title: Prince

text: Before Qin dynasty, prince (in the sense of royal family member) had no special title. Since Han dynasty, royal family members were entitled "Wang" (, lit. King), the former highest title which was then replaced by "Huang Di" (, lit. Emperor). Since Western Jin, the "Wang" rank was divided into two ranks, "Qin Wang" (, lit. King of the Blood) and "Jun Wang" (, lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled "Qin Wang", so prince is usually translated as "Qin Wang", e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince is usually translated as "Huang Zi" (, lit. Son of the Emperor) or "Wang Zi" ( lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles).


title: Prince

text: As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as "Qin Wang" according to tradition, "Da Gong" (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King ("Wang"), or just "Zhu Hou" (, lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco).


title: Prince

text: In Japan, the title "Kōshaku" () was used as the highest title of "Kazoku" ( Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. "Kōshaku", however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: "Shinnō" ( literally, Prince of the Blood); "Naishinnō" ( lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and "Shinnōhi" lit., Princess Consort); or "Ō" ( lit., Prince); "Jyo-Ō" ( lit., Princess (in her own right)); and "Ōhi" ( lit., Princess Consort). The former is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower.


title: Prince

text: In the Joseon Dynasty, the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. There were generally the divisions of princedom: the king's legitimate son used the title "daegun" (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"). A son born of a concubine as well as the great-great-grandsons of the king used the title "gun" (군, 君, lit. "prince"). But the title of "gun" wasn't limited to the royal family. Instead, it was often granted as an honorary and non-hereditory title.


title: Prince

text: As noble titles no longer exist in modern Korea, the English word "Prince" is now usually translated as (왕자, 王子, lit. "king's son"), referring to princes from non-Korean royal families. Princes and principalities in continental Europe are almost always confused with dukes and duchies in Korean speech, both being translated as "gong" (공, 公, lit. "duke") and (공국, 公國, lit. "duchy").


title: Prince

text: "See" princely states for the often particular, mainly Hindu titles in former British India, including modern Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and Nepal.


title: Prince

text: In Thailand (formerly Siam), the title of Prince was divided into three classes depending on the rank of their mothers. Those who were born of a king and had a royal mother (a queen or princess consort) are titled "Chaofa Chai" (: literally, "Male Celestial Lord"). Those born of a king and a commoner, or children of Chaofas, are tilted "Phra Ong Chao" (พระองค์เจ้า). The children of Phra Ong Chaos are titled "Mom Chao" (หม่อมเจ้า), abbreviated as M.C. (or ม.จ.).


title: Prince

text: A Western model was sometimes copied by emancipated colonial regimes (e.g. Bokassa I's short-lived Central-African Empire in Napoleonic fashion). Otherwise, most of the styles for members of ruling families do not lend themselves well to English translation. Nonetheless, in general the princely style has gradually replaced the colonialist title of "chief", which does not particularly connote dynastic rank to Westerners, e.g. Swazi Royal Family and Zulu Royal Family. Nominally ministerial chiefly titles, such as the Yoruba "Oloye" and the Zulu "InDuna", still exist as distinct titles in kingdoms all over Africa.


title: Prince

text: In states with an element of theocracy, this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition).


title: Prince

text: Certain religious offices may be considered of princely rank, or imply comparable temporal rights. The Prince-Popes, Pope, Hereditary Prince-Cardinals, Cardinals, Prince-Lord Bishops, Prince Bishops, Lord Bishops, Prince-Provost, and Prince-abbots are referred to as Princes of the Church.


title: Prince

text: Also, in Christianity, Jesus Christ is sometimes referred to as the "Prince of Peace". Other titles for Jesus Christ are "Prince of Princes", "Prince of the Covenant", "Prince of Life", and "Prince of the Kings of the Earth". Further, Satan is popularly titled the "Prince of Darkness"; and in the Christian faith he is also referred to as the "Prince of this World" and the "Prince of the Power of the Air". Another title for Satan, not as common today but apparently so in approximately 30 A.D. by the Pharisees of the day, was the title "Prince of the Devils". "Prince of Israel", "Prince of the Angels", and "Prince of Light" are titles given to the Archangel Michael. Some Christian churches also believe that since all Christians, like Jesus Christ, are children of God, then they too are princes and princesses of Heaven. Saint Peter, a disciple of Jesus, is also known as the Prince of the Apostles.


title: Prince

text: The title Prince is used in Sunni Islam for the descendants of Hazrat Ishaan, who are the Imams of Prophet Muhammad´s family in Ishaani Sunni belief and supreme leaders of the Naqshbandi Sufi community as blood descendants of their grandpatriarch Sayyid Bahauddin Naqshband. The title "Shahzada", "Amir", "Mir" and "Sardar" are all translated as Prince and are until today used to address the Hazrat Ishaans in regards to their relations to the Mughal and Pashtun royal family and to pay tribute to their responsibility of leading Ishaani Sunni Islam. It is until today used as a strengthened custom that survived the abolishment of the Afghan monarchy on the occasion of the Soviet Invasion in Afghanistan.


title: Prince

text: In Shia Islam the title Prince is also used as an address for the Agha Khan the leader of the Nizari ismaili Shiite community. The title Prince is -similar as for the Hazrat Ishaan- prevailing as a custom on the occasion of its long use as members of the Qajar royal family and in regards to their responsibility of leading Ismaili Shiite Islam.


title: Sabbatical

text: The concept of the sabbatical is based on the Biblical practice of "shmita" (sabbatical year), which is related to agriculture. According to , Jews in the Land of Israel must take a year-long break from working the fields every seven years. Starting with Harvard University in 1880, many universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, and academics offer the opportunity to qualify for paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called "sabbatical leave". Early academic sabbatical policies were designed to aid their faculty in resting and recovering, but were also provided in order to facilitate "advancements in knowledge in vogue elsewhere...an intellectual and practical necessity" for both the professors and university education more broadly. Present day academic sabbaticals typically excuse the grantee from day to day teaching and departmental duties, though progress on research is expected to continue, if not increase, while away. Academic sabbaticals come in the form of either semester-long or full-academic year terms.


title: Sabbatical

text: A "sabbatical" has also come to mean a lengthy, intentional break from a career. The popularity of sabbaticals for non-academics has increased in the 21st century: 17% of companies offered some sort of sabbatical policy to their employees in 2017, according to a survey by the Society For Human Resource Management. There are very few norms and expectations for non-academic, or professional, sabbaticals. They can be paid or unpaid, affiliated with one's employer or self-directed, and have a variety of durations, from several weeks to over a year.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Gray's Anatomy is a reference book of human anatomy written by Henry Gray, illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter, and first published in London in 1858. It has gone through multiple revised editions and the current edition, the 42nd (October 2020), remains a standard reference, often considered "the doctors' bible".


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Earlier editions were called Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, Anatomy of the Human Body and Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied, but the book's name is commonly shortened to, and later editions are titled, "Gray's Anatomy". The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The English anatomist Henry Gray was born in 1827. He studied the development of the endocrine glands and spleen and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at St George's Hospital Medical School in London. In 1855, he approached his colleague Henry Vandyke Carter with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospital mortuaries through the Anatomy Act of 1832, the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858 by John William Parker in London.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: An imprint of this English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight alterations.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Gray prepared a second, revised edition, which was published in the United Kingdom in 1860, also by J.W. Parker. However, Gray died the following year, at the age of 34, having contracted smallpox while treating his nephew (who survived). His death had come just three years after the initial publication of his "Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical".


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Longman's publication reportedly began in 1863, after their acquisition of the J.W. Parker publishing business. This coincided with the publication date of the third British edition of "Gray's Anatomy." Successive British editions of "Gray's Anatomy" continued to be published under the Longman, and more recently Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier imprints, reflecting further changes in ownership of the publishing companies over the years.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published the first of twenty-five distinct American editions of "Gray's Anatomy" in 1862, and whose company became Lea & Febiger in 1908. Lea & Febiger continued publishing the American editions until the company was sold in 1990.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The first American publication was edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father Robley Dunglison was physician to Thomas Jefferson. Dunglison edited the next four editions. These were: the "Second American Edition" (February 1862); the "New Third American from the Fifth English Edition" (May 1870); the "New American from the Eighth English Edition" (July 1878); and the "New American from the Tenth English Edition" (August 1883). W. W. Keen edited the next two editions, namely: the "New American from the Eleventh English Edition" (September 1887); and the "New American from the Thirteenth English Edition" (September 1893).


