title: Oxford United F.C.

text: In July 2014, Waddock's contract was terminated after a change of ownership and he was replaced by Michael Appleton. Waddock's surprise sacking ensured he had the worst record of any Oxford manager, winning only once and losing seven times in his eight games in charge of the club. After an indifferent first season under Appleton, Oxford achieved promotion to League One in his second year in charge, finishing the 2015–16 season in second place with 86 points. They also reached the final of the League Trophy at Wembley Stadium, only the club's third appearance at the national stadium, but were defeated 3–2 by their League One opponents Barnsley. In 2016–17, having sold Kemar Roofe during the close season for a record £3m and signed Marvin Johnson for an undisclosed fee also thought to be a club record, Oxford finished eighth in League One, four points short of the playoff places, and again lost in the final of the League Trophy at Wembley, this time to relegation-bound Coventry City.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: In June 2017, Appleton left the club to become assistant manager at Leicester City of the Premier League, and was replaced by Pep Clotet, formerly assistant manager at Leeds United. On 22 January 2018, Clotet was sacked, with the club in tenth place in League One after a home defeat to bottom club Bury. After a lengthy period under caretaker-manager Derek Fazackerley during which the team slipped to within 4 points of the relegation zone, Karl Robinson, former manager of Milton Keynes Dons and Charlton Athletic, was appointed on 22 March 2018. Robinson had to wait five games for his first win, but his aim of retaining the club's League One status was achieved with three wins from the last five games of the season. The club finished in 16th place on 56 points, six points above the relegation zone.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: A 12th-place finished was achieved the following year, despite spending over half of the season in the relegation zone. An improved fourth-place finished followed in the shortened 2019/20 season, which was affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic. When the season was suspended, Oxford were third in the table, but following an agreement from clubs to end the season early, the U's dropped one place to fourth after the final table was decided under an unweighted points per game system. The play-offs continued as normal, where United faced Portsmouth in the semi-final. Following a 1–1 draw in the first leg, United won 5–4 on penalties when the second game ended 1-1 after extra time. In the final behind closed doors at Wembley, Oxford lost 2–1 to Wycombe Wanderers, Joe Jacobson's penalty proving decisive in the tie.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Oxford United had no regular home until 1913, switching between the Quarry Recreation Ground, Wootten's Field (now Stephen Road), Sandy Lane (now Osler Road) and the Britannia Field (now the top end of Lime Walk), all in Headington. In 1913 they were able to purchase Wootten's Field on London Road, however, this was redeveloped in 1920 before a stadium could be built. Having purchased the Sandy Lane site, the club developed and played at the Manor Ground between 1925 and 2001. The ground was originally shared with Headington Cricket Club until 1949, when they moved to Cowley Barracks. The capacity at closure was 9,500, but hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup sixth-round match on 29 February 1964. The four stands were named after the roads they were positioned on: The North, East, South and West stands were called Cuckoo Lane, Osler Road, London Road and Beech Road respectively.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: In the 1990s, the Taylor Report was published calling for the improvement of football stadiums. The Manor Ground's terracing was becoming redundant and redeveloping the ground was too costly, so the club decided to move to a purpose-built all-seater stadium on the outskirts of the city, costing in the region of £15 million. Construction work began in the early part of 1997, but was suspended later that year due to the club's financial problems. Construction of the new stadium resumed in 1999 following a takeover deal and the last league match at the Manor on 1 May 2001 saw a 1–1 draw with Port Vale. The site was sold for £12 million and the stadium was later demolished. The land is now occupied by a private hospital.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Since 2001, Oxford United have played at the Kassam Stadium. The all-seater stadium has a capacity of 12,500 and has only three stands instead of the usual four; when first planned in 1995 it was originally going to have a 16,000-seat capacity, but by the time the stadium opened Oxford was playing in a lower division, so the smaller capacity was deemed adequate. Construction of the fourth stand is not expected to take place for several years, although foundations have already been put in place. The record attendance is 12,243, which was achieved in the final game of the 2005–06 season, when a defeat against Leyton Orient condemned them to relegation from the Football League. The) average attendance in the previous season was 7,415, which was the second highest in League Two and the thirty-fourth highest in the whole Football League. The average attendance was highest in the Conference in two out of the four years the team spent in the division, with the average in the other two years placing second, behind Exeter City and Cambridge United respectively. The stadium has also hosted rugby union matches, a woman's international football match (England v Sweden), an Under-17 international football tournament and music concerts.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: The club has approached Oxfordshire County Council and requested that it transfer c.18 hectares (44.48 acres) of land for the development of a new 18,000 capacity football stadium with ancillary leisure and commercial facilities to include, hotel, retail, conference, and training/community grounds on Green Belt land at Stratfield Brake near Kidlington.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: On 18 January 2022, OCC recommended an engagement exercise be carried out first to gather feedback from the local community. The survey was heavily publicised by Oxvox with respondents completing the survey from as far away as the Orkney Islands!. Among local residents, 38 per cent were in favour, whilst 58 per cent were against. Despite this, at its meeting on 15 March 2022, OCC recommended that formal negotiations with the Club can proceed, a decision which has attracted much criticism. The land at Stratfield Brake is sub-leased to Kidlington Parish Council (KPC) with no break rights. As such, KPC would need to agree in order for the Club's proposal to proceed.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: The club crest depicts an ox above a ford to symbolise the location. It reflects the name and history of the city, as Oxford was originally a market town situated near to a ford on the River Isis, which was used by cattle. In 2008, a bronze statue of an ox was unveiled outside of what would have been the west stand. It was subsequently vandalised in January 2011, being covered in pink paint and the club used the opportunity to raise money for a breast cancer charity. The shape and design of the crest has changed numerous times since it was first produced. When playing as Headington and during the early years of Oxford United, the crest included a full ox crossing the ford, as well as the initials H.U.F.C. (pre-1962) or the name Oxford United (post name-change). Between 1972 and 1980, the crest became circular, showing just the ox's head on a yellow and black background. The words 'Oxford United Football Club' were placed around the ox. For the next 17 years, the crest was simply the ox's head coloured blue, with various combinations of wording surrounding it. For example, in the 1987–88 season, the wording "25th Anniversary" was placed under the crest. In 1996, the crest had a shield shape and contained the ox's head over the ford, on a yellow background. This version was retained until the move to the Kassam Stadium in 2001, when club steward Rob Alderman designed the current version. It has a similar design to the preceding crest, but the ox and ford are contained in a circle with a yellow background, with the remainder of the crest being coloured blue.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: While playing as Headington United, orange and blue striped shirts were worn with navy shorts and socks. The design of the shirt changed regularly, with the stripes being changed every few seasons. After joining the Southern League, the blue stripes were lost for good and a lighter shade of orange was used for the shirt. The yellow kit was first worn during the 1957–58 season, with black shorts and yellow socks. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the black shorts were first replaced with yellow ones, and then with royal blue shorts. Since the early 1990s, the strip has been composed of the yellow shirt and navy coloured shorts and socks. A large variety of away kits has been used over the years, ranging from red and black stripes on the shirts, to a fully white kit. The first sponsor to appear on the shirt was "Sunday Journal", a local newspaper, in 1982. Between 1983 and 1985, there were three sponsors: BPCC, Pergamon and the "Sunday People". Following those were Wang Laboratories (1985 to 1989), Pergamon (1989 to 1991), Unipart (1991 to 2000), Domino (2000 to 2001) and Buildbase (from the move to the Kassam Stadium in 2001 to 2010).


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Following the return to the Football League, Bridle Insurance became new shirt sponsors. The Bridle deal ended after the conclusion of the 2012–13 season. The home sponsor for the 2013–14 season was announced as Animalates, with the away kit being sponsored by Isinglass Consulting for that same season after winning an innovative prize draw. That one-year deal with Isinglass was extended for the 2014–15 season, again featuring on the away kits only. The home kit that season was sponsored by tyre company Black n Rounds. In July 2015, Oxford United announced a three-season deal with investment management company Liontrust Asset Management covering both home and away shirts. For the 2018–19 and 2019–20 season, the principal shirt sponsor was Thai beer firm Singha. The Tourism Authority of Thailand were announced as the new shirt sponsors, as part of a principle partnership agreement, in August 2020, using the brand name "Amazing Thailand".


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Oxford have a number of independent supporters' clubs and groups such as OxVox (the Oxford United Supporters' Trust) with a current membership of over 400, and the Oxford United Exiles. OxVox was formed in 2002, to replace the disbanded FOUL group, which broke up after the immediate future of the club was secured. It was the fiftieth supporters trust created under the Supporters' trust banner. The club itself also runs a Juniors club, aimed at younger fans and offering a number of bonuses to the club's members such as birthday cards and a free T-shirt. The official matchday programme for home games costs £3 and was voted best Conference Premier Programme of the Year for the 2007–08 season. A number of songs are sung during home games, such as "Yellow Submarine" (with adapted lyrics) and songs relating to the old Manor Ground.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: The club have a number of celebrity supporters, including Timmy Mallett, Tim Henman and Jim Rosenthal. The club's mascot is Ollie the Ox. United were the best-supported club in the Conference National before Luton Town joined the division, and the home match between Oxford and Luton, which drew a crowd of 10,600, was used to highlight the passion for English football during the 2018 World Cup bid. In 2009, a "12th man fund" was set up by a group of supporters in order to provide additional transfer funds to the club. As a result, the number 12 shirt was retired at the start of the 2009–10 season (though it was reintroduced in 2018–19). The fund raised over £40,000 and resulted in the signings of Mehdi Kerrouche (on loan) and Jamie Cook, amongst others.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: During the height of football hooliganism, trouble flared up between the sets of fans. In 1998, during a match at the County Ground, 19 Swindon supporters were arrested, while in 2002 there was an incident between supporters after Oxford fans returned from an away fixture. In 2011, vandals burned the initials STFC into the Kassam Stadium's pitch. Oxford fans use nicknames when talking about Swindon such as moonraker, in reference to the myth that they tried to rake the reflection of the moon out of a pond. The rivalry with Reading was heightened during the chairmanship of Robert Maxwell, because of his desire to merge the two clubs. This was met with strong opposition from both sets of fans, with United supporters staging a "sit-in" on the pitch before a game against Wigan in protest. Despite being the second team in the city, there is less rivalry with Oxford City because of their lower position in the pyramid system (there have been no competitive league matches between the two since 1959).


