title: Eureka (American TV series)

text: In 2020 Mill Creek Entertainment released the complete series to the U.S. market as a 12-disc Blu-Ray box set. Extras mostly mirror those in the 2014 box set, though two extended episodes from the 2014 set are not included. Critical and buyer reviews report this set has significant issues with video quality.


title: Eureka (American TV series)

text: A soundtrack was released on August 26, 2008 on La La Land Records. The album consists of 28 tracks from the show's second season. It also includes two variations of the Mark Mothersbaugh and John Enroth composed main theme.


title: Eureka (American TV series)

text: In early 2009, Boom! Studios produced a comic book series based on storylines provided by Andrew Cosby (who is also the co-founder of the comic publisher), written by Brendan Hay, with art by Diego Barreto. This was followed by a second 4-issue series called "Eureka: Dormant Gene" written by Andrew Cosby, Jaime Paglia and Jonathan L. Davis, with art by Mark Dos Santos.


title: Eureka (American TV series)

text: In 2011, Colin Ferguson appeared on "Disasterpiece Theatre", discussing what "Eureka" might look like if directed by Michael Bay. In 2012, Niall Matter also made an appearance on the podcast, discussing how "Eureka" would function as a "romcom".


title: Eureka (American TV series)

text: In May 2012, Ferguson appeared on "Tabletop", a show on Geek and Sundry, where during the course of the episode he discusses his experiences and character in "Eureka". The Geek And Sundry network is co-hosted, among others, by Felicia Day and Wil Wheaton, who made various appearances on "Eureka".


title: PlayStation Studios

text: PlayStation Studios (formerly SCE Worldwide Studios and SIE Worldwide Studios) is a division of Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) that oversees the video game development at the studios owned by SIE. The division was established as SCE Worldwide Studios in September 2005 and rebranded as PlayStation Studios in 2020.


title: PlayStation Studios

text: On September 14, 2005, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE), the video game arm of Sony, announced the formation of SCE Worldwide Studios, combining all studios SCE owned at the time. Phil Harrison was appointed as the division's president. Shuhei Yoshida succeeded him in May 2008. When Yoshida moved to lead the indie game development of SIE, Hermen Hulst, previously of SIE's Guerrilla Games studio, became the president of SIE Worldwide Studios in November 2019. The studios productions are generally supported by the Visual Arts Services Group, founded in 2007 in San Diego.


title: PlayStation Studios

text: SIE announced the formation of PlayStation Studios in May 2020 as a brand to be formally introduced alongside the PlayStation 5 that is released later that year. PlayStation Studios was to serve as the brand for its first-party game development studios, as well as be used for branding on games developed by studios brought in by Sony in work-for-hire situations.


title: PlayStation Studios

text: In August 2022, SIE announced the formation of the PlayStation Studios Mobile Division, alongside the acquisition of the company's first mobile development team, Savage Game Studios.


title: PlayStation Studios

text: XDev, established in 2000 and based in Liverpool, collaborates with independent development studios to publish content for PlayStation platforms. XDev has helped to create and publish titles such as the "LittleBigPlanet", "Buzz!", "MotorStorm" and "Invizimals" series, "Super Stardust HD", "Heavenly Sword", "Heavy Rain", "", "Tearaway" and "Resogun". Partners include Quantic Dream, Magenta Software, Climax Studios, Novarama, Supermassive Games and Sumo Digital. In addition to funding projects, XDev offers production, project management and game design support. Games are supported by community management, online production and outsourcing management facilities. XDev works with marketing and public relations teams to promote and publish games worldwide.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre ( ; , ), or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as "red ochre" (or, in some dialects, ruddle).


title: Ochre

text: The word ochre also describes clays coloured with iron oxide derived during the extraction of tin and copper.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, known as limonite, which gives them a yellow colour.


title: Ochre

text: When natural sienna and umber pigments are heated, they are dehydrated and some of the limonite is transformed into hematite, giving them more reddish colours, called burnt sienna and burnt umber. Ochres are non-toxic and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly. Modern ochre pigments often are made using synthetic iron oxide. Pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name PY-43 (Pigment yellow 43) on the label, following the Colour Index International system.


title: Ochre

text: Yellow and red ochre pigment was used in prehistoric and ancient times by many different civilizations on different continents. Evidence of the processing of ochre to a lesser extent, in Africa and Europe has been dated by archaeologists to 300,000 years ago, evidence of use in Australia is dated to 50,000 years ago, and new research has uncovered evidence in Asia that is dated to 40,000 years ago.


title: Ochre

text: Pieces of ochre engraved with abstract designs have been found at the site of the Blombos Cave in South Africa, dated to around 75,000 years ago. In Wales, the paleolithic burial called the Red Lady of Paviland from its coating of red ochre has been dated to around 33,000 years before present. Paintings of animals made with red and yellow ochre pigments have been found in paleolithic sites at Pech Merle in France (ca. 25,000 years old), and the cave of Altamira in Spain (ca. 16,500–15,000 BC). The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse coloured with yellow ochre estimated to be 17,300 years old. Neolithic burials may have used red ochre pigments symbolically, either to represent a return to the earth or possibly as a form of ritual rebirth, in which the colour may symbolize blood and a hypothesized Great Goddess.


title: Ochre

text: The Ancient Picts were said to paint themselves "Iron Red" according to the Gothic historian Jordanes. Frequent references in Irish myth to "red men" (Gaelic: Fer Dearg) make it likely that such a practice was common to the Celts of the British Isles, bog iron being particularly abundant in the midlands of Ireland.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre has uses other than as paint: "tribal peoples alive today . . . use either as a way to treat animal skins or else as an insect repellent, to staunch bleeding, or as protection from the sun. Ochre may have been the first medicament."


title: Ochre

text: Ochre was the most commonly used pigment for painting walls in the ancient Mediterranean world. In Ancient Greece, red ochre was called μίλτος, "míltos" (hence Miltiades: "red-haired" or "ruddy"). In ancient Athens when Assembly was called, a contingent of public slaves would sweep the open space of the Agora with ropes dipped in "miltos": those citizens that loitered there instead of moving to the Assembly area would risk having their clothes stained with the paint. This prevented them from wearing these clothes in public again, as failure to attend the Assembly incurred a fine.


title: Ochre

text: In England, red ochre was also known as "raddle", "reddle", or "ruddle" and was used to mark sheep and can also be used as a waxy waterproof coating on structures. The reddle was sold as a ready-made mixture to farmers and herders by travelling workers called reddlemen.


title: Ochre

text: In Classical antiquity, the finest red ochre came from a Greek colony on the Black Sea where the modern city of Sinop in Turkey is located. It was carefully regulated, expensive and marked by a special seal, and this colour was called sealed Sinope. Later the Latin and Italian name sinopia was given to wide range of dark red ochre pigments. Roman triumphators painted their faces red, perhaps to imitate the red-painted flesh of statues of the Gods. The Romans used yellow ochre in their paintings to represent gold and skin tones, and as a background colour. It is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii.


title: Ochre

text: In Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow ochre extensively in tomb painting, though occasionally they used orpiment, which made a brilliant colour, but was highly toxic, since it was made with arsenic. In tomb paintings, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.


title: Ochre

text: Red ochre in Ancient Egypt was used as a rouge, or lip gloss for women. Ochre-coloured lines were also discovered on the Unfinished Obelisk at the northern region of the Aswan Stone Quarry, marking work sites. Ochre clays were also used medicinally in Ancient Egypt: such use is described in the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt, dating to about 1550 BC.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre pigments are plentiful across Australia, especially the Western Desert, Kimberley and Arnhem Land regions, and occur in many archaeological sites. The practice of ochre painting has been prevalent among Indigenous Australian people for over 40,000 years. Pleistocene burials with red ochre date as early as 40,000 BP and ochre plays a role in expressing symbolic ideologies of the earliest arrivals to the continent. Ochre has been used for millennia by Aboriginal Australians for body decoration, sun protection, mortuary practices, cave painting, bark painting and other artwork, and the preservation of animal skins, among other uses. At Lake Mungo, in Western New South Wales, burial sites have been excavated and burial materials, including ochre-painted bones, have been dated to the arrival of people in Australia; "Mungo Man" (LM3) was buried sprinkled with red ochre at dates confidently estimated as at least 30,000 years B.P. and possibly as old as 60,000 years old.


title: Ochre

text: The National Museum of Australia has a large collection of samples of ochre from many sites across Australia.


title: Ochre

text: The Māori people of New Zealand were found to be making extensive use of mineral ochre mixed with fish oil. Ochre was the predominant colouring agent used by Maori, and was used to paint their large "waka taua" (war canoe). Ochre prevented the drying out of the wood in canoes and the carvings of meeting houses; later missionaries estimated that it would last for 30 years. It was also roughly smeared over the face, especially by women, to keep off insects. Solid chunks of ochre were ground on a flat but rough surfaced rock to produce the powder.


title: Ochre

text: In Newfoundland its use is most often associated with the Beothuk, whose use of red ochre led them to be referred to as "Red Indians" by the first Europeans to Newfoundland. The Beothuk may have also used yellow ochre to colour their hair. It was also used by the Maritime Archaic as evidenced by its discovery in the graves of over 100 individuals during an archaeological excavation at Port au Choix. Its use was widespread at times in the Eastern Woodlands cultural area of Canada and the US; the Red Ocher people complex refers to a specific archaeological period in the Woodlands ca. 1000–400 BC. California Native Americans such as the Tongva and Chumash were also known to use red ochre as body paint. Researchers diving into dark submerged caves on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula have found evidence of an ambitious mining operation starting 12,000 years ago and lasting two millennia for red ochre.


