kullervo's").


title: Kalevala

text: A number of folk metal bands have drawn on the "Kalevala" heavily for inspiration. In 1993 the Finnish bands Amorphis and Sentenced released two concept albums, "Tales from the Thousand Lakes" and "North from Here" respectively, which were the first of many that have been "Kalevala"-themed. Amorphis's 2009 album "Skyforger" also draws heavily on the "Kalevala". The Finnish folk metal band Ensiferum have released songs, such as "Old Man" and "Little Dreamer", which are influenced by the "Kalevala". The third track of their "Dragonheads" EP is entitled "Kalevala Melody". It is an instrumental piece following the rhythm of the Kalevala metre. Another Finnish folk metal band, Turisas, have adapted several verses from song nine of the "Kalevala", "The Origin of Iron", for the lyrics of their song "Cursed Be Iron", which is the third track of the album "The Varangian Way". Finnish metal band Amberian Dawn use lyrics inspired by the "Kalevala" in their album "River of Tuoni", as well as in its successor, "The Clouds of Northland Thunder". On 3 August 2012, Finnish folk metal band Korpiklaani released a new album entitled "Manala". Jonne Järvelä from the band said, "Manala is the realm of the dead – the underworld in Finnish mythology. Tuonela, Tuoni, Manala and Mana are used synonymously. This place is best known for its appearance in the Finnish national epic "Kalevala", on which many of our new songs are based."


title: Kalevala

text: In the mid-1960s, the progressive rock band Kalevala was active within Finland and in 1974, the now prolific singer-songwriter Jukka Kuoppamäki released the song "Väinämöinen". These were some of the first pieces of modern music inspired by the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: In 1998, Ruth MacKenzie recorded the album "Kalevala: Dream of the Salmon Maiden", a song cycle covering the part of the story concerning Aino and her choice to refuse the hand of the sorcerer Väinämöinen and instead transform herself into a salmon. MacKenzie has continued to perform the piece live.


title: Kalevala

text: The Karelian Finnish folk music group Värttinä has based some of its lyrics on motifs from the "Kalevala". The Vantaa Chamber Choir have songs influenced by the "Kalevala". Their "Kalevala"-themed third album, "Marian virsi" (2005), combines contemporary folk with traditionally performed folk poetry.


title: Kalevala

text: In 2003, the Finnish progressive rock quarterly Colossus and French Musea Records commissioned 30 progressive rock groups from around the world to compose songs based on parts of the "Kalevala". The publication assigned each band with a particular song from the "Kalevala", which the band was free to interpret as they saw fit. The result, titled "Kalevala", is a three-disc, multilingual, four-hour epic telling.


title: Kalevala

text: In the beginning of 2009, in celebration of the 160th anniversary of the "Kalevala"s first published edition, the Finnish Literature Society, the Kalevala Society, premièred ten new and original works inspired by the "Kalevala". The works included poems, classical and contemporary music and artwork. A book was published by the Finnish Literature Society in conjunction with the event and a large exhibition of "Kalevala"-themed artwork and cultural artefacts was put on display at the Ateneum museum in Helsinki.


title: Kalevala

text: In 2017 a New York-based production "Kalevala the Musical" got started in celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Finland. The production features original pop, folk and world music score written by Johanna Telander. The concert version was performed across the United States and Finland.


title: Kalevala

text: In 1959, a joint Finnish-Soviet production entitled "Sampo", also known as "The Day the Earth Froze", was released, inspired by the story of the "Sampo" from the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: In 1982, the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE) produced a television mini-series called "Rauta-aika" (The Age of Iron), with music composed by Aulis Sallinen and book by Paavo Haavikko. The series was set "during the Kalevala times" and based upon events which take place in the "Kalevala". The series' part 3/4 won Prix Italia in 1983.


title: Kalevala

text: The martial arts film "Jadesoturi", also known as "Jade Warrior", released in Finland on 13 October 2006, is based upon the "Kalevala" and set in Finland and China.