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: The first manager appointed was Harry Thompson in July 1949, soon after the club turned professional. In a nine-year spell he led the team to the Southern League title in 1953, as well as the Southern League Cup in 1953 and 1954. He was replaced by Arthur Turner in 1958, who would become the longest-serving manager in the club's history, serving more than a decade in charge. Turner led United to back-to-back Southern League titles, of which the second, in 1962, resulted in their election to the Football League. Promotion followed from the Fourth Division in 1965, and the club was crowned Third Division champions three years later. Turner left the club nine months after this success. Over the next thirteen years, five managers took charge. Ron Saunders was in charge for only a dozen games, moving to Norwich City at the end of the 1968–69 season. Gerry Summers was manager for six years, before being replaced by Mick Brown. During Brown's four-year run, United were relegated back to the Third Division after spending eight years in the Second.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Jim Smith started his first spell as manager in 1981, and led Oxford into the top tier of English football after consecutive promotions as champions in 1984 and 1985. However, he moved to Queens Park Rangers before the 1985–86 season. New manager, former chief scout Maurice Evans, had immediate success winning the 1986 League Cup, beating his predecessor's new club in the final. For the next 24 years, the only manager to guide the club to promotion was Denis Smith, who won promotion from the Second Division in 1996. Ramón Díaz, the club's first non-British manager, took charge for five months between December 2004 and May 2005. Jim Smith returned as manager in 2006, the year that Oxford United were relegated to the Football Conference after 44 years in the Football League. Having missed out on promotion in the 2006–07 season, Smith resigned and Darren Patterson was promoted to the post on 9 November 2007.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Patterson was dismissed in December 2008 and was replaced by Chris Wilder, who led the club back into the Football League by winning the 2010 Conference playoff Final and remained with the club for five years before resigning in January 2014. Gary Waddock was appointed head coach in March 2014, but was sacked in July following a change of shareholding in the club, to be replaced by Michael Appleton. In his three seasons in charge, Appleton oversaw promotion to League One and two losing finals in the EFL Trophy, before leaving to become assistant manager at Leicester City. Spaniard Pep Clotet was appointed as his replacement but was sacked midway through his first season in charge, to be replaced after a two-month spell under caretaker-manager Derek Fazackerley by former Charlton boss Karl Robinson.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: Since turning professional, the club has had 25 full-time managers, of whom three (Jim Smith, Denis Smith and Darren Patterson) have had more than one spell in the post, and eleven periods of caretaker-management.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: The largest recorded home attendance was during a match against Preston North End in the sixth round of the FA Cup, at the Manor Ground, on 29 February 1964. The attendance was 22,750, which exceeded the stadium's capacity, so scaffolding was needed in order to create temporary stands for the additional supporters. The largest attendance at the Kassam Stadium for a football match was 12,243 during the final game of the 2005–06 League Two season against Leyton Orient. Oxford's largest-ever scoreline was a 9–1 win in the FA Cup first round versus Dorchester Town on 11 November 1995. In the league, their largest win was 7–0 versus Barrow in Division Four. Their largest defeat is 7–0 away to Sunderland in 1998 and to Wigan Athletic in 2017. Their longest unbeaten run in the league was 20 matches in 1984, with their record longest winning run of nine games in the 2020–2021 season.


title: Oxford United F.C.

text: John Shuker holds the record for the most league appearances with 478 between 1962 and 1977. John Aldridge holds the record for most league goals scored in a season in the 1984–85 season, scoring 30. Graham Atkinson holds the record for the most league goals with 77, as well as most overall goals with 107. The most capped player in internationals is Jim Magilton, with 18 caps for Northern Ireland. The largest amount of money Oxford have received by selling a player was an estimated £3,000,000 for Kemar Roofe's transfer to Leeds United in July 2016. The largest transfer fee Oxford have paid was £470,000 for Dean Windass' transfer from Aberdeen in August 1998, though the undisclosed fee paid for Marvin Johnson at the start of the 2016–17 season is thought to have exceeded this figure. Oxford are the only team in history to have been promoted consecutively from Division Three to the First Division as Champions.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: This is a list of the main career statistics of Serbian professional tennis player Novak Djokovic. Djokovic has won 91 ATP singles titles, including 21 Grand Slam singles titles (second behind Rafael Nadal, who has 22), six ATP Finals titles, and a record 38 ATP Masters titles. He is the only male player to have won all nine of the Masters tournaments, and has done so twice. He is the first and only male Serbian player to win a Grand Slam and attain the number 1 ranking. He was also a bronze medalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Djokovic is the only male player to win each Grand Slam, all nine Masters tournaments, and the ATP Finals at least twice. Djokovic was first ranked world No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) on 4 July 2011.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has won 21 Grand Slams (major) titles, second all-time behind Rafael Nadal (22) for most slams won in tennis history by male players. He is the last out of eight male players all-time to achieve the Career Grand Slam in men's singles. He and Nadal are the only players to win each slam twice in the Open Era and the only ones to do so on 3 different surfaces, and to do so after Roy Emerson and Rod Laver in the history of tennis. Djokovic is the only male player to hold all four Grand Slams on three different surfaces (hard, clay, and grass) at once (2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open), and became the only male player to win 30 consecutive Grand Slam matches (2015 Wimbledon – 2016 Wimbledon).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has reached an all-time record 32 Grand Slam finals and has played the final of each Grand Slam tournament at least 6 times, an all-time record. He is the only male player to appear in 9 finals in 2 different Grand Slams (9 Australian Open & 9 US Open).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: He is the second male player in the Open Era to win the first 3 Grand Slams in a calendar year (2021) after Laver won all 4 slams in 1969. He is the second male player in history after Federer to win 3 Grand Slam titles in three different seasons (2011, 2015, and 2021). He is the only male player to win 2 different Grand Slams 7 or more times (9 Australian Open and 7 Wimbledon). His 7 Wimbledon titles are tied for second most in the open era with Sampras (7) and behind Federer (8). He is fourth male player to win 4 consecutive Wimbledon titles after Borg, Sampras and Federer.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: He is the third male player of the Open Era to win at least 2 Grand Slams on hard, clay and grass courts after Mats Wilander and Nadal. He also has a record 38 ATP Masters 1000 titles, and has won 6 ATP Finals titles, including a record 4 consecutively from 2012 to 2015. His 6 ATP Finals titles are tied for the best alongside Federer.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic is the second male player to win three consecutive Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces in the same calendar year (hard, clay and grass), doing so in 2021, after Nadal in 2010.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has won an all-time record of nine Australian Open men's singles titles, surpassing the previous record of 6 by Roy Emerson. Djokovic is the only male player to win 3 consecutive Australian Open titles during the Open Era, which he has done twice (2011–13 and 2019–21). Djokovic is the second of only two male players in history to win a Grand Slam singles title nine or more times, the other being Nadal (14 French Opens). He is 9–0 in Australian Open finals as well as 9–0 in Australian Open semifinals.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic is the only player to defeat Nadal in straight sets in a Grand Slam final (Australian Open 2019) as well as the first player to defeat Nadal in straight sets at the French Open (2015 quarterfinal). Only Djokovic has defeated Nadal in a French Open semifinal (2021), ending Nadal's undefeated record of 13–0 in French Open semifinals, as well as the only male player to defeat Nadal twice at the French Open (2015 quarterfinal and 2021 semifinal). Only Djokovic has won the French Open after defeating Nadal, which he did at the 2021 French Open. From 2002 to 2022, apart from Nadal, Djokovic is the only male player to win more than one French Open. He is the second male player to win both the French Open and Paris Masters in the same year (2021) after Andre Agassi (1999).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has spent a record 373 weeks surpassing Federer's previous record of 310 weeks (in the process became only male player to hold the No. 1 ranking for more than 6 years). As of March 2022, Djokovic spent an equivalent of 7 years as ATP No. 1. He is the only male tennis player that held No. 1 spot for 7 years and in the weeks that followed became the only male tennis player to be No. 1 for more than 7 years. In 2021, he became the only male player in the Open Era to be Year-end No. 1 for seven years, surpassing Sampras' previous record of Year-End No.1 for six years. At the age of 34, he was also the oldest Year-End No. 1 in ATP rankings history, for the 2021 season.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic was the first tennis player to earn more than 100 million as well as 150 million US dollars in prize money, and has earned more than any other player across his career.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: From the 2010 Davis Cup final to the 2011 French Open, Djokovic held a 43-match win streak, behind only Guillermo Vilas (46 matches in 1977) and Ivan Lendl (44 matches from 1981 to 1982) on the all-time list. He won 41 straight matches from the start of 2011 until that year's French Open semifinals, second only to John McEnroe's record at the start of an ATP year (he started 42–0 in 1984).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic's 2011 season, during which he went on a 41–match winning streak, is considered to be one of the greatest seasons by a tennis player in the Open Era. He won 10 titles on three different surfaces, won 3 majors while making the semifinals of the fourth, won 5 ATP Masters 1000 events, and made the finals of 11 of the 16 events he entered. He defeated Nadal and Federer 10 times combined, going 10–1 against them while finishing the year with a 70–6 record. He was eliminated in the round-robin portion of the ATP Finals.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: In 2015, he won 3 majors in one season for a second time, while reaching the final of the fourth and won a record 6 ATP Masters 1000 titles before finishing the year with his fourth consecutive ATP Finals championship. He won 11 titles while reaching the finals of 15 of the 16 events he entered to finish with an 82–6 record. His record against Nadal and new rival Murray was 10–1 combined, although he was less dominant versus Federer compared to 2011, with a 5–3 record. This season was seen as the greatest in the Open Era by many fans and analysts.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic competed in 8 Masters 1000 finals in 2015, breaking the previous record of 6 finals. He is the only player to win all 9 Masters 1000 tournaments, and he won each at least twice. As a result, he is considered to be the greatest and most accomplished player in ATP Masters history. Overall, he has reached a record 56 finals.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic is widely viewed as one of the greatest hardcourt players of the Open Era. He has won a record 12 hard court major titles (9 Australian Opens & 3 US Opens). He has also won an Open Era record of 27 Masters hard court titles. In addition, Djokovic has a record 88.6% Grand Slam match win percentage on hard courts.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: As of November 2022, Djokovic holds the Open Era record for the highest career winning percentage (minimum 500 wins) at 83.3% (1031–206 record).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic's clay court achievements include 18 titles on the surface, including two French Open titles and 11 Masters titles. Djokovic is the second player after Robin Söderling to defeat Nadal at the French Open, the only player to do so twice, and the only player to beat Nadal in straight sets at the tournament. He is also the only player to defeat Nadal in all three clay court Masters events, which he first achieved in the finals of Madrid and Rome in 2011 and in Monte Carlo in 2013. The latter victory also ended Nadal's consecutive run of 8 Monte Carlo titles. Djokovic is the player with the most clay-court match wins over Nadal (8). He is the only player of open era hold top 10 titles number on all three surfaces: he has 65 hard-court titles (2nd), 8 grass-court titles (5th), and 18 clay-court titles (10th). Because of these many accomplishments, Djokovic is considered by many sports analysts to be the greatest tennis player of all time.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: "Only main-draw results in ATP Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup/ATP Cup/Laver Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has the second record number of Grand Slam men's singles titles in history (21). He holds the records for the most hardcourt titles (12), hardcourt finals (18) and finals (32). His nine titles at Australian Open is an all-time record. Djokovic is one of two (Nadal) men in the Open Era to achieve a double Career Grand Slam, and the only one to hold all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously across three different surfaces. He is also the only player to reach at least 6 men's singles finals at each of the Grand Slam events.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has won the most Year-End Championships (6, tied with Roger Federer). He holds the record for consecutive titles (4). He won his first five finals, also a record.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has won a record 38 Masters titles overall as well as a record 27 on hard courts. In 2015, he set the records for most titles (6) and most finals (8) in the same season. He also holds the record for consecutive wins in finals (12). In 2018 he became the first tennis player in history to win a title at all nine Masters tournaments, and in 2020 he became the first to win each tournament at least twice.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has spent the most weeks as ATP world No. 1, a record total of 373. Djokovic holds the record for the most ATP year-end No. 1 rankings, having achieved the feat 7 times. Djokovic is the oldest ATP year-end number one player.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: He first ascended into the top-10 on 19 March 2007 when he moved up from No. 13 to No. 10. Since then, he's spent:


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: The following is a list of coaches who are coaching or coached Djokovic during his career, with his current coaches in boldface:


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic's match record against those who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface:


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has the most wins over top 10 ranked players in the Open Era and is only one of the two players (the other being Federer) in the Open Era to reach 200 top-10 wins. He has a record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10. He also set the era's single season record with 31 wins in 2015.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: In 2011, in a seven-tournament span, Djokovic defeated then world No. 1 Nadal in the finals of five prestigious events; Indian Wells Masters, Miami Masters, Madrid Masters, Rome Masters, and Wimbledon.


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic has had eight 20+ match win streaks in his career: 43 (2010–11), 29 (2019–20), 28 (2013–14), 28 (2015), 23 (2015), 22 (2012–13), 22 (2018) and 22 (2021).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic's 43-match winning streak in 2010–11 is the fifth best in the Open Era in men's singles (see winning streaks on all the surfaces). It also covers 41 straight matches since the start of 2011, which is the second longest streak to start the year since 1980, behind John McEnroe (started 42–0 in 1984).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic won an Open Era men's record 30-consecutive singles matches at Grand Slam (Open Era record), becoming the third man to hold all four major titles at once, joining Don Budge six major (1937–38) / 37 match wins streak (1937 Wimbledon–1938 US Championships) and Rod Laver four major (1962) / 31 match wins streak (1962 Australian Championships–1968 Roland Garros Final) & four major (1969) / 29 match wins streak (1969 Australian Open–1970 Wimbledon Round of 16).


title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: Djokovic's 28-match winning streak in China began at the China Open in 2012 and was ended by Roger Federer at the Shanghai Masters in 2014.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: The 6.5mm Grendel is an intermediate cartridge jointly designed by British-American armorer Bill Alexander, competitive shooter Arne Brennan (of Houston, Texas) and Lapua ballistician Janne Pohjoispää, as a low-recoil, high-precision rifle cartridge specifically for the AR-15 platform at medium/long range (200–800 yard). It is an improved variation of the 6.5mm PPC.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: The 6.5mm Grendel cartridge was first unveiled in May 2003 at the Blackwater Training Facility in North Carolina, where it remained supersonic at range and out-shot the 7.62mm NATO with only half the recoil. Since its introduction, it has proven to be a versatile cartridge and is now expanding into other firearm design platforms including bolt-action rifles and the Kalashnikov system.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: The name "Grendel" is inspired by the mythical monster antagonist from the Old English epic poem "Beowulf". It was a trademark owned by Alexander Arms (Bill Alexander's company in Radford, Virginia) and manufactured at Radford Arsenal, until legally released in 2010 for SAAMI standardization with collaboration from Hornady.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: The goal of the 6.5mm Grendel design was to create an effective STANAG magazine-length cartridge for the AR-15 platform that could reach and surpass the performance of the native 5.56mm NATO/.223 Remington cartridge. Constrained by the dimension of the STANAG magazines, the Grendel's designers decided to use a shorter, larger-diameter case for higher powder volume while allowing space for the long, streamlined, high ballistic coefficient 6.5mm (.264 cal.) bullets. Firing factory-loaded ammunition with bullets ranging from , its muzzle velocity varies from with 129- and bullets to with bullets (similar in velocity to a 5.56 mm round). Depending on their case material and bullet weight, 6.5mm Grendel cartridges weigh .


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: The case head diameter of the Grendel is the same as that of the .220 Russian, 7.62×39mm and 6.5mm PPC cases. This diameter is larger than the 5.56×45mm NATO, thereby necessitating the use of a non-standard AR-15 bolt. The increased case diameter results in a small reduction in the magazine ammo capacities. A 6.5mm Grendel magazine with the same dimensions as a 30-round STANAG magazine will hold 26 rounds of Grendel ammunition.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: Proponents assert that the Grendel is a good "middle ground" between the 5.56×45mm NATO and the 7.62×51mm NATO. It retains greater terminal energy at extended ranges than either of these cartridges due to its higher ballistic coefficient (BC).


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: For example, the 6.5 mm Grendel bullet has more kinetic energy and better body armor penetration at than the larger and heavier bullet of the M80 7.62mm NATO round.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: In order to obtain ballistics that are superior to the 7.62×51mm cartridge, a weapon with a longer barrel and firing a heavier bullet is necessary. To achieve the same results from shorter-length barrels, even heavier bullets are needed.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: As noted above, the Grendel case is very closely related to the .220 Russian case. In general, each additional grain of bullet weight will reduce muzzle velocity by 10.8 ft/s (50.8 m/s for each gram) and each additional inch of barrel length will increase muzzle velocity by 20 ft/s (2.4 m/s for each centimeter). Specific details are available as graphs derived from Alexander Arms' public domain load table linked below.


title: 6.5mm Grendel

text: Serbia is in process of adopting a rifle made by Zastava Arms in 6.5 mm Grendel caliber as main armament for its armed forces. The rifle, designated M17, is a derivative of the previous-issue M70 rifle. An American-manufactured rifle in 6.5mm Grendel caliber may also be adopted in armament for special forces units after it passes testing in Technical Testing Center. Three types of 6.5mm Grendel ammunition produced by Prvi Partizan Užice Serbia will be tested for use with these rifles.


title: Edi Patterson

text: Edi Christine Patterson is an American actress and writer. She has primarily acted in comedies. She is best known for portraying Fran in the film "Knives Out" (2019), Veronica in the series "Partners" (2014), Jen Abbott in the series "Vice Principals" (2016–2017), and Judy Gemstone in "The Righteous Gemstones" (2019–present).


title: Edi Patterson

text: Edi Patterson was born in Texas City, Texas. Her mother, Jeanne Patterson, was a teacher and her father, Dennis Patterson, was a plumber. She graduated from high school in 1993 and attended Southwest Texas State University, obtaining a theater Bachelor of Arts in 1997.


