text: The band confirmed during an album preview show on May 26, 2016, that the previously reported information of Elton John appearing on the album was true and that he plays piano on "Sick Love". John and longtime collaborator Bernie Taupin have a writing credit on the song. Anna Waronker, best known as the singer of That Dog, provides vocals on "The Getaway". In a June 7, 2016 interview, Kiedis said that Danger Mouse was the reason "Dark Necessities" became the first single. The band had pushed for "The Getaway" to be the first single while management and the record label wanted "Go Robot". "Encore" originally started out as an instrumental jam and was performed for the first time on the I'm With You Tour.


title: The Getaway (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)

text: Kiedis, in a May 9, 2016 interview on BBC Radio 2, said that lyrically many of the songs were influenced by a two-year relationship "that completely fell apart like a nuclear bomb," and that his favorite song is "The Getaway".


text: The album cover is a painting by Kevin Peterson. According to Peterson "The Red Hot Chili Peppers wanted to use my painting "Coalition II" for the cover of their upcoming album. I told em it was cool but not to hound me for autographs. Special thanks to Chloe and @Chelsea Marie Bradley for some fine modeling." Anthony Kiedis in an interview on the Kevin and Bean show on May 5, 2016 discussed the album cover saying "Normally we get a little more high brow artsy, and this just felt extremely warm and human, even though it’s animals, it felt human. And it’s also us. Chad is the bear, Josh is the girl and Flea is the raccoon and me as the funny little raven out front."


text: The band performed an album preview show on May 26, 2016. Four songs from the album were performed. iHeartRadio aired the show online on June 17, 2016, the day "The Getaway" was released. A music video for "Dark Necessities" was filmed with Olivia Wilde as the director and was released on June 16, 2016.


text: On May 26, 2016, the band released the title track on their YouTube channel and on June 9, 2016 released "We Turn Red". While not singles, the two songs were made available to purchase the following day after their release along with as a free downloads for those who pre-order the new album.


text: On June 9, 2016 it was announced that fans in New York City and Los Angeles could enter to win an invitation to an exclusive private listening party of "The Getaway" on June 13, 2016. Fans in other countries such as Brazil and Argentina (June 14), Italy and Thailand (June 15) and Mexico (June 16) also had a chance to attend at private listening parties.


text: The band appeared on the June 14, 2016 episode of "The Late Late Show with James Corden" for the pre-taped segment of Carpool Karaoke where they drove around Los Angeles singing their own songs in a karaoke style with the host. During the filming of the segment, Kiedis saved a baby's life. Kiedis told Chris Moyles on UK radio station Radio X: "We had a very interesting unscripted moment. We danced-off, we tied and then we were going to celebrate with some Mexican food on the corner. And a woman came out of her house, holding a child saying, 'My baby, my baby, my baby can't breathe!' We all ran across the street, the woman thrust the baby into my arms, the baby was not breathing. I thought, 'I'm gonna try and do a little baby CPR real quick, see if I can get some air in this kid.' I tried to open the mouth, [it was] locked shut. So I started rubbing the belly, bubbles came out of the mouth, the eyes rolled back into place, the ambulance showed up, and I handed the baby over, who was now breathing and fine. Then we went back to shooting Carpool Karaoke."


text: On June 15, 2016, Sirius XM Radio channel Lithium became Red Hot Chili Peppers Radio until June 22, 2016. The channel played music spanning the band's entire career with exclusive commentary on writing, recording and performing live. Also songs from influential artists hand-picked from the band's personal music collection were played. Chris Rock, a longtime friend and fan of the band, hosted the limited-run channel.


text: "Go Robot" was released as the album's second single. A music video directed by Tota Lee was confirmed to be in production on July 26, 2016 A teaser clip for the video was released on August 29, 2016. The video was released on September 8, 2016.


text: "Sick Love" was released as the third single on December 4, 2016. The animated music video was directed and illustrated by Kiedis' ex-girlfriend Beth Jeans Houghton.


text: "Goodbye Angels" was released as the fourth single on April 4, 2017. The band shot a music video for the song at their show in Atlanta on April 14, 2017.


text: The world tour to support the album began in June 2016 in Europe with a festival tour. The band's headlining tour to support the album will begin in September 2016 in Europe and continue into 2017 throughout the United States and Canada. "Dark Necessities", "Go Robot", "Sick Love" and "This Ticonderoga" made their live debuts in May 2016. "The Getaway" had actually been teased during their performances of "Give It Away" at Ace Hotel for the Feel The Bern Benefit Concert in Los Angeles, CA on February 5, 2016, and at Super Bowl 50 party in San Francisco, CA back in February 2016, however, it went unknown until the band released the song on May 26, 2016. The song would first be performed in its entirety on May 29, 2016. "We Turn Red" became the sixth song from the album to be performed live making its debut on June 10, 2016 at the Pinkpop festival. "The Longest Wave" made its live debut on June 14, 2016 at a promotional show in Paris. "Detroit" made its live debut on June 29, 2016 at the Roskilde Festival. On July 1, 2016, the "Live In Paris EP" was released exclusively through the music streaming website Deezer. It features five songs from the band's performance of June 14, 2016 in Paris. "Goodbye Angels" made its live debut on July 10, 2016. "Dreams of a Samurai" made its live debut on July 24, 2016 at the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan. "Feasting on the Flowers" premiered in Oslo, Norway on September 8, 2016."Encore" was finally performed on April 24, 2017 in Jacksonville, FL making "The Hunter" the only song to not be performed yet from the album. The tour concluded on October 18, 2017 lasting a year and almost five months and consisted of 151 shows. The tour placed 32nd on Pollstar's year-end top 100 worldwide tours list for 2016, grossing a total of $46.2 million, and it finished as the 18th highest grossing worldwide tour in 2017 grossing $73.5 million.


text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 66, based on 25 reviews, which indicates "generally favourable reviews". Nate Chinen of the "New York Times" gave the album a positive review stating "It doesn’t sound exactly like classic-vintage Chili Peppers, but it might just sound like how you remember them." He would go on to say "Danger Mouse takes a Rubinesque approach, smartly punching up the sinewy cohesion that still sets the Chili Peppers apart", while adding that guitarist Josh Klinghoffer "sounds fully vested now". Andy Gill of the "Independent" gave the album 4 out 5 saying "As ever, California gets plenty of mentions, though there’s less filler than usual, the album reaching a yearning epiphany in the string-draped song for a son, “The Hunter”." Simon Harper of "Clash" magazine gave the album an 8 out of 10, calling "The Getaway" "a subtle, intimate, and expressive album." He would also praise the focus and restraint shown in the album saying the "focus on delicate and melodic dynamics throughout suggests a more profound exploration of their sound beyond each musician’s virtuoso abilities." He would close the review stating "The brilliance of ‘The Getaway’ is in its subtleties, which define their most intimate and expressive album to date, and suggest that, after 32 years, the Chilis can still keep us guessing." David Stubbs of "Classic Rock" magazine gave the album 4 stars out of 5, praising the band's "expertise and the masterly stitching qualities of Danger Mouse" and would call the album "a tightly woven affair, never messy or maudlin, or self-indulgent; a dreamcoat of many colours, a marble rye of genres."


text: Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday" gave the album a very positive review and score of A−, saying "the Red Hot Chili Peppers sound energized and adventurous" and that "Josh Klinghoffer comes into his own as the band's guitarist." He would end by saying ""The Getaway" funnels the wildness of "Mother's Milk" and the ambitions of "Stadium Arcadium" into the Peppers' most focused — and artistically consistent — album yet." Darryl Sterdan of "Toronto Sun" gave the album a positive review saying "The Getaway is an exercise in finesse and nuance. The beats are more straightforward and flowing. The arrangements are simpler and airier...Everything from electronic squiggles and strings to ringing bells and handclaps mark this as one of the group’s most sonically diverse outings." Will Hermes of the "Rolling Stone" gave the album 3 1/2 stars out of 5, saying "...the Peppers' 11th LP is a bold attempt to jibe their past party-dog selves with their present-day artistic ambitions – not always a perfect fit but a compelling one." Matt Collar of "AllMusic" gave the album 3 and a half stars out of 5, saying ""The Getaway" is a sophisticated work of dark-hued maturity that finds the long-running California outfit expanding their sound into nuanced, '70s-style orchestral soul and funky psychedelia". He would also note that "sonically it feels as if the band and Klinghoffer have finally gelled as a complete creative unit." He would go on to praise the "80's electro-infused 'Go Robot'", "athletic funk punk jam" "This Ticonderoga", as well as "The Longest Wave" and "Feasting on the Flowers" for their "melodic, psychedelic quality that feels inspired by the Beatles' late-'60s period". He would conclude the review saying ""The Getaway" is a nuanced album, rife with journeyman craft and poetry, that proves the Red Hot Chili Peppers still have plenty of their own creative fire."


text: Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" gave the album a positive review, and praised the band for "their semi-reinvention". He would call "Sick Love", "Go Robot", and "Detroit" highlights of the album, and conclude ""The Getaway" proves not only that the longtime rockers still sizzle 30 years in, but also are capable of victoriously revamping their sound." Chad Childers of "Loudwire" gave the album a positive review, praising the band for "experimenting with more sounds in the musical palette... 'Sick Love' and 'Feasting on the Flowers' thrive in parts when the keys and or piano take over." Arka Sengupta of the "International Business Times" gave the album a mostly positive review, saying "Klinghoffer has found his foothold in the band's sound with this album." But he noted "The album seems to be created with a calculated approach and with a commercial viability in mind", adding that "Even though that tarnishes the album's artistic flair a bit, its overall appeal is not reduced." Steve Keros of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B, saying "The Chili Peppers have taken a chill pill...ambiance is in abundance". He praised the "upbeat" and "Prince-inspired" "Go Robot", as well the "downright dreamy" "The Longest Wave". He concluded that "the band can't help but sound like themselves...it's the ultimate sign of their staying power".


