title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear was criticized for not calling the Kentucky General Assembly into a special session (a power only the governor has) in order to work with state representatives to better address the needs of their constituents during the pandemic. In November 2020, the Kentucky Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Beshear's emergency executive orders. In late November 2020, Beshear imposed new restrictions to further slow the spread of COVID-19, including closing all indoor service for restaurants and bars, restricting in-person learning at schools, limiting occupancy at gyms, and limiting social gatherings. House Speaker David Osborne and Senate President Robert Stivers criticized Beshear for failing to consult the legislature before making his decisions.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear's targeted closures were criticized after it was discovered that state and local authorities were unable to establish contact tracing as it relates to certain types of businesses listed in his restrictions. On June 11, 2021—one day after the Kentucky Supreme Court heard oral argument on the emergency powers issue—Beshear lifted most of Kentucky's COVID-19 restrictions. In August 2021, amid an upsurge in cases driven by the Delta variant, Beshear mandated that face masks be worn in public schools.


title: Andy Beshear

text: On August 19, 2021, U.S. District Judge William Bertelsman issued a temporary restraining order blocking the school mask mandate. Two days later, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled against Beshear's challenge of several newly enacted Kentucky laws that, among other things, limit the governor's authority to issue executive orders in times of emergency to 30 days, unless extended by state legislators. The state supreme court dissolved an injunction against the law issued by a Kentucky trial court at Beshear's request. The Supreme Court's opinion, by Justice Lawrence VanMeter, addressed separation of powers between the governor and the General Assembly. The Kentucky Supreme Court found that the challenged laws were valid exercises of the General Assembly's legislative powers, although two justices wrote in a concurring opinion that the 30-day "kill switch" enacted by the legislature should be scrutinized on remand to the lower courts. On August 23, 2021, Beshear rescinded his executive order requiring masks in Kentucky schools.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear signed an executive order completely restoring the voting rights, and right to hold public office, of 180,315 Kentuckians who had been convicted of nonviolent felonies. He has restored rights to more felons than any other governor in American history.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In 2020, Beshear signed an executive order releasing 1,704 inmates from prisons and jails in an effort to slow COVID-19's spread.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In 2020, Kentucky's violent crime rate was its highest since 2008, aggravated assaults were the highest since 2000, and homicides were the highest since 1995. In March 2021, Beshear signed a law that allows judges to decide whether to transfer minors 14 and older to adult court if they are charged with a crime involving a firearm. Previously, judges were required to send juveniles to adult court to be prosecuted for a felony if a firearm was involved. Supporters of the new law said the old law led to over-prosecution of Black minors, inasmuch as 53% of juveniles charged as adults in Kentucky are Black while just 8% of Kentucky's population is Black.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Also in March 2021, after the Kentucky legislature passed a bill to make it a crime to cause $500 or more damage to a rental property, Beshear vetoed the bill. The Kentucky House (74-18) and Senate (28-8) overrode his veto.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear said that a significant driver of incarceration in Kentucky is the drug epidemic, and opined that Kentucky "must reduce the overall size of our incarcerated population... We don’t have more criminals. We just put more people in our prisons and jails."


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear is of the view that possession of marijuana should never result in incarceration. He would also like to see medical marijuana legalized. In November 2022, Beshear signed an executive order to allow medical marijuana possession and to regulate "delta"-8. This order gives Kentuckians a legal defense for possession of marijuana products purchased at an out-of-state dispensary.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In 2019, Beshear pledged to bring more advanced manufacturing jobs and health care jobs to Kentucky, to offset job losses due to the decline of coal.


title: Andy Beshear

text: After the Kentucky legislature voted to allow Kentucky distilleries and breweries to qualify for a sales tax break on new equipment, Beshear vetoed the provision. In April 2020, the Kentucky legislature overrode the veto.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In June 2021, Beshear signed an executive order to allow name, image, and likeness compensation to be received by college athletes. It made Kentucky the first state to do so via executive order; six other states had done so through their legislatures.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In 2019, Beshear pledged to include a $2,000 pay raise for all Kentucky teachers in his budgets (at what he estimated would be a cost of $84 million). Republican House Majority Floor Leader John Carney rejected the proposal. Beshear has proposed such a pay raise in his budgets, but the Kentucky legislature has not included such raises in the budgets it passed.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear is opposed to all charter schools in Kentucky, saying "schools run by corporations are not public schools." He says that funding them would violate the state constitution.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear acknowledges that climate change is real and caused by humans. In 2019, he said he wanted to create more clean energy jobs to employ those who lose their jobs in the coal industry and to expand clean coal technology in Kentucky.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear supports legalizing casino gambling, sports betting, fantasy sports betting, and online poker betting in Kentucky.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear supports legal same-sex marriage. He also supports nondiscrimination laws that include gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. He was the first sitting governor of Kentucky to attend an LGBTQ-rights rally, and posed for a picture with drag queens. He supported a ban on the pseudoscientific, medically rejected practice of conversion therapy for LGBTQ youth, which attempts to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity to heterosexual or cisgender.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear said he would not support an assault weapons ban. But he said he would support a red flag law authorizing courts to allow police to temporarily confiscate firearms from people a judge deemed a danger to themselves or others.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear supports Kentucky's Medicaid expansion, which provides affordable health care to over 500,000 Kentuckians, including anyone with a preexisting condition. He criticized Bevin for trying to roll back the state's Medicaid expansion (which ultimately failed). As attorney general and governor, Beshear expressed support for the Affordable Care Act and criticized efforts to strike the law down in the courts. On October 5, 2020, he announced the relaunch and expansion of kynect, the state health insurance marketplace that was started in 2013 during Steve Beshear's term as governor and dismantled by Bevin in 2017.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In December 2019, Beshear told President Donald Trump's administration that he planned to have Kentucky continue to accept refugees under the U.S. immigration program. Trump had told state governments that they had the power to opt out of the U.S. refugee resettlement program.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear supports a $2.5 billion project to build a companion bridge to supplement the Brent Spence Bridge that carries Interstates 71 and 75 over the Ohio River between Covington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio. He hoped to fund the bridge by conventional means, not tolling, but was unsure whether the state in fact had the funds to do that. In 2021, Kentucky Senator Chris McDaniel, Northern Kentucky's top Republican state lawmaker and chair of the Senate finance and budget committee, said he opposed Beshear's proposal to use the state's rainy day fund or a general fund surplus to help pay for the project.


title: Andy Beshear

text: In August 2019, Beshear promised to construct the Interstate 69 Ohio River Bridge between Henderson, Kentucky, and Evansville, Indiana, by 2023, saying, "we will build that I-69 bridge in my first term as governor." The project would cost $914 million (plus financing and interest costs). He said he believed the project would provide economic benefits to Western Kentucky.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear wants to fund the state's pension system, which has accumulated $24 billion in debt since 2000, the most of any state in the country. He opposed pension cuts made by Bevin, and said he wants to guarantee all workers pensions when they retire. As of June 30, 2020, the Kentucky State Pension Fund was at 58.8% of its obligations for the coming decades.


title: Andy Beshear

text: Beshear and his wife Britainy are members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and serve as deacons. They have two children.


title: Chef

text: A chef is a trained professional cook and tradesman who is proficient in all aspects of food preparation, often focusing on a particular cuisine. The word "chef" is derived from the term "chef de cuisine" (), the director or head of a kitchen. Chefs can receive formal training from an institution, as well as by apprenticing with an experienced chef.


title: Chef

text: There are different terms that use the word "chef" in their titles, and deal with specific areas of food preparation. Examples include the "sous-chef", who acts as the second-in-command in a kitchen, and the "chef de partie", who handles a specific area of production. The kitchen brigade system is a hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff, many of which use the word "chef" in their titles. Underneath the chefs are the "kitchen assistants". A chef's standard uniform includes a hat (called a "toque"), neckerchief, double-breasted jacket, apron and sturdy shoes (that may include steel or plastic toe-caps).


title: Chef

text: The word "chef" is derived (and shortened) from the term "chef de cuisine" (), the director or head of a kitchen. (The French word comes from Latin "caput" (head) and is cognate with English "chief"). In English, the title "chef" in the culinary profession originated in the "haute cuisine" of the 19th century. The culinary arts, among other aspects of the French language, introduced French loan words into the English language. The word is often used by itself as an honorific to address a chef by each other, apprentices, and waiting staff.


title: Chef

text: Various titles, detailed below, are given to those working in a professional kitchen and each can be considered a title for a type of chef. Many of the titles are based on the "brigade de cuisine" (or brigade system) documented by Auguste Escoffier, while others have a more general meaning depending on the individual kitchen.


title: Chef

text: Other names include executive chef, chef manager, head chef, and master chef. This person is in charge of all activities related to the kitchen, which usually includes menu creation, management of kitchen staff, ordering and purchasing of inventory, controlling raw material costs and plating design. "Chef de cuisine" is the traditional French term from which the English word chef is derived. "Head chef" is often used to designate someone with the same duties as an executive chef, but there is usually someone in charge of a head chef, possibly making the larger executive decisions such as the direction of menu, the final authority in staff management decisions, and so on. This is often the case for executive chefs with multiple restaurants. Involved in checking the sensory evaluation of dishes after preparation and they are well aware of each sensory property of those specific dishes.


title: Chef

text: In the UK, the title executive chef normally applies to hotels with multi outlets in the same hotel. Other establishments in the UK tend to use the title head chef.