title: Ochre

text: In Newfoundland, red ochre was the pigment of choice for use in vernacular outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery. Deposits of ochre are found throughout Newfoundland, notably near Fortune Harbour and at Ochre Pit Cove. While earliest settlers may have used locally collected ochre, people were later able to purchase pre-ground ochre through local merchants, largely imported from England.


title: Ochre

text: The dry ingredient, ochre, was mixed with some type of liquid raw material to create a rough paint. The liquid material was usually seal oil or cod liver oil in Newfoundland and Labrador, while Scandinavian recipes sometimes called for linseed oil. Red ochre paint was sometimes prepared months in advance and allowed to sit, and the smell of ochre paint being prepared is still remembered today.


title: Ochre

text: Variations in local recipes, shades of ore, and type of oil used resulted in regional variations in colour. Because of this, it is difficult to pinpoint an exact shade or hue of red that would be considered the traditional "fishing stage red". In the Bonavista Bay area one man maintained that seal oil mixed with the ochre gave the sails a purer red colour, while cod liver oil would give a "foxy" colour, browner in hue.


title: Ochre

text: Red ochre has been used as a colouring agent in Africa for over 200,000 years. Women of the Himba ethnic group in Namibia use a mix of ochre and animal fat for body decoration, to achieve a reddish skin colour. The ochre mixture is also applied to their hair after braiding. Men and women of the Maasai people in Kenya and Tanzania have also used ochre in the same way.


title: Ochre

text: During the Renaissance, yellow and red ochre pigments were widely used in painting panels and frescoes. The colours vary greatly from region to region, depending upon whether the local clay was richer in yellowish limonite or reddish hematite. The red earth from Pozzuoli near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from Tuscany contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or sienna earth.


title: Ochre

text: The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting.


title: Ochre

text: The industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s. He was from Roussillon in the Vaucluse department of Provence, and he was fascinated by the cliffs of red and yellow clay in the region. He invented a process to make the pigment on a large scale. First the clay was extracted from open pits or mines. The raw clay contained about 10 to 20 percent ochre. Then he washed the clay to separate the grains of sand from the particles of ochre. The remaining mixture was then decanted in large basins, to further separate the ochre from the sand. The water was then drained, and the ochre was dried, cut into bricks, crushed, sifted, and then classified by colour and quality. The best quality was reserved for artists' pigments.


title: Ochre

text: In Britain, ochre was mined at Brixham, England. It became an important product for the British fishing industry, where it was combined with oil and used to coat sails to protect them from seawater, giving them a reddish colour. The ochre was boiled in great caldrons, together with tar, tallow and oak bark, the last ingredient giving the name of barking yards to the places where the hot mixture was painted on to the sails, which were then hung up to dry. In 1894, a theft case provided insights into the use of the pigment as a food adulterant in sausage roll production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak brown bread in red ochre, salt, and pepper to give the appearance of beef sausage for the filling.


title: Ochre

text: As noted above, the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s, using the ochre mines and quarries in Roussillon, Rustrel, or Gargas in the Vaucluse department of Provence, in France. Thanks to the process invented by Astier and refined by his successors, ochre pigments from Vaucluse were exported across Europe and around the world. It was not only used for artists paints and house paints; it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre from Vaucluse was an important French export until the mid-20th century, when major markets were lost due to the Russian Revolution and the Spanish Civil War. Ochre also began to face growing competition from newly synthetic pigment industry. The quarries in Roussillon, Rustrel, the Mines of Bruoux closed one by one. Today, the last quarry in activity is in Gargas (Vaucluse) and belongs to the Société des Ocres de France.


title: Ochre

text: Ochre, both red and yellow, appear as tinctures in South African heraldry; the national coat of arms, adopted in 2000, includes "red ochre", while (yellow) ochre appears in the arms of the University of Transkei.


title: Ochre

text: A reddleman named Diggory Venn was prominently described in Thomas Hardy's 1878 novel entitled "The Return of the Native".


title: Sui generis

text: Sui generis ( , ) is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind", "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".


title: Sui generis

text: In the taxonomical structure "genus → species", a species is described as "sui generis" if its genus was created to classify it (i.e. its uniqueness at the time of classification merited the creation of a new genus, the sole member of which was initially the "sui generis" species). A species that is the sole "extant" member of its genus (e.g. the genus "Homo") is not necessarily "sui generis"; extinctions have eliminated other congeneric species.


title: Sui generis

text: A book, movie, television series, or other artistic creation is called "sui generis" when it does not fit into standard genre boundaries. Movie critic Richard Schickel identifies" Joe Versus the Volcano" as a "sui generis" movie. Film critic Michael Brooke used the term to describe "Fantastic Planet", a 1973 Franco-Czech sci-fi animated film directed by René Laloux.


title: Sui generis

text: In law, it is a term of art used to identify a legal classification that exists independently of other categorizations, either because of its singularity or due to the specific creation of an entitlement or obligation. For example, a court's contempt powers arise" sui generis" and not from statute or rule. The New York Court of Appeals has used the term in describing cooperative apartment corporations, mostly because this form of housing is considered real property for some purposes and personal property for other purposes.


title: Sui generis

text: When citing cases and other authorities, lawyers and judges may refer to "a "sui generis" case", or "a "sui generis" authority", meaning it is a special one confined to "its own" facts, and therefore may not be of broader application.


title: Sui generis

text: Generally speaking, protection for intellectual property extends to intellectual creations in order to incentivize innovation, and depends upon the nature of the work and its "characteristics". The main types of intellectual property law are: copyright, which protects creative works; patent, which protects invention; trade secret, which protects information not generally known or readily ascertainable that is valuable to the secret holder; and trademark, which protects branding and other exclusive properties of products and services. Any matter that meets these criteria can be protected.


title: Sui generis

text: However, "sui generis" statutes exist in many countries that extend intellectual property protection to matter that does not meet characteristic definitions: integrated circuit layouts, ship hull designs, fashion designs in France, databases, or plant varieties require "sui generis" statutes because of their unique characteristics. The United States, Japan, Australia and many EU countries protect the topography of semiconductor chips and integrated circuits under "sui generis" laws, which borrow some aspects from patent or copyright law. In the U.S. this "sui generis" law is known as the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984.


title: Sui generis

text: In statutory interpretation, it refers to the problem of giving meaning to groups of words where one of the words is ambiguous or inherently unclear.


title: Sui generis

text: For example, in road traffic law, a statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles. The word "large" is ambiguous per se, but may be considered "heavy". Thus the relevant legislation (in Australian law) contains a section called "Terms used" or "Definitions" that itemises all words considered ambiguous, and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language. So, this list tells us that "heavy vehicle" means a vehicle with a "GVM" over 4.5 tons, and "GVM" means "gross vehicle mass", the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies. Thus, "large" is equivalent to "heavy" and is (for this unique case) clearly defined "sui generis".


title: Sui generis

text: In United Kingdom town planning law, in particular relating to the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987, many common types of land use are categorised into specific "use classes". Change of use of land "within" a use class does not require planning permission; however, changing "between" use classes might require planning permission, and permission is always required if the new use is "sui generis".


title: Sui generis

text: Examples of "sui generis" uses include embassies, theatres, amusement arcades, laundrettes, taxi or vehicle hire businesses, petrol filling stations, scrapyards, nightclubs, motor car showrooms, retail warehouses, clubs and hostels.


title: Sui generis

text: As of 1 September 2020 following the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2020, the following uses were added as sui generis:


title: Sui generis

text: The grant of private hire vehicle (taxicab) operators licences by local authorities frequently has a condition attached that the appropriate "sui generis" change of use planning permission is granted to those premises to ensure those businesses cannot trade lawfully without the appropriate planning consents.


title: Sui generis

text: Analytic philosophy often uses the expression to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept.


title: Sui generis

text: In political philosophy, the unparalleled development of the European Union as compared with other international organizations has led to its designation as a "sui generis" geopolitical entity. The legal nature of the EU is widely debated because its mixture of intergovernmental and supranational elements causes it to share characteristics with both confederal and federal entities. It is generally considered more than a confederation but less than a federation, thus being appropriately classified as an instance of neither political form. Compared to other international organizations, the EU is often considered "sui generis" because its legal system comprehensively rejects any use of retaliatory sanctions by one member state against another.


title: Sui generis

text: A similar case that led to the use of the label "sui generis" is the relationship of New Caledonia relative to France, because the legal status of New Caledonia can aptly be said to lie somewhere between a French overseas collectivity and a sovereign nation. Although other examples of such status for other dependent or disputed territories may exist, this arrangement is unique within the French realm.


title: Sui generis

text: The legal status of the Holy See has also been described as a "sui generis" entity possessing an international personality. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has likewise been described as a ""sui generis" primary subject of public international law". Another entity widely considered to have "sui generis" international legal personality is the International Committee of the Red Cross.


title: Sui generis

text: In local government, a "sui generis" entity is one that does not fit with the general scheme of local governance of a country. For example in England, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are the two "sui generis" localities, as their forms of local government are both (for historical or geographical reasons) very different from those of elsewhere in the country.


title: Sui generis

text: In a press conference during which reporters were trying to analyse his political personality, Huey Long said, "...say that I am "sui generus", and let it go at that."


title: Sui generis

text: The Joint Council of Municipalities in Croatia is a "sui generis" council of municipalities in the east of the country that was formed after the Erdut Agreement and UNTAES mission aimed at protection of the rights of the ethnic Serb community in the region and is, as such, unique form of local cooperation and minority self-government in Croatia.


