title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: The song "Owain Glyndyr's War Song" was composed, sometime before 1870, by Elizabeth Grant with words by Felicia Hemans.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: In 2007 popular Welsh musicians the Manic Street Preachers wrote a song entitled "1404" based on Owain Glyndŵr. The song can be found on the CD single for 'Autumnsong'.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: The BBC's "Horrible Histories", S5 E7 (2013), features a song about Glyndŵr, which is a parody of the Tom Jones 1967 hit song "Delilah".


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: In the late 19th century, the Cymru Fydd () movement recreated Glyndŵr as the father of Welsh nationalism.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: The creation of the National Assembly for Wales brought him back into the spotlight and in 2000 celebrations were held all over Wales to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Glyndŵr's revolt, including a historic reenactment at the Millennium National Eisteddfod of Wales, Llanelli 2000.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Previously, George Owen, in his book "A Dialogue of the present Government of Wales", written in 1594, commented on the topic of the ""Cruell lawes against Welshmen made by Henrie the ffourth"" in his attempts to quell the revolt. But it was not until the late 19th century that Glyndŵr's reputation was revived.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Glyndŵr is now remembered as a national hero and numerous small groups have adopted his symbolism to advocate independence or nationalism for Wales. For example, during the 1980s, a group calling themselves "Meibion Glyndŵr" claimed responsibility for the burning of English holiday homes in Wales.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: An annual award for achievement in the arts and literature, the Glyndŵr Award, is named after Glyndŵr.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: In 2008, what is now Glyndŵr University was established in Wrexham, Wales, originally established as the Wrexham School of Science and Art in 1887.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Glendower Residence, at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, was named after Owain Glyndŵr. The residence was opened in 1993 having previously been the Glendower Hotel. The hall of residence houses 135 male students.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Glyndŵr's personal standard (the quartered arms of Powys and Deheubarth rampant) began to be seen all over Wales on commercial products, and also flags used at rugby union games and other sporting events.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: RGC 1404 (Rygbi Gogledd Cymru/North Wales Rugby) rugby union team is named in honour of the year Owain Glyndŵr was crowned Prince of Wales.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: After Glyndŵr's death, there was little resistance to English rule. The Tudor dynasty saw Welshmen become more prominent in English society. In "Henry IV, Part 1", Shakespeare portrays him as Owen Glendower (the name has since been adopted as the anglicized version of Owain Glyndŵr), wild and exotic; a man who claims to be able to "call spirits from the vasty deep", ruled by magic and tradition in sharp contrast to the more logical but highly emotional Hotspur. Shakespeare further notes Glyndŵr as being "not in the roll of common men" and "a worthy gentleman,/Exceedingly well read, and profited/ In strange concealments, valiant as a lion/And as wondrous affable and as bountiful/As mines of India." ("Henry IV, Part I", 3.1). And his enemies describe him "that damn'd magician", which was in reference to having the weather on his side in battle.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: After his death, Glyndŵr acquired mythical status as the hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people. Thomas Pennant, in his "Tours in Wales" (1778, 1781 and 1783), searched out and published many of the legends and places associated with the memory of Glyndŵr.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Glyndŵr appeared briefly as a past Knight of the Word and a ghost who serves the Lady in Terry Brooks's "Word/Void" trilogy. In the books, he is John Ross's ancestor.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Glyndŵr appeared as an agent of the Light in Susan Cooper's novel "Silver on the Tree", part of "The Dark is Rising Sequence".


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: For a study of the various ways Glyndŵr has been portrayed in Welsh-language literature of the modern period, see E. Wyn James, "Glyndŵr a Gobaith y Genedl: Agweddau ar y Portread o Owain Glyndŵr yn Llenyddiaeth y Cyfnod Modern" ().


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: The Owain Glyndwr Hotel in Corwen is a historic inn. An earlier building had been a monastery and church dating from the age of Glyndŵr in the 14th century, although the current building mostly dates from the 18th century.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Following the death of Glyndŵr, he acquired mythical status as the hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people in the classic Welsh mythical role "Y Mab Darogan" ().


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Stamps were issued with his likeness in 1974 and 2008, and streets, parks, and public squares were named after him throughout Wales.


title: Owain Glyndŵr

text: There is a campaign to make 16 September, the date Glyndŵr raised his standard, a public holiday in Wales, including by Dafydd Wigley in 2021. Many schools and organisations commemorate the day, and street parades such as (Festival of the flame) are held to celebrate it.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: Michael Barrett Watson (born April 23, 1974) is an American actor known for his roles of Matt Camden on "7th Heaven", Brian Davis in "What About Brian", Todd Deepler in "Samantha Who?" and Lachlan Murdoch in "The Loudest Voice".


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: Watson was one of four children of Karen, a paralegal, and Michael Watson, an attorney. At the age of 8, Watson and his family moved to Dallas, Texas, where he began his modeling career. For a period of time, he studied acting at the Dallas Young Actors Studio with director Linda Seto. Watson was 14 when his parents divorced. When he was 15, he moved to Burbank, California, where he immediately landed a six-month contract on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". After his contract ended, Watson moved back to Texas and graduated from Richardson High School in 1992.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: When he turned 19, Watson moved back to Los Angeles, where he worked parking cars at a House of Blues nightclub while auditioning for roles. He landed guest spots in several television series such as "Baywatch" and "Sister, Sister". Eventually he was chosen for a minor role on the Aaron Spelling series "Malibu Shores". Though his role was brief, it led him to Aaron Spelling's next project, "7th Heaven".


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: It was on The WB's "7th Heaven" that Watson finally gained much recognition for his portrayal as Matt Camden. Watson said in 2016 that his mindset at the time was one of wanting to get paid despite his unsureness in the project or why the people involved wanted him to participate in the first place. He stopped being a full-time regular after the sixth season, but continued to guest star on the show until its 10th season. In his break from acting on "7th Heaven", he was brought in to write an episode by series creator and producer Brenda Hampton. He did not appear at all during the eleventh and final season.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: In 1999, he starred in his first feature film with fellow WB star Katie Holmes in "Teaching Mrs. Tingle". Watson hoped that his role in the film would help him avoid being pigeonholed by his role in "7th Heaven". During the production, Watson felt "strange" at times due to his being the only male on set, but had "an amazing experience" working with his co-stars. Watson directed two episodes of "7th Heaven" in 2005, and likewise directed one episode of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" in 2010.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: In 2002, Watson had a starring role as Dave and his alter ego Daisy in "Sorority Boys"; his performance was met with a mixed reception amid the film being panned. In a negative review, Lindy Keffer of pluggedin.com lamented that Watson's presence in the film would bring it additional attention.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: On April 16, 2006, Watson starred as the lead character, Brian Davis, in the ABC series "What About Brian". The show ended its run on March 26, 2007. Watson also starred as Todd in the ABC series "Samantha Who?" In 2011, he played Pax in "My Future Boyfriend", an ABC Family original movie. In 2012, Watson appeared on "Gossip Girl" as Serena Van der Woodsen's boyfriend.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: Watson has continued to land acting roles in recent years. In 2014, he enjoyed guest-starring roles on the television shows "Masters of Sex" and "Hart of Dixie". He also starred in the television movies "Far from Home" and "The Santa Con".


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: In 2019, Watson starred in the Showtime drama "The Loudest Voice", which tells the story of Roger Ailes and the rise of Fox News. Watson plays the son of media mogul and owner of News Corp, Rupert Murdoch.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: Watson was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma in May 2002 and took a leave of absence from "7th Heaven" while he underwent treatment. As of April 2003, it was reportedly in remission, and he began appearing on the program again, starting with the 150th episode.


title: Barry Watson (actor)

