title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum was born in Washington, D.C. Applebaum has stated that she was brought up in a "very reformed" Jewish family. Her ancestors came to America from what is now Belarus. She graduated from the Sidwell Friends School (1982). Applebaum earned a Bachelor of Arts, "summa cum laude", in history and literature from Yale University, where she attended the Soviet history course taught by Wolfgang Leonhard in fall 1982.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: As a student, Applebaum spent the summer of 1985 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia), which, she has written, helped to shape her opinions. She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa. As a Marshall Scholar at the London School of Economics, she earned a master's degree in international relations (1987). She studied at St Antony's College, Oxford, before becoming a correspondent for "The Economist" and moving to Warsaw, Poland, in 1988.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In November 1989, Applebaum drove from Warsaw to Berlin to report on the collapse of the Berlin Wall.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: As foreign correspondent for "The Economist" and "The Independent", she covered the fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of communism. In 1991 she moved back to England to work for The Economist, and was later hired as the Foreign and later Deputy Editor of "The Spectator", and later the Political Editor of the "Evening Standard".


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In 1994, she published her first book "Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe", a travelogue that described the rise of nationalism across the new states of the former Soviet Union. In 2001, she did a major interview with prime minister Tony Blair. She also undertook historical research for her book "" (2003) on the Soviet prison camp system, which won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. It was also nominated for a National Book Award, for the "Los Angeles Times" book award and for the National Book Critics Circle Award.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: From 2001 to 2005, Applebaum lived in Washington and was a member of "The Washington Post" editorial board. She wrote about a wide range of United States policy issues, including healthcare, social security and education. She also wrote a column for "The Washington Post" which continued for seventeen years. Applebaum was briefly an adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank. Returning to Europe in 2005, Applebaum was a George Herbert Walker Bush/Axel Springer Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in 2006.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Her second history book, "Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56", was published in 2012 by Doubleday in the US and Allen Lane in the UK; it was nominated for a National Book Award, shortlisted for the 2013 PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: From 2011 to 2016, she created and ran the Transitions Forum at the Legatum Institute, an international think tank and educational charity based in London. Among other projects, she ran a two-year program examining the relationship between democracy and growth in Brazil, India and South Africa, created the Future of Syria and Future of Iran projects on future institutional change in those two countries, and commissioned a series of papers on corruption in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Together with "Foreign Policy" magazine she created Democracy Lab, a website focusing on countries in transition to, or away from, democracy and which has since become Democracy Post at "The Washington Post". She also ran Beyond Propaganda, a program examining 21st century propaganda and disinformation. Started in 2014, the program anticipated later debates about "fake news". In 2016, she left Legatum because of its stance on Brexit following the appointment of Euroskeptic Philippa Stroud as CEO and joined the London School of Economics as a Professor of Practice at the Institute for Global Affairs. At the LSE, she ran Arena, a program on disinformation and 21st century propaganda. In the autumn of 2019 she moved the project to the Agora Institute at Johns Hopkins University.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In October 2017, she published her third history book, "," a history of the Holodomor. The book won the Lionel Gelber Prize and the Duff Cooper Prize for the second time, making her the only author to ever win the award twice.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In November 2019, "The Atlantic" announced that Applebaum was joining the publication as a staff writer starting in January 2020. She was included in the 2020 "Prospect" list of the top-50 thinkers for the COVID-19 era.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In July 2020, "Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism" was published. Partly a memoir and partly political analysis, it was a "Der Spiegel" and "New York Times" bestseller.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Also in July 2020, Applebaum was one of the 153 signers of the "Harper's Letter" (also known as "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate") that expressed concern that "the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is dally becoming more constricted."


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In November 2022, Applebaum was one of 200 US citizens sanctioned by Russia for "promotion of the Russophobic campaign and support for the regime in Kyiv."


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum has been writing about Russia since the early 1990s. In 2000, she described the links between the then-new president of Russia, Vladimir Putin, with the former Soviet leader Yuri Andropov and the former KGB. In 2008, she began speaking about "Putinism" as an anti-democratic ideology, though most at the time still considered the Russian president to be a pro-Western pragmatist.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum has been a vocal critic of Western conduct regarding the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. In an article in "The Washington Post" on March 5, 2014, she maintained that the US and its allies should not continue to enable "the existence of a corrupt Russian regime that is destabilizing Europe", noting that the actions of President Vladimir Putin had violated "a series of international treaties". On March 7, in another article on "The Daily Telegraph", discussing an information war, Applebaum argued that "a robust campaign to tell the truth about Crimea is needed to counter Moscow's lies". At the end of August, she asked whether Ukraine should prepare for "total war" with Russia and whether central Europeans should join them.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In 2014, writing in "The New York Review of Books" she asked (in a review of Karen Dawisha's "Putin's Kleptocracy") whether "the most important story of the past twenty years might not, in fact, have been the failure of democracy, but the rise of a new form of Russian authoritarianism". She has described the "myth of Russian humiliation" and argued that NATO and EU expansion have been a "phenomenal success". In July 2016, before the US election, she was one of the first American journalists to write about the significance of Russia's ties to Donald Trump and wrote that Russian support for Trump was part of a wider Russian political campaign designed to destabilize the West. In December 2019, she wrote in "The Atlantic" that "in the 21st century, we must also contend with a new phenomenon: right-wing intellectuals, now deeply critical of their own societies, who have begun paying court to right-wing dictators who dislike America."


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum has written about the history of central and eastern Europe, Poland in particular. In the conclusion to her book "Iron Curtain", Applebaum argued that the reconstruction of civil society was the most important and most difficult challenge for the post-communist states of central Europe; in another essay, she argued that the modern authoritarian obsession with civil society repression dates back to Vladimir Lenin. She has written essays on the Polish film-maker Andrzej Wajda, on the dual Nazi–Soviet occupation of central Europe, and on why it is inaccurate to define "Eastern Europe" as a single entity.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum has described Poland's governing party, Law and Justice (PiS), as xenophobic and nationalist.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: On October 1, 2002, Applebaum wrote an article for "Slate" entitled, "You Can't Assume a Nut Will Act Rationally," in which she argued that Saddam Hussein is not a rational agent in a manner comparable to Adolf Hitler.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In 2014, Applebaum and Peter Pomerantsev launched Beyond Propaganda, a program examining disinformation and propaganda, at the Legatum Institute. Applebaum wrote that a 2014 Russian smear campaign aimed at her when she was writing heavily about the Russian annexation of Crimea. She stated that dubious material posted on the web was eventually recycled by semi-respectable American pro-Russian websites. Applebaum argued in 2015 that Facebook should take responsibility for spreading false stories and help "undo the terrible damage done by Facebook and other forms of social media to democratic debate and civilized discussion all over the world".


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In March 2016, eight months before the election of President Donald Trump, Applebaum wrote a "Washington Post" column asking, "Is this the end of the West as we know it?", which argued that "we are two or three bad elections away from the end of NATO, the end of the European Union and maybe the end of the liberal world order". Applebaum endorsed Hillary Clinton's campaign for president in July 2016 on the grounds that Trump is "a man who appears bent on destroying the alliances that preserve international peace and American power".


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum's March 2016 "Washington Post" column prompted the Swiss newspaper "Tages-Anzeiger" and the German magazine "Der Spiegel" to interview her. The articles appeared in December 2016 and January 2017. She argued very early on that the movement had an international dimension, that populist groups in Europe share "ideas and ideology, friends and founders", and that, unlike Burkean conservatives, they seek to "overthrow the institutions of the present to bring back things that existed in the past—or that they believe existed in the past—by force." Applebaum has underlined the danger of a new "Nationalist International", a union of xenophobic, nationalist parties such as Law and Justice in Poland, the Northern League in Italy, and the Freedom Party in Austria.


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In January 2022, Applebaum was invited to testify before the US House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee hearing entitled "Bolstering Democracy in the Age of Rising Authoritarianism".


title: Anne Applebaum

text: Applebaum is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She is on the board of the National Endowment for Democracy and Renew Democracy Initiative. She was a Senior Adjunct Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) where she co-led a major initiative aimed at countering Russian disinformation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). She was on the editorial board for "The American Interest" and the "Journal of Democracy".


title: Anne Applebaum

text: In 1992, Applebaum married Radosław Sikorski, who later served as Poland's Defence Minister, Foreign Minister, and Marshal of the Sejm. He is a member of the European Parliament. The couple have two sons, Aleksander and Tadeusz. She became a Polish citizen in 2013. She speaks Polish and Russian in addition to English.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: Nicole Marie Appleton (born 7 December 1974) is a Canadian singer and television presenter. She is a member of the British girl group All Saints and Canadian duo Appleton with her elder sister Natalie Appleton.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: Appleton was born in Hamilton, Ontario, to Jewish parents Mary and Kenneth Appleton. She is the youngest of four daughters. She has three older sisters; Lori, Lee, and Natalie. While growing up she lived in Toronto, New York City, and London.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In 1996 Appleton and her sister Natalie Appleton became the third and fourth members of the group "All Saints", formed by Melanie Blatt and Shaznay Lewis. All Saints released their debut single "I Know Where It's At" in 1997 via London Records and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. Their second single Never Ever was released in November 1997, and introduced the group to international success, reaching the top ten in several countries as well as peaking at number one in the United Kingdom and Australia. It sold over 1.2 million copies in the UK and was eventually certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. In 1998 the group won two BRIT Awards for "Best British Single" and "Best British Video", both for Never Ever. They released their debut album "All Saints" in November 1997, it reached number two in the UK and was certified five-times platinum by the BPI for sales of 1.5 million. The third single from the album was the double A-side "Under the Bridge / Lady Marmalade", which became their second UK number-one single. "Bootie Call", the fourth single, also went to number one, and the silver-certified "War of Nerves", the fifth and final release, peaked at number seven. The album achieved success in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States, where "All Saints" was certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of one million and produced two top forty singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100: "I Know Where It's At" and "Never Ever".