title: Sui generis

text: In sociology, methodological holists argue that social phenomena exist in their own right (sui generis) and are not reducible to the actions of individuals. For example, Emile Durkheim argued that the suicide rate was a social phenomenon sui generis (existing over and above the actions of individuals) In a social constructionist perspective, "sui generis" is what has been externalized, then internalized in the overall public and becomes a part of society that simply exists in its construct. It is not something that is not thought to have been created, because it is embedded in everyone's way of thinking and being. Instances include the idea of love, or going to school, or clothing belonging to a specific gender. These examples are "sui generis" for they simply exist in society and are widely accepted without thoughts of where they come from or how they were created.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: The Royal Rumble match is a professional wrestling match based on the classic Battle Royal match in which a number of wrestlers (traditionally 30) aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope, with both feet touching the floor. The match is typically the main event of WWE's January pay-per-view event known as the Royal Rumble. The winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated. Stone Cold Steve Austin holds the record for victories with three, achieved in 1997, 1998 and 2001, while Hulk Hogan, Shawn Michaels, John Cena, Batista, Triple H, Randy Orton, Edge and Brock Lesnar have all won the match twice. The match has been won from the number one position on three occasions, by Michaels in 1995, Chris Benoit in 2004 and Edge in 2021.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: The Royal Rumble differs from the classical battle royal as the contestants do not enter the ring at the same time, but instead are assigned entry numbers, usually via a lottery, although desirable spots are occasionally assigned by other means, the most common being winning a match. The match begins with the two wrestlers who have drawn entry numbers one and two, with the remaining wrestlers entering the ring at regular timed intervals, either 90 seconds or two minutes, according to their entry number. This format is credited to Pat Patterson. To date, only five men who have been one of the starting two wrestlers have won the Royal Rumble: Shawn Michaels in 1995, Vince McMahon in 1999, Chris Benoit in 2004, Rey Mysterio in 2006 and Edge in 2021 (Michaels, Benoit, and Edge were entrant number one while McMahon and Mysterio were number two), while only four men who have been the final entrant won the Royal Rumble: The Undertaker in 2007, John Cena in 2008, Triple H in 2016 and Brock Lesnar in 2022. Among them, The Undertaker remains the only one to not win two Royal Rumble matches (Cena won again in 2013, Triple H had previously won in 2002 and Lesnar had won the Royal Rumble in 2003). The most common numbers to win are 27 and 30, and 16 eventual winners entered at number 25 or later.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: The Royal Rumble match traditionally involves 30 wrestlers and usually lasts an hour (the 2011 edition had a 40-man field). The Greatest Royal Rumble (the only edition to have a 50-man field) was the longest, lasting one hour and 17 minutes of a five-hour pay-per-view event while the first televised Rumble match in 1988 involved only 20 men and lasted 33 minutes of the two-hour broadcast. The 1998 match nominally had the traditional 30-man field, but only 28 individual wrestlers competed as Mick Foley entered the Royal Rumble match three different times as three different gimmicks—first as Cactus Jack, then Mankind and finally Dude Love. The 2018 Royal Rumble PPV was the first to include a women's Royal Rumble match, contested under the same rules as the men's match, including having 30 participants.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: According to the rules, participants are eliminated from the match if moved over the top rope and both feet touch the floor. Hence, a wrestler who exits the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the contest. For example, during the 1999 match, both McMahon and Stone Cold Steve Austin left the ring only to return later in the match. Furthermore, a wrestler who only touches the floor with one foot is not eliminated from the match, a rule which greatly affected the 1995 match, allowing Michaels to re-enter the ring and win the match. Although he has not won a Royal Rumble match, Kofi Kingston has become synonymous with finding various ways to keep at least one of his feet from touching the floor. In the 1994 match, the last two participants (Bret Hart and Lex Luger) were declared co-winners when officials were unable to determine whose feet touched the floor first. Although this was the intended outcome, a similar situation occurred by a legitimate accident in 2005, when Batista and Cena eliminated each other and hit the ground at exactly the same time. This time, the match was restarted. Though various referees are charged with observing the match, some eliminations have gone unnoticed to allow the eliminated participants to sneak back into the ring to continue. Austin was able to re-enter the ring in this way and win the 1997 match.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: Although eliminations are usually caused by active participants, eliminations caused by other means have been ruled legitimate, including self-eliminations (such as Andre the Giant after seeing a snake in 1989, Mil Mascaras diving out of the ring from the turnbuckle in 1997 and Kane in 1999, although Randy Savage's jump over the top rope in 1992 was not ruled as self-elimination), elimination by previously eliminated participants (such as The Undertaker eliminating Maven in 2002, Kurt Angle eliminating Michaels in 2005 or Sonya Deville eliminating Naomi in 2022) or non-participants (such as Shane McMahon eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2006 and The Miz eliminating John Cena in 2011). Furthermore, an injured wrestler can return to the ring as long as the match is still ongoing (such as Austin in 1999, Roman Reigns in 2016 and Randy Orton in 2021), but not if the match has already ended (such as Spike Dudley in 2004 and Scotty 2 Hotty in 2005) and can also be replaced by another wrestler (such as Mick Foley replacing Test in 2004, Sami Zayn replacing Tye Dillinger in 2018 and Nia Jax replacing R-Truth in 2019).


title: Royal Rumble match

text: Since 1993, the winner of the Royal Rumble match is traditionally awarded a title match for WWE's top championship at WrestleMania—WWE currently promotes three major brands with a top championship for each and the winner can choose which championship to challenge for, regardless of the brand they belong to. For the men, that is the WWE Championship on Raw, the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown. Similarly, the winner of the women's Royal Rumble match (first contested in 2018) is awarded a match at WrestleMania for their choice of one of WWE's top women's championships: the WWE Raw Women's Championship, or WWE SmackDown Women's Championship.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: With the first brand extension introduced in mid-2002, the 30 male entrants from 2003-2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands, respectively. At first, the winner of the match received a shot for their brand's top championship, either the World Heavyweight Championship or WWE Championship. Starting in 2004, the Royal Rumble winner had the option of challenging for either brand's top championship. For instance, Chris Benoit switched from SmackDown to Raw after winning the 2004 event to challenge for Raw's top championship at the time. From 2007-2010, participants from the ECW brand competed along with the Raw and SmackDown brands, with the ECW Championship added as an option, although no winner ever chose it. During ECW's participation, the entries for each brand were not evenly divided. The ECW Championship was deactivated in 2010, leaving the two remaining titles until they were unified in December 2013 as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. This singular option lasted until the brand extensions' return in 2016, which introduced the Universal Championship, as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship reverted to being called the WWE Championship. Like the first brand extension, the winner of the 2017 event earned a match for their brand's top championship, the Universal Championship or WWE Championship, but beginning with the 2018 event, the winner has a choice. As a result of NXT becoming one of WWE's three main brands in September 2019, NXT's championships became eligible choices, beginning with the 2020 event. Since the return of the brand extension, the number of participants from each brand has not been evenly divided, as each match has featured wrestlers from NXT as well as surprise appearances from former, returning or debuting wrestlers.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: WWE's top championship has been booked as on the line during the Royal Rumble match on two occasions. In 1992, the vacant World Heavyweight Championship was contested in the 1992 Royal Rumble match, which was won by Ric Flair, while in 2016, Roman Reigns was scheduled to defend his World Heavyweight Championship as a participant of that year's Royal Rumble match as entrant number one. This has thus far been the only time that a reigning champion had to defend his title in the match, which was ultimately won by Triple H, who eliminated Reigns before lastly eliminating Dean Ambrose to win; Reigns would earn a rematch against Triple H at WrestleMania 32 and won back the title. In 2020, although he did not defend his title in the match, WWE Champion Brock Lesnar entered the Royal Rumble match as entrant number one, feeling as if no one on any brand deserved to challenge him at either the Royal Rumble or WrestleMania. This was the first time in which a reigning world champion competed in the match in which the winner could challenge them; Lesnar's participation was used as a way to set up his WrestleMania challenger, which ended up being Drew McIntyre, who eliminated Lesnar, won the Rumble match and then challenged Lesnar for his title at WrestleMania 36. In 2022, although she did not defend her title in the match, SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair entered the Royal Rumble match as entrant number 17, feeling as if no one on any brand deserved to challenge her at either the Royal Rumble or WrestleMania. This was the first time in which a reigning women's champion competed in the match in which the champion could choose their opponent; Flair's participation was used as a way to set up her WrestleMania challenger, which ended up being Ronda Rousey, who eliminated Flair, won the Rumble match and then challenged Flair for her title at WrestleMania 38.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: The Royal Rumble winner may also choose to put his championship opportunity on the line in a match. This was first done in 1996, when Shawn Michaels risked his WrestleMania XII WWF World Heavyweight Championship opportunity in a match against Owen Hart at In Your House 6. The second time was in 2002, when Triple H lost his WrestleMania X8 Undisputed WWF Championship opportunity at No Way Out to Kurt Angle, but regained his spot in a rematch against Angle on the following "Raw." The third time was in 2006, when Randy Orton defeated Rey Mysterio at No Way Out for Mysterio's WrestleMania 22 World Heavyweight Championship opportunity, though Mysterio was reinserted into the title match, making it a triple threat match. The fourth time was on the February 25, 2013 edition of "Raw," where John Cena successfully defended his WrestleMania 29 WWE Championship opportunity in a match against CM Punk. The fifth time was in 2015 at Fastlane, where Reigns defended his WrestleMania 31 WWE World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Daniel Bryan. In a reverse case in 2008, John Cena decided that instead of waiting until WrestleMania XXIV, he would use his world championship opportunity and challenge WWE Champion Orton at the preceding No Way Out event, though won the match but not the title when Orton intentionally got himself disqualified; however, after Triple H became Orton's WrestleMania opponent, Cena earned another opportunity and was inserted into that championship match, making it a triple threat match. In another case in 2017, Randy Orton relinquished his WrestleMania 33 WWE Championship opportunity after his stablemate Bray Wyatt won the title, but later turned on Wyatt and reverted his decision; he then defeated AJ Styles, who had become the new title challenger, to re-earn his title shot at WrestleMania.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: During the Greatest Royal Rumble in April 2018, the winner Braun Strowman received a trophy and the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: No WrestleMania title opportunity was awarded in the 2016 Royal Rumble match as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship itself, held by Roman Reigns, was at stake. Triple H won the Royal Rumble match, and Reigns regained the championship in a rematch at WrestleMania 32.