text: Alex Flood of "New Musical Express" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 in a somewhat mixed review, saying "The problems come when they slip into habit... Flea’s bass solos still sound like the theme tune from Seinfeld, and Anthony Kiedis often spouts nonsense." But he praised tracks such as "Dark Necessities" and "Go Robot", as well as "Dreams of a Samurai", by saying it "takes their sound in a new and exciting direction." He concluded that "...these are well penned tunes. They just don't do anything special with them." "Exclaim!"s Alex Hudson credited the band's "dabbling in new sounds" but criticized the album's lack of singles, rating the album a 6/10. Harriet Gibsone of "The Guardian" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 in a mixed review. She noted that "Josh Klinghoffer’s style brings out a spacier, melancholy feel that mutes the burliness of previous records", and that ""The Longest Wave" is delicate in its downcast approach...That said, clunky metaphors and couplets all too often come along and puncture the pensiveness." "Consequence of Sound's" Dan Caffrey gave the album a C+ in a mixed review saying the album is "haunted by Danger Mouse production that recalls the more nocturnal side of L.A...it’s the least the Red Hot Chili Peppers have sounded like the Red Hot Chili Peppers..." He would go on to add that ""The Getaway" starts to flounder whenever they revert back to old habits." Dan Bogosian of the "A.V. Club" gave the album a mixed review and C+. He called "Sick Love" "the biggest treat of the album" and said it "gives the Chili Peppers more of an appeal than they've had in years." He would go on to criticize the album's lyrics by saying "Kiedis is still more likely to rap about his sexual harassment days than anything profoundly meaningful", while adding "The strengths remain in the three musicians behind him; the weaknesses play no more of a role than they always have."


text: Zoe Camp of "Pitchfork" gave the album a 5.4 out of 10 in a mixed review. She said ""The Getaway" easily stands as the Peppers' lushest album to date...their sonic tropes haven't changed", however she noted that "Burton's foggy, psychedelic palette marks a drastic shift in the presentation of those motifs, widening the gulf between the band's funk-metal past and their hang-loose, jam-band present." She would go on to criticize the album's lyrics saying "By now, Peppers fans know better than to expect Pulitzer-worthy poetry from a goofy bard like Kiedis...the album’s lyrical stasis scans as disappointing, if unsurprising." She would conclude that "Were it not for these issues..."The Getaway" could have potentially bested "By the Way" as the Peppers' best work post-"Californication"." In a mostly negative review, Lauren Murphy of "The Irish Times" gave the album 2 stars out of 5. She would say "...it sounds like a Red Hot Chili Peppers album, with the customary taut shuck of guitars, ostentatious basslines a-plenty, and Kiedis’s spitfire vocals...The vibrant 'Feasting on the Flowers' is better, changing the lazy formula that permeates the track listing, but overall a vague sense of ridiculousness is never far away."


text: The album was a worldwide commercial success, debuting at number-one in several countries including Australia, Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Belgium (Wallonia), Ireland, Italy, Switzerland, Netherlands and New Zealand and debuted in the top ten in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Finland, France, Greece, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States.


text: In its home country of United States, "The Getaway" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200, with 118,000 equivalent album units, behind Drake's "Views". "The Getaway" was the number one album in Overall Album Sales, Digital Album Sales, Rock Albums and Alternative Albums in its debut in the United States. It marked the group's seventh straight album to make its debut within the top four positions on the chart in the past 25 years dating back to 1991's "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". In its second week, "The Getaway" fell to number nine on the "Billboard" 200, earning 28,000 units (down 76 percent).


text: In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart selling 40,000, behind Radiohead's "A Moon Shaped Pool".


text: As of September 29, 2021, "The Getaway" has sold more than 500,000 units in the United States and is certified Gold.


text: Two other songs, "Kaly" and "Outer Space", were recorded during "The Getaway" sessions, according to Klinghoffer. These songs did not make the final cut for the album and were never released by the band. On March 16, 2022, "Kaly" and "Outer Space" leaked to YouTube.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: Secrets of Sulphur Springs is an American time-travel mystery thriller drama television series which premiered on Disney Channel on January 15, 2021. Created by writer Tracey Thomson who also serves as a co-executive producer with Charles Pratt Jr. and set in the fictional Louisiana town of Sulphur Springs, the series was renewed for a third season on February 7, 2022.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: After his dad gets a new job, 12-year-old Griffin Campbell moves into the closed down and dilapidated Tremont Hotel in Sulphur Springs, Louisiana which is supposedly haunted by Savannah Dillon, a camper at the Tremont Camp who disappeared thirty years ago. With his new best friend Harper from his new school, Griffin discovers a portal which takes the two back in time 30 years to 1990, which they use to meet and find out what happened to Savannah Dillon. They try to save Savannah from disappearing.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: Season 2 focuses on Harper as she tries to uncover the secrets behind her connections to the Tremont hotel after discovering a photo of her great-grandmother Daisy which leads her to believe that the answers lie in the 1930s. Meanwhile, paranormal activities increase as the Campbells prepare to reopen the hotel, and Savannah tries to help Griffin and Harper uncover the secrets of the hotel from the past.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: Originally titled "Sulphur Springs", the project was developed as a pilot for Disney Channel; it was later pitched to Disney+, where it received a cast-contingent series order. The series entered pre-production, but the casting process was unsuccessful and Disney+ passed on the series. By May 2019, development for the series had moved from the streaming service back to Disney Channel, and casting continued for the series, now being produced as a pilot; two roles had been filled by this point. Originally developed as an hour-long series, the program was later shortened to a half-hour format. In October 2019, the series was officially ordered by the network for an eleven-episode season.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: Production was scheduled to begin in New Orleans in 2020. Filming commenced in Louisiana towards the end of 2019 and paused on February 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana. Filming for the season was completed between October 5 and November 6, 2020. On April 23, 2021, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 14, 2022. On February 7, 2022, the series was renewed for a third season.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: In the United States, the series premiered with three episodes combined into a one-hour special, airing on Disney Channel on January 15, 2021. Episodes continued to air weekly on the network, each Friday until March 12, 2021.


title: Secrets of Sulphur Springs

text: In a first for a Disney Channel series, the program received a "high-profile" release schedule on Disney+. The first five episodes were made available on the streaming service on February 26, 2021. Episodes continued to be added each Friday until April 9, 2021. Nellie Andreeva of "Deadline" speculated that a successful run on Disney+ could lead to the series being moved to the streaming service as an original series for a potential second season.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Sara Treleaven Blakely (born February 27, 1971) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the founder of Spanx, an American intimate apparel company with pants and leggings, founded in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, Blakely was named in "Time" magazine's "Time 100" annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2014, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the world by "Forbes".


title: Sara Blakely

text: Blakely was born on February 27, 1971, in Clearwater, Florida. She is the daughter of Ellen (née Ford), an artist, and trial attorney, John Blakely. She has a brother, artist Ford Blakely. She attended Clearwater High School and graduated from Florida State University with a communication degree, where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Although she planned to become an attorney, she reconsidered after scoring very low on the Law School Admission Test; she instead accepted a job at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, where she worked for three months. She also occasionally worked as a stand-up comedian during this period.


title: Sara Blakely

text: After her short stint at Disney, Blakely accepted a job with office supply company Danka, where she sold fax machines door-to-door. She was quite successful in sales and was promoted to national sales trainer at the age of 25. Forced to wear pantyhose in the hot Floridian climate for her sales role, Blakely disliked the appearance of the seamed foot while wearing open-toed shoes but liked the way that the control-top model eliminated panty lines and made her body appear firmer. For her attendance at a private party, she experimented by cutting off the feet of her pantyhose while wearing them under a new pair of slacks and found that the pantyhose continuously rolled up her legs, but she also achieved the desired result.


title: Sara Blakely

text: At age 27, Blakely relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, and while still working at Danka, spent the next two years and US$5,000 savings () researching and developing her hosiery idea.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Blakely then drove to North Carolina, the location of most of America's hosiery mills, to present her idea. She was turned away by every representative; these companies were used to dealing with established companies, and did not see the value of her idea. Two weeks after arriving home from her North Carolina trip, Blakely received a call from a mill operator based in Asheboro, North Carolina, who offered to support Blakely's concept, as he had received strong encouragement from his three daughters. Blakely further explained in 2011 that the experience of developing her idea also revealed to her that the hosiery manufacturing industry was overseen solely by men who were not using the products they were producing.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Blakely then returned to a patent attorney to finalize her application prior to her submission to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and he agreed to assist her for a sum of $750. Following the submission of the online application, she then worked on the packaging of her product.


title: Sara Blakely

text: She managed to arrange a meeting with a representative of the Neiman Marcus Group, at which she changed into the product in the ladies restroom in the presence of the Neiman Marcus buyer to prove the benefits of her innovation. Blakely's product was sold in seven Neiman Marcus stores as a result of the meeting; Bloomingdales, Saks, and Bergdorf Goodman soon followed. At around this time, Blakely sent a basket of products to Oprah Winfrey's television program, with a gift card that explained what she was attempting to develop.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Blakely initially handled all aspects of the business, including marketing, logistics and product positioning, preferring the location of Spanx alongside shoes in retail outlets, rather than in hosiery sections; however, her boyfriend at the time, a healthcare consultant, later resigned from his job and joined in the running of the nascent business. Blakely was contacting friends and acquaintances, including those from her past, and asking them to seek out her products at select department stores in exchange for a check that she would send to them by mail as a token of appreciation.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In November 2000, Winfrey named Spanx one of her "Favorite Things," which led to a significant rise in popularity and sales, as well as Blakely's resignation from Danka. Spanx achieved $4 million in sales in its first year and $10 million in sales in its second year. In 2001, Blakely signed a contract with QVC, the home shopping channel.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2012, Blakely landed on the cover of "Forbes" magazine for being the youngest self-made female billionaire in the world.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In October 2013, Blakely explained that her ambition is to design the world's most comfortable high-heel shoe prior to retirement. She was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the world by "Forbes".


