title: Nainital

text: "During Friday(17th) and Saturday(18th), 33 inches of rain fell, of which to fell during the 40 hours preceding Saturday evening, and the downpour still lasted and continued till the evening of the next day. This heavy fall made the whole hillside one mass of semi-fluid matter, and required little to set in motion. The motive power was a shock of a minor earthquake, which was felt on that day itself by competent observers in the Bhabar below and Nainital itself. On the site of the Slip was the Victoria Hotel and its offices, and below it was the Hindu temple of "naina devi" and the Assembly Rooms, both by the side of the lake, and Bell's shop, which was close to the temple. Initial slip started around 10 am of 18 September, taking away western wing of the Victoria Hotel and portion of the hotel's out-houses. Tragically, most of the people were not moved much further away from the spot of the morning slip. At quarter to two the major landslip occurred and within few seconds all the buildings mentioned above were destroyed and made into an unrecognizable heap of rubble and much of it was swept into the lake."


title: Nainital

text: The number of dead and missing were 108 Indian and 43 Europeans, along with numerous people who narrowly escaped. (See poem by Hannah Battersby on the page Literary references to Nainital.) The Assembly Rooms and the Naina Devi Temple were destroyed in the disaster. A recreation area known as 'The Flats' was later built on the site and a new temple was erected. To prevent further disasters, storm water drains were constructed and building bylaws were made stricter.


title: Nainital

text: The municipal board of Nainital had its origin in 1845, when the provisions of the Act I of 1842 were sanctioned by the government in the town, which then applied to approximately two thirds of the total population.


title: Nainital

text: Nainital town is represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, by a representative elected from the Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar Constituency. Ajay Bhatt (politician), from BJP, is the current Member of Parliament from Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar. He won the 2019 Indian general elections by 3,39,096 votes against Harish Rawat from the Congress, who was also the former chief minister of the state. Prior to the delimitation of the Loksabha Constituencies of Uttarakhand in 2008, the town was a part of the Nainital Lok Sabha constituency. Generally considered a Congress Stronghold, the Congress has registered a victory from Nainital eight times since 1951. While the BJP has won this seat three times, several other political parties have also managed three victories.


title: Nainital

text: In the latter half of the 19th century a number of "European" schools for boys and girls were founded in Nainital. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, students in these schools consisted largely of children of the British colonial officials or soldiers. The Diocesan Girls' High School, now known as All Saints' College, was established in 1869, near where the High Court of Uttarakhand stands today. By 1906, there were over half a dozen such schools, including the Diocesan Boys' School (later renamed Sherwood College) and the Philander Smith's college (later renamed Halett War School, currently Birla Vidya Mandir).


title: Nainital

text: St. Joseph's College, Nainital (popularly known as SEM), a day-boarding and residential school built by Irish brothers. in 1888, celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2013. Another important school for girls, St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital (popularly known as Ramnee), was established in 1878, and celebrated its 125th anniversary in year 2003.


title: Nainital

text: Nainital can be reached by the National Highway 109 (previously National Highway 87) from Haldwani, away, or by State Highway 13 from Bajpur, away.


title: Nainital

text: The nearest airport is in Pantnagar near Rudrapur, about from Nainital. Alliance Air, Air Heritage and Deccan Charters are the three carriers, that connect the airport to Delhi, Dehradun and Pithoragarh.


title: Nainital

text: The closest major railway station is Kathgodam, on the outskirts of Haldwani, which is connected with almost all major cities of the country.


title: Nainital

text: A popular hill station, Nainital has numerous tourist spots including Nainital Lake, Naina Peak 8622ft, Himalaya Darshan & Echo Zone, Hanumangarhi and Pt. G.B. Pant High Altitude Zoo, Nainital.


title: Nainital

text: The Nainital Yacht Club, situated along the lake, is run by the Boat House Club. It is the highest yacht club in India and among the highest clubs in the world. It was founded in 1910 by the British and, till 1970, was only open to members. Today, tourists can pay for a sailing session on the yachts.


title: Nainital

text: The Jama Masjid of Nainital is located in Mallital area of Nainital is a mosque which was built in 1882 during the British Era for Muslims around Nainital. Over the main entrance one can see Arabic inscriptions. The most notable feature is the mihrab where a niche shows the direction towards Mecca.


title: Nainital

text: Temple of Naina Devi is located at the upper end of Naini lake. This temple is dedicated to the goddess of the town Naina Devi. Its complex becomes the location of the Nanda Devi Mela festival which held every year on Nandashtami during September.


title: Nainital

text: St. John in the Wilderness is one of the oldest and finest churches in Nainital. The Church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. This Anglican Church was built in 1846 and is one of the earliest buildings erected in Nainital.


title: Nainital

text: The Mall Road is a shopping area in Nainital. It has many shops, restaurants and road side sellers. Tourists can buy a souvenir and have a good food here.


title: Nainital

text: Eco Cave Gardens is a cluster of naturally formed rocky caves. It is close to the Mall Road. It has 6 caves formed in the shape of animals. Tourists can visit the caves from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. every day of the week.


title: Nainital

text: Naina Peak is a sightseeing place situated at an altitude of 2611 meters. It gives a view of the Himalayas range and a birdseye view of Nainital.


title: Nainital

text: There are a number of libraries in the Nainital area. Among them are the Durga Lal Shah Municipal Public Library on the Mall, founded in 1934, the Uttarakhand Academy of Administration, Library and Documentation Center, Mallital, the ARIES Observatory Library, and the Kumaon University Library, Nainital.


title: Scott Ian

text: Scott Ian (born Scott Ian Rosenfeld, December 31, 1963) is an American musician, best known as the rhythm guitarist and co-founder of the thrash metal band Anthrax. Ian is the guitarist and a founding member of the crossover thrash band Stormtroopers of Death for which he is also the lyricist. He has hosted "The Rock Show" on VH1 and has appeared on VH1's "I Love the..." series, "", and "SuperGroup". Ian is also the rhythm guitarist for the metal band the Damned Things and Mr. Bungle.


title: Scott Ian

text: Scott Ian Rosenfeld (his name has since been legally changed to drop his birth surname) was born to a Jewish family in the Bayside section of the New York City borough of Queens; he has a younger brother named Jason (who was the lead vocalist of Anthrax for a brief period in the early 1980s) and a half-brother named Sean. Ian attended Bayside High School, with classmates (and future Anthrax bandmates) Dan Lilker and Neil Turbin.


title: Scott Ian

text: Witnessing KISS live at Madison Square Garden in 1977 made a huge impact on Ian, who has been vocal about his love for the band (Ian appeared on an episode of "Gene Simmons Family Jewels", in which he visited Simmons' home and spoke about the impact KISS has had on his life). Ian went on to be influenced by British heavy metal bands such as Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Motörhead and Judas Priest, as well as the punk rock band Ramones. The musical style of his playing and songwriting including fast alternate picking was also largely influenced by the German metal band Accept.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian states that Malcolm Young, Rudolf Schenker, and Johnny Ramone were his biggest influences to pursue rhythm guitar.


title: Scott Ian

text: As a founding member of Anthrax, Ian helped to create thrash metal in the mid-1980s alongside Megadeth, Slayer, and Metallica. He came up with the idea to collaborate with the rap group Public Enemy, covering their song "Bring the Noise" in 1991. This has been considered a foundational recording of the rap/rock genre. In 2005, Ian was invited by Chuck D of Public Enemy to perform "Bring the Noise" with them as part of their induction into VH1's Hip Hop Honors Hall of Fame. He also joined Public Enemy on the "Rock the Bells" tour in 2007.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian began working with music television channel VH1 in 2001, when he was asked to host the program "Rock Show". During his 48 episodes as host, he interviewed guests including Ozzy Osbourne, Rob Halford, Ted Nugent, Stone Temple Pilots, Megadeth, 3 Doors Down, Sevendust, Tenacious D, and the Cult. Ian was a regular commentator on various VH1 shows including the "I Love the..." series, "100 Most Metal Moments", "Awesomely Bad Number One Songs", "When Metallica Ruled the World", and episodes of VH1's "Behind the Music" featuring Metallica, Pantera and Anthrax. Ian was prominently featured in VH1's "History of Heavy Metal". In June 2006, he starred in the VH1 reality series "SuperGroup" with Ted Nugent, Sebastian Bach, Jason Bonham and Evan Seinfeld.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian plays guitar in the group "Pearl" (with his wife, Pearl Aday), who toured with Velvet Revolver and Meat Loaf. Pearl's debut album was released on January 19, 2010, through Megaforce Records. Ian performed with Pearl on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on January 20, 2010.


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2008, DC Comics asked Ian to write a two-issue prestige-format comics series for the character Lobo. Books one and two of "Lobo: Highway to Hell" were released in November and December 2009.


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2008, Ian signed with UltimateBet, the third largest internet gaming site in the world, as one of their online professional players. He joined professional poker players Phil Hellmuth and Annie Duke as one of Ultimate Bet's star pros. He won Ultimate Bet's premier Sunday 200K tournament and cashed in in 2010's WSOP main event by finishing 634th out of 6494 players.


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2010, Ian joined the metal supergroup the Damned Things, which released their first album on December 14, 2010. On June 21, 2011, his wife gave birth to the couple's first child, thus forcing Ian to briefly depart from Anthrax's tour. Andreas Kisser of Sepultura filled in for Scott on guitar during Scott's absence.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian provided voice work for the Adult Swim show "Metalocalypse", as the character "Some Guy Who Snuck Into Dethklok's Trunk Last Night When They Were Pretty Hammered" in the "Season III: The Dead Man" opening episode "Renovationklok", as well as providing guest voices in the episode "Tributeklok".