title: Chef

text: The "sous-chef de cuisine" (under-chef of the kitchen) is the second-in-command and direct assistant of the chef de cuisine or head chef. This person may be responsible for scheduling the kitchen staff or substituting when the head chef is absent. Also, the "sous-chef" will fill in for or assist a "chef de partie" (line cook) when needed. This person is accountable for the kitchen's inventory, cleanliness, organization, and the continuing training of its entire staff. A sous-chef's duties can also include carrying out the head chef's directives, conducting line checks, and overseeing the timely rotation of all food products. Smaller operations may not have a sous-chef, while larger operations may have more than one.


title: Chef

text: A "chef de partie", also known as a "station chef" or "line cook", is in charge of a particular area of production. In large kitchens, each chef de partie might have several cooks or assistants. In most kitchens, however, the chef de partie is the only worker in that department. Line cooks are often divided into a hierarchy of their own, starting with "first cook", then "second cook", and so on as needed.


title: Chef

text: A commis is a basic chef in larger kitchens who works under a "chef de partie" to learn the station's or range's responsibilities and operation. This may be a chef who has recently completed formal culinary training or is still undergoing training.


title: Chef

text: Kitchen assistants are of two types, kitchen-hands and stewards/ kitchen porters. Kitchen-hands assist with basic food preparation tasks under the chef's direction. They carry out relatively unskilled tasks such as peeling potatoes and washing salad. Stewards/ kitchen porters are involved in the scullery, washing up and general cleaning duties. In a smaller kitchen, these duties may be incorporated.


title: Chef

text: A "communard" is in charge of preparing the meal for the staff during a shift. This meal is often referred to as the staff or family meal.


title: Chef

text: The "escuelerie" (from 15th century French and a cognate of the English "scullery"), or the more modern plongeur or dishwasher, is the keeper of dishes, having charge of dishes and keeping the kitchen clean. A common humorous title for this role in some modern kitchens is ""chef de plonge"" or "head dishwasher".


title: Chef

text: Education is available from many culinary institutions offering diploma, associate, and bachelor's degree programs in culinary arts. Depending on the level of education, this can take one to four years. An internship is often part of the curriculum. Regardless of the education received, most professional kitchens follow the apprenticeship system, and most new cooks will start at a lower-level 2nd or 1st cook position and work their way up.


title: Chef

text: Like many skilled trades, chefs usually go through a formal apprenticeship which includes many years of on-the-job training. Culinary schools and restaurants offer these apprenticeships. To become an apprentice, one must be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or GED. Apprenticeships usually take 3 to 4 years to complete and combine classroom instruction with on-the-job training. The training period for a chef is generally four years as an apprentice. A newly qualified chef is advanced or more commonly a toquecommis-chef, consisting of first-year "commis", second-year "commis", and so on. The rate of pay is usually in accordance with the chefs. Like all other chefs except the executive-chef, trainees are placed in sections of the kitchen (e.g., the starter (appetizer) or entrée sections) under the guidance of a "demi-chef de partie" and are given relatively basic tasks. Ideally, over time, a "commis" will spend a certain period in each section of the kitchen to learn the basics. Unaided, a "commis" may work on the vegetable station of a kitchen.


title: Chef

text: The usual formal training period for a chef is two to four years in catering college. They often spend the summer in work placements. In some cases this is modified to 'day-release' courses; a chef will work full-time in a kitchen as an apprentice and then would have allocated days off to attend catering college. These courses can last between one and three years. In the UK, most Chefs are trained in the workplace, with most doing a formal NVQ level 2 or 3 in the workplace.


title: Chef

text: The standard uniform for a chef includes a hat called a toque, necktie, double-breasted jacket, apron and shoes with steel or plastic toe-caps. A chef's hat was originally designed as a tall rippled hat called a Dodin Bouffant or more commonly a toque.


title: Chef

text: Neckties were originally worn to allow for the mopping of sweat from the face, but as this is now against health regulations, they are largely decorative. The chef's neck tie was originally worn on the inside of the jacket to stop sweat from running from the face and neck down the body. The jacket is usually white to show off the chef's cleanliness and repel heat, and is double-breasted to prevent serious injuries from burns and scalds. The double breast also serves to conceal stains on the jacket as one side can be rebuttoned over the other, which is common practice.


title: Chef

text: An apron is worn just below knee-length, also to assist in the prevention of burns because of spillage. If hot liquid is spilled onto it, the apron can be quickly removed to minimize burns and scalds. Shoes and clogs are hard-wearing and with a steel-top cap to prevent injury from falling objects or knives. According to some hygiene regulations, jewelry is not allowed apart from wedding bands and religious jewelry. If wound dressings are required they should be blue—an unusual colour for foodstuffs—so that they are noticeable if they fall into food. Facial hair and longer hair are often required to be netted, or trimmed, for food safety. Bandages on the hands are usually covered with nylon gloves. Latex is not typically used for food preparation due to latex allergy.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Creighton Tull Chaney (February10, 1906 – July12, 1973), known by his stage name Lon Chaney Jr., was an American actor known for playing Larry Talbot in the film "The Wolf Man" (1941) and its various crossovers, Count Alucard (Dracula spelled backward) in "Son of Dracula", Frankenstein's monster in "The Ghost of Frankenstein" (1942), the Mummy in three pictures, and various other roles in many Universal horror films. He also portrayed Lennie Small in "Of Mice and Men" (1939) and supporting parts in dozens of mainstream movies, including "High Noon" (1952), and "The Defiant Ones" (1958).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Originally referred to in films as Creighton Chaney, he was later credited as "Lon Chaney, Jr." in 1935, and after "Man Made Monster" (1941), beginning as early as "The Wolf Man" later that same year, he was almost always billed under the name of his immensely more famous father, the deceased cinema giant Lon Chaney, at the studio's insistence. Chaney had English, French, and Irish ancestry, and his career in movies and television spanned four decades, from 1931 to 1971.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Creighton Tull Chaney was born on February 10, 1906, in Oklahoma City, the son of then-stage performer Lon Chaney and Frances Cleveland Creighton, a singing stage performer who traveled in road shows across the country with Chaney. His parents' troubled marriage ended in divorce in 1913 following his mother's scandalous public suicide attempt in Los Angeles. Young Creighton lived in various homes and boarding schools until 1916, when his father (now employed in the film industry) married Hazel Hastings and could provide a stable home.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: From an early age, he worked hard to avoid his famous father's shadow. In young adulthood, his father discouraged him from show business, and he attended business college and became successful in a Los Angeles appliance corporation. Creighton, who had begun working for a plumbing company, married Dorothy Hinckley, the daughter of his employer Ralph Hinckley. They had two sons: Lon Ralph Chaney and Ronald Creighton Chaney.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Creighton's life changed when his father was diagnosed with throat cancer and died on August 26, 1930, at the age of 47. Many articles and biographies over the years report that Creighton was led to believe his mother had died while he was a boy, and he only learned that she was still alive after his father's death. Creighton always maintained he had a tough childhood.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: It was only after his father's death that Chaney began to act in films, billed by his own name. He began with an uncredited bit part in the serial "The Galloping Ghost" (1931) and signed a contract with RKO who gave him small roles in a number of films, including "Girl Crazy" (1932), "The Roadhouse Murder" (1932), "Bird of Paradise" (1932), and "The Most Dangerous Game" (1932).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: RKO gave him the starring role in a serial, "The Last Frontier" (1932). He got bigger film roles in "Lucky Devils" (1933), "Son of the Border" (1933), "Scarlet River" (1933), "The Life of Vergie Winters" (1934). Over at Mascot Pictures he supported John Wayne in a serial, "The Three Musketeers" (1933), which was later re-edited into a film entitled "Desert Command" (1946).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: "I did every possible bit in pictures" said Chaney later. "Had to do stuntwork to live. I bulldogged steers, fell off and got knocked off cliffs, rode horses off precipices into rivers, drove prairie schooners up and down hills."