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2015, Blakely and her husband Jesse Itzler were part of a group led by Tony Ressler that purchased the Atlanta Hawks for $850 million.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In October 2021, the Blackstone Group acquired a majority stake of Spanx, Inc. The company was valued at US$1.2 billion. Blakely was to retain the position as Executive Chairwoman. Forbes Magazine estimated her net worth after the deal at US$1.3 billion. To celebrate the transaction, Blakely gave each of her 750 employees $10,000 in cash and let them purchase two first-class plane tickets to any destination they desired to travel to.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2005, Blakely attained second place as a contestant on "The Rebel Billionaire", a reality television series that introduced her to Richard Branson, who later supported Blakely in her endeavors as both an entrepreneur and philanthropist. She later starred as one of the judges on ABC's reality television series, "American Inventor", alongside George Foreman, Pat Croce and Peter Jones.


title: Sara Blakely

text: She also appeared in a very brief cameo, as herself, on "Elmsley Court," episode 12 of "Billions" Season 3.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2006, Blakely launched the Sara Blakely Foundation to help women through education and entrepreneurial training. Richard Branson acted as a mentor to Blakely and, at the conclusion of "The Rebel Billionaire", surprised Blakely with a US$750,000 check to start the Foundation.


title: Sara Blakely

text: Since its launch, The Sara Blakely Foundation has funded scholarships for young women at the Community and Individual Development Association City Campus in South Africa and Blakely appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in 2006, donating US$1 million to the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls. In 2013 Blakely became the first female billionaire to join the "Giving Pledge," Bill Gates and Warren Buffett's pledge, whereby the world's richest people donate at least half of their wealth to charity.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2019, Blakely paid $162,500 at an auction for the black pants worn by Olivia Newton-John in "Grease;" the proceeds from which benefited Newton-John's cancer treatment center in Melbourne, Australia.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2020, Blakely pledged to give $5,000,000 to support female-run small businesses during the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Sara Blakely

text: In 2008, Blakely married Jesse Itzler, the co-founder of Marquis Jet, at the Gasparilla Inn and Club in Boca Grande, Florida, U.S. The wedding was attended by actor Matt Damon and featured a surprise performance by singer Olivia Newton-John. Together, they have four children. She is a convert to Judaism.


title: DJ AM

text: Adam Michael Goldstein (March 30, 1973 – August 28, 2009), known professionally as DJ AM, was an American disc jockey (DJ). Born in Philadelphia, Goldstein became interested in deejaying as a child after watching Herbie Hancock perform his 1983 single "Rockit". Goldstein developed a drug addiction as a teenager and was sent to the controversial rehabilitation center Straight, Incorporated. After he left the center, his drug problems became worse; he was addicted to crack cocaine for several years in his early twenties. After he attempted suicide in 1997, Goldstein became sober and later sponsored other addicts through Alcoholics Anonymous.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein began deejaying in clubs in Los Angeles and joined the band Crazy Town in 1999. He left the group in 2001 and focused on a career as a solo DJ. After he began dating Nicole Richie in 2003, his career skyrocketed. In 2006, he accepted a $1 million contract to perform weekly at Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas strip and was also charging upwards of $10,000 for private events. In 2008, Goldstein and Travis Barker formed the duo TRV$DJAM. Barker and Goldstein were the only two survivors of the 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash, which killed the other four people on board.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein appeared as himself in several television series, contributed mixes to and portrayed a playable character in the video game "DJ Hero", and filmed a cameo appearance for "Iron Man 2". Goldstein hosted the 2009 MTV drug intervention series "Gone Too Far", and he appeared to be struggling with his addiction during filming. On August 28, 2009, he was found dead in his New York City apartment from a drug overdose. The DJ AM Memorial Fund, an organization designed to help people struggling with drug addiction, was launched in his memory by his sister, and "Iron Man 2", which was released in 2010, was dedicated to him.


title: DJ AM

text: Adam Michael Goldstein was born on March 30, 1973, in Philadelphia. His parents, Andrea and Herbert – both of whom were Jewish – had been unable to conceive children naturally, and they had adopted Goldstein's older sister Lara a year before his birth. Goldstein's mother left her husband temporarily after she caught him having extramarital sex with another man. During this time she had an affair herself, and she found out she was pregnant with Adam after returning to her husband. While heavily pregnant, she discovered her husband had been adulterous a second time, and then she angrily disclosed to him that he was not the biological father of her baby.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein stated that his father had verbally abused him. As an adult, he realized that this was likely due to resentment that Goldstein was not his biological son. Goldstein witnessed his father openly using cocaine and marijuana throughout his childhood. Goldstein said he began overeating as a way of dealing with anger and depression, becoming obese by the age of 10. He also began drinking alcohol when he was 11.


title: DJ AM

text: After watching Herbie Hancock perform "Rockit" with Grand Mixer DXT at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards in 1984, Goldstein became obsessed with deejaying, and realized that it was what he wanted to do for a career. He attended the Quaker school Friends' Central. When he was 14, Herbert was incarcerated for committing bank fraud, and his mother subsequently moved to Los Angeles with Goldstein and his sister.


title: DJ AM

text: In Los Angeles, Goldstein associated with a crowd of heavy drug users. At 16, he approached his mother and asked for help with his drug problems. She arranged for him to attend Straight, Incorporated, a drug rehabilitation center that was later revealed to abuse patients. Goldstein disclosed that he was physically assaulted and spat on by staff while there. At one point, he escaped from the facility, but was arrested and brought back after being recognized at Knott's Berry Farm. While he was in rehab, his mother visited him and disclosed that Herbert was not his biological father, was homosexual, and was dying from HIV/AIDS. Goldstein said that after he received this news he "exploded," attacking one of his counselors. He was eventually indicted and dismissed from rehab for his treatment of younger patients shortly before his 18th birthday. Herbert died the following year.


title: DJ AM

text: After leaving rehab, Goldstein began attending raves and using MDMA and nitrous oxide. He also started deejaying; he broke into a friend's home while he was away for the weekend to practice on his turntables and eventually went on to practice freestyle deejaying every day for a whole summer. Goldstein started using crack cocaine by the age of 20. He said that taking the drug and deejaying were "about all he did" for the next four years of his life. He would often disappear from friends and family for days at a time. In 1997, he attempted suicide; the gun jammed in his mouth as he pulled the trigger.


title: DJ AM

text: Shortly afterwards, a friend encouraged Goldstein to become sober. He began attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, avoided his friends who still took drugs, and dedicated himself to working as a DJ. Goldstein relapsed after 90 days, but subsequently restarted the program. People who complete the AA program are encouraged to sponsor other addicts through the recovery process; Goldstein became a sponsor for several people.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein's stage name, "DJ AM", stands for his first and middle names, Adam Michael. After playing for his friends and at private parties for some time, Goldstein got his first paying job as a DJ at an unlicensed club in Los Angeles at the age of 21, where he earned $40 and a six-pack of beer for a night's work. He worked there for two years. A visiting promoter, impressed with Goldstein's performance, offered him a deejaying job at the Hollywood club The Dragonfly.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein met Shifty Shellshock through the nightclub scene, and he was asked to join the rap/rock group Crazy Town in 1999. He contributed to their 2000 hit "Butterfly", which reached number one in several countries. According to bandmates Shellshock and Epic Mazur, Goldstein was the group's only sober member. He quit in 2001 to escape the drug-related dysfunction plaguing the group.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein's weight problems became progressively worse, despite years of dieting; in 2003, he weighed and underwent gastric bypass surgery. The surgery was effective, and he lost more than within a year. After he began dating actress Nicole Richie in 2003, Goldstein's DJ career skyrocketed. "Us Weekly" editor Janice Min said that he was talented, but that the thing that set him apart from other deejays was that he dated Richie.


title: DJ AM

text: As a result of the relationship, Goldstein appeared in a 2005 episode of "Punk'd", where Richie was the subject of a practical joke, and that same year he featured in an episode of "The Simple Life", a reality TV show focusing on Richie and Paris Hilton. Goldstein and Richie announced their engagement in February 2005, but broke up in late 2006. Goldstein was a guest DJ on an episode of "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in May 2006.