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: In September 1896, reference to the English edition was dropped and it was published as the "Fourteenth Edition", edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, F. J. Brockway, and J. P. McMurrich, who also edited the "Fifteenth Edition" (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which does still reference the English edition stating it is "A New Edition, Thoroughly Revised by American Authorities, from the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by T. Pickering Pick, F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and New York.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The "Sixteenth Edition" (October 1905) was edited by J. C. DaCosta, and the "Seventeenth" (September 1908) by DaCosta and E. A. Spitzka. Spitzka edited the "Eighteenth" (Oct. 1910) and "Nineteenth" (July 1913) editions, and in October 1913, R. Howden edited the "New American from the Eighteenth English Edition". The "American" editions then continued with consecutive numbering from the Twentieth onwards, with W. H. Lewis editing the 20th (September. 1918), 21st (August 1924), 22nd (August 1930), 23rd (July 1936), and 24th (May 1942). Charles Mayo Goss edited the 25th (August 1948), 26th (July 1954), 27th (August 1959), 28th (August 1966), and 29th (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984). With the sale of Lea & Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition was the last American Edition.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Sometimes separate editing efforts with mismatches between British and American edition numbering led to the existence, for many years, of two main "flavours" or "branches" of "Gray's Anatomy": the U.S. and the British one. This can easily cause misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting from or trying to purchase a certain edition. For example, a comparison of publishing histories shows that the American numbering kept roughly apace with the British up until the 16th editions in 1905, with the American editions either acknowledging the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in the 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then the American numbering crept ahead, with the 17th American edition published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the 1913 publication of the "New American from the Eighteenth English", which brought the numbering back into line. Both 20th editions were then published in the same year (1918). Thereafter, it was the British numbering that pushed ahead, with the 21st British edition in 1920, and the 21st American edition in 1924. This discrepancy continued to increase, so that the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition was published in 1984.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The current editions also contain histology, embryology, and pathology subjects that complements anatomical knowledge. The newest edition is the 42nd edition. The more popular 41st edition of "Gray's Anatomy" was published on 25 September 2015 by Elsevier in both print and online versions, and is the first edition to have enhanced online content including anatomical videos and a bonus "Gray's" imaging library. The 41st edition also has 24 specially invited online commentaries on contemporary anatomical topics such as advances in electron and fluorescent microscopy; the neurovascular bundles of the prostate; stem cells in regenerative medicine; the anatomy of facial aging; and technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: The senior editor of this book and accompanying website on ExpertConsult is Professor Susan Standring, who is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at King's College London. The three most recent editions differ from all previous editions in an important aspect: they present anatomical structures by their regional anatomy (i.e. ordered according to what part of the body the structures are located in – e.g. the anatomy of the bones, blood vessels and nerves, etc. of the upper extremity is described in one place). All editions of "Gray's Anatomy" previous to the 39th were organized by systemic anatomy (i.e. there were separate sections for the body's entire skeletal system, entire circulatory system and entire nervous system, etc.). The editors of the 39th edition acknowledged the validity of both approaches but switched to regional anatomy by popular demand.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Older, out-of-copyright editions of the book continue to be reprinted and sold, particularly on the internet. However it is not always clear which (British or American) edition these books are republications of. Many seem to be reprints of the 1901 (probably U.S.) edition. Additionally, there are several sites where various older versions can be read online.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Henry Gray wrote "Gray's Anatomy" with an audience of medical students and physicians in mind, especially surgeons. For many decades however, precisely because Gray's textbook became such a classic, successive editors made major efforts to preserve its position as possibly the most authoritative text on the subject in English. Toward this end, a long-term strategy appears to have been to make each edition come close to containing a "fully comprehensive" account of the anatomical medical understanding available at the time of publication. The explosion of medical knowledge in the 20th century led to a vast expansion of the book, which threatened to collapse under its own weight metaphorically and physically. From the 35th edition onward, increased efforts were made to reverse this trend and keep the book readable by students. Nevertheless, the 38th edition contained 2,092 pages in large format – the highest page count of any and an increase from the 35th edition, which had 1,471 pages. The current 41st edition has 1,584 pages.


title: Gray's Anatomy

text: Newer editions of "Gray's Anatomy" – and even several recent older ones – are still considered to be the most comprehensive and detailed textbooks on the subject. Despite previous efforts to keep "Gray's Anatomy" readable by students, when the 39th edition was published, students were identified as a secondary market for the book, and companion publications such as "Gray's Anatomy for Students", "Gray's Atlas of Anatomy" and "Gray's Anatomy Review" have also been published in recent years.


title: Teddy Boy

text: The Teddy Boys or Teds were a mainly British youth subculture of the mid 1950s to mid 1960s who were interested in rock and roll and R&B music, wearing clothes partly inspired by the styles worn by dandies in the Edwardian period, which Savile Row tailors had attempted to re-introduce in Britain after the Second World War.


title: Teddy Boy

text: A mainly British phenomenon, the Teddy Boy subculture started among teenagers in London in the early 1950s, and rapidly spread across the UK, becoming strongly associated with American rock and roll music. After World War II, male youths in delinquent gangs who had adopted Edwardian-era fashion were sometimes known as "Cosh Boys", or "Edwardians". But the name "Teddy Boy" was coined when a 23 September 1953 "Daily Express" newspaper report headline shortened "Edwardian" to "Teddy". Nevertheless, the term had previously been used in Edwardian England to refer to members of the Territorial Army (see for example "The Swoop!" written by P. G. Wodehouse in 1909). This was a reference to the king, Edward VII, in whose service they were.


title: Teddy Boy

text: In post-war Britain, rationing continued to affect the fashion industry, and men's tailors in central London devised a style based on Edwardian clothing hoping to sell to young officers being demobilized from the services. However, the style—featuring tapered trousers, long jackets similar to post-war American zoot suits, and fancy waistcoats—was not popular with its target market, leaving tailors with piles of unsold clothing which, to recoup losses, were sold cheaply to menswear shops elsewhere in London. While there had been some affluent adoption—"an extravagant upper-class snub to the post-war Labour Government and its message of austerity"—it was predominantly suburban working-class youth who adopted and adapted the look ("spiv" and cosh boy associations also hastened its middle-class rejection) and, around 1952, what became the "Teddy Boy" style began to emerge, gradually spreading across Britain. The 1953 film "Cosh Boy" (US: "The Slasher"), written by Lewis Gilbert and Vernon Harris, makes an early reference to the style when the character, Roy (James Kenny), speaks the words "[it's a] drape...the latest cut".


title: Teddy Boy

text: Although there had been youth groups with their own dress codes called scuttlers in 19th-century Liverpool and Manchester, Teddy Boys were the first youth group in Britain to differentiate themselves as teenagers, helping create a youth market. The 1955 US film "Blackboard Jungle" marked a watershed in the United Kingdom. When shown in an Elephant and Castle cinema, south London in 1956, the teenage Teddy boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats and dancing in the cinema's aisles. After that, other riots took place around the country where the film was shown.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Some Teds formed gangs and gained notoriety following violent clashes with rival youth gangs as well as unprovoked attacks on immigrants. The most notable clashes were the 1958 Notting Hill race riots, in which Teddy Boys were present in large numbers and were implicated in attacks on the West Indian community. According to reports released decades after the riots, "Teddy boys armed with iron bars, butcher's knives and weighted leather belts" participated in mobs "300- to 400-strong" that targeted Black residents, in one night alone leaving "five black men lying unconscious on the pavements of Notting Hill." Teds were also implicated in the clashes of the 1958 St Ann's riots in Nottingham.


title: Teddy Boy

text: The violent lifestyle was sensationalised in the pulp novel "Teddy Boy" by Ernest Ryman, first published in the UK in 1958.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Teddy Boy clothing included drape jackets reminiscent of 1940s American zoot suits worn by members of Italian-American, Chicano and Black communities (such as Cab Calloway or Louis Jordan), usually in dark shades, sometimes with a velvet trim collar and pocket flaps, and high-waist "drainpipe" trousers, often exposing the socks. The outfit also included a high-necked loose-collared white shirt (known as a "Mr. B." collar, because it was often worn by jazz musician Billy Eckstine); a narrow "Slim Jim" tie or western bolo tie, and a brocade waistcoat. The clothes were mostly tailor-made at great expense, and paid through weekly installments.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Favoured footwear included highly polished Oxfords, chunky brogues, and crepe-soled shoes, often suede (known as brothel creepers or beetle crushers). Preferred hairstyles included long, strongly moulded greased-up hair with a quiff at the front and the side combed back to form a duck's arse at the rear. Another style was the "Boston", in which the hair was greased straight back and cut square across at the nape.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Teddy Girls (also called Judies) wore drape jackets, pencil skirts, hobble skirts, long plaits, rolled-up jeans, flat shoes, tailored jackets with velvet collars, straw boater hats, cameo brooches, espadrilles, coolie hats and long, elegant clutch bags. Later, they adopted the American fashions of toreador trousers, voluminous circle skirts, and hair in ponytails.


title: Teddy Boy

text: The Teddy Girls' choices of clothes were not intended strictly for aesthetic effect; these girls were collectively rejecting post-war austerity. They were young working-class women from the poorer districts of London. They would typically leave school at the age of 14 or 15 and work in factories or offices. Teddy Girls spent much of their free time buying or making their trademark clothes. Their style originated from a head-turning, fastidious style from the fashion houses, which had launched haute-couture clothing lines recalling the Edwardian era. "It was our fashion and we made it up," declared one 'Judie', succinctly writing the mantra of the Teddy Girl ethos.


title: Teddy Boy

text: The style was documented by Ken Russell in a June 1955 series of "Picture Post" photographs titled "Teddy Girls". Russell noted that the female counterpart of the Teddy Boy subculture was overlooked, saying "No one paid much attention to the teddy girls before I did them, though there was plenty on teddy boys."


title: Teddy Boy

text: A photo shoot by Liz Ham titled "Teddy Girls" was published by "Oyster" in 2009 and then in "Art Monthly Australia" in 2010.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Although Teddy Boys became associated with rock and roll music, prior to the advent of that genre, Teddy Boys also listened and danced to jump blues, R&B, jazz and skiffle music. A well-known dance that the Teddy Boys adopted was "The Creep", a slow shuffle that was so popular with Teddy Boys that it led to their other nickname, "Creepers". The song "The Creep" came out in 1953 and was written and recorded for HMV by Yorkshire-born big band leader and saxophonist Ken Mackintosh. Although this was not a rock and roll record, it was widely taken on by the Teddy Boys of the time. From 1955, Rock and Roll was adopted by the Teddy Boys when the film "Blackboard Jungle" was first shown in cinemas in the UK, and Teddy Boys started listening to artists like Elvis Presley, Bill Haley and Eddie Cochran.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Although not as big as the Americans, British rock and roll artists such as Tommy Steele, Marty Wilde, Cliff Richard, Dickie Pride, and Joe Brown became popular with the Teddy Boy culture, as did the Merseybeat scene in the early 60s. The Beatles' George Harrison and John Lennon emulated the Teddy Boy style in the early formation of the band. Original British rock stars such as Billy Fury also moved to the latest of rock and roll, such as beat music during the early 60s.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Following The London Rock and Roll Show held at Wembley Stadium in August 1972 (featuring American performers including Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Chuck Berry, plus UK-based support acts), the music enjoyed a renewed period of popularity. Musical momentum was maintained by the release of films such as "American Graffiti" and "That'll Be the Day" (both 1973) and glam rock reworkings by bands such as Wizzard, The Glitter Band, and Showaddywaddy topping the pop charts from 1973.