title: Royal Rumble match

text: These wrestlers have competed more than once in either the same Rumble match or multiple Rumble matches in the same night; Foley entered the same match three times under different personas, whereas Jax competed in both the Women's and Men's Royal Rumble matches.


title: Spoonerism

text: A spoonerism is an occurrence in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched (see metathesis) between two words in a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and ordained minister William Archibald Spooner, who reputedly did this.


title: Spoonerism

text: They were already renowned by the author François Rabelais in the 16th century, and called . In his novel "Pantagruel", he wrote ("insane woman at mass, woman with flabby buttocks").


title: Spoonerism

text: An example is saying "The Lord is a shoving leopard" instead of "The Lord is a loving shepherd" or "runny babbit" instead of "bunny rabbit." While spoonerisms are commonly heard as slips of the tongue, they can also be used intentionally as a play on words.


title: Spoonerism

text: Spoonerisms are named after the Reverend William Archibald Spooner (1844–1930), Warden from 1903 to 1924 of New College, Oxford, who was notoriously prone to this mistake.


title: Spoonerism

text: The term "spoonerism" was well established by 1921. An article in "The Times" from that year reports that:


title: Spoonerism

text: The boys of Aldro School, Eastbourne, ... have been set the following task for the holidays: Discover and write down something about: The Old Lady of Threadneedle-street, a Spoonerism, a Busman's Holiday...


title: Spoonerism

text: An article in the "Daily Herald" in 1928 reported spoonerisms to be a "legend". In that piece Robert Seton, once a student of Spooner's, admitted that Spooner:


title: Spoonerism

text: ...made, to my knowledge, only one "Spoonerism" in his life, in 1879, when he stood in the pulpit and announced the hymn: 'Kinkering Kongs their Titles Take' ["Conquering Kings their Titles Take"]...Later, a friend and myself brought out a book of "spoonerisms"'


title: Spoonerism

text: In 1937, "The Times" quoted a detective describing a man as "a bricklabourer's layer" and used "Police Court Spoonerism" as the headline.


title: Spoonerism

text: A spoonerism is also known as a "marrowsky" or "morowski", purportedly after an 18th-century Polish count who suffered from the same impediment.


title: Spoonerism

text: Most of the quotations attributed to Spooner are apocryphal; "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations" (3rd edition, 1979) lists only one substantiated spoonerism: "The weight of rages will press hard upon the employer" (instead of "rate of wages"). Spooner himself claimed that "The Kinquering Congs Their Titles Take" (in reference to a hymn) was his sole spoonerism. Most spoonerisms were probably never uttered by William Spooner himself but rather made up by colleagues and students as a pastime. Richard Lederer, calling "Kinkering Kongs their Titles Take" (with an alternative spelling) one of the "few" authenticated Spoonerisms, dates it to 1879, and he gives nine examples "attributed to Spooner, most of them spuriously." They are as follows:


title: Spoonerism

text: A newspaper column attributes this additional example to Spooner: "A nosey little cook." (as opposed to a "cosy little nook").


title: Spoonerism

text: On a 3 December 1950 episode of "The Jack Benny Program" in which Jack mentions that he ran into his butler Rochester while in his car that was on a grease rack. Mary Livingston was supposed to say "How could you run into him on a grease rack?" but flubbed her line with "How could you run into him on a grass reek?" The audience broke up into so much laughter Jack was unable to reply as the show ran out of time.


title: Spoonerism

text: Spoonerisms are sometimes used in false etymologies. For example, according to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, some wrongly believe that the English word "butterfly" derives from" 'utter y"'.


title: Spoonerism

text: As complements to "spoonerism", Douglas Hofstadter used the nonce words "kniferism" and "forkerism" to refer to changing, respectively, the vowels or the final consonants of two syllables, giving them a new meaning. Examples of so-called kniferisms include a British television newsreader once referring to the police at a crime scene removing a 'hypodeemic nerdle'; a television announcer once saying that "All the world was thrilled by the marriage of the Duck and Doochess of Windsor"; and during a live broadcast in 1931, radio presenter Harry von Zell accidentally mispronouncing US President Herbert Hoover's name as "Hoobert Heever."


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Hohenzollern Castle ( ) is the ancestral seat of the imperial House of Hohenzollern. The third of three hilltop castles built on the site, it is located atop Mount Hohenzollern, above and south of Hechingen, on the edge of the Swabian Jura of central Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The first castle on the mountain was constructed in the early 11th century. Over the years the House of Hohenzollern split several times, but the castle remained in the Swabian branch, the dynastic seniors of the Franconian-Brandenburgian cadet branch that later acquired its own imperial throne. This castle was completely destroyed in 1423 after a ten-month siege by the free imperial cities of Swabia.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The second castle, a larger and sturdier structure, was constructed from 1454 to 1461, which served as a refuge for the Catholic Swabian Hohenzollerns, including during the Thirty Years' War. By the end of the 18th century it was thought to have lost its strategic importance and gradually fell into disrepair, leading to the demolition of several dilapidated buildings.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The third, and current, castle was built between 1846 and 1867 as a family memorial by Hohenzollern scion King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Architect Friedrich August Stüler based his design on English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. No member of the Hohenzollern family was in permanent or regular residence when it was completed, and none of the three German Emperors of the late 19th and early 20th century German Empire ever occupied the castle; in 1945 it briefly became the home of the former Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, son of the last Hohenzollern monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Among the historical artifacts of Prussian history contained in the castle are the Crown of Wilhelm II, some of the personal effects of King Frederick the Great, and a letter from US President George Washington thanking Hohenzollern relative Baron von Steuben for his service in the American Revolutionary War.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Hohenzollern Castle is a hilltop castle located on the mountain Hohenzollern, an isolated promontory of the Swabian Jura (NHN) above sea level, above and to the south of Hechingen, Germany, approximately south of Stuttgart, capital of Baden-Württemberg. This mountain lends its name to the local geographic region, "der Zollernalbkreis", and is known among locals as "Zollerberg" (Zoller Mountain), or simply "Zoller".


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Only written records exist of the original castle built in the High Middle Ages, built by the Counts of Zollern. Although the House of Hohenzollern itself finds its first mention in 1061, the castle is first mentioned as "Castro Zolre" in 1267, without any mention of the castle beyond its name, though contemporary sources praised it as the "crown of all castles in Swabia." In 1423 the castle was totally destroyed after a year-long siege by the Swabian League of Cities.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Construction on a second, stronger castle began in 1454. It was captured by Württemberger troops in 1634 midway in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), then fell under Habsburg control for about a century. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) it was occupied in the winter of 1744/45 by French soldiers. Returned to Habsburg control after the war, it was rarely occupied and began to fall to ruin after the last Austrian owner left the castle in 1798. By the beginning of the 19th century only the Chapel of St. Michael remained usable.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The current castle was built by Hohenzollern scion Crown-Prince Frederick William IV of Prussia. Traveling through southern Germany en route to Italy in 1819 he wished to learn about his family's roots, so climbed to the top of Mount Hohenzollern. He would write in 1844 as King:


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: He engaged Friedrich August Stüler, who had been appointed Architect of the King for the rebuilding of Stolzenfels Castle in 1842 while still a student and heir of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, to design a new castle. Stüler began work on an ornate design influenced by English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley in 1846. The impressive entryway is the work of the Engineer-Officer Moritz Karl Ernst von Prittwitz, considered the leading fortifications engineer in Prussia. The sculptures around and inside the castle are the work of Gustav Willgohs. Like Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria, Hohenzollern Castle is a monument to German Romanticism which incorporated an idealized vision of a medieval knight's castle. Lacking some of the fantastic elements and excesses of Neuschwanstein, the castle's construction served to enhance the reputation of the Prussian Royal Family.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Construction began in 1850, and was funded entirely by the Brandenburg-Prussian and the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen lines of the Hohenzollern family. Construction was completed on 3 October 1867, under Frederick William IV's brother King William I.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: After the castle was rebuilt, it was not regularly occupied, but rather used primarily as a showpiece. None of the Hohenzollern Kaisers of the German Empire lived there; only the last Prussian Crown Prince William stayed for several months following his flight from Potsdam ahead of Soviet army forces during the closing months of World War II. He and his wife Crown Princess Cecilie are buried there, as the family's estates in Brandenburg had been occupied by the Soviet Union at the time of their deaths.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Starting in 1952, Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia began adding valuable artwork and Prussian memorabilia from the collections of the Hohenzollern family and the former Hohenzollern Museum in Schloss Monbijou. Two of the major pieces are the Crown of Wilhelm II and a uniform that belonged to King Frederick the Great. From 1952 until 1991 the caskets of Frederick Wilhelm I and his son Frederick the Great were in the chapel, but were moved back to Potsdam following German reunification in 1991.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The castle was damaged in an earthquake on 3 September 1978, and was under repair until the mid-1990s.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: With over 350,000 visitors per year Hohenzollern castle is one of the most visited castles in Germany. The castle is privately owned by the House of Hohenzollern, with two-thirds belonging to the Brandenburg-Prussian branch, and the balance to the Swabian branch.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Since 1952, the Princess Kira of Prussia Foundation has used the castle for an annual summer camp for children. Whenever Prince George and his family are staying at the castle, the Prussian flag flies over the castle, while the flag of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is used by the Swabians.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: In 2015, parts of the 2016 thriller-horror film "A Cure for Wellness" were filmed at the castle, closing it from 13 to 24 July 2015. Hohenzollern Castle as well as Peckforton Castle in England were also used in the filming of the 2017 TV adaption of "The Worst Witch".