title: DJ AM

text: He was an avid sneakerhead, owning more than 1,000 pairs of sneakers by 2007. This led to him being offered a cameo as himself purchasing a pair in the 2006 TV series "Entourage" episode "What About Bob?". That same year, Goldstein also began working at Caesars Palace, becoming the resident DJ of their nightclub Pure. He was contracted to the club for the year for $1 million, which was considered to be an unprecedented amount for a DJ at the time. By 2007, he was also being paid between $10,000 and $25,000 per event as a solo DJ.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein scratched on albums for Papa Roach, Will Smith, and Babyface. He played at private events for celebrities including Jennifer Lopez, Ben Stiller, and Leonardo DiCaprio. Goldstein dated singer Mandy Moore for two months in 2007 and remained close friends with her after separating. Later in 2007, he was romantically involved with model Jessica Stam.


title: DJ AM

text: In June 2008, Goldstein and Travis Barker began collaborating under the name TRV$DJAM. They performed at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards on September 7, 2008. On September 19, after performing at a college event, he and Barker were aboard a Learjet 60 when it crashed upon takeoff in Columbia, South Carolina. The crash killed both crew members and the other two passengers, a security guard and Barker's assistant, critically injuring Goldstein and Barker. Goldstein suffered third-degree burns to his arm and parts of his head.


title: DJ AM

text: Both he and Barker were transported to the Joseph M. Still Burn Center in Augusta, Georgia. Moore flew to be by Goldstein's side, and the media reported that they were dating again. He was released on September 26, 2008, and was expected to make a full recovery. In December 2008, Goldstein filed a civil lawsuit against the plane's charter company, Learjet and Goodyear tires; the suit claimed negligence on the part of the pilots, and a manufacturing defect on part of the plane. He asked for damages for pain and suffering, mental anguish, disfigurement and loss of earnings. The lawsuit was settled by his estate in 2010, a year after his death.


title: DJ AM

text: In December 2008, MTV reported that DJ AM would be making his first appearance with Barker since the two survived the plane crash. The duo performed at New Year's Nation's Los Angeles 2008 New Year's Eve Party. That same month it was reported that Goldstein had split from Moore and was dating model Hayley Wood. In April 2009, Goldstein left his position at Caesars Palace to become Rain Nightclub's regular Friday night DJ in the Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein filmed a cameo for the movie "Iron Man 2" in June 2009, appearing as himself deejaying at the birthday party of Tony Stark (played by Robert Downey Jr.). Jon Favreau, the film's director, said that he was a fan of Goldstein; the cameo was supposed to be filmed in one day but the crew and Downey Jr. took a liking to Goldstein and his stay on set extended to approximately one week. He set up turntables and gave Favreau tips on how to DJ in between takes. Goldstein was involved with Activision's "DJ Hero" video game, contributing original mixes to and also appearing as a playable character. Goldstein and Barker performed at an Electronic Entertainment Expo event promoting the game in 2009.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein was the host of "Gone Too Far", a drug intervention reality show for MTV. He had approached MTV in mid-2008, pitching the idea of a reality show that focused on his life to Tony DiSanto. DiSanto said that such shows were declining in popularity, and instead suggested a drug intervention show to which Goldstein agreed. The show was still in pre-production when Goldstein was injured in the plane crash. Following the crash, the show's producer Cheryl Sirulnick said she assumed the show would not go ahead, but Goldstein insisted on continuing. Eight episodes were filmed; three days before his death, Goldstein tweeted that filming had been completed.


title: DJ AM

text: In an interview with "Glamour" in 2008, Goldstein said that while he had been sober for nine years, he had to remind himself every day that he was still a drug addict, saying: "At any given moment, I'm five seconds away from walking up to someone, grabbing their drink out of their hand and downing it. And if I do that, within a week, tops, I'll be smoking crack." Following the plane crash, Goldstein was prescribed painkillers and anti-anxiety medication. Celebrity doctor Drew Pinsky said it was those prescriptions which opened the "floodgates" to Goldstein's relapse. A friend of his reached the same conclusion, saying: "I think the plane crash killed him, it just took a year for it to do it." As a result of the plane crash, Goldstein developed a fear of flying, and continued taking anxiety medication to help deal with the regular flights his lifestyle required.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein was struggling with his former addiction during the filming of "Gone Too Far". He held a crack-pipe during one episode. BJ Hickman, an intervention expert who appeared in two episodes, noticed Goldstein "had a moment" holding the crack pipe, and later felt the need to call his sponsor. Goldstein later said of the experience: "I realized my palms were sweaty and I was like, wait a minute, this is not smart for me to be holding this." In another episode, a police officer shows Goldstein confiscated drugs, including a bag of crack cocaine. Shortly thereafter, Goldstein leaves the building, informing the camera crew that he felt so tempted to consume the drugs that it was not safe for him to remain there.


title: DJ AM

text: In the weeks before his death, Goldstein's behavior had been erratic and he had been missing appointments. His manager and sponsor were both so concerned that they flew to New York to visit him two days before his death. Goldstein refused to see his manager, but allowed his sponsor into his apartment, and consumed drugs in front of him. He promised to check himself into a rehabilitation center following his scheduled gig at Rain Nightclub in Las Vegas that Friday. When he missed his flight and would not return phone calls, friends brought the police to his apartment.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein was found dead in his New York City apartment on August 28, 2009. Drug paraphernalia, including a crack pipe and a bag of crack, were found nearby. The New York medical examiner subsequently determined that Goldstein's death was an accident caused by "acute intoxication" from a combination of cocaine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, lorazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, diphenhydramine, and levamisole. Haley Wood denied rumors that an alleged recent separation from Goldstein had contributed to his relapse, saying they had still been together at the time.


title: DJ AM

text: After a memorial service, Goldstein was interred at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery near Los Angeles, on September 2, 2009. The following day, a memorial was held at the Hollywood Palladium. Among the hundreds of attendees were Nicole Richie, Travis Barker, Lindsay Lohan, Samantha Ronson, Eric Dane, Rebecca Gayheart, Scott Caan, and DJ Jazzy Jeff. Wood made an emotional speech at the service, describing Goldstein as her soulmate.


title: DJ AM

text: The scheduled debut air date for "Gone Too Far" had been October 5, 2009. After Goldstein's death, DiSanto acknowledged the possibility that placing Goldstein near other addicts helped contribute to his relapse. After debating whether to air the show in the wake of his death, MTV decided to debut it on October 12. His family stated: "It is our hope through airing this show that people will get to see the side of Adam that we knew and loved. The decision to air the show has been difficult, but we do this with the profound belief that it will inspire others to seek help". Favreau also consulted people close to Goldstein about whether the footage of him in "Iron Man 2" should still be used; they agreed unanimously it should remain. Favreau said that following his death, "there was never any doubt" the film would be dedicated to him.


title: DJ AM

text: The DJ AM Memorial Fund, an organization designed to help people struggling with drug addiction, was launched in his memory. In November 2009, 800 pairs of Goldstein's sneakers were listed on eBay to raise funds for the organization. In August 2010, the fund made a donation to the Los Angeles' Phoenix House Academy to help rehab patients develop musical talents. Goldstein's sister Lara, who founded the fund, died from cancer in May 2011.


title: DJ AM

text: In August 2011, several DJs paid tribute to Goldstein at the Vanity Nightclub in the Las Vegas Hard Rock Casino, helping raise money for the fund. In May 2012, the eighth annual MusiCares benefit concert featured a special presentation commemorating the launch of the DJ AM Memorial Fund. Goldstein's mother, in conjunction with the fund, was reported to be assisting MusiCares in providing recovery services to addicts. Moby deejayed at the event in tribute to Goldstein.


title: DJ AM

text: Goldstein posthumously won DJ of the Year at the 2009 BET Hip Hop Awards. In October 2009 he was depicted in the "South Park" episode "Dead Celebrities", along with other celebrities who died in mid-2009. Eminem, who nearly died from a methadone overdose in late 2007, paid tribute to Goldstein on the 2010 song "Talkin' 2 Myself", rapping: "Rest in peace to DJ AM/'cause I know what it's like/I struggle with this shit every single day." On the cover of Blink-182's 2011 album, "Neighborhoods", "DJ AM" can be seen written on one of the buildings, as a memorial. Goldstein's death is also believed to have influenced the band's decision to retire their single, "Adam's Song", from their live performances until 2018. Wolfgang Gartner and will.i.am pay tribute to DJ AM in their 2011 single "Forever," which includes a moment of silence for him. Macklemore mentions DJ AM in his 2016 song "Drug Dealer," along with several other notable deaths from drug use.


title: DJ AM

text: Footage of Goldstein and several other celebrities are featured in the documentary films "Downtown Calling" (2009), and "Electric Daisy Carnival Experience" (2011). A documentary film about Goldstein titled "As I AM: The Life and Times of DJ AM", was announced at the EDMbiz Conference on June 20, 2013. The film was directed by Kevin Kerslake and released in April 2015. Dennis Harvey of "Variety" called it an entertaining documentary, but thought, "there are some notable gaps left in the pic's posthumous understanding of DJ AM ... as its flashy surface doesn't always help us to understand the pure artistic soul he's depicted as here."