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In February 2000 they released the single "Pure Shores" for the soundtrack of the film "The Beach" (starring Leonardo DiCaprio). "Pure Shores" was their fourth number-one single in the UK and the second best-selling single of 2000, with 600,000 copies sold; it also became their first and only number-one single in Ireland and was a substantial hit across Europe and Australia. In October 2000, All Saints released the single "Black Coffee", which became their fifth and final number-one single in the UK, selling 200,000 copies. Also in 2000, Nicole and her sister both appeared in the film "Honest". This preceded their second studio album, "Saints & Sinners", which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, eventually reaching double-platinum certification in the UK for sales of 600,000 copies. The second and final single was "All Hooked Up" in January 2001, which peaked at number seven. In February 2001, All Saints announced that they were to take a break so that they "could clear the air between themselves". In November 2001, London Records released a greatest hits compilation entitled "All Hits" and disband.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In September 2002, Nicole and her sister Natalie launched themselves back onto the music scene, with their first single "Fantasy" written with Andy Hayman and Gareth Young reaching No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Their autobiography, "Together", came out in October 2002. In 2003, they had two more hits with "Don't Worry" and "Everything Eventually" and the album, "Everything's Eventual" which went gold in the UK after just two months. They decided to sign a deal with Concept Music in late 2004 because of differences with their previous label, Polydor.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: On 24 January 2006, it was announced that the group had reformed and signed a record deal with Parlophone. They subsequently began work on their third studio album, "Studio 1". The first single, "Rock Steady" (released in November 2006), reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. "Studio 1" entered the albums chart at number forty and sold 60,000 copies according to the BPI, being certified silver. A second single, "Chick Fit" failed to reach the top 200.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: Since 2007 Nicole has been a host of the TV show "The Hot Desk". She is also the host of "Cover Me Canada", a Canadian reality singing competition that debuted on CBC Television on 18 September 2011.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In 2014, All Saints reformed to support the Backstreet Boys for five dates across the UK and Ireland in 2014. On 27 January 2016, it was confirmed that All Saints will release their fourth studio album "Red Flag" on 8 April 2016. The lead single from the album, "One Strike", preceded the album on 28 February 2016.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: On 7 December 1997, Appleton met Robbie Williams while filming "Top of the Pops". A relationship began, and they were subsequently engaged. In an autobiography she co-authored with her sister Natalie, Appleton later revealed that she aborted her and Williams' baby after pressure from her record company.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In 2000, Appleton started a relationship with Liam Gallagher, the frontman of the group Oasis. She gave birth to their son, Gene Gallagher, on 2 July 2001. Gallagher recorded the song "Songbird" as a token of his love for Appleton. The couple married at Marylebone Town Hall in London on the morning of 14 February 2008.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In April 2014, the couple divorced after the media revealed Liam Gallagher was expecting a child with journalist and "The New York Times" freelancer Liza Ghorbani.


title: Nicole Appleton

text: In March 2020, Appleton announced she had given birth to a daughter with her boyfriend Stephen Haines. Appleton and Haines married in October 2021.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik (, Marathi: ] , also called as Nasik ) is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Situated on the banks of river Godavari, Nashik is the third largest city in Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Pune. Nashik is well known for being one of the Hindu pilgrimage sites of the Kumbh Mela, which is held every 12 years. Nashik is located about 190 km north of state capital Mumbai. The city is called the "Wine Capital of India" as more than half of India's vineyards and wineries are located here. Around 90% of all Indian wine comes from the Nashik Valley.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik is one of the fastest-growing cities in India. It has been a major industrial center in automobile hub. The city houses companies like Exxelia, Atlas Copco, Robert Bosch GmbH, CEAT Limited, Crompton Greaves, Graphite India, ThyssenKrupp, Epcos, Everest Industries, Gabriel India, GlaxoSmithKline, Hindustan Coca-Cola, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Jindal Polyster, Jyoti Structures, Kirlosker Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, Samsonite, Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw etc.


title: Nashik

text: As per "Ramayana", Nashik is the location on the banks of Godavari river where Laxman, by the wish of Lord Rama, cut the nose of demoness Shurpanakha and thus this city was named as "Nashik". It is also known by the name Panchavati.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik was known by many names. It was known as "Padmanagar" during the Satya Yuga, "Trikantak" during the Treta Yuga, "Janasthana" during the Dvapara Yuga, and finally "Navashikh" or "Nashik" during the Kali Yuga, according to Hindu traditions. It was known as "Gulshanabad," or "Rose City," during the Mughal period. Nashik is significant in mythology, history, social life, and culture. The city is located on the banks of the Godavari River, making it a sacred site for Hindus around the world. During his 14-year exile from Ayodhya, Lord Rama, the King of Ayodhya, is said to have made Nashik his home.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik lies in the northern part of Maharashtra state at from the mean sea level which gives it ideal temperature variation, particularly in winters.


title: Nashik

text: The river Godavari originates from the Brahmagiri Mountain, Trimbakeshwar about from Nashik and flows through the old residential settlement, now in the central part of the city. Due to high pollution created by factories in proximity of the city the river was dying at an alarming rate. It has since been successfully cleaned.


title: Nashik

text: Trimbakeshwar is about from the city, it is where from river Godavari originates. The land area of the city is about .


title: Nashik

text: The city's tropical location and high altitude combine to give it a relatively mild version of a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSh"). Temperatures rise slightly in October, but this is followed by the cool season from November to February. The cool season sees warm temperatures of around during the day, but cool nights, with lows averaging , and extremely dry air.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik city is governed by the Nashik Municipal Corporation. Nashik is a district headquarters located on the banks of Godavari and is away from Mumbai. The city has developed on both the banks of Godavari which divides the city into almost equal halves.


title: Nashik

text: The ward committee consists of councillors representing the electoral wards within the territorial area of the ward committee. There are six ward committees namely Nashik (E), Nashik (W), Nashik Road, Panchavati, CIDCO and Satpur. The main function of the committees is to approve the cost of works for the wards, incorporate the expenses in the budget etc.


title: Nashik

text: The Nashik Municipal Corporation (NMC) is planning to start major civic projects in 2020. Projects like the creation of more smart roads, setting up of 800 CCTVs, installation of LED streetlights, Goda beautification project, construction of two major water treatment projects (WTPs), upgradation of STPs, making smart parking operational, etc. would be given priority by the municipal corporation.


title: Nashik

text: In the Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day. Unlike other Indian cities, this garbage is collected by vehicles titled 'Ghantagadi' (meaning the vehicle with a bell): a system which has resulted in smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas. A plant has been set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni (Pandavleni Caves) to process the garbage and convert into compost.


title: Nashik

text: The NMC provides an online website for various civic services like birth certificate registration, medical services, taxes, development services, etc.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik is the fourth largest city in Maharashtra in terms of population after Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur. According to the Census of India, 2011, Nashik had a population of 1,486,053. Males constitute 782,517 of the population and females 703,536. Metropolitan Nashik population was 1,561,809 in which 821,921 were males and 739,888 were females. Nashik city had an average literacy rate of 89.85%: male literacy was 93.40%, and female literacy was 85.92%.


title: Nashik

text: The sex ratio is 894 per 1,000 males for Nashik city. Child sex ratio is 865 girls per 1,000 boys. In Nashik, 11.42% of the population is under 6 years of age. In census year 2001 the Nashik Urban Agglomeration had a population of . Thus it was the fourth largest urban area of Maharashtra State after Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur.


title: Nashik

text: The projected population of Nashik urban agglomeration (which includes abutting urban areas like Deolali) as on 11 November 2012 is .


title: Nashik

text: In February 2016, The Statue of Ahimsa, a 108 ft idol of first Jain tirthankara Rishabhdev carved in monolithic stone was consecrated at Mangi Tungi. It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world.


title: Nashik

text: The Trirashmi (Pandavleni) Caves, or Nashik Caves, are a group of 24 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE, representing the Hinayana Buddhist caves.


title: Nashik

text: The Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad and Maha Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places in Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik. According to the Puranas, it is believed that Kumbh derives its name from an immortal pot of nectar, which the devatas (Gods) and demons fought over. The four places where the nectar fell are at the banks of river Godavari in Nashik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar and at Triveni Sangam of Ganga, Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River in Allahabad.


title: Nashik

text: In early 1925, the table grape revolution was started in Ojhar, a small town near Nashik, by Raosaheb Jairam Krishna Gaikwad. Today, table grapes are exported to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.


title: Nashik

text: The total cultivable area in Nashik district is 864,000 hectares, of which the average Kharip crop area is 663,200 hectares, while the average Rabbi crop area is 136,500 hectares. The sown area is 658,763 hectares (99%) and the forest land is 340,000 hectares (21.75%). The uncultivable area is 23,000 hectares (1.48%).