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: Hohenzollern Castle, covering almost all of Mount Hohenzollern's summit, is a structure composed of four primary parts: military architecture, the palatial buildings, chapels, and the gardens.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The Eagle Gate () and its attached drawbridge form the entrance to the castle. The castle's winding "zwinger" turns four times and terminates in the bastions. From here, the palatial buildings can be accessed through the square upper gate and so are the rest of the bastions.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: The palace itself, sitting upon the outline of the second castle, is an open-air museum arranged in a u-shape that ends with Protestant and Catholic chapels. Sitting on top of the old casemates are the three story Gothic Revival buildings of Friedrich August Stüler's design, decorated with towers and pinnacles. The four towers of the palace are aligned to the bastions, with the Emperor's Tower to the Fuchsloch bastion, Bishop's Tower to the Spitz bastion, Markgraf Tower to the Scharfeck bastion, and Michael's Tower to the garden bastion. Attached to the main residential building, the Count's Hall, is the final tower, the Watch Tower (), which functions both as a staircase to the library and as the flag pole whenever the Hohenzollern family is residing in the castle.


title: Hohenzollern Castle

text: A perron leads up to the ancestry hall, where one enters the Count's Hall (), which covers the entirety of the southern wing. The rib vaulting of the Count's Hall, adorned with grisailles by Stüler depicting the history of the House of Hohenzollern and pointed-arch windows, is supported by eight free standing red marble columns. Below the Count's Hall is the old castle kitchen, today a treasure chamber. Next to the Count's Hall is the Emperor's Tower and the Bishop's Niche, following the library decorated with murals of the Hohenzollern history by Wilhelm Peters. The Margrave's Tower contains the King's parlor, also referred to as the Margrave's room, contrary to Stüler's terminology.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: Departure is a 2019 Canadian-British-American suspense drama television series created by Vince Shiao and commissioned by Canadian broadcaster Global and U.S. streaming broadcaster Peacock and produced by Shaftesbury Films. Starring Archie Panjabi and Christopher Plummer and directed by T. J. Scott, the series premiered on Universal TV on 10 July 2019, with Global scheduling the Canadian debut for 8 October 2020. During the first season's release in Canada and the UK, the series averaged more than one million viewers per episode.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: In 2021, the series was renewed for a third season, with Eric McCormack joining the cast. That year, the series was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Dramatic Series.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: Location filming took place in several cities of Ontario, including Cambridge, Hamilton, and Toronto, in 2018. In Cambridge, the city hall was used to represent Scotland Yard and Cambridge University. In January 2019, filming shifted to London in the United Kingdom. Principal photography was completed in 40 days.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: "Departure" was renewed for a second season on 11 September 2020. Production was already underway by 20 September 2020.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: Christopher Plummer filmed his scenes from his home in Connecticut instead of traveling to the sets in Toronto due to travel restrictions into Canada owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Plummer died on 5 February 2021 but was able to complete filming his scenes for the second season shortly before his death. Plummer's work in the second season was his final on-screen performance before his death.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: This season follows the investigation by the fictional Transport Safety and Investigations Bureau into the disappearance of a British passenger plane over the Atlantic Ocean and the reasons behind it.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: The plot featured an investigation of the crash of an automated high-speed train travelling to Chicago from Toronto. The accident leaves multiple deaths in its wake and a web of potential suspects which include, in addition to possible mechanical or software errors, the tech visionary who invented the train's control system; an anti-technology politician, and an FBI prisoner who disappears after the crash. When the feds swoop in to initiate a manhunt, Kendra's investigation evolves from finding the causes of the crash to working with federal agents to capture the fugitive.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: NBCUniversal pre-bought the series to air it on Universal TV in the United Kingdom and Germany and on 13th Street in Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Ukraine, and Spain, as well as on Universal TV in Africa and 13th Street in Poland. On 14 July 2020, NBC's streaming service Peacock acquired the series in the United States, where it debuted on 17 September 2020. The distributor is Red Arrow Studios International, although Starlings Television managed the sale to Peacock/Universal. The NBCUniversal media conglomerate purchased the series for distribution in Europe and Africa.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: The second season of "Departure" was released on Peacock in the United States on 5 August 2021 and in the United Kingdom on Sky Witness.


title: Departure (TV series)

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" was impressed with some aspects of the series but concluded its review noting the series had: "just enough enticing elements to pique curiosity, but [lacked] the execution needed to actually be good". The "Variety" review was quite positive and particularly praised Panjabi and Plummer in a "drama that punches above its weight". Based on viewing the first two episodes, the "Toronto Star" reviewer commented that "the action is as taut and absorbing as any detective thriller".


title: Mitch Green

text: Mitch Green (born January 13, 1957) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1980 to 2005. He is best known for having gone the distance with Mike Tyson in 1986, who was undefeated at the time, and had won 20 matches in a row, 19 of them by knockout. Two years later, in 1988, Green ended up fighting Tyson again in a notorious street brawl. A toothpick dangling between his lips became his trademark at any public appearance.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green grew up in the Bronx on 175th St. between Anthony and Clay Aves. "I was shot twice when I was 17. But it had to have been the will of God that I wasn't hurt" said Green. The first time Green was shot it was with a .22 magnum. The bullet passed through his right wrist, but the slug missed arteries, bones and nerves and Green was fighting again a few weeks later. The second time he sustained a graze wound, when a slug slashed the right side of his head, leaving a short, puffy scar. Ironically, it was the gunfights that led Green to less lethal boxing. Later he moved to Jamaica, Queens, where he reportedly quarreled with another Jamaica resident and talented amateur boxer Carl Williams.


title: Mitch Green

text: As an amateur he won the New York Golden Gloves four times (1976, 1977, 1979, and 1980) and compiled a record of 64 wins and 7 losses, with 51 wins by knockout. Green won the 1976 Sub-Novice Heavyweight Championship and the 1977, 1979 and 1980 Heavyweight Open Championships. Green defeated Anthony Zampelli to win the 1976 title. In 1977 Green defeated Guy Casale for the title. In 1979 Green defeated Ralph Fucci for the Championship and in 1980 Green defeated Merlin Castellanos for the title. He suffered a decisive cut loss in the 1978 tournament, preventing him from winning a fifth Golden Gloves title.


title: Mitch Green

text: He was also a two-time Intercity Golden Gloves champion. In 1977 he won the title by KO in round one over Calvin Cross and again in 1979 by a decision over William Hosea.


title: Mitch Green

text: Mitch lost against Russian boxing great Igor Vysotsky in a 1978 matchup, and was considered a prospect for the 1980 Olympic Games (held in Moscow), but the U.S. boycotted the event, and Green also lost to Marvis Frazier in the quarterfinals of the Olympic Trials that year. He did, however, in the finals of the Eastern Regionals, manage to beat perennial contender Woody Clark.


title: Mitch Green

text: In amateur competition Green also lost bouts to future world champions Greg Page and Tony Tubbs, though he did manage to beat Tubbs in the 1978 Sports Festival. Surprisingly, he also lost to future cruiserweight champion Alfonzo Ratliff in a 1980 New York−Chicago intercity matchup.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green trained at the United Block Association Gym in New York City. At that time he was employed as a security guard.


title: Mitch Green

text: In February 1979, Green was ranked #5 U.S. amateur heavyweight by the U.S. Amateur Boxers and Coaches Association. He has quit his job to spend full time preparing for the 1980 Olympics. "I'm really getting it together. I'm taking time out so I can just think about boxing," he said. In the beginning of 1980 he went to Tennessee, where he sparred with WBA world heavyweight champion John Tate, and Washington D.C., where he trained with Dave Jacobs, Sugar Ray Leonard's trainer. "I want to go pro right after the Gloves. I had wanted very much to go to the Olympics, you know, give those Russians a bit of New York. But now I'll just see if I can make a living at it," said Green.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green turned pro in 1980, signing a contract with the rock promoter Shelly Finkel, whom he met at the 1979 New York Golden Gloves. As a professional, Green was one of NBC's "Tomorrow's Champions" (a group of Finkel's young pros, which also included Alex Ramos, Tony Ayala Jr., Donald Curry and Johnny Bumphus) and was ranked as high as #7 by the World Boxing Council, and also in the top ten by the World Boxing Association. Green left Finkel after a year as a pro after a disagreement over payoffs. He was managed by Carl King, son of Don King, who was Green's promoter.


title: Mitch Green

text: Mitch was undefeated in his first sixteen bouts, which included a 1983 points win over the rugged Floyd "Jumbo" Cummings, and a draw with trial horse Robert Evans. His first loss was a twelve-round decision to future WBC champ Trevor Berbick in a bid for the United States Boxing Association title on August 10, 1985.


title: Mitch Green

text: In March 1985, Green violently interrupted a pre-fight press conference of the Larry Holmes vs David Bey championship fight, claiming that he was a way better contender than Bey, and seeking for a clash with Don King's people.


title: Mitch Green

text: After a comeback win over Percell Davis he lost a ten-round decision to Mike Tyson in 1986 on HBO, in his most famous fight. In the buildup to the fight Green had complained bitterly of the disparity in purses between him and Tyson when a day before the fight, at weigh-ins, Green learned he was being paid $30,000 in comparison to Tyson's $200,000 for fight alone + $1 million deal for HBO live broadcast of 3 fights. He threatened to pull out of the contest, finally settling for being released from his managerial contract with King's stepson Carl in return for his short purse. Green put up a stubborn showing during the fight despite losing a ten-round unanimous decision, and at one point managed to knock one of Tyson's gold teeth out, which landed in front of writer Phil Berger.