text: Watson has been married three times. His first marriage was to Laura Payne-Gabriel, whom he met through actress Tori Spelling. He and Tracy Hutson had their first son in May 2005, and their second son in November 2007, Felix Watson. They parted in 2010. In May 2012, Watson and girlfriend Natasha Gregson Wagner, daughter of actress Natalie Wood, had a daughter. They married on December 21, 2014.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The Heinkel He 111 is a German airliner and bomber designed by Siegfried and Walter Günter at Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in 1934. Through development, it was described as a "wolf in sheep's clothing". Due to restrictions placed on Germany after the First World War prohibiting bombers, it was presented solely as a civil airliner, although from conception the design was intended to provide the nascent Luftwaffe with a heavy bomber.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Perhaps the best-recognised German bomber of World War II due to the distinctive, extensively glazed "greenhouse" nose of the later versions, the Heinkel He 111 was the most numerous Luftwaffe bomber during the early stages of the war. It fared well until it met serious fighter opposition during the Battle of Britain, when its defensive armament was found to be inadequate. As the war progressed, the He 111 was used in a wide variety of roles on every front in the European theatre. It was used as a strategic bomber during the Battle of Britain, a torpedo bomber in the Atlantic and Arctic, and a medium bomber and a transport aircraft on the Western, Eastern, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and North African Front theatres.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111 was constantly upgraded and modified, but had still become obsolete by the latter part of the war. The failure of the German Bomber B project forced the Luftwaffe to continue operating the He 111 in combat roles until the end of the war. Manufacture of the He 111 ceased in September 1944, at which point piston-engine bomber production was largely halted in favour of fighter aircraft. With the German bomber force virtually defunct, the He 111 was used for logistics.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Production of the Heinkel continued after the war as the Spanish-built CASA 2.111. Spain received a batch of He 111H-16s in 1943 along with an agreement to licence-build Spanish versions. Its airframe was produced in Spain under licence by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA. The design differed significantly only in the powerplant used, eventually being equipped with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. These remained in service until 1973.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: After its defeat in World War I, Germany was banned from operating an air force by the Treaty of Versailles. German re-armament began earnestly in the 1930s and was initially kept secret because the project violated the treaty. Early development work on bombers was disguised as a development program for civilian transport aircraft.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Among the designers seeking to benefit from German re-armament was Ernst Heinkel. Heinkel decided to create the world's fastest passenger aircraft, a goal met with scepticism by Germany's aircraft industry and political leadership. Heinkel entrusted development to Siegfried and Walter Günter, both fairly new to the company and untested.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In June 1933 Albert Kesselring visited Heinkel's offices. Kesselring was head of the Luftwaffe Administration Office: at that point Germany did not have a State Aviation Ministry but only an aviation commissariat, the "Luftfahrtkommissariat". Kesselring was hoping to build a new air force out of the Flying Corps being constructed in the "Reichswehr", and required modern aircraft. Kesselring convinced Heinkel to move his factory from Warnemünde to Rostock – with its factory airfield in the coastal "Marienehe" region of Rostock (today "Rostock-Schmarl") and bring in mass production, with a force of 3,000 employees. Heinkel began work on the new design, which garnered urgency as the American Lockheed 12, Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2 began to appear.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Features of the He 111 were apparent in the Heinkel He 70. The first single-engined He 70 "Blitz" ("Lightning") rolled off the line in 1932 and immediately started breaking records. In the normal four-passenger version its speed reached when powered by a BMW VI engine. The He 70 had an elliptical wing, which the Günther brothers had already used in the Bäumer Sausewind before joining Heinkel. This wing design became a feature in this and many subsequent designs they developed. The He 70 drew the interest of the Luftwaffe, which was looking for an aircraft with both bomber and transport capabilities.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111 was a twin-engine version of the "Blitz", preserving the elliptical inverted gull wing, small rounded control surfaces and BMW engines, so that the new design was often called the "Doppel-Blitz" ("Double Lightning"). When the Dornier Do 17 displaced the He 70, Heinkel needed a twin-engine design to match its competitors. Heinkel spent 200,000-man hours designing the He 111. The fuselage was lenghened to from and wingspan increased to from .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The first He 111 flew on 24 February 1935, piloted by chief test pilot Gerhard Nitschke, who was ordered not to land at the company's factory airfield at Rostock-Marienehe (today's Rostock-Schmarl neighbourhood), as this was considered too short, but at the central "Erprobungstelle" Rechlin test facility. He ignored these orders and landed back at Marienehe. He said that the He 111 performed slow manoeuvres well and that there was no danger of overshooting the runway. Nitschke also praised its high speed "for the period" and "very good-natured flight and landing characteristics", stable during cruising, gradual descent and single-engined flight and having no nose-drop when the undercarriage was operated. During the second test flight Nitschke revealed there was insufficient longitudinal stability during climb and flight at full power and the aileron controls required an unsatisfactory amount of force.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: By the end of 1935, prototypes V2 and V4 had been produced under civilian registrations D-ALIX, D-ALES and D-AHAO. D-ALES became the first prototype of the He 111 A-1 on 10 January 1936 and received recognition as the "fastest passenger aircraft in the world", as its speed exceeded . The design would have achieved a greater total speed had the DB 600 inverted-V12 engine that powered the Messerschmitt Bf 109s tenth through thirteenth prototypes been available. Heinkel was forced initially to use the BMW VI "upright" V12 liquid-cooled engine.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: During the war, British test pilot Eric Brown evaluated many Luftwaffe aircraft. Among them was an He 111 H-1 of "Kampfgeschwader" 26 which was forced to land at the Firth of Forth on 9 February 1940. Brown described his impression of the He 111s unique greenhouse nose,