title: Nashik

text: The Igatpuri-Nashik-Sinnar investment region is an important node in the US$90 billion Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik is a defense and aerospace manufacturing hub with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited aircraft manufacturing plant located at Ozar. The Currency Note Press and India Security Press are on Nashik Road, where Indian currency and government stamp papers are printed respectively.


title: Nashik

text: Existing industrial areas in Nashik district are Satpur, Ambad, Sinnar, Igatpuri, Dindori and Vinchur. The proposed additional areas are Sinnar, Malegaon and Rajur Bahula.


title: Nashik

text: Large-scale industries present in Nashik district are Atlas Copco, Robert Bosch GmbH, CEAT Limited, Crompton Greaves, Graphite India, ThyssenKrupp, Epcos, Everest Industries, Gabriel India, GlaxoSmithKline, Hindustan Coca-Cola, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Jindal Polyster, Jyoti Structures, Kirlosker Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, Samsonite, Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw.


title: Nashik

text: Apart from manufacturing, Nashik is an emerging investment destination for Information Technology companies. Tata Consultancy Services has invested in Nashik under the government of India BPO promotion scheme (IBPS). Also WNS, Accenture, TCS has set up Digital Impact Square, or DISQ, which is a social innovation center.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik has a textile industry. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has selected Yeola Block for development of Paithani Cluster. To facilitate exports, a container freight station was started at MIDC Ambad by the Central Government.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik has been described as "The Wine Capital of India" the Nashik region reportedly produced 10,000 tonnes of grapes per year.


title: Nashik

text: In 2013, there were 22 wineries in Nashik, out of 46 wineries throughout India. The largest vineyard in Nashik is the Sula Vineyards.


title: Nashik

text: In the harvest season, Nashik is home to several wine festivals, such as the India Grape Harvest and SulaFest.


title: Nashik

text: Nashik has its airport located at Ozar and an old airport at Gandhinagar which connected Nashik to Mumbai. The Gandhinagar Airport is now reserved for the military. Nashik Airport is domestic airport and it is connected to Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Belgaum and Delhi under the UDAN scheme. SpiceJet, Trujet, Star Air and AirIndia provide services from Nashik Airport.


title: Nashik

text: Nasik Road railway station is city railway station along with Deolali which lies within the city boundary.


title: Nashik

text: India's firat 10 lane expressway is going to built between Nashik & Pune.Surat-Nashik-Chennai expressway going through Nashik city. Samruddhi Highway also going 15 kms from Nashik city.


title: Nashik

text: The city has two state-run universities: the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University and the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that resolves disputes outside the judiciary courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the 'arbitrators', 'arbiters' or 'arbitral tribunal'), which renders the 'arbitration award'. An arbitration decision or award is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts, unless all parties stipulate that the arbitration process and decision are non-binding.


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitration is often used for the resolution of commercial disputes, particularly in the context of international commercial transactions. In certain countries such as the United States, arbitration is also frequently employed in consumer and employment matters, where arbitration may be mandated by the terms of employment or commercial contracts and may include a waiver of the right to bring a class action claim. Mandatory consumer and employment arbitration should be distinguished from consensual arbitration, particularly commercial arbitration.


title: Arbitration

text: There are limited rights of review and appeal of arbitration awards. Arbitration is not the same as: judicial proceedings (although in some jurisdictions, court proceedings are sometimes referred as arbitrations), alternative dispute resolution, expert determination, or mediation (a form of settlement negotiation facilitated by a neutral third party).


title: Arbitration

text: Parties often seek to resolve disputes through arbitration because of a number of perceived potential advantages over judicial proceedings. Companies often require arbitration with their customers, but prefer the advantages of courts in disputes with competitors:


title: Arbitration

text: By their nature, the subject matter of some disputes is not capable of arbitration. In general, two groups of legal procedures cannot be subjected to arbitration:


title: Arbitration

text: The former is the far more prevalent type of arbitration agreement. Sometimes, legal significance attaches to the type of arbitration agreement. For example, in certain Commonwealth countries (not including England and Wales), it is possible to provide that each party should bear their own costs in a conventional arbitration clause, but not in a submission agreement.


title: Arbitration

text: In keeping with the informality of the arbitration process, the law is generally keen to uphold the validity of arbitration clauses even when they lack the normal formal language associated with legal contracts. Clauses which have been upheld include:


title: Arbitration

text: The courts have also upheld clauses which specify resolution of disputes other than in accordance with a specific legal system. These include provision indicating:


title: Arbitration

text: Agreements to refer disputes to arbitration generally have a special status in the eyes of the law. For example, in disputes on a contract, a common defence is to plead the contract is void and thus any claim based upon it fails. It follows that if a party successfully claims that a contract is void, then each clause contained within the contract, including the arbitration clause, would be void. However, in most countries, the courts have accepted that:


title: Arbitration

text: Arguably, either position is potentially unfair; if a person is made to sign a contract under duress, and the contract contains an arbitration clause highly favourable to the other party, the dispute may still referred to that arbitration tribunal. Conversely a court may be persuaded that the arbitration agreement itself is void having been signed under duress. However, most courts will be reluctant to interfere with the general rule which does allow for commercial expediency; any other solution (where one first had to go to court to decide whether one had to go to arbitration) would be self-defeating.


title: Arbitration

text: Nations regulate arbitration through a variety of laws. The main body of law applicable to arbitration is normally contained either in the national Private International Law Act (as is the case in Switzerland) or in a separate law on arbitration (as is the case in England, Republic of Korea and Jordan). In addition to this, a number of national procedural laws may also contain provisions relating to arbitration.


title: Arbitration

text: Presently, Singapore maintains two distinct frameworks under which contractual disputes can be arbitrated, which differ primarily in regard to the extent to which parties to the proceedings may resort to the courts. Under section 45 of the Arbitration Act 2001, either party or the arbitral tribunal itself may apply to the court to issue a ruling on "any question of law arising in the course of the proceedings which the Court is satisfied substantially affects the rights of one or more of the parties" and under section 49, either party may appeal an arbitral award on any question of law unless the parties have expressly excluded appeals the section. Either action is only permitted with the consent of the other parties or either the arbitral tribunal (for rulings on preliminary points of law) or the Court (with regard to appeals. This is in contrast to the International Arbitration Act 1994, which generally replicates the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and provides more restricted access to the courts.


title: Arbitration

text: In 2020, the Singapore Academy of Law published a report on the right of appeal in arbitral proceedings evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the two distinct frameworks, concluding that the existence of appeals enables the development of case law and consequently provides greater certainty for parties to arbitral proceedings. The report identifies the availability of appeals by default under section 69 of England's Arbitration Act 1996 as a factor contributing to the popularity of London as a seat of arbitration in international contract disputes. Consequently, the report recommends amending the International Arbitration Act 1994 to enable parties to opt for a right of appeal in their arbitration agreement, thus enabling the development of case law and providing greater certainty for parties who desire it while maintaining an absence of appeals as the default position in order to cater to parties who desire a completely extrajudicial resolution of contractual disputes.


title: Arbitration

text: Uniquely, both the International Arbitration Act 1994 and the Arbitration Act 2001 contain provisions (Part 2A and Part 9A, respectively) explicitly authorising the arbitration of intellectual property disputes regardless of the extent to which the law of Singapore or any other jurisdiction expressly confers jurisdiction upon any designated body. This contrasts with the general approach taken by the majority of other jurisdictions and enables parties to foreign intellectual property disputes to seek resolution offshore without affecting the recognition of intellectual property rights in the jurisdictions in which they are issued.


title: Arbitration

text: The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) of 1925 established a public policy in favor of arbitration. For the first six decades of its existence, courts did not allow arbitration for "federal statutory claims" through a bright-line "nonarbitrability" doctrine, but in the 1980s the Supreme Court of the United States reversed and began to use the act to require arbitration if included in the contract for federal statutory claims. Although some legal scholars believe that it was originally intended to apply to federal courts only, courts now routinely require arbitration due to the FAA regardless of state statutes or public policy unconscionability determinations by state courts. In consumer law, standard form contracts often include mandatory predispute arbitration clauses which require consumer arbitration. Under these agreements the consumer may waive their right to a lawsuit and a class action. In 2011, one of these clauses was upheld in "AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion".


title: Arbitration

text: Several arbitration organizations exist, including the American Arbitration Association and JAMS. The National Arbitration Forum also conducts arbitrations, but it no longer conducts consumer arbitrations pursuant to a consent decree entered into in 2009 because of evidence that it had been biased toward, and had incentives that favored, credit card companies over cardholders. The AAA was also asked to exit the business, but has not done so.


title: Arbitration

text: The Korean Arbitration Act is the main law governing arbitration in the Republic of Korea. The official body which resolves disputes via arbitration is the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. Legal professionals and corporations, in Korea, are increasingly preferring arbitration to litigation. The number of arbitrations, in Korea, is increasing year on year.


title: Arbitration

text: According to Michael Hay, a lawyer who specialised in North Korean law, North Korea has an advanced arbitration system even compared to developed countries, and foreign companies face an even playing field in dispute resolution. Arbitration cases could be concluded in as little as six months. According to Hay, North Korea maintains an advanced dispute resolution system in order to facilitate foreign investment.


title: Arbitration

text: The United States and Great Britain were pioneers in the use of arbitration to resolve their differences. It was first used in the Jay Treaty of 1795 negotiated by John Jay, and played a major role in the Alabama Claims case of 1872 whereby major tensions regarding British support for the Confederacy during the American Civil War were resolved. At the First International Conference of American States in 1890, a plan for systematic arbitration was developed, but not accepted. The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 saw the major world powers agree to a system of arbitration and the creation of a Permanent Court of Arbitration.