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2014, he and his wife joined former members of Mother Superior to form Motor Sister. They released their debut album, "Ride", on March 9, 2015.


title: Scott Ian

text: He also toured Europe and North American with a solo spoken word storytelling act called "Speaking Words" that year.


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2015, Da Capo Press published Ian's memoir titled "I'm the Man: The Story of That Guy from Anthrax".


title: Scott Ian

text: On December 12, 2017, Ian released his book "Access All Areas: Stories from a Hard Rock Life", which is a follow up to his first autobiographical book "I'm the Man", published November 24, 2015. The book features stories about his life including not only his adventures with Anthrax, but also with other musical celebrities such as Madonna and David Lee Roth.


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2018, he toured Australia on another spoken word act called "‘Spoken Word Stories by Scottie’" also known as "One Man Riot".


title: Scott Ian

text: In 2019, he contributed the foreword to the book "King's X: The Oral History" by Greg Prato, published by Jawbone Press.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian has appeared as himself, representing the character Kevin's conscience, in the 2022 American teen comedy-drama Metal Lords.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian was formerly married to his high school girlfriend, Marge Ginsburg, in the 1980s; the marriage ended in divorce.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian is a New York Yankees fan and enjoys snowboarding. He plays poker and is an online pro at UltimateBet; he finished 637th in the 2009 World Series of Poker Main Event, taking home $21,365. He is also a "Battlestar Galactica" fan and has posted numerous blogs about the show, even making an appearance for the red carpet series finale; he also played guitar on the soundtrack of "The Plan", a made-for-DVD "Battlestar Galactica" film. He is a fan of the television series "Doctor Who", as seen in "The Best of the Doctor," which aired August 13, 2011 on BBC America (numbered episode 166). Ian is a fan of hip hop and rap music, particularly Public Enemy and Run-DMC. He was known to wear Public Enemy shirts while performing gigs in the late 1980s. He has also said Run-DMC came out with the same aggression that metal bands played with (that he was listening to at the time), and that Run-DMC was the group that put rap on the map.


title: Scott Ian

text: He co-owned a hard rock bar called Dead Man's Hand in Las Vegas with Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains.


title: Scott Ian

text: Ian is an avid fan of Stephen King and has collected first and limited editions of his books. A number of Anthrax's songs were inspired by King's stories such as "Among the Living" (based on "The Stand"), "A Skeleton In The Closet" ("Apt Pupil"), "Lone Justice" and "Breathing Lightning" ("the Dark Tower" series).


title: Scott Ian

text: Scott Ian uses his signature Jackson guitars and signature Randall MTS Series heads and cabinets. He is known to use Dimebag Darrell tribute Deans and previously endorsed Washburn. During the mid 1980s, he used ESP guitars for a while, also getting Kirk Hammett his ESP endorsement. Scott uses a DigiTech signature Black 13 distortion pedal, and a DigiTech chorus pedal for his clean sounds. Many of his guitars have been equipped with custom made Seymour Duncan "El Diablo" pickups, but can also be seen using standard Seymour Duncan SH-4's and '59 pickups on several guitars, including his newest signature Jackson. He also recently began endorsing Evertune bridges.


title: Scott Ian

text: In late 2009, Ian ended his endorsement with Washburn and went back to Jackson guitars. He was seen using custom made Soloist and Randy Rhoads guitars during the 2009 Sonisphere Festival. On March 27, 2010, Ian announced the production of a new signature guitar by Jackson via Twitter and YouTube. He said it would be based on his Soloist from 1987. It has a silverburst finish, a single Seymour Duncan J.B. humbucker, lightning bolt inlays, and a string-thru/tune-o-matic bridge. A dual-humbucker version with a Floyd Rose tremolo will also be released. He stated, "I am so stoked to be back with Jackson." He was seen using this guitar while playing with Brian Posehn at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards and with the Damned Things at the 2011 Download Festival.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Sean Thomas Brady (born November 23, 1992) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As of August 23, 2022, he is #8 in the UFC welterweight rankings.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady was born and raised in Burholme, Philadelphia. While studying at Swenson Arts and Technology High School to become an auto mechanic, Brady started training Muay Thai, subsequently also picking up Brazilian jiu-jitsu.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Spending most of his time in the Cage Fury Fighting Championship, Brady compiled an undefeated 15–0 pro record. Along the way, Brady captured the Welterweight title with a submission win over Mike Jones. Brady then defended his 170-pound championship with a fourth-round knockout over Taj Abdul-Hakim. After this performance, he was given a UFC contract.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: In his UFC debut, Brady faced Court McGee on October 18, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 6. He won the fight via a unanimous decision.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady faced Ismail Naurdiev on February 29, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 169. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady faced Christian Aguilera at on August 29, 2020. He won the fight via a guillotine choke in round two. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night "award.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady was expected to face Belal Muhammad on December 19, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 185. However in late October, Brady had a broken nose and had to pull out of their bout.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady faced Jake Matthews on March 6, 2021 at UFC 259. He won the fight via a submission in round three.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady was scheduled to face Kevin Lee on July 10, 2021 at UFC 264. However, Lee withdrew due to injury and the bout was rescheduled to UFC on ESPN 30 on August 28, 2021. Subsequently, the bout was yet again cancelled after Brady withdrew due to a foot infection.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady faced Michael Chiesa on November 20, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 198. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Sean Brady (fighter)

text: Brady faced Belal Muhammad on October 22, 2022 at UFC 280. He lost the bout via TKO stoppage at the end of the second round.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: Jessica Elise De Gouw (born 15 February 1988) is an Australian actress. She is known for her role as Helena Bertinelli/The Huntress in the television series "Arrow", as Mina Murray in the NBC TV series "Dracula", and as Elizabeth Hawkes in the WGN series "Underground".


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: De Gouw grew up in Lesmurdie, an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, where she attended Lesmurdie Senior High School. She appeared in an episode of "The Sleepover Club", as well as a short film. In 2010, she graduated from Curtin University with a degree in performance studies. She also appeared in another short film the same year.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: After graduation, De Gouw moved to Sydney for her acting career. While there, she appeared in a number of TV series, mainly in guest starring roles.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: In 2012, she debuted in the film "Kath & Kimderella" as Isabella, Kath and Kim's maid. She moved to Los Angeles later that year and landed the recurring role of Helena Bertinelli/The Huntress in the action-adventure series, "Arrow".


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: In 2013, De Gouw was cast in the NBC series "Dracula" as Mina Murray alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers and Oliver Jackson-Cohen. The series was cancelled after the first season.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: In 2016, De Gouw was cast as fictional abolitionist Elizabeth Hawkes in the WGN series, "Underground". She played the lead role Ren Amari in the 2017 feature film "OtherLife" based on the novel "Solitaire" by Kelley Eskridge.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: De Gouw appeared in the 2018 Australian television movie "Riot", about the 78ers, the Australian LGBTQ rights movement who fought for decriminalisation, recognition and equality.


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: She played the role of Sergeant Klintoff's wife, Louisa, in Leah Purcell's debut feature film, "The Drover's Wife: The Legend of Molly Johnson" (2021).


title: Jessica De Gouw

text: In a June 2022 interview, she described herself as queer and said that she was in a relationship with a woman.


title: Japanese holdout

text: Japanese holdouts () were soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during the Pacific Theatre of World War II who continued fighting World War II after the surrender of Japan in August 1945. Japanese holdouts either doubted the veracity of the formal surrender or were not aware that the war had ended because communications had been cut off by Allied advances.


title: Japanese holdout

text: After Japan officially surrendered in August 1945, Japanese holdouts in Southeast Asian countries and Pacific islands that had been part of the Japanese empire continued to fight local police, government forces, and Allied troops stationed to assist the newly formed governments. Many holdouts were discovered in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands over the following decades, with the last verified holdout, Private Teruo Nakamura, surrendering on Morotai Island in Indonesia in December 1974.


title: Japanese holdout

text: Newspapers throughout East Asia and Pacific islands reported more holdouts and searches for them were conducted until the late 1980s, but the evidence was too scant and no further holdouts were confirmed. Nevertheless, holdouts continued to be allegedly spotted until the late 1990s. Investigators now believe that the last alleged sightings of Japanese holdouts were stories invented by local residents to attract tourists.


title: Japanese holdout

text: Some Japanese soldiers acknowledged Japan's surrender and the end of World War II, but were reluctant to demobilize and wished to continue armed combat for ideological reasons. Many fought in the Chinese Civil War, Korean War, and local independence movements such as the First Indochina War and Indonesian National Revolution. These Japanese soldiers are not usually considered holdouts.


title: Japanese holdout

text: In 1981, a Diet of Japan committee mentioned newspaper reports that holdouts were still living in the forest on Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands. Searches had been conducted several times over subsequent decades, but the information was too scant to take any further action. Holdouts were allegedly spotted as late as the 1990s; however, no proof of their existence has ever been found, either living or dead. Investigators believe these late reports may be stories invented by local residents to attract Japanese tourists. It is practically certain no living holdouts remain.