title: Kalevala

text: The "Kalevala" has attracted many scholars and enthusiasts to interpret its contents in a historical context. Many interpretations of the themes have been tabled. Some parts of the epic have been perceived as ancient conflicts between the early Finns and the Sami. In this context, the country of "Kalevala" could be understood as Southern Finland and "Pohjola" as Lapland.


title: Kalevala

text: However, the place names in "Kalevala" seem to transfer the "Kalevala" further south, which has been interpreted as reflecting the Finnic expansion from the South that came to push the Sami further to the north. Some scholars locate the lands of "Kalevala" in East Karelia, where most of the "Kalevala" stories were written down. In 1961, the small town of "Uhtua" in the then Soviet Republic of Karelia was renamed Kalevala, perhaps to promote that theory.


title: Kalevala

text: Finnish politician and linguist Eemil Nestor Setälä rejected the idea that the heroes of "Kalevala" are historical in nature and suggested they are personifications of natural phenomena. He interprets Pohjola as the northern heavens and the Sampo as the pillar of the world. Setälä suggests that the journey to regain the Sampo is a purely imaginary one with the heroes riding a mythological boat or magical steed to the heavens.


title: Kalevala

text: The practice of bear worship was once very common in Finland and there are strong echoes of this in the "Kalevala".


title: Kalevala

text: The old Finnish word "väinä" (a strait of deep water with a slow current) appears to be the origin of the name Väinämöinen; one of Väinämöinen's other names is Suvantolainen, "suvanto" being the modern word for "väinä". Consequently, it is possible that the "Saari" (Island) might be the island of Saaremaa in Estonia and "Kalevala" the Estonian mainland.


title: Kalevala

text: Finnish folklorists Matti Kuusi and Pertti Anttonen state that terms such as "the people of Kalevala" or "the tribe of Kalevala" were fabricated by Elias Lönnrot. Moreover, they contend that the word "Kalevala" is very rare in traditional poetry and that by emphasizing dualism (Kalevala vs. Pohjola) Elias Lönnrot created the required tension that made the "Kalevala" dramatically successful and thus fit for a national epic of the time.


title: Kalevala

text: There are similarities with mythology and folklore from other cultures, for example the Kullervo character and his story bearing some likeness to the Greek Oedipus. The similarity of the virginal maiden Marjatta to the Christian Virgin Mary is striking. The arrival of Marjatta's son in the final song spelling the end of Väinämöinen's reign over Kalevala is similar to the arrival of Christianity bringing about the end of Paganism in Finland and Europe at large.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI Inc. is a Canadian multinational information technology consulting and systems integration company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. CGI has a market value of $21.8 billion, making it one of the top 30 companies in Canada. The company went public in 1986 with a primary listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange. CGI is also a constituent of the S&P/TSX 60 and has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. As of 2022 CGI is based in forty countries with around 400 offices and employs approximately 88,000 people.


title: CGI Inc.

text: Services provided by CGI as of 2018 include application services, business consulting, business process services, IT infrastructure services, IT outsourcing services, and systems integration services, among others. CGI has customers in a wide array of industries and markets, with many in financial services.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI Inc. was founded as an IT consulting company on June 15, 1976, in Quebec City, Québec, by Serge Godin. Within several months he was joined by co-founder André Imbeau from Quebec City. They initially ran the business from Godin's basement with a single phone. Starting with one client, as the company grew in size the co-founders moved to Montreal, and by the end of their first year they had generated $138,000 in revenue. While CGI stands for ""Conseillers en gestion et informatique"" in French (which translates to "consultants in management and information technology" in English), the official English meaning would become "Consultants to Government and Industry." In later years the company began to go to market as simply CGI.


title: CGI Inc.

text: Throughout the 1970s CGI grew in size and continued to focus on the information technology (IT) services market, soon offering systems integration alongside consulting. Near the end of the 1970s, however, the systems integration market began to shift to outsourcing, with CGI responding by branching into IT outsourcing as well. The company also secured a number of government contracts, and the UK Ministry of Defence brought in CGI around 1980 to act as a systems integrator, among other roles. CGI's annual revenue in 1986 was $25 million, and that year the company began acquiring a number of smaller IT services companies. CGI went public with an initial public offering (IPO) to fund the acquisitions, and by the late 1980s CGI was expanding further, acquiring several business processes services (BPS) companies and expanding beyond Canada.