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He had the lead in the independent film "Sixteen Fathoms Deep" (1934), and a memorable part in which his character sings in "Girl o' My Dreams" (1934) at Monogram. The last film he made as Creighton Chaney was "The Marriage Bargain" (1935) for Screencraft Productions. After this point he was billed as Lon Chaney, Jr. until 1942, when he was usually billed, at the insistence of Universal Studios, with his iconic father's name, although the "Jr." was usually added by others to distinguish the two.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He had the lead in "A Scream in the Night" (1935) made for Commodore Pictures, a crime thriller. He played small roles at Paramount: "Hold 'Em Yale" (1935), "Accent on Youth" (1935) and "Rose Bowl" (1936). A small outfit, Ray Kirkwood Productions, gave him a lead, "The Shadow of Silk Lennox" (1935).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: At Republic he featured alongside Gene Autry in "The Singing Cowboy" (1936) and "The Old Corral" (1937). He was a henchman in a serial for Republic, "Undersea Kingdom" (1936). Universal got him to play a henchman in their serial, "Ace Drummond" (1937) and he was uncredited in Columbia's "Killer at Large" (1936). He lent his name to a cafe which was embroiled in a liquor scandal.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. was the main villain in a Tom Tyler B Western, "Cheyenne Rides Again" (1937) and was in a serial, "Secret Agent X-9" (1937).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. signed a contract at 20th Century Fox and appeared in "Love Is News" (1937) with Tyrone Power, "Midnight Taxi" (1937) with Brian Donlevy, "That I May Live" (1937), "This Is My Affair" (1937) with Robert Taylor and Barbara Stanwyck, "Angel's Holiday" (1937), "Born Reckless" (1937) with Brian Donlevy, "Wild and Woolly" (1937) with Walter Brennan, "The Lady Escapes" (1937) with Gloria Stuart, "Thin Ice" (1937) with Tyrone Power, "One Mile from Heaven" (1937) with Claire Trevor, "Charlie Chan on Broadway" (1938), "Life Begins in College" (1937) with the Ritz Brothers, "Wife, Doctor and Nurse" (1937) with Loretta Young, "Second Honeymoon" (1937) with Tyrone Power and Loretta Young, "Checkers" (1937), "Love and Hisses" (1938) with Walter Winchell, "City Girl" (1938), "Happy Landing" (1938) with Ethel Merman, "Sally, Irene and Mary" (1938) with Fred Allen and Jimmy Durante, "Mr. Moto's Gamble" (1938) with Peter Lorre, "Walking Down Broadway" (1938) with Claire Trevor, "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1938) with Tyrone Power, "Josette" (1938) with Don Ameche and Robert Young, "Speed to Burn" (1938) with Lynn Bari, "Passport Husband" (1938), "Straight, Place and Show" (1938) with the Ritz Brothers, John Ford's "Submarine Patrol" (1938) with Nancy Kelly, and "Road Demon" (1939). He was almost killed by a train while filming a bank robbery scene in "Jesse James" (1939). "Jesse James" also coincidentally featured Henry Hull, the star of "Werewolf of London" (1935), in a supporting role.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. later made "Charlie Chan in City in Darkness" (1939) with Lynn Bari and "Frontier Marshal" (1939) with Randolph Scott and Nancy Kelly.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr's only stage appearance had been as Lennie Small in a production of "Of Mice and Men" with Wallace Ford. He was cast in that role in the film "Of Mice and Men" (1939), which was produced by Hal Roach Studios. The film was Chaney Jr's first major role in a film and was a critical success for him. Chaney had a screen test for the role of Quasimodo for the remake of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1939), a role which his father played back in 1923, but the role went to Charles Laughton.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Hal Roach used him in his third-billed character role in "One Million B.C." (1940) as Victor Mature's caveman father, Chaney began to be viewed as a character actor in the mold of his father. He had in fact designed a swarthy, ape-like Neanderthal make-up on himself for the film, but production decisions and union rules prevented his following through on emulating his father in that fashion. Cecil B. DeMille used him in a supporting role in "North West Mounted Police" (1940) and MGM used him in "Billy the Kid" (1941) with Robert Taylor as Billy and Brian Donlevy as Pat Garrett. That studio considered putting Chaney Jr in a remake of his father's hit "He Who Gets Slapped" but decided not to make it.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Universal Pictures offered Chaney Jr the lead in "Man-Made Monster" (1941), a science-fiction horror thriller originally written with Boris Karloff in mind. Chaney's first horror film, it was successful enough for them to offer him a long-term contract.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Universal kept him in supporting roles for a while: a comedy "Too Many Blondes" (1941), a musical "San Antonio Rose" (1941) with Shemp Howard, a serial "Riders of Death Valley" (1941) featuring Noah Beery Jr., the Western "Badlands of Dakota" (1941) and the "Northern" "North to the Klondike" (1942) with Broderick Crawford.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. was then given the title role in "The Wolf Man" (1941) for Universal, a role which, much like Karloff's Frankenstein monster, would largely typecast Chaney as a horror film actor for the rest of his life. Universal dropped the "Jr." and billed him as "Lon Chaney" going forward within that studio, apparently to foster confusion with his father among audiences.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. was now an official horror star, and Universal gave him the role of Frankenstein's monster in "The Ghost of Frankenstein" (1942), the first B-movie of the series, when Boris Karloff decided not to play the part again; Bela Lugosi returned in his role as Ygor and the leading lady was Evelyn Ankers. He was in a crime film, "Eyes of the Underworld" (1942) and the wartime shorts "Keeping Fit" (1942) and "What We Are Fighting For" (1943).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. played Kharis the Mummy in "The Mummy's Tomb" (1942), another hit. He was in a Western "Frontier Badmen" (1943), then reprised his role as the Wolf Man in "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man" (1943) with Bela Lugosi as Frankenstein's monster. The film was originally filmed with the Monster being blind but also speaking in Lugosi's distinctive "Ygor" voice but the studio cut out all references to either so that audiences were left wondering why the Monster staggered around with his arms extended in front of him, not to mention why he had lost the ability to speak since "Ghost of Frankenstein", grievously damaging Lugosi's reputation.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney Jr. was given the role of Dracula in "Son of Dracula" (1943); the film was actually about Dracula himself, who had no son in the film. This made him the only actor to portray all four of Universal's major horror characters: the Wolf Man, Frankenstein's monster, the Mummy, and Count Dracula.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: After a cameo in "Crazy House" (1943) he was given the lead in "Calling Dr. Death" (1943), based on the Inner Sanctum mysteries. It kicked off another series starring Chaney, the first of which was "Weird Woman" (1944).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He made a second mummy movie, "The Mummy's Ghost" (1944) and had a support part in "Cobra Woman" (1944), starring Maria Montez and "Ghost Catcher" (1944), with the comedy team Olsen and Johnson.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: "Dead Man's Eyes" (1944) was the third Inner Sanctum, after which he was back as the Wolf Man in "House of Frankenstein" (1944). "The Mummy's Curse" (1944) was Chaney's third and final appearance as Kharis.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He played an antagonist in the Abbott and Costello comedy "Here Come the Co-Eds" (1945), then made more Inner Sanctums: "The Frozen Ghost" (1945) with Evelyn Ankers and "Strange Confession" (1945) with Brenda Joyce. He returned as the Wolf Man in "House of Dracula" (1945), one of the last of the Universal horror cycle. "Pillow of Death" (1945) was the last Inner Sanctum. "The Daltons Ride Again" (1945) was a Western featuring Noah Beery Jr. in a supporting role.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Despite being typecast as the Wolf Man, the 6-foot 2-inch, 220-pound actor managed to carve out a secondary niche as a supporting actor and villain.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He was in a Bob Hope comedy "My Favorite Brunette" (1947), supported Randolph Scott in "Albuquerque" (1948) and had a support in "The Counterfeiters" (1948) and played a villain in "16 Fathoms Deep" (1948) for Monogram Pictures, a remake of his 1934 film.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He reprised his Wolf Man role to great effect in "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948) but it did not cause a notable boost to his career. In April 1948 Chaney was hospitalized after taking an overdose of sleeping pills. He recovered and played Harry Brock in a Los Angeles theatre production of "Born Yesterday" in 1949.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney kept busy in support roles: "Captain China" (1950), "Once a Thief" (1950), "Inside Straight" (1951), "Bride of the Gorilla" (1951), "Only the Valiant" (1951), "Behave Yourself!" (1951), "Flame of Araby" (1952), "The Bushwackers" (1952), "Thief of Damascus" (1952), "Battles of Chief Pontiac" (1952) (in the title role), "High Noon" (1952), "Springfield Rifle" (1952), "The Black Castle" (1952) (a return to horror), "Raiders of the Seven Seas" (1953), "A Lion Is in the Streets" (1953) with James Cagney, "The Boy from Oklahoma" (1954), "Casanova's Big Night" (1954), "Passion" (1954), "The Black Pirates" (1954), "Jivaro" (1955), "Big House, U.S.A." (1955), "I Died a Thousand Times" (1955), "The Indian Fighter" (1955), and "The Black Sleep" (1956)


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He had a leading role in "Indestructible Man" (1956) then was back to support parts: "Manfish" (1956); a Martin and Lewis comedy, "Pardners" (1956); "Daniel Boone, Trail Blazer" (1957); "The Cyclops" (1957) and "The Alligator People" (1959).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney established himself as a favorite of producer Stanley Kramer; in addition to playing a key supporting role in "High Noon" (1952) (starring Gary Cooper), he also appeared in "Not as a Stranger" (1955)—a hospital melodrama featuring Robert Mitchum and Frank Sinatra—and "The Defiant Ones" (1958, starring Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier). Kramer told the press at the time that whenever a script came in with a role too difficult for most actors in Hollywood, he called Chaney.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He became quite popular with baby boomers after Universal released its back catalog of horror films to television in 1957 ("Shock Theater") and "Famous Monsters of Filmland" magazine regularly focused on his films.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: In 1957, Chaney went to Ontario, Canada, to costar in the first ever American-Canadian television production, as Chingachgook in "Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans", suggested by James Fenimore Cooper's stories. The series ended after 39 episodes. Universal released their film biography of his father, "Man of a Thousand Faces" (1957), featuring a semi-fictionalized version of Creighton's life story from his birth up until his father's death. Roger Smith was cast as Creighton as a young adult.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He appeared in an episode of the western series "Tombstone Territory" titled "The Black Marshal from Deadwood" (1958), and appeared in numerous western series such as "Rawhide". He also hosted the 13-episode television anthology series "13 Demon Street" in 1959, which was created by Curt Siodmak.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: In the 1960s, Chaney specialised in horror films, such as "House of Terror" (1960), "The Devil's Messenger" (1961) and "The Haunted Palace" (1963), replacing Boris Karloff in the last of those for Roger Corman.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He was in a Western "Law of the Lawless" (1963) with Dale Robertson, "Face of the Screaming Werewolf" (1964), "Witchcraft" (1964), and "Stage to Thunder Rock" (1964).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He starred in Jack Hill's "Spider Baby", which was made in 1964 but not released until 1968 and would not attain notoriety until after Chaney's death. Then it was back to Westerns – "Young Fury" (1965), "Black Spurs" (1965), "Town Tamer" (1966), "Johnny Reno" (1967), "Apache Uprising" (1967), "Welcome to Hard Times" (1967) and "Buckskin" (1968). There was also horror, such as "Dr. Terror's Gallery of Horrors" (1967) and "Hillbillys in a Haunted House" (1967).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: His bread-and-butter work during this decade was television – where he made guest appearances on everything from "Wagon Train" to "The Monkees" – and in a string of supporting roles in low-budget Westerns produced by A. C. Lyles for Paramount. In 1962, Chaney gained a chance to briefly play Quasimodo in a simulacrum of his father's make-up, as well as return to his roles of the Mummy and the Wolf Man on the television series "Route 66" with friends Boris Karloff and Peter Lorre (Karloff wore a quickie version of the Frankenstein monster make-up toward the end of the episode).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: In later years, he suffered from throat cancer and chronic heart disease among other ailments after decades of heavy drinking and smoking. In his final horror film, "Dracula vs. Frankenstein" (1971), directed by Al Adamson, he played Groton, Dr. Frankenstein's mute henchman. He filmed his part in the spring of 1969, and shortly thereafter performed his final film role, also for Adamson in 1969 in "The Female Bunch". Chaney had lines in "The Female Bunch" but his hoarse, raspy voice was virtually unrecognizable. Due to illness he retired from acting to concentrate on a book about the Chaney family legacy, "A Century of Chaneys", which remains to date unpublished in any form. His grandson, Ron Chaney Jr, was working on completing this project.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney was married twice. His first wife Dorothy divorced him in 1936 for drinking too much and being "sullen". He married Patsy Beck in 1937. He had two sons by his first wife, Lon Ralph Chaney (July 3, 1928 – May 5, 1992) and Ronald Creighton Chaney (March 18, 1930 – December 15, 1987).