title: Drunk History

text: Drunk History is an American educational comedy television series produced by Comedy Central, based on the Funny or Die web series created by Derek Waters and Jeremy Konner in 2007. They and Will Ferrell and Adam McKay are the show's executive producers. In each episode, an inebriated narrator, joined by host Waters, struggles to recount an event from history, while actors enact the narrator's anecdotes and also lip sync the dialogue. In addition to Waters and celebrity guest stars, the show's characters are played by regulars such as Bennie Arthur, Tim Baltz, Mort Burke, Sarah Burns, Maria Blasucci, Craig Cackowski, Michael Cassady, Michael Coleman, Tymberlee Hill, Adam Nee, Jeremy J. Tutson, Greg Tuculescu, J.T. Palmer and Aasha Davis.


title: Drunk History

text: The series premiered on Comedy Central on July 9, 2013. On August 26, 2019, the series was renewed for a seventh season. On August 19, 2020, that decision was reversed when Comedy Central cancelled the series, with the sixth season serving as its last. Early production had already begun before production halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A number of international versions have also been produced.


title: Drunk History

text: The idea for the series originated from a drunken conversation that Derek Waters had with his friend actor Jake Johnson in which Johnson recounted the story of R&B singer Otis Redding, who died in a plane crash. Waters thought it would be funny to film and recreate a story of an intoxicated person stumbling through a historical story, and have actors reenact the story. Waters told his friend, actor Michael Cera, about the idea, and Cera encouraged him to make it and volunteered to appear in the video. The first video premiered on the website Funny or Die on August 6, 2007. It starred Johnson, Waters, Cera, and actress Ashley Johnson. The series continued to air online on Funny or Die and briefly aired on HBO. It premiered on Comedy Central on July 9, 2013.


title: Drunk History

text: The storytellers in the series read up on the stories while sober, then rehearse it in front of a producer before getting drunk. Waters says he drinks with the storytellers in order to "let them know we're doing this together" and so as not to make it feel exploitative.


title: Drunk History

text: According to Derek Waters, all the dates and story elements are true, though the historical figures' dialogue is obviously not accurate. He told NPR that he "make[s] sure to go back and say: Make sure you say this date or this person's name. I don't want to mess up anyone's names. But obviously the dialogue is the stuff that is not accurate." Independent newspapers have verified that the information in the series is historically accurate.


title: Drunk History

text: Since January 12, 2015, a British version of "Drunk History" has been broadcast on Comedy Central's UK channel. A Latin American version, "Drunk History: El lado borroso de la historia", is presented by Eugenio Derbez. The Hungarian version, "Tömény történelem", premiered on October 24, 2016? on Comedy Central Hungary. A Brazilian version hosted by Danilo Gentili, "", aired on SBT as a segment of "The Noite com Danilo Gentili" in 2017. Comedy Central Brasil broadcast the show separated from "The Noite". Argentina's Telefe (owned by Viacom) will broadcast the Argentine version of the show, "Pasado de Copas: Drunk History", hosted by Marcos Mundstock, a member of Les Luthiers. Polish version, "Drunk History: Pół litra historii", premiered on October 12, 2017 on Comedy Central Poland.


title: Drunk History

text: An Australian version entitled "Drunk History Australia" was commissioned for Network Ten’s Pilot Week in 2018, in which a 30-minute pilot episode aired along with several other new show pilots. The episode featured stories about Ned Kelly and Phar Lap and was presented by Stephen Curry & Rhys Darby. A season was commissioned in October 2019 by Network Ten and was released prematurely on 27 March 2020 on their streaming service, 10 Play, prior to its official premiere on 14 September 2020.


title: Drunk History

text: The first season of "Drunk History" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 61% and an average score of 6.4/10, based on 18 ratings. The site's critics consensus reads: ""Drunk History"s boozy lectures wear out their welcome fast and the bevy of comedic talent is wasted on cheesy pantomimes, but audiences who enjoy a fresh spin on historical retellings may want to take a swig." On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mumblecore

text: Mumblecore is a subgenre of independent film characterized by naturalistic acting and dialogue (sometimes improvised), low-budget film production, an emphasis on dialogue over plot, and a focus on the personal relationships of young adults. Filmmakers associated with the genre include Andrew Bujalski, Lynn Shelton, Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass (known collectively as The Duplass Brothers), Greta Gerwig, Aaron Katz, Joe Swanberg, and Ry Russo-Young. In many cases, though, these directors reject the term.


title: Mumblecore

text: The genre is a mostly American phenomenon. The term mumblegore has been used for films mixing the mumblecore and horror genres.


title: Mumblecore

text: Naturalism – both in performance and dialogue – is a key feature of almost all mumblecore films. Early mumblecore films tended to feature non-professional actors, although later films have had more professional actors, including major stars such as Anna Kendrick ("Drinking Buddies" and "Happy Christmas") and Orlando Bloom ("Digging for Fire"). Some mumblecore films feature a prominent use of improvisation, with the cast sharing script credits, though some, like Bujalski's films, are mostly scripted.


title: Mumblecore

text: Mumblecore films are generally produced with a low budget, which has ranged from several thousand to several million dollars as well as low production values. Filming is done in real places, as opposed to studio sets or sound stages. Many of these films are shot digitally, although Bujalski's films have all been shot on film. Soundtracks tend to be limited, or nonexistent.


title: Mumblecore

text: Mumblecore films tend to revolve around characters in their twenties and early thirties who are usually single, white, and fairly aimless in both their professional and personal lives. Plots are often concerned with difficulties in romantic relationships, exacerbated by the characters' inability to articulate their own desires.


title: Mumblecore

text: Films that have been described as influencing, or at least anticipating, the conventions of mumblecore include "Girlfriends" (1978), "Manhattan" (1979), "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), "Stranger Than Paradise" (1984), "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" (1989), "Slacker" (1991), "Clerks" (1994), "Go Fish" (1994) and "Before Sunrise" (1995). Directors cited as influences include Michelangelo Antonioni, Eric Rohmer, Andrei Tarkovsky, Gus Van Sant and John Cassavetes.


title: Mumblecore

text: Reality television, including what one critic called "the spring-break psychodrama of MTV's "The Real World", has also been called an influence on mumblecore, as has the 2001 BBC reality-TV-style mockumentary series "The Office".


title: Mumblecore

text: Another often-cited influence on mumblecore is the profusion of cheaper filmmaking technology starting in the early 2000s, such as the Panasonic AG-DVX100 video camera, and desktop video editing software such as Final Cut Pro.


title: Mumblecore

text: Andrew Bujalski has been described as the "Godfather of Mumblecore". His 2002 directorial debut, "Funny Ha Ha", is generally considered to be the first mumblecore film.


title: Mumblecore

text: The 2005 South by Southwest Film Festival screened a number of other films that came to be considered part of the mumblecore movement, including Bujalski's second film, "Mutual Appreciation"; "The Puffy Chair", by Mark Duplass & Jay Duplass; and "Kissing on the Mouth", by Joe Swanberg. That festival was also the origin of the term "mumblecore": Eric Masunaga, a sound editor who has worked with Bujalski, coined the term one night at a bar during the festival, when asked to describe the similarities between those three films. The term was first used publicly by Bujalski in an interview with indieWIRE. Bujalski has downplayed the existence of an organized "movement", however, and stated that he does not intentionally make "mumblecore" films.


title: Mumblecore

text: Film journalists have also referred to the genre collectively with the terms "bedhead cinema" and "Slackavetes" (a portmanteau derived from the title of Richard Linklater's dialogue-heavy, lo-fi 1990s film "Slacker", and the name of independent film director John Cassavetes).


title: Mumblecore

text: In 2007, the IFC Center in New York City exhibited a ten-film series of mumblecore films, titled "The New Talkies: Generation D.I.Y."


title: Mumblecore

text: Some critics have stated that mumblecore ended around 2010, as the original crop of directors began making films with larger budgets, more diverse storylines, and a more conventional cinematic approach. For this reason, films made since 2010 or so that retain an emphasis on naturalistic dialogue and plot are sometimes referred to as "post-mumblecore". Filmmakers who have been labelled as "post-mumblecore" include Amy Seimetz, Sean Price Williams, Alex Karpovsky, Alex Ross Perry and Kate Lyn Sheil.


title: Mumblecore

text: The big-budget films "Magic Mike" (2012) and its sequel "Magic Mike XXL" (2015) have been described as having mumblecore elements due to their use of naturalistic dialogue. Some TV series, including the HBO series "Girls" (2012), "Looking" (2014) and "Togetherness" (2015), and the Netflix series "Easy" (2017) have been called mumblecore-inspired, or, in the words of one critic, "mumbleshows".


title: Mumblecore

text: Horror films using mumblecore techniques have resulted in the term "mumblegore." Films that have been described as "mumblegore" include "Baghead" (2008), "The House of the Devil" (2009), "Entrance" (2011), "You're Next" (2011), "V/H/S" (2012), "The Sacrament" (2013), and "Creep" (2014). Directors associated with mumblegore cinema include Swanberg and Duplass, as well as Adam Wingard, Roxanne Benjamin, Ben Wheatley, the trio Radio Silence, Patrick Brice, Patrick Horvath, and Ti West.


title: Mumblecore

text: A review of the independent quasi-documentary "Bloody Nose, Empty Pockets", in which actors were served real alcohol and filmed interacting in improvised scenes in a recreated dive bar, noted that "the film may be the first-ever in a new 'stumblecore' genre, a risky fusion of indie-mumblecore and on-camera drunkenness."


title: Mumblecore

text: Mumblecore has not always been a strictly American phenomenon. Since about 2009, the Berlin Mumblecore movement has had its own manifesto, "Sehr gutes Manifest". Berlin Mumblecore is not a reaction to the American hype so much as it is a reaction to the lack of reform in the German public financial support system for the film industry (Filmfoerderung). Crowdfunding is a new possibility to finance movie productions with small and very small budgets independently from restrictions of the German Filmfoerderung.