title: Edi Patterson

text: After graduating from college, Patterson became an improv performer for both Theatresports in Austin, Texas and with The Groundlings


title: Edi Patterson

text: Highlights of her screen career to date, have been regular roles in several TV series, including eleven episodes of "The Underground" in 2006, ten episodes playing Veronica in "Partners" alongside Kelsey Grammer in 2014, starred as Jen Abbott for 15 episodes of "Vice Principals" (2016–2017), had a long-standing voice only role in "We Bare Bears" between 2015–2018, played the recurring role of Elizabeth for 6 episodes of "The Last O.G." in 2018.


title: Edi Patterson

text: In 2019, Patterson starred as Judy Gemstone alongside John Goodman in the HBO TV series "The Righteous Gemstones" about a famous but dysfunctional family of televangelists. The same year, Patterson appeared in the mystery film "Knives Out", which had its world premiere at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival and received three nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Sanjay Gupta (born October 23, 1969) is an American neurosurgeon, medical reporter, and writer. He serves as associate chief of the neurosurgery service at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, associate professor of neurosurgery at the Emory University School of Medicine, member of the National Academy of Medicine and American Academy of Arts and Sciences and is the chief medical correspondent for CNN.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta is known for his many TV appearances on health-related issues. During the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, he has been a frequent contributor to numerous CNN shows covering the crisis, as well as hosting a weekly town hall with Anderson Cooper. Gupta was the host of the CNN show "Sanjay Gupta MD" for which he has won multiple Emmy Awards. Gupta also hosted the 6 part mini series "Chasing Life". He is a frequent contributor to other CNN programs such as "American Morning", "Larry King Live", "CNN Tonight", and "Anderson Cooper 360°". His reports from Charity Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina led to him winning a 2006 Emmy Award for "Outstanding Feature Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast". He is also a special correspondent for CBS News.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Sanjay Gupta also co-hosts the health conference Life Itself, along with Marc Hodosh (co-creator of TEDMED). Gupta published a column in "Time" magazine and has written four books: "Chasing Life", "Cheating Death", "Monday Mornings: A Novel", and "Keep Sharp" (Jan 2021).


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta was born in Novi, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. In the 1960s, Gupta's parents, Subhash and Damyanti Gupta, moved from India prior to their marriage and met in Livonia, Michigan, where they worked as engineers for Ford Motor Company. His mother was born in the village of Tharushah in Sindh (now Pakistan), but at age 5 fled to India as a Hindu refugee during the Partition of India. Gupta and his younger brother Suneel graduated from Novi High School and Gupta went on to receive his Bachelor of Science degree in biomedical sciences at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and his M.D. degree from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1993. He was part of Interflex, a since discontinued accelerated medical education program that accepted medical students directly from high school.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: As an undergraduate, Gupta worked as an orientation leader for the freshman orientation program and was a member of the Men's Glee Club. He also served as president of the Indian American Students Association (IASA), which is now the second-largest student organization at the university. Gupta completed his residency in neurological surgery within the University of Michigan Health System, in 2000, followed by a fellowship at the Semmes Murphy Clinic, in Memphis, Tennessee. Gupta plays the accordion, having taken ten years of lessons, as he noted in an interview with David Hochman for "Playboy".


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta is an Emory Healthcare general neurosurgeon at Grady Memorial Hospital and has worked on spine, trauma and 3‑D‑image-guided operations. He has published medical journal articles on percutaneous pedicle screw placement, brain tumors, and spinal cord abnormalities. He is licensed to practice medicine in Georgia. From 1997 to 1998, he served as one of fifteen White House Fellows, primarily as an advisor to Hillary Clinton. In January 2009, it was reported that Gupta was offered the position of Surgeon General of the United States in the Obama Administration, but he withdrew his name from consideration.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: During his reporting in Haiti following the January 2010 earthquake, Gupta received a call from the aircraft carrier USS "Carl Vinson" that an earthquake victim, a 12-year-old girl, was aboard and needed a neurosurgeon. Gupta, a pediatric surgeon, Henri Ford, and two U.S. Navy doctors removed a piece of concrete from the girl's skull in an operation performed aboard the "Vinson". Ford later wrote that Gupta "proved to be a competent neurosurgeon".


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta joined CNN in the summer of 2001. He reported from New York following the attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001. In 2003, Gupta traveled to Iraq to cover the medical aspects of the invasion of Iraq. While in Iraq, Gupta performed emergency surgery on both US soldiers and Iraqi civilians. Gupta was embedded with a Navy medical unit at the time, specifically a group of Corpsman called the "Devil Docs", who supported the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. Marine Sergeant Jesus Vindaña suffered a rear gunshot wound, and the Marines asked for Gupta's assistance because of his background in neurosurgery. Vindaña survived and was sent back to the United States for rehabilitation.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: In December 2006, CBS News president Sean McManus negotiated a deal with CNN that would have Gupta file up to ten reports a year for the "CBS Evening News with Katie Couric" and "60 Minutes" while remaining CNN's chief medical correspondent and associate chief of neurosurgery at Grady Memorial Hospital.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: On October 14, 2007, Gupta guest-hosted a health episode of "CBS News Sunday Morning" as its regular host Charles Osgood was on vacation. In February 2009, Gupta hosted "AC360" covering the White House Health Summit. He also guest hosted "Larry King Live" in October 2009. In January 2010, Gupta and Cooper led CNN's coverage of the earthquake in Haiti. Gupta has regularly appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart", "Real Time with Bill Maher" and "the Oprah Winfrey Show". Winfrey referred to Gupta as CNN's hero in January 2010.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: In 2011, Gupta portrayed himself in the movie "Contagion", which has received much renewed attention during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. His novel "Monday Mornings" became an instant "New York Times" bestseller on its release in March 2012. It was adapted as a 2013 television series with David E. Kelley and Gupta serving as executive producers. In a 2013 editorial, Gupta announced that in the process of working on a documentary about marijuana he had changed his mind about the drug's risks and benefits. Gupta had previously criticized laws that allowed patient access to medical marijuana, but he reversed his stance, saying, "I am here to apologize," and, "We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that." The third part of his 3-hour documentary, "Weed 3: The Marijuana Revolution", was released in April 2015. He was a co-producer of the 2017 CNN documentary "Unseen Enemy", which warned of the risks of a global pandemic.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta served as a commentator on the University of Michigan TeamCast with former Wolverines kicker Jay Feely for the school's appearance in the 2018 NCAA Men's Final Four, which aired on CNN sibling TNT. In April 2019, "Chasing Life" was adapted as a six-show TV miniseries on CNN that took him to Japan, India, Bolivia, Norway, Italy, and Turkey. In September 2019, Gupta and Marc Hodosh (Co-Creator of TEDMED) announced a new event called Life Itself in partnership with CNN. Both Gupta and Hodosh will serve as hosts and organizers. From June 28 to July 9, 2021, Gupta served as a guest host on "Jeopardy!".


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: On January 6, 2009, CNN announced that Gupta had been considered for the position of Surgeon General by President-elect Barack Obama. Some doctors said that his communication skills and high-profile would allow him to highlight medical issues and prioritize medical reform. Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI), wrote a letter opposing Gupta's nomination. Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film "Sicko".


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: From the medical community, Donna Wright, of Creative Health Care Management, a regular commentator on medicine and politics, also defended the appointment on the grounds of his media presence, combined with his medical qualifications, which she viewed as an ideal combination for the post of surgeon general. Likewise, Fred Sanfilippo, executive vice president for health affairs at Emory University, supported Gupta's nomination by issuing a press release saying: "He has the character, training, intelligence and communications skills needed to help the United States improve its health and health care delivery systems in the next Administration." The American Council on Exercise, listed by PR Newswire as "America's leading authority on fitness and one of the largest fitness certification, education and training organizations in the world", endorsed the nomination of Gupta


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: "because of his passion for inspiring Americans to lead healthier, more active lives". The ACE sent a letter of support to senator Edward M. Kennedy. Former surgeon general Joycelyn Elders also supported Gupta's nomination, saying: "He has enough well-trained, well-qualified public health people to teach him the things he needs to do the job." In March 2009 Gupta withdrew his name from consideration for the post, citing his family and his career.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Some journalists and journalism professors specializing in health care have criticized the quality of Gupta's coverage. Trudy Lieberman, a regular "Nation" contributor on healthcare and director of the health and medicine reporting program at the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, reviewed Gupta's "ineptitude" in reporting on the McCain health plan. Lieberman criticized Gupta for relying on insurance industry statistics, and a health expert quoted by Lieberman said that Gupta's reporting "gives a gross oversimplification". Gary Schwitzer, professor of health journalism at the University of Minnesota School of Journalism and now an editor at "Health News Review", has also criticized Gupta's reporting.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Peter Aldhous criticized Gupta's "enthusiasm for many forms of medical screening – even when the scientific evidence indicates that it may not benefit patients". He and other medical journalists accuse him of a "pro-screening bias" in promoting widespread electrocardiogram and prostate cancer screening, even though medical authorities like the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend against it.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: A July 9, 2007, broadcast of CNN's "The Situation Room" aired a fact-check segment by Gupta on Michael Moore's 2007 film "Sicko" in which Gupta stated that Moore had "fudged facts". Immediately following the segment, Moore was interviewed live on CNN by Wolf Blitzer. Moore said that Gupta's report was inaccurate and biased, and Moore later posted a detailed response on his website. Moore accused CNN of being biased in favor of the drug industry because most of the sponsors for their medical coverage were drug companies.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: On July 10, 2007, Gupta debated Moore on "Larry King Live"; on July 15, CNN released a statement in response to Michael Moore's rebuttal. In it, they apologized for an error in their on-air report, having stated that in the film Moore reported Cuba spends $25 per person for health care when the film actually gave that number as $251. CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN defended the rest of Gupta's report responding point-by-point to Moore's response, contending that comparison of data from different sources in different years was in effect cherry picking results, at the cost of statistical accuracy.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: On April 28, 2012, Gupta was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree for his accomplishments in the medical field. He also gave the commencement address at the spring commencement ceremony held in the University of Michigan Stadium. On June 12, 2016, Gupta addressed the Oregon Health & Science University graduating class of 2016. On May 23, 2019, Gupta presented the commencement address to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine class of 2019. In October 2019, Gupta was elected to the National Academy of Medicine, to join its 2019 class consisting of 100 members, one of the highest honors in medicine. Gupta was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021. On October 6, 2022, Gupta was honored with the Fitzwater Medallion for Leadership in Public Communication by Franklin Pierce University.


title: Sanjay Gupta

text: Gupta is married to Rebecca Olson, a family law attorney. They were married in 2004 in a Hindu wedding ceremony. They live in Atlanta and have three daughters. Gupta wrote a book called about the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: Sarah Greene (born 24 July 1984) is an Irish actress and singer. She won acclaim for portraying Helen McCormick in the West End and Broadway productions of "The Cripple of Inishmaan".