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The overall impression of space within the cockpit area and the great degree of visual sighting afforded by the Plexiglas panelling were regarded as positive factors, with one important provision in relation to weather conditions. Should either bright sunshine or rainstorms be encountered, the pilot's visibility could be dangerously compromised either by glare throwback or lack of good sighting.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Taxiing was easy and was only complicated by rain, when the pilot needed to slide back the window panel and look out to establish direction. On take off, Brown reported very little "swing" and the aircraft was well balanced. On landing, Brown noted that approach speed should be above and should be held until touchdown. This was to avoid a tendency by the He 111 to drop a wing, especially on the port side.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In the mid-1930s, Dornier Flugzeugwerke and Junkers competed with Heinkel for Ministry of Aviation (German: Reichsluftfahrtministerium, abbreviated RLM) contracts. The main competitor to the Heinkel was the Junkers Ju 86. In 1935, comparison trials were undertaken with the He 111. At this point, the Heinkel was equipped with two BMW VI engines while Ju 86A was equipped with two Jumo 205Cs, both of which had . The He 111 had a slightly heavier takeoff weight of compared to the Ju 86's and the maximum speed of both aircraft was . The Ju 86 had a higher cruising speed of , faster than the He 111. This stalemate was altered drastically by the appearance of the DB 600C, which increased the He 111's power by . The Ministry of Aviation awarded both contracts, and Junkers sped up development and production at a breathtaking pace, but the financial expenditure for the Junkers was huge. In 1934–1935, 3,800,000 RM (4½% of annual turnover) was spent. The Ju 86 appeared at many flight displays all over the world which helped sales to the Ministry of Aviation and abroad. Dornier, which was also competing with their Do 17, and Heinkel were not as successful. In production terms, the He 111 was more prominent with 8,000 examples produced against just 846 Ju 86s, and was therefore the Luftwaffe's most numerous type at the beginning of the Second World War.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The design of the He 111 A-L initially had a conventional stepped cockpit, with a pair of windscreen-like panels for the pilot and co-pilot. The He 111P and subsequent production variants were fitted with fully glazed cockpits and a laterally asymmetric nose, with the port side having the greater curvature for the pilot, offsetting the bombardier to starboard. The resulting stepless cockpit, which was a feature on a number of German bomber designs during the war years in varying shapes and formats, no longer had the separate windscreen panels for the pilot. Pilots had to look outside through the same bullet-like glazing that was used by the bombardier and navigator. The pilot was seated on the left and the navigator/bomb aimer on the right. The navigator went forward to the prone bomb-aiming position or could tilt his chair to one side, to move into the rear of the aircraft. There was no cockpit floor below the pilot's feet—the rudder pedals being on arms—giving very good visibility below. Sliding and removable panels were manufactured into the nose glazing to allow the pilot, navigator and or bomb aimer to exit the aircraft quickly, without a time-consuming retreat into the fuselage.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The fuselage contained two major bulkheads, with the cockpit at the front of the first bulkhead. The nose was fitted with a rotating machine gun mount, offset to allow the pilot a better field of forward vision. The cockpit was fully glazed, with the exception of the lower right section, which acted as a platform for the bombardier-gunner. The commonly-used "Lotfernrohr"-series bombsight penetrated through the cockpit floor into a protective housing on the outside of the cockpit.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Between the forward and rear bulkhead was the bomb bay, which was constructed with a double-frame to strengthen it for carrying the bomb load. The space between the bomb bay and rear bulkhead was used up by "Funkgerät" radio equipment and contained the dorsal and flexible casemate ventral gunner positions. The rear bulkhead contained a hatch which allowed access into the rest of the fuselage which was held together by a series of stringers. The wing was a two spar design. The fuselage was formed of stringers to which the fuselage skin was riveted. Internally the frames were fixed only to the stringers, which made for simpler construction at the cost of some rigidity.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The wing leading edges were swept back to a point inline with the engine nacelles, while the trailing edges were angled forward slightly. The wing contained two fuel tanks between the inner wing main spars, while at the head of the main spar the oil coolers were fitted. Between the outer spars, a second pair of reserve fuel tanks were located, carrying an individual capacity of of fuel. The outer trailing edges were formed by the ailerons and flaps, which were met by smooth wing tips which curved forward into the leading edge. The outer leading edge sections were installed in the shape of a curved "strip nosed" rib, which was positioned ahead of the main spar. Most of the interior ribs were not solid, with the exception of the ribs located between the rear main spar and the flaps and ailerons. These were of solid construction, though even they had lightening holes.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The control systems also had some innovations. The control column was centrally placed and the pilot sat on the port side of the cockpit. The column had an extension arm fitted and had the ability to be swung over to the starboard side in case the pilot was incapacitated. The control instruments were located above the pilot's head in the ceiling, which allowed viewing and did not block the pilot's vision. The fuel instruments were electrical. The He 111 used the inner fuel tanks, closest to the wing root, first. The outer tanks acted as reserve tanks. The pilot was alerted to the fuel level when there was left. A manual pump was available in case of electrical or power failure but the delivery rate of just per minute demanded that the pilot fly at the lowest possible speed and just below . The He 111 handled well at low speeds.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The defensive machine gun positions were located in the glass nose and in the flexible ventral, dorsal and lateral positions in the fuselage, and all offered a significant field of fire. The machine gun in the nose could be moved 10° upwards from the horizontal and 15° downwards. It could traverse some 30° laterally. Both the dorsal and ventral machine guns could move up and downwards by 65°. The dorsal position could move the MG 131 machine gun 40° laterally, but the ventral "Bola"-mount twinned MG 81Z machine guns could be moved 45° laterally. Each MG 81 single machine gun mounted in the side of the fuselage in "waist" positions, could move laterally by 40° and could move upwards from the horizontal by 30° and downwards by 40°.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The first prototype, He 111 V1 (W.Nr. 713, D-ADAP), flew from Rostock-Marienehe on 24 February 1935. It was followed by the civilian-equipped V2 and V4 in May 1935. The V2 (W.Nr. 715, D-ALIX) used the bomb bay as a four-seat "smoking compartment", with another six seats behind it in the rear fuselage. V2 entered service with Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1936, along with six other newly built versions known as the He 111C. The He 111 V4 was unveiled to the foreign press on 10 January 1936. Nazi propaganda inflated the performance of the He 111C, announcing its maximum speed as ; in reality its performance stood at . The He 111 C-0 was a commercial version and took the form of the V4 prototype design. The first machine was designated D-AHAO ""Dresden"". It was powered by the BMW VI engine and could manage a range (depending on the fuel capacity) of and a maximum speed of . The wing span on the C series was . The fuselage dimensions were in the He 111 V1, but changed in the C to . The Jumo 205 diesel powerplant replaced the BMW VI. Nevertheless, the maximum speed remained in the bracket. This was increased slightly when the BMW 132 engines were introduced.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: A general problem existed in powerplants. The He 111 was equipped with BMW VI glycol-cooled engines. The German aviation industry lacked powerplants that could produce more than 600 hp. Engines of suitable quality were kept for military use, frustrating German airline Luft Hansa and forcing it to rely on the BMW VI or 132s.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111G was an upgraded variant and had a number of differences to its predecessors. To simplify production the leading edge of the wing was straightened, like the bomber version. Engine types used included the BMW 132, BMW VI, DB 600 and DB601A. Some C variants were upgraded with the new wing modifications. A new BMW 132H engine was also used in a so-called "Einheitstriebwerk" (unitary powerplant). These radial engines were used in the Junkers Ju 90 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor. The wing units and engines were packed together as complete operating systems, allowing for a quick change of engine – a likely direct precursor of the wartime "Kraftei" aviation engine unitization concept. The He 111G was the most powerful as well as the fastest commercial version. The G-0 was given the BMW VI 6.0 ZU. Later variants had their powerplants vary. The G-3 for example was equipped with the BMW 132. The G-4 was powered by DB600G inverted-vee engines and the G-5 was given the DB601B with a top speed of . By early 1937, eight G variants were in Lufthansa service. The maximum number of He 111s in Lufthansa service was 12. The He 111 operated all over Europe and flew as far away as South Africa. Commercial development ended with the He 111G.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The initial reports from the test pilot, Gerhard Nitschke, were favourable. The He 111's flight performance and handling were impressive although it dropped its wing in the stall. As a result, the passenger variants had their wings reduced from . The military aircraft – V1, V3 and V5 had a span of .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The first prototypes were underpowered, as they were equipped with BMW VI 6.0 V12 in-line engines. This was eventually increased to with the installation of the DB (Daimler-Benz) 600 engines in the V5, which became the prototype of the "B" series.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Only ten He 111 A-0 models based on the V3 were built, but they proved to be underpowered and were eventually sold to China. The type had been lengthened by ) due to the extra MG 15 machine gun in the nose. Another gun position was installed on top of the fuselage, and a third in a ventral position as an retractable "dustbin" turret. The bomb bay was divided into two compartments and could carry of bombs. The problem with these additions was that the weight of the aircraft reached . The He 111's performance was seriously reduced; in particular, the BMW VI 6.0 Z engines, which had been underpowered from the beginning, made the increase in weight even more problematic. The increased length also altered the 111's aerodynamic strengths and reduced its excellent handling on takeoffs and landings.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The crews found the aircraft difficult to fly, and its top speed was reduced significantly. Production was shut down after the pilots reports reached the Ministry of Aviation. However, a Chinese delegation was visiting Germany and they considered the He 111 A-0 fit for their needs and purchased seven machines.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The first He 111B made its maiden flight in the autumn of 1936. The first production batch rolled off the production lines that summer, at Rostock. Seven B-0 pre-production aircraft were built, bearing the "Werknummern" (Works numbers) 1431 to 1437. The B-0s were powered by DB 600C engines fitted with variable pitch airscrews. These increased output by . The B-0 had an MG 15 machine gun installed in the nose. The B-0 could also carry in vertical cells. The B-1 had some minor improvements, including the installation of a revolving gun mount in the nose and a flexible Ikaria turret under the fuselage. After improvements, the RLM ordered 300 He 111 B-1s; the first were delivered in January 1937. In the B-2 variant, engines were upgraded to the supercharged DB 600C, or in some cases, the 600G. The B-2 began to roll off the production lines at Oranienburg in 1937. The He 111 B-3 was a modified trainer. Some 255 B-1s were ordered. However, the production orders were impossible to fulfill and only 28 B-1s were built. Owing to the production of the new He 111E, only a handful of He 111 B-3s were produced. Due to insufficient capacity, Dornier, Arado and Junkers built the He 111B series at their plants in Wismar, Brandenburg and Dessau, respectively. The B series compared favourably with the capacity of the A series. The bomb load increased to , while there was also an increase in maximum speed and altitude to and .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In late 1937, the D-1 series entered production. However, the DB 600Ga engine with planned for this variant was instead allocated to Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 production lines. Heinkel then opted to use Junkers Jumo engines, and the He 111 V6 was tested with Jumo 210 G engines, but was judged underpowered. However, the improved Jumo 211 A-1 powerplant prompted the cancellation of the D series altogether and concentration on the design of the E series.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The pre-production E-0 series were built in small numbers, with Jumo 211 A-1 engines loaded with retractable radiators and exhaust systems. The variant could carry of bombs, giving it a takeoff weight of . The development team for the Jumo 211 A-1 engines increased power to , subsequently the He 111 E-1s bomb load capacity increased to and a top speed of .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The E-1 variant with Jumo 211A-1 engines was developed in 1937, the He 111 V6 being the first production variant. The E-1 had its original powerplant, the DB 600 replaced with the Jumo 210 Ga engines. The more powerful Jumo 211 A-1 engines desired by the Ministry of Aviation were not ready; another trial aircraft, He 111 V10 (D-ALEQ) was to be fitted with two oil coolers necessary for the Jumo 211 A-1 installation.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The E-1s came off the production line in February 1938, in time for a number of these aircraft to serve in the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War in March 1938. The RLM thought that because the E variant could outrun enemy fighters in Spain, there was no need to increase the defensive weaponry, which would prove to be a mistake in later years.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The fuselage bomb bay used four bomb racks but in later versions eight modular standard bomb racks were fitted, to carry one SC bomb or four SC bombs mounted nose up. These modular standard bomb racks were a common feature on the first generation of Luftwaffe bombers but they limited the ordnance selection to bombs of only two sizes and were abandoned in later designs.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The E-2 series was not produced and was dropped in favour of producing the E-3 with only a few modifications, such as external bomb racks. Its design features were distinguished by improved FuG radio systems. The E-3 series was equipped with the Jumo 211 A-3s of .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The E-4 variant was fitted with external bomb racks also and the empty bomb bay space was filled with an tank for aviation fuel and a further oil tank. This increased the loaded weight but increased range to . The modifications allowed the He 111 to perform both long- and short-range missions. The E-4's eight internal vertically aligned bomb racks could each carry a bomb. The last E Variant, the He 111 E-5, was powered by the Jumo 211 A-3 and retained the fuel tank on the port side of the bomb bay. Only a few E-4 and E-5s were built.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The RLM had acquired an interest in rocket boosters fitted, for the sake of simplicity, below the wings of a heavily loaded bomber, to cut down the length of runway needed for takeoff. Once in the air the booster canisters would be jettisoned by parachute for reuse. The firm of Hellmuth Walter, at Kiel, handled this development. The first standing trials and tests flights of the Walter HWK 109-500 "Starthilfe" liquid-fueled boosters were held in 1937 at Neuhardenberg with test pilot Erich Warsitz at the controls of Heinkel He 111E bearing civil registration D-AMUE.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111 design quickly ran through a series of minor design revisions. One of the more obvious changes started with the He 111F models, which moved from the elliptical wing to one with straight leading and trailing edges, which could be manufactured more efficiently. The new design had a wing span of and a wing area of .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Heinkel's industrial capacity was limited and production was delayed. Nevertheless, 24 machines of the F-1 series were exported to Turkey. Another 20 of the F-2 variant were built. The Turkish interest, prompted by the fact the tests of the next prototype, He 111 V8, was some way off, prompted the Ministry of Aviation to order 40 F-4s with Jumo 211 A-3 engines. These machines were built and entered service in early 1938. This fleet was used as a transport group during the Demyansk Pocket and Battle of Stalingrad. At this time, development began on the He 111J. It was powered by the DB 600 and was intended as a torpedo bomber. As a result, it lacked an internal bomb bay and carried two external torpedo racks. The Ministry of Aviation gave an order for the bomb bay to be retrofitted; this variant became known as the J-1. In all but the powerplant, it was identical to the F-4.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The final variant of the F series was the F-5, with bombsight and powerplants identical to the E-5. The F-5 was rejected as a production variant owing to the superior performance of the He 111 P-1.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111's low-level performance attracted the interest of the "Kriegsmarine". The result was the He 111J, capable of carrying torpedoes and mines. However, the navy eventually dropped the program as they deemed the four-man crew too extravagant. The RLM continued production of the He 111 J-0. Some 90 (other sources claim 60) were built in 1938 and were then sent to "Küstenfliegergruppe 806" (Coastal Flying Group). Powered by the DB 600G engines, it could carry a payload. Only a few of the pre-production J-0s were fitted with the powerplant, the DB 600 was used, performance deteriorated and the torpedo bomber was not pursued. The J variants were used in training schools until 1944. Some J-1s were used as test beds for radio-guided air-to-ground torpedo missiles.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111P incorporated the updated Daimler-Benz DB 601A-1 liquid-cooled engine and featured a newly designed nose section, including an asymmetric mounting for an MG 15 machine gun that replaced the 'stepped' cockpit with a roomier and more aerodynamic glazed "stepless cockpit" over the entire front of the aircraft. This smooth glazed nose was first tested on the He 111 V8 in January 1938. These improvements allowed the aircraft to reach at and a cruise speed of , although a full bomb load reduced this figure to . The design was implemented in 1937 because pilot reports indicated problems with visibility.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The pilot's seat could actually be elevated, with the pilot's eyes above the level of the upper glazing, complete with a small pivoted windscreen panel, to get the pilot's head above the level of the top of the "glass tunnel" for a better forward view for takeoffs and landings. The rear-facing dorsal gun position, enclosed with a sliding, near-clear view canopy, and for the first time, the ventral "Bodenlafette" rear-facing gun position, immediately aft of the bomb bay, that replaced the draggy "dustbin" retractable emplacement became standard, having been first flown on the He 111 V23, bearing civil registration D-ACBH.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: One of Heinkel's rivals, Junkers, built 40 He 111Ps at Dessau. In October 1938, the Junkers Central Administration commented:Apparent are the externally poor, less carefully designed components at various locations, especially at the junction between the empennage and the rear fuselage. All parts have an impression of being very weak... The visible flexing in the wing must also be very high. The left and right powerplants are interchangeable. Each motor has an exhaust-gas heater on one side, but it is not connected to the fuselage since it is probable that ... the warm air in the fuselage is not free of carbon monoxide (CO). The fuselage is not subdivided into individual segments, but is attached over its entire length, after completion, to the wing centre section. Outboard of the powerplants, the wings are attached by universal joints. The latter can in no way be satisfactory and have been the cause of several failures.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The new design was powered by the DB 601 Ba engine with 1,175 PS The first production aircraft reached Luftwaffe units in Fall 1938.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In May 1939, the P-1 and P-2 went into service with improved radio equipment. The P-1 variant was produced with two DB 601Aa powerplants of . It also introduced self-sealing fuel tanks. The P-1 featured a semi-retractable tail wheel to decrease drag. Armament consisted of an MG 15 in the nose, and a sliding hood for the fuselage's dorsal B-Stand position. Installation of upgraded FuG III radio communication devices were also made and a new ESAC-250/III vertical bomb magazine was added. The overall takeoff weight was now .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-2, like the later P-4, was given stronger armour and two MG 15 machine guns in "waist" mounts on either side of the fuselage and two external bomb racks. Radio communications consisted of FuG IIIaU radios and the DB601 A-1 replaced the 601Aa powerplants. The Lotfernrohr 7 bombsights, which became the standard bombsight for German bombers, were also fitted to the P-2. The P-2 was also given "field equipment sets" to upgrade the weak defensive armament to four or five MG 15 machine guns. The P-2 had its bomb capacity raised to 4 ESA-250/IX vertical magazines. The P-2 had an empty weight of , a loaded weight which had increased to and a maximum range of .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-3 was powered with the same DB601A-1 engines. The aircraft was also designed to take off with a land catapult (KL-12). A towing hook was added to the fuselage under the cockpit for the cable. Just eight examples were produced, all without bomb equipment.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-4 contained many changes from the P-2 and P-3. The jettisonable loads were capable of considerable variation. Two external SC bombs, two LMA air-dropped anti-shipping mines, one SC plus four SC ; or one SC external bomb could be carried on an ETC "Rüstsatz" rack. Depending on the load variation, an 835 L fuel and 120 L oil tank could be added in place of the internal bomb bay. The armament consisted of three defensive MG 15 machine guns. later supplemented by a further three MG 15s and one MG 17 machine gun. The radio communications were standard FuG X(10), Peil G V direction finding and FuBI radio devices. Due to the increase in defensive firepower, the crew numbers increased from four to five. The empty weight of the P-4 increased to , and the full takeoff weight increased to .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-5 was powered by the DB601A. The variant was mostly used as a trainer and at least twenty-four production variants were produced before production ceased. The P-5 was also fitted with meteorological equipment, and was used in Luftwaffe weather units.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Many of the He 111 Ps served during the Polish Campaign. With the Junkers Ju 88 experiencing technical difficulties, the He 111 and the Do 17 formed the backbone of the "Kampfwaffe". On 1 September 1939, Luftwaffe records indicate the Heinkel strength at 705 (along with 533 Dorniers).