title: Mumblecore

text: In 2009, Jette Miller's "Austern ohne Schale" was screened in Berlin. In 2011, the movies "Frontalwatte" by Jakob Lass and "Papa Gold" by Tom Lass were released. The latter won several German film awards. 2012 saw the release of "Klappe Cowboy" by Timo Jacobs and Ulf Behrens, as well as the award-winning "Dicke Mädchen" by Axel Ranisch. In 2015, Malte Wirtz "Voll Paula!" had its theatrical release, having also been produced without film funding. Since then he produced three more Mumblecore Films


title: Mumblecore

text: (Hard & Ugly, Only one day in Berlin, About Rita!) and the media called him one of the most active German directors.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: Cho Mi-yeon (; born January 31, 1997), better known mononymously as Miyeon, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is the main vocalist of the South Korean girl group (G)I-dle under Cube Entertainment, and voiced Ahri in the virtual K-pop girl group K/DA.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: Cho was born on January 31, 1997. She is the only child in the family. Cho showed a strong interest in singing since she was a child. Her love for music was inspired by her father. Cho's parents soon recognized her passion and sent her to music schools to learn various skills, such as violin, guitar, and piano. She eventually auditioned for YG Entertainment in middle school and went on to spend the next five years as a trainee. However, her debut was thwarted and she left the company.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: Cho continued to pursue music as she signed up for a music academy to strengthen her vocal skills, as well as learning to compose and produce music. Cho spent about eight years as a trainee before debuting with (G)I-dle.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In early 2017, Cho became a trainee at Cube Entertainment. Before joining Cube, she was a freelance singer and appeared as an associate singer with Lim Seul-ong in Urban Zakapa's Canada Tour in September 2016. In 2017, she appeared in a small part in Lim Seul-ong's "You" music video.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: On October 26, 2018, it was confirmed that Cho would perform at the "League of Legends" World Finals Opening Ceremony 2018, along with Soyeon, Madison Beer and Jaira Burns. The four singers provided vocals for the virtual K-pop girl group K/DA, with Miyeon voicing Ahri, one of the most well known champions in the League of Legends. Together with Evelynn voiced by Beer, Ahri is the main vocalist of the group. Their song "Pop/Stars" went viral on YouTube and topped "Billboard"'s World Digital Songs chart.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In 2019, Cho collaborated with Hangzoo with the song "Cart" as part of Amoeba Culture X Devine Channel "Code Share Project".


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In 2020, Cho appeared on MBC's music competition program "King of Mask Singer". She went on to win the first round with 64 points. In the second round, she performed Yoon Mi-rae's "Goodbye Sadness and Hello Happiness" but lost to Im Kang-sung. Her vocal performance received a warm reception from both audience and panels. Cho's voice was described as smokey, but soulful. Also that year, Cho sang again as Ahri on two songs from K/DA's EP, "All Out"; lead single "The Baddest" with Bea Miller and Wolftyla replacing Beer and Burns, and the second single "More" with the original line-up and Lexie Liu.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In September 2020, it was revealed that Cho would make her acting debut as the female lead in web-drama "" as Yoo Hayoung, a popular YouTuber and band vocalist. She has a cold and chic personality, but a generous and kind-hearted person. The drama depicts an empathetic romance in a clumsy and anxious, but dreams and love of reliving past emotions in the present eighteen youth. With the drama's musical nature, Cho released several OSTs for it: "Dreaming About You" and "How To Love (with Neon Paprika)". The drama went on and recorded more than 6 million cumulative views.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In October 2020, Cho sung "We Already Fell In Love" together with Minnie as part of "Do Do Sol Sol La La Sol " soundtrack, and in November, Cho released her first solo OST "My Destiny" as part of "Tale of the Nine Tailed" soundtrack.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: On November 30, 2020, Cho appeared in "Seoul Connects U", a variety travel show jointly planned and produced by MBC and Seoul Tourism Foundation. The program shows a time slip trip in the same space and at different times to global fans by linking the past and present of Seoul through photos of stars and fans in real-time.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In February 2021, it was announced that Cho was chosen to be the main host of Naver Now radio program "Gossip Idle" (), hosting the radio weekly every Tuesday at 8 pm from February 9. The radio show was initially aired as a trilogy to commemorate the comeback of (G)I-dle's fourth mini album "I Burn" in January, due to the response from fans, it has returned to the official live show. In the same month, Cho was appointed as one of the new hosts of Mnet's music program "M Countdown", a position which she held from February 18 with actor Nam Yoon-su. She became the first female MC on the program in 9 years. On the day of their first broadcast, the pair prepared a special stage as they sang a duet song "Dream" by Suzy and Baekhyun. At the end of the month, Cho succeeded in making the list of Korean Business Research Institute's monthly "Individual Girl Group Members Brand Power Ranking" at number 3 with an increase of 96.20% behind Blackpink's Jennie and Rosé.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In May 2021, Cho appeared on "" as a hidden card to help BtoB's "Blue Moon (Cinema Ver)" No Limit stage. The stage was presented as a musical-like stage with the concept of the movie La La Land and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood with Cho's role caught in a love storyline between Minhyuk and Changsub.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: On May 28, Korean media news shared that Cho participated in CS Happy Entertainment's cs numbers album with "You Were My Breath" (), a pop-ballad song played by a 60-member orchestra including Joseph K, who created Paul Kim's "Me After You" and guitarist Park Shin-won. The song is produced by Rocoberry who produce the 2017 hit song "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow". The album is produced by Jeon Chang-sik, the CEO of CS Happy Entertainment recognized Cho's potential and lived up to his expectations with her unrivalled singing skills that have not been revealed yet in (G)I-dle. With one day of tracking, it debuted at number 96 on Gaon Download Chart and number 20 on the component BGM Chart.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In August 2021, Maeil Business Newspaper reported that Cho would be acting alongside "" actor Lee Tae-vin in the action comedy web series "Delivery", which was released in November 2021. She is to play the role of Kwak Doo-sik, a delivery girl who is well versed in martial arts. The singer is said to appear in this web drama to help local small and medium-sized enterprises during difficult times due to COVID-19 in the Gyeonggi Province and the production staff stated, "to look forward to wire action from Cho Mi-yeon".


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: In October 2021, Cho released a collaboration with Raiden on his first EP, "Love Right Back", with the lead single "Side Effect" released on October 11. It was described as a medium-tempo synth-pop song with witty lyrics that expresses the emotions felt by the person in love as a side effect. She also co-featured on Lee Donghae's B-side track, "Blue Moon", which was released on October 13. The same day, she was confirmed to star in the upcoming pink comedy web series "Adult Trainee" as Bang Ye-kyung alongside Ryu Ui-hyun. On November 17, 2021, Cho was featured in rapper Kid Milli's "Kitty".


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: On April 6, 2022, it was announced that Cho would make her solo debut at the end of April. On April 8, 2022, Cube Entertainment announced that her first EP, "My", would be released on April 27, including the lead single "Drive". Cho won her first music program trophy at SBS MTV's "The Show" on May 3.


title: Cho Mi-yeon

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: University of Warwick

text: The University of Warwick ( ; abbreviated as Warw. in post-nominal letters) is a public research university on the outskirts of Coventry between the West Midlands and Warwickshire, England. The university was founded in 1965 as part of a government initiative to expand higher education. The Warwick Business School was established in 1967, the Warwick Law School in 1968, Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG) in 1980, and Warwick Medical School in 2000. Warwick incorporated Coventry College of Education in 1979 and Horticulture Research International in 2004.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is primarily based on a campus on the outskirts of Coventry, with a satellite campus in Wellesbourne and a central London base at the Shard. It is organised into three faculties—Arts, Science Engineering and Medicine, and Social Sciences—within which there are 32 departments. As of 2021, Warwick has around 29,534 full-time students and 2,691 academic and research staff. It had a consolidated income of £703.7 million in 2020/21, of which £139.8 million was from research grants and contracts. Warwick Arts Centre is a multi-venue arts complex in the university's main campus and is the largest venue of its kind in the UK, which is not in London.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick has an average intake of 4,950 undergraduates out of 38,071 applicants (7.7 applicants per place).