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: For her performance in the role, she was nominated for the 2014 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and the 2014 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actress - Drama, as Hecate Poole in the Showtime and Sky series "Penny Dreadful," as well as starring as Maxine in the CBS series "Ransom".


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: She became interested in acting when she saw "Red Riding Hood" along with her parents at the Opera House in Cork. A short time later she joined the CADA Performing Arts in Cork, where she took part in theatre plays and musicals until she was 19 years old.


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: When Greene was six years old she first appeared on stage. She played a twin in the theatre play "The King and I" at the Opera House in Cork. After leaving CADA Performing Arts she was trained at the Gaiety School of Acting in Dublin, from which she graduated in 2006.


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: In Greene's first film appearance, in 2008, she played Imelda Egan in "Eden". In 2009, she appeared as the barmaid Cathleen in "Love and Savagery".


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: In 2010, she starred as Amber in the play "Grimm" at The Peacock theatre in Dublin. In 2011, she played Sinead Mulligan in the film "The Guard".


title: Sarah Greene (actress)

text: In 2013 and 2014, she appeared with Daniel Radcliffe in the theatre play "The Cripple of Inishmaan". For her performance as Helen McCormick she was nominated for the Tony Award and the Laurence Olivier Award as best actor in a supporting role. In 2014, she appeared in "The Assets". In "Noble", she played Christina Noble. In 2014, she appeared as Saxon princess Judith in the television series "Vikings". Judith should have become one of the main figures during the third season of the series; however, Greene refused because she wanted to appear on Broadway. In 2015, she played Hecate Poole in "Penny Dreadful". In 2019, she began to play one of the leads on "Dublin Murders", as Detective Cassie Maddox.


title: Fenghuang

text: Fènghuáng (, ) are mythological birds found in Sinospheric mythology that reign over all other birds. The males were originally called fèng and the females huáng, but such a distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the Chinese dragon, which is traditionally deemed male.


title: Fenghuang

text: It is known under similar names in various other languages (Japanese: ; or ; Korean: ). In the Western world, it is commonly called the Chinese phoenix or simply phoenix, although mythological similarities with the Western phoenix are superficial.


title: Fenghuang

text: A common depiction of fenghuang was of it attacking snakes with its talons and its wings spread. According to the "Erya"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s chapter 17 "Shiniao", fenghuang is made up of the beak of a rooster, the face of a swallow, the forehead of a fowl, the neck of a snake, the breast of a goose, the back of a tortoise, the hindquarters of a stag and the tail of a fish. Today, however, it is often described as a composite of many birds including the head of a golden pheasant, the body of a mandarin duck, the tail of a peacock, the legs of a crane, the mouth of a parrot, and the wings of a swallow.


title: Fenghuang

text: The fenghuang's body symbolizes the celestial bodies: the head is the sky, the eyes are the sun, the back is the moon, the wings are the wind, the feet are the earth, and the tail is the planets. The fenghuang is said to have originated in the sun. Its body contains the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, yellow, and green. It sometimes carries scrolls or a box with sacred books. It is sometimes depicted with a fireball. It is believed that the bird only appears in areas or places that are blessed with utmost peace and prosperity or happiness.


title: Fenghuang

text: The earliest known ancient phoenix design dates back to about 7000–8000 years ago and was discovered in Hongjiang, Hunan Province, at the Gaomiao Archeological Site. The earliest known form of dragon-phoenix design, on the other hand, dates back to the Yangshao culture (c. 5000 – c. 3000 BC) and was found at an archeological site near Xi'an in Shaanxi Province. This ancient usage of "phoenix" and "dragon" designs are all evidence of an ancient form of totemism in China.


title: Fenghuang

text: During the Shang dynasty, phoenix and dragon images appear to have become popular as burial objects. Several archeological artifacts of jade phoenix and jade dragons were unearthed in tombs dating from the Shang dynasty period.


title: Fenghuang

text: During the Spring and Autumn period (c. 771 BC – c. 476 BC) and the Warring States period, common form of unearthed artifacts are the combination of dragon-phoenix designs together. One of such artifacts is the "Silk Painting of Human Figure with Dragon and Phoenix," which shows such combination of dragon and phoenix images.


title: Fenghuang

text: In Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), phoenix hairpins (i.e. hairpins with "fenghuang" decorations) and shoes which were also decorated with phoenix designs were supposed to be worn by the Imperial concubines of the Qin Emperor.


title: Fenghuang

text: During the Han dynasty (2,200 years ago) two phoenixes, one a male ("feng", ) and the other a female ("huang", ) were often shown together facing one other. In the Han dynasty, an imperial edict decreed that the phoenix hairpins had to become the formal headpiece for the empress dowager and the imperial grandmother.


title: Fenghuang

text: Later, during the Yuan dynasty the two terms were merged to become "fenghuang", but the "King of Birds" came to symbolize the empress when paired with a dragon representing the emperor.


title: Fenghuang

text: From the Jiajing era (1522–66) of the Ming dynasty onwards, a pair of phoenixes was differentiated by the tail feathers of the two birds, typically together forming a closed circle patternthe male identified by five long serrated tail feathers or "filaments" (five being an odd, masculine, or "yang" number) and the female by what sometimes appears to be one but is in fact usually two curling or tendrilled tail feathers (two being an even, feminine, or "yin" number). Also during this period, the "fenghuang" was used as a symbol representing the direction south. This was portrayed through a male and female facing each other. Their feathers were of the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, green, and yellow. These colours are said to represent Confucius' five virtues:


title: Fenghuang

text: The phoenix represented power sent from the heavens to the Empress. If a phoenix was used to decorate a house it symbolized that loyalty and honesty were in the people that lived there. Or alternatively, a phoenix only stays when the ruler is without darkness and corruption ().


title: Fenghuang

text: The fenghuang has positive connotations. It is a symbol of virtue and grace. The fenghuang also symbolizes the union of yin and yang. The first chapter of the "Classic of Mountains and Seas ", the "Nanshang-jing", states that each part of fenghuang's body symbolizes a word. The head represents virtue (), the wing represents duty (), the back represents propriety (), the abdomen represents credibility () and the chest represents mercy ().


title: Fenghuang

text: The "fenghuang" originally consisted of a separate male "feng" and a female "huang" as symbols of yin and yang. The male "feng" represented the "yang" aspect while the "huang" represented the "yin" aspect; and together, the feng and huang image was symbolic of love between husband and wife. However, since the Qin dynasty, the "fenghuang" progressively went through a feminization process as the dragon became a symbol of masculinity. Eventually the "feng" and the "huang" merged into a single female entity.


title: Fenghuang

text: In ancient and modern Chinese culture, "fenghuang" can often be found in the decorations for weddings or royalty, along with dragons. This is because the Chinese considered the dragon-and-phoenix design symbolic of blissful relations between husband and wife, another common yang and yin metaphor. In some traditions it appears in good times but hides during times of trouble, while in other traditions it appeared only to mark the beginning of a new era. In China and Japan it was a symbol of the imperial house, and it represented "fire, the sun, justice, obedience, and fidelity".