title: Mitch Green

text: A week later Green was released from his contract by manager Carl King, who was criticized the previous week by Green for mishandling his career.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green was later signed to face James “Bonecrusher” Smith on December 12, 1986 as part of a Don King-produced event for HBO from Madison Square Garden. The match between Green and Smith was to serve as part of the event’s undercard, with Tim Witherspoon set to defend his WBA championship in a rematch against former champion Tony Tubbs, from whom Witherspoon had wrested the championship eleven months earlier. After Tubbs pulled out of the contest with a reported injury, Witherspoon instead gave Smith, whom he had beaten in a twelve-round decision in 1985 to earn the shot at Tubbs, a rematch with the title on the line; Green was left off of the event, as a result, since a replacement opponent was not found. Green later appeared at the Witherspoon–Smith pre-fight negotiations, again threatening Don King.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green refused to box for many years and was in frequent trouble with the law. He finally returned to the ring in February 1993, then aged 36, against journeyman Bruce Johnson. Again complaining about his purse and his new manager, Green refused to throw any punches and argued constantly with the referee, until the exasperated ref stopped the bizarre contest in the third.


title: Mitch Green

text: Throughout the 1990s, Green sporadically came out of retirement, most notably in bids for the New York State heavyweight title, against fringe contenders Melvin Foster in 1994 and Brian Nix in 1998. A 1998 win over Mike Dixon was ruled a 'no contest' when Green tested positive for marijuana. A March 1996 contest with Shannon Briggs fell apart when Green pulled a gun on his manager.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green was scheduled to fight James Broad for the NABF title in 1985, but dropped out of the fight for money reasons.


title: Mitch Green

text: Late in his career, an aged Green held two spurious championships. He won the World Boxing Empire Super-Heavyweight Title with a twelve-round decision over Danny Wofford on March 9, 2002, and was proclaimed the Universal Boxing Organization Heavyweight Champion on June 24, 2005. He never defended either title. His last fight was a fourth-round knockout of Billy Mitchem on August 2, 2005.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green was also known for an incident that began in the early hours of August 23, 1988, in Harlem. Tyson and some friends were shopping at Dapper Dan's, a Harlem clothing store. Green had heard that Tyson was in the area and found him, demanding a rematch. A scuffle ensued. Green allegedly threw a punch and Tyson responded with a punch of his own, closing Green's eye and requiring stitches to his nose. Tyson broke his hand in the incident and had to postpone his first fight with Frank Bruno. Later, although a New York jury awarded Green $45,000 in damages in a civil lawsuit against Tyson, the sum did not cover the legal fees. Tyson later recounted his version of the fight in his book and Broadway show "Undisputed Truth", as well as on his "Hotboxin' with Mike Tyson" podcast.


title: Mitch Green

text: Green was involved in street gangs during his youth, and became a gang leader with the New York City based The Black Spades.


title: Al Stewart

text: Alastair Ian Stewart (born 5 September 1945) is a Scottish born singer-songwriter and folk-rock musician who rose to prominence as part of the British folk revival in the 1960s and 1970s. He developed a unique style of combining folk-rock songs with delicately woven tales of characters and events from history.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart is best known for his 1976 hit single "Year of the Cat", from the platinum album of the same name. Though "Year of the Cat" and its 1978 platinum follow-up "Time Passages" brought Stewart his biggest worldwide commercial successes, earlier albums such as "Past, Present and Future" from 1973 are often seen as better examples of his intimate brand of historical folk-rock, a style to which he returned in later albums.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart is a key figure in British music and he appears throughout the musical folklore of the revivalist era. He played at the first-ever Glastonbury Festival in 1970, knew Yoko Ono before she met John Lennon, and shared a London flat with a young Paul Simon who was collaborating with Bruce Woodley of The Seekers. Stewart hosted at the Les Cousins folk club in London in the 1960s.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart has released 16 studio and three live albums since his debut album "Bed-Sitter Images" in 1967, and continues to tour extensively in the US, Canada, Europe, and the UK. His most recent release, "Uncorked", was released on Stewart's independent label, Wallaby Trails Recordings, in 2009.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart has worked with Peter White, Alan Parsons, Jimmy Page, Richard Thompson, Rick Wakeman, Francis Monkman, Tori Amos, and Tim Renwick, and more recently has played with Dave Nachmanoff and former Wings lead-guitarist Laurence Juber.


title: Al Stewart

text: Although born in Glasgow, Al Stewart grew up in the town of Wimborne, Dorset, England, after moving from Scotland with his mother, Joan Underwood. His father, Alastair MacKichan Stewart, who served as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force volunteer reserve, died in a plane crash during a 1945 training exercise before Stewart was born. Stewart attended Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire as a boarder. After that, according to the song "Post World War II Blues" (from "Past, Present and Future"): ""I came up to London when I was 19 with a corduroy jacket and a head full of dreams.""


title: Al Stewart

text: Having bought his fourth guitar from future Police guitarist Andy Summers, Stewart traded in his electric guitar for an acoustic guitar when he was offered a weekly slot at Bunjies Coffee House in London's Soho in 1965. From there, he went on to serve as master of ceremonies at the Les Cousins folk club on Greek Street, where he played alongside Cat Stevens, Bert Jansch, Van Morrison, Roy Harper, Ralph McTell and Paul Simon, with whom he shared a flat in Dellow Street, Stepney, London.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart's first recording was on Jackson C. Frank's debut album, 1965's "Jackson C. Frank", playing guitar on "Yellow Walls". His first record was the single "The Elf" (backed with a version of The Yardbirds' "Turn into Earth"), which was released in 1966 on Decca Records and included guitar work from Jimmy Page (later of the Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin). Stewart then signed to Columbia Records (CBS in the UK), for whom he released six albums. Though the first four of these attracted relatively little commercial interest, Stewart's popularity and cult following grew steadily through albums that contain some of Stewart's most incisive and introspective songwriting.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart's debut album, "Bedsitter Images", was released in 1967. A revised version appeared in 1970 as "The First Album (Bedsitter Images)" with a few tracks changed, and the album was reissued on CD in 2007 with all tracks from both versions.


title: Al Stewart

text: "Love Chronicles" (1969) was notable for the 18-minute title track, an anguished autobiographical tale of sexual encounters that was the first mainstream record release ever to include the word "fucking". It was voted "Folk Album of the Year" by the UK music magazine "Melody Maker" and features Jimmy Page and Richard Thompson on guitar.


title: Al Stewart

text: His third album, "Zero She Flies", followed in 1970 and included a number of shorter songs which ranged from acoustic ballads and instrumentals to songs that featured electric lead guitar. These first three albums (including "The Elf") were later released as the two-CD set "To Whom it May Concern: 1966–70".


title: Al Stewart

text: In 1970, Stewart and fellow musician Ian A. Anderson headed to the small town of Pilton, Somerset. There, at Michael Eavis's Worthy Farm, Stewart performed at the first-ever Glastonbury Festival to a field of 1,000 hippies, who had paid just £1 each to be there.


title: Al Stewart

text: On the back of his growing success, Stewart released "Orange" in 1972. It was written after a tumultuous breakup with his girlfriend and muse, Mandi, and was very much a transitional album, combining songs in Stewart's confessional style with more intimations of the historical themes that he would increasingly adopt (e.g., "The News from Spain" with its progressive rock overtones, including dramatic piano by Rick Wakeman).


title: Al Stewart

text: The fifth release, "Past, Present and Future" (1973), was Stewart's first album to receive a proper release in the United States, via Janus Records. It echoed a traditional historical storytelling style and contained the song "Nostradamus," a long (9:43) track in which Stewart tied into the rediscovery of the claimed seer's writings by referring to selected possible predictions about 20th century people and events. While too long for mainstream radio airplay at that time, the song became a hit on many US college/university radio stations, which were flexible about running times.


title: Al Stewart

text: Such airplay helped the album to reach No. 133 on the "Billboard" album chart in the US. Other songs on "Past, Present and Future" characterized by Stewart's "history genre" mentioned American President Warren G. Harding, World War II, Ernst Röhm, Christine Keeler, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stalin's purges.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart followed "Past, Present and Future" with "Modern Times" (1975), in which the songs were lighter on historical references and more of a return to the theme of short stories set to music. Significantly, though, it was the first of his albums to be produced by Alan Parsons.


title: Al Stewart

text: In a highly positive retrospective review of "Modern Times", AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the album as "exquisite". Erlewine wrote that the album "establishes Stewart's classic sound of folky narratives and Lennonesque melodies, all wrapped up in a lush, layered production from Alan Parsons. The production gives epics like the title track a real sense of grandeur that makes their sentiments resonate strongly."


title: Al Stewart

text: "Modern Times" produced Stewart's first hit single, "Carol". The album reached No. 30 in the US and received substantial airplay on album-oriented stations some 30 years before Bob Dylan would release an album of the same name.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart's contract with CBS Records expired at this point, and he signed to RCA Records for the world outside North America. His first two albums for RCA, "Year of the Cat" (released on Janus Records in the US, then reissued by Arista Records after Janus folded) and "Time Passages" (released in the U.S. on Arista), set the style for his later work and have been his biggest-selling recordings.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart told Kaya Burgess of "The Times": "When I finished "Year of the Cat", I thought: ‘If this isn't a hit, then I can't make a hit.' We finally got the formula exactly right."