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-6 variant was the last production model of the He 111 P series. In 1940, the Ministry of Aviation abandoned further production of the P series in favour of the H versions, mostly because the P-series' Daimler-Benz engines were needed for Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 fighter production. The remaining P-6s were redesignated P-6/R2s and used as heavy glider tugs. The most notable difference with previous variants was the upgraded DB 601N powerplants.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-7 variant's history is unclear. The P-8 was said to have been similar to the H-5 fitted with dual controls. The P-9 was produced as an export variant for the Hungarian Air Force. Due to the lack of DB 601E engines, the series was terminated in summer 1940.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The H variant of the He 111 series was more widely produced and saw more action during World War II than any other Heinkel variant.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Owing to the uncertainty surrounding the delivery and availability of the DB 601 engines, Heinkel switched to Junkers Jumo 211 powerplants, whose somewhat greater size and weight were regarded as unimportant considerations in a twin-engine design. When the Jumo was fitted to the P model it became the He 111 H. The He 111 H-1 was fitted with a standard set of three MG 15 machine guns and eight SC 250 or 32 SC 50 bombs. The same armament was used in the H-2 which started production in August 1939.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The P-series was gradually replaced on the eve of war with the new H-2, powered by improved Jumo 211 A-3 engines of . A count on 2 September 1939 revealed that the Luftwaffe had a total of 787 He 111s in service, with 705 combat ready, including 400 H-1 and H-2s that had been produced in a mere four months. Production of the H-3, powered by the Jumo 211 D-1, began in October 1939. Experiences during the Polish Campaign led to an increase in defensive armament. MG 15s were fitted whenever possible and the number of machine guns was sometimes increased to seven. The two waist positions received an additional MG 15, and on some variants a belt-fed MG 17 was even installed in the tail. A MG FF autocannon would sometimes be installed in the nose or forward gondola.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: After the Battle of Britain, smaller scale production of the H-4s began. The H-4 was virtually identical to the He 111 P-4 with the DB 600s swapped for the Jumo 211D-1s. Some also used the Jumo 211H-1. This variant also differed from the H-3 in that it could either carry of bombs internally or mount one or two external racks to carry one or two bombs. As these external racks blocked the internal bomb bay doors, a combination of internal and external storage was not possible. A PVR 1006L bomb rack was fitted externally and an tank added to the interior spaces left vacant by the removal of the internal bomb-bay. The PVR 1006L was capable of carrying a SC 1000 bomb. Some H-4s had their PVC racks modified to drop torpedoes. Later modifications enabled the PVC 1006 to carry a "Max" bomb. However "Hermann" or "Satans" were used more widely.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The H-5 series followed in February 1941, with heavier defensive armament. Like the H-4, it retained a PVC 1006 L bomb rack to enable it to carry heavy bombs under the fuselage. The first ten He 111 H-5s were pathfinders, and selected for special missions. The aircraft sometimes carried flashlight bombs which acted as flares. The H-5 could also carry heavy fire bombs, either heavy containers or smaller incendiary devices attached to parachutes. The H-5 also carried LM A and LM B aerial mines for anti-shipping operations. After the 80th production aircraft, the PVC 1006 L bomb rack was removed and replaced with a heavy-duty ETC 2000 rack, enabling the H-5 to carry the SC 2500 "Max" bomb, on the external ETC 2000 rack, which enabled it to support the bomb.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Some H-3 and H-4s were equipped with barrage balloon cable-cutting equipment in the shape of cutter installations forward of the engines and cockpit. They were designated H-8, but later named H8/R2. These aircraft were difficult to fly and production stopped. The H-6 initiated some overall improvements in design. The Jumo 211 F-1 engine of increased its speed while the defensive armament was upgraded at the factory with one MG FF cannon in the nose and/or gondola positions (optional), two MG 15 in the ventral gondola, and one each of the fuselage side windows. Some H-6 variants carried tail-mounted MG 17 defensive armament. The performance of the H-6 was much improved. The climb rate was higher and the bomber could reach a slightly higher ceiling of . When heavy bomb loads were added, this ceiling was reduced to . The weight of the H-6 increased to . Some H-6s received Jumo 211F-2s which improved a low-level speed of . At an altitude of the maximum speed was . If heavy external loads were added, the speed was reduced by .