title: CGI Inc.

text: The CGI Management Foundation was formed in 1992 to manage CGI's "management frameworks, policies and guidelines." CGI earned ISO 9001 certification for their "project management framework" in 1994, and in doing so became the first IT consulting firm in North America to comply with the ISO quality standard. A year later CGI's AMICUS library management software was first developed in collaboration with the National Library of Canada, and in 1997 a customized version was commissioned by the British Library. By the mid-1990s CGI had a client base both in Canada and internationally, and was establishing the company's long-term "build and buy" growth strategy. In 1995 CGI entered into a commercial alliance with the large telecommunications company Bell Canada, with Bell Canada purchasing CGI shares then valued at $18.4 million. By the end of 1996, CGI's annual revenue was $122 million.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In April 1997, CGI acquired the company CDSL Holdings Limited (CDSL) for a purchase price of about $36.5 million. At the time CDSL was Canada's largest "independent provider of retail banking services and electronic commerce/switching services," and largely serviced the credit union industry in Canada. After the acquisition, CGI's employees in both Canada and internationally numbered 2,500. After various commercial relationships with Interac since the mid-1980s, in 1997 CGI became the first non-financial company in Canada to enable Interac money transfers for clients. In 1998 CGI acquired the Canadian company Bell Sygma, a Bell Canada subsidiary, which almost doubled CGI's size. The deal was one of the largest Canadian outsourcing contracts of the time.


title: CGI Inc.

text: By 2000 CGI had clients in the banking industry. CGI acquired the company IMRGlobal in 2001 for $438 million, which added "global delivery options" for CGI.


title: CGI Inc.

text: After almost doubling in size with the 1998 acquisition of Bell Sygma, CGI acquired IMRGlobal in 2001 for $438 million, which added "global delivery options" for CGI. Other significant purchases include American Management Systems (AMS) for $858 million in 2004,


title: CGI Inc.

text: In January 2003, the Canadian tech company Cognicase was bought out by CGI for US$221 million, and at the end of 2003 CGI had annual sales of $1.85 billion. In May 2004, CGI purchased the majority of American Management Systems (AMS) for $858 million, acquiring the commercial divisions and all government business not related to national defense. The acquisition grew CGI's presence in the United States, Europe and Australia and led to the formation of the CGI Federal division. The defense and intelligence practice divisions were sold to CACI for $415 million. As of late 2004, CGI was the world's eighth-largest independent provider of information technology services.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI co-founder Serge Godin stepped aside as CEO in 2006, taking the new position of executive chairman of the board and appointing as new CEO Michael Roach, who quickly focused on further company expansion. Annual revenue at CGI was $3.5 billion by the fiscal end of 2006. That same year, CGI became one of four primary Recovery Audit Contractors in the US, with responsibilities to audit region B. At the end of 2007, CGI had a backlog worth $12.04 billion and an annual revenue of $3.7 billion, employing around 26,500 people. Continuing to develop SaaS products, in 2008 CGI's AMS Advantage ERP system won a Best of Kentucky Award for its use by the Commonwealth of Kentucky.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In August 2010, CGI Federal acquired Stanley, Inc. for an enterprise value of approximately $1.07 billion. The deal came close to doubling CGI's presence in the United States and expanded CGI into defense and intelligence contracts. Several years earlier, CGI had been legally unable to acquire AMS's defense division because of a lack of U.S. Department of Defense-required infrastructure. In 2010, however, the infrastructure was in place. At the time of merger, Stanley earned annual revenues of $865 million, and that amount, combined with CGI Federal's profit, brought their joint income to about $1.2 billion. In 2010, CGI was included in the "Forbes Global 2000" ranking of the 2,000 largest public companies in the world. As of 2011, there were 31,000 CGI employees in 125 offices worldwide and 89% of professionals at CGI also owned company shares. That fall, the EPA awarded CGI Federal a "$207 million task order renewal over a six year period to support the EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX)."


title: CGI Inc.