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart had all of the music and orchestration written and completely recorded before he had a title for any of the songs. He mentioned in a Canadian radio interview that he has done this for six of his albums, and he often writes four different sets of lyrics for each song.


title: Al Stewart

text: Both albums reached the top ten in the US, with "Year of the Cat" peaking at No. 5 and "Time Passages" at No. 10, and both albums produced hit singles in the US ("Year of the Cat" No. 8, and "On the Border", #42; "Time Passages" No. 7 and "Song on the Radio", #29). Meanwhile, "Year of the Cat" became Stewart's first chart single in Britain, where it peaked at No. 31. It was a huge success at London's Capital Radio, reaching number 2 on their Capital Countdown chart. The overwhelming success of these songs on the two albums, both of which still receive substantial radio airplay on classic-rock/pop format radio stations, has perhaps later overshadowed the depth and range of Stewart's body of songwriting.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart then released "24 Carrots" (#37 US 1980) and his first live album "Live/Indian Summer" (#110 US 1981), with both featuring backing by Peter White's band Shot in the Dark (who released their own album in 1981). While "24 Carrots" did produce a No. 24 single with "Midnight Rocks", the album sold less well than its two immediate predecessors.


title: Al Stewart

text: After those releases, Stewart was dropped by Arista and his popularity declined. Despite his lower profile and waning commercial success, he continued to tour the world, record albums, and maintain a loyal fanbase. There was a four-year gap between his next two albums, the highly political "Russians and Americans" (1984) and the upbeat pop-oriented "Last Days of the Century" (1988), which appeared on smaller labels and had lower sales than his previous works.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart followed up with his second live album, the acoustic "Rhymes in Rooms" (1992), which featured only Stewart and Peter White, and "Famous Last Words" (1993), which was dedicated to the memory of the late Peter Wood (co-writer of "Year of the Cat"), who died the year of its release.


title: Al Stewart

text: After parting ways with his longtime collaborator of almost 20 years, Peter White (who was credited on every studio and live album between "Year of the Cat" and "Famous Last Words" and also served as his regular songwriting partner), Stewart joined with former Wings guitarist Laurence Juber to record a concept album, "Between the Wars" (1995), covering major historical and cultural events from 1918 to 1939, such as the Treaty of Versailles, Prohibition, the Spanish Civil War, and the Great Depression. Juber produced the album, and went on to produce Stewart's subsequent studio albums.


title: Al Stewart

text: In 2000, Stewart released "Down in the Cellar", a concept album themed on wine. Stewart had begun a love affair with wine in the 1970s when, he admitted, he had more money than he knew how to spend, and so turned to fine wines.


title: Al Stewart

text: In 2005, he released "A Beach Full of Shells", which was set in places varying from First World War England to the 1950s rock 'n' roll scene that influenced him.


title: Al Stewart

text: In 2008, he released "Sparks of Ancient Light", produced, like his most recent albums, by Laurence Juber. On this album he weaves tales of William McKinley, Lord Salisbury, and Hanno the Navigator. A video for the song "Elvis at the Wheel" was released in December 2013.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart and guitarist Dave Nachmanoff released a live album, "Uncorked", on Stewart's label, Wallaby Trails Recordings, in 2009. They played the Glastonbury Festival 40th anniversary in June 2010 on the acoustic stage.


title: Al Stewart

text: Stewart sang a duet with Albert Hammond of Hammond's "It Never Rains in Southern California" on Hammond's 2010 album "Legend".


title: Al Stewart

text: In 2011, Stewart sang a duet with his guitarist and opening act Dave Nachmanoff on Nachmanoff's album "Step Up". The song, "Sheila Won't Be Coming Home", was co-written by Stewart and Nachmanoff.


title: Al Stewart

text: In May 2015, Stewart performed the albums "Past, Present and Future" and "Year of the Cat" in their entirety at the Royal Albert Hall with a band that included Tim Renwick, Peter White and Stuart Elliott, who had appeared on the original recordings.


title: Al Stewart

text: In April 2017, Stewart was given a Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards, presented by Tony Blackburn, with whom he had once played in a band in Dorset.


title: Al Stewart

text: In October 2022 he toured in the UK supported by The Empty Pockets (who opened with their own set before backing Stewart).


title: Al Stewart

text: Born in Scotland, raised in Dorset, and gaining fame in London, Stewart moved to Los Angeles shortly after the release of "Year of the Cat". He was married to Kristine from 1993-2005. He subsequently married Jill on 12 September 2020.


title: Al Stewart

text: "Sirens of Titan", from "Modern Times" is a musical precis of Kurt Vonnegut's novel of the same title.


title: Al Stewart

text: On occasion, Stewart has set poems to music, such as "My Enemies Have Sweet Voices" (lyrics by the poet Pete Morgan) on the 1970 album "Zero She Flies". During his 1999 UK tour, Stewart invited Morgan to read the lyrics as he performed this song in the Leeds City Varieties Theatre show of 7 November 1999. Stewart also invited Morgan to read the poem at the Beverly gig on the same tour, whilst Stewart took a short break, and Morgan subsequently read another poem from his works as well.


title: Al Stewart

text: In a 23 June 2012 telephone interview with Bob Reid and Blair Packham on NewsTalk 1010 AM in Toronto, Ontario (partially transcribed below), Al Stewart provided these insights into his songwriting "process":


title: Al Stewart

text: I don't like repetition. For example, there have been nine songs in the Top Ten, I think, called "Hold On" (Including, I think, once there were two called "Hold On" simultaneously in the Top Ten). OK, if you're really cynical, and you've written a new song, you'll probably want to call it "Hold On" because it gives you an extra edge. But at the same time it shows so little interest in originality that I can't actually listen to anything called "Hold On" at this point in my life. I mean, it just seems crazy. So, if I have two little rules and guiding principles, they would be:


title: Al Stewart

text: (a) Don't use words that other people use. Very few people would put the word, oh, I don't know, "pterodactyl" into a song. So that's fine. No "Oh"'s. No "Baby"'s. No "I miss you so"'s. And no "you done me wrong". No "bad"'s or "sad"'s.


title: Al Stewart

text: (b) And the other thing is, write about subjects that no one else writes about. Basically 90% of all songs seem to be either "Baby, I love you so", or "Baby, you've done me wrong". Now, when people look at songs, when I play anybody on the planet this song, and I say "What is this?", they will say, "Oh, that's Reggae", or "Oh, that's Heavy Metal", or "That's Country & Western", or "Oh, that's Opera", you know what I mean? But that's not what I asked. They're answering a question I didn't ask. What they're saying is "That's the music". What I'm saying is "What is the song?" And the song is either "I've done you wrong", or, "Baby, I love you so", no matter what style it's played in. In other words, there's a huge difference between content and style, and, if you work more towards content, why not make it content that is original.


title: Al Stewart

text: If it's already been written, why write it again? If it's already been said, why say it again? I mean there are some remarkable quotes that I love. But I didn't say them. And you don't want to pass them off as your own work. Napoleon said that "Time spent in reconnaissance is never wasted". And that, actually, has governed my life. You know what I mean? That's a quote you can live by. But it's not my quote. So if I say it I always credit it to Napoleon. There is another way of saying any of the things you want to say, rather than rehashing someone else's words.


title: Al Stewart

text: I think of songs as cinema, really. It's aural cinema. I want to show you a movie when I'm playing a song. That's essentially what I'm doing. And, of course, the songs are geographical too. One of the ways I get inspired to write a song – and this will always produce a song that sounds like nothing else (I can't recommend this highly enough) – I just open a world atlas, just at random, and whatever page I'm looking at, at least six songs immediately occur to me.


title: Al Stewart

text: So, if you look at pretty much any of the songs, a lot of them are geographical, historical, and form a movie.


title: Onigiri

text: , also known as , , or rice ball, is a Japanese food made from white rice formed into triangular or cylindrical shapes and often wrapped in "nori". Traditionally, an onigiri is filled with pickled ume ("umeboshi"), salted salmon, katsuobushi, kombu, tarako, mentaiko, takanazuke (pickled "takana", Japanese giant red mustard greens) or any other salty or sour ingredient as a natural preservative. Most Japanese convenience stores stock their onigiri with various fillings and flavors. There are even specialized shops which only sell onigiri to take out. Due to the popularity of this trend in Japan, onigiri has become a popular staple in Japanese restaurants worldwide.


title: Onigiri

text: Despite common misconceptions, onigiri is not a form of sushi and should not be confused with the type of sushi called "nigirizushi" or simply "nigiri". Onigiri is made with plain rice (sometimes lightly salted), while sushi is made of rice with vinegar, sugar and salt. Onigiri makes rice portable and easy to eat as well as preserving it, while sushi originated as a way of preserving fish.


title: Onigiri

text: Before the use of chopsticks became widespread, in the Nara period, rice was often rolled into a small ball so that it could be easily picked up. In the Heian period, rice was made into small rectangular shapes known as "tonjiki" so that they could be piled onto a plate and easily eaten. At that time, onigiri were called "tonjiki" and often consumed at outdoor picnic lunches. In Murasaki Shikibu's 11th-century diary "Murasaki Shikibu Nikki", she writes of people eating "tonjiki" rice balls. Other writings, dating back as far as the seventeenth century, state that many samurai stored rice balls wrapped in bamboo sheath as a quick lunchtime meal during war.


title: Onigiri

text: From the Kamakura period to the early Edo period, onigiri was used as a quick meal. This made sense as cooks simply had to think about making enough onigiri and did not have to concern themselves with serving. These onigiri were simply balls of rice flavored with salt. Nori did not become widely available until the Genroku era of the mid-Edo period, when the farming of nori and fashioning it into sheets became widespread.


title: Onigiri

text: In the 1980s, a machine to make triangular onigiri was invented. Rather than rolling the filling inside, the flavoring was put into a hole in the onigiri and the hole was hidden by nori. Since the onigiri made by this machine came with nori already applied to the rice ball, over time the nori became moist and sticky, clinging to the rice.


title: Onigiri

text: A packaging improvement allowed the nori to be stored separately from the rice. Before eating, the diner could open the packet of nori and wrap the onigiri. The use of a hole for filling the onigiri made new flavors of onigiri easier to produce as this cooking process did not require changes from ingredient to ingredient. Modern mechanically wrapped onigiri are specially folded so that the plastic wrapping is between the nori and rice to act as a moisture barrier. When the packaging is pulled open at both ends, the nori and rice come into contact and are eaten together. This packaging is commonly found for both triangular onigiri and rolls (細巻き).