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitration was widely discussed among diplomats and elites in the 1890–1914 era. The 1895 dispute between the United States and Britain over Venezuela was peacefully resolved through arbitration. Both nations realized that a mechanism was desirable to avoid possible future conflicts. The Olney-Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes. The treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate and never went into effect.


title: Arbitration

text: American President William Howard Taft (1909–1913) was a major advocate of arbitration as a major reform of the Progressive Era. In 1911 Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox negotiated major treaties with Great Britain and with France providing that differences be arbitrated. Disputes had to be submitted to the Hague Court or other tribunal. These were signed in August 1911 but had to be ratified by a two thirds vote of the Senate. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.


title: Arbitration

text: The arbitration issue opens a window on a bitter philosophical dispute among American progressives. Some, led by Taft, looked to legal arbitration as the best alternative to warfare. Taft was a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice; he had a deep understanding of the legal issues. Taft's political base was the conservative business community which largely supported peace movements before 1914. However, his mistake in this case was a failure to mobilize that base. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism.


title: Arbitration

text: However, an opposing faction of American progressives, led by ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, ridiculed arbitration as foolhardy idealism, and insisted on the realism of warfare as the only solution to serious disputes. Taft's treaties with France and Britain were killed by Roosevelt, who had broken with his protégé Taft in 1910. They were dueling for control of the Republican Party. Roosevelt worked with his close friend Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to impose those amendments that ruined the goals of the treaties. Lodge thought the treaties impinge too much on senatorial prerogatives. Roosevelt, however, was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises. At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and the great issues had to be decided by warfare. The Rooseveltian approach had a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.


title: Arbitration

text: Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the Bering Sea that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland.


title: Arbitration

text: American Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan (1913–1915) worked energetically to promote international arbitration agreements, but his efforts were frustrated by the outbreak of World War I. Bryan negotiated 28 treaties that promised arbitration of disputes before war broke out between the signatory countries and the United States. He made several attempts to negotiate a treaty with Germany, but ultimately was never able to succeed. The agreements, known officially as "Treaties for the Advancement of Peace," set up procedures for conciliation rather than for arbitration. Arbitration treaties were negotiated after the war, but attracted much less attention than the negotiation mechanism created by the League of Nations.


title: Arbitration

text: By far the most important international instrument on arbitration law is the 1958 New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, usually simply referred to as the "New York Convention". Virtually every significant commercial country is a signatory, and only a handful of countries are not parties to the New York Convention.


title: Arbitration

text: It is often easier to enforce arbitration awards in a foreign country than court judgments. Under the New York Convention 1958, an award issued in a contracting state can generally be freely enforced in any other contracting state, only subject to certain, limited defenses. Only foreign arbitration awards are enforced pursuant to the New York Convention. An arbitral decision is foreign where the award was made in a state other than the state of recognition or where foreign procedural law was used. In most cases, these disputes are settled with no public record of their existence as the loser complies voluntarily, although in 2014 UNCITRAL promulgated a rule for public disclosure of investor-state disputes.


title: Arbitration

text: Virtually every significant commercial country in the world is a party to the Convention while relatively few countries have a comprehensive network for cross-border enforcement of judgments their courts. Additionally, the awards not limited to damages. Whereas typically only monetary judgments by national courts are enforceable in the cross-border context, it is theoretically possible (although unusual in practice) to obtain an enforceable order for specific performance in an arbitration proceeding under the New York Convention.


title: Arbitration

text: Article V of the New York Convention provides an exhaustive list of grounds on which enforcement can be challenged. These are generally narrowly construed to uphold the pro-enforcement bias of the Convention.


title: Arbitration

text: The arbitrators which determine the outcome of the dispute are called the arbitral tribunal. The composition of the arbitral tribunal can vary enormously, with either a sole arbitrator sitting, two or more arbitrators, with or without a chairman or umpire, and various other combinations. In most jurisdictions, an arbitrator enjoys immunity from liability for anything done or omitted whilst acting as arbitrator unless the arbitrator acts in bad faith.


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitrations are usually divided into two types: "ad hoc" arbitrations and administered arbitrations.


title: Arbitration

text: In "ad hoc" arbitrations, the arbitral tribunals are appointed by the parties or by an appointing authority chosen by the parties. After the tribunal has been formed, the appointing authority will normally have no other role and the arbitration will be managed by the tribunal.


title: Arbitration

text: In administered arbitration, the arbitration will be administered by a professional arbitration institution providing arbitration services, such as the LCIA in London, or the ICC in Paris, or the American Arbitration Association in the United States. Normally the arbitration institution also will be the appointing authority. Arbitration institutions tend to have their own rules and procedures, and may be more formal. They also tend to be more expensive, and, for procedural reasons, slower.


title: Arbitration

text: The duties of a tribunal will be determined by a combination of the provisions of the arbitration agreement and by the procedural laws which apply in the seat of the arbitration. The extent to which the laws of the seat of the arbitration permit "party autonomy" (the ability of the parties to set out their own procedures and regulations) determines the interplay between the two.


title: Arbitration

text: However, in almost all countries the tribunal owes several non-derogable duties. These will normally be:


title: Arbitration

text: The definition of Arbitral Award given in sec 2(1)(c) is clearly not exhaustive. It merely points out that an Arbitral Award includes both a final award and an interim award. Although arbitration awards are characteristically an award of damages against a party, in many jurisdictions tribunals have a range of remedies that can form a part of the award. These may include:


title: Arbitration

text: Generally speaking, by their nature, arbitration proceedings tend not to be subject to appeal, in the ordinary sense of the word. However, in most countries, the court maintains a supervisory role to set aside awards in extreme cases, such as fraud or in the case of some serious legal irregularity on the part of the tribunal. Only domestic arbitral awards are subject to set aside procedure.


title: Arbitration

text: In American arbitration law there exists a small but significant body of case law which deals with the power of the courts to intervene where the decision of an arbitrator is in fundamental disaccord with the applicable principles of law or the contract. However, this body of case law has been called into question by recent decisions of the Supreme Court.


title: Arbitration

text: Unfortunately there is little agreement amongst the different American judgments and textbooks as to whether such a separate doctrine exists at all, or the circumstances in which it would apply. There does not appear to be any recorded judicial decision in which it has been applied. However, conceptually, to the extent it exists, the doctrine would be an important derogation from the general principle that awards are not subject to review by the courts.


title: Arbitration

text: The overall costs of arbitration can be estimated on the websites of international arbitration institutions, such as that of the ICC, the website of the SIAC and the website of the International Arbitration Attorney Network. The overall cost of administrative and arbitrator fees is, on average, less than 20% of the total cost of international arbitration.


title: Arbitration

text: In many legal systems – both common law and civil law – it is normal practice for the courts to award legal costs against a losing party, with the winner becoming entitled to recover an approximation of what it spent in pursuing its claim (or in defense of a claim). The United States is a notable exception to this rule, as except for certain extreme cases, a prevailing party in a US legal proceeding does not become entitled to recoup its legal fees from the losing party.


title: Arbitration

text: Like the courts, arbitral tribunals generally have the same power to award costs in relation to the determination of the dispute. In international arbitration as well as domestic arbitrations governed by the laws of countries in which courts may award costs against a losing party, the arbitral tribunal will also determine the portion of the arbitrators' fees that the losing party is required to bear.


title: Arbitration

text: As methods of dispute resolution, arbitration procedure can be varied to suit the needs of the parties. Certain specific "types" of arbitration procedure have developed, particularly in North America.


title: Arbitration

text: Such forms of "Last Offer Arbitration" can also be combined with mediation to create MEDALOA hybrid processes (Mediation followed by Last Offer Arbitration).


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitration in its common law form developed in England; in the Middle Ages, tribunals such as the Courts of the Boroughs, of the Fair and of the Staple arose as the Royal Courts were not designed for trade disputes, and trade with foreigners was otherwise unenforceable. In the mid-16th century, common law courts developed contract law and the Admiralty court became accessible for disputes with foreign merchants, broadening the venues for trade disputes. Courts became suspicious of arbitration; for example, in "Kill v. Hollister" (1746), an English court ruled that the arbitration agreement could 'oust' courts of law and equity of jurisdiction. Merchants, however, retained provisions to settle disputes among themselves, but tension between the arbitration proceedings and courts eventually resulted in the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 which provided for the appointment of arbitrators and umpires, allowed courts to 'stay proceedings' when a disputant filed a suit despite an agreement to arbitrate, and provided a process for arbitrators to submit questions to a court. Later, the Arbitration Act 1889 was passed, followed by other Arbitration Acts in 1950, 1975, 1979 and 1996. Arbitration Act 1979 in particular limited judicial review for arbitration awards.


title: Arbitration

text: Arbitration was common in the early United States, with George Washington serving as an arbiter on an occasion. The United States had a notable difference from England, however, in that unlike England, its courts generally did not enforce executory agreements (binding predispute agreements) to arbitrate. This meant that prior to an award, a claimant could sue in court even if they had contractually agreed to settle disputes by arbitration. After the award, courts reviewed the judgment, but generally deferred to the arbitration, although the practice was not consistent.


title: Arbitration

text: The lack of enforcement of predispute agreements led to the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925, with New York leading with a state law enforcing predispute agreements. In 1921, the American Bar Association drafted the Federal Arbitration Act based on the New York law, which was passed in 1925 with minor changes. In the next decade, the American Arbitration Association promoted rules and facilitated arbitrations through appointments.