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, EQUIS, the European University Association, the Midlands Innovation group, the Russell Group, Sutton 13 and Universities UK. It is the only European member of the Center for Urban Science and Progress, a collaboration with New York University. The university has extensive commercial activities, including the University of Warwick Science Park and WMG, University of Warwick.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick's alumni and staff include winners of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal, Richard W. Hamming Medal, Emmy Award, Grammy, and the Padma Vibhushan, and are fellows to the British Academy, the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society. Alumni also include heads of state, government officials, leaders in intergovernmental organisations, and the current chief economist at the Bank of England. Researchers at Warwick have also made significant contributions such as the development of penicillin, music therapy, Washington Consensus, second-wave feminism, computing standards, including ISO and ECMA, complexity theory, contract theory, and the International Political Economy as a field of study.


title: University of Warwick

text: The idea for a university in Warwickshire was first mooted shortly after World War II, although it was not founded for a further two decades. A partnership of the city and county councils ultimately provided the impetus for the university to be established on a site jointly granted by the two authorities. There was some discussion between local sponsors from both the city and county over whether it should be named after Coventry or Warwickshire. The name "University of Warwick" was adopted, even though Warwick, the county town, lies some to its southwest and Coventry's city centre is only northeast of the campus. The establishment of the University of Warwick was given approval by the government in 1961 and it received its Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1965. Since then, the university has incorporated the former Coventry College of Education in 1979 and has extended its land holdings by the continuing purchase of adjoining farm land. The university also benefited from a substantial donation from the family of John 'Jack' Martin, a Coventry businessman who had made a fortune from investment in Smirnoff vodka, and which enabled the construction of the Warwick Arts Centre.


title: University of Warwick

text: The university admitted its first, small intake of graduate students in 1964, and took its first 450 undergraduates in October 1965. Since its establishment Warwick has expanded its grounds to , with many modern buildings and academic facilities, lakes, and woodlands. In the 1960s and 1970s, Warwick had a reputation as a politically radical institution.


title: University of Warwick

text: Under Vice-Chancellor Lord Butterworth, Warwick was the first UK university to adopt a business approach to higher education, develop close links with the business community and exploit the commercial value of its research. These tendencies were discussed by British historian and then-Warwick lecturer, E. P. Thompson, in his 1970 edited book "Warwick University Ltd.".


title: University of Warwick

text: The Leicester Warwick Medical School, a new medical school based jointly at Warwick and Leicester University, opened in September 2000.


title: University of Warwick

text: On the recommendation of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair, Bill Clinton chose Warwick as the venue for his last major foreign policy address as US President in December 2000. Sandy Berger, Clinton's National Security Advisor, explaining the decision in a press briefing on 7 December 2000, said that: "Warwick is one of Britain's newest and finest research universities, singled out by Prime Minister Blair as a model both of academic excellence and independence from the government."


title: University of Warwick

text: The university was seen as a favoured institution of the Labour government during the New Labour years (1997 to 2010). It was academic partner for a number of flagship Government schemes including the National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth and the NHS University (now defunct). Tony Blair described Warwick as "a beacon among British universities for its dynamism, quality and entrepreneurial zeal". In a 2012 study by Virgin Media Business, Warwick was described as the most "digitally-savvy" UK university.


title: University of Warwick

text: In February 2001, IBM donated a new S/390 computer and software worth £2 million to Warwick, to form part of a "Grid" enabling users to remotely share computing power. In April 2004 Warwick merged with the Wellesbourne and Kirton sites of Horticulture Research International. In July 2004 Warwick was the location for an important agreement between the Labour Party and the trade unions on Labour policy and trade union law, which has subsequently become known as the "Warwick Agreement".


title: University of Warwick

text: In June 2006 the new University Hospital Coventry opened, including a university clinical sciences building. Warwick Medical School was granted independent degree-awarding status in 2007, and the School's partnership with the University of Leicester was dissolved in the same year. In February 2010, Lord Bhattacharyya, director and founder of the WMG unit at Warwick, made a £1 million donation to the university to support science grants and awards.


title: University of Warwick

text: In February 2012 Warwick and Melbourne-based Monash University announced the formation of a strategic partnership, including the creation of 10 joint senior academic posts, new dual master's and joint doctoral degrees, and co-ordination of research programmes. In March 2012 Warwick and Queen Mary, University of London announced the creation of a strategic partnership, including research collaboration, some joint teaching of English, history and computer science undergraduates, and the creation of eight joint post-doctoral research fellowships.


title: University of Warwick

text: In April 2012 it was announced that Warwick would be the only European university participating in the Center for Urban Science and Progress, an applied science research institute to be based in New York consisting of an international consortium of universities and technology companies led by New York University and NYU-Poly. In August 2012, Warwick and five other Midlands-based universities—Aston University, the University of Birmingham, the University of Leicester, Loughborough University and the University of Nottingham—formed the M5 Group, a regional bloc intended to maximise the member institutions' research income and enable closer collaboration.


title: University of Warwick

text: In September 2013 it was announced that a new National Automotive Innovation Centre would be built by WMG at Warwick's main campus at a cost of £100 million, with £50 million to be contributed by Jaguar Land Rover and £30 million by Tata Motors. The centre will open in Summer 2018.


title: University of Warwick

text: In July 2014, the government announced that Warwick would be the host for the £1 billion Advanced Propulsion Centre, a joint venture between the Automotive Council and industry. The ten-year programme intends to position the university and the UK as leaders in the field of research into the next generation of automotive technology.


title: University of Warwick

text: In September 2015, Warwick celebrated its 50th anniversary (1965–2015) and was designated "University of the Year" by "The Times" and "The Sunday Times".


title: University of Warwick

text: In December 2017 the university announced it would not continue with a project to open a Campus in Roseville, California. The university had spent £1.2M on the project.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is located on the outskirts of Coventry, southwest of the city centre (and not in the town of Warwick as its name suggests). The university's main site comprises three contiguous campuses, all within walking distance of each other. The university also owns a site in Wellesbourne, acquired in 2004 when it merged with Horticulture Research International.


title: University of Warwick

text: The main Warwick campus occupies between the City of Coventry and the County of Warwickshire. The original buildings of the campus are in contemporary 1960s architecture. The campus contains all of the main student amenities, all but four of the student halls of residence, and the Students' Union. The campus is split between the parliamentary constituencies of Kenilworth and Southam and Coventry South.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Warwick Arts Centre is a multi-venue arts complex situated at the centre of Warwick's main campus. It attracts around 300,000 visitors a year to over 3,000 individual events spanning contemporary and classical music, drama, dance, comedy, films and visual art. The centre comprises six principal spaces: the Butterworth Hall, a 1,500-seat concert hall; a 550-seat theatre; a 180-seat theatre studio; a 220-seat cinema; the Mead Gallery, an art gallery; and the Music Centre, with practice rooms, and an ensemble rehearsal room where music societies and groups can rehearse. In addition the site includes the university bookshop, hospitality suites, a restaurant, cafe, shops, and two bars.


title: University of Warwick

text: In 2003 Warwick acquired the former headquarters of National Grid, which it converted into an administration building renamed University House. There is a student-run facility called the ‘Learning Grid’ in the building, which includes two floors of PC clusters, scanners, photocopiers, a reference library, interactive whiteboards and plasma screens for use by individuals and for group work.


title: University of Warwick

text: The "White Koan" is a modern art sculpture by Liliane Lijn which is installed outside the main entrance to the Warwick Arts Centre. The "Koan" is high, white in colour, decorated with elliptical of fluorescent lights and is rotated by an electric motor whilst illuminated. It is intended to represent the Buddhist quest for questions without answers, the Kōan. The "Koan" was made in 1971 as part of the Peter Stuyvesant Foundation City Sculpture Project and was originally sited in Plymouth; it moved to the Hayward Gallery in London before being purchased by Warwick in 1972. The "Koan" was temporarily relocated to the university's Gibbet Hill campus during refurbishments to the Warwick Arts Centre; it was returned upon completion of the project. According to student newspaper "The Boar", the white Koan has played a role in many of campus' myths and legends – it was allegedly the nose-cap of the Blue-Streak Missile (a failed Apollo mission), a supposed quick escape route for senior staff, and even a signalling device for aliens in outer space.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Koan even garnered its very own cartoon strip in the 90s, with 32 episodes created by Steve Shipway.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Koan Worshipping Society, led by the Koanists, believe the Koan is “the earth-bound manifestation of the immortal Koan, the creator of the universe”.


title: University of Warwick

text: In April 2019 the university opened a new £49 million Sports and Wellness Hub, on the main campus, featuring two sports halls with arena style balcony, the largest gym in the Higher education sector, a 12-lane 25 m pool with movable floor, climbing and bouldering walls, squash courts, studio spaces and a café. The previous main sports centre was closed on 7 April 2019, Elsewhere on campus is another sports hall, a £2.5 million 4-court indoor tennis centre with floodlit outdoor courts, a 400 m athletics track, multi-purpose outdoor surfaces, and over of outdoor playing fields, including a football pitch and cricket grounds.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick was an official training venue for the London 2012 Olympics. During the Games, some football matches were played at the nearby Ricoh Arena, home at the time to Coventry City Football Club, and Warwick provided training and residential facilities for the Olympic teams.


title: University of Warwick

text: In September 2021, Warwick opened its esports centre in the new Junction building (the old sports centre building) on central campus, marking it as the first esports facility opened in a Russell Group university and also the first university esports facility to be opened in the UK that is not tied to a degree/syllabus. The centre is equipped with 24 pcs, and is designed to be easily configurable and moveable to facilitate the hosting of larger scale events. The centre is open to all of the public, not just students of the university, and this is all only part of "phase 1" of a larger push from the university to invest in esports. The centre is sponsored by Uninn and Coventry City Football Club, partnered with Sky Blues in the Community, Women in Games and Special Effect and has its tech supplied by Chillblast and HyperX.


title: University of Warwick

text: In November 2005, Warwick announced its vision for the year 2020 and outlined proposals for how it would like to develop its campus over the next 15 years. The proposals built upon recent construction activity including a new Mathematics and Statistics Building, a new Computer Science Building, new Business School buildings, the Digital Laboratory, the new Heronbank Residences and an expanded Sports Centre. The proposals envisage a shift in the "centre of gravity" of the campus away from the Students' Union towards University House and a proposed "Academic Square" located around the new maths and computer science buildings.


title: University of Warwick

text: Forthcoming projects include an inter-disciplinary biosciences research facility; a £25 million upgrade to Warwick Business School; and the National Automotive Innovation Campus, a new £150 million venture funded by Jaguar Land Rover and the UK government. The NAIC's purpose is to research and develop novel technologies to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and to reduce emissions. The new campus will provide research opportunities for postgraduates from 2016 onwards. The campus has been dubbed a ‘brain trust’ and will be used to pioneer the green and high-tech sports and luxury cars of tomorrow, doubling the size of Jaguar's research team.


title: University of Warwick

text: Later in 2017, the university released its 2030 vision which will see an exponential growth of its main campus in order to remain "world-class" and cope with the growing number of applications it receives each year, especially from non-UK students (41% of the student population). This growth will include a new £33 million Faculty of Arts, a £55 million new sports centre (finished in April 2019), a new £54.3 million Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building (IBRB), a new type of student accommodation called "Cryfield village", the expansion of Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), a redevelopment for the Art centre and a new Library (scheduled in 5 years time). For this occasion, Stuart Croft, vice chancellor of the university declared "New buildings are and will continue to be a part of our everyday existence. We need to open one new academic building a year from now until at least 2023. In order to do this and to keep Warwick as one of the world’s leading universities, we need to do this together, involving the whole community."