title: Grounded (video game)

text: Grounded is a survival video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Xbox Game Studios. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in early access in July 2020. It was fully released on September 27, 2022.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: "Grounded" is a survival game that can be played either in first-person or a third-person. In the game, the protagonist is shrunk to the size of an ant and must strive to survive in a backyard. In the game, the player character (Max, Willow, Pete or Hoops) needs to consume an adequate amount of food and water, or they will lose health due to starvation or dehydration respectively. The backyard is filled with various bugs and insects, such as spiders, bees, dust mites, and ladybugs. The specific microfauna featured in the game suggests the setting to be somewhere in North America as the majority of species featured may be readily found there, although a few (such as the Orchid Mantis) are not native but could reasonably be considered invasive. Different insects serve different purposes in the game. For instance, spiders are one of the game's apex predators that will hunt down the players, ladybugs can lead players to food sources, and aphids can be cooked and consumed for food. Players can also cut down grass to collect dewdrops. The game has an accessibility option for players who have arachnophobia, which allows players to decide how scary spiders are going to be in the game.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: As players progress in the game, they will visit new areas in the backyard. The game's difficulty would slowly increase and enemies that are more dangerous would be introduced. Throughout the game, players need to scavenge resources in the world in order to construct a base so as to defend themselves from hostile enemies, in particular during nighttime as some of the insects become more aggressive. The resources can also be used to craft different tools, traps and weapons, such as axes, spears and bows and arrows, to defeat enemies. Players also need to manage their stamina as the playable character may become exhausted in sustained combat. The game can be played solo, though it also has a four-player cooperative multiplayer mode.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: In 1990, Pete (Max Mittelman), Max (Luke Youngblood), Willow (Ozioma Akagha), and Hoops (Charlet Chung) are the latest four teenagers in a string of disappearances. The teens wake up to find themselves shrunken down to the size of a small insect and trapped in a backyard, but have no memory of how they were shrunk or how they ended up in the yard.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: As the teens explore the yard, they come across recordings left behind by a scientist named Dr. Wendell Tully (Zachary Levi), who invented the SPAC.R, which can shrink objects and people. The teens discover that they are in fact in Dr. Tully's backyard and find the SPAC.R. However, the device malfunctions and causes an explosion in a nearby oak tree. The teens head over to investigate the explosion and find an entire miniature lab built inside of the tree. Inside, they find Dr. Tully's robotic assistant, BURG.L (Josh Brener). Unfortunately, the explosion damaged BURG.L's memory, so it cannot help them repair the SPAC.R until the teens recover its memory backup chips stored in Dr. Tully's labs scattered across his backyard. Despite its memory loss, BURG.L assists the teens by providing them blueprints and knowledge on how to survive in the wilderness and defend themselves from hostile insects.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: As the teens locate Dr. Tully's labs and recover the memory chips, they also begin to recover their memories, and recall that they were kidnapped and experimented on by a company called Ominent. Once they were shrunk and the experiments were complete, the project's leader Director Dalton Schmector (Roger Craig Smith) ordered the teens to be disposed of. However, one of the scientists took pity on the teens and secretly smuggled them into Dr. Tully's backyard, as he is the only person that can help them. BURG.L recovers its memories and explains that a side effect of using the SPAC.R is a condition called Raisining Syndrome, where the shrinking process goes out of control and the person suffering from it eventually shrivels up like a raisin. Ominent was experimenting on children since they appeared to be immune to the effects of Raisining Syndrome, and managed to find a cure. However, Ominent still has been unable to replicate Dr. Tully's secret Embiggening Formula, which is needed to reverse the shrinking process.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: BURG.L sends the teens to Dr. Tully's last known location. They find a recording left by him explaining that he had begun to suffer the effects of Raisining Syndrome and retreated to an underground lab in an effort to find a cure. The teens head into the lab and find Dr. Tully barely being kept alive by a life support pod. Dr. Tully further explains that Schmector used to be his supervisor before he left the company to work on the SPAC.R, and is angry that Ominent already built their own version. Seeing the predicament the teens are in, Dr. Tully instructs them on how to formulate the Embiggening Formula. However, Dr. Tully also warns the teens that once they start mixing the formula, Ominent will become aware of it and send their army of mind controlled insects to attack. The teens then have the choice of going ahead with the mixing process or confront Schmector's surveillance robot first. If the robot is defeated, the teens will recover a disk containing all of Ominent's research data, including a cure for the Raisining Syndrome.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: The teens then mix the Embiggening Formula and reactivate the SPAC.R to return to normal size. However, the ending depends on whether they confronted Schmector or not.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: Following the release of "", the team at Obsidian Entertainment began brainstorming ideas for a survival game. While the majority of the staff in Obsidian worked on "The Outer Worlds", a small team of 13 people began the production of "Grounded". The game was already in production before Microsoft's acquisition of Obsidian in 2018. Announced by Xbox Game Studios at X019 in November 2019, the game was released on July 28, 2020, for Steam's early access and Xbox Game Preview. The early version will feature about 20% of the game's main campaign, and Obsidian planned to listen to the feedback from the community as they continued to work towards the game's full release in 2022. The early access version amassed 5 million players within 6 months of release.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: The team was inspired by films such as Disney's "A Bug's Life" and "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids". To know more about different types of insects, the team also watched long featurettes at YouTube produced by insect enthusiasts. The team chose the backyard as the game's setting as the team felt that it is a recognizable and approachable location. Also, they believed that a backyard can also be "larger-than-life" and have a "real sense of danger". The game's director, Adam Brennecke, compared the setting to a "theme park", as the team added numerous landmarks into the world in an attempt to make it more interesting.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: The team envisioned a game world that was interactable, and that players' actions would change the state of the world. Brennecke added that the game would feature a "memorable" story like other Obsidian's games. The team worked extensively on the artificial intelligence of insects, which govern their behaviors. For instance, ants are curious about the player character and initially do not attack. However, if the player builds a base around their food, or the player character becomes stronger and the ants begin to see them as a threat, they will attack the players. An animated series adaptation of the game is in the works with Brent Friedman developing the series.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: In July 2022, it was announced an animated series adaptation of the game is in the works with Brent Friedman developing the series.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: It was nominated for Innovation in Accessibility at The Game Awards 2020 and won the Xbox Game of the Year award at the Golden Joystick Awards.


title: Challah

text: Challah (, or ; plural: or ) is a special bread of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, usually braided and typically eaten on ceremonial occasions such as Shabbat and major Jewish holidays (other than Passover). Ritually acceptable challah is made of dough from which a small portion has been set aside as an offering. Challah may also refer to the dough offering. The word is biblical in origin, though originally referred only to the dough offering. Similar braided breads such as kalach and vánočka are found across Central and Eastern Europe.


title: Challah

text: The term in Biblical Hebrew meant a kind of loaf or cake. The Aramaic word given for its translation is (pl. ), and which word (var. ) Payne Smith defines as "a cake or loaf," or "morsel of bread." In Hebrew, the word challah is derived from the root () which means “hollow,” “space” or “pierced.”


title: Challah

text: In Rabbinic terminology, "challah" often refers to the portion of dough which must be separated before baking, and set aside as a tithe for the Kohen, since the biblical verse which commands this practice refers to the separated dough as a ""challah"". The practice of separating this dough sometimes became known as "separating challah" () or "taking challah". The food made from the balance of the dough is also called "challah." The obligation applies to any loaf of bread, not only to the Shabbat bread. Nevertheless, separating challah may have been more common when baking the Shabbat bread than at other times, because separating challah is only required for large batches of dough (using over 10 cups of flour), such as might be prepared for special occasions.


title: Challah

text: Challah may also be referred to as "cholla" bread. In Poland it is commonly known as (diminutive of , pronounced ), in Ukraine as 'kolach' or 'khala' and () in Belarus, Russia.


title: Challah

text: Yiddish communities in different regions of Europe called the bread , or , , , , or , or . Some of these names are still in use today, such as in South Africa.


title: Challah

text: The term "koylatch" is cognate with the names of similar braided breads which are consumed on special occasions by other cultures outside the Jewish tradition in a number of European cuisines. These are the Russian "kalach", the Serbian , the Ukrainian kolach the Hungarian , and the Romanian . These names originated from Proto-Slavic "kolo" meaning "circle", or "wheel", and refer to the circular form of the loaf.


title: Challah

text: In the Middle East, regional Shabbat breads were simply referred to by the local word for bread, such as in Farsi or in Arabic.


title: Challah

text: Most traditional Ashkenazi challah recipes use numerous eggs, fine white flour, water, sugar, yeast, oil (such as vegetable or canola), and salt, but "water challah" made without eggs and having a texture like French baguette also exists, which is typically suitable for those following vegan diets. Modern recipes may replace white flour with whole wheat, oat, or spelt flour or sugar with honey or molasses.


title: Challah

text: According to Sephardic Jewish observance of halachah, a bread with too much sugar changes the status of the bread to cake. This would change the blessing used over the bread from Hamotzi (bread) to Mezonot (cake, dessert breads, etc.) which would invalidate it for use during the Kiddush for Shabbat. While braided breads are sometimes found in Sephardic cuisine, they are typically not challah but are variants of regional breads like çörek, eaten by Jews and non-Jews alike.


title: Challah

text: Egg challah sometimes also contains raisins and/or saffron. After the first rising, the dough is rolled into rope-shaped pieces which are braided, though local (hands in Lithuania, fish or hands in Tunisia) and seasonal (round, sometimes with a bird's head in the centre) varieties also exist. Poppy or sesame (Ashkenazi) and anise or sesame (Sephardi) seeds may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top. Both egg and water challah are usually brushed with an egg wash before baking to add a golden sheen.


title: Challah

text: Challah is usually pareve (containing neither dairy nor meat—important in the laws of Kashrut), unlike brioche and other enriched European breads, which contain butter or milk.


title: Challah

text: Israeli breads for shabbat are very diverse, reflecting the traditions of Persian, Iraqi, Moroccan, Russian, Polish, Yemeni, and other Jewish communities who live in the State of Israel. They may contain eggs or olive oil in the dough as well as water, sugar, yeast, salt, honey and raisins. It may be topped with sesame or other seeds according to various Minhagim.


title: Challah

text: According to Jewish tradition, the three Sabbath meals (Friday night, Saturday lunch, and Saturday late afternoon) and two holiday meals (one at night and lunch the following day) each begin with two complete loaves of bread. This "double loaf" (in Hebrew: ) commemorates the manna that fell from the heavens when the Israelites wandered in the desert after the Exodus. The manna did not fall on Sabbath or holidays; instead, a double portion would fall the day before the holiday or sabbath to last for both days.


title: Challah

text: In some Ashkenazi customs, each loaf is woven with six strands of dough. Together, the loaves have twelve strands, alluding to the twelve loaves of the showbread offering in the Temple. Other numbers of strands commonly used are three, five and seven. Occasionally twelve are used, referred to as a "Twelve Tribes" challah.