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (; ; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar and polymath whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume "Mécanique céleste" ("Celestial Mechanics") (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics, a field that he took a leading role in forming. The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him. He restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the Solar System and was one of the first scientists to suggest an idea similar to that of a black hole.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Sometimes referred to as the "French Newton" or "Newton of France", he has been described as possessing a phenomenal natural mathematical faculty superior to that of almost all of his contemporaries.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace became a count of the Empire in 1806 and was named a marquis in 1817, after the Bourbon Restoration.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Some details of Laplace's life are not known, as records of it were burned in 1925 with the family château in Saint Julien de Mailloc, near Lisieux, the home of his great-great-grandson the Comte de Colbert-Laplace. Others had been destroyed earlier, when his house at Arcueil near Paris was looted in 1871.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy on 23 March 1749, a village four miles west of Pont l'Évêque. According to W. W. Rouse Ball, his father, Pierre de Laplace, owned and farmed the small estates of Maarquis. His great-uncle, Maitre Oliver de Laplace, had held the title of Chirurgien Royal. It would seem that from a pupil he became an usher in the school at Beaumont; but, having procured a letter of introduction to d'Alembert, he went to Paris to advance his fortune. However, Karl Pearson is scathing about the inaccuracies in Rouse Ball's account and states:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: His parents, Pierre Laplace and Marie-Anne Sochon, were from comfortable families. The Laplace family was involved in agriculture until at least 1750, but Pierre Laplace senior was also a cider merchant and "syndic" of the town of Beaumont.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Pierre Simon Laplace attended a school in the village run at a Benedictine priory, his father intending that he be ordained in the Roman Catholic Church. At sixteen, to further his father's intention, he was sent to the University of Caen to read theology.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: At the university, he was mentored by two enthusiastic teachers of mathematics, Christophe Gadbled and Pierre Le Canu, who awoke his zeal for the subject. Here Laplace's brilliance as a mathematician was quickly recognised and while still at Caen he wrote a memoir "Sur le Calcul integral aux differences infiniment petites et aux differences finies". This provided the first intercourse between Laplace and Lagrange. Lagrange was the senior by thirteen years, and had recently founded in his native city Turin a journal named "Miscellanea Taurinensia", in which many of his early works were printed and it was in the fourth volume of this series that Laplace's paper appeared. About this time, recognising that he had no vocation for the priesthood, he resolved to become a professional mathematician. Some sources state that he then broke with the church and became an atheist. Laplace did not graduate in theology but left for Paris with a letter of introduction from Le Canu to Jean le Rond d'Alembert who at that time was supreme in scientific circles.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: According to his great-great-grandson, d'Alembert received him rather poorly, and to get rid of him gave him a thick mathematics book, saying to come back when he had read it. When Laplace came back a few days later, d'Alembert was even less friendly and did not hide his opinion that it was impossible that Laplace could have read and understood the book. But upon questioning him, he realised that it was true, and from that time he took Laplace under his care.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Another account is that Laplace solved overnight a problem that d'Alembert set him for submission the following week, then solved a harder problem the following night. D'Alembert was impressed and recommended him for a teaching place in the "École Militaire".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: With a secure income and undemanding teaching, Laplace now threw himself into original research and for the next seventeen years, 1771–1787, he produced much of his original work in astronomy.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: From 1780 to 1784, Laplace and French chemist Antoine Lavoisier collaborated on several experimental investigations, designing their own equipment for the task.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1783 they published their joint paper, "Memoir on Heat", in which they discussed the kinetic theory of molecular motion.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In their experiments they measured the specific heat of various bodies, and the expansion of metals with increasing temperature. They also measured the boiling points of ethanol and ether under pressure.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace further impressed the Marquis de Condorcet, and already by 1771 Laplace felt entitled to membership in the French Academy of Sciences. However, that year admission went to Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde and in 1772 to Jacques Antoine Joseph Cousin. Laplace was disgruntled, and early in 1773 d'Alembert wrote to Lagrange in Berlin to ask if a position could be found for Laplace there. However, Condorcet became permanent secretary of the "Académie" in February and Laplace was elected associate member on 31 March, at age 24. In 1773 Laplace read his paper on the invariability of planetary motion in front of the Academy des Sciences. That March he was elected to the academy, a place where he conducted the majority of his science.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: On 15 March 1788, at the age of thirty-nine, Laplace married Marie-Charlotte de Courty de Romanges, an eighteen-year-old girl from a "good" family in Besançon. The wedding was celebrated at Saint-Sulpice, Paris. The couple had a son, Charles-Émile (1789–1874), and a daughter, Sophie-Suzanne (1792–1813).