title: Teddy Boy

text: Concurrently, a resurgence of interest in Teddy Boy fashions was promoted by Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren through their shop Let it Rock, on London's King's Road. The new generation of Teds adopted some aspects of the 1950s but with a large glam rock influence, including louder colours for drape jackets, brothel creepers, and socks and shiny satin shirts worn with bootlace ties, jeans and big-buckled belts. The 1970s Teddy Boys often sported flamboyant pompadour hairstyles in addition to long sideburns and added hairspray to grease/pomade to style their hair. In the late 1970s, the new generation became the enemies of the Westwood and Sex Pistols-inspired punks. In the spring of 1977, street battles between young punks and aging teds happened on London's King's Road, where the earliest new-wave shops, including Westwood and McLaren's "Sex" (which were by then no longer selling zoot suits and ted gear anymore), were situated.


title: Teddy Boy

text: In the late 1980s, there was a move by a number of Teddy Boys to revive the 1950s Teddy Boy style. In the early 1990s, a group of Teddy Boy revivalists in the Tottenham area of north London formed "The Edwardian Drape Society" (T.E.D.S.). The group concentrated on reclaiming the style which they felt had become bastardised by pop/glam rock bands such as Showaddywaddy and Mud in the 1970s.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The Parent Trap is a 1961 American romantic comedy film written and directed by David Swift. It stars Hayley Mills (in a dual role) as a pair of teenage twins plotting to reunite their divorced parents by changing places. Maureen O'Hara, and Brian Keith play the parents. Although the plot is very close to that of the 1945 film "Twice Blessed", "The Parent Trap" is based upon the 1949 book "Lisa and Lottie" (German: ) by Erich Kästner .


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Produced by Walt Disney Productions, "The Parent Trap" was released on June 21, 1961, by Buena Vista Distribution. It grossed $25.1 million at the box office and was nominated for two Academy Awards. It was broadcast on television, and three television sequels followed the later adventures of the twins. The film was remade in 1998 with Lindsay Lohan. It was released on VHS, in digital stereo LaserDisc format (1986), and on DVD (2002). "The Parent Trap" was the second of six films Mills made for Disney.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Teenagers Sharon McKendrick and Susan Evers meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls. Their identical appearance causes jealousy, resentment, and a rivalry in which they continually get each other in trouble and disrupt camp activities. As punishment, they must spend the remainder of the camp season rooming and dining together in isolation. They overcome their mutual dislike when they discover they are identical twin sisters whom their parents Mitch Evers and Maggie McKendrick separated upon divorcing shortly after their birth. Eager to meet the parents from whom they were separated, they decide to switch places, cut their hair identically, and coach each other on their lives.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: In Boston with her mother and grandparents, Susan poses as Sharon, while Sharon goes to Mitch's California ranch as Susan. Sharon learns that Mitch is engaged to a beautiful and much younger woman, gold digger Vicky Robinson, who intends to send Susan to boarding school after the wedding. The girls communicate by phone at night. Susan tells Sharon to break up the couple, but when that fails, Susan decides to end the charade. After a happy reunion, Maggie brings her to California. Mitch is upset by Maggie's unexpected arrival, until he learns the truth and is reunited with both daughters. Vicky is jealous of Maggie, who is staying at the ranch.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The girls scheme to reunite their parents by recreating Maggie and Mitch's first date. At first, the ex-spouses are drawn together, but then they argue over why they divorced. They make up before Maggie and Sharon are to leave the next morning, and Maggie wishes Mitch well with Vicky. To delay the return to Boston, the twins dress alike so their parents cannot tell them apart, refusing to reveal their identities only after a family camping trip. Mitch and Maggie reluctantly agree, and Vicky, who loathes the outdoors, is furious. Maggie cajoles Vicky into taking her place, so she can become better acquainted with the twins.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The twins take every opportunity to exploit Vicky's hatred of camping, pulling a series of pranks on her. That night, the twins sneak into her tent and pour honey on her feet. The next morning, Vicky screams as bear cubs start licking and by extension tickling her bare feet. Mitch finally sees exasperated Vicky's true nature when she throws a tantrum, angrily slaps Susan, and storms off enraged to the city, for good.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Back at the house, the twins apologize for their actions. Maggie and Sharon prepare to return to Boston the next day, the twins now resigned to only seeing each other during visits and shuttling back-and-forth between parents. Later, Mitch tells Maggie everything he misses about her and their marriage. They realize that they still love each other and do not want to grow into old, lonely people. Susan wakes up during the night and tells Sharon about a beautiful dream she has, where they are bridesmaids at their parents' wedding, a dream destined to come true.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: In March 1960 Disney announced that Hayley Mills would star in "His and Hers" to be written and directed by David Swift. Swift and Mills had just made "Pollyanna" for Disney. It was also known as "Petticoats and Blue Jeans" and was the first in a five-film contract Mills signed with Disney, to make one each summer.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Maureen O'Hara signed in June. She wrote in her memoirs that Disney offered her a third of her normal fee of $75,000 but that she held out for her quote and got it. O'Hara said her contract gave her top billing but that Disney decided to give that to Mills; she says this caused tension with the studio and was why she never worked with Disney again.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The film was shot mostly at various locales in California. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Bluff Lake Camp (then owned by the Pasadena YMCA, now by Habonim Dror's Camp Gilboa) and the family camping scenes later in the movie at Cedar Lake Camp, both in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's ranch in Carmel and Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at the studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built. It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design. In fact, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Richard and Robert Sherman provided the songs, which, besides the title song "The Parent Trap", includes "For Now, For Always", and "Let's Get Together". "Let's Get Together" (sung by Annette Funicello) is heard playing from a record player at the summer camp; the tune is reprised by the twins when they restage their parents' first date and that version is sung double-tracked by Hayley Mills (Hayley's own single of the song, credited to "Hayley Mills and Hayley Mills", reached #8 on the US charts). The film's title song was performed by Tommy Sands and Annette Funicello, who were both on the studio lot shooting "Babes in Toyland" at the time. The campers whistle the 1914 marching song, "Colonel Bogey March", as they march through camp, mirroring the scene from "The Bridge on the River Kwai".


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote that "it should be most appealing to adults, as well as to children, because of the cheerfully persuasive dual performance of Hayley Mills". "Variety" stated that the film was "absolutely predictable from the outset", but was still "a winner" thanks to the performance of Mills, who "seems to have an instinctive sense of comedy and an uncanny ability to react in just the right manner. Her contribution to the picture is virtually infinite". Charles Stinson of the "Los Angeles Times" declared it "a comedy unusually well designed for the entire family — enough sight gags to keep the children screaming and enough clever dialogue to amuse their parents". "Harrison's Reports" graded the film as "Very Good" and Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it "charmingly lively" even though "the terrain is familiar".


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: one for Sound by Robert O. Cook, and the other for Film Editing by Philip W. Anderson. The film and its editor, Philip W. Anderson, won the inaugural 1962 Eddie Award of the American Cinema Editors.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The Disney Studios produced three television sequels "The Parent Trap II" (1986), "Parent Trap III" (1989) and "" (1989). The original was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan, Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson. Joanna Barnes also made an appearance as Vicki Blake, the mother of Dennis Quaid's character's fiancée, Meridith. Another remake of "The Parent Trap" is in development for Walt Disney Studios' streaming service Disney+.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: In India, there have been several films inspired by "The Parent Trap". In 1965, a Tamil language version of the story called "Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum", starring Kutty Padmini was released. The following year, it was remade into Telugu as "Leta Manasulu" also starring Kutty Padmini. A Hindi version "Do Kaliyaan" starring Neetu Singh in the double role was made in 1968. The 1987 film "Pyar Ke Kabil" also has a similar storyline, as does the 2001 film "Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi" which has Kajol playing the double role of 23-year-old twins.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The film was released on a 2-disc special edition DVD in 2002, as part of the Vault Disney collection, with a new digital remaster by THX.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: In 2005, the film was once again released in a 2-Movie Collection, which also contained the made-for-television sequel, "The Parent Trap II" (1986), plus the original film trailer and other bonus features.


title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: The film was released for the first time on Blu-ray, but as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on April 24, 2018. The 1998 remake was also released on Blu-ray the same day.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom and originally released for the Dreamcast in 2000. It is the fourth main installment in the "Resident Evil" series and the first to debut on a separate platform from the PlayStation. The story takes place three months after the events of "Resident Evil 2" (1998) and the concurrent destruction of Raccoon City as seen in "" (1999). It follows Claire Redfield and her brother Chris Redfield in their efforts to survive a viral outbreak at a remote prison island in the Southern Ocean and a research facility in Antarctica. The game retains the traditional survival horror controls and gameplay of previous installments; however, unlike the pre-rendered backgrounds of previous games, "Code: Veronica" uses real-time 3D environments and dynamic camera movement.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: After producer Shinji Mikami and his team learned they would be unable to port "Resident Evil 2" to the Sega Saturn, they began development on an original game, which became "Code: Veronica". Although labeled a spin-off, it was designed as the true sequel to "Resident Evil 2"; the title ""Resident Evil 3"" was given to what was originally another spin-off game being developed in tandem for the PlayStation. Claire was designed with a tougher appearance than in "Resident Evil 2", with the reason being her past experiences in Raccoon City built her toughness and confidence. Unlike the American horror themes and settings of previous games in the series, "Code: Veronica" employs a European gothic horror design and settings. This is achieved through the use of gothic architecture and gothic art in addition to the writing style and story presentation.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: Capcom announced "Code: Veronica" in August 1998 and released it in February 2000 after delays and a reduction in sales expectations due to the struggling Dreamcast platform. Sales were weak compared to other "Resident Evil" games, but strong compared to other Dreamcast games. "Code Veronica" received critical acclaim and has been considered both among the best "Resident Evil" games and Dreamcast games. Capcom released an updated version on PlayStation 2 and Dreamcast, "Code: Veronica X". The revised version included new cutscenes which revealed more details about the story, and it was ported to the GameCube in addition to other platforms in later years. In September 2011, Capcom released a high-definition remastered version of "Code: Veronica X" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. "Code: Veronica" was adapted for Capcom's "Gun Survivor" series with "" (2002) and also later adapted for "" (2009).