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Other designs of the mid-H series included the He 111 H-7 and H-8. The airframes were to be rebuilds of the H-3/H-5 variant. Both were designed as night bombers and were to have two Jumo 211F-1s installed. The intention was for the H-8 to be fitted with cable-cutting equipment and barrage ballon deflectors on the leading edge of the wings. The H-7 was never built.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The H-9 was intended as a trainer with dual control columns. The airframe was a H-1 variant rebuild. The powerplants consisted of two JumoA-1s or D-1s. The H-10 was also designated to trainer duties. Rebuilt from an H-2 or H-3 airframe, it was installed with full defensive armament including MG 131 and MG 81Z machine guns. It was to be powered by two Jumo 211A-1s, D-1s or F-2s.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In the summer of 1942, the H-11, based on the H-3 was introduced. With the H-11, the "Luftwaffe" had at its disposal a powerful medium bomber with heavier armour and revised defensive armament. The drum-fed MG 15 was replaced with a belt-fed MG 131 in a fully-enclosed dorsal position ("B-Stand"); the gunner in the latter was protected with armoured glass. The MG 15 in the ventral "C-Stand" or "Bola" was also replaced, with a belt-fed MG 81Z with much higher rate of fire. The beam positions originally retained their MG 15s but the H-11/R1 replaced these with twin MG 81Z which was standardized in November 1942. The port internal ESAC bomb racks could be removed and an fuel tank installed. Many H-11s were equipped with a new PVC rack under the fuselage, which carried five bombs. Additional armour plating was fitted around crew spaces, some of it on the lower fuselage which could be jettisoned in an emergency. Engines were two Junkers Jumo 211F-2, allowing this variant to carry a load to a range of . Heinkel built 230 new aircraft of this type and converted 100 H-3s to H-11s by the summer of 1943.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The third mass production model of the He 111H was the H-16, entering production in late 1942. Armament was as on the H-11, except that the MG FF cannon was removed, as the H-16s were seldom employed on low-level missions, and was replaced with an MG 131 in a flexible installation in the nose ("A-Stand"). On some aircraft, He 111 H-16/R1, the dorsal position was replaced by a "Drehlafette" DL 131 electrically powered turret, armed with an MG 131. The two beam and the aft ventral positions were provided with MG 81Zs, as on the H-11. The two Jumo 211 F-2 provided a maximum speed of at ; cruising speed was and service ceiling was . "Funkgerät" (FuG) radio equipment. FuG 10P, FuG 16, FuBl Z and APZ 6 were fitted for communication and navigation at night, while some aircraft received the FuG 101a radio altimeter. The H-16 retained its eight ESAC internal bomb cells; four bomb cells, as on previous versions could be replaced by a fuel tank to increase range. ETC 2000 racks could be installed over the bomb cell openings for external weapons carriage. Empty weight was and the aircraft weighed fully loaded for take off. German factories built 1,155 H-16s between the end of 1942 and the end of 1943; in addition, 280 H-6s and 35 H-11s were updated to H-16 standard. An undetermined number of H variants were fitted with the FuG 200 "Hohentwiel". The radar was adapted as an anti-shipping detector for day or night operations.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The last major production variant was the H-20, which entered into production in early 1944. It was planned to use two Junkers Jumo 213E-1 engines, turning three-blade, Junkers VS 11 wooden-bladed variable-pitch propellers. It would appear this plan was never developed fully. Though the later H-22 was given the E-1, the F-2 remained the H-20's main power plant. Heinkel and its licensees built 550 H-20s through the summer of 1944, while 586 H-6s were upgraded to H-20 standard.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In contrast to the H-11 and H-16, the H-20, equipped with two Jumo 211F-2s, had more powerful armament and radio communications. The defensive armament consisted of an MG 131 in an A-Stand gun pod for the forward mounted machine gun position. One rotatable "Drehlafette" DL 131/1C (or E) gun mount in the B-stand was standard and later, MG 131 machine guns were added. Navigational direction-finding gear was also installed. The "Peil" G6 was added to locate targets and the FuBI 2H blind landing equipment was built in to help with night operations. The radio was a standard FuG 10, TZG 10 and FuG 16Z for navigating to the target. The H-20 also was equipped with barrage balloon cable-cutters. The bomb load of the H-20 could be mounted on external ETC 1000 racks or four ESAC 250 racks. The sub variant H-20/R4 could carry twenty bombs externally.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111Z "Zwilling" () was a design that mated two He 111s. The design was originally conceived to tow the Messerschmitt Me 321 glider. Initially, four He 111 H-6s were modified. This resulted in an aircraft with twin fuselages and five engines. They were tested at Rechlin in 1941, and the pilots rated them highly.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: A batch of ten were produced and five were built from existing H-6s. The machines were joined by a center wing formed by two sections in length. The powerplants were five Junkers Jumo 211F engines producing each. The total fuel capacity was . This was increased by adding four drop tanks. The He111Z could tow a Gotha Go 242 or Messerschmitt Me 321 "Gigant" gliders for up to 10 hours at cruising speed. It could also remain airborne if the three central powerplants failed. The He 111 Z-2 and Z-3 were also planned as heavy bombers carrying of bombs and having a range of . The ETC installations allowed for a further four drop tanks to be installed.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111 Z-2 could carry four Henschel Hs 293 anti-ship missiles, which were guided by the FuG 203b Kehl III missile control system. With this load, the He 111Z had a range of and a speed of . The maximum bombload was . To increase power, the five Jumo 211F-2 engines were intended to be fitted with Hirth TK 11 superchargers. Onboard armament was the same as the He 111H-6, with the addition of one MG 151/20 cannon in a rotating gun-mount on the center section.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The layout of the He 111Z had the pilot and his controls in the port fuselage only. The controls themselves and essential equipment were all that remained in the starboard section. The aircraft had a crew of seven; a pilot, first mechanic, radio operator and gunner in the port fuselage, and the observer, second mechanic and gunner in the starboard fuselage.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The Z-3 was to be a reconnaissance version and would have had additional fuel tanks, increasing its range to . Production was due to take place in 1944, just as bomber production was being abandoned. The long-range variants failed to come to fruition. The He 111Z was to have been used in an invasion of Malta in 1942 and as part of an airborne assault on the Soviet cities of Astrakhan and Baku in the Caucasus in the same year. During the Battle of Stalingrad their use was cancelled due to insufficient airfield capacity. Later in 1943, He111Zs helped evacuate German equipment and personnel from the Caucasus region, and during the Allied invasion of Sicily, attempted to deliver reinforcements to the island.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: During operations, the He 111Z did not have enough power to lift a fully loaded Me 321. Some He 111s were supplemented by rocket pods for extra takeoff thrust, but this was not a fleet-wide action. Two rockets were mounted beneath each fuselage and one underneath each wing. This added in weight. The pods were released by parachute after takeoff.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The He 111Z's operational history was minimal. One machine was caught by RAF fighter aircraft over France on 14 March 1944. The He 111Z was towing a Gotha Go 242, and was shot down. Eight were shot down or destroyed on the ground in 1944.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: To meet demand for numbers, Heinkel constructed a factory at Oranienburg. On 4 May 1936, construction began, and exactly one year later the first He 111 rolled off the production line. The Ministry of Aviation Luftwaffe administration office suggested that Ernst Heinkel lend his name to the factory. The "Ernst Heinkel GmbH" was established with a share capital of . Heinkel was given a share. The factory itself was built by, and belonged to, the German state.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: From this production plant, 452 He 111s and 69 Junkers Ju 88s were built in the first year of the war.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: German production for the Luftwaffe amounted to 808 He 111s by September 1939. According to Heinkel's memoirs, a further 452 were built in 1939, giving a total of 1,260.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: But "1940s production suffered extreme losses during the Battle of Britain, with 756 bombers lost". Meanwhile, the He 111's rival – the Ju 88 – had increased production to 1,816 aircraft, some 26 times the number from the previous year. Losses were also considerable the previous year over the Balkans and Eastern Fronts. To compensate, He 111 production was increased to 950 in 1941. In 1942, this increased further to 1,337 He 111s. The Ju 88 production figures were even higher still, exceeding 3,000 in 1942, of which 2,270 were bomber variants. In 1943, He 111 increased to 1,405 aircraft. But the Ju 88 still outnumbered it in production terms as its figures reached 2,160 for 1943. The Allied bomber offensives in 1944 and in particular Big Week failed to stop or damage production at Heinkel. Up until the last quarter of 1944, 756 Heinkel He 111s had been built, while Junkers produced 3,013 Ju 88s, of which 600 were bomber versions. During 1939–1944, a total of 5,656 Heinkel He 111s were built compared to 9,122 Ju 88s. As the Luftwaffe was now on the strategic defensive, bomber production and that of the He 111 was suspended.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Production in September 1944, the last production month for the He 111, included 118 bombers. Of these 21 Junkers Ju 87s, 74 Junkers Ju 188s, 3 Junkers Ju 388s and 18 Arado Ar 234s were built.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: In 1937, 24 He 111 F-1s were bought by the Turkish Air Force. The Turks also ordered four He 111 G-5s. China also ordered 12 He 111 A-0s, but at a cost 400,000 "Reichsmark" (RM). The aircraft were crated up and transported by sea. According to other sources, China got only six He 111 K (export version of He 111 A), delivered in 1936. At the end of the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish Air Force acquired 59 He 111 "survivors" and a further six He 111s in 1941–1943. Bulgaria was given one He 111 H-6, Romania received 10 E-3s, 32 H-3s and 10 H-6s. Two H-10s and three H-16s were given to Slovakia, Hungary was given three He 111Bs and 12–13 He 111s by 6 May 1941. A further 80 P-1s were ordered but only 13 arrived. Towards the end of 1944, 12 He 111 Hs were delivered. The Japanese were due to receive 44 He 111Fs but in 1938 the agreement was cancelled.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The Heinkel He 111 served the Luftwaffe across the European theatre as a medium bomber until 1943, when a loss of air superiority resulted in it being relegated to a transport role.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: The Spanish supplemented the German-built He 111s still in service with licence-built CASA 2.111s from 1950. The last of the German-built aircraft were still in service in 1958.


title: Heinkel He 111

text: Five original German-built He 111s are on display or in museums around the world (not including major components):


title: Bert Convy

text: Bernard Whalen "Bert" Convy (July 23, 1933 – July 15, 1991) was an American actor, singer, game show host and panelist known for hosting "Tattletales", "Super Password" and "Win, Lose or Draw".


title: Bert Convy

text: Convy was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Bernard Fleming and Monica (née Whalen) Convy. Convy's family moved to Los Angeles when he was 7 years old. He later attended North Hollywood High School, where he was an all-around athlete. The Philadelphia Phillies offered him a contract when he was just 17 and he played two years of Minor League Baseball in 1951–52. He later joined the 1950s vocal band The Cheers, who had a Top-10 hit in 1955 with "Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots".


title: Bert Convy

text: After a two-season stint in the Philadelphia Phillies minor league system, Convy began his career in the entertainment business as a featured performer and singer in the "Billy Barnes Revues" of the 1950s and 1960s. Bert portrayed a CBS usher on Art Linkletter's House Party in 1956. He appeared in the 1961 Warner Bros. drama "Susan Slade", playing Troy Donahue′s rival for the affections of Connie Stevens. Convy went on to become a Broadway actor, starring as Perchik in the original cast of "Fiddler on the Roof" (1964), appearing in "The Impossible Years" (1965) and creating the role of Cliff Bradshaw in "Cabaret" (1966). He also appeared in the Roger Corman film "A Bucket of Blood", playing Lou Raby, and in the soap opera "Love of Life", playing Glenn Hamilton, a rapist. He also appeared on "The Partridge Family", playing the role of politician Richard Lawrence in "A Likely Candidate", which aired on November 3, 1972.


title: Bert Convy

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Convy was a popular semi-regular panelist on several game shows, including "What's My Line?", "To Tell the Truth", "Match Game" (he would later star as the host of the pilot for "Match Game '90" in 1989) and "Password". He soon took the podium himself as host of several game shows, including the fourth edition of "Password" (called "Super Password") (1984–1989) and "Tattletales" (1974–1978, 1982–1984), for which he won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host in 1977. In 1979, he appeared on "Password Plus" with fellow celebrity contestants such as Elizabeth Montgomery, Carol Burnett, Phyllis Diller, Judy Norton Taylor, Marcia Wallace and Elaine Joyce.


title: Bert Convy

text: Convy and Burt Reynolds formed their own production company, Burt and Bert Productions, during the 1980s. Their first production was a game show titled "Win, Lose or Draw", which made its debut in 1987 as part of the NBC daytime lineup and in nightly syndication. Convy hosted the syndicated edition of "Win, Lose or Draw" for its first two seasons, then left the show to host another of his company's productions, the syndicated "3rd Degree".


title: Bert Convy

text: When "3rd Degree" went to pilot, Peter Marshall was brought in to be the host. When the series was picked up for syndication, however, Convy decided to leave his position as the host of the syndicated edition of "Win, Lose or Draw" and take Marshall's place on "3rd Degree". Marshall filed a lawsuit against Convy for the action, but later dropped it after Convy's cancer diagnosis was made public.


title: Bert Convy

text: Around the time that "3rd Degree" was cancelled, Convy was called upon by Mark Goodson Productions again to host a week's worth of pilot episodes for a revival of "Match Game" that Goodson was attempting to sell to ABC.