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney was well liked by some co-workers – "sweet" is the adjective that most commonly emerges from those who acted with, and liked him – yet he was capable of intense dislikes. For instance, he and frequent co-star Evelyn Ankers did not get along at all. He was also known to befriend younger actors and stand up for older ones whom he felt were belittled by the studios. One example was William Farnum, a major silent star who played a small role in "The Mummy's Curse". According to co-star Peter Coe, Chaney demanded that Farnum be given his own chair on the set and be treated with respect, or else he would walk off the picture.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney had run-ins with actor Frank Reicher (whom he nearly strangled on camera in "The Mummy's Ghost") and director Robert Siodmak (over whose head Chaney broke a vase). Actor Robert Stack claimed in his 1980 autobiography that Chaney and drinking buddy Broderick Crawford were known as "the monsters" around the Universal Pictures lot because of their drunken behavior that frequently resulted in bloodshed.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Chaney suffered from a series of illnesses in the year prior to his death. In April 1973, he was released from the hospital after undergoing surgery for cataracts and treatment for beriberi. He also suffered from liver problems and gout. Chaney died on July 12, 1973, in San Clemente, California, at the age of 67. His cause of death was not immediately released to the public. Chaney's death certificate listed his cause of death as cardiac failure due to arteriosclerotic heart disease and cardiomyopathy.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: He was honored by appearing as the Wolf Man on one of a 1997 series of United States postage stamps depicting movie monsters (his father appeared as the Phantom of the Opera, while Bela Lugosi appeared as Dracula, and Boris Karloff had two stamps as Frankenstein's monster and the original Mummy). His grandson Ron Chaney Jr. has appeared frequently as a guest at horror movie conventions.


title: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: This is a list of known Lon Chaney Jr. theatrical films. Television appearances are listed separately.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defence system.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The word "Aegis" is a reference that dates back to Greek mythology, with connotations of a protective shield, as the Aegis was the buckler (shield) of Zeus, worn by Athena.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Aegis Combat System (ACS) is an advanced command and control (command and decision, or C&D, in Aegis parlance) system that uses powerful computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The ACS is composed of the Aegis Weapon System (AWS), the fast-reaction component of the Aegis Anti-Aircraft Warfare (AAW) capability, along with the Phalanx Close In Weapon System (CIWS), and the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System. Mk 41 VLS is available in different versions that vary in size and weight. There are three lengths: for the self-defense version, for the tactical version, and for the strike version. The empty weight for an 8-cell module is for the self-defense version, for the tactical version, and for the strike version, thus incorporating anti-submarine warfare (ASW) systems and Tomahawk Land Attack Cruise Missiles (TLAM). Shipboard torpedo and naval gunnery systems are also integrated.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: AWS, the heart of Aegis, comprises the AN/SPY-1 Radar, MK 99 Fire Control System, Weapon Control System (WCS), the Command and Decision Suite, and Standard Missile family of weapons; these include the basic RIM-66 Standard, the RIM-67 Standard ER extended range missile, and the newer RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 designed to counter ballistic missile threats. A further SM-2 based weapon, the RIM-174 Standard ERAM (Standard Missile 6) was deployed in 2013. Individual ships may not carry all variants. Weapons loads are adjusted to suit assigned mission profile. The Aegis Combat System is controlled by an advanced, automatic detect-and-track, multi-function three-dimensional passive electronically scanned array radar, the AN/SPY-1. Known as "the Shield of the Fleet", the SPY high-powered (6 megawatt) radar is able to perform search, tracking, and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a track capacity of well over 100 targets at more than . However, the AN/SPY-1 Radar is mounted lower than the AN/SPS-49 radar system and so has a reduced radar horizon.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Aegis system communicates with the Standard missiles through a radio frequency (RF) uplink using the AN/SPY-1 radar for mid-course update missile guidance during engagements, but still requires the AN/SPG-62 radar for terminal guidance. This means that with proper scheduling of intercepts, a large number of targets can be engaged simultaneously.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The computer-based command-and-decision (C&D) element is the core of the Aegis Combat System and came from the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) threat evaluation and weapons assignment (TEWA) function. This interface makes the ACS capable of simultaneous operation against almost all kinds of threats.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: In December 2019, Lockheed Martin released a promotional video heralding the 50th anniversary of the Aegis combat system.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Aegis was initially developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, which was later acquired by General Electric. The division responsible for the Aegis systems became Government Electronic Systems. This, and other GE Aerospace businesses, were sold to Martin Marietta in 1992. This became part of Lockheed Martin in 1995.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: By the late 1950s, the U.S. Navy replaced guns with guided missiles on its ships. These were sufficient weapons but by the late 1960s, the U.S. Navy recognized that reaction time, firepower, and operational availability in all environments did not match the anti-ship missile threat. The new threat of Soviet anti-ship missiles exposed a weakness in contemporary naval radar. The requirements of both tracking and targeting these missiles was limited by the number of radars on each ship, which was typically 2–4. In 1958 the navy started the Typhon Combat System, a prophetic program culminating in the futuristic but unreliable AN/SPG-59 phased array radar, which was never made viable and was cancelled in 1963 to be replaced by the Advanced Surface Missile System (ASMS).