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Resident Evil – Code: Veronica" features survival horror gameplay, similar to previous "Resident Evil" games. This includes the series signature controls, interface, puzzles, as well as zombies and monsters to battle. Unlike previous games in the series which used pre-rendered backgrounds, "Code: Veronica" uses real-time 3D environments. Because of this, the camera is more dynamic than in previous games. The camera will follow, pan, and zoom as the player navigates their character through the environment, similar to Capcom's own "Dino Crisis" (1999). The story is told through cinematic CGI sequences and real-time cutscenes.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: One half of "Code: Veronica" places the player in control of Claire Redfield while the other half is spent with her brother, Chris. Basic character actions include running, attacking, as well as pushing and climbing objects. Items the player collects can be viewed on the status screen. From here, they can be examined to find clues to solve puzzles, and some can also be equipped. Also available in the status screen is a map and file menu. All notes found in the game are saved in game's files and may be essential to solve puzzles. The player can only hold a limited number of items at a given time; other items must be stored in storage boxes located throughout the game.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: The player character may receive damage, which can be healed with restore items. Herbs, which restore character health, can be combined with other types of herbs to become more effective. Too much damage will result in a game over. At this point, the game must be continued from the last save point. A partner's death will also result in a game over. Some weapons are better suited for battling certain enemies, some of which have weaknesses to elements like fire or acid. Once the main game is cleared once, a "Battle Mode" is unlocked. This is a minigame in which the player character is given infinite ammo and places them in various locations from the main game with different enemies. In addition to the Redfield siblings, this mode allows the player to control supporting character Steve Burnside and antagonist Albert Wesker, as well as a version of Claire in a new wardrobe.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: In December 1998, three months after escaping from Raccoon City (seen in "Resident Evil 2)" prior to its eventual destruction (seen in ""), Claire Redfield raids an Umbrella Corporation facility in Paris in search of her brother, Chris Redfield. Discovered by Umbrella's security forces and eventually captured, Claire is imprisoned on Rockfort Island, a prison complex owned by the corporation, situated in the Southern Ocean. Sometime after her imprisonment, Claire finds herself released by the man who captured her, and discovers that an outbreak of the T-virus has occurred. In the resulting chaos, she finds herself teaming up with Steve Burnside, another inmate seeking to escape.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: In their repeated efforts to explore the island and find the means to leave, the pair finds themselves confronting the island's commander, Alfred Ashford. Both Claire and Steve find him to be mentally unstable as a result of him switching between two personalities—his own, and that of his twin sister Alexia. Eventually, the pair manages to find a seaplane and use it to escape, only for Alfred to pursue them and switch their plane to autopilot, directing it towards another Umbrella facility in Antarctica. Upon their arrival, the pair finds that the facility had suffered an outbreak, and fight their way through the zombies and monsters within to seek a means of escape, battling with Alfred and fatally wounding him. Before he dies, Alfred frees his sister, Alexia, who had been in cryogenic sleep within the facility after injecting herself with the T-Veronica virus, an experimental virus that the Ashford family had developed 15 years ago. Awakened, Alexia manages to recapture Claire and Steve as they attempt to escape.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: Meanwhile, Chris Redfield arrives on Rockfort Island in search of Claire, after receiving a message from her via Leon S. Kennedy. Upon learning that she had left, Chris focuses on determining where and begins searching the island. In the process of doing so, he comes across Albert Wesker, an independent agent since the Spencer mansion incident (the events of "Resident Evil"), who is seeking to retrieve a sample of the T-Veronica virus. After Chris learns of his sister's whereabouts, and Wesker discovers that Alexia is alive and carries what he needs, the two separately find their way to Antarctica. Once there, Chris frees his sister and helps her to search for Steve, only for them to find that he had been experimented with and injected with the T-Veronica virus. After mutating, Steve attempts to kill Claire, but fails, regaining control of himself to turn on Alexia, who then inflicts a mortal wound on him. Before Steve dies, he confesses his love for Claire. Meanwhile, Chris and Wesker confront Alexia. In the resulting conflict, Wesker escapes and manages to retrieve Steve's corpse for further experimentation, while Chris manages to defeat Alexia and escape with his sister, before the Antarctic facility self-destructs.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: With the success of "Resident Evil 2" in 1998, Capcom began more "Resident Evil" projects across multiple consoles. "Code: Veronica" originated from an unsuccessful attempt to port "Resident Evil 2" to the Sega Saturn. After producer Shinji Mikami and his team learned they would be unable to port the game without making a large sacrifice to quality, Mikami was asked by his leadership to create something else for Sega fans, and so development began on an original Saturn game. When Mikami asked for more time to develop the game, he was told it would need to have a better technical quality, making Sega's upcoming Dreamcast more appealing. Around the same time, a side-story game for the PlayStation starring Jill Valentine in the events leading up to "Resident Evil 2" was being developed. This was originally intended to be a spin-off with the Dreamcast game as the true sequel. According to "IGN", Sony bartered for limited exclusivity on the ""Resident Evil 3"" title, and thus the side-story was branded as "" and the true sequel was labeled a spin-off and titled "Code: Veronica". This notion is conflicted by interviews at the time, as producer Shinji Mikami and Flagship president Yoshiki Okamoto told journalists they wanted to keep the numbered chronology on the PlayStation systems, and give subtitles to "Resident Evil" games on all other systems. Regardless, the game content remained essentially unchanged.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica"s story, setting, and artistic design strayed away from the series standard. While previous games are set in the United States and have a corresponding American feel to them, "Code: Veronica" is set in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica and carries a European gothic horror inspired design. This is made clear in the environments which feature gothic architecture and art in addition to central European carvings and German-style weaponry. In addition, the gothic feel is emphasized through the story. The horror in "Code: Veronica" is driven by this story which follows a crazed man and the fate of his noble bloodline. The story is told partly through a lullaby, and this method of storytelling is intended to bring out European operatic undertones. This contrasts to previous games in the series which were driven by the panic elements from American horror films, such as monsters and zombies. With regards to managing the art staff, Mikami split them up depending on their interests. Those interested in guns worked solely on gun designs while those interested in environments were sent to photograph houses and castles for research.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: During in-game cutscenes, the polygon count is increased to nearly 2,500 polygons, especially on character faces. Capcom added detail to the zombie enemies unprecedented in the series, such as making their jaws move and eyes twitch. Claire was given a tougher appearance in "Code: Veronica" than in "Resident Evil 2", the reason being her experiences in "Resident Evil 2" built her toughness and confidence to handle any situation. This characterization is emphasized by her ability to dual wield sub-machine guns, and also by the opening cinematic which features her in a John Woo-inspired action scene. Mikami described "Code: Veronica" as 50 to 60% of his perfect vision for "Resident Evil" in February 2001, and he cited that future "Resident Evil" projects may make up the other half.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: By the time "Resident Evil 3" was released, development on "Code: Veronica" was nearing completion. Much of "Code: Veronica"s 70-person development staff was outsourced because Capcom resources had been tied up working on "Resident Evil 3". Shinji Mikami and Yoshiki Okamoto's team at Flagship oversaw the game's scenario and direction, while XAX Entertainment assisted with environments and Nextech handled much of the technical development. Capcom Production Studio 4 still handled art direction and character design. By September 1999, Sega was sending some of its own developers to help add final touches to the game. Sega assisted Capcom with the game's programming to help keep a good framerate.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica" was confirmed to be in development as early as August 1998 and was promoted as the true sequel to "Resident Evil 2". It was officially revealed on October 6, 1998, by Capcom R&D chief Yoshiki Okamoto. Capcom of Japan stated that they were hoping to sell the game to roughly one third of all Dreamcast users, which they estimated would total to around one million copies. In July 1999, Capcom of Japan announced their shipment expectations for the Japanese Dreamcast version were at 400,000 copies. Journalists were skeptical if this was only the initial shipment, or evidence that Capcom overestimated sales of the Dreamcast, given their initial sales estimate was one million. Capcom initially planned to have "Code: Veronica" released around the same time as "Resident Evil 3" and, more importantly, the Dreamcast launch in North America on September 9, 1999. However, delays pushed the project back to early 2000. To make up for the game's absence, Capcom announced they would release a port of "Resident Evil 2" for the Dreamcast that December. This release, called "Biohazard 2: Value Plus", included a demo for "Code: Veronica".


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica" was released in February 2000. Pre-ordered copies came with a unique numbered tag, special red packaging, and a unique title screen. Limited Dreamcast system bundles were also released to commemorate the game's release. The "Claire Version", limited to 1,800 copies, consisted of the "Code: Veronica" game, a pink system, pink controller, and a VMU. The other bundle, known as the "S.T.A.R.S. Version", has the items except the system is a dark transparent blue and features a "S.T.A.R.S." logo. This bundle was limited to 200 copies. Expecting high demand, Capcom set up a contest for fans to enter to win an opportunity to purchase the systems. A soundtrack was released in February 2000 as well.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: Because the Dreamcast had a much smaller user base than PlayStation platforms, Capcom knew the series could not survive on the platform. This led to an expanded version, titled "Code: Veronica X" in the West and "Code: Veronica Kanzenban" in Japan, to the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 in 2001. The expanded version was announced in November 2000. It has approximately 10 minutes of new cinematic sequences that reveal more about Wesker's involvement with Umbrella. While the core game remained unchanged, several graphical alterations were also made, most notably in the character model for Steve Burnside (who was given a different hairstyle). Capcom printed a video DVD of an in-universe documentary, "Wesker's Report", as a pre-order incentive. In North America, the "Wesker's Report" DVD was also sold on Capcom's website and given to customers who purchased the game at specialty retailers such as Electronics Boutique and GameStop. "Code: Veronica X" was later released on the GameCube along with several other "Resident Evil" games. It was included with the Biohazard Collector Box for the GameCube in Japan, a bundle of "Resident Evil" games which also included a copy of Wesker's Report.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: A high-definition remastered version of "Code: Veronica X" was released in September 2011 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. An emulated version for the PlayStation 3 was released as a PS2 Classic in July 2012 in Japan and in May 2014 in Europe. Another emulated PS2 version was released for the PlayStation 4 in May 2017. The Xbox 360 version was added to the Xbox One backwards compatible library in February 2019.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica" received universal acclaim; many critics felt it was the best "Resident Evil" game at the time, and a "must-own" for the Dreamcast. Derek Williams of AllGame called it the best game for the system along with "Soul Calibur" (1999). A critic from Game Revolution found it to be the best of all the horror games on the Dreamcast, towering the likes of "The House of the Dead 2" (1999)"," "Zombie Revenge" (1999), and "Carrier" (2000). "Next Generation" dubbed it "the best game yet for Dreamcast—in fact, one of the best games we've seen in the past couple of years."