title: Arbitration

text: In the 21st century, arbitration has been frequently given negative media coverage, especially during and after the Me Too movement and the US Supreme Court case "Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis". In response, Democratic U.S. Representative Hank Johnson introduced the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act (FAIR Act) into the 116th United States Congress, which was cosponsored by Republican Representative Matt Gaetz and 220 other Democrats. The FAIR Act passed the House in the 116th Congress but did not pass the Senate; Both Johnson and Democratic Senator Richard Blumenthal reintroduced the act in the 117th United States Congress. In addition, Americans have also increasingly participated in "mass arbitration", a practice where consumers facing similar issues normally barred from participating in a class action lawsuit file multiple arbitration demands at once in an attempt to overwhelm a company's legal team. This has resulted in Amazon removing arbitration provisions from its terms of service, and mass arbitration has additionally hit Chipotle Mexican Grill, Uber, Lyft, Intuit, Facebook, and JPMorgan Chase.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Jalen Rashon Suggs (born June 3, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs. He was selected by the Magic with the fifth overall pick in the 2021 NBA draft.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Suggs was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Larry Suggs and Molly Manley. Suggs' father was an accomplished local athlete. Suggs started playing basketball at an early age. In seventh grade, he played three games of junior varsity basketball for Minnehaha Academy, a private Christian school in Minneapolis, before moving to the varsity team. Suggs was a starter at the varsity level as an eighth-grade student, averaging 17.5 points, 4.4 steals, and four assists per game.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: As a freshman at Minnehaha Academy, Suggs averaged 21.5 points, eight rebounds and five assists per game. He scored 22 points, including 15 in the second half, to win the Class 2A state championship over Crosby-Ironton High School. Suggs was named to the MaxPreps Freshman All-American first team. In his sophomore season, he averaged 16 points, 9.2 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game, leading his team to another Class 2A state title. Suggs earned Associated Press (AP) All-State first team and MaxPreps Sophomore All-American second team honors.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: As a junior, he averaged 23.3 points, 4.7 rebounds and 6.3 assists per game, winning a third straight Class 2A state championship. Suggs was named to the AP All-State first team and MaxPreps Junior All-American third team. As a senior, he averaged 23.3 points, 7.5 rebounds, five assists and 3.9 steals per game. The school's 2019–20 season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic one day after it won a section title, and the team was unable to defend its state championship. Suggs left as his school's all-time leading scorer, with 2,945 career points. Suggs earned MaxPreps All-American first team and Minnesota Mr. Basketball honors, and was named Minnesota AP Player of the Year. He was selected to play in the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit, but all three games were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: In addition to basketball, Suggs played the quarterback position for SMB Wolfpack, a cooperative football team representing Minnehaha Academy and three other private schools. He led his team to a Class 4A state championship as a junior in 2018. In his senior season, Suggs helped SMB finish as Class 4A runners-up and was named Minnesota Mr. Football. In his senior year, he was recognized as MaxPreps Athlete of the Year for his success in basketball and football. He became the first athlete in Minnesota history to win the state's Mr. Basketball and Mr. Football awards in the same season.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: On January 3, 2020, Suggs committed to play college basketball for Gonzaga University, choosing the Bulldogs over offers from Florida, Florida State, Iowa State and Minnesota. He became the highest ranked player to commit to the program. Suggs was a consensus five-star recruit, with ESPN considering him the fifth-best player in the 2020 class. In football, Suggs was considered a four-star dual-threat quarterback by ESPN.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Suggs played for the Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: In his debut on November 25, 2020, Suggs recorded 24 points and eight assists in a 102–90 win over Kansas. On December 2, during a game against West Virginia, he suffered an apparent foot injury but returned later in the game. On December 19, Suggs posted a career-high 27 points, seven rebounds and four assists, shooting 7-of-10 from three-point range, in a 99–88 win over third-ranked Iowa.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: On March 9, 2021, Suggs recorded 23 points, five rebounds and five assists in an 88–78 win against BYU at the 2021 WCC tournament title game. He was named tournament most outstanding player. In the Final Four of the 2021 NCAA tournament, Suggs banked in a , 3-point, game-winning buzzer beater to defeat No. 11 seed UCLA 93–90 in overtime, advancing Gonzaga to the championship game.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: As a freshman, he averaged 14.4 points, 5.3 rebounds and 4.5 assists per game and was a consensus second-team All-American. He earned First Team All-West Coast Conference (WCC), Newcomer of the Year, and All-Freshman Team honors. He also received several player-of-the-week honors during the 2020-2021 season. On April 19, 2021, Suggs declared for the 2021 NBA draft, forgoing his remaining college eligibility.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Suggs was selected with the fifth overall pick in the 2021 NBA draft by the Orlando Magic. On August 9, he made his summer league debut in a 91–89 win against the Golden State Warriors in which he posted 24 points, nine rebounds, three blocks, and two steals in 28 minutes. On October 20, Suggs made his NBA debut, putting up 10 points in a 123–97 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On November 29, Suggs fractured his right thumb in a 101–96 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers, finishing the game with 17 points before being removed due to the injury. He missed twenty games with the injury. After the 2021–22 season ended, Suggs underwent right ankle surgery.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: On October 7, 2022, Suggs suffered a left knee capsule sprain and bone bruise after a collision with Dorian Finney-Smith during a preseason match against the Dallas Mavericks. On November 18, 2022 against the Chicago Bulls, Suggs hit the game-winning three-pointer, a 108-107 victory for the Magic.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Suggs won a gold medal with the United States at the 2017 FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship in Formosa, Argentina. In four games, he averaged 7.5 points and 2.8 rebounds per game. At the 2018 FIBA Under-17 World Cup in Argentina, Suggs averaged 8.7 points and 3.3 steals per game and won another gold medal. He joined the United States at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 World Cup in Heraklion, Greece, averaging 9.6 points per game and helping his team win the gold medal. Suggs scored 15 points, his best mark in the tournament, in the final against Mali.