title: Aegis Combat System

text: As a result, the U.S. Navy decided to develop a program to defend ships from anti-ship missile threats. An Advanced Surface Missile System (ASMS) was promulgated and an engineering development program was initiated in 1964 to meet the requirements. ASMS was renamed "Aegis" in December 1969 after the aegis, the shield of the Greek god Zeus. The name was suggested by Captain L. J. Stecher, a former Tartar Weapon System manager, after an internal U.S. Navy contest to name the ASMS program was initiated. Captain Stecher also submitted a possible acronym of Advanced Electronic Guided Interceptor System although this definition was never used. The main manufacturer of the Aegis Combat System, Lockheed Martin, makes no mention of the name Aegis being an acronym, nor does the U.S. Navy.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: In 1970, then-Captain Wayne Meyer was named Manager Aegis Weapons System. Under his leadership the first systems were successfully deployed on various U.S. Navy vessels.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The first Engineering Development Model (EDM-1) was installed in a test ship, , in 1973. During this time frame, the Navy envisioned installing the Aegis Combat System on both a nuclear-powered "strike cruiser" (or CSGN) and a conventionally-powered destroyer (originally designated DDG 47). The CSGN was to be a new, 17,200 ton cruiser design based on the earlier and cruisers. The Aegis destroyer design would be based on the gas turbine powered . When the CSGN was cancelled, the Navy proposed a modified "Virginia"-class design (CGN 42) with a new superstructure designed for the Aegis Combat System and with a displacement of 12,100 tons. As compared to the CSGN, this design was not as survivable and had reduced command and control facilities for an embarked flag officer. Ultimately this design was also cancelled during the Carter Administration due to its increased cost compared to the non-nuclear DDG 47. With the cancellation of the CGN 42, the DDG 47 Aegis destroyer was redesignated as CG 47, a guided missile cruiser.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The first cruiser of this class was , which used two twin-armed Mark-26 missile launchers, fore and aft. The commissioning of the sixth ship of the class, opened a new era in surface warfare as the first Aegis ship outfitted with the Martin Marietta Mark-41 Vertical Launching System (VLS), allowing a wider missile selection, more firepower, and survivability. The improved AN/SPY-1B radar went to sea in , ushering in another advance in Aegis capabilities. introduced the AN/UYK-43/44 computers, which provide increased processing capabilities.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: During 1980, the was designed using an improved sea-keeping hull form, reduced infrared and radar cross-sections, and upgrades to the Aegis Combat System. The first ship of the class, , was commissioned during 1991.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Flight II of the "Arleigh Burke" class, introduced in 1992, incorporated improvements to the SPY-1 radar, and to the Standard missile, active electronic countermeasures, and communications. Flight IIA, introduced in 2000, added a helicopter hangar with one anti-submarine helicopter and one armed attack helicopter. The Aegis program has also projected reducing the cost of each Flight IIA ship by at least $30 million.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Recent Aegis Combat System ships come with active electronically scanned array radars which use solid-state gallium nitride emitters. These include Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC) and Spanish F110-class frigates, which use the AN/SPY-7 radar from Lockheed-Martin, and Constellation-class frigates which use AN/SPY-6 radar from Raytheon. AN/SPY-6 radar will also be installed in Flight III and Flight IIA "Arleigh Burke" class destroyers, giving them Ballistic Missile Defense capability currently deployed on Flight I and Flight II ships.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMD) program by the U.S. Missile Defense Agency enables the Aegis system to act in a sea-based ballistic missile defense function, to counter short- and medium-range ballistic missiles of the variety typically employed by a number of potential opponent states. The program is part of the United States national missile defense strategy and NATO European missile defense system.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: BMD capabilities allow vessels equipped with Mk 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) to intercept ballistic missiles in post-boost phase and prior to reentry, using the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) mid-course interceptors and the RIM-156 Standard Missile 2 Extended Range Block IV (SM-2ER Block IV) terminal-phase interceptors. The SM-2ER Block IV can engage the ballistic missiles within the atmosphere (i.e. endoatmospheric intercept) in the terminal phase of a missile's trajectory with a blast fragmentation warhead. The Standard Missile 3 is a development of the SM2-ER Block IV, capable of exo-atmospheric intercept (i.e. above the atmosphere) during the midcourse phase; its kinetic warhead (KW) is designed to destroy a ballistic missile's warhead by colliding with it. RIM-174 Standard ERAM (Standard Missile 6) extended range active missile is a further development of the SM-2ER Block IV, which adds a booster and an active radar homing seeker. SM-6 can be used for either air defense or ballistic missile defense, providing extended range and increased firepower; it is not intended to replace the SM-2 series of missiles. The SM-6 Block IB includes a larger 21-inch rocket motor that sits on top of the 21-inch booster.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: To enable Ballistic Missile Defense capabilities, signal processing for the SPY-1 radar was upgraded using commercial off-the-shelf components and open architecture standards. The Multi-Mission Signal Processor (MMSP) provides Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) and Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) capability for the first 28 ships (DDGs 51–78) of the U.S. Navy's "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers. This capability is also incorporated in and following new construction, as well as Aegis Ashore. MMSP modifies transmitters of the SPY-1D radar to enable dual-beam operation for reduced frame times and better reaction time, and provides stability for all waveforms, allowing the radar system to detect, track, and support engagements of a broader range of threats. MMSP improves performance in littoral, ducted clutter, electronic attack (EA), and chaff environments and provides greater commonality in computer programs and equipment.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: As of April 2022, the U.S. and Japan are the only countries to purchase or deploy the Aegis BMD on their military ships.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Flight III of "Arleigh Burke" class destroyers starting with are equipped with AN/SPY-6 AESA radar from Raytheon, which is 30 times more sensitive and thus can handle 30 times more targets comparing to the SPY-1D radar, providing increased air and missile defense capabilities. Flight IIA ships will also be upgraded to SPY-6 in the future, giving them Aegis BMD capabilities.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Aegis Ashore is a land-based version of Aegis BMD which includes the AN/SPY-1 radar and command systems, and Mk 41 VLS equipped SM-3 and SM-6 missiles. Test installation exists at the Pacific Missile Range Facility in Hawaii. A site in Deveselu, Romania is operational since 2016, and a site near Redzikowo, Poland will become operational in 2022. Japan intended to deploy two systems with an AN/SPY-7 AESA radar by 2021, but cancelled these plans in 2020. Possible deployments of Aegis Ashore include U.S. naval base at Guam.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: U.S. Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) program aims to integrate Aegis BMD and its AN/SPY-1 and AN/SPY-6 radars with MIM-104 Patriot (AN/MPQ-65A and GhostEye), NASAMS (GhostEye MR), AN/TPY-2 (THAAD and GMD), and F-35 Lightning II (AN/APG-81) radars to form a plug and fight network of land, sea, and air-based sensors to help detect and track ballistic missile threats and select Patriot and THAAD surface-to-air launchers that are best positioned for a successful intercept.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: On 5 October 2011, U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta announced that the United States Navy will station four Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System warships at Naval Station Rota, Spain, to strengthen its presence in the Mediterranean Sea and bolster the ballistic missile defense (BMD) of NATO as part of the European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA) missile defense program. On 16 February 2012, it was reported that the s "Donald Cook" and "Ross" ("pictured") will be relocated to Rota during Fiscal Year 2014, followed by "Porter" and "Carney" ("pictured") in fiscal year 2015. On 9 May 2013, Commander Destroyer Squadron 60 was formally designated to perform type-command administrative oversight for the four BMD-capable destroyers based at Rota, Spain.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) currently operates 4 , 2 , and 2 guided-missile destroyers as part of its "Aegis Afloat" program.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Additionally, on 31 August 2022, The Japan Ministry of Defense announced that JMSDF will operate two "Aegis system equipped ships" (イージス・システム搭載艦 in Japanese) to replace the earlier plan of Aegis Ashore installations, commissioning one by the end of fiscal year 2027, and the other by the end of FY2028. The budget for design and other related expenses are to be submitted in the form of “item requests”, without specific amounts, and the initial procurement of the lead items are expected to clear legislation by FY2023. Construction is to begin in the following year of FY2024. At 20,000 tons each, both vessels will be the largest surface combatant warships operated by the JMSDF, and according to "Popular Mechanics", they will "arguably [be] the largest deployable surface warships in the world.".


title: Aegis Combat System

text: On 6 October 2022, five warships from the United States, Japan, and South Korea held a multilateral ballistic missile defense exercise in the Sea of Japan ("pictured") as part of the military response to ongoing North Korean intermediate-range ballistic missile tests over the Japanese home islands.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: On 16 November 2022, the guided-missile destroyer fired an SM-3 Block IIA missile, successfully intercepting the target outside the atmosphere in the first launch of the missile from a Japanese warship. On 18 November 2022, the likewise fired an SM-3 Block IB missile with a successful hit outside the atmosphere. Both test firings were conducted at the Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauai Island, Hawaii, in cooperation with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Missile Defense Agency. This was the first time the two ships conducted SM-3 firings in the same time period, and the testes validated the ballistic missile defense capabilities of Japan’s newest s.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: In 2010, it was reported that Aegis radar systems on board some individual warships were not being maintained properly. A Navy panel headed by retired Vice Adm. Phillip Balisle issued the "Balisle report," which asserted that over-emphasis on saving money, including cuts in crews and streamlined training and maintenance, led to a drastic decline in readiness, and left Aegis Combat Systems in low state of readiness.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: The Aegis system was involved in a disaster in which mistakenly shot down Iran Air Flight 655 in 1988 resulting in 290 civilian deaths.


title: Aegis Combat System

text: A formal military investigation by the United States Navy concluded that the Aegis system was completely operational and well maintained. The investigation found that if the commanding officer had relied on the complete tactical data displayed by the Aegis system, the engagement might never have occurred. Additionally, psychological effects of the crew subconsciously manipulating the data to accord with a predefined scenario greatly contributed to the false identification. The investigation found that the Aegis Combat System did not contribute to the incident and that the system's recorded target data contributed to the investigation of the incident. The discrepancies between the Aegis data report and what the ship's personnel reported to the commanding officer are as follows:


title: Aegis Combat System

text: Other analyses found that ineffective user interface design caused poor integration with the crisis management human processes it was intended to facilitate. The Aegis System software shuffles target tracking numbers as it gathers additional data. When the captain asked for a status of the original target identifier TN4474, the Aegis system had recycled that identifier to a different target which was descending, indicating possible attack posture. An article by David Pogue in "Scientific American" rated it as one of the five "worst digital user-interface debacles of all time."


title: Zee TV

text: Zee TV (stylised as ZEE TV) is a Hindi general entertainment pay television channel in India. It was launched on 2 October 1992, as the first privately owned TV channel in the country. It is owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. Zee TV also launched in the UK in 1995.


title: Zee TV

text: Zee TV was launched on 2 October 1992, as the flagship channel of the Zee Telefilms Ltd. It began full-day broadcasts in 1993. It is the first private TV channel in India. On 10 January 2007, Zee Telefilms Ltd was renamed into the Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd (ZEEL.).


title: Zee TV

text: On 30 May 2021, Zee TV planned to revamp its look and air four new television series, but because of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, it was postponed.


title: Zee TV

text: The channel mostly airs content intended for family and coming-of-age generations ranging from comedy to drama. It has also aired reality shows such as "En Vidya Nokki", "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa", "I Can Do That", "India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj", and "Dance India Dance".


title: Zee TV

text: Since 2007, the channel has presented an annual award show, the Zee Rishtey Awards, to performers on its show based on their popularity. Nominations for the awards are declared by the channel. The winners are selected through voting that is made online and through SMS.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The term "Eurasian" was first coined in mid-nineteenth century British India. The term was originally used to refer to those who are now known as Anglo-Indians, people of mixed British and Indian descent.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In addition to British many were also of mixed Portuguese, Dutch, Irish or French descent. The term has been used in anthropological literature since the 1960s.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Historically, Central Asia has been a "melting pot" of West Eurasian and East Eurasian peoples, leading to high genetic admixture and diversity. Physical and genetic analyses of ancient remains have concluded that while the Scythians – including those in the eastern Pazyryk region – possessed predominantly features found (among others) in Europoid phenotypes, mixed Eurasian phenotypes were also observed, suggesting that the Scythians as a whole were descended in part from East Eurasian populations.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Xiongnu were nomadic warriors who invaded China and Central Asia. They were predominantly Mongoloid, known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. Analysis of skeletal remains from sites attributed to the Xiongnu provides an identification of dolichocephalic Mongoloid. Russian and Chinese anthropological and craniofacial studies show that the Xiongnu were physically very heterogeneous, with six different population clusters showing different degrees of Mongoloid and Caucasoid physical traits. A majority (89%) of the Xiongnu mtDNA sequences can be classified as belonging to Asian haplogroups, and nearly 11% belong to European haplogroups. This finding indicates that contact between European and Asian populations preceded the start of Xiongnu culture, and confirms results reported for two samples from an early 3rd century BC Scytho-Siberian population (Clisson et al. 2002).