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: The game's atmosphere and presentation received high praise. Critics at "Edge" called it "the closest the series has got to emulating a Hollywood action feature". Most reviewers found the graphics as being some of the very best on the Dreamcast and being a testament to the power of its hardware. Along with this, critics pointed out "Code: Veronica"s use of real-time backgrounds and a dynamic camera as an improvement from the pre-rendered backgrounds of previous series entries. The CGI sequences were also praised, especially the opening cinematic. The use of music and sound was called "top-notch" and "perfect". The story received positive reviews. Maura Sutton of "Computer and Video Games" praised the adult twist on the narrative. Some critics pointed out that despite improvements, the game is still a "Resident Evil" game, and therefore inherited the good and bad qualities of previous games. The controls were a negative point of criticism between some reviews.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: Reviews for the PlayStation 2 release of "Code: Veronica X" were mostly positive. Critics shared similar opinions to the Dreamcast reviews, but some complaints were drawn from it being a mostly unmodified port of an 18-month-old Dreamcast game. GameSpot's Joe Fielder pointed out that Sony's "Extermination" (2001) and Capcom's own "" (2001) had been released during this gap with better controls. The GameCube version garnered average reviews, due to its unaltered, ported status. The high definition remaster was released over a decade after the original and was welcomed with mediocre reviews. Critics commonly cited the game's archaic design and controls as making it less appealing compared with contemporary offerings. The remaster did find some positive reception from "Game Informer"s Tim Turi who found enjoyment from playing what he called a "challenging classic survival horror game" and "a harrowing but memorable trek through the series' heyday."


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica" won GameSpot's annual "Best Adventure Game" award among console games, and was a runner-up for the publication's "Best Dreamcast Game", "Best Sound", "Best Graphics, Technical" and overall "Game of the Year" prizes. The editors argued that ""Code Veronica" is the culmination of everything the developers of the "Resident Evil" series seemed to be trying to accomplish." The following year, "Veronica X" was nominated for "GameSpot"s annual "Best Action/Adventure Game" prize among console games, which went to "Grand Theft Auto III".


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Code: Veronica" outsold "Shenmue" (1999) within its first week on shelves in February 2000. In total, the Dreamcast version sold almost 450,000 units in the United States and 1.14 million copies worldwide. The sales were weak compared to series predecessors, but strong compared to other Dreamcast games. The PlayStation 2 version of "Code: Veronica X" had sold 900,000 copies and earned $27 million in the United States by July 2006, outselling "Resident Evil 4". The PS2 version went on to sell 1.4 million copies worldwide, for a total of 2.54 million units sold worldwide for both the Dreamcast and PS2 versions.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Next Generation" ranked it as the 63rd-highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in the United States. Combined console sales of "Resident Evil" franchise released in the 2000s reached 3 million units in the United States by July 2006.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: "Game Informer" ranked "Code: Veronica" as 69th in their "Top 100 Games of All Time" in 2001. GamesRadar named it the 14th-best Dreamcast game of all time.


title: Resident Evil – Code: Veronica

text: The story in "Code: Veronica" has been adapted into other works. "" (2001) for Naomi-based arcades and PlayStation 2 follows the story of "Code: Veronica" from a first-person view with light gun shooter-style gameplay. Similarly, another light gun game, "" (2009) was released for the Wii and features sequences set in "Code: Veronica" along with "Resident Evil 2". As with previous "Resident Evil" games, the story was adapted into a novel written by S. D. Perry. Also, a miniseries comic was published by DC Comics.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Motu Patlu is an Indian animated sitcom television series written by Niraj Vikram for Nickelodeon India. The series is produced by Cosmos-Maya Studios and Viacom 18. It is adapted from the classic comic strip Lotpot. It was premiered on 16 October 2012. It focuses on two friends, Motu and Patlu, living in a fictional town called Furfuri Nagar, however later in the series they live in another fictional city known as Modern City. In 2019, Motu Patlu and their friends were touring in Europe. Later in 2021, Motu Patlu and their friends started touring in Indian Places. Nowadays they live in New Modern City.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Motu Patlu is directed by Suhas Kadav and produced by Deepa Sahi and Anish J.S. Mehta. The show's theme song, "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi", is composed by Sandesh Shandilya and sung by Sukhwinder Singh. It is one of the most popular children's show in India.


title: Motu Patlu

text: The story revolves around Motu and Patlu, two friends living in Furfuri Nagar, and their daily activities. The show focuses on the two landing themselves in trouble and comical situations, later being rescued only by luck. Samosas are Motu's favourite food, and he frequently tries to steal them from a small shopkeeper who sells tea and Samosas. named "Chaiwala" who makes the best samosas in the town. Motu is mainly the black sheep of the duo, unintentionally creating problems due to his incompetency while Patlu is the smart one that always tries to stop him. Recurring characters included Dr. Jhatka, Ghasitaram and Inspector Chingum. Ghasitaram occasionally misdirects and swindles them by making them try Dr. Jhatka's vast repertoire of quirky gadgets and gizmos. After Motu eats samosas, he temporarily gains more energy and strength than he normally has. Motu Patlu lives in a hut, but in the newer version they live in a flat called Furfuri Apartment.


title: Motu Patlu

text: The main antagonist of the series is a criminal named "John the Don" (briefly and very famously known as John) who is accompanied by his two big but weak and dumb henchmen, Number 1 and Number 2 who steal things, steal most of the people's money and jewelry and create havoc in Furfuri Nagar. John intends to become a don, but his plans always fail due to the heroic actions of Motu and Patlu, who trap and expose him and his plans tit for tat. In some episodes John tries to harm them by stealing Dr. Jhatka's newest gadget and using it against Motu and Patlu, but they eventually manage to give John a taste of his own medicine.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the later episodes, they started to live in Modern City, where some new characters were introduced.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In Modern City and Europe Tour episodes, his outfit changes to a yellow tunic with a curved blue stripe on the left and blue leggings.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Later when they started to live in Modern City and when they started touring Europe, he wears a peach coloured tunic, an olive green vest, and brown leggings.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the newer episodes, he wears a green hoodie with black stripes, blue denim trousers and green shoes.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the newer episodes, he wears a blue shirt with multiple patterns, a yellow undershirt, purple pants, and blue [[boot]]s and he has a house to live in the forest where he lives. He can hide his stolen money and stolen jewellery in his own house.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the later episodes, he wears a green zig-zag shirt, a red ascot tie, a red beret, and dark brown shoes.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the later version, he wears a purple striped shirt, a light green ascot tie, green pants, and red shoes.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Later in Modern City, he wears a blue-gold chef's hat and [[Chef's uniform|uniform]] and he has a new tea shop.


title: Motu Patlu

text: The series is set in a [[fictional town]] of Furfuri Nagar of India. It is a peaceful yet glamorous small town, simultaneously noble and squalid, adjoined by a river with a few shops, a large market area, a bus depot, a cluster of single-storeyed houses, temples, and a few recreational places. The town has three or more banks, three or more jewellery shops, Furfuri Nagar Police Station, Chingum's house, Boxer's house, Motu Patlu's house, Chaiwala's stall, Furfuri Nagar Central Jail, Furfuri Nagar Bus Stand, John's den, Dr. Jhatka's laboratory and house and Ghasitaram's house. There are a few villages and a few neighbouring cities around, such as Kamalpur, Sursuri Nagar and Modern City. Despite being a small town it has its own airport. It is not clearly mentioned where the town is exactly located, but most of the vehicles carry license plate numbers starting with "MH", which stands for the state of [[Maharashtra]]. The local police force wears uniforms of the [[Maharashtra Police]].


title: Motu Patlu

text: However, in the later episodes, they had moved to Modern City for unknown reasons. A quick trailer showcasing new episodes mentions the differences in their new setting.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In the later episodes, they were on a trip to countries of Europe. Some European countries and cities they have visited include [[Pisa]], [[Italy]]; [[Rome]], [[Italy]]; [[Tuscany]], [[Italy]]; [[London]], [[England]] and [[Paris]], [[France]]. They also visited [[Germany]]'s [[Berlin]], [[Switzerland]]'s [[Top of Europe]], [[Russia]]'s [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[England]]'s [[Salisbury]] and [[Switzerland]]'s [[Jungfraujoch]].


title: Motu Patlu

text: But now in the later episodes, they are on a trip to Indian Places. Firstly, it streamed digitally on Voot Kids on 12 April 2021. It started airing on Nickelodeon 10 May 2021. Some Indian cities of monuments they have visited include [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal (Agra)]], [[Gateway of India|Gateway Of India (Mumbai)]], [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)]], [[Qutb Minar|Qutub Minar (Delhi)]], [[Hawa Mahal|Hawa Mahal (Jaipur)]], [[Tea|Tea Plantation (Assam)]], [[Backwater (river)|Backwater (Kerela)]], [[Charminar|Charminar (Hyderabad)]], [[Sea link|Sea Link (Bandra)]], [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Rock Garden (Chandigarh)]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta Caves (Mumbai)]], [[Bekal Fort|Bekal Fort (Kerela)]], [[Red Fort|Red Fort (Delhi)]] and [[Howrah Bridge|Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)]].