title: Onigiri

text: Usually, onigiri is made with boiled white rice, though it is sometimes made with different varieties of cooked rice, such as:


title: Onigiri

text: Umeboshi, okaka, or tsukudani have long been frequently used as fillings for onigiri. Generally, onigiri made with pre-seasoned rice is not filled with ingredients. Plain (salt only) onigiri is called "shio-musubi".


title: Affine transformation

text: In Euclidean geometry, an affine transformation or affinity (from the Latin, "affinis", "connected with") is a geometric transformation that preserves lines and parallelism, but not necessarily Euclidean distances and angles.


title: Affine transformation

text: More generally, an affine transformation is an automorphism of an affine space (Euclidean spaces are specific affine spaces), that is, a function which maps an affine space onto itself while preserving both the dimension of any affine subspaces (meaning that it sends points to points, lines to lines, planes to planes, and so on) and the ratios of the lengths of parallel line segments. Consequently, sets of parallel affine subspaces remain parallel after an affine transformation. An affine transformation does not necessarily preserve angles between lines or distances between points, though it does preserve ratios of distances between points lying on a straight line.


title: Affine transformation

text: If is the point set of an affine space, then every affine transformation on can be represented as the composition of a linear transformation on and a translation of . Unlike a purely linear transformation, an affine transformation need not preserve the origin of the affine space. Thus, every linear transformation is affine, but not every affine transformation is linear.


title: Affine transformation

text: Examples of affine transformations include translation, scaling, homothety, similarity, reflection, rotation, shear mapping, and compositions of them in any combination and sequence.


title: Affine transformation

text: Viewing an affine space as the complement of a hyperplane at infinity of a projective space, the affine transformations are the projective transformations of that projective space that leave the hyperplane at infinity invariant, restricted to the complement of that hyperplane.


title: Affine transformation

text: A generalization of an affine transformation is an affine map (or affine homomorphism or affine mapping) between two (potentially different) affine spaces over the same field . Let and be two affine spaces with and the point sets and and the respective associated vector spaces over the field . A map is an affine map if there exists a linear map such that for all in .


title: Affine transformation

text: Let be an affine space over a field , and be its associated vector space. An affine transformation is a bijection from onto itself that is an affine map; this means that formula_1 well defines a linear map from to ; here, as usual, the subtraction of two points denotes the free vector from the second one to the first one, and "well-defined" means that formula_2 implies that formula_3


title: Affine transformation

text: If the dimension of is at least two, a "semiaffine transformation" of is a bijection from onto itself satisfying:


title: Affine transformation

text: These two conditions are satisfied by affine transformations, and express what is precisely meant by the expression that " preserves parallelism".


title: Affine transformation

text: These conditions are not independent as the second follows from the first. Furthermore, if the field has at least three elements, the first condition can be simplified to: is a collineation, that is, it maps lines to lines.


title: Affine transformation

text: By the definition of an affine space, acts on , so that, for every pair in there is associated a point in . We can denote this action by . Here we use the convention that are two interchangeable notations for an element of . By fixing a point in one can define a function by . For any , this function is one-to-one, and so, has an inverse function given by . These functions can be used to turn into a vector space (with respect to the point ) by defining:


title: Affine transformation

text: This vector space has origin and formally needs to be distinguished from the affine space , but common practice is to denote it by the same symbol and mention that it is a vector space "after" an origin has been specified. This identification permits points to be viewed as vectors and vice versa.


title: Affine transformation

text: Then is an affine transformation of which leaves the point fixed. It is a linear transformation of , viewed as a vector space with origin .


title: Affine transformation

text: Let be any affine transformation of . Pick a point in and consider the translation of by the vector formula_7, denoted by . Translations are affine transformations and the composition of affine transformations is an affine transformation. For this choice of , there exists a unique linear transformation of such that


title: Affine transformation

text: That is, an arbitrary affine transformation of is the composition of a linear transformation of (viewed as a vector space) and a translation of .


title: Affine transformation

text: This representation of affine transformations is often taken as the definition of an affine transformation (with the choice of origin being implicit).


title: Affine transformation

text: As shown above, an affine map is the composition of two functions: a translation and a linear map. Ordinary vector algebra uses matrix multiplication to represent linear maps, and vector addition to represent translations. Formally, in the finite-dimensional case, if the linear map is represented as a multiplication by an invertible matrix formula_9 and the translation as the addition of a vector formula_10, an affine map formula_11 acting on a vector formula_12 can be represented as


title: Affine transformation

text: Using an augmented matrix and an augmented vector, it is possible to represent both the translation and the linear map using a single matrix multiplication. The technique requires that all vectors be augmented with a "1" at the end, and all matrices be augmented with an extra row of zeros at the bottom, an extra column—the translation vector—to the right, and a "1" in the lower right corner. If formula_9 is a matrix,


title: Affine transformation

text: The above-mentioned augmented matrix is called an "affine transformation matrix". In the general case, when the last row vector is not restricted to be formula_17, the matrix becomes a "projective transformation matrix" (as it can also be used to perform projective transformations).


title: Affine transformation

text: This representation exhibits the set of all invertible affine transformations as the semidirect product of formula_18 and formula_19. This is a group under the operation of composition of functions, called the affine group.


title: Affine transformation

text: Ordinary matrix-vector multiplication always maps the origin to the origin, and could therefore never represent a translation, in which the origin must necessarily be mapped to some other point. By appending the additional coordinate "1" to every vector, one essentially considers the space to be mapped as a subset of a space with an additional dimension. In that space, the original space occupies the subset in which the additional coordinate is 1. Thus the origin of the original space can be found at formula_20. A translation within the original space by means of a linear transformation of the higher-dimensional space is then possible (specifically, a shear transformation). The coordinates in the higher-dimensional space are an example of homogeneous coordinates. If the original space is Euclidean, the higher dimensional space is a real projective space.


title: Affine transformation

text: The advantage of using homogeneous coordinates is that one can combine any number of affine transformations into one by multiplying the respective matrices. This property is used extensively in computer graphics, computer vision and robotics.


title: Affine transformation

text: If the vectors formula_21 are a basis of the domain's projective vector space and if formula_22 are the corresponding vectors in the codomain vector space then the augmented matrix formula_23 that achieves this affine transformation


title: Affine transformation

text: This formulation works irrespective of whether any of the domain, codomain and image vector spaces have the same number of dimensions.


title: Affine transformation

text: For example, the affine transformation of a vector plane is uniquely determined from the knowledge of where the three vertices (formula_26) of a non-degenerate triangle are mapped to (formula_27), regardless of the number of dimensions of the codomain and regardless of whether the triangle is non-degenerate in the codomain.


title: Affine transformation

text: As an affine transformation is invertible, the square matrix formula_9 appearing in its matrix representation is invertible. The matrix representation of the inverse transformation is thus


title: Affine transformation

text: The invertible affine transformations (of an affine space onto itself) form the affine group, which has the general linear group of degree formula_38 as subgroup and is itself a subgroup of the general linear group of degree formula_39.


title: Affine transformation

text: The similarity transformations form the subgroup where formula_9 is a scalar times an orthogonal matrix. For example, if the affine transformation acts on the plane and if the determinant of formula_9 is 1 or −1 then the transformation is an equiareal mapping. Such transformations form a subgroup called the "equi-affine group". A transformation that is both equi-affine and a similarity is an isometry of the plane taken with Euclidean distance.


title: Affine transformation

text: Each of these groups has a subgroup of "orientation-preserving" or "positive" affine transformations: those where the determinant of formula_9 is positive. In the last case this is in 3D the group of rigid transformations (proper rotations and pure translations).


title: Affine transformation

text: If there is a fixed point, we can take that as the origin, and the affine transformation reduces to a linear transformation. This may make it easier to classify and understand the transformation. For example, describing a transformation as a rotation by a certain angle with respect to a certain axis may give a clearer idea of the overall behavior of the transformation than describing it as a combination of a translation and a rotation. However, this depends on application and context.


title: Affine transformation

text: An affine map formula_43 between two affine spaces is a map on the points that acts linearly on the vectors (that is, the vectors between points of the space). In symbols, "formula_11" determines a linear transformation "formula_45" such that, for any pair of points formula_46:


title: Affine transformation

text: If an origin formula_49 is chosen, and formula_50 denotes its image formula_51, then this means that for any vector formula_52:


title: Affine transformation

text: If an origin formula_54 is also chosen, this can be decomposed as an affine transformation formula_55 that sends formula_56, namely


title: Affine transformation

text: Given two affine spaces formula_60 and formula_61, over the same field, a function formula_62 is an affine map if and only if for every family formula_63 of weighted points in formula_60 such that


title: Affine transformation

text: The word "affine" as a mathematical term is defined in connection with tangents to curves in Euler's 1748 Introductio in analysin infinitorum. Felix Klein attributes the term "affine transformation" to Möbius and Gauss.


title: Affine transformation

text: In their applications to digital image processing, the affine transformations are analogous to printing on a sheet of rubber and stretching the sheet's edges parallel to the plane. This transform relocates pixels requiring intensity interpolation to approximate the value of moved pixels, bicubic interpolation is the standard for image transformations in image processing applications. Affine transformations scale, rotate, translate, mirror and shear images as shown in the following examples:


title: Affine transformation

text: The affine transforms are applicable to the registration process where two or more images are aligned (registered). An example of image registration is the generation of panoramic images that are the product of multiple images stitched together.


title: Affine transformation

text: The affine transform preserves parallel lines. However, the stretching and shearing transformations warp shapes, as the following example shows:


title: Affine transformation

text: This is an example of image warping. However, the affine transformations do not facilitate projection onto a curved surface or radial distortions.