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace's early published work in 1771 started with differential equations and finite differences but he was already starting to think about the mathematical and philosophical concepts of probability and statistics. However, before his election to the "Académie" in 1773, he had already drafted two papers that would establish his reputation. The first, "Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements" was ultimately published in 1774 while the second paper, published in 1776, further elaborated his statistical thinking and also began his systematic work on celestial mechanics and the stability of the Solar System. The two disciplines would always be interlinked in his mind. "Laplace took probability as an instrument for repairing defects in knowledge." Laplace's work on probability and statistics is discussed below with his mature work on the analytic theory of probabilities.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Sir Isaac Newton had published his "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in 1687 in which he gave a derivation of Kepler's laws, which describe the motion of the planets, from his laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. However, though Newton had privately developed the methods of calculus, all his published work used cumbersome geometric reasoning, unsuitable to account for the more subtle higher-order effects of interactions between the planets. Newton himself had doubted the possibility of a mathematical solution to the whole, even concluding that periodic divine intervention was necessary to guarantee the stability of the Solar System. Dispensing with the hypothesis of divine intervention would be a major activity of Laplace's scientific life. It is now generally regarded that Laplace's methods on their own, though vital to the development of the theory, are not sufficiently precise to demonstrate the stability of the Solar System, and indeed, the Solar System is understood to be chaotic, although it happens to be fairly stable.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: One particular problem from observational astronomy was the apparent instability whereby Jupiter's orbit appeared to be shrinking while that of Saturn was expanding. The problem had been tackled by Leonhard Euler in 1748 and Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1763 but without success. In 1776, Laplace published a memoir in which he first explored the possible influences of a purported luminiferous ether or of a law of gravitation that did not act instantaneously. He ultimately returned to an intellectual investment in Newtonian gravity. Euler and Lagrange had made a practical approximation by ignoring small terms in the equations of motion. Laplace noted that though the terms themselves were small, when integrated over time they could become important. Laplace carried his analysis into the higher-order terms, up to and including the cubic. Using this more exact analysis, Laplace concluded that any two planets and the Sun must be in mutual equilibrium and thereby launched his work on the stability of the Solar System. Gerald James Whitrow described the achievement as "the most important advance in physical astronomy since Newton".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace had a wide knowledge of all sciences and dominated all discussions in the "Académie". Laplace seems to have regarded analysis merely as a means of attacking physical problems, though the ability with which he invented the necessary analysis is almost phenomenal. As long as his results were true he took but little trouble to explain the steps by which he arrived at them; he never studied elegance or symmetry in his processes, and it was sufficient for him if he could by any means solve the particular question he was discussing.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: While Newton explained the tides by describing the tide-generating forces and Bernoulli gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential, the "dynamic theory of tides", developed by Laplace in 1775, describes the ocean's real reaction to tidal forces. Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account friction, resonance and natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted the large amphidromic systems in the world's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides that are actually observed.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The equilibrium theory, based on the gravitational gradient from the Sun and Moon but ignoring the Earth's rotation, the effects of continents, and other important effects, could not explain the real ocean tides.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Since measurements have confirmed the theory, many things have possible explanations now, like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface. The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter, while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters. Satellite observations confirm the accuracy of the dynamic theory, and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters. Measurements from the CHAMP satellite closely match the models based on the TOPEX data. Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1776, Laplace formulated a single set of linear partial differential equations, for tidal flow described as a barotropic two-dimensional sheet flow. Coriolis effects are introduced as well as lateral forcing by gravity. Laplace obtained these equations by simplifying the fluid dynamic equations. But they can also be derived from energy integrals via Lagrange's equation.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: For a fluid sheet of average thickness "D", the vertical tidal elevation "ζ", as well as the horizontal velocity components "u" and "v" (in the latitude "φ" and longitude "λ" directions, respectively) satisfy Laplace's tidal equations:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: where "Ω" is the angular frequency of the planet's rotation, "g" is the planet's gravitational acceleration at the mean ocean surface, "a" is the planetary radius, and "U" is the external gravitational tidal-forcing potential.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) rewrote Laplace's momentum terms using the curl to find an equation for vorticity. Under certain conditions this can be further rewritten as a conservation of vorticity.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: During the years 1784–1787 he published some memoirs of exceptional power. Prominent among these is one read in 1783, reprinted as Part II of "Théorie du Mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planètes" in 1784, and in the third volume of the "Mécanique céleste". In this work, Laplace completely determined the attraction of a spheroid on a particle outside it. This is memorable for the introduction into analysis of spherical harmonics or Laplace's coefficients, and also for the development of the use of what we would now call the gravitational potential in celestial mechanics.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1783, in a paper sent to the "Académie", Adrien-Marie Legendre had introduced what are now known as associated Legendre functions. If two points in a plane have polar co-ordinates ("r", θ) and ("r"<nowiki> '</nowiki>, θ'), where "r"<nowiki> '</nowiki> ≥ "r", then, by elementary manipulation, the reciprocal of the distance between the points, "d", can be written as:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: This expression can be expanded in powers of "r"/"r"<nowiki> '</nowiki> using Newton's generalised binomial theorem to give:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The sequence of functions "P"(cos φ) is the set of so-called "associated Legendre functions" and their usefulness arises from the fact that every function of the points on a circle can be expanded as a series of them.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace, with scant regard for credit to Legendre, made the non-trivial extension of the result to three dimensions to yield a more general set of functions, the spherical harmonics or Laplace coefficients. The latter term is not in common use now.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: This paper is also remarkable for the development of the idea of the scalar potential. The gravitational force acting on a body is, in modern language, a vector, having magnitude and direction. A potential function is a scalar function that defines how the vectors will behave. A scalar function is computationally and conceptually easier to deal with than a vector function.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Alexis Clairaut had first suggested the idea in 1743 while working on a similar problem though he was using Newtonian-type geometric reasoning. Laplace described Clairaut's work as being "in the class of the most beautiful mathematical productions". However, Rouse Ball alleges that the idea "was appropriated from Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had used it in his memoirs of 1773, 1777 and 1780". The term "potential" itself was due to Daniel Bernoulli, who introduced it in his 1738 memoire "Hydrodynamica". However, according to Rouse Ball, the term "potential function" was not actually used (to refer to a function "V" of the coordinates of space in Laplace's sense) until George Green's 1828 An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace applied the language of calculus to the potential function and showed that it always satisfies the differential equation:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: An analogous result for the velocity potential of a fluid had been obtained some years previously by Leonhard Euler.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace's subsequent work on gravitational attraction was based on this result. The quantity ∇"V" has been termed the concentration of "V" and its value at any point indicates the "excess" of the value of "V" there over its mean value in the neighbourhood of the point. Laplace's equation, a special case of Poisson's equation, appears ubiquitously in mathematical physics. The concept of a potential occurs in fluid dynamics, electromagnetism and other areas. Rouse Ball speculated that it might be seen as "the outward sign" of one of the "a priori" forms in Kant's theory of perception.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The spherical harmonics turn out to be critical to practical solutions of Laplace's equation. Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates, such as are used for mapping the sky, can be simplified, using the method of separation of variables into a radial part, depending solely on distance from the centre point, and an angular or spherical part. The solution to the spherical part of the equation can be expressed as a series of Laplace's spherical harmonics, simplifying practical computation.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace presented a memoir on planetary inequalities in three sections, in 1784, 1785, and 1786. This dealt mainly with the identification and explanation of the perturbations now known as the "great Jupiter–Saturn inequality". Laplace solved a longstanding problem in the study and prediction of the movements of these planets. He showed by general considerations, first, that the mutual action of two planets could never cause large changes in the eccentricities and inclinations of their orbits; but then, even more importantly, that peculiarities arose in the Jupiter–Saturn system because of the near approach to commensurability of the mean motions of Jupiter and Saturn.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In this context "commensurability" means that the ratio of the two planets' mean motions is very nearly equal to a ratio between a pair of small whole numbers. Two periods of Saturn's orbit around the Sun almost equal five of Jupiter's. The corresponding difference between multiples of the mean motions, , corresponds to a period of nearly 900 years, and it occurs as a small divisor in the integration of a very small perturbing force with this same period. As a result, the integrated perturbations with this period are disproportionately large, about 0.8° degrees of arc in orbital longitude for Saturn and about 0.3° for Jupiter.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Further developments of these theorems on planetary motion were given in his two memoirs of 1788 and 1789, but with the aid of Laplace's discoveries, the tables of the motions of Jupiter and Saturn could at last be made much more accurate. It was on the basis of Laplace's theory that Delambre computed his astronomical tables.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace now set himself the task to write a work which should "offer a complete solution of the great mechanical problem presented by the Solar System, and bring theory to coincide so closely with observation that empirical equations should no longer find a place in astronomical tables." The result is embodied in the "Exposition du système du monde" and the "Mécanique céleste".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The former was published in 1796, and gives a general explanation of the phenomena, but omits all details. It contains a summary of the history of astronomy. This summary procured for its author the honour of admission to the forty of the French Academy and is commonly esteemed one of the masterpieces of French literature, though it is not altogether reliable for the later periods of which it treats.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace developed the nebular hypothesis of the formation of the Solar System, first suggested by Emanuel Swedenborg and expanded by Immanuel Kant, a hypothesis that continues to dominate accounts of the origin of planetary systems. According to Laplace's description of the hypothesis, the Solar System had evolved from a globular mass of incandescent gas rotating around an axis through its centre of mass. As it cooled, this mass contracted, and successive rings broke off from its outer edge. These rings in their turn cooled, and finally condensed into the planets, while the Sun represented the central core which was still left. On this view, Laplace predicted that the more distant planets would be older than those nearer the Sun.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: As mentioned, the idea of the nebular hypothesis had been outlined by Immanuel Kant in 1755, and he had also suggested "meteoric aggregations" and tidal friction as causes affecting the formation of the Solar System. Laplace was probably aware of this, but, like many writers of his time, he generally did not reference the work of others.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace's analytical discussion of the Solar System is given in his "Mécanique céleste" published in five volumes. The first two volumes, published in 1799, contain methods for calculating the motions of the planets, determining their figures, and resolving tidal problems. The third and fourth volumes, published in 1802 and 1805, contain applications of these methods, and several astronomical tables. The fifth volume, published in 1825, is mainly historical, but it gives as appendices the results of Laplace's latest researches. Laplace's own investigations embodied in it are so numerous and valuable that it is regrettable to have to add that many results are appropriated from other writers with scanty or no acknowledgement, and the conclusions — which have been described as the organised result of a century of patient toil — are frequently mentioned as if they were due to Laplace.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Jean-Baptiste Biot, who assisted Laplace in revising it for the press, says that Laplace himself was frequently unable to recover the details in the chain of reasoning, and, if satisfied that the conclusions were correct, he was content to insert the constantly recurring formula, ""Il est aisé à voir que ... "" ("It is easy to see that ..."). The "Mécanique céleste" is not only the translation of Newton's "Principia" into the language of the differential calculus, but it completes parts of which Newton had been unable to fill in the details. The work was carried forward in a more finely tuned form in Félix Tisserand's "Traité de mécanique céleste" (1889–1896), but Laplace's treatise will always remain a standard authority.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In the years 1784–1787, Laplace produced some memoirs of exceptional power. The significant among these was one issued in 1784, and reprinted in the third volume of the "Méchanique céleste". In this work he completely determined the attraction of a spheroid on a particle outside it. This is known for the introduction into analysis of the potential, a useful mathematical concept of broad applicability to the physical sciences.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace also came close to propounding the concept of the black hole. He suggested that there could be massive stars whose gravity is so great that not even light could escape from their surface (see escape velocity). However, this insight was so far ahead of its time that it played no role in the history of scientific development.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1806, Laplace bought a house in Arcueil, then a village and not yet absorbed into the Paris conurbation. The chemist Claude Louis Berthollet was a neighbour – their gardens were not separated – and the pair formed the nucleus of an informal scientific circle, latterly known as the Society of Arcueil. Because of their closeness to Napoleon, Laplace and Berthollet effectively controlled advancement in the scientific establishment and admission to the more prestigious offices. The Society built up a complex pyramid of patronage. In 1806, Laplace was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1812, Laplace issued his "Théorie analytique des probabilités" in which he laid down many fundamental results in statistics. The first half of this treatise was concerned with probability methods and problems, the second half with statistical methods and applications. Laplace's proofs are not always rigorous according to the standards of a later day, and his perspective slides back and forth between the Bayesian and non-Bayesian views with an ease that makes some of his investigations difficult to follow, but his conclusions remain basically sound even in those few situations where his analysis goes astray. In 1819, he published a popular account of his work on probability. This book bears the same relation to the "Théorie des probabilités" that the "Système du monde" does to the "Méchanique céleste". In its emphasis on the analytical importance of probabilistic problems, especially in the context of the "approximation of formula functions of large numbers," Laplace's work goes beyond the contemporary view which almost exclusively considered aspects of practical applicability. Laplace's Théorie analytique remained the most influential book of mathematical probability theory to the end of the 19th century. The general relevance for statistics of Laplacian error theory was appreciated only by the end of the 19th century. However, it influenced the further development of a largely analytically oriented probability theory.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In his "Essai philosophique sur les probabilités" (1814), Laplace set out a mathematical system of inductive reasoning based on probability, which we would today recognise as Bayesian. He begins the text with a series of principles of probability, the first six being:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: One well-known formula arising from his system is the rule of succession, given as principle seven. Suppose that some trial has only two possible outcomes, labelled "success" and "failure". Under the assumption that little or nothing is known "a priori" about the relative plausibilities of the outcomes, Laplace derived a formula for the probability that the next trial will be a success.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: where "s" is the number of previously observed successes and "n" is the total number of observed trials. It is still used as an estimator for the probability of an event if we know the event space, but have only a small number of samples.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The rule of succession has been subject to much criticism, partly due to the example which Laplace chose to illustrate it. He calculated that the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow, given that it has never failed to in the past, was


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: where "d" is the number of times the sun has risen in the past. This result has been derided as absurd, and some authors have concluded that all applications of the Rule of Succession are absurd by extension. However, Laplace was fully aware of the absurdity of the result; immediately following the example, he wrote, "But this number [i.e., the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow] is far greater for him who, seeing in the totality of phenomena the principle regulating the days and seasons, realizes that nothing at the present moment can arrest the course of it."