title: Motu Patlu

text: The music featured in the series and film is written by [[Sandesh Shandilya]], an Indian film composer. The theme song of the series, "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi", is written by [[Gulzar]] and sung by Bollywood singer [[Sukhwinder Singh]] in Hindi.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In Motu Patlu's Europe Tour they had visited many countries and in the cities of those countries, in the capital cities, and in many places in those countries such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Eiffel Tower, Big Ben, Colosseum, Tower Bridge of London, Rome, Tuscany, London, Paris, Jungfraujoch in Switzerland and London.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Motu Patlu's Europe Tour has 100+ episodes aired on Nickelodeon. Their European tour also includes four movies of Motu Patlu, "Motu Patlu in the Game of Zones", "Motu Patlu The Superheroes Vs. Alien Ghost", "Motu Patlu's Dangerous Road Trip In Switzerland" and "Motu Patlu Vs Dr. Destroyer".


title: Motu Patlu

text: In Motu Patlu's Indian Tour they have visited many cities and have visited many monuments in those cities like Taj Mahal (Agra), Gateway Of India (Mumbai), Victoria Memorial (Kolkata), Qutub Minar (Delhi), Hawa Mahal (Jaipur), Tea Plantation (Assam), Backwater (Kerela), Charminar (Hyderabad), Sea Link (Bandra), Rock Garden (Chandigarh), Elephanta Caves (Mumbai), Bekal Fort (Kerela), Red Fort (Delhi) and Howrah Bridge (Kolkata). Motu Patlu's Indian tour has 130+ episodes aired on Nickelodeon. Their Indian tour also includes 4 movies of Motu Patlu, "The Secret Mission Of Motu Patlu", "Motu Patlu - Planet Of No Return", "Motu Patlu In Toy World" and "Motu Patlu & The Secret Of Devil’s Heart". All the have premiered on Voot Kids first and then have aired on Nickelodeon India Television Channel except The Secret Mission Of Motu Patlu, as it came on Voot Kids after Nickelodeon India Television Channel.


title: Motu Patlu

text: These episodes are shown in the television in a year when there is a festival like in Diwali they will show Diwali Episodes and in Christmas they will show Christmas Episodes.


title: Motu Patlu

text: Since the inception of the television series, its creators, "Lotpot" magazine, Maya Digital Studios and Nickelodeon India are aggressively promoting its merchandising, the series products and tie-ups.


title: Motu Patlu

text: In March 2014, Nick India tied up with the Yellow Diamond chips brand for promotion of its products across various media. In November 2014 a major deal was signed by [[Horlicks]] for promotion of its brand with the series's characters in its marketing advertisements.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Sara Jean Underwood (born March 26, 1984) is an American model, television host, and actress who was chosen as the Playmate of the Month for the July 2006 issue of "Playboy" magazine and later became Playmate of the Year in 2007. She is a former host of "Attack of the Show!" on G4.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood was born in Portland, Oregon. She graduated from Scappoose High School in Scappoose, Oregon, in 2002. She has been a student at Oregon State University and Portland State University.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood was a schoolmate of American football player Derek Anderson. Her first job was assisting in sales of heavy construction equipment. She worked in the Beaverton, Oregon, branch of the Hooters chain of restaurants.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood first appeared in "Playboy" in its "Girls of the Pac-10" pictorial in the October 2005 issue. She was featured on the cover, holding a football and clad only in a body painted rendering of an Oregon State Beavers football jersey and matching bikini briefs. She next appeared in the magazine in July 2006, as the Playmate of the Month. When she became Playmate of the Year in June 2007, her prize included a Mini Cooper convertible. She was the first Miss July to receive the title, although she herself said, "I didn't think I was pretty enough". In March 2008, Playboy magazine ranked her at #25 on their "25 Hottest Playboy Celebrities" list.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood appeared in episode #2 of the E! network's series "The Girls Next Door", as a Playmate hoping to have her test shoot taken at Playboy Studio West. Subsequently, "Playboy" featured her as Miss July 2006. She appeared in several more episodes of "The Girls Next Door".


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: On June 7, 2007, a group of Oregon State University women's studies students created a poster celebrating Underwood's selection as "Playboy" 2007 Playmate of the Year, and posted it outside Bexel Hall, where it remained in place for only a few hours before Oregon State University staff took it down. The poster embraced the theme and the style of the "Achievement" posters that line Campus Way at the university. The poster read, "Sara Jean: First OSU Beaver "Playmate of the Year", Playboy June '07, OSU Centerfold, "People, Ideas, Innovation"." The mention of her as the "first" Playmate of the Year from OSU was actually incorrect; she was preceded by Jodi Ann Paterson, the Playmate of the Year for 2000.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood is credited with discovering 2009 Playmate of the Year Ida Ljungqvist while shopping on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood appears as a pirate wench in the 2007 film "Epic Movie", along with fellow Playmates Qiana Chase, Irina Voronina and Jillian Grace. Underwood appeared as a playmate in the 2008 comedy, "House Bunny", along with fellow playmates and in 2009 was in the film "The Telling" with Bridget Marquardt and Holly Madison, and as herself in "Miss March". In 2013 Underwood was cast in the lead role in the horror thriller "Deadly Weekend" (also known as "Zellwood").


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood appeared on the wedding episode of "Kendra" where it was announced at Kendra Wilkinson's bachelorette party that Underwood had undergone breast augmentation surgery. Later, on "The Howard Stern Show", Underwood confirmed that she had breast implants.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood has also worked in television as a presenter. She worked as a "fight jock" or continuity announcer for the Blackbelt TV cable network. In 2009 she co-hosted five episodes of G4's "Attack of the Show", filling in for a vacationing Olivia Munn. She co-hosted episodes in 2010. In 2011, she was a substitute host and one of the regular presenters of "The Feed".


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: An avid practitioner of yoga, Underwood competed in the eighth "Kunoichi" competition in Japan, known in the U.S. as "Women of Ninja Warrior". She won her first stage heat after gaining a big lead on three Japanese contestants that had more pedigreed backgrounds in athletics. She failed on the second stage when she misjudged the second step of the Dancing Stones and fell.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: After modeling in advertising for VictoryPoker.net and playing in charity poker tournaments, Underwood joined their team of professional poker players.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Underwood had a two-year on-off relationship with television presenter Ryan Seacrest. In 2013 she dated "The Bachelorette" season 6's Roberto Martinez.


title: Sara Jean Underwood

text: Sara met her partner Jacob Witzling when she inquired about doing a photoshoot with some of the whimsical cabins he built. From February 13, 2019 to May 15th, 2020 they produced a YouTube channel to document the build process of several cabins.


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: Indrajith Sukumaran (born 17 December 1978) is an Indian actor and singer. He predominantly works in Malayalam cinema. Indrajith was born to the actors Sukumaran and Mallika Sukumaran and is the elder brother of Prithviraj Sukumaran.


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: Indrajith made his acting debut in the 1986 film "Padayani" as a child artist, and has gone on to star in more than 80 films, notably "Meesa Madhavan" (2002), "Runway" (2004), Vesham (2004), "Classmates" (2006), "Chotta Mumbai" (2007), "Arabikkatha" (2007), "" (2008), "Nayakan" (2010), "Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram" (2010), "Ee Adutha Kaalathu" (2012), "Amen" (2013), "Left Right Left" (2013), "Ezhamathe Varavu" (2013), "Angels" (2014), "Amar Akbar Anthony" (2015), "Virus" (2019), "Lucifer" (2019), "Halal Love Story" (2020) and "Kurup" (2021).


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: Indrajith has also starred in a few Tamil, English, Telugu and Hindi films, such as "En Mana Vaanil" (2002), "Before the Rains" (2007), "Sarvam" (2009), "Kavya's Diary" (2009), and "The Waiting Room" (2010).


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: Indrajith was born as the elder son of actors Sukumaran and Mallika Sukumaran on 17 December 1979. His brother Prithviraj Sukumaran is also a well-known actor in south Indian cinema.


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: Indrajith's initial schooling was at Shrine Vailankanni Senior Secondary School, T. Nagar, Chennai and St. Joseph's Boys School, Coonoor, since the family was settled at Tamil Nadu at that time. Later, when the family shifted to Kerala, he had his education from The NSS Public School Perunthanni, St. Mary's Residential Central School, Poojappura. He completed the rest of his school education at Sainik School Kazhakoottam, along with his brother Prithviraj. He was the captain of Tennis team while studying there. He also participated in music and acting competitions. He pursued his bachelor's with distinction in Computer science engineering from Rajaas Engineering College in Tirunelveli district and was working as a trainee in a software company when he entered into the film career. Later, he dropped his job and became busy with movies.


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: He started his career in malayalam movie as a child artist in "Padayani" in 1986. He was noted for his villain role "Eappen Pappachi" in the blockbuster "Meesa Madhavan", directed by Lal Jose.