title: Bert Convy

text: He turned to acting full-time in 1956 and was in the musical "The Billy Barnes Revue" in Los Angeles before moving to New York City. He appeared in 10 Broadway shows, including "Nowhere to Go but Up", "Cabaret" (in which he originated the role of Cliff, a fictionalized Christopher Isherwood), and "The Impossible Years". He played the reporter Hildy Johnson in a 1969 Broadway revival of "The Front Page", which starred Robert Ryan. In the original Broadway cast of "Fiddler on the Roof" with Zero Mostel, Convy played Perchik the Student and sang "Now I Have Everything". He filled in for Raul Julia in the lead role of Guido Contini in the Broadway musical "Nine" when Julia went on vacation.


title: Bert Convy

text: In the 1960–1961 season, Convy guest-starred on Pat O'Brien's short-lived sitcom "Harrigan and Son" as well as the series "77 Sunset Strip" in the role of David. In 1961, he appeared in the "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" episode "Museum Piece." He portrayed Roxy in the pilot episode of "The New Phil Silvers Show" in 1963, although the role of Roxy went to Pat Renella for the remainder of the series's run. He was also cast on an episode of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" as Mary's friend Jack Foster, alongside future "Alice" star Beth Howland. In 1973, Convy was a guest star in two episodes of "Hawaii Five-O". Convy also guest-starred in an episode of "Perry Mason" titled "The Case of the Nimble Nephew". He played Harry Thompson, the defendant.


title: Bert Convy

text: In 1974, Convy portrayed Lt. Steve Ostrowski, the police officer nephew of elderly amateur sleuths on the short-lived series "The Snoop Sisters".


title: Bert Convy

text: Convy attempted a short-lived variety series called "The Late Summer Early Fall Bert Convy Show" in 1976. In 1979, he appeared with the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders in their eponymous television movie. Throughout his career, Convy was a frequent guest star on series such as "Bewitched", "Hawaii Five-O", "The Partridge Family", "", "The Silent Force", "The New Phil Silvers Show", "Fantasy Island", "Charlie's Angels" and "Murder, She Wrote" (including the pilot episode). In 1983, Convy was cast as Neil Townsend on the sitcom "It's Not Easy", playing opposite Ken Howard. Convy had joined the project when it was recast after its intended premiere in the 1982–83 season was delayed; he earned the role originally given to Larry Breeding, who was killed in a car accident in September 1982 after the first pilot had been shot.


title: Bert Convy

text: Convy also starred in several movies, perhaps most memorably "Semi-Tough" (1977), in which he played a caricature of Werner Erhard named Friedrich Bismark. Other film credits included "A Bucket of Blood" (1959), "Susan Slade" (1961), Philippe de Broca's "Les Caprices de Marie" (1970), "" (1977), the horror film "Jennifer" (1978), "Hanging by a Thread" (1979), "Racquet" (1979), "The Man in the Santa Claus Suit" (1979), "Hero at Large" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981), and the television movie "Help Wanted: Male" (1982). Convy tried his hand at directing with the comedy "Weekend Warriors" (1986). In 1980, Convy produced and directed the Goodspeed Musicals premiere of "Zapata", with music and lyrics by Harry Nilsson and Perry Botkin Jr. and libretto by Allan Katz.


title: Bert Convy

text: Convy was married twice. He married Anne Anderson in 1959; together they had three children: Jennifer, Joshua, and Jonah. Convy and Anderson divorced in 1991. Convy married his second wife, Catherine Hills, five months before his death.


title: Bert Convy

text: In April 1990, Convy was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after collapsing while visiting his mother, who had been hospitalized for a stroke. He was diagnosed with a glioblastoma, which forced him into retirement. On July 15, 1991, Convy died at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, eight days before his 58th birthday. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: Joseph Keyshawn Johnson (born July 22, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: He played college football for the University of Southern California, and earned All-American honors. He was selected first overall by the New York Jets in the 1996 NFL Draft. He also played professionally for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Dallas Cowboys and Carolina Panthers. He was one of three wide receivers to be taken first overall in NFL draft history and the most recent.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: He retired from football following the 2006 season, and spent seven years as a television broadcaster for the sports channel ESPN.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: Johnson was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended Palisades High School for his sophomore and junior years and Susan Miller Dorsey High School in Los Angeles, and played high school football for the Dorsey Dons his senior year. Though a standout prospect at football, Johnson's early life was plagued by gang crime and legal troubles. In eighth grade, he spent nine months in a California youth facility after being arrested for possession of marijuana, cocaine and a concealed handgun. His low SAT scores forced him to start his college football career in community college.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: In Johnson's first year at West Los Angeles College, he lasted just 8 games. Eventually he just stopped showing up for practice. "For years, I was the good kid, but I was curious and it eventually got the best of me," he later wrote. "I started hanging out with the wrong crowd and got myself into trouble." After sitting out the following year to get his affairs in order, Johnson returned to football in 1992, and performed well enough to earn himself a transfer to University of Southern California, where he played for coach John Robinson's USC Trojans football team in 1994 and 1995. In 1994, he finished with 66 catches for 1,362 yards and 9 touchdowns. In 1995, he finished with 102 catches for 1,434 yards and 7 touchdowns.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: As a Trojan, he was twice recognized as a consensus first-team All-America selection. After the 1994 college season, Johnson helped lead the Trojans to a win in the 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic, after which he was named the game's Most Valuable Player. The Trojans then played in the 1996 Rose Bowl, during which Johnson caught 12 passes for a Rose Bowl record 216 yards and one touchdown in the Trojans' 41–32 victory over the Northwestern Wildcats. He was named the Player of the Game. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 31, 2008.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: While in college, Johnson appeared on the TV show "Coach", as a player eligible for draft in the upcoming season. He flatly refused to be recruited to the fictional "Orlando Breakers" team for coach Hayden Fox, stating he would go to Canada to play first. Johnson graduated from USC with a B.A. in social sciences and history in 1997.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: The New York Jets drafted Johnson with the top overall selection in the 1996 NFL Draft. He was the third wide receiver selected with the number one overall pick since Irving Fryar was chosen by the New England Patriots in 1984. While in New York, he played three seasons (1997–1999) under Bill Parcells, who in two seasons would turnaround the Jets from 1–15 in 1996, Johnson's rookie year to 9–7 in 1997 and 12–4 in 1998 and the franchise's first ever AFC East Division title.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: One of his best performances was in a 34–24 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars in an AFC divisional playoff game after the 1998 season. In that game, Johnson caught nine passes for 121 yards and a touchdown, rushed for 28 yards and a touchdown, recovered a fumble, and intercepted a pass on defense. The Jets however, fell one game short of the Super Bowl after losing the AFC Championship Game the next week to the Denver Broncos 23–10. Johnson wrote an autobiography with ESPN's Shelley Smith, "Just Give Me the Damn Ball". The book covered his rookie year experiences.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: Johnson was traded on April 12, 2000 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for two first round draft choices (13th – John Abraham – and 27th – Anthony Becht – overall) in the 2000 NFL Draft. Soon after Johnson arrived in Tampa Bay, they signed him to an 8-year, $56 million contract extension with the Buccaneers that made him the highest-paid wide receiver in the NFL.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: At that time he was joining a team that had fallen one game short of the Super Bowl the previous season. In 2002 Johnson went on to win a Super Bowl with the Buccaneers after the arrival of new head coach Jon Gruden, who succeeded Tony Dungy. Johnson had 76 catches for 1,088 yards and five touchdowns; In the playoffs, he had eight catches for 125 yards and a touchdown against the Eagles, then had six grabs for 69 yards in the Super Bowl. However, his bitter relationship with Gruden (illustrated by a video clip of him yelling at Gruden on the sidelines) led to his de-activation for the final 7 games of the 2003 season. The following offseason, he was traded to the Dallas Cowboys, where he was reunited with Bill Parcells, his coach while he was with the New York Jets.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: On March 19, 2004, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers traded him to the Dallas Cowboys for Joey Galloway, who the Cowboys had also traded two first round picks to acquire. Reunited with his former coach Bill Parcells, Johnson lived up to his advance billing for the Cowboys in 2004, leading the team in receiving yards and tying for the lead in touchdown catches while taking over a leadership role in the locker room and on the field. On March 16, 2006, the Cowboys released Johnson to make room for recently acquired receiver Terrell Owens.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: On March 23, 2006, Johnson signed a four-year, $14-million-dollar deal with the Carolina Panthers. Of this, he was guaranteed a $5 million signing bonus. He was expected to play opposite Steve Smith as the number two receiver.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: During the Carolina Panthers' "Monday Night Football" game against the Buccaneers on November 13, 2006, Johnson became the first player in NFL history to score a touchdown on Monday Night Football with four teams (Jets, Buccaneers, Cowboys and Panthers). Johnson was released from the Panthers on May 1, 2007, after just one season with the team. He posted 70 receptions for 815 yards and four touchdowns in Carolina.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: On May 23, 2007, Johnson announced he was retiring from the NFL, reportedly turning down offers by several teams, including the Tennessee Titans. Titans' Head Coach Jeff Fisher, who became friends with Johnson while he played at USC, said he thought Johnson's numbers and production spoke for themselves: "He still played at a high-level last year. He takes very good care of himself," Fisher said. "He hasn't had any injuries per season. Anytime you get a chance to bring an experienced veteran in to add to your roster then it's a good thing." On the same day, Johnson announced he would be working as an analyst for ESPN.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: On February 5, 2008, CBS4 Miami reported that Bill Parcells reached out to Johnson. Parcells reportedly told him if he was to come out of retirement there would be a spot on the Miami Dolphins roster for him.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: His all-around game has earned him selection to the Pro Bowl three times – 1998 and 1999 with the N.Y. Jets and 2001 with Tampa Bay. Johnson finished his career with 814 receptions, tying him at 17th all-time with Henry Ellard for career NFL receptions. His 10,571 yards receiving is the 24th highest total in NFL history. In reaching the 600 career receptions plateau in 118 games, he tied Herman Moore for the second fewest games needed in NFL history to reach that mark, and he became one of only three players in league history (Moore and Marvin Harrison) to reach 600 receptions in fewer than 120 games. He caught 512 passes in his first 100 games to rank as the fourth most receptions in a player's first 100 games. The other three are: Marvin Harrison (591), Sterling Sharpe (524) and Lionel Taylor (516).