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The method of estimating the ratio of the number of favourable cases to the whole number of possible cases had been previously indicated by Laplace in a paper written in 1779. It consists of treating the successive values of any function as the coefficients in the expansion of another function, with reference to a different variable. The latter is therefore called the probability-generating function of the former. Laplace then shows how, by means of interpolation, these coefficients may be determined from the generating function. Next he attacks the converse problem, and from the coefficients he finds the generating function; this is effected by the solution of a finite difference equation.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The fourth chapter of this treatise includes an exposition of the method of least squares, a remarkable testimony to Laplace's command over the processes of analysis. In 1805 Legendre had published the method of least squares, making no attempt to tie it to the theory of probability. In 1809 Gauss had derived the normal distribution from the principle that the arithmetic mean of observations gives the most probable value for the quantity measured; then, turning this argument back upon itself, he showed that, if the errors of observation are normally distributed, the least squares estimates give the most probable values for the coefficients in regression situations. These two works seem to have spurred Laplace to complete work toward a treatise on probability he had contemplated as early as 1783.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In two important papers in 1810 and 1811, Laplace first developed the characteristic function as a tool for large-sample theory and proved the first general central limit theorem. Then in a supplement to his 1810 paper written after he had seen Gauss's work, he showed that the central limit theorem provided a Bayesian justification for least squares: if one were combining observations, each one of which was itself the mean of a large number of independent observations, then the least squares estimates would not only maximise the likelihood function, considered as a posterior distribution, but also minimise the expected posterior error, all this without any assumption as to the error distribution or a circular appeal to the principle of the arithmetic mean. In 1811 Laplace took a different non-Bayesian tack. Considering a linear regression problem, he restricted his attention to linear unbiased estimators of the linear coefficients. After showing that members of this class were approximately normally distributed if the number of observations was large, he argued that least squares provided the "best" linear estimators. Here it is "best" in the sense that it minimised the asymptotic variance and thus both minimised the expected absolute value of the error, and maximised the probability that the estimate would lie in any symmetric interval about the unknown coefficient, no matter what the error distribution. His derivation included the joint limiting distribution of the least squares estimators of two parameters.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1814, Laplace published what may have been the first scientific articulation of causal determinism:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: This intellect is often referred to as "Laplace's demon" (in the same vein as "Maxwell's demon") and sometimes "Laplace's Superman" (after Hans Reichenbach). Laplace, himself, did not use the word "demon", which was a later embellishment. As translated into English above, he simply referred to: ""Une intelligence ... Rien ne serait incertain pour elle, et l'avenir comme le passé, serait présent à ses yeux.""


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Even though Laplace is generally credited with having first formulated the concept of causal determinism, in a philosophical context the idea was actually widespread at the time, and can be found as early as 1756 in Maupertuis' 'Sur la Divination'. As well, Jesuit scientist Boscovich first proposed a version of scientific determinism very similar to Laplace's in his 1758 book "Theoria philosophiae naturalis".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: As early as 1744, Euler, followed by Lagrange, had started looking for solutions of differential equations in the form:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: This integral operator transforms a function of time (formula_10) into a function of a complex variable (formula_11), usually interpreted as complex frequency.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace built upon the qualitative work of Thomas Young to develop the theory of capillary action and the Young–Laplace equation.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace in 1816 was the first to point out that the speed of sound in air depends on the heat capacity ratio. Newton's original theory gave too low a value, because it does not take account of the adiabatic compression of the air which results in a local rise in temperature and pressure. Laplace's investigations in practical physics were confined to those carried on by him jointly with Lavoisier in the years 1782 to 1784 on the specific heat of various bodies.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In his early years Laplace was careful never to become involved in politics, or indeed in life outside the "Académie des sciences". He prudently withdrew from Paris during the most violent part of the Revolution.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In November 1799, immediately after seizing power in the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon appointed Laplace to the post of Minister of the Interior. The appointment, however, lasted only six weeks, after which Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was given the post. Evidently, once Napoleon's grip on power was secure, there was no need for a prestigious but inexperienced scientist in the government. Napoleon later (in his "Mémoires de Sainte Hélène") wrote of Laplace's dismissal as follows:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Grattan-Guinness, however, describes these remarks as "tendentious", since there seems to be no doubt that Laplace "was only appointed as a short-term figurehead, a place-holder while Napoleon consolidated power".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Although Laplace was removed from office, it was desirable to retain his allegiance. He was accordingly raised to the senate, and to the third volume of the "Mécanique céleste" he prefixed a note that of all the truths therein contained the most precious to the author was the declaration he thus made of his devotion towards the peacemaker of Europe. In copies sold after the Bourbon Restoration this was struck out. (Pearson points out that the censor would not have allowed it anyway.) In 1814 it was evident that the empire was falling; Laplace hastened to tender his services to the Bourbons, and in 1817 during the Restoration he was rewarded with the title of marquis.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: According to Rouse Ball, the contempt that his more honest colleagues felt for his conduct in the matter may be read in the pages of Paul Louis Courier. His knowledge was useful on the numerous scientific commissions on which he served, and, says Rouse Ball, probably accounts for the manner in which his political insincerity was overlooked.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Roger Hahn in his 2005 biography disputes this portrayal of Laplace as an opportunist and turncoat, pointing out that, like many in France, he had followed the debacle of Napoleon's Russian campaign with serious misgivings. The Laplaces, whose only daughter Sophie had died in childbirth in September 1813, were in fear for the safety of their son Émile, who was on the eastern front with the emperor. Napoleon had originally come to power promising stability, but it was clear that he had overextended himself, putting the nation at peril. It was at this point that Laplace's loyalty began to weaken. Although he still had easy access to Napoleon, his personal relations with the emperor cooled considerably. As a grieving father, he was particularly cut to the quick by Napoleon's insensitivity in an exchange related by Jean-Antoine Chaptal: "On his return from the rout in Leipzig, he [Napoleon] accosted Mr Laplace: 'Oh! I see that you have grown thin—Sire, I have lost my daughter—Oh! that's not a reason for losing weight. You are a mathematician; put this event in an equation, and you will find that it adds up to zero.'"


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In the second edition (1814) of the "Essai philosophique", Laplace added some revealing comments on politics and governance. Since it is, he says, "the practice of the eternal principles of reason, justice and humanity that produce and preserve societies, there is a great advantage to adhere to these principles, and a great inadvisability to deviate from them". Noting "the depths of misery into which peoples have been cast" when ambitious leaders disregard these principles, Laplace makes a veiled criticism of Napoleon's conduct: "Every time a great power intoxicated by the love of conquest aspires to universal domination, the sense of liberty among the unjustly threatened nations breeds a coalition to which it always succumbs." Laplace argues that "in the midst of the multiple causes that direct and restrain various states, natural limits" operate, within which it is "important for the stability as well as the prosperity of empires to remain". States that transgress these limits cannot avoid being "reverted" to them, "just as is the case when the waters of the seas whose floor has been lifted by violent tempests sink back to their level by the action of gravity".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: About the political upheavals he had witnessed, Laplace formulated a set of principles derived from physics to favour evolutionary over revolutionary change:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In these lines, Laplace expressed the views he had arrived at after experiencing the Revolution and the Empire. He believed that the stability of nature, as revealed through scientific findings, provided the model that best helped to preserve the human species. "Such views," Hahn comments, "were also of a piece with his steadfast character."


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In the "Essai philosophique", Laplace also illustrates the potential of probabilities in political studies by applying the law of large numbers to justify the candidates’ integer-valued ranks used in the Borda method of voting, with which the new members of the Academy of Sciences were elected. Laplace’s verbal argument is so rigorous that it can easily be converted into a formal proof.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace died in Paris on 5 March 1827, which was the same day Alessandro Volta died. His brain was removed by his physician, François Magendie, and kept for many years, eventually being displayed in a roving anatomical museum in Britain. It was reportedly smaller than the average brain. Laplace was buried at Père Lachaise in Paris but in 1888 his remains were moved to Saint Julien de Mailloc in the canton of Orbec and reinterred on the family estate. The tomb is situated on a hill overlooking the village of St Julien de Mailloc, Normandy, France.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: A frequently cited but potentially apocryphal interaction between Laplace and Napoleon purportedly concerns the existence of God. Although the conversation in question did occur, the exact words Laplace used and his intended meaning are not known. A typical version is provided by Rouse Ball:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: An earlier report, although without the mention of Laplace's name, is found in Antommarchi's "The Last Moments of Napoleon" (1825):


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1884, however, the astronomer Hervé Faye affirmed that this account of Laplace's exchange with Napoleon presented a "strangely transformed" ("étrangement transformée") or garbled version of what had actually happened. It was not God that Laplace had treated as a hypothesis, but merely his intervention at a determinate point:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace's younger colleague, the astronomer François Arago, who gave his eulogy before the French Academy in 1827, told Faye of an attempt by Laplace to keep the garbled version of his interaction with Napoleon out of circulation. Faye writes:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The Swiss-American historian of mathematics Florian Cajori appears to have been unaware of Faye's research, but in 1893 he came to a similar conclusion. Stephen Hawking said in 1999, "I don't think that Laplace was claiming that God does not exist. It's just that he doesn't intervene, to break the laws of Science."