title: Challah

text: It is customary to begin the evening and day Sabbath and holiday meals with the following sequence of rituals:


title: Challah

text: The specific practice varies. Some dip the bread into salt before the blessing on bread. Others say the blessing, cut or tear the challah into pieces, and only then dip the pieces in salt, or sprinkle them with salt, before they are eaten. Some communities may make a nick in the bread with a cutting knife.


title: Challah

text: Normally, the custom is not to talk between washing hands and eating bread. However, according to some, if salt was not placed on the table, it is permitted to ask for someone to bring salt, before the blessing on bread is recited.


title: Challah

text: Salting challah is considered a critical component of the meal. Customs vary whether the challah is dipped in salt, salt is sprinkled on it, or salt is merely present on the table.


title: Challah

text: The Torah requires that Temple sacrifices to God be offered with salt. Following the destruction of the Second Temple, Rabbinic literature suggested that a table set for a meal symbolically replaces the Temple altar; therefore, the blessing over food should only be recited with salt present on the table. Should one eat a meal without performing a commandment, the covenant of salt protects him.


title: Challah

text: To the rabbis, a meal without salt was considered no meal. Furthermore, in the Torah, salt symbolizes the eternal covenant between God and Israel. As a preservative, salt never spoils or decays, signifying the immortality of this bond.


title: Challah

text: On Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, the challah may be rolled into a circular shape (sometimes referred to as a "turban challah"), symbolizing the cycle of the year, and is sometimes baked with raisins in the dough. Some have the custom of continuing to eat circular challah from Rosh Hashana through the holiday of Sukkot. In the Maghreb (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria) many Jews will simply bake their challah in the shape of "turban challah" year-round.


title: Challah

text: Sometimes the top is brushed with honey to symbolize the "sweet new year." According to some traditions, challah eaten on Rosh Hashana is not dipped in or sprinkled with salt but instead is dipped in or sprinkled with honey. As above, some continue to use honey instead of salt through the Sukkot holiday.


title: Challah

text: For the "Shabbat Mevarchim" preceding Rosh Chodesh Iyar (i.e., the first "Shabbat" after the end of Passover), some Ashkenazi Jews have the custom of baking "" challah ("key challah") as a "segula" (propitious sign) for (livelihood). Some make an impression of a key on top of the challah before baking, some place a key-shaped piece of dough on top of the challah before baking, and some bake an actual key inside the challah.


title: Challah

text: The earliest written source for this custom is the "sefer" by Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heshel, written in the 1800s. He calls challah "an ancient custom," and offers several kabbalistic interpretations. He writes that after spending forty years in the desert, the Israelites continued to eat the manna until they brought the Omer offering on the second day of Passover. From that day on, they no longer ate manna, but food that had grown in the Land of Israel. Since they now had to start worrying about their sustenance rather than having it handed to them each morning, the key on the challah is a form of prayer to God to open up the gates of livelihood.


title: Challah

text: Challah rolls, known as a or or or (plural: ; ) or (Polish) is a bread roll made with eggs, similar to a challah bun. It is often used as the bread for Shabbat or holiday meals.


title: Challah

text: Similar are made in other traditions. The Polish is similar, though sweeter than challah. The Czech and Slovak vánočka is very similar and traditionally eaten at Christmas. In Bulgarian and Romanian cuisine there is a similar bread called cozonac (Bulgarian: ), while tsoureki bread (also known as or ) is popular in Armenian, Greek and Turkish cuisines. A sweet bread called "milibrod" (Macedonian: ), similarly braided as the challah, is part of the dinner table during Orthodox Easter in Macedonia. Zopf is a similar bread from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, with a sweeter variant known as or . In Finnish cuisine, pulla (also known as cardamom bread in English) is a small braided pastry seasoned with cardamom that is very popular in Finnish cafés. Brioche is an egg-enriched bread, but it is not braided.


title: Servant leadership

text: Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which the goal of the leader is to serve. This is different from traditional leadership where the leader's main focus is the thriving of their company or organization. A servant leader shares power, puts the needs of the employees first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible. Instead of the people working to serve the leader, the leader exists to serve the people. As stated by its founder, Robert K. Greenleaf, a Servant Leader should be focused on, "Do those served grow as persons? Do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants?"


title: Servant leadership

text: When leaders shift their mindset and serve first, they benefit as well as their employees in that their employees acquire personal growth, while the organization grows as well due to the employees growing commitment and engagement. Since this leadership style came about, a number of different organizations have adopted this style as their way of leadership.


title: Servant leadership

text: According to a 2002 study done by Sen Sendjaya and James C Sarros, servant leadership is being practiced in some of the top-ranking companies, and these companies are highly ranked because of their leadership style and following. Further research also confirms that servant leaders lead others to go beyond the call of duty.


title: Servant leadership

text: Before the modern fad for the concept of "leadership" emerged, the autocratic enlightened absolutist King Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia () famously portrayed himself as "the first servant of the state".


title: Servant leadership

text: Robert K. Greenleaf first popularized the phrase "servant leadership" in "The Servant as Leader", an essay published in 1970. In this essay, Greenleaf explains how and why he came up with the idea of servant leadership, as well as defining a servant leader. Greenleaf gave this idea an extensive amount of thought before bringing it to life. Larry Spears, CEO of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, stated in an interview:


title: Servant leadership

text: "Greenleaf credited his reading of Hesse's 1932 book, Journey to the East, as the personal source of inspiration in his coining the term, 'servant-leader' in his 1970 essay, The Servant as Leader."


title: Servant leadership

text: In "Journey to the East", the main character, named Leo, is a servant just like all the others. All the servants work well together, until one day when Leo disappears. When the servants realize that things aren't the same without Leo, they came to the realization that Leo was far more than a servant – he was actually their leader.


title: Servant leadership

text: Greenleaf came to the realization that a newfound leader should be someone that servants or workers can relate to. Leo was seen as a servant, but when the other servants realized that things fell apart without him, he became far more than just a servant to them. This is Greenleaf's idea of what a servant leader should be. Greenleaf first put his idea of servant leadership to use in an organizational sense while he was working as an executive at AT&T.


title: Servant leadership

text: Servant leadership entered the arena of research in 1998 with the publication of the first peer-reviewed servant leadership scale, and since then, over 270 peer reviewed articles have been published across 122 academic journals. The year 2008 was a significant year in servant leadership research with the publication of two seminal papers by Sen Sendjaya, James C Sarros, and Joseph C Santora as well as Liden, Wayne, Zhao, and Henderson, and the first publications using Ehrhart's (2004) measure.


title: Servant leadership

text: The most important characteristic in being a servant leader, according to Greenleaf, is making one's main priority to serve rather than to lead. According to Ginny Boyum, Greenleaf proposed that servant leaders should serve first, make the needs of others their main priority, and find success and "power" in the growth of others; summarily, "A servant can only become a leader if a leader remains a servant". In simpler terms, servant leaders should seek to be servants first, to care for the needs of all others around them, to ensure growth of future leaders. These traits indicate one is a servant leader because, overall, they are causing the ones they serve to become healthier and wiser, guiding others toward self-improvement. Eventually, the served are driven to possess the traits of a servant leader as well, continuing the spread of the leadership style.


title: Servant leadership

text: Greenleaf believed the betterment of others to be the true intention of a servant leader: "I serve" in opposition of the traditional "I lead" mentality. The "I serve" mentality is evident in politicians who define their role through public service. From the "I serve" mentality come two premises:


title: Servant leadership

text: The first premise signifies the act of altruism. Altruism is defined as the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. Greenleaf declares that servant leadership begins with the natural feeling of wanting to serve first. The act of leadership is in the context of serving others and to serve others. Only through the act of serving does the leader lead other people to be what they are capable of. The second premise of servant leadership ("I am the leader because I serve") begins with a rooted ambition to be a leader or personal ambitions of a leader.


title: Servant leadership

text: Greenleaf's definition left much room for speculation because it lacks specifics. Servant leadership is handled throughout the literature by many different dimensions. Servant leadership represents a model of leadership that is both inspirational and contains moral safeguards, and in their paper, Mulyadi Robin and Sen Sendjaya proposes that servant leadership serves as a holistic paradigm for leadership as not only is it transformative and ethical, but also engages followers in workplace spirituality.


title: Servant leadership

text: Despite several conceptual papers on the topic of servant leadership, there is no consensus on empirical research for the servant-leadership construct until a state-of-the-art review published in 2020 by Nathan Eva, Mulyadi Robin, Sen Sendjaya, Dirk van Dierendonck, and Robert C Liden in the Leadership Quarterly.


title: Servant leadership

text: Numerous different researchers and leadership experts have created scales and dimensions to differentiate between the levels of Servant Leadership practices as well as evaluate Servant Leadership behaviors.


title: Servant leadership

text: In addition to some early definitions and distinct characteristics of Servant Leaders, researchers and leadership experts have used research to add on to these. James Sipe and Don Frick, in their book "The Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership", state that servant-leaders are individuals of character, those who put people first, are skilled communicators, are compassionate collaborators, use foresight, are systems thinkers, and exercise moral authority. Similarly, researcher Akuchie explored the religious and spiritual articulations of the servant leadership construct. Akuchie examined a single Bible passage related to servant leadership, just like the one mentioned in the opening of the essay. Akuchie suggested that the application of this lesson is for daily life. However, Akuchie did not, in any way, clarify servant leadership as distinct from other forms of leadership or articulate a framework for understanding servant leadership.