title: Jalen Suggs

text: Suggs has two younger sisters. Their father, Larry, is the second cousin of NFL player Terrell Suggs, a two-time Super Bowl champion. Jalen is also a cousin of Eddie Jones, a three-time NBA All-Star. He has several other cousins that have played NCAA Division I basketball. Suggs is dating Louisville Cardinals women's basketball guard Hailey Van Lith.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: World Trade Center is a 2006 American docudrama disaster film directed by Oliver Stone and written by Andrea Berloff, based on the experience of a few police officers during the September 11 attacks, in which they were trapped in the rubble of the collapsed World Trade Center. It stars Nicolas Cage, Maria Bello, Michael Peña, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Stephen Dorff, and Michael Shannon. The film was shot between October 2005 and February 2006, and theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on August 9, 2006. It was met with generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $163 million worldwide.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: On September 11, 2001, members of the Port Authority Police are dispatched to Downtown Manhattan in response to the North Tower of the World Trade Center having been hit by a plane. The officers learn en route that the South Tower also was hit by another plane. Sergeant John McLoughlin, veteran of the 1993 bombing, assembles a group of volunteers; officers Antonio Rodrigues, Will Jimeno and Dominick Pezzulo, to retrieve rescue equipment from Building 5. They are joined by Officer Christopher Amoroso.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: As the five officers prepare to enter the North Tower from the concourse, the South Tower begins to collapse onto them, and McLoughlin realizes that their only chance of survival is to take shelter in the elevator shaft. McLoughlin, Jimeno, and Pezzulo are the only survivors, but they are trapped beneath the rubble. Pezzulo tries but fails to free Jimeno, whose lower half is pinned. McLoughlin, who is also pinned, listens helplessly as the North Tower begins to collapse. Pezzulo is fatally injured when a concrete slab crushes his torso, but manages to fire his sidearm once into the air, in an attempt to alert rescuers to their whereabouts just before dying. Jimeno and McLoughlin spend painful, terrifying hours under the rubble telling each other about their lives. Meanwhile, their families try to learn if they are still alive.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: When Building 7 collapses, both men scream and accept their demise, but they survive without further harm. McLoughlin tries to keep Jimeno awake by encouraging him to repeatedly pull on a metal pipe that potential rescuers might hear. Hours pass, and McLoughlin falls in and out of consciousness. Both agree to stay alive for one another.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Two United States Marines, Dave Karnes and Jason Thomas, who are searching for survivors, hear the noise produced by Jimeno and find the men, calling for help to dig them out. After hours and effort by first responders, Jimeno is rescued first, and then hours later McLoughlin is lifted out of the debris in critical condition. Both men are reunited with their families at the hospital and undergo medical treatment, including extensive surgeries, and McLoughlin is placed in a medically induced coma.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: In 2003, Jimeno and McLoughlin, both medically retired from duty, attend a celebratory barbecue with their families. The epilogue reveals that both men were two of twenty people found alive at Ground Zero, and they were numbers eighteen and nineteen, respectively. David Karnes reenlisted in the Marines and served two tours in the Iraq War.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: The Port Authority police officers portrayed by Cage and Peña, John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, and their wives, played by Bello and Gyllenhaal, were involved with the writing and overall production. McLoughlin and Jimeno said they wanted to have a film made to honor their rescuers and comrades who died on September 11, not for personal gain.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: McLoughlin's wife Donna has said: "We got involved because we felt it needed to be done accurately. We wanted to do the right thing and I think the filmmakers wanted to do the right thing too." Both John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno appear at the end of the film during the barbecue scene.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: The real ESU (Emergency Services Unit) police from New York who are depicted in the film—Scott Strauss and Paddy McGee—were on set as technical advisers. In addition, the firemen in the film were played by real FDNY members who served on 9/11. All of them enthusiastically supported the film and its intention to accurately portray the rescue of McLoughlin and Jimeno.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Jeanette Pezzulo, the widow of Port Authority police officer Dominick Pezzulo (who died in the attacks and is played by Jay Hernandez in the film), expressed anger with the film, criticizing McLoughlin's and Jimeno's participation in its production. She is quoted as saying, "My thing is: this man died for you. How do you do this to his family?" Staten Island resident Jamie Amoroso, whose husband also died during the rescue operation, also expressed her anger over the film and said she did "not need a movie" to tell her "what a hero" her husband was.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Many major American newspapers ran editorials accusing Stone of having his film examine 9/11 conspiracy theories because Stone was known for examining various conspiracy theories surrounding the Kennedy assassination in "JFK". However, Stone has stated that the film does not explore the conspiracy theories surrounding 9/11. He, the producers, and the real McLoughlin and Jimeno, have said the film is a simple dedication to the heroism and sadness of the day with little-to-no political themes.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: The film has been accused of not providing a fair portrayal of the character and motives of rescuer Dave Karnes and paramedic Chuck Sereika. They did not participate in the making of the film and felt their roles of being the first rescuers to reach the trapped men did not receive enough screen time. Sereika began treating and extricating Jimeno a full 20 minutes before officers from the New York City Police Department's Emergency Services Unit arrived.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Certain details about the story were altered. For instance, the film depicts McLoughlin’s team being completely oblivious to the crash into the South Tower, having arrived at the World Trade Center site and entered the concourse before United Airlines Flight 175 struck; in reality, Will Jimeno has clarified in interviews that they were well aware of the second impact as it occurred while they were en-route to the complex.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: John McLoughlin graduated from the State University of New York at Oswego, where he was a member of the Sigma Tau Chi fraternity. He was rescued after 22 hours, the 19th of 20 people pulled out of the rubble alive. Doctors kept him in an induced coma for six weeks. He underwent 27 surgeries and spent nearly three months in the hospital and rehabilitation. Four months after their rescue, McLoughlin and Jimeno—who both have since retired—took part in a ceremony at Ground Zero to watch as the final column was removed. When all the uniformed officers walked out of The Pit, the last two were McLoughlin and Jimeno. On June 11, 2002, McLoughlin received the Port Authority's Medal of Honor. He resided in Goshen, New York.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Will Jimeno was born on November 26, 1967, in Colombia but immigrated to New York City as a boy with his family. At the time of the attacks, he was a rookie cop assigned to the Port Authority Bus Terminal. He was pulled out of the rubble after 13 hours, the 18th of 20 people pulled out alive. On June 11, 2002, Jimeno received the Port Authority's Medal of Honor. Jimeno and McLoughlin make a cameo in the film.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Christopher Amoroso was born on June 1, 1972, and raised in North Bergen, New Jersey where he attended North Bergen High School. Since 2010 the Chopper 2002 Foundation has presented their Annual Invitational Softball Tournament in North Bergen on the first weekend of June.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Dominick Pezzulo was born on August 15, 1965, in Italy to Dino and Victoria Pezzulo. He was named after his grandfather Domenico Pezzulo. Pezzulo taught auto repair, math and computer technology. After seven years as a teacher, Pezzulo became a police officer for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department 13 months before the attack. He was stationed at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. On September 9, 2005, all of the public safety officers killed on September 11, 2001, were posthumously awarded the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor by President George W. Bush. At the National 9/11 Memorial, Pezzulo is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-29. In his birthplace of Giano Vetusto, Italy, a plaque has been erected on the door of the house he grew up in.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: David W. Karnes was born and spent 23 years in the Marine Corps infantry. He left his accounting office at Deloitte and Touche in Wilton, Connecticut on September 11, 2001 soon after witnessing the attacks on television to assist in the rescue efforts. Karnes spent nine days at the site before returning to his office. He then reenlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve and went on to serve in the Philippines and Iraq. He served for 17 months, including two tours of duty in Iraq. Karnes did not cooperate in the making of Stone's "World Trade Center" movie due to Stone's antipathy towards U.S. President George W. Bush. Some critics took issue with the portrayal in the film. Rebecca Liss of "Slate" magazine observed, "The film seems to overplay his zeal without conveying his motivations and reasoning." It notes he is unfairly portrayed as "a robotic soldier of Christ—a little wacky and simplistic."


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: Jason Thomas was born and was dropping his daughter off at the home of his mother on Long Island when she told him about the attacks. Despite having left active duty in August 2001, Thomas drove to Manhattan to assist in the rescue efforts, telling the Associated Press: "Someone needed help. It didn't matter who. I didn't even have a plan. But I have all this training as a Marine, and all I could think was, 'My city is in need.'" As of 2013, Thomas is serving in the United States Air Force as a medical technician. His portrayal by a white actor in the film generated controversy, although the producers claimed that they were unaware that the real Thomas was black until they had already started filming. On February 11, 2007, "" aired a special two-hour episode about Thomas and his family. Following the attacks, Thomas and his wife had moved their four children from New York to Columbus, Ohio. The house they bought began to deteriorate and the show intervened to help them. On September 2, 2013, Channel 4 broadcast "The Lost Hero of 9/11" which detailed Thomas's involvement in the rescue operation following the collapse of both towers. As of 2018, Thomas was living in Columbus with his wife Kirsti and their children. He worked as an officer for the Ohio Supreme Court. Thomas is in "15 Septembers Later" which has appeared on the History Channel.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: In its opening weekend, the film made $18.7 million in the U.S. and Canada. In total, the film grossed $70.3 million in North America, and $93 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $163.2 million.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 234 reviews, and an average rating of 6.70/10. The website's critics consensus states: "As a visually stunning tribute to lives lost in tragedy, "World Trade Center" succeeds unequivocally, and it is more politically muted than many of Stone's other works." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: The producers met with all relevant September 11 victims groups, before production began, to inform them of the intent. After its release, they, the NYPD, and the FDNY were very pleased with it. Former mayor Rudy Giuliani, former Governor George Pataki, and then-Fire Commissioner Nicholas Scoppetta, as well as representatives from the NY Port Authority, were at the premiere of the film at the Ziegfeld Theatre in Manhattan.


title: World Trade Center (film)

text: The Region 1 DVD was released on December 12, 2006, with a Region 2 release following on January 29, 2007. A special 2-disc set was also released. A 3-disc deluxe edition was produced exclusively for Target stores. Although Paramount initially dropped its support of the Blu-ray format, it came to support Blu-ray again after HD DVD's demise. The film re-appeared on Blu-ray in May 2008.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: Putham Pudhu Kaalai () is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language anthology film, consisting of five short film segments, directed by Sudha Kongara, Gautham Vasudev Menon, Suhasini Maniratnam, Rajiv Menon, and Karthik Subbaraj. The film features an ensemble cast of Jayaram, Kalidas Jayaram, Shruti Haasan, Kalyani Priyadarshan, Andrea Jeremiah, Bobby Simha, M. S. Bhaskar, Ritu Varma, Urvashi, Suhasini Maniratnam, Anu Haasan, Kathadi Ramamurthy, Komalam Charuhasan, Gurucharan C, Leela Samson, Sharath Ravi and Vettai Muthukumar among others. The film was entirely shot during the COVID-19 pandemic in India and was set against the backdrop of the country's 21-day lockdown in March 2020. The film was released on Amazon Prime Video on 16 October 2020. A sequel titled "Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa" released in 2022.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: The five short films of "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" talk about hope, love, and new beginnings in the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: Rajeev (Jayaram), a widower, lives in a big apartment all alone. Just before the Indian Government announces a lockdown in India, his girlfriend Lakshmi (Urvashi), arrives at his home to spend a few days with him. They catch up and spend more time together when the lockdown is announced. Their respective children, unaware of their relationship, are worried about their safety during the pandemic while they get to know each other better like a young couple. One day during a petty argument between the couple, Rajeev's daughter and son-in-law show up unannounced to check up on him. Lakshmi hides in a closet and witnesses Rajeev and his daughter sharing a warm moment together. When Rajeev finally manages to get rid of his daughter and son-in-law, the couple realize that they were both at fault for getting mad over something petty. Their bond grows deeper, and they express concern over how their kids will react to their relationship. The film ends with the couple taking the leap to introduce each other to their children over a video call.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: It is a building of a bond between an old grandfather (M. S. Bhaskar) and an estranged granddaughter (Ritu Varma). It is very beautiful, as they get past the differences between them and understand each other better.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: The grandfather is a retired scientist and living alone. His granddaughter Khanna, who works in the IT industry, comes to take care of her grandfather on the insistence of her father. Initially, Khanna was not happy with her grandfather as he did not accept her mother's love. Once Khanna starts spending time with her grandfather, she understands the reason for his anger (he wanted her mother to continue her singing as he considered her voice to be divine, but her mother chose to get married instead, thus causing the estrangement) and decides to visit her grandfather's house regularly.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: Two daughters, Valli (Suhasini Maniratnam) and Saras (Anu Hasan) are visiting their comatose mother Soundara (Komalam Charuhasan). They are upset about their father Mahendran (Kathadi Ramamurthy) treating her at home. Yet they overcome their differences and try to emotionally connect with their mother. That is when they realize that she is showing signs of improvement. They want to share all that is happening in their respective lives to her. Finally, they are more than happy to see their mother awake.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: Sadhana (Andrea Jeremiah) and Vikram (Gurucharan C) are school friends who share a passion for music. In the present day, Vikram is a doctor, while Sadhana follows her childhood passion and has an event management company. Due to the lockdown, Sadhana is forced to spend some time with Vikram and his mother Bhairavi (Leela Samson) at their house, and she gets especially close to Bhairavi. It is later revealed that Sadhana is struggling from a drug addiction which she believes helps her with creating music. Vikram and his mother help her through this phase, and she later decides to seek help from a professional to deal with her addiction. In the closing scene, Vikram admits that the poetry he wrote back in college was not for his then girlfriend, but for Sadhana.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: A young filmmaker, Michael (Vettai Muthukumar), watches a Guruji (Ezhil Arasan Babaraj) on the television. Two poor thugs, Devan (Bobby Simha) and Rocky (Sharath Ravi), want to make quick money by believing in the miracle that the Baba talks about. The story of the three intervenes to a funny climax where the thugs remain poor, Michael finds a lot of money to make his film, and the Guruji loses a few millions.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: On 30 September 2020, Amazon Prime Video India, had announced the film, which features five segments by five different directors from Tamil film industry. The title of the film "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" is based on the song of the same name from "Alaigal Oivathillai" (1981), whereas the titles for the segments "Ilamai Idho Idho" and "Avalum Naanum" were based on the songs from "Sakalakala Vallavan" (1982) and "Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada" (2016). The film was shot in compliance with rules and regulations set by the Film Employees Federation of South India (FEFSI) for filming during the "Unlock" phase.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: The film's background score were composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, Nivas K. Prasanna, Satish Raghunathan and Govind Vasantha, whereas the soundtrack album for the film were composed by Kumar and Vasantha respectively. The title track of the film, sung by G. V. Prakash with lyrics by Kaber Vasuki, was served as the film's lead single. It was launched by actor Suriya, on 7 October 2020, along with the film's soundtrack album. The album features six songs including the title track, with one song composed by Govind Vasantha, and rest of the songs were composed by G. V. Prakash; the lyrics for the songs were written by Kaber Vasuki and Madhan Karky and the vocals were rendered by Prakash, Bhavani Sre, Bombay Jayashri and S. P. B. Charan.