text: In August 2012, CGI acquired the UK-based computer services company Logica for £1.7 billion (CAN$2.7 billion) in cash. The acquisition raised the number of CGI's staff from 31,000 to 68,000, and CGI became the fifth largest independent business processes and IT services company in the world, with clients in the Americas, Asia, and Europe. It also made CGI the biggest tech firm in Canada.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In September 2012, CGI Federal won a $143 million contract to provide operational support for the Army's training elements, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, and the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Also that September, it was announced that CGI Federal's "health and compliance programs business unit" had been given the highest rating possible by the Software Engineering Institute. In doing so, CGI Federal became the tenth company in the United States to receive the Level 5 rating for CMMI Development. At this point CGI was working on a number of successful health-related projects, largely in North America. However, in 2012 CGI had its $46.2-million contract to build an electronic diabetes registry for eHealth Ontario formally cancelled after it failed to meet deadlines imposed by eHealth. The work that CGI did would later be declared obsolete, and it was overtaken by more recent technology developed by other contractors.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In 2013, CGI won a significant contract to provide cloud computing services to the UK government, and that April, CGI began working with CIFAS on a modernized platform to visualize and analyse data from the National Fraud Database. At the time, CGI's train occupancy mobile app, iNStAPP, was being used by several train companies and institutions in Europe. In February 2013, the independent analyst firm Verdantix published a report comparing technology consulting and systems integration firms' ability to build efficient renewable energy management systems. The report named CGI as No. 4 on the "overall capabilities" score. Continuing to work in the financial sector, CGI was rated as a "major contender" by Everest Group in a 2013 PEAK Matrix study looking at IT outsourcing capital markets.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In 2011 CGI Federal was one of several dozen contractors selected by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to establish a new federal health insurance marketplace. Delays in the two-year development process attracted widespread coverage in the media, and following the public launch of HealthCare.gov on October 1, 2013, technical issues surfaced which prevented many users from logging in. As one of primary contractors involved, CGI Federal's contributions were scrutinized by the press and policy makers, though the Lexington Institute later concluded that "many of the early problems with [CGI's] part of the project were traceable to a front-end feature assembled by a different contractor for which CGI wasn't responsible." CGI was also contracted to help develop health insurance marketplaces for a number of state governments. Some, like the websites for Colorado and Kentucky were launched smoothly, while the websites for Vermont, Massachusetts, and Hawaii Health Connector experienced difficulties. By the December 2013 deadline the problems had largely been fixed, and within several weeks enrollment in the federal marketplace was at 1.1 million people. Analysis of the situation by journalists, government officials, and think tanks has varied. Despite the press scrutiny over HealthCare.gov, in late 2013 and early 2014 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services awarded CGI a value of $37 million in various contracts. However, the agency did not renew CGI Federal's contract for HealthCare.gov when it ended in February 2014, citing that the firm was ineffective at fixing the website's problems. According to CGI, the agreement was mutual.


title: CGI Inc.

text: As of 2016, CGI ranked No. 955 on the "Forbes" Forbes Global 2000. At the time CGI had assets worth C$20.9 billion, annual sales of $10.7 billion, and a market value of $9.6 billion. In 2014, CGI claimed an "$8 billion pipeline of future task orders—doubling its federal business over the period of a year." Among these contracts were $871 million with the Defense Information Services Agency, $143 million for visa processing in China, and an "indefinite quantity" contract for the Coast Guard and Department of Homeland Security. CGI also continued to work with state governments, for example signing a $399 million contract to work on the California Enterprise Data to Revenue (EDR) Project for the California Franchise Tax Board. In October 2014, "The Globe and Mail" reported that CGI was operating ten security centers, from which 1,400 CGI employees monitor "data traffic for an undisclosed number of customers" that include the Canadian Payments Association, the National Bank of Canada, and about forty Canadian government departments.


title: CGI Inc.