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: To achieve this production, he has averaged 74.8 catches-per-season over his first nine seasons, and caught a pass in every one of his 135 games played over this span. This accomplishment was the second longest streak among active receivers (Harrison, 139) and the third longest streak to begin a career among all players (Marshall Faulk, 158 and Harrison, 139) at that time. For his career, Johnson recorded 60 or more catches in ten of his eleven NFL seasons. In 2001 and 2002, he became the first player in Buccaneers history to record consecutive 1,000-yard receiving seasons when he registered 1,266 yards in 2001 and 1,098 in 2002. Johnson missed only three of a possible 145 career games – including playoffs – due to injury.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: Johnson was part of the 2007 NFL Draft broadcasting team with Chris Berman, Mel Kiper Jr. and Chris Mortensen that aired on ESPN. In 2007, he became an ESPN analyst for "Sunday NFL Countdown", and "Monday Night Countdown". Within the confines of "Sunday NFL Countdown" and "Monday Night Countdown", Johnson invented a segment called "C'mon Man!", which allows each panel member to pick a moment in the last NFL week "revolving around either the play on the field or unprofessional behavior off it" that one might consider, on some level, either inexcusable or downright laughable. Each member verbalizes what their gripe may be, while highlights of the moment that they are illustrating run around it, and then ends with the panel member stating with disdain, "C'mon man!" He has also been an analyst on several ESPN telecasts, including pre-game shows on Sundays and Monday nights, and some radio work as well.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: He was also an analyst on the ESPN "Who's Now" competition. He occasionally hosted "Jim Rome Is Burning" while Jim Rome was unavailable. On January 23, 2011, Johnson was not on "Sunday NFL Countdown" for Championship weekend because his mother unexpectedly died. After being briefly let go by ESPN in 2016, he was brought back to appear on SportsCenter, ESPN Radio, and other shows.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: On August 17, 2020, Johnson began hosting mornings on “ESPN LA 710” KSPN, replacing “Golic and Wingo”. Johnson will be joined by basketball analyst Jay Williams, a former NBA player; and Max Kellerman, with the show being titled "KJM". ESPN says the hosts will discuss the morning’s top stories and overnight developments with their own perspective and analysis. Johnson will also regularly appear on “Get Up” and “First Take.”


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: Johnson co-founded First Picks Management in 2005 as a vehicle to pursue his business interests in the food service, hotel, and real estate industries as well as venture capital investing. He recruited Harvard Business School MBAs, Glenn and Clarence Mah, as well as his public relations and marketing agent, Ingrid Roberts, to co-lead the organization. Johnson and his management team partnered with National Football League and National Basketball Association athletes, including Warrick Dunn, Dennis Northcutt, Terence Newman, and Joe Smith in developing First Picks Management, a corporate website.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: In November 2008, Johnson was contracted for a weekend TV Series called "Keyshawn Johnson: Tackling Design". The show was on A&E in July 2009 and showcases Johnson's knowledge of interior design to help other people redecorate their homes.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: In 2012, Johnson starred in Jägermeister's critically acclaimed "A Stronger Bond" television and digital campaign created by the award-winning advertising agency Mistress. In 2013, Johnson was announced to be a contestant on the 17th season of "Dancing with the Stars". He was paired with professional dancer Sharna Burgess. On the show of September 23 he was the first celebrity voted out.


title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: He has four children: Keyshawn Jr, Maia, London, and Vance. Keyshawn Johnson Jr. is also a wide receiver committed to play for the University of Nebraska. His nephew is current New Orleans Saints WR Michael Thomas.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: MacGruber is a 2010 American action comedy film based on the "Saturday Night Live" sketch of the same name, itself a parody of action-adventure television series "MacGyver". Jorma Taccone of the comedy trio The Lonely Island directed the film, which stars Will Forte in the title role; Kristen Wiig as Vicki St. Elmo, MacGruber's work partner and love interest; Ryan Phillippe as Dixon Piper, a young lieutenant who becomes part of MacGruber's team; Maya Rudolph as Casey, MacGruber's deceased wife; and Val Kilmer as Dieter von Cunth, the villain.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Originally scheduled for release on April 23, 2010, the film was instead released on May 21, 2010, grossing $9.3 million worldwide against a $10 million budget.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: In eastern Siberia's Dzhugdzhur Mountains, Dieter Von Cunth and his men take control of a nuclear X-5 warhead. In Ecuador, Col. Jim Faith and Lt. Dixon Piper are searching for former Green Beret, Navy SEAL and Army Ranger MacGruber. Finding him meditating in a chapel, they ask him to retrieve the warhead. He refuses. That night, MacGruber explodes into a fit of rage, waking from the flashback of Cunth killing his fiancée, Casey Fitzpatrick, at their wedding. He accepts the mission.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: After a heated conversation with Faith and Piper at the Pentagon, MacGruber creates a list and travels to the U.S. to form his team to pursue Cunth. Recruiting all but his long-time friend Vicki St. Elmo and Brick Hughes. MacGruber meets Faith and Piper on the tarmac, while his team is in a van with his homemade C-4 explosives, which explode, killing everyone. Faith takes MacGruber off the case. MacGruber convinces Piper to form a new team, and Vicki arrives at the Pentagon to join them in taking down Cunth.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: They travel to Cunth's nightclub in Las Vegas. A driver in the parking lot is rude to MacGruber and angers him, so he repeats the license plate number KFBR392 obsessively to remember it. MacGruber gets on stage and announces who he is, his intentions, and where he will be the next day.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Their sting operation has Vicki portraying MacGruber. Hoss Bender, Cunth's henchman, attacks MacGruber and Piper's van, but MacGruber runs down and kills Bender. With Vicki disguised as Bender and Piper disguised as MacGruber, the team attempts to break into a warehouse to stop Cunth from getting the rocket operation passwords. MacGruber distracts the guards and Piper kills most of the men, but cannot stop the transfer of the passcodes. At Cunth's charity event MacGruber confronts and threatens him and his guards, who throw him out.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: MacGruber returns to the Pentagon where Faith reprimands him and takes him off of the case. MacGruber and Piper have beers outside his trailer while MacGruber explains his history with Cunth: MacGruber met him and Casey Fitzpatrick while they were in college; Cunth was engaged to Casey until her affair with MacGruber, who asked her to abort Cunth's baby.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: MacGruber uses Piper as a human shield to survive an ambush, escaping with Vicki. They believe that Piper was killed in the attack, but he reveals that he was wearing a bulletproof vest. Commending MacGruber on his quick thinking, only to realize that MacGruber wasn't aware of the vest, Piper leaves the team. Seeing MacGruber has been shot in the leg, Vicki takes him back to her house to remove the bullet. She confesses her love to him, admits she is a virgin, and they make love. MacGruber goes to his bride's grave in shame, but her ghost gives her blessing (and has sex with him on her tombstone).


title: MacGruber (film)

text: At Vicki's, MacGruber discovers Cunth has kidnapped her and realizes Cunth plans to blow up Congress during the State of the Union. He calls Col. Faith to inform him and then finds and destroys the KFBR392 car. Cunth calls MacGruber to gloat, MacGruber traces the call and Piper agrees to help on one last mission. Making their way into Cunth's compound, they are captured and taken to Cunth, Vicki and the missile. They pound Cunth and crew into submission and MacGruber handcuffs Cunth to a handrail. They remove the warhead and guidance system, and escape as the missile explodes. Cunth escapes using an axe to chop off his handcuffed hand.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Six months later, at MacGruber and Vicki's wedding are his dead team members as ghosts. Mirroring his wedding to Casey, MacGruber spots Cunth with an RPG. He saves Vicki and battles Cunth, throwing him off a cliff behind the altar, shooting him with a machine gun and launching a grenade as he falls, incinerating the corpse, and finally urinating on it from the top of the cliff.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: "MacGruber" is based on a recurring sketch on "Saturday Night Live", a parody of the television series "MacGyver". It was created by writer Jorma Taccone, who pitched the idea to cast member/writer Will Forte over a period of several weeks. Forte was initially reluctant to commit to the sketch, deeming it too dumb, but accepted after persuasion from Taccone. The first sketch aired in January 2007, and led to multiple more segments in the following years. In 2009, the sketches were spun off into a series of commercials sponsored by Pepsi premiering during Super Bowl XLIII that featured the actor behind MacGyver, Richard Dean Anderson, as MacGruber's father. The advertisements led the character and sketches to receive a wider level of popularity.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Following the success of the advertisements, creator Lorne Michaels approached Forte, Taccone, and writer John Solomon with the idea to produce a "MacGruber" film, and they were at first skeptical. They began pitching ideas for a potential feature-length adaptation, deciding first and foremost it would not be the sketch repeated for its entire runtime. The film's central conceit was to produce a real action film, with MacGruber as comic relief. It was inspired by their love of 1980s–90s action films, such as "Lethal Weapon", "Rambo", and "Die Hard". To this end, it is considerably more deadpan in its parody, with most characters outside MacGruber designed to be "as serious as possible". The most difficult part of the writing process was to portray MacGruber—an "insanely flawed [and] narcissistic" individual—as a likable lead character.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: The film was written while simultaneously producing a weekly episode of "SNL", and the show's production process left the trio fully deprived of sleep. This led to sequences deemed "crazier," such as a scene involving celery. There was concern the film might receive an NC-17 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, which could lead to certain commercial disappointment. The script was written in five weeks by Taccone and Forte, with a first draft coming in at 177 pages and lacking a third act. It was subsequently re-written under budgetary concerns, which mostly involved deleting scenes containing special effects. Forte praised the level of creative freedom afforded to the filmmakers, noting that even the more outrageous jokes were allowed to remain in the final film.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: On the June 1, 2009 episode of "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", Forte announced that "MacGruber" had been greenlit and production was to begin on August 9, with Jimmy Fallon adding on the July 29 episode that it would be filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cameos by WWE wrestlers Chris Jericho, The Big Show, Mark Henry, Kane, MVP and The Great Khali and actor Derek Mears, were later confirmed.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Following a short six-week period of preparation, the film was shot between August 10 and September 13, 2009 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The film shoot employed a crew composed of local workers as a part of a tax credit. The quick film schedule of 28 days led to the filmmakers adjusting scenes to complete them on time, as the presence of automatic weapons on set would slow down the process. Keeping in line with their sources for parody, the filmmakers opted for cinematography emulating the style of blockbuster action films. This involved most prominently using smoke machines for interior areas, as they noticed similar scenes in "Lethal Weapon" inexplicably contain prominent smoke.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Prior to the film's release, "MacGruber" stirred controversy with Lee David Zlotoff, creator of the TV series "MacGyver", whose contract stipulates he retains the right to a film version of the TV series. In 2010, his lawyer sent several cease-and-desist letters and met with litigators to determine a course of action. No suit was brought.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Pictures were leaked on the Internet on January 6, 2010. A two-minute red band trailer was released on January 19, 2010, and the next day, January 20, a green band trailer was released.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: On April 19, 2010, Forte, Wiig, and Phillippe hosted WWE Raw from the Izod Center in East Rutherford, New Jersey in character to promote the film.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Phillippe guest hosted "Saturday Night Live" on April 17, 2010 and made reference to the film in his opening monologue.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Initially set for a release date of April 23, 2010, the film eventually opened on May 21, 2010 in the United States.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" felt it was "utterly disposable but diverting." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" praised the "unabashed affection" of Taccone's directorial style while commending Forte's performance as "contagious." "The Boston Globe" Ty Burr deemed it "a lot better than it should be," while criticizing its "smugness" and abundance of toilet humor. In contrast, Andrew Schenker of "Slate Magazine" felt that ""MacGruber" at its best when it's most vulgar, when its foul-mouthed and essentially insane hero is free to indulge in his signature bits of raunchy whimsy."