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Anthropologist SA Pletnev studied a group of burials of Kipchaks in the Volga region and found them to have Caucasoid features with some admixture of Mongoloid traits, with physical characteristics such as a flat face and distinctly protruding nose. They were nomadic people that, together with the Cumans, ruled areas stretching from Kazakhstan through Caucasus to Eastern Europe.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Hunnic invaders of Europe were also of mixed origins. Hungarian archaeologist argues that most European Huns were of Caucasoid ancestry and that less than 20–25% were of Mongoloid stock. According to the Hungarian anthropologist Pál Lipták (1955) he believed Turanid race was most common among the Huns. He classified Turanid as a Caucasoid type with significant Mongoloid admixture, arising from the mixture of the Andronovo type of Europoid features and the Oriental (Mongoloid).


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Eurasian Avars were group of sixth-century nomadic warriors that came from Northern Central Asia who ruled in what is today Central Europe. Anthropological research has revealed several skeletons with Mongoloid-type features, additionally there was continuing cultural influence from the Eurasian nomadic steppe. The early Avar anthropological material was said to be 20% Mongoloid, 40% Eurasian (mixed), and 40% Caucasoid, in the seventh century according to Pál Lipták, while grave-goods indicated Middle and Central Asian parallels. Mongoloid and Euro-Mongoloid types compose about one-third of the total population of the Avar graves of the eighth century with the late Avar Period showing more hybridization resulting in higher frequencies of Europo-Mongolids.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Seljuk Empire which ruled from Central Asia, Middle East to modern Turkey, their descendants are the Iranian Turkmen and Afghan Turkmen and are mixture of East Eurasian and West Eurasian.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Ladislaus' mother was the daughter of a Cuman chief. Like the Kipchaks, the Cuman invaders of Europe were also of mixed anthropological origins. Excavations in Csengele, Hungary, have revealed normatively East Asian and European traits. Five of the six skeletons that were complete enough for anthropometric analysis appeared Asian rather than European.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Today Central Asians are a mixture of various peoples, such as Mongols, Turks, and Iranians. The Mongol conquest of Central Asia in the 13th century resulted in the mass killings of the Iranian-speaking people and Indo-Europeans population of the region, their culture and languages being superseded by that of the Mongolian-Turkic peoples. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench and others resulted in mass murders and unprecedented destruction, such as portions of Khwarezmia being completely razed. The remaining surviving population were either displaced or assimilated with intermarriage with invaders. Genetic studies indicates all Central Asian ethnicities share a various genetic mixture of East Eurasian and West Eurasian.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Many Eurasian ethnic groups arose during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The ruling Mongol elites of the Mongol successor states began a process of assimilation with the non-Mongol populations that they had conquered and ruled over. The Golden Horde which ruled eastern Europe resulted in an assimilation and mixture of Mongols, Turkic, Finns, Hungarians, Sarmato-Scythians, Slavs, and people from the Caucasus, among others (whether Muslim or not). Partial Mongol descendants of people from Central Asia and North Caucasus, such as the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Nogais, also created many Eurasian ethnic groups under the empires they established (for example, the Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Kazakh Khanate, and Nogai Horde), which invaded or covered vast areas that are parts of modern Russia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Interracial marriage between Turkic, European, Central Asians in Kazakhstan are increasingly common. In 2021 at least 4728 ethnic Kazakhs had married people of other ethnicity, most commonly Russians. Among Kirgiz men living in Uzbekistan and married to non-Kirgiz women, 9.6% had married Russians, 25.6% Uzbeks, and 34.3% Tatars. Among Kazakh men in Uzbekistan, the structure of mixed marriages appeared as follows: 4.4% married Russians.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: European colonization of vast swathes of Southeast Asia led to the burgeoning of Eurasian populations, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and the Philippines. The majority of Eurasians in Southeast Asia formed a separate community from the indigenous peoples and the European colonizers, and served as middlemen between the two.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Post-colonial Eurasians can be found in practically every country in Southeast Asia, most especially in the Philippines due to the 333 years of colonization by Spain, 4 years of British settlement and 49 years of American occupation which gives the country the longest unstopping 382 years of continuously European exposure in Southeast Asia. Burma was colonized by the British for 124 years, the French colonized Indochina for 67 years, the British colonized Malaya for 120 years and Dutch colonized Indonesia for 149 years after Portugal.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In the last official census in French Indochina in 1946, there were 45,000 Europeans in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. One-fifth were Eurasian.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Jean-François Izzi, a French banker of Italian origin, was the father of the Queen Mother of Cambodia, Norodom Monineath. The son of Norodom Monineath is the reigning king of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Eurasian community from Indonesia developed over a period of 400 years, it began with a mostly Portuguese Indonesian ancestry and ended with a dominant Dutch-Indonesian ancestry after the arrival of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia in 1603 and near continuous Dutch rule until the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Indo is a term for Europeans, Asians, and Eurasian people who were a migrant population that associated themselves with and experienced the colonial culture of the former Dutch East Indies, a Dutch colony in Southeast Asia that became Indonesia after World War II. It was used to describe people acknowledged to be of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, or it was a term used in the Dutch East Indies to apply to Europeans who had partial Asian ancestry. The European ancestry of these people was predominantly Dutch, and also Portuguese, British, French, Belgian, German, and others.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Other terms used were "Indos", "Dutch Indonesians", "Eurasians", "Indo-Europeans", "Indo-Dutch", and "Dutch-Indos".


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: There are over 29,000 Eurasians living in Malaysia, the vast majority of whom are of Portuguese descent.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In East Malaysia, the exact number of Eurasians are unknown. Recent DNA studies by Stanford found that 7.8% of samples from Kota Kinabalu have European chromosomes.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Eurasians are collectively called "Mestizos" in the Philippines. The vast majority are descendants of Spanish, Latino and American settlers who intermarried with people of indigenous Filipino descent. Aside from the more common Spanish, Latino and American mestizos, there are also Eurasians in the Philippines who have ancestries from various European countries or Australia. Significant intermarriage between Filipinos and European Americans has occurred since the United States colonial period up to the present day, as the US had numerous people stationed there at military bases.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Most Eurasians of Spanish or Latino descent own business conglomerates in the real estate, agriculture, and utilities sector, whereas Eurasians of white American descent are largely in the entertainment industry which are one of the biggest industries in the Philippines working as reporters, writers, producers, directors, models, actors and actresses as modern Philippine mass media and entertainment industry was pioneered during the American colonization of the Philippines by the Americans. Many of them also works in offices and call centers; the Philippines being the call center capital of the world.The actual number of Eurasians in the Philippines cannot be ascertained due to lack of surveys, although Spanish censuses record that as much as one third of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon possess varying degrees of Spanish or Latino admixture. A 2019 study by Anthropologist Matthew Go, postulates that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the University of the Philippines, that were curated to be representative of Filipinos, that is phenotypically classified as Asian (East, South and Southeast Asian) is 72.7%, Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo, Latin American, or Spanish-Malay Mestizo) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American (Native American) at 7.3%, African (Sub-Saharan African) at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: As opposed to the policies of other colonial powers such as the British or the Dutch, the Spanish colonies were devoid of any anti-miscegenation laws.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Spanish implemented incentives to deliberately entangle the various races together in order to stop rebellion: – "It is needful to encourage public instruction in all ways possible, permit newspapers subject to a liberal censure, to establish in Manila a college of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy: in order to break down the barriers that divide the races, and amalgamate them all into one. For that purpose, the Spaniards of the country, the Chinese mestizos, and the Filipinos shall be admitted with perfect equality as cadets of the military corps; the personal-service tax shall be abolished, or an equal and general tax shall be imposed, to which all the Spaniards shall be subject. This last plan appears to me more advisable, as the poll-tax is already established, and it is not opportune to make a trial of new taxes when it is a question of allowing the country to be governed by itself. Since the annual tribute is unequal, the average shall be taken and shall be fixed, consequently, at fifteen or sixteen reals per whole tribute, or perhaps one peso fuerte annually from each adult tributary person. This regulation will produce an increase in the revenue of 200,000 or 300,000 pesos fuertes, and this sum shall be set aside to give the impulse for the amalgamation of the races, favoring crossed marriages by means of dowries granted to the single women in the following manner. To a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Filipino shall be given 100 pesos; to a Filipino woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, Ioo pesos; to a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Spaniard, 1,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 2,000 pesos; to a Filipino woman who marries a Spaniard, 2,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a Filipino chief, 3,000 or 4,000 pesos. Some mestizo and Filipino alcaldes-mayor of the provinces shall be appointed. It shall be ordered that when a Filipino chief goes to the house of a Spaniard, he shall seat himself as the latter's equal. In a word, by these and other means, the idea that they and the Castilians are two kinds of distinct races shall be erased from the minds of the natives, and the families shall become related by marriage in such manner that when free of the Castilian dominion should any exalted Filipinos try to expel or enslave our race, they would find it so interlaced with their own that their plan would be practically impossible."