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is governed by three formal bodies: the Court, Council and the Senate. In addition to these, a steering committee provide strategic leadership in between meetings of the formal bodies. Faculties are overseen by Faculty Boards which report to the Senate. The Principal Officers of the university have responsibility for day-to-day operations of the university.


title: University of Warwick

text: In the financial year ended 31 July 2019, Warwick had a total income, including share of joint ventures, of £688.6 million (2017/18: £631.5 million). Key sources of income included £344.5 million from academic fees and support grants (2017/18: £316.6 million), £137.8 million from research grants and contracts (2017/18: £126.5 million), and £136.9 million from operating incomes (2017/18: £123.0 million). At year-end Warwick had endowment assets of £12 million (2017/18: £11.5 million).


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick's coat of arms depicts atoms of two isotopes of lithium, a DNA helix to represent science and also the "Bear and Ragged Staff", historically associated with Warwickshire (and previously the Earls of Warwick) and the Elephant and Castle of Coventry. The bear is not chained in the current depiction of the university's coat of arms, although it had been in its original grant of Letters Patent by the College of Arms.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Elephant and Castle in the first quarter is for Coventry and the Bear and Ragged Staff in the fourth for Warwickshire.


title: University of Warwick

text: On a Wreath of the Colours, the Mantling Gules, doubled Or, an Open Book bound and clasped Argent, the pages


title: University of Warwick

text: Or, inscribed thereon in Roman Capitals Sable MENS AGITAT MOLEM, and resting on a book fesswise Argent, the fore edge to the front Or.


title: University of Warwick

text: In October 2018, Warwick had 26,531 students, with around two-fifths being postgraduates. About 43% of the student body comes from outside the UK and over 120 countries are represented on the campus. The university has 29 academic departments and over 40 research centres and institutes, in three faculties: Arts, Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), and Social Sciences. There were 2,492 academic and research staff in October 2018.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick students can study abroad for a semester or a year and may obtain a double degree (degrees awarded by both partners). International partners include Columbia University, McGill University, Cornell University, UC Berkeley, Sciences Po Paris, and the Balsillie School of International Affairs.


title: University of Warwick

text: In broad subject rankings, Warwick is ranked 36th globally for Social Sciences, 42nd for Humanities, and 78th for Natural Sciences, 164 for Engineering and Technology, and 204 for Life Sciences and Medicine according to the 2020 QS World University Rankings. In subject rankings, Warwick has a number of subjects within the global top 50 including:


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick's Economics department and Politics and International Studies (PAIS) department are considered some of the best in the UK. Both departments have been ranked 1st in the UK by the Good University Guide 2020 ahead of Oxbridge. In addition, Warwick's Mathematics department is widely regarded as one of the four best Mathematics departments in the UK, commonly known as COWI (Cambridge, Oxford, Warwick, Imperial). It was ranked 10th in the world (3rd in the UK) in 2019 by Academic Ranking of World Universities and 19th in the world (4th in the UK) in 2020 by QS. The Guardian University Guide ranks Warwick Business School (WBS) second only after Oxford's Saïd Business School Business and Management in 2014. The 2020 QS World University Rankings ranked WBS 4th in the UK and 23rd globally. However, Law and Legal Studies at Warwick has dropped from 36th globally in 2013 to 51–100th in 2020.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Times Higher Education rankings has ranked 6 out of 11 subjects (not including teaching rankings) at Warwick within the global top 100 in 2020.


title: University of Warwick

text: Even though Warwick has been climbing in the university rankings, several subjects have dropped, most notably with Social Sciences dropping from 38th in 2012 to 81st in 2020.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is consistently ranked amongst the top ten in the three major national rankings of British universities. Warwick is a member of the 'Sutton 13' of top ranked universities in the UK. Warwick was declared as "The Times" and "The Sunday Times" University of the Year 2015.


title: University of Warwick

text: Overall, 19 of the 27 subjects offered by Warwick were ranked within the top 10 nationally in 2019 by the Complete University Guide.


title: University of Warwick

text: In 2017, Warwick was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with St Andrews), with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and a half years after graduation.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick students also average top A-Level grades with new entrants in 2015 amassing an average of 478 UCAS points, the equivalent of AAAaa at A-level—the 13th highest in the country. In 2015, the university had the 6th highest offer rate amongst the Russell Group. For 2017 entry, the university was one of only a few mainstream universities (along with Cambridge, Imperial College, LSE, Oxford, St Andrews, and UCL) to have no courses available in Clearing.


title: University of Warwick

text: 22% of Warwick's undergraduates are privately educated, the fifteenth highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 66:9:25 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 50:50.


title: University of Warwick

text: The main university library is located in the middle of the main campus. It houses approximately 1,265,000 books and over 13 km of archives and manuscripts. The main library houses services to support Research and Teaching practice and collaboration between departments. The Wolfson Research Exchange opened in October 2008 and provides collaboration spaces (both physical and virtual), seminar rooms, conference facilities and study areas for Postgraduate Research students. The Teaching Grid, which opened in 2008, is a flexible space which allows teaching staff to try out new technologies and techniques. Adjacent to the main library building is the Modern Records Centre, a sizeable archive collection, including the UK's largest industrial relations collection.


title: University of Warwick

text: In 2008 the university launched a new prize, the Warwick Prize for Writing, worth £50,000. It is defined as "an international cross-disciplinary award which will be given biennially for an excellent and substantial piece of writing in the English language, in any genre or form, on a theme that will change with every award". The inaugural winner of the award was Naomi Klein for her critically acclaimed book "Shock Doctrine".


title: University of Warwick

text: In 2013/14 Warwick had a total research income of £90.1 million, of which £33.9 million was from Research Councils; £25.9 million was from central government, local authorities and public corporations; £12.7 million was from the European Union; £7.9 million was from UK industry and commerce; £5.2 million was from UK charitable bodies; £4.0 million was from overseas sources; and £0.5 million was from other sources.


title: University of Warwick

text: In the 2014 UK Research Excellence Framework (REF), Warwick was again ranked 7th overall (as 2008) amongst multi-faculty institutions and was the top-ranked university in the Midlands. Some 87% of the university's academic staff were rated as being in "world-leading" or "internationally excellent" departments with top research ratings of 4* or 3*.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick is particularly strong in the areas of decision sciences research (economics, finance, management, mathematics and statistics). For instance, researchers of the Warwick Business School have won the highest prize of the prestigious European Case Clearing House (ECCH: the equivalent of the Oscars in terms of management research).


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick has established a number of stand-alone units to manage and extract commercial value from its research activities. The four most prominent examples of these units are University of Warwick Science Park; Warwick HRI; Warwick Ventures (the technology transfer arm of the university); and WMG.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick has at times received criticism for being too commercially focused, at the expense of academic creativity and diversity. The most famous proponent of this critique was the noted historian E.P. Thompson, who edited and wrote much of "Warwick University Ltd" in 1971. The book focuses on the brief student occupation of the Registry in 1967, and its causes, the files that were discovered and published, and the subsequent actions of the university, students and staff.


title: University of Warwick

text: Nevertheless, with the appointment of Sir Nicholas Scheele as Chancellor in 2002, the university signalled that it intended to continue and expand its commercial activities. In an interview for the BBC, Scheele said: "I think in the future, education and industry need to become even more closely linked than they have been historically. As government funding changes, the replacement could well come through private funding from companies, individuals and grant-giving agencies."


title: University of Warwick

text: Undergraduate student life at Warwick can be broadly divided into two phases. In the first year, student life revolves around campus and, in particular, the Students' Union (with its sports clubs, societies, and entertainment facilities). In subsequent years students typically live off-campus, in Leamington Spa, and more rarely in either the Coventry suburbs of Earlsdon and Canley or the town of Kenilworth.


title: University of Warwick

text: The University of Warwick Students' Union is one of the largest students' unions in the UK, and currently has over 260 societies and 67 sports clubs including basketball, rowing and ice hockey. The Union has an annual turnover of approximately £6 million, the profit from which is used to provide services to students and to employ its staff and sabbatical officers.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Union is divided into two buildings—SUHQ (mainly societies and administration and Restaurant Canopy) and The Union Building (entertainment facilities). The Union Building contains a three-room club venue known as "The Copper Rooms"; CAMRA-accredited "The Dirty Duck" pub; a popular bar called "The Terrace Bar"; Curiositea, a tea shop famous for its hot chocolates, cakes and vintage atmosphere; The Graduate, a postgraduate social and study space; and The Bread Oven, a design-your-own sandwich shop.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Union is a member of the National Union of Students (NUS) and National Postgraduate Committee (NPC).