title: MacGruber (film)

text: A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" called it "a film that poses a philosophical question fundamental to our inquiry here, namely: 'Why does this exist?'" Andrew Pulver of "The Guardian" was similarly negative, commenting, "Only the merest hint of amusement is to be found in this uninspired latest effusion from the conveyor belt that is "Saturday Night Live"." "Entertainment Weekly" Lisa Schwarzbaum called it a "naughty throwaway in all senses of the word throwaway-90 minutes of talented performers doing and saying dumb, crude stuff in pursuit of an elusive laugh."


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Jon Peters of KillerFilm gave it 3 out of 5 stars saying "It's consistently funny and it didn't need gray tape to do it. It's funny in the old "Airplane!" humor, mixed with a little Mel Brooks, type of way ... But none of this would work, if it wasn't for Will Forte's brilliant blend of witless charm and dumb ass heroics."


title: MacGruber (film)

text: The film has since been deemed a cult classic. ""MacGruber" is destined to become quoted in college dorms and midnight showings for years to come," wrote Elliott Smith of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" shortly after its release. In reference to its relation to other "SNL" films, Scott Tobias wrote that "MacGruber" and the film "Hot Rod" "may be just as poorly received, but their rhythms are unpredictable and exciting, shocked to life by moments of anti-comedy and wacky deconstruction. Hardcore comedy devotees pick up on them like a dog whistle." Matt Singer, in a retrospective review for "The Dissolve", deemed it a "cult favorite in the making," remarking, ""MacGruber" stands out by defying every rational commercial impulse. ... Whatever your personal opinion of it, it's hard to dispute that Taccone's direction, Forte's performance, a wildly unpredictable script, and a general go-for-broke attitude all make "MacGruber" unique." Filmmaker Christopher Nolan is a big fan of "MacGruber", and has said "there are a couple of moments in that film that had [me] howling uncontrollably."


title: MacGruber (film)

text: The film grossed $1,569,025 on its opening day, and $4,043,945 for its opening weekend. The film earned a total of $8,460,995 by the end of its third weekend, against its $10 million production cost.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: "MacGruber" realized a third-week drop of showings of 94%, from 2,546 to 177 theaters. The film was removed from theaters after the third week.


title: MacGruber (film)

text: After an off-hand mention by Taccone in an interview in 2012, Forte dismissed rumors of a sequel, commenting, "We jokingly talk about the sequel all the time. But I don't think anybody in their right mind would give us any money for it." The following year, he told "Entertainment Weekly" that Taccone had mentioned creating a Kickstarter to financially support a sequel, saying, "We are going to make "MacGruber 2" for sure. Whether we have to do it with a video camera in our backyards – there will be some form of "MacGruber 2"." The film's writing team at one point convened to produce a loosely completed outline, but the trio have since been too busy to complete a script. In 2015, Forte said the team has a "realistic shot" at producing the film, and it is his second priority behind his comedy series, "The Last Man on Earth".


title: MacGruber (film)

text: Forte discussed a "MacGruber" TV series in a March 2019 "IndieWire" article, saying, "The state of "MacGruber" right now is, we're trying to see if somebody will let us make it as a TV series... We have a really fun idea. We actually went out and pitched it a couple weeks ago." On January 16, 2020, it was announced the TV series is in the works and will be released on the streaming service Peacock. On August 10, 2020, Peacock gave production a series order consisting of eight episodes, with Forte reprising his role. In June 2021, It was reported that Sam Elliott, playing MacGruber's Dad; Laurence Fishburne, playing a military general; and Mickey Rourke, playing an enemy of MacGruber, all would be joining the cast. however, Rourke left the series, and was replaced by Billy Zane.


title: Suicide note

text: A suicide note or death note is a message left behind by a person who dies or intends to die by suicide.


title: Suicide note

text: A study examining Japanese suicide notes estimated that 25–30% of suicides are accompanied by a note. However, incidence rates may depend on ethnicity and cultural differences, and may reach rates as high as 50% in certain demographics. A suicide message can be in any form or medium, but the most common methods are by a written note, an audio message, or a video.


title: Suicide note

text: Some fields of study, such as sociology, psychiatry and graphology, have investigated the reasons why people who complete or attempt suicide leave a note.


title: Suicide note

text: The most common reasons that people contemplating suicide choose to write a suicide note include one or more of the following:


title: Suicide note

text: Sometimes there is also a message in the case of murder-suicide, explaining the reason(s) for the murder(s), see for example, Marc Lépine's suicide statement and videotaped statements of the 7 July 2005 London bombers.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Double-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP64 or float64) is a floating-point number format, usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Floating point is used to represent fractional values, or when a wider range is needed than is provided by fixed point (of the same bit width), even if at the cost of precision. Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision of single precision would be insufficient.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: In the IEEE 754-2008 standard, the 64-bit base-2 format is officially referred to as binary64; it was called double in IEEE 754-1985. IEEE 754 specifies additional floating-point formats, including 32-bit base-2 "single precision" and, more recently, base-10 representations.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: One of the first programming languages to provide single- and double-precision floating-point data types was Fortran. Before the widespread adoption of IEEE 754-1985, the representation and properties of floating-point data types depended on the computer manufacturer and computer model, and upon decisions made by programming-language implementers. E.g., GW-BASIC's double-precision data type was the 64-bit MBF floating-point format.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Double-precision binary floating-point is a commonly used format on PCs, due to its wider range over single-precision floating point, in spite of its performance and bandwidth cost. It is commonly known simply as "double". The IEEE 754 standard specifies a binary64 as having:


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The sign bit determines the sign of the number (including when this number is zero, which is signed).


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The exponent field is an 11-bit unsigned integer from 0 to 2047, in biased form: an exponent value of 1023 represents the actual zero. Exponents range from −1022 to +1023 because exponents of −1023 (all 0s) and +1024 (all 1s) are reserved for special numbers.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The 53-bit significand precision gives from 15 to 17 significant decimal digits precision (2 ≈ 1.11 × 10). If a decimal string with at most 15 significant digits is converted to the IEEE 754 double-precision format, giving a normal number, and then converted back to a decimal string with the same number of digits, the final result should match the original string. If an IEEE 754 double-precision number is converted to a decimal string with at least 17 significant digits, and then converted back to double-precision representation, the final result must match the original number.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The format is written with the significand having an implicit integer bit of value 1 (except for special data, see the exponent encoding below). With the 52 bits of the fraction (F) significand appearing in the memory format, the total precision is therefore 53 bits (approximately 16 decimal digits, 53 log(2) ≈ 15.955). The bits are laid out as follows:


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The real value assumed by a given 64-bit double-precision datum with a given biased exponent formula_1


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Between 2=4,503,599,627,370,496 and 2=9,007,199,254,740,992 the representable numbers are exactly the integers. For the next range, from 2 to 2, everything is multiplied by 2, so the representable numbers are the even ones, etc. Conversely, for the previous range from 2 to 2, the spacing is 0.5, etc.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The maximum relative rounding error when rounding a number to the nearest representable one (the machine epsilon) is therefore 2.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The 11 bit width of the exponent allows the representation of numbers between 10 and 10, with full 15–17 decimal digits precision. By compromising precision, the subnormal representation allows even smaller values up to about 5 × 10.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: The double-precision binary floating-point exponent is encoded using an offset-binary representation, with the zero offset being 1023; also known as exponent bias in the IEEE 754 standard. Examples of such representations would be:


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Encodings of qNaN and sNaN are not completely specified in IEEE 754 and depend on the processor. Most processors, such as the x86 family and the ARM family processors, use the most significant bit of the significand field to indicate a quiet NaN; this is what is recommended by IEEE 754. The PA-RISC processors use the bit to indicate a signaling NaN.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: By default, / rounds down, instead of up like single precision, because of the odd number of bits in the significand.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Using double-precision floating-point variables is usually slower than working with their single precision counterparts. One area of computing where this is a particular issue is parallel code running on GPUs. For example, when using NVIDIA's CUDA platform, calculations with double precision take, depending on a hardware, approximately 2 to 32 times as long to complete compared to those done using single precision.


title: Double-precision floating-point format

text: Additionally, many mathematical functions (e.g., sin, cos, atan2, log, exp and sqrt) need more computations to give accurate double-precision results, and are therefore slower.