text: By 2014, CGI had been working with the European space industry for years, and had developed software that helps support the missions of over 200 individual satellites. CGI had also created the Constellation Control Facility that control's the Galileo Commercial Service's 30 satellites, and software for the first satellite in the world with e-sail (electric solar wind sail). In November 2014 CGI was awarded a new contract by Inmarsat to "support data communications between the pilot and air traffic controller within the European airspace." Inmarsat is the safety communications provider for 98% of airlines. With 16% of CGI's revenue coming from software in 2014, other software projects that year included an app for remote elevator monitoring that uses "machine learning," as well as several high-profile smart grids. In November 2014, CGI was awarded a $2 billion IT contract extension from BCE, which is the parent company of Bell Canada, to continue operating Bell's IT network. A month later, PostNord, a large Nordic logistics company, also renewed its 2005 human resources contract with CGI, with CGI continuing to manage payroll processing for PostNord's 26,000 employees in Sweden.


title: CGI Inc.

text: November 2014, CGI Federal was recognized by the Coalition for Government Procurement for its veteran hiring program. At that point, around a quarter of CGI Federal's new hires each year were war veterans. Also in 2014, "Canadian Business" named Michael Roach their Most Innovative CEO of the year. Fiscal revenue by the end of 2014 was C$10.5 billion, and in the first quarter of 2015, CGI had revenues of $2.54 billion. Concerning media speculation over new CGI acquisitions, on April 30, 2015, CEO Michael Roach was quoted saying that "CGI will not rush into acquisitions," though the company is "open to deals if there is a strategic fit."


title: CGI Inc.

text: Many of CGI's more visible projects in 2015 have been related to software and municipal safety, including an emergency response system for the Estonian Rescue Board. In March 2015 CGI was awarded a contract by the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) to provide support for the MOD's Fire Control Battlefield Information System Application (FC BISA) and the Fire Control Application (FCA) systems.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In January 2016, CGI and the British Columbia Ministry of Health extended their partnership. Less than a week later, CGI won a contract with the U.S. Navy to work on their NAVSUP Business Systems Center. In March, 2016, CGI secured a $61.2 million contract for support of the Swedish social insurance agency. In May 2016, CGI signed an agreement with Sears Canada for a 10-year modernization. Later in May, CGI won the Queensland government contract for debt recovery. About a week later, CGI launched an initiative with the Canadian Securities Administration to help with IT modernization.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In June, CGI signed an eight-year contract with Banque Postale. The same month, the US DISA awarded CGI task order to provide a test and evaluation of DoD Healthcare Management System Modernization. At the end of June, the US State Department extended their global visa processing work with CGI. In August 2016, CGI secured a $34.2 million contract from the US Army Training and Doctrine Command Intelligence Directorate (TRADOOC G2). Later in the month, CGI's software platform was used for the eHealth exchange. CGI aided in the implementation of a California Franchise Tax Board IT modernization project that has generated $2.6 billion in revenue over 5 years. In September 2016, CGI was selected by 139 of Maine's State agencies to strengthen cloud security and workflow with a $39 million contract.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In October 2016, George D. Schindler succeeded Michael Roach as the third CEO in CGI's history. Additionally, in October 2016, CGI was awarded a $824M contract by USDA. Soon after, the Department of Veteran Affairs selected the USDA as the provider for their new enterprise financial system. About a week after this news, CGI was selected by Solvay to modernize its IT applications and to support operations. In November 2016, CGI acquired Collaborative Consulting, agreed to work with GAO Financial Management, and signed a 10-year contract with Yellow Pages. A month later, CGI and iA Financial expanded their long-term partnership. In 2017, CGI acquired Affecto Plc. and CGI continues to acquire local and IP-based services firms like JSL and Alcyane.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In January 2017, CGI was selected by a UK Environment Agency to develop a cloud-based flood forecasting platform and selected by Veteran Affairs Community Care to work on a care recovery audit. In February 2017, Swedish insurer Alecta hired CGI to modernize its IT capabilities. Also in 2017, CGI acquired Summa Technologies and Paragon Solutions. Additionally, in 2017, CGI acquired Greenwood Village-based IT firm, ECS Team, along with CTS Inc., a large technology company based in Birmingham.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In March 2017, the state of Colorado selected CGI to update and modernize their payroll system. CGI also secured a contract with the National Police of the Netherlands in March 2017 to create a digital platform for community policing. In April 2017, CGI began operating the IT system for England's water and sewerage supply market. That same month, both Bisnode, a Swedish data service firm, and Aerojet Rocketdyne, an aerospace company, contracted CGI to manage their IT systems. In May 2017, CGI secured a $43 million contract from the city of Los Angeles and a multi-state cooperative contract to offer an enterprise resource planning SaaS platform. In June 2017, SEB, a Swedish financial services group, selected to implement CGI's transaction platform. The next month, CGI secured a $68 million contract from the Los Angeles County Office of Education. Additionally in July 2017, CGI was awarded four contracts totaling $92.5 million to provide services for U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command programs. In October 2017, CGI was awarded another contract with the U.S. Army for $37.4 billion. The city of Glasgow awarded CGI an IT contract in November 2017.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In February 2018, CGI renewed and expanded its IT outsourcing contract with Bombardier Aerospace, and extended its contract with Airbus Group to support its global HR system. Mid-2018, CGI was selected by Fingrid Data Hub to develop and run core DataHub for electricity information exchange and was awarded a $530M DHS CDM contract to support the cyber security of federal agencies. In September 2018, CGI announced a merger with ckc AG and GE and CGI an alliance agreement between CGI and GE to develop and implement electric grid software in North America. A month later, CGI worked with USAID to migrate to a hybrid cloud environment. In the same month, CGI partnered with Scotiabank on intelligent process automation POC for trade finance transactions. A few days earlier, CGI partnered with Hydro-Quebec to launch MILES, a data analytics tool to address the root causes of electricity outages before they occur. In November 2018, CGI partnered with the Swedish Migration Agency to improve its immigration services.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In May 2018, CGI signed two strategic application management contracts with SNCF. In the same month, CGI was selected by Meyer Werft to advance its global growth strategy through IT modernization, and CGI partnered with TD to leverage CGI's Wealth360 portfolio management software.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In February 2019, CGI entered into an agreement with YIT, a Finnish construction company. In the same year, CGI and League Data extended their outsourcing agreement (originating in 2002) through 2023. The value of the extensions is $18 million.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In late 2019, "The Wall Street Journal" indicated CGI was part of the Chinese APT10 group's Operation Cloud Hopper hack, which exposed companies' data from 2013 to 2017. The first known target was Rio Tinto, who was accessed through CGI's managed cloud.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI originally stood for ""Conseillers en gestion et informatique""(Advisors on Management and Computer Systems). More recently, in English speaking countries it is taken to stand for ""Consultants to Government and Industries"").