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The fluid nature of racial integration in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period was recorded by many travelers and public figures at the time, who were favorably impressed by the lack of racial discrimination, as compared to the situation in other European colonies.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Among them was Sir John Bowring, governor general of British Hong Kong and a well-seasoned traveler who had written several books about the different cultures in Asia, who described the situation as "admirable" during a visit to the Philippines in the 1870s.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The lines separating entire classes and races, appeared to me less marked than in the Oriental colonies. I have seen on the same table, Spaniards, Mestizos (Chinos cristianos) and Indios, priests and military. There is no doubt that having one Religion forms great bonding. And more so to the eyes of one that has been observing the repulsion and differences due to race in many parts of Asia. And from one (like myself) who knows that race is the great divider of society, the admirable contrast and exception to racial discrimination so markedly presented by the people of the Philippines is indeed admirable.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Another foreign witness was English engineer, Frederic H. Sawyer, who had spent most of his life in different parts of Asia and lived in Luzon for fourteen years. His impression was that as far as racial integration and harmony was concerned, the situation in the Philippines was not equaled by any other colonial power:


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: "... Spaniards and natives lived together in great harmony, and do not know where I could find a colony in which Europeans mixes as much socially with the natives.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Not in British India, where the Englishwoman has now made the gulf between British and native into a bottomless pit."


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Singaporean Eurasians of European ancestry mainly descend from Western European emigrants, although Eurasian migrants to Singapore in the 19th century came mainly from other European colonies in Asia as well. When the European colonisation of Singapore began, the colonisers brought into being a new ethnic group known historically and generally as the Eurasians. Early European colonisers were not accompanied by their womenfolk on the perilous journey to Asia. Consequently, many married the local women of these lands, or formed liaisons with them. Today, Singaporeans of Eurasian descent make up about 0.4% of the Singaporean population, with 16,900 individuals living in Singapore in 2015.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In the mid-20th century, the number of "luk khrueng" increased dramatically in the period following World War II, with the increasing number of Western residents and visitors to the country. Many were the children of American servicemen who came to the country in the 1960s and the 1970s, when there were several large US military bases in the country because of the Vietnam War. While some of the servicemen formed lasting relationships with Thai women, some "luk khrueng" were the product of temporary relationships with "rented wives", or prostitutes, a fact that led to some discrimination in that era. Some Thais were also hostile because of the perceived lack of racial purity, but most were quite accepting.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Like certain other parts of Asia, "luk khrueng" have become popular in the entertainment and modelling industries and many have carved out prominent roles in the entertainment industry with their mixed Caucasian and Thai features which are deemed attractive in modern Thai culture.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In the last official census in French Indochina in 1946, there were 45,000 Europeans in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia – of which one-fifth were Eurasian. Much of the business conducted with foreign men in Southeast Asia was done by the local women, who engaged in both sexual and mercantile intercourse with foreign male traders. A Portuguese and Malay speaking Vietnamese woman who lived in Macau for an extensive period of time was the person who interpreted for the first diplomatic meeting between Cochin-China and a Dutch delegation. She served as an interpreter for three decades in the Cochin-China court with an old woman who had been married to three husbands; one Vietnamese and two Portuguese. The cosmopolitan exchange was facilitated by the marriage of Vietnamese women to Portuguese merchants. Those Vietnamese woman were married to Portuguese men and lived in Macao which was how they became fluent in Malay and Portuguese. Alexander Hamilton said that "The Tonquiners used to be very desirous of having a brood of Europeans in their country, for which reason the greatest nobles thought it no shame or disgrace to marry their daughters to English and Dutch seamen, for the time they were to stay in Tonquin, and often presented their sons-in-law pretty handsomely at their departure, especially if they left their wives with child; but adultery was dangerous to the husband, for they are well versed in the art of poisoning."


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Vietnam saw a surge in its Eurasian population following the entry of the United States as an active combatant in the Vietnam War in 1965. Large numbers of white American soldiers were deployed in South Vietnam to support the country, and intermingling with local Vietnamese women was common. The resulting Eurasian children, known as Amerasians, were products of varying circumstances ranging from genuine long-term relationships and love affairs to prostitution and rape. When the war was going against South Vietnam in the early 1970s, the gradual withdrawal of American troops during the Vietnamization process included many Vietnamese war brides and their Eurasian children. The situation led the United States Congress to enact the American Homecoming Act, granting preferential immigration status specifically to Eurasian children born to servicemen in Vietnam claimed by their fathers. The Eurasian children that remained in Vietnam, around 20,000, were typically from the worst circumstances, fatherless, and often ended up in orphanages as their mothers were incapable or uninterested in raising them. The North Vietnamese victory in 1975 saw greater stigma against Eurasian Vietnamese children, as the new government of reunified Vietnam was hostile to the United States and saw them as symbols of foreign occupation. The poor circumstances of the Amerasian children made them vulnerable to severe social and state-sponsored persecution.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In 19th century Hong Kong, Eurasian or "half-caste" children were often stigmatised as symbols of 'moral degradation' and 'racial impurity' by both European and Chinese communities. According to Chiu:


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: To the European community, such children were the ‘tangible evidence of moral irregularity’, while to the Chinese community they embodied the shame and ‘evil’ of their marginalised mothers. Stewart has commented that, ‘The word "barbarian" on the lip of a Greek contained but an iota of the contempt which the Chinese entertain for such persons’.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: In the 1890s Ernst Johann Eitel, a German missionary, controversially claimed that most "half-caste" people in Hong Kong were descended exclusively from Europeans having relationships with outcast groups such as the Tanka people. Carl Smith's study in the 1960s on "protected women" (the kept mistresses of foreigners) to an extent supports Eitel's theory. The Tanka were marginalised in Chinese society which consisted of the majority Puntis (Cantonese-speaking people). Custom precluded their intermarriage with the Cantonese and Hakka-speaking populations and they had limited opportunities of settlement on land. Consequently, the Tanka did not experience the same social pressures when dealing with Europeans. Eitel's theory, however, was criticised by Henry J. Lethbridge writing in the 1970s as a "myth" propagated by xenophobic Cantonese to account for the establishment of the Hong Kong Eurasian community. Many Eurasians of part-Chinese blood in Hong Kong at that time were children of British settlers and their Chinese wives from British colonies in Southeast Asia.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Andrew and Bushnell (2006) wrote extensively on the position of women in the British Empire and the Tanka inhabitants of Hong Kong and their position in the prostitution industry, catering towards foreign sailors. The Tanka did not marry with the Chinese; being descendants of the natives, they were restricted to the waterways. They supplied their women as prostitutes to British sailors and assisted the British in their military actions around Hong Kong. The Tanka in Hong Kong were considered "outcasts" categorised low class.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Ordinary Chinese prostitutes were afraid of serving Westerners since they looked strange to them, while the Tanka prostitutes freely mingled with western men. The Tanka assisted the Europeans with supplies and providing them with prostitutes. European men in Hong Kong easily formed relations with the Tanka prostitutes. The profession of prostitution among the Tanka women led to them being hated by the Chinese both because they had sex with westerners and them being racially Tanka.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew (1845–1917) and Katharine Caroline Bushnell (1856–1946) wrote extensively about the position of women in the British Empire. Published in 1907, "Heathen Slaves and Christian Rulers", which examined the exploitation of Chinese women in Hong Kong under colonial rule, discussed the Tanka inhabitants of Hong Kong and their position in the prostitution industry, catering towards foreign sailors. The Tanka did not marry with the Chinese, being descendants of the natives, they were restricted to the waterways. They supplied their women as prostitutes to British sailors and assisted the British in their military actions around Hong Kong. The Tanka in Hong Kong were considered as "outcasts". Tanka women were ostracized from the Cantonese community, and were nicknamed "salt water girls" ("ham shui mui") for their services as prostitutes to foreigners in Hong Kong.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Notable examples of Eurasian people from Hong Kong include Nancy Kwan, once a Hollywood sex symbol, born to a Cantonese father and English and Scottish mother, Bruce Lee, a martial artist icon born to a Cantonese father and a Eurasian mother of Cantonese and German descent, and Macao-born actress Isabella Leong, born to a Portuguese-English father and a Chinese mother. The wealthy Jewish Dutch man Charles Maurice Bosman was the father of the brothers Sir Robert Hotung and Ho Fook who was the grandfather of Stanley Ho. The number of people who identified as "Mixed with one Chinese parent" according to the 2001 Hong Kong census was 16,587, which had risen to 24,649 in 2011.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The early Macanese ethnic group was formed from Portuguese men with Malay, Japanese, Indian and Sinhalese women. The Portuguese encouraged Cantonese migration to Macau, and most Macanese in Macau were formed from between Portuguese and Cantonese. In 1810, the total population of Macau was about 4033, of which 1172 were white men, 1830 were white women, 425 male slaves, and 606 female slaves. In 1830, the population increased to 4480 and the breakdown was 1,202 white men, 2149 white women, 350 male slaves and 779 female slaves. There is reason to speculate that large numbers of white women were involved in some forms of prostitution which would probably explain the abnormality in the ratio between men and women among the white population. Majority of the early Cantonese-Portuguese intermarriages were between Portuguese men and women of Tanka origin, who were considered the lowest class of people in China and had relations with Portuguese settlers and sailors, or low class Chinese women. Western men like the Portuguese were refused by high class Cantonese women, who did not marry foreigners.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: While a minority were Cantonese men and Portuguese women. Macanese men and women also married with the Portuguese and Cantonese, as a result, some Macanese became indistinguishable from the Cantonese or Portuguese population. Because the majority of the population who migrated to Macau were Cantonese, Macau became a culturally Cantonese-speaking society, other ethnic groups became fluent in Cantonese. Most Macanese had paternal Portuguese heritage until 1974. It was in 1980s that Macanese and Portuguese women began to marry men who defined themselves ethnically as Chinese, which resulted in many Macanese with Cantonese paternal ancestry. Many Chinese became Macanese simply by converting to Catholicism, and had no ancestry from the Portuguese, having assimilated into the Macanese people since they were rejected by non Christian Chinese.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: After the handover of Macau to China in 1999 many Macanese migrated to other countries. Of the Portuguese and Macanese women who stayed in Macau married with local Cantonese men, resulting in more Macanese with Cantonese paternal heritage. There are between 25,000 and 46,000 Macanese; 5,000–8,000 of whom live in Macau, while most live in Latin America (most particularly Brazil), America, and Portugal. Unlike the Macanese of Macau who are almost all of Chinese and Portuguese heritage, many of the Macanese populations living abroad are not entirely of Portuguese and Chinese ancestry; many Macanese men and women intermarried with the local population of America and Latin America etc. and have only partial Macanese heritage.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: During the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in which Chinese Ming loyalist forces commanded by Koxinga besieged and defeated the Dutch East India Company and conquered Taiwan, the Chinese took Dutch women and children prisoner. Koxinga took Hambroek's teenage daughter as a concubine, and Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their wives. In 1684 some of these Dutch wives were still captives of the Chinese.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Ethnic Russians first arrived in large numbers in northeast China during the 1890s as colonists and marriages between Russian women and Han Chinese men started at the same time as the migration. The descendants of the interracial marriages are concentrated in the towns and villages of the frontier areas along the Ergun River of Inner Mongolia like Shiwei and Enhe. Interracial marriages between Chinese women and Russian men were rare, a marriage pattern that does not fit the European colonial convention of Western men marrying native women. Unions between Chinese and Russians were also rare in urban areas like Harbin where there was prejudice against mixed marriages on both sides.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Amerasian Japanese in Okinawa and Japan are mostly the result of European American soldiers and Japanese women.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Many Latin Americans in Japan (known in their own cultures as dekasegi) are mixed, including Brazilians of Portuguese, Italian, German, Spaniard, Polish and Ukrainian descent. In Mexico and Argentina, for example, those mixed between nikkei and non-nikkei are called "mestizos de japonés", while in Brazil both "mestiço de japonês" and "ainoko", "ainoco" or even "hafu" are common terms.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Historian S. Kuznetsov, dean of the Department of History of the Irkutsk State University, one of the first researchers of the topic, interviewed thousands of former internees and came to the following conclusion: What is more, romantic relations between Japanese internees and Russian women were not uncommon. For example, in the city of Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, about 50 Japanese married locals and stayed. Today many Russian women married Japanese men, often for the benefit of long-term residence and work rights. Some of their mixed offspring stay in Japan while other's to Russia.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: U.S. military personnel married 6423 Korean women as war brides during and immediately after the Korean War. The average number of Korean women marrying US military personnel each year was about 1500 per year in the 1960s and 2300 per year in the 1970s.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Many of these children were orphaned or stigmatized by the local population and were often kept separate in designated camptowns and eventually exported to the United States.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Anglo-Burmese emerged as a distinct community through mixed relations (sometimes permanent, sometimes temporary) between the British and other European settlers and the indigenous peoples of Burma from 1826 until 1948 when Myanmar gained its independence from the United Kingdom.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Collectively, in the Burmese language, Eurasians are specifically known as "bo kabya"; the term "kabya" refers to persons of mixed ancestry or dual ethnicity.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The first use of the term "Anglo-Indian" referred to all British people living in India, regardless of whether they had Indian ancestors or not. The meaning changed to include only people who were of the very specific lineage descending from the British on the male side and women from the Indian side. People of mixed British and Indian descent were previously referred to as simply 'Eurasians'.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: During the British East India Company's rule in India as well as the British Raj period, it was initially fairly common for British officers and soldiers to take local Indian wives and have Eurasian children. European women were barred from being with native men. Marriages between European men and Indian women were fairly common during early colonial times. The scholar Michael Fisher estimates that one in three European men stationed during the company rule had an Indian wife. The Europeans (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, French, German, Irish, Scottish, and English) were stationed in India in their youth, and looked for relationships with local women. The most famous of such unions was between the Hyderabadi noblewoman Khair-un-Nissa and the Scottish resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick. In addition to intermarriage, inter-ethnic prostitution in India existed. Generally, Muslim women did not marry European men because the men were not of the Islamic faith. Similarly with high caste Hindu women.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: By the mid-nineteenth century, there were around 40,000 British soldiers but fewer than 2000 British officials present in India. As British women began arriving to India in large numbers around the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, mostly as family members of British officers and soldiers, intermarriage with Indians became less frequent among the British in India. After the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, such intermarriage was considered undesirable by both cultures. The colonial government passed several anti-miscegenation laws. As a result, Eurasians became more marginal to both the British and Indian populations in India.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Over generations, Anglo-Indians intermarried with other Anglo-Indians to form a community that developed a culture of its own. They created distinctive Anglo-Indian, dress, speech and religion. They established a school system focused on English language and culture, and formed social clubs and associations to run functions, such as regular dances, at holidays such as Christmas and Easter. Over time, the British colonial government recruited Anglo-Indians into the Customs and Excise, Post and Telegraphs, Forestry Department, the Railways and teaching professions, but they were employed in many other fields as well. A number of factors fostered a strong sense of community among Anglo-Indians. Their English-language school system, their Anglocentric culture, and their Christian beliefs helped bind them together. Today, an estimated 300,000-1 million Anglo-Indians worldwide.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Due to prolonged colonial contact with Portugal, the Netherlands and Britain, Sri Lanka has had a long history of intermarriage between locals and colonists. Originally these people were known as Mestiços, literally "mixed people" in Portuguese; today they are collectively classified as Burghers. The Sri Lankan Civil War prompted numerous Burghers to flee the island. Most of them settled in Europe, the Americas, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Portuguese Burghers are usually descended from a Sri Lankan mother and a Portuguese father. This configuration is also the case with the Dutch Burghers. When the Portuguese arrived on the island in 1505, they were accompanied by African slaves. Kaffirs are a mix of African, Portuguese colonist and Sri Lankan. The free mixing between the various groups of people was encouraged by the colonials. Soon the Mestiços or the "Mixed People" began speaking a creole known as the Ceylonese-Portuguese Creole. It was based on Portuguese, Sinhalese and Tamil.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: The Burgher population numbers 40,000 in Sri Lanka and thousands more worldwide, concentrated mostly in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Phenotypically Burghers can have skin ranging from light to darker, depending on their ancestors, even within the same family. Burghers with dark to light brown skin usually are of Portuguese Burghers or Kaffir ancestry; they may also have European facial features common to the Mediterranean basin (see Mediterraneans). They have a distinct look compared to native Sri Lankans. Most light-skinned Burghers are of Dutch or British descent. Most Burghers are Roman Catholic in religion.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Like certain other Asian countries -Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines- Eurasians/Burghers have also been sought after by advertisers and modelling agencies in Sri Lanka. Their mixed look combining both Western and Sri Lankan features makes them attractive to advertisers who see them as a representation of an "exotic Sri Lankan/Sinhalese". Predictions within the advertising industry in Sri Lanka estimate that more than 50% of advertising models in Sri Lanka are Burghers/Eurasians.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Immigration to Europe has led to the rise of Eurasian communities in Europe, most prominently in the Netherlands, Spain, and United Kingdom, where significant numbers of Indonesian, Filipino, and Indo-Pakistani Eurasians live. The Turkish Empire spanned large parts of Europe and gave rise to populations with mixed ancestry in their former territories.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Historically East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) migrations and invasions into Europe left genetic traces in the respective regions. Noteworthy are the Huns, the Pannonian Avars, the Mongols, the Finnic peoples and some other historical groups.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Dutch Eurasians of part Indonesian descent, also called Indos or Indo-Europeans, have largely assimilated in the Netherlands arriving in the Netherlands following the end of World War II until 1965, their diaspora a result of Indonesia gaining its independence from Dutch colonial rule. Statistics show high inter marriage rates with native Dutch (50–80%). With over 500,000 persons, they are the largest ethnic minority in the Netherlands. So-called Indo rockers such as the Tielman Brothers introduced their blend of rock and roll music to Dutch audiences, whereas others gained fame as singers and TV presenters, such as Rob de Nijs and Sandra Reemer. There are also famous Indo soccer players such as Giovanni van Bronckhorst. Well-known politicians, such as Christian democrat Hans van den Broek and politician Geert Wilders, are also of Indo descent.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Vietnamese men married French women but most of the time had to hide their relationship through casual sexual encounters, brothels and workplaces, some Eurasians were born as result. According to official records in 1918, of the Vietnamese men and French women, 250 had married officially and 1363 couples were living together without the approval of the French parental consent and without the approval of French authorities.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Spanish Eurasians, called Mestizos, most of whom are of partial Filipino ancestry, make up a small but important minority in Spain. Numbering about 115,000, they consist of early migrants to Spain after the loss of the Philippines to the United States in 1898.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Well known Spanish Eurasians include actress and socialite Isabel Preysler and her son Enrique Iglesias, as well as former Prime Minister Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero.


title: Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

text: Interracial marriage was fairly common in Britain since the seventeenth century, when the British East India Company began bringing over thousands of Indian scholars, "lascars" and workers (mostly Bengali and/or Muslim) to Britain. Many married local white British women and girls, due to the absence of Indian women in Britain at the time. This later became an issue, as a magistrate of the London Tower Hamlets area in 1817 expressed disgust at how the local British women and girls in the area were marrying and cohabiting with foreign South Asian "lascars". Nevertheless, there were no legal restrictions against 'mixed' marriages in Britain, unlike the restrictions in India. This led to "mixed race" Eurasian (Anglo-Indian) children in Britain, which challenged the British elite efforts to "define them using simple dichotomies of British versus Indian, ruler versus ruled." By the mid-nineteenth century, there were more than 40,000 Indian seamen, diplomats, scholars, soldiers, officials, tourists, businessmen and students arriving in Britain, and by the time World War I began, there were 51,616 Indian "lascar" seamen residing in Britain. In addition, the British officers and soldiers who had Indian wives and Eurasian children in British India often brought them to Britain in the nineteenth century.