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: He acted alongside Mohanlal in Anwar Rasheed's "Chotta Mumbai" and Shaji Kailas's "Baba Kalyani". His performance as the villain in "Baba Kalyani" was acclaimed by critics. He acted with Mammootty in the movie Vesham


title: Indrajith Sukumaran

text: He also acted in Lal Jose's film "Arabikkatha" and Santhosh Sivan's "Before the Rains". He paired with his brother Prithviraj Sukumaran in several films, including the 2006's hit film "Classmates". He starred in the lead role with Vineeth in Hariharan's Film "Ezhamathe Varavu", written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair after the success of "Pazhassi Raja" (2009).


title: John Casablancas

text: John Casablancas (December 12, 1942 – July 20, 2013) was an American modeling agent and scout who founded Elite Model Management. Casablancas is remembered for his development of the supermodel concept. He is the father of The Strokes frontman Julian Casablancas.


title: John Casablancas

text: John Casablancas was born in Manhattan, New York City, on December 12, 1942. He was the youngest of three children of Fernando and Antonia Casablancas, a banker and former model, respectively, and grandson of Catalan textile machinery inventor Fernando Casablancas Planell. His parents had left Spain during the 1930s to escape the Spanish Civil War, and the family subsequently lived in Argentina, Mexico, and France, among other countries. At the age of 8, he began attending Le Rosey boarding school in Switzerland. He continued his education at several universities in Europe without graduating.


title: John Casablancas

text: After pursuing several career options, Casablancas was offered a job in Brazil by a family friend to work as a marketing manager for a Coca-Cola factory. After several years he returned to Europe and worked at an architecture company. In collaboration with a fellow Le Rosey alumnus, Casablancas founded Elite Model Management, a modeling agency, in Paris in 1972. He had previously run the Paris-based agency Model Agency Elysée 3, which he founded in 1969. Clients of Elite included Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Andie MacDowell and Claudia Schiffer. Casablancas is credited for developing the concept of supermodel in the popular culture, turning models into celebrities that were featured in mainstream media. He was also criticized for his habit of having sexual relations with young clients. Casablancas was 41 years old when he started molesting 15 year old model-to-be, Stephanie Seymour, in a very public affair.


title: John Casablancas

text: Grace Jones, in her autobiography, exposes Casablancas' racism and sexual harassment. He is quoted telling her “Trying to sell a black model in Paris, is like trying to sell an old car no one wants to buy.”


title: John Casablancas

text: During the years that Casablancas ran the operations, Elite grossed over $100 million in annual model bookings. It also generated controversy, with investigative reporter Donal MacIntyre making a BBC television exposé which resulted in the resignation of two Elite executives. Casablancas gave an "unconditional apology" for their behaviour. A sales director sued for unfair dismissal and was awarded $4.3 million. The annual Look of the Year events (later Elite Model Look), at which young women could win a $150,000 modeling contract with Elite, were later criticised by "The Guardian" newspaper for providing an opportunity for Casablancas and other judges such as David Copperfield and Donald Trump to proposition contestants. In 2003, the Los Angeles County Superior Court dismissed a case of sexual abuse brought against Casablancas by a former Look of the Year contestant because he was not a resident of California.


title: John Casablancas

text: Having sold his shares in Elite in 2000, Casablancas set up the Star System management agency and Illusion 2K, a cyber model agency.


title: John Casablancas

text: At age 22, Casablancas married Marie Christine from France. The two lived in Rio de Janeiro for much of their marriage. Casablancas had one child with Marie-Christine, Cécile, who was born in 1969 in France. The two split soon after her birth.


title: John Casablancas

text: In 1967, he met Jeanette Christiansen, a Danish model and the 1965 Miss Denmark, as well as the first model Casablancas ever represented. They married in 1979 after the birth of their son, Julian, lead vocalist of the American bands, The Strokes and The Voidz, in 1978. They divorced in 1983, as he was having a public affair with Stephanie Seymour, 15 years old at the time.


title: John Casablancas

text: In 1993, the 50-year-old Casablancas married his third wife, 17-year-old Aline Mendonça de Carvalho Wermelinger, winner of Elite Model Look 1992 in Brazil. Wermelinger was close in age to Casablancas’s children, who were 22 and 14 at the time. The couple had three children: John Jr., Fernando Augusto, and Nina.


title: John Casablancas

text: A resident of Miami, Florida, Casablancas died on July 20, 2013, in Rio de Janeiro, where he had been receiving treatment for cancer. He was 70 years old.


title: Devil in Ohio

text: Devil in Ohio is an American suspense thriller limited series created by Daria Polatin based on Polatin's book of the same name for Netflix. The series consists of eight episodes and was released on September 2, 2022.


title: Devil in Ohio

text: Mae, a teenager with an inverted pentagram carved into her back, shows up in an Ohio hospital. Her case sparks the interest of hospital psychiatrist Dr. Suzanne Mathis, who offers to put the girl up in her home while looking for a suitable foster family. It's soon discovered that Mae escaped a devil-worshipping cult in the rural neighboring county. Authorities have long tried to investigate the cult, but have been blocked by religious freedom issues and a fiercely protective county sheriff. It's not long before Mae's presence causes upheaval in the Mathis family.


title: Devil in Ohio

text: On September 15, 2021, it was announced that Netflix gave an eight-episode series order to "Devil in Ohio", a limited series based on Daria Polatin's novel. Polatin, Rachel Miller, and Andrew Wilder are executive producers, and Ian Hay serves as producer. Polatin also serves as showrunner. The limited series premiered on September 2, 2022.


title: Devil in Ohio

text: Alongside the series announcement, Emily Deschanel, Sam Jaeger, Gerardo Celasco, Madeleine Arthur, Xaria Dotson, Alisha Newton, and Naomi Tan were cast. Djouliet Amara, Jason Sakaki, Marci T. House, Samantha Ferris, Bradley Stryker, Evan Ellison, Ty Wood, Stacey Farber, Tahmoh Penikett, and Keenan Tracey were cast in October 2021.


title: Devil in Ohio

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.3/10, based on 12 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Devil in Ohio" may provide some lurid kicks for viewers in the mood for satanic suds, but this thriller's biggest sin is squandering a hellish hook with blasé execution." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 56 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: Ben 10: Omniverse is an American animated television series and the fourth installment of the "Ben 10" franchise (and the final series in the original continuity), which aired on Cartoon Network from September 22, 2012, to November 14, 2014, in the United States. Man of Action Studios, consisting of Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle, created the franchise.


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: The series was announced at Cartoon Network's Upfront in 2011. Concept art, described as a homage to the original "Ben 10" series, designed by Derrick J. Wyatt ("" and "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated") was first unveiled at the 2012 UK Toy Fair.


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: The series premiered on September 22, 2012, with a "sneak peek episode" that aired on August 1, 2012. A "sneak peek" of the series aired after "Ben 10 Week" (March 19, 2012March 24, 2012).


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: The series follows the adventures of sixteen-year-old Ben Tennyson, wielder of the Omnitrix, an extremely powerful watch-style device that allows Ben to change into a multitude of various aliens; each with their own special abilities and skills. The storylines alternate between that of eleven-year-old Ben (one year after the original series) and sixteen-year-old Ben (a few months after ""). After Gwen leaves for college and Kevin leaves to be closer to her, Ben gets a new partner, a rookie by-the-book alien plumber named Rook Blonko (surname first). On a mission to explore a secret underground alien city named Undertown, Ben explores the quirkier side of things in the alien underground and discovers that enemies from his past are looking for a rematch.


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: In "T.G.I.S.", it is revealed that the "Ben 10" universe shares the same universe with "The Secret Saturdays".


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: A toy line manufactured by Bandai was originally shown off at Toy Fairs around the world. A possible unintentional leak of official images of the line was released on the website of department store Kmart. Figures that were revealed at Toy Fairs such as Bloxx, Shocksquatch,


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: were listed on the website. The vehicle play set, "Rook's Truck", has won an award for Best Action Figures/Accessories at the 2012 London Toy Fair. The Omnitrix Touch has a gray color instead of the white it features in the show.


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: A is developed by Vicious Cycle Studios for the Wii U, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and by 1st Playable Productions for the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS. The action beat 'em up features 15 playable characters on DS and 3DS and 16 playable characters on the other systems. It also features a two-player co-op play. The game follows Ben and Rook in a battle to defeat a fierce villain, named Malware, who has evil plans of destroying the world.


title: Ben 10: Omniverse

text: "Omniverse" also spawned a , which was developed by High Voltage Software for the Wii U, Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 and by 1st Playable Productions for the Nintendo 3DS. This game takes place during the events of Frogs of War, where Ben must fight the Incurseans to get back to Earth and stop Emperor Milleous, Attea, Dr. Psychobos, and the Way Bads.


title: Mondegreen

text: A mondegreen () is a mishearing or misinterpretation of a phrase in a way that gives it a new meaning. Mondegreens are most often created by a person listening to a poem or a song; the listener, being unable to hear a lyric clearly, substitutes words that sound similar and make some kind of sense. The American writer Sylvia Wright coined the term in 1954, recalling a childhood memory of her mother reading the Scottish ballad "The Bonny Earl of Murray" (from Thomas Percy's 1765 book "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry"), and mishearing the words "layd him on the green" as "Lady Mondegreen".


title: Mondegreen

text: "Mondegreen" was included in the 2000 edition of the "Random House Webster's College Dictionary", and in the "Oxford English Dictionary" in 2002. Merriam-Webster's "Collegiate Dictionary" added the word in 2008.


title: Mondegreen

text: In a 1954 essay in "Harper's Magazine", Sylvia Wright described how, as a young girl, she misheard the last line of the first stanza from the seventeenth-century ballad "The Bonnie Earl O' Moray". She wrote:


title: Mondegreen

text: People are more likely to notice what they expect rather than things that are not part of their everyday experiences; this is known as confirmation bias. Similarly, one may mistake an unfamiliar stimulus for a familiar and more plausible version. For example, to consider a well-known mondegreen in the song "Purple Haze", one would be more likely to hear Jimi Hendrix singing that he is about to "kiss this guy" than that he is about to "kiss the sky". Similarly, if a lyric uses words or phrases that the listener is unfamiliar with, they may be misheard as using more familiar terms.


title: Mondegreen

text: The creation of mondegreens may be driven in part by cognitive dissonance, as the listener finds it psychologically uncomfortable to listen to a song and not make out the words. Steven Connor suggests that mondegreens are the result of the brain's constant attempts to make sense of the world by making assumptions to fill in the gaps when it cannot clearly determine what it is hearing. Connor sees mondegreens as the "wrenchings of nonsense into sense". This dissonance will be most acute when the lyrics are in a language in which the listener is fluent.


title: Mondegreen

text: On the other hand, Steven Pinker has observed that mondegreen mishearings tend to be "less" plausible than the original lyrics, and that once a listener has "locked in" to a particular misheard interpretation of a song's lyrics, it can remain unquestioned, even when that plausibility becomes strained (see mumpsimus). Pinker gives the example of a student "stubbornly" mishearing the chorus to "Venus" ("I'm your Venus") as "I'm your penis", and being surprised that the song was allowed on the radio. The phenomenon may, in some cases, be triggered by people hearing "what they want to hear", as in the case of the song "Louie Louie": parents heard obscenities in the Kingsmen recording where none existed.