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI has an international client base, with large institutional clients in a wide array of industries and markets. The United States made up 29% of their client base as of March 2015, while Canada was the second-highest percentage at 15%. The majority of CGI's remaining contracts are in Europe (around 40%), with 15% in the rest of the world.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI has a primary listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the S&P/TSX 60. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. As of March 2015, CGI made 42% of its revenue through government contracts.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI Federal is a wholly owned subsidiary of CGI Inc. CGI Federal has partnered with U.S. federal agencies to provide IT services in defense, diplomacy, intelligence, healthcare, environment, homeland security, justice, treasury and more. CGI Federal's board of directors includes former senior U.S. federal government executives such as Dr. James B. Peake, who was Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs from 2007 to 2009. CGI Federal has annual revenue exceeding US$1 billion and holds positions on some of the most competitive contract vehicles for the federal government, including the Alliant 2 government wide acquisition contract (GWAC).


title: CGI Inc.

text: In 2018, CGI Federal opened an Innovation Center in Arlington, Virginia, to provide a dedicated collaboration space for agency and CGI experts to jointly explore the potential of new technologies. Notable projects of recent years include:


title: CGI Inc.

text: Originally CGI focused its products and services on IT consulting, and the company later branched into outsourcing, software development, and systems integration, among other industries. At the end of 2014, CGI earned 52% of its revenue from providing outsourcing services (specifically through IT services and to a lesser degree, business process services) and 48% of its revenue from systems integration and consulting. Services CGI supplies in relation to business consulting include business intelligence, business transformation, change management, cyber security, CIO advisory services, digital enterprise, as well as other industry-specific services. In relation to business process services, CGI offers customer service and billing, payment services, enterprise services, collections, engineering and logistics, document and data services, and a BPS service launch. CGI provides full IT outsourcing services. The following is an overview of services provided by CGI as of 2015:


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI also develops products and services for markets such as telecommunications, health, manufacturing, oil and gas, posts and logistics, retail and consumer services, transportation, and utilities. Clients include both private entities and central governments, state, provincial and local governments, and government departments dealing with defense, intelligence, space, health, human services, public safety, justice, tax, revenue and collections.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI was the first large cloud provider to receive the U.S. Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) cloud security certification. CGI has also received the Defense Information Systems Agency's (DISA) cloud security accreditation. In December 2014 the firm IDC named CGI a "leader" in cloud IaaS services for governments.


title: CGI Inc.

text: The company has worked on numerous projects utilizing emerging technologies, and in 2013 the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) launched the "whereabouts" mobile application. Developed with CGI, the app was put into use by over 25,000 athletes, allowing them to enter, check and change information on their whereabouts as part of their regulatory obligations. CGI's other emerging technology projects in 2014 included an "Internet of Things"-based predictive maintenance software for remote elevator monitoring that uses "machine learning." In January 2015, CGI worked with the Estonian Ministry of the Interior and the Estonian Rescue Board to develop an emergency response system with the intent of accelerating response time in public safety missions. In July 2014, the analyst firm IDC named CGI a "major player" in "worldwide utilities mobile field force management software."


title: CGI Inc.

text: The DECC selected CGI to work on the DCC User Gateway, which is a network for businesses and utilities to access a central network on smart meters. As of 2014 CGI has also been commissioned to build smart grids for high-profile projects such as Low Carbon London and InovGrid in Portugal.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI has long been involved in the asset management market, developing a number of related software projects such as the PragmaCAD. CGI's ARM product suite is primarily used by US distribution companies, while CGI's Renewable Management System is used by companies such as EDP Renewables to "monitor and control energy production." CGI continues to be a member of the Institute of Asset Management (IAM) in the UK, and along with the IAM and the British Standards Institution was involved in developing the ISO 55000 asset integrity standard. Logica had co-founded the IAM in 2003 before its acquisition by CGI. As a member of the board of the Manufacturing Enterprise Solutions Association (MESA), CGI is also a provider of MESA C-level training.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI has developed asset management software for clients in highly regulated markets such as the oil and gas industries, and by the early 2000s CGI had developed ProSteward360 for chemical firms, which is a "point solution for chemical and regulatory compliance." CGI released the IBOR program in 2011, which is a "public space smart control and management system" used to increase energy efficiency in areas such as street lighting. Using IBOR, CGI began working with SPIE Belgium in April 2015 on a project to "modernize the remote management of highway lighting within the Flemish Region". In July 2014, the firm IDC released a report naming CGI as a "major player" in worldwide enterprise asset management software for energy and water delivery utilities.


title: CGI Inc.

text: CGI began working with CIFAS in April 2013 on a modernized version of the fraud detection CaseLink platform, which was released in September 2014 in the UK. The platform is used to visualize and analyze data from the National Fraud Database. CGI's HotScan software scans payments and customer data as a watchlist filter, and since 2005 it has been certified by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) as a plugin for the SWIFT Alliance Add-on Label. CGI worked with the Commonwealth of Virginia to develop eVA, which is Virginia's electronic purchasing software. In April 2014, CGI worked with the UK Payments Council to create Paym, an app that allows customers of major banks in the UK to send and receive funds with their mobile phone. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group renewed its contract with CGI in October 2014 for software-as-a-service (SaaS), in an effort to use their banking platform to expand their international trade program with the CGI Trade360 service. The program was at that point being used by ANZ to allow trading in 28 countries.


title: CGI Inc.

text: In March 2015, CGI won a contract with the North Wales Police for close to $27.4 million, to provide the department with "managed ICT (information and communications technology) and associated business services." Also in March, the British Ministry of Defence (MOD) selected CGI to provide training needs analysis at the Defense College of Technical Training and to provide support for the MOD's Fire Control Battlefield Information System Application (FC BISA) and the Fire Control Application (FCA) systems.