title: University of Warwick

text: The university is the current title-holder (2021) of BBC television's University Challenge competition. This was their second win – their first was in 2007, beating the title-holders University of Manchester in the final.


title: University of Warwick

text: The University of Warwick are the four-time UK Esports University of the Year, having won the title every year since its inception. In August 2022, Warwick became the first UK university to receive a finalist nomination for the Esports Awards, for Esports Collegiate Program of the Year, with Head of Esports Jack Fenton also becoming the first UK nominee for Collegiate Ambassador of the Year. Warwick fields numerous esports teams each year through its student-run esports society, Warwick Esports, who compete out of the Esports Centre.


title: University of Warwick

text: The Warwick campus currently has around 6,300 student bedrooms across a range of undergraduate and postgraduate residences. All of the residences are self-catered, and each has residential tutors and a warden. Warwick guarantees accommodation for all first-year undergraduate students, regardless of their present address. Many of the university's postgraduate population are also catered for, with some specific residences available for postgraduate living. Each residence accommodates a mixture of students both domestic and foreign, male and female, and, sometimes, undergraduate and postgraduate.


title: University of Warwick

text: In their second and third years, many students live in one of the surrounding towns: either Coventry, Canley, Kenilworth or Royal Leamington Spa, where they can live in university-managed accommodation or independently owned residences.


title: University of Warwick

text: Since 2011, Warwick has constructed two new halls of residences for the students. Bluebell, opened in 2011, offers accommodation in flats of 8 people, with a total of 505 single rooms for first-year undergraduates. The Sherbourne residences was opened in 2012, which similarly provides 527 ensuite rooms to first-years, and was extended with a further 267 rooms in 2017. A further 700 new rooms were built in the Cryfield Village, named the Cryfield Townhouse residences.


title: University of Warwick

text: In June 2014 the university announced Alex Davies, a member of the proscribed terrorist organisation National Action, voluntarily withdrew from his course.


title: University of Warwick

text: In November 2017 the university was criticised by the 'Hope not Hate' group for allowing Young Conservative Jack Hadfield to remain enrolled as a student in the university, due to his promotion of antisemitic conspiracy theories.


title: University of Warwick

text: In early 2018, it was made public that a group of male students had constituted a group chat in which many references to rape, occasionally targeted at particular other students, and other sexual offences were made, in such a way which left significant cause for concern. When the group was reported to the University of Warwick, by the then girlfriend of one member, dubiously the appointed investigator was also the Director of Press for the university, and Warwick proceeded to keep the issue in house using techniques such as attempts to manipulate the reporter. This event in its entirety is best known as the Warwick University Rape Chat Scandal today. Though little information is available from traditional sources, the university had been criticised for similar failures regarding threats that a student from Hong Kong had received from Chinese students in early 2019.


title: University of Warwick

text: In January 2020 the university was criticised for choosing not to adopt the IHRA definition of antisemitism. This decision was later reversed in October following intervention by Education Secretary Gavin Williamson.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick has over 150,000 alumni and an active alumni network. Among the university's alumni, academic staff and researchers are two Nobel Laureates, a Turing Award winner, and a significant number of fellows of the British Academy, the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society.


title: University of Warwick

text: Former Warwick students active in politics and government include Guðni Th. Jóhannesson, President of Iceland; Luis Arce, President of Bolivia; Joseph Ngute, Prime Minister of Cameroon; Yakubu Gowon, former President of Nigeria; Sir Gus O'Donnell, former Cabinet Secretary and head of the British Civil Service; Andrew Haldane, Chief Economist at the Bank of England; David Davis, former Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union and former Shadow Home Secretary; Baroness Valerie Amos, the eighth UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator and former Leader of the House of Lords; Mahmoud Mohieldin the Senior Vice President of the World Bank Group; Bob Kerslake, former Head of the Home Civil Service; Kim Howells, former Foreign Office Minister; and Isabel Carvalhais, Portuguese MEP (S&D Group); H.A Hellyer, led the British government's Taskforce on Tackling Radicalisation and Extremism; George Chouliarakis, Greek Alternate Minister of Finance; and Sir Bob Kerslake, Head of the Home Civil Service.


title: University of Warwick

text: In academia, people associated with Warwick include: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1975) winner Sir John Cornforth who was a professor at Warwick; mathematicians Ian Stewart, David Preiss, David Epstein and Fields Medallist Martin Hairer; computer scientists Mike Cowlishaw and Leslie Valiant; and neurologist Oliver Sacks. In arts and the social sciences: Nobel Laureate Oliver Hart; economist and President of the British Academy Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford; academic and Provost of Worcester College Sir Jonathan Bate; academic and journalist Germaine Greer; literary critic Susan Bassnett; historians Sir J. R. Hale and David Arnold; economist Andrew Oswald; economic historian Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky; Lady Margaret Archer, theorist in critical realism, former Warwick lecturer and accelerationist philosopher Nick Land, former President of International Sociological Association, current president of Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences; Sir George Bain, former Principal of London Business School; John Williamson, English economist who coined the term Washington Consensus; Susan Strange, British scholar of international relations who was almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy; Avinash Dixit, former President of the Econometric Society and American Economic Association, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2005; Robert Calderbank, winner of the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal and the Claude E. Shannon Award; and Upendra Baxi, winner of the Padma Shri award.


title: University of Warwick

text: Warwick graduates are active in business. In the automotive industry, this includes Linda Jackson, CEO of Citroën; Andy Palmer, CEO of Aston Martin; Ralf Speth, CEO of Jaguar Land Rover; Sudarshan Venu, MD of TVS Motor Company; Others include Bernardo Hees, former CEO of both the Heinz Company and of Burger King; Nigel Wilson, CEO of Legal & General; and Ian Gorham, CEO of Hargreaves Lansdown; Ness Wadia.


title: University of Warwick

text: Notable Warwick alumni in media, entertainment and the arts include Emmy and BAFTA Award-winning Stephen Merchant, best known for being the co-writer and co-director of the sitcoms "The Office" and "Extras"; Oscar-nominated screenwriter Tony Roche, known for co-writing and co-producing "Veep" and "The Thick of It"; Olivier Award-winning director and writer Dominic Cooke, who is also artistic director at the Royal Court Theatre; actress Ruth Jones; comedian and actor Frank Skinner; "Guardian" columnist Dawn Foster; blacksmith turned comedian and comedy writer Lloyd Langford; actors Matt Stokoe and Adam Buxton; science fiction and fantasy author Jonathan Green; actor Julian Rhind-Tutt; Olivier Award-winning actor, Alex Jennings; author Anne Fine; author A.L. Kennedy; Tony Wheeler, creator of the Lonely Planet travel guides; Camila Batmanghelidjh; Merfyn Jones, governor of the BBC; and electronic dance music artist Gareth Emery. Grammy- and Emmy Award-winning musician Sting enrolled at Warwick, but left after a term.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Cobra is a 1986 American action film directed by George P. Cosmatos and written by Sylvester Stallone, who also starred in the title role. The film co-stars Reni Santoni, Brigitte Nielsen and Andrew Robinson. It is the first film in which Brian Thompson plays a prominent role. The film was loosely based on the novel "Fair Game" by Paula Gosling, which was later filmed under that title in 1995. However, Stallone's screenplay was originally conceived from ideas he had during pre-production of "Beverly Hills Cop", whose screenplay he heavily revised. He had wanted to make "Beverly Hills Cop" a less comedic and more action-oriented film, which the studio rejected as being far too expensive. When he left that project, Eddie Murphy was brought in to play the lead role.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews, with much criticism focused on the overuse of genre tropes and excessive violence. It debuted at the number one spot on the U.S. box office, and earned $49 million in the US and a total of $160 million worldwide. It has come to be considered a cult classic.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: After a failure of negotiations between a lone armed gunman and law enforcement during a hostage crisis at a Los Angeles supermarket, the LAPD summons Lieutenant Marion Cobretti (Stallone), a member of its elite division known as the "Zombie Squad". Cobretti, addressed by his codename "Cobra", infiltrates the store, locates, and negotiates with the gunman, who threatens him by speaking of a vague and unknown organization known as "The New World", a supremacist group of social darwinist radicals that despise modern society and believe in killing the weak, leaving only the strongest and smartest to rule the world. Cobretti then kills the gunman by throwing a knife at his abdomen and then shooting him dead.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: As the hostages and bodies are removed from the store, Cobretti is admonished by Detective Monte (Robinson) for his seeming disregard for police procedures and protocols. Harassed by reporters, Cobretti admonishes them for failing to prioritize the safety of potential victims. Little does everyone realize at the time that the supermarket hostage crisis is only one of a string of recent and seemingly unconnected acts of violence and murder that have broken loose in Los Angeles, perpetrated by the same supremacist group the supermarket gunman mentioned.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Model and businesswoman Ingrid Knudsen (Nielsen) later becomes the New World's priority target after witnessing their members and their leader, only identified as "The Night Slasher" (Thompson), going on a killing spree. She is placed under the protective custody of Cobretti and his partner, Sergeant Tony Gonzales (Santoni) after a failed attempt on her. When several more failed attempts are made on their lives by various people connected to the New World, Cobretti theorizes that there is an entire army of killers operating with the same "modus operandi" rather than a lone serial killer with some associates, but his suggestion is rebuffed by his superiors. However, the LAPD agrees with Cobretti that it will be safest if he and Knudsen relocate from the city.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Cobretti becomes romantically involved with Ingrid shortly after venturing out into the countryside, but Nancy Stalk (Garlington), the New World's second-in-command and right-hand infiltrates the police team escorting the Cobretti party and compromises their whereabouts. Despite Cobretti's suspicions and mistrust of Nancy, he does nothing and the party spends the night in a motel complex. The organization moves in at dawn and besieges the small town. With barely enough time to react, the attackers storm the motel complex, wounding Gonzales in the process. Killing several members but with more swarming into the town, Cobretti and Ingrid escape in a pickup truck. When the truck is severely damaged from the chase, the duo cut through a grapefruit plantation to escape into a nearby factory.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Cobretti has defeated most of the New World by this point, with the few remaining members following them into the building. Cobretti eliminates every member and the Night Slasher accidentally shoots Nancy, leaving just himself. Cobretti and the Night Slasher engage in a vicious melee combat inside the steel mill, ending with the latter being impaled in the back by a large roaming hook, which transports him into a furnace that burns him alive.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: In the aftermath, Cobretti's department arrives and begins clean-up of the town, rendering medical aid to Gonzales. Detective Monte appears apologetic but confronts Cobretti again about his lack of regard to police protocols, offering to discuss the issue over a long dinner. Cobretti punches Monte instead, before he and Ingrid ride away on one of the motorcycles left by the New World.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: When Sylvester Stallone was signed to play the lead in "Beverly Hills Cop", he decided to rewrite the script almost completely, removing nearly all the comedic aspects and turning it into an action movie that he felt was better suited to him. The studio read his revised script and rejected it. The proposed action scenes would have increased the budget far beyond what they planned. Stallone later channeled his ideas for it into an original script.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The novel "Fair Game" by Paula Gosling was cited as source material, enough so that she received a screen credit. When "Cobra" was released, Sylvester Stallone allegedly wanted the novel to be reissued with himself credited as co-author. Gosling declined the offer. The 1995 movie "Fair Game" was also based on the same novel by Gosling.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Sylvester Stallone's earlier draft of the script contained many differences from later drafts and the final film. These include: the opening shootout taking place in a movie theater (instead of a grocery store), during which many more people are killed; Cobra mentioning how he had a girlfriend who was killed by a psychopath he was trying to catch; an additional big nighttime action sequence on a boat where Cobra and Ingrid are hiding and are attacked by the Night Slasher's cult members, with Cobra and Gonzalez managing to kill them all; and a different ending, in which it's revealed that Monte was the actual leader of the New World cult and when he tries to kill Ingrid he is shot and killed by Cobra.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The line, "This is where the law stops and I start, sucker!", was inspired by a line spoken by Steve McQueen in "The Reivers".