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: M. Suganth of "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Puthum Pudhu Kaalai doesn't leave you with the heady feel-goodness of Sillu Karuppatti, with parts working better than the whole, but still, it is a step in the right direction for anthologies in Tamil cinema." Srinivasa Ramanujam of "The Hindu" wrote that, "Amazon Prime has had a few average outings with respect to Tamil cinema in the last few months. However, they now seem to be making all the right noises with ‘Putham Pudhu Kaalai’". Ranjani Krishnakumar of "Firstpost" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars for the film, saying, "The films of "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" are relatable and moving only because the filmmakers stuck to narratives they knew well. But that is all the more reason that we, as an audience, should demand films are made by filmmakers of varied backgrounds". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated ""Putham Pudhu Kaalai" is easy on the eye and mind but largely devoid of any radical breaks from the tried and tested."


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Putham Pudhu Kaalai consists of five shorts made by a bunch of well-known directors. The lockdown and its impact has already been seen in many similar efforts by filmmakers around the world. But despite some perky moments here and there, this anthology remains mostly blah." Karthik Kumar of "Hindustan Times" stated "The Amazon Prime film is an anthology of five shorts, the unifying factor being the coronavirus lockdown. Each explores a different theme. Except for Subbaraj's Miracle, it is hard to connect with the lockdown effect in any of the stories." Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated ""Putham Pudhu Kaalai" is a fun weekend watch. Mostly steering away from the cliches of the big screen, this is indeed 'putham pudhu' storytelling for the Tamil audience." Karthik Keramalu of "The Quint" gave 3 out of 5 and stated ""Putham Pudhu Kaalai", unlike last year's Kannada anthology "Katha Sangama", isn't made up of hugely varying narratives. Nevertheless, it's watchable and pretty enjoyable!"


title: Putham Pudhu Kaalai

text: "Behindwoods" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating, "Putham Pudhu Kaalai, is an anthology of feel good, positive stories." "Sify" gave 3 out of 5, stating, "Putham Pudhu Kaalai is a very average anthology. The main issue is that, having been made by eminent filmmakers, this one is not up to the mark." Janani K of "India Today" gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated "Putham Pudhu Kaalai is a delightful anthology that makes you realise the worth of relationships in your life." Vivek M of "Deccan Herald" wrote "The shorts are enjoyable but the conclusion of four films seems contrived. This is where Karthik Subbaraj's Miracle, the final short film, stands out." Nandini Ramanath of "Scroll.in" stated "An epoch-altering epidemic might be raging, but hope, happiness and a new world are round the corner, "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" suggests, not always convincingly." Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South" wrote "The film falls into the general mood of this anthology: pleasant but generic. A lot of it is very broadly directed, almost like a big musical number. The musical score is even bigger: it “acts” more than the actors."


title: Guy Berryman

text: Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish musician, songwriter and producer, best known as the bassist of the rock band Coldplay and electronic supergroup Apparatjik. Raised in Kirkcaldy, he began to play bass from an early age, drawing influence from acts such as James Brown, Kool & the Gang and The Funk Brothers. In 2020, he launched an utilitarian-inspired fashion label named Applied Art Forms, working as its creative director and designer.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Berryman joined Coldplay with Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland and Will Champion at University College London, where he enrolled on a mechanical engineering degree but dropped out. The group signed with Parlophone in 1999, finding global fame after the release of "Parachutes" (2000) and subsequent records. He won seven Grammy Awards and nine Brit Awards as part of Coldplay. The band have sold over 100 million albums worldwide as of 2021, making them the most successful group of the 21st century.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Guy Rupert Berryman was born on 12 April 1978 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland, being the youngest son of engineer Rupert Berryman and his wife Elizabeth, whose family were merchants and factory owners in the city. Raised close to the Beveridge Park area, he described his childhood as one with "a huge sense of freedom", since he spent most of his time "getting up to no good" with friends and exploring the Raith Estate, ending up "lost for days on end". He stated that listening to Stevie Wonder's "My Cherie Amour" for the first time was one of the reasons why he became fond of soul music, funk and Motown, which would later influence his instrument preferences: "I can remember being maybe six years old, having this experience. I had obviously heard music in the background, in the house and stuff, but that was the first moment that I ever connected with music on a personal level".


title: Guy Berryman

text: With his father involved in building the Channel Tunnel as a project manager, Berryman's family moved to Kent when he was around 12 years old, the same period in which he began to play bass. He studied at Edinburgh Academy, playing drums and trumpet for the school band. During lessons, he observed being "a leftie who plays right-handed" and formed a group called Time Out, as "everyone was into bands like The Smiths and The Stone Roses, but I wanted to find a music that I could call my own. That was my form of rebellion". His education was continued at Kent College, Canterbury, where he spent his teenage years listening to acts like James Brown, Kool & the Gang and Pink Floyd. After graduating from high school, Berryman enrolled on a mechanical engineering degree at University College London, where he met Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland and Will Champion, eventually forming Coldplay. Unlike his bandmates, he did not finish the course.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Berryman was the third member to join the band in 1997. Their college friend Kris Foof described him as "a quiet young man who had been put in 'Paris Block', the less populated block of rooms in Ramsay Hall. The rest of the band had been placed in 'New York Block', but not Guy, he was the outsider that the insiders all knew about, namely from his stockpile of musical instruments in his room". Martin noted having a wrong impression of Berryman when they first met: "He's not as scary as he looks – he's a lot nicer. Guy's the dark member of the band. Everyone thinks he's moody, soft-spoken is better". During the following months the group recorded demos without a drummer and replaced the name Pectoralz with Big Fat Noises. He also dropped out his mechanical engineering degree and enrolled in a seven-year architecture program at The Bartlett, which was abandoned one year later to focus on playing bass. While his bandmates continued their degrees, he paid his rent by working as a bartender in a local London pub.


title: Guy Berryman

text: In the "" (2018) documentary, Berryman commented the promotion cycle for "X&Y" (2005) was a very turbulent period for the band, as they had frequent arguments, particularly between him and Martin: "I was probably much more opinionated back then, which was a huge pain in the ass for everyone, I don't know if I was trying to get away from myself or if I wasn't comfortable with myself, but I definitely had a drinking problem". When asked about Coldplay's creative process in an interview for "The Howard Stern Show", they said while Buckland is usually more optimistic when either disapproving or giving his input on Martin's initial song ideas, Berryman is more critical, concluding that if he dislikes a track, "there's no point in ever playing it again". On the other hand, he was responsible for starting songs like "Magic" on his own, which was released as the lead single for their sixth album, "Ghost Stories" (2014).