title: Mondegreen

text: James Gleick claims that the mondegreen is a distinctly modern phenomenon. Without the improved communication and language standardization brought about by radio, he believes there would have been no way to recognize and discuss this shared experience. Just as mondegreens transform songs based on experience, a folk song learned by repetition often is transformed over time when sung by people in a region where some of the song's references have become obscure. A classic example is "The Golden Vanity", which contains the line "As she sailed upon the lowland sea". British immigrants carried the song to Appalachia, where singers, not knowing what the term "lowland sea" refers to, transformed it over generations from "lowland" to "lonesome".


title: Mondegreen

text: The national anthem of the United States is highly susceptible to the creation of mondegreens, two in the first line. Francis Scott Key's "Star-Spangled Banner" begins with the line "O say can you see, by the dawn's early light". This has been accidentally and deliberately misinterpreted as "José, can you see", another example of the Hobson-Jobson effect, countless times. The second half of the line has been misheard as well, as "by the donzerly light", or other variants. This has led to many people believing that "donzerly" is an actual word.


title: Mondegreen

text: Religious songs, learned by ear (and often by children), are another common source of mondegreens. The most-cited example is "Gladly, the cross-eyed bear" (from the line in the hymn "Keep Thou My Way" by Fanny Crosby and Theodore E. Perkins: "Kept by Thy tender care, gladly the cross I'll bear"). Jon Carroll and many others quote it as "Gladly the cross "I'd" bear"; also, here, hearers are confused by the sentence with the unusual object-subject-verb (OSV) word order. The song "I Was on a Boat That Day" by Old Dominion features a reference to this mondegreen.


title: Mondegreen

text: Mondegreens expanded as a phenomenon with radio, and, especially, the growth of rock and roll (and even more so with rap). Amongst the most-reported examples are:


title: Mondegreen

text: Both Creedence's John Fogerty and Hendrix eventually acknowledged these mishearings by deliberately singing the "mondegreen" versions of their songs in concert.


title: Mondegreen

text: "Blinded by the Light", a cover of a Bruce Springsteen song by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, contains what has been called "probably the most misheard lyric of all time". The phrase "revved up like a deuce", altered from Springsteen's original "cut loose like a deuce", both lyrics referring to the hot rodders slang "deuce" (short for deuce coupé) for a 1932 Ford coupé, is frequently misheard as "wrapped up like a douche". Springsteen himself has joked about the phenomenon, claiming that it was not until Manfred Mann rewrote the song to be about a "feminine hygiene product" that the song became popular.


title: Mondegreen

text: Another commonly cited example of a song susceptible to mondegreens is Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", with the line "here we are now, entertain us" variously being misinterpreted as "here we are now, "in containers"", and "here we are now, "hot potatoes"", amongst other renditions.


title: Mondegreen

text: Rap and hip hop lyrics may be particularly susceptible to being misheard because they do not necessarily follow standard pronunciations. The delivery of rap lyrics relies heavily upon an often regional pronunciation or non-traditional accenting of words and their phonemes to adhere to the artist's stylizations and the lyrics' written structure. This issue is exemplified in controversies over alleged transcription errors in Yale University Press's 2010 "Anthology of Rap."


title: Mondegreen

text: Sometimes, the modified version of a lyric becomes standard, as is the case with "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The original has "four colly birds" ("colly" means "black"; compare "A Midsummer Night's Dream": "Brief as the lightning in the collied night"); by the turn of the twentieth century, these had been replaced by "calling" birds, which is the lyric used in the now-standard 1909 Frederic Austin version.


title: Mondegreen

text: A number of misheard lyrics have been recorded, turning a mondegreen into a real title. The song "Sea Lion Woman", recorded in 1939 by Christine and Katherine Shipp, was performed by Nina Simone under the title "See Line Woman". According to the liner notes from the compilation "A Treasury of Library of Congress Field Recordings", the correct title of this playground song might also be "See [the] Lyin' Woman" or "C-Line Woman". Jack Lawrence's misinterpretation of the French phrase "pauvre Jean" ("poor John") as the identically pronounced "pauvres gens" ("poor people") led to the translation of "La Goualante du pauvre Jean" ("The Ballad of Poor John") as "The Poor People of Paris", a hit song in 1956.


title: Mondegreen

text: "A Monk Swimming" by author Malachy McCourt is so titled because of a childhood mishearing of a phrase from the Catholic rosary prayer, Hail Mary. "Amongst women" became "a monk swimmin'".


title: Mondegreen

text: The title and plot of the short science fiction story "Come You Nigh: Kay Shuns" ("Com-mu-ni-ca-tions") by Lawrence A. Perkins, in "Analog Science Fiction and Fact" magazine (April 1970), deals with securing interplanetary radio communications by encoding them with mondegreens.


title: Mondegreen

text: "Olive, the Other Reindeer" is a 1997 children's book by Vivian Walsh, which borrows its title from a mondegreen of the line, "all of the other reindeer" in the song "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". The book was adapted into an animated Christmas special in 1999.


title: Mondegreen

text: The travel guide book series Lonely Planet is named after the misheard phrase "lovely planet" sung by Joe Cocker in Matthew Moore's song "Space Captain".


title: Mondegreen

text: A monologue of mondegreens appears in the 1971 film "Carnal Knowledge". The camera focuses on actress Candice Bergen laughing as she recounts various phrases that fooled her as a child, including "Round John Virgin" (instead of “‘Round yon virgin...”) and "Gladly, the cross-eyed bear" (instead of “Gladly the cross I’d bear”). The title of the 2013 film "Ain't Them Bodies Saints" is a misheard lyric from a folk song; director David Lowery decided to use it because it evoked the "classical, regional" feel of 1970s rural Texas.


title: Mondegreen

text: In the 1994 film "The Santa Clause", a child identifies a ladder that Santa uses to get to the roof from its label: The Rose Suchak Ladder Company. He states that this is "just like the poem", misinterpreting "out on the lawn there arose such a clatter" from "A Visit from St. Nicholas" as "Out on the lawn, there's a Rose Suchak ladder".


title: Mondegreen

text: The traditional game Chinese whispers ("Telephone" or "Gossip" in North America) involves mishearing a whispered sentence to produce successive mondegreens that gradually distort the original sentence as it is repeated by successive listeners.


title: Mondegreen

text: Among schoolchildren in the US, daily rote recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance has long provided opportunities for the genesis of mondegreens.


title: Mondegreen

text: Speech-to-text functionality in modern smartphone messaging apps and search or assist functions may be hampered by faulty speech recognition. It has been noted that in text messaging, users often leave uncorrected mondegreens as a joke or puzzle for the recipient to solve. This wealth of mondegreens has proven to be a fertile ground for study by speech scientists and psychologists.


title: Mondegreen

text: The classicist and linguist Steve Reece has collected examples of English mondegreens in song lyrics, religious creeds and liturgies, commercials and advertisements, and jokes and riddles. He has used this collection to shed light on the process of "junctural metanalysis" during the oral transmission of the ancient Greek epics, the "Iliad" and "Odyssey."


title: Mondegreen

text: A reverse mondegreen is the intentional production, in speech or writing, of words or phrases that seem to be gibberish but disguise meaning. A prominent example is "Mairzy Doats", a 1943 novelty song by Milton Drake, Al Hoffman, and Jerry Livingston. The lyrics are a reverse mondegreen, made up of same-sounding words or phrases (sometimes also referred to as "oronyms"), so pronounced (and written) as to challenge the listener (or reader) to interpret them:


title: Mondegreen

text: Two authors have written books of supposed foreign-language poetry that are actually mondegreens of nursery rhymes in English. Luis van Rooten's pseudo-French "" includes critical, historical, and interpretive apparatus, as does John Hulme's "Mörder Guss Reims", attributed to a fictitious German poet. Both titles sound like the phrase "Mother Goose Rhymes". Both works can also be considered soramimi, which produces different meanings when interpreted in another language. The genre of animutation is based on deliberate mondegreen.


title: Mondegreen

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart produced a similar effect in his canon "Difficile Lectu" (Difficult to Read), which, though ostensibly in Latin, is actually an opportunity for scatological humor in both German and Italian.


title: Mondegreen

text: Some performers and writers have used deliberate mondegreens to create double entendres. The phrase "if you see Kay" (F-U-C-K) has been employed many times, notably as a line from James Joyce's 1922 novel "Ulysses".


title: Mondegreen

text: "Mondegreen" is a song by Yeasayer on their 2010 album, "Odd Blood". The lyrics are intentionally obscure (for instance, "Everybody sugar in my bed" and "Perhaps the pollen in the air turns us into a stapler") and spoken hastily to encourage the mondegreen effect.


title: Mondegreen

text: Anguish Languish is an ersatz language created by Howard L. Chace. A play on the words "English Language," it is based on homophonic transformations of English words and consists entirely of deliberate mondegreens that seem nonsensical in print but are more easily understood when spoken aloud. A notable example is the story "Ladle Rat Rotten Hut" ("Little Red Riding Hood"), which appears in his collection of stories and poems, "Anguish Languish" (Prentice-Hall, 1956).


title: Mondegreen

text: Closely related categories are Hobson-Jobson, where a word from a foreign language is homophonically translated into one's own language, e.g. "cockroach" from Spanish "cucaracha", and "soramimi", a Japanese term for deliberate homophonic misinterpretation of words for humor.


title: Mondegreen

text: An unintentionally incorrect use of similar-sounding words or phrases, resulting in a changed meaning, is a malapropism. If there is a connection in meaning, it may be called an eggcorn. If a person stubbornly continues to mispronounce a word or phrase after being corrected, that person has committed a mumpsimus.


title: Mondegreen

text: Queen's song "Another One Bites The Dust" has a long-standing history as a mondegreen in Croatian, misheard as ""Radovan baca daske"", which means "Radovan (a male given name) throws planks". This might also be a soramimi.