title: Servant leadership

text: In their review of the servant leadership literature, Eva, Robin, Sendjaya, van Dierendonk and Liden argued that for research, servant leadership should be defined as "an (1) other-oriented approach to leadership (2) manifested through one-on-one prioritizing of follower individual needs and interests, (3) and outward reorienting of their concern for self towards concern for others within the organization and the larger community."


title: Servant leadership

text: The authors proposed three key elements that captures the essence of servant leadership and set it apart from other leadership styles - namely the motive (the underlying personal motivation for taking up a leadership responsibility, requiring a strong sense of self, character, and psychological maturity), the mode (that they lead by prioritizing subordinates' needs above the organization's bottom line), and the mindset (that servant leaders are stewards who reorient their followers' focus towards others). In essence, servant leadership comprises the following: (1) someone or something other than the leader, (2) one-on-one interactions between leaders and followers, and (3) an overarching concern towards the wellbeing of the wider organizational stakeholders and the larger community.


title: Servant leadership

text: Various critiques of servant leadership have been made. In one such critique, Sendjaya and Sarros used the same Bible account as Akuchie, and made the claim that Jesus Christ, not Greenleaf, introduced the notion of servant leadership to everyday human endeavor. They argued that this leadership principle was so important to Christianity that it was captured by all four Gospel writers (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John). The researchers argued that servant leaders have a particular view of themselves as stewards who are entrusted to develop and empower followers to reach their fullest potential. However, Sendjaya and Sarros research work did not propose a testable framework nor did this work distinguish between this and other leadership styles.


title: Servant leadership

text: Feminist scholars have noted that servant leadership is based on patriarchal approaches to leadership, noting that leadership discourse in general is attributed with masculinity. Similarly, Black scholars have pointed out how notions of servants as being subjugated and mistreated is largely absent from servant leadership discourse. Black scholars also note that although Greenleaf attributes his ideas to Herman Hesse, Martin Luther King Jr. preached similar approaches and was a contemporary of Greenleaf in the United States, but King is never mentioned in any of Greenleaf's original works.


title: Servant leadership

text: Researchers Farling, Stone, and Winston noted the lack of empirical evidence for servant leadership. The researchers presented servant leadership as a hierarchical model in a cyclical process. This consisted of behavioral (vision, service) and relational (influence, credibility, trust) components. However, this conceptualization made by these researchers did not differ from leadership theories such as transformational leadership. Researcher Polleys distinguished servant leadership from three predominant leadership paradigms: The Trait, Behavioral, and Contingency approaches to leadership. Polleys's views aligned with transforming leadership but, once again, made no distinctions among Charismatic, Transformational, and Servant Leadership.


title: Servant leadership

text: In the leadership literature, Servant Leadership is often presented as a particularly ethical leadership style.


title: Servant leadership

text: A recent paper published in the Journal of Management History explained why servant leadership poses a number of risks and limitations, particularly with regard to ethical issues and dilemmas. The researchers identified 4 main risks:


title: Servant leadership

text: Servant leadership predominately draws on two social theories to explain how it influences follower behavior: Social Learning and Social exchange theory. In servant leadership literature, the use of Social Learning Theory argues that servant leaders are influencing their followers, as their followers observe and emulate the leader's positive behaviors. In contrast, Social Exchange Theory is used to argue that a servant leader's followers are exhibiting positive behaviors due to the reciprocal relationship they develop with their leader.


title: Servant leadership

text: While organizations thrive based on the work produced by the employees, the commitment of the employees to the organization is a major contributor to how well an organization functions. Research shows that management style is a main factor in sales person turnover. When put into practice, Servant Leadership has a positive effect on a sales person's turnover intentions because turnover is mainly associated with "the quality of the salesperson–supervisor relationship." Due to servant leaders making their employees their main priority and placing their well-being above everything else, including the organization, the employees feel a sense of trust and a need to return the commitment and obligation that their employer has for them to the organization. Likewise, Servant Leadership has a direct effect on employer brand perception, which in turn reduces employee job turnover. According to Kashyap and Rangnekar, Servant Leadership molds organizations and builds a positive image for the organization. This leads to turnover intention reduction in that the employees "... take pride in what they do and enjoy the company of people they work with". Servant Leaders are also seen as good role models in the eyes of their employees. Because of this, employees begin to act as Servant Leaders themselves, and portray great commitment to the organizations where they see these behaviors and how they affect others around them. The employees also stay at the organization so that they can see and learn more from their employer.


title: Servant leadership

text: Servant leadership practices appear to have an effect on the life of the employee, outside of the organizations that they are affiliated with. It has been concluded that employee perceptions of servant leadership practices and the support of employers and co-workers has a positive effect on an employee's family life. Having their employer cater to their needs, in conjunction with supportive co-workers and staff, aids in lowering stress levels, which produces the desire to go home and cater to their family's needs. In addition, Servant Leadership being the foundation of organizations is said to lead to employees having positive experiences and satisfaction in the work place, which in turn leads to "a transfer of positive experiences from the work role to the family role". Servant Leadership being practiced is said to decrease emotional exhaustion, which is the leading cause of employee burnout. Servant Leadership lessens the feeling of being "drained of inner resources", so employees experience an increase in Work-to-Family positive spillover (WFPS). This decreased emotional exhaustion also leads to stronger marital relationships. Moreover, employees feeling that their needs are made a priority in the work place, as well as the feeling of being satisfied with their interactions at work on a daily basis, has an impact on their family's experience with them as they shift from the work role to the family role.


title: Servant leadership

text: Servant leadership also contributes to employees' goal achievement and success. As defined before, a servant leader's goal is to build upon the skills of their employees and make them better people. With this trait, studies have shown that servant leaders have the ability to influence their employees to achieve their own goals as well as their work goals due to their leaders empowerment, and this plays a major role in their continued success and growth. This outcome is expected because of the Servant Leader's main concern being the well-being of their employees. Likewise, Servant Leaders managing the work environment and things such as "rewards, deadlines, work allocation and performance evaluations" have a positive effect on the well-being and satisfaction of employees because the practices of a Servant Leader deals with these aspects in a way that benefits the employees in every way possible. Studies have also shown that leadership as a whole has an effect on employee's psychological health. Thus, studies have shown that Servant Leadership has a positive effect on employee's psychological health in that the less strain on the employee and the more they assimilate at the organization, the better their psychological health. Research has shown that although many organizations are used to the belief that the "top-down" way, or the leader prioritizing themselves and the organizations and then the employees, is the best way to engage employees in their work. However, studies have shown that Servant Leadership's "bottom-up" style, or prioritizing the needs of the employees first, causes employees to be more engaged in their work in that they feel like they have social support from their leader as well as their colleagues. Overall, employees feeling a sense of support, as well as having a leader who are doing everything in their power to do things that are beneficial for the employees contributes to heightened job performance from the employees.


title: Servant leadership

text: Similar to servant leadership having an effect on employees' stress levels, it also affects them emotionally as well. According to previous research, servant leadership seems to have an effect on the emotional health of the employees because the servant leaders' reliance on "one-on-one communication to understand the abilities, needs, desires, goals, and potential of those individuals" aids in the employees' ability to express themselves in the work place. In turn, this nurturing from their employer leads to them returning this same nurturing towards their co-workers and making the work place a suitable environment for the growth of the employees, as well as the production of good quality work to grow the organization. Organizations that don't practice servant leadership may discourage employees expressing their feelings in the work place, but servant leaders encourage this expression to prevent any conflict within the workplace. Servant leaders also make a safe emotional work environment for employees by making acceptance a major goal. Acceptance in this case is the leader being okay with having different personalities, personal views, and values as their employees, and understanding that their employees aren't "perfect". They also create a psychological ethical climate. By doing this, Servant Leaders create a safe space where employees are able to be themselves and express how they are feeling, knowing that they can trust their leader to be non-judgmental. Lastly, Servant Leaders are able to manage the behaviors of their employees by being forgiving. Some employees may have personalities and/or characteristics that may lead to them doing or saying things to their leader that is unacceptable. However, Servant Leaders being forgiving, and more importantly understanding, their employees are able to learn from their mistakes, hence their personal growth and changed behavior within the organization.


title: Servant leadership

text: Some argue that servant leadership is still going through the process of being accepted as a leadership theory because of Greenleaf's belief that Servant Leadership is a way of life rather than a systematized technique with a specific outline. Although Servant Leadership was proposed many years ago, it is still considered a "newer" theory among many other theories because of the switch in focus from the traditional leadership theories.


title: Servant leadership

text: However, as demonstrated by Eva, Robin, Sendjaya, van Dierendonck, and Liden's review, research has established servant leadership as a valid construct that is worthwhile researching and implementing. The authors state:


title: Servant leadership

text: "The review has demonstrated that the servant leadership field has made progress in the last 20 years, however, the field of servant leadership still has its critics. Namely, as there are still lingering questions the conceptual and empirical overlap between servant leadership and transformational, ethical and authentic leadership and there are criticisms about how much the existing research in this field can tell us as it is restricted by its own limitations in research design. Our view is that it would be premature to hit the restart button on the field. Many of the problems have arisen from poor construct clarity, poor measurement, and poor design. We hope by heeding the advice offered in this review to resolve these problems, the servant leadership research can move forward and continue to offer significant insights to the leadership field over the next 20 years."


title: Twenty20 International

text: A Twenty20 International (T20I) is a form of cricket, played between two of the international members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), in which each team faces a maximum of twenty overs. The matches have top-class status and are the highest T20 standard. The game is played under the rules of Twenty20 cricket. Starting from the format's inception in 2005, T20I status only applied to Full Members and some Associate Member teams. However, in April 2018, the ICC announced that it would grant T20I status to all its 105 members from 1 January 2019.