title: Guy Berryman

text: In 2008, Berryman formed a supergroup called Apparatjik with Magne Furuholmen from A-ha, Jonas Bjerre of Mew and producer Martin Terefe. Their first song, "Ferreting", was released as part of "Songs for Survival", a charity album for Survival International. It also served as the musical theme for BBC Two series "Amazon" (2008). The band's debut live performance was held at the 11th CTM Festival, in Berlin, Germany. On 1 February 2010, their debut album "We Are Here" was released for digital download through their official website. In the next year, the group released Apparatjik World, an iPad application which contained songs the fans could help them produce. After 10 editions of the project, a final version titled "Square Peg in a Round Hole" (2012) was made available, being their second album and first physical release. On 20 March 2020, the band released a single called "Julia" on YouTube. However, it remains unknown whether or not Berryman contributed to the track, given he has not performed live with other members since 2011.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Along with two friends and car specialists, he created "The Road Rat" in 2019, a collectable quarterly magazine which celebrates classic automobiles. They do not intend to cover on-diary stories as "each issue is meant to be timeless". Berryman runs the project from his garage, being its creative director as well. In October 2020, he launched Applied Art Forms, a fashion label inspired by utilitarian, workwear, and military clothing. During an interview for British "GQ", he stated "form and function are everything and, in designing the core pieces for this collection, I was driven by the need to create clothes that were the consummate expression of great design and perfect fabrics", further adding his main focus is on longevity, creating "styles that are relatively timeless, made from materials that will last and age beautifully". Applied Art Forms does occasional updates rather than following the seasonal fashion calendar. In the same year, he co-founded Bodyhero, a plant-based products start-up. His personal collection of clothes (which included Helmut Lang and Jil Sander pieces) was partially donated to Marrkt in 2022, with proceeds going to Save the Children's relief efforts on the war in Ukraine.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Berryman guested on Magne Furuholmen's debut album "Past Perfect Future Tense" (2004) along with Champion, playing bass on the subsequent "A Dot of Black in the Blue of Your Bliss" (2008) as well. He wrote a song called "Guy Romance Theme" for the soundtrack of "The Longest Night in Shanghai", which was released in 2007. His most notable hobby throughout the years has been photography, taking candid pictures of his bandmates with disposable cameras on the Twisted Logic Tour and throwing them to the audience later. In 2009, he was responsible for providing the photos from the booklet of A-ha's ninth album "Foot of the Mountain". During the Music of the Spheres World Tour, he shared exclusive pictures from each show they performed with fans. Accompanied by Rik Simpson as The Darktones, Berryman produced "Love You More" (2010) and "You&I" (2011) for The Pierces, playing instruments such as guitar, omnichord, keyboards and percussion on the latter. He also contributed to James Levy & The Blood Red Rose's debut album "Pray to Be Free" (2012), while in the next year he produced "DayBreak" (2013) for New York-based rock band Hudson Hank.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Having a style described as slick and relaxed, Berryman is usually seen using different models of a Fender Precision Bass, including editions such as Squier, Mustang, Jazz and Jaguar. The latter was used during the recording sessions for "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" (2008). He mentioned the first "proper" bass used after joining Coldplay was a Rickenbacker 4001, which can be seen on the music video for "Shiver". His equipment also includes two Ampeg SVT amplifiers, two 15" cabinets, one 8"x10" cabinet and a Tone Bender pedal for distortion. In 2012, it was reported he bought a custom-made Hiwatt bass rig. The 200-watt amp head was hand-built in the United Kingdom and paired with a 4x12 cabinet, loaded with Fane speakers. When asked about his musical taste, Berryman stated that while it was "hard to condense it down", he "could not live without The Beatles or Motown". Additionally, he is known to be inspired by artists such as James Brown, Marvin Gaye, Kool & the Gang and The Funk Brothers.


title: Guy Berryman

text: According to "The Times", Berryman has an estimated wealth of £113 million as of May 2022. He is a known supporter of Raith Rovers, showing interest on photography, fashion and electronic gadgets as well. After six years of relationship, he married interior designer Joanna Briston in 2004. The couple filed for divorce three years later, but remained "very much in each other's lives" while raising their daughter. In 2014, he became engaged to Dutch model Keshia Gerrits after dating her for two years. They have two children and currently live in the Cotswolds, where Berryman owns a workshop to restore rare cars he collected in the last 15 years.


title: Guy Berryman

text: Before refurbishing automobiles, he took flying lessons and wanted to repair a Spitfire and a Tiger Moth, but eventually got bored of the idea. He is also a collector of synthesizers, cameras and watches: "I'm a completist when it comes to collecting, so I have to restrain myself [...] At least with cars you have to have space to keep them all in. But you can get a lot of watches into a drawer". In 2020, Berryman founded Dawghaus, an online catalogue aimed at curating "the best in design", promoting already well-acclaimed creations along with the ones he thinks that "deserve more attention". He is the only Coldplay member to have a separate social media account.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The ZR engine is a family of straight-four 16-valve all-aluminum and water cooled gasoline engines with a die-cast aluminum block developed by Toyota Motor Corporation, produced from 2007. Engines displace from 1.6 to 2.0 liters. Most engines in this family are equipped with Toyota's dual VVT-i technology that optimizes both intake and exhaust valve timing. This engine family is also the first to use Toyota's Valvematic system, first appearing on the Noah and Voxy in 2007 and then the European Avensis in 2009.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: This engine is available with either manual gearbox (5 or 6 Speed), a "multi-mode" manual transmission (MM-T 5 Speed) or an automatic gearbox (4 Speed). This new engine is now replacing the 3ZZ-FE engine in most applications. Output for this engine is rated at at 6400 rpm and of torque at 5200 rpm net.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The Toyota 1ZR-FAE is a DOHC, 16-valve, engine also equipped with Dual VVT-i and Valvematic. Output for this engine is rated at at 6400 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm for the Avensis. Compression ratio has been increased to 10.7:1, red line is at 6600 rpm. Valvematic varies the intake valve lift between according to load and RPM.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The Toyota 1ZR-FBE is a flex fuel version of the 1ZR-FE the DOHC, 16-valve, engine also equipped with Dual VVT-i and Valvematic. Output for this engine is rated at at 6000 rpm and of torque at 5200 rpm.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: Output for this engine is rated at at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm for the Corolla, Matrix, and Vibe and and of torque in the Scion xD.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: A special version of the 2ZR-FAE was introduced by Toyota in 2016 for the Taiwanese version of the Toyota Sienta. Unlike the original 2ZR-FAE, this version was created by simply adding the Valvematic system to the standard 2ZR-FE engine used in the Toyota Corolla Altis sold there, resulting in total power of at 6200 rpm and a peak torque of at 4000 rpm.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The Toyota 2ZR-FBE is A flex fuel version of the 2ZR-FE the DOHC, 16-valve, engine also equipped with Dual VVT-i and Valvematic. Output for this engine is rated at at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The Toyota 2ZR-FXE is a Atkinson cycle variant of the 2ZR-FE. It has the same bore and stroke, but the compression ratio is increased to 13.0:1, and the inlet valve closing is late-staged. The net result is that the engine has a greater effective expansion than compression. Output is and of torque, paired with electric motor/generators in the hybrid drive system; together the engine and electric motors produce up to and .


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: For the 2016 Toyota Prius, output is at 5200 rpm and of torque at 3600 rpm, or when paired with electric motor/generators and of torque in the hybrid drive system; together the engine and electric motors produce up to . Maximum thermal efficiency is about 40%.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: A flex fuel version of the 3ZR-FE was released in March 2010 in Brazil with when running on petrol, and on ethanol .


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The Toyota 4ZR-FE is a DOHC, 16-valve engine with Dual VVT-i. Output for this engine is rated at at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm. It is very similar to 1ZR-FE.


title: Toyota ZR engine

text: The 1.6L and 1.8L ZR engines are built in Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine Co., Ltd. (TFTE) Plant No. 2, beginning in April 2007 and in the West Virginia Plant for Corolla's production in the United States and Canada.


title: Dania Ramirez

text: Dania Ramirez (born November 8, 1979) is a Dominican actress. Her credits include the roles of Maya Herrera in "Heroes", Alex in "Entourage", and Blanca during the last season of "The Sopranos" on television. Her film roles include Alex Guerrero in "She Hate Me" and Callisto in the feature film "". She portrayed Rosie Falta on Lifetime's "Devious Maids" from June 2013 until its cancellation in 2016. In July 2017, Ramirez joined the hit ABC series "Once Upon a Time" for its softly-rebooted seventh season in a starring role as Cinderella.


title: Dania Ramirez

text: Ramirez was born in Santo Domingo. At an early age, she decided to become an actress. As a young child, she would reenact telenovelas for her family. She was discovered by a modeling scout while working in a convenience store at the age of 15, and was offered a small part in a soda commercial. Later, she decided to pursue acting seriously and studied at the Actor's Workshop in New York City under Flo Greenberg.


title: Dania Ramirez

text: At 16 years old, Ramirez started at Montclair State University, where her volleyball talents led her to be placed among the top five in career digs, digs/game, solo blocks and total blocks. She graduated in 2001. After graduation, Ramirez moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career.


title: Dania Ramirez

text: Ramirez has appeared in several music videos, including Jay-Z's "Streets is Watching" (1998), De La Soul's "All Good?" feat. Chaka Khan (2000), LL Cool J's "Hush" (2005; directed by her then fiancé Jessy Terrero), Santana's "Into the Night" (2007), as well as "Cry Baby Cry" (a collaboration of Santana and Sean Paul). Ramirez appeared in Wisin & Yandel's music video "Dime Qué Te Pasó", in which she played the main character, the wife and mother of a military man in Iraq who finds out her husband died at war. She was also featured in hip-hop group Sporty Thievz's video "Cheapskate" in 1998.