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: The only eyewitness account of Laplace's interaction with Napoleon is from the entry for 8 August 1802 in the diary of the British astronomer Sir William Herschel:


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Since this makes no mention of Laplace's saying, "I had no need of that hypothesis," Daniel Johnson argues that "Laplace never used the words attributed to him." Arago's testimony, however, appears to imply that he did, only not in reference to the existence of God.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Raised a Catholic, Laplace appears in adult life to have inclined to deism (presumably his considered position, since it is the only one found in his writings). However, some of his contemporaries thought he was an atheist, while a number of recent scholars have described him as agnostic.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Faye thought that Laplace "did not profess atheism", but Napoleon, on Saint Helena, told General Gaspard Gourgaud, "I often asked Laplace what he thought of God. He owned that he was an atheist." Roger Hahn, in his biography of Laplace, mentions a dinner party at which "the geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard was staggered by Laplace's bold denunciation of the existence of God". It appeared to Guettard that Laplace's atheism "was supported by a thoroughgoing materialism". But the chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas, who knew Laplace well in the 1820s, wrote that Laplace "provided materialists with their specious arguments, without sharing their convictions".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Hahn states: "Nowhere in his writings, either public or private, does Laplace deny God's existence." Expressions occur in his private letters that appear inconsistent with atheism. On 17 June 1809, for instance, he wrote to his son, ""Je prie Dieu qu'il veille sur tes jours. Aie-Le toujours présent à ta pensée, ainsi que ton père et ta mère" [I pray that God watches over your days. Let Him be always present to your mind, as also your father and your mother]." Ian S. Glass, quoting Herschel's account of the celebrated exchange with Napoleon, writes that Laplace was "evidently a deist like Herschel".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In "Exposition du système du monde", Laplace quotes Newton's assertion that "the wondrous disposition of the Sun, the planets and the comets, can only be the work of an all-powerful and intelligent Being". This, says Laplace, is a "thought in which he [Newton] would be even more confirmed, if he had known what we have shown, namely that the conditions of the arrangement of the planets and their satellites are precisely those which ensure its stability". By showing that the "remarkable" arrangement of the planets could be entirely explained by the laws of motion, Laplace had eliminated the need for the "supreme intelligence" to intervene, as Newton had "made" it do. Laplace cites with approval Leibniz's criticism of Newton's invocation of divine intervention to restore order to the Solar System: "This is to have very narrow ideas about the wisdom and the power of God." He evidently shared Leibniz's astonishment at Newton's belief "that God has made his machine so badly that unless he affects it by some extraordinary means, the watch will very soon cease to go".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In a group of manuscripts, preserved in relative secrecy in a black envelope in the library of the "Académie des sciences" and published for the first time by Hahn, Laplace mounted a deist critique of Christianity. It is, he writes, the "first and most infallible of principles ... to reject miraculous facts as untrue". As for the doctrine of transubstantiation, it "offends at the same time reason, experience, the testimony of all our senses, the eternal laws of nature, and the sublime ideas that we ought to form of the Supreme Being". It is the sheerest absurdity to suppose that "the sovereign lawgiver of the universe would suspend the laws that he has established, and which he seems to have maintained invariably".


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Laplace also ridiculed the use of probability in theology. Even following Pascal's reasoning presented in Pascal's wager, it is not worth making a bet, for the hope of profit – equal to the product of the value of the testimonies (infinitely small) and the value of the happiness they promise (which is significant but finite) – must necessarily be infinitely small.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In old age, Laplace remained curious about the question of God and frequently discussed Christianity with the Swiss astronomer Jean-Frédéric-Théodore Maurice. He told Maurice that "Christianity is quite a beautiful thing" and praised its civilising influence. Maurice thought that the basis of Laplace's beliefs was, little by little, being modified, but that he held fast to his conviction that the invariability of the laws of nature did not permit of supernatural events. After Laplace's death, Poisson told Maurice, "You know that I do not share your [religious] opinions, but my conscience forces me to recount something that will surely please you." When Poisson had complimented Laplace about his "brilliant discoveries", the dying man had fixed him with a pensive look and replied, "Ah! We chase after phantoms ["chimères"]." These were his last words, interpreted by Maurice as a realisation of the ultimate "vanity" of earthly pursuits. Laplace received the last rites from the curé of the Missions Étrangères (in whose parish he was to be buried) and the curé of Arcueil.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: According to his biographer, Roger Hahn, it is "not credible" that Laplace "had a proper Catholic end", and he "remained a skeptic" to the very end of his life. Laplace in his last years has been described as an agnostic.


title: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: In 1470 the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote that Pope Callixtus III had asked for prayers for deliverance from the Turks during a 1456 appearance of Halley's Comet. Platina's account does not accord with Church records, which do not mention the comet. Laplace is alleged to have embellished the story by claiming the Pope had "excommunicated" Halley's comet. What Laplace actually said, in "Exposition du système du monde" (1796), was that the Pope had ordered the comet to be "exorcised" ("conjuré"). It was Arago, in "Des Comètes en général" (1832), who first spoke of an excommunication.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: Disney Cruise Line is a cruise line operation that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The company was incorporated in 1996 as Magical Cruise Company Limited, through the first vessel, "Disney Magic" and is domiciled in London, England, with their operational headquarters located in Celebration, Florida.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: Disney Cruise Line currently operates five ships: "Disney Magic", "Disney Wonder", "Disney Dream", "Disney Fantasy", and "Disney Wish". Three ships will join the fleet in 2024 and 2025. The next one was announced to be named "Disney Treasure". Disney Cruise Line also owns Castaway Cay, a private island in the Bahamas designed as an exclusive port of call for Disney's ships. A second private destination, Lighthouse Point, a 700-acre property on the southern end of Eleuthera, Bahamas is in the works to open in early 2024. Disney Cruise Line operates the Disney Cruise Line Terminal (Terminal 8) in Port Canaveral, Florida.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: The cruise line has experienced some growth over the past several years. In 2011, the company held a 1.95 percent market share and by 2015, Disney Cruise Lines had 2.8 percent of the worldwide cruise market by passenger and 2.4 percent by revenue. However, in 2018, Disney Cruise Lines declined to 2.3 percent of the worldwide cruise market by passenger and 2.2 percent by revenue. In 2021 the market share is 2.2 percent by passenger and 2.7 percent by revenue.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: The line pioneered the rotational dining concept, in which guests would rotate with their wait staff through three different main dining rooms.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: In 1985, Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney. This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise, hotel and theme park packages. In 1993, Premier ended their relationship with Disney and signed a new one with Warner Brothers, utilizing the Looney Tunes characters. Premier continued to offer Disney Land and Sea packages while adding Universal Studios as an option. Thus Disney approached both Carnival and Royal Caribbean cruise lines to replace Premier as an exclusive sea partner.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: When Disney's negotiations with two major cruise lines, Carnival and Royal Caribbean, did not produce results, Disney had cruise ship designs drawn up by February 1994. Meanwhile, Walt Disney Travel Company started signing up other cruise lines to offer packages that included Disney hotels and resorts. On May 3, 1994, Disney announced that they intended to start their own cruise line with operations starting in 1998. Arthur Rodney was selected to serve as the first president of the cruise line tentatively called Disney Vacation Cruises. Disney Cruise Line in 1995 commissioned "Disney Magic" and "Disney Wonder" from Fincantieri in Italy. The cruise line was incorporated as Devonson Cruise Company, Limited on February 6, 1996, in the United Kingdom, but soon was renamed Magical Cruise Company Limited on October 1, 1996. The cruise line cost as much as a theme park to start up. In 1996, Magical Cruise Company purchased Gorda Cay as the line's private island. The company spent $25 million over 18 months on the island and renamed it Castaway Cay.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: The "Disney Magic"s first cruise was originally scheduled for March 1998 but was postponed twice while the "Disney Wonder" was scheduled for December 1998. On July 30, 1998, with the first voyage of Magic, the Disney Cruise Line was operational. Also, a 10-year contract was signed with Port Canaveral for its home terminal. With the August 31, 1999, resignation of Rodney as cruise line president, senior operating officer Matt Ouimet was named as his replacement in July. By 2002, the line added seven-day cruises and western Caribbean cruises.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: In June 2005, "Disney Magic" moved its port for the summer cruise season to the Port of Los Angeles. This was temporary for the company's 50th-anniversary celebration of Disneyland and as a test for California expansion. The transfer cruise sold out quicker than expected. Bookings from first time Disney cruisers were up for these cruises by at least 60%. While Disney had wanted additional ships, shipbuilding cost had increased by at least 33% since it built its first two ships. The "Disney Magic" was transferred to the Mediterranean for an extended stay in 2007. In 2007, Disney announced the building of two new cruise ships. "Disney Dream" set sail in January 2011, followed closely by "Disney Fantasy" in 2012. Meyer Werft shipyard, based in Papenburg, Germany, built the new ships.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: In February 2009, Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations. In early 2009, Disney and Canaveral Port Authority extended their agreement to 2022 with expansion to the terminal to handle the new class of ships. A re-posting of the "Disney Magic" to Europe in 2010 adding DCL's first North European cruises with Mediterranean cruises.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: With the arrival of "Disney Dream" in 2011, "Disney Wonder" was relocated to Los Angeles. With the arrival of "Disney Fantasy" in 2012, "Disney Magic" was relocated to New York City in May 2012 for only the Summer season, before relocating to Galveston, Texas.


title: Disney Cruise Line

text: In late 2012, "Disney Wonder" began sailing cruises out of Miami, Florida. In 2013, the "Disney Magic" relocated to Barcelona, Spain and the "Disney Wonder" relocated to Vancouver, British Columbia, for the summer season. In Autumn 2013, the "Magic" and the "Wonder" returned to the United States but switched home ports, with the "Magic" leaving out of Miami and the "Wonder" leaving out of Galveston. In January 2014, the "Wonder" took over for the "Magic" in Miami and the "Magic" joined the "Dream" and "Fantasy" in Port Canaveral, placing all four ships in the state of Florida for the first time. Since then, the "Magic" and the "Wonder" have once again switched places.