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: "Cobra" needed much additional editing because the film was so graphically violent that, at first, it received an X-rating from the MPAA. Warner Bros. also did not like the level of gore and violence of the first rough cut, which is why they would not release the film until most of those scenes were deleted and it received an R-rating.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Brian Thompson auditioned seven times before he was hired. On the fourth audition he met Stallone, who thought that Thompson was too nice to play the Night Slasher. But after a screen test, he immediately got the job. Also, in the original script, the Night Slasher was called Abaddon, possibly after the "angel of the abyss" from the Bible.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Thompson repeatedly sought Stallone's advice about how to play the Night Slasher, including questions about his background and personal motivations, but Stallone showed no interest in the subject and told Thompson that the character was simply evil. In an unfortunate surprise for Thompson, after filming was completed, director Cosmatos unexpectedly told him: "You could have been good if you had listened to me."


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Stallone acknowledge "Dirty Harry" as an influence and "Cobra" reunited two actors from the film: Reni Santoni and Andy Robinson.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Brigitte Nielsen, Stallone's then-wife who he had met filming "Rocky IV", was cast as Ingrid Knudsen.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Originally, "Cobra" was supposed to be filmed in Seattle, climaxing with a motorcycle chase scene on a ferry between the islands. Even though everything was prepared to start filming the final theatrical version of the scene at night, Stallone demanded the ending be changed because of the mosquito problem at that time, which would have made night time filming very difficult to endure.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: At one point during filming, Stallone complained to cinematographer Ric Waite that they were falling behind and that he needed to push his crew to work harder. Waite responded by telling Stallone that the delays were due to his fooling around with Brigitte Nielsen and showing off for his bodyguards. Although Stallone was shocked that somebody would talk to him that way, he cleaned up his act and behaved more professionally, although he returned to his old egocentric behavior a few weeks later. Waite later said in an interview that, despite his huge ego, Stallone had a great sense of humor. He said George P. Cosmatos would have made a great producer, but he was a terrible director.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: For the Night Slasher's monologue in the lead-up to the final fight, Brian Thompson did the scene with the script supervisor standing in for Stallone, who was busy watching a basketball game on TV.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The custom 1950 Mercury driven by Cobretti was actually owned by Sylvester Stallone. The studio produced stunt doubles of the car for use in some of the action sequences, such as the jump from the second floor of the parking garage. The production built three "Cobra cars" for stunt work. Although they were identical on the outside, their moving parts were designed for specific sequences, involving high-speed swipes with other vehicles, 180-degree turns, jumps, and 360-degree spins.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The knife used by the Night Slasher was made for the film by knife designer Herman Schneider. Sylvester Stallone asked Schneider to create a knife that audiences would never forget.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Cobretti uses a custom Colt Gold Cup National Match 1911 chambered in 9mm. The 9mm variant was made specifically for the film (normally it fires .45 ACP). Later in the film, he uses a Jati-Matic submachine gun.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: An audio cassette and vinyl version were released on September 21, 1986, followed by a CD which was released in 1992 as the "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack".


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The song "Feel The Heat" was overheard during the filming of the video by Jean Beauvoir when they were editing in the same building complex that the video was being filmed. Stallone loved the song, and the rest is history.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The first rough cut was over two hours long (the closest estimated original running time is 130 minutes). It was then shortened to a roughly two-hour director's cut which was intended to be released in theaters. However, after "Top Gun" became a smash hit, Stallone and Warner Bros. were worried that "Cobra" - which would premiere the following week - would be overshadowed, so in order to ensure at least one extra screening each day the movie was heavily re-edited. Stallone removed much of the plot and scenes involving characters other than his own. Warner Bros. also demanded that the more graphic scenes be cut down or removed entirely because they were "too intense," and that some action scenes be cut for pacing. The extended television version of the film is approximately 6 minutes longer than the theatrical release.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: When first submitted to the MPAA the film received an X rating, necessitating even more cuts. The full extent of the censorship is unknown, but based on director Cosmatos's commentary and several other sources, some of the cut scenes include:


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Besides these cuts, a few scenes in which the Night Slasher and his gang are killing people were slowed down (for continuity reasons since demanded cuts made the editing of the scenes look choppy), while some of the shootouts which were originally in slow-motion were instead played at normal speed (in order to cut prolonged death scenes of gang members, plus close ups of many bullet holes which were also cut).


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Eventually, the movie received an R rating and was released in theaters with a running time of 84 minutes, approximately 50 minutes shorter than the first assembly cut and 30 to 40 minutes shorter than the director's cut.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Much of David Rasche's role was cut. In the behind-the-scenes making of documentary available on DVD/Blu-ray, an additional (deleted) scene with him and Brigitte Nielsen is shown being filmed.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The car chase between Cobretti and the Night Slasher was originally longer and ended differently. In the theatrical version the Night Slasher shoots at Cobretti's car and causes him to crash into the boat. In the original version the Night Slasher and his driver are the first ones who crash into the boat; Cobretti fails to stop his car in time and crashes into them. Shots of the Night Slasher's car turning around and him breathing in relief after Cobra crashes his car were taken from an earlier part of the chase and the shot of Cobretti seeing the boat before he crashes into it was actually taken from the Night Slasher's car crash. In the theatrical version, the Night Slasher's crashed car is still visible in scene where Cobretti crashes into the boat.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The first cut of the film featured a slightly different version of the climactic confrontation between the Night Slasher and Cobretti. Where the final version features a longer exchange between the two, in the earlier version Cobretti appears right after the Night Slasher screams "We are the future!" and reiterates his line from the opening scene: "You're the disease, and I'm the cure." Nightstalker's monologue about the law and Cobretti's duty as a policeman is omitted; instead, they stare at each other before Stalk attacks Cobretti. There is a noticeable continuity mistake in the final version: when Stalk jumps on Cobra there is a fire behind him, which isn't visible during the preceding conversation. This is because Stallone's closeups were shot later in a different location.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: The official soundtrack release includes a track called "Skyline" which is not heard anywhere in the movie. This is because scenes in which this track was used were cut during the re-editing. Originally there was a scene in which Cobretti is sitting in his home, looking at the sunset (there is a similar scene in the beginning of theatrical version in which he is cleaning up his gun and then looks out the window) and soon, right after the Night Slasher and his gang members have killed the second victim and cops show up at the scene, Cobretti gets a call to go and meet with them. "Skyline" was also originally used in some other scenes, including the ending, but it was removed and replaced with "Voice of America's Sons" by John Cafferty.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Although no uncut version or director's cut has ever seen an official release, a timecoded workprint sourced from poor quality VHS copies exists as a bootleg. It contains all of the X rated scenes and uncut action sequences, along with scenes explaining the motives of the New Order gang, focusing on characters such as the Night Slasher and Stalk, alternate lines of dialogue and a temporary score which contains some of the songs and music from the theatrical version and pieces of scores from other movies.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: While "Cobra" was not connected in any story ways with the 1989 Stallone-starring Warner Bros. release "Tango & Cash", it did influence the filming and editing of that project. Because both Stallone and Warner Bros. did not want to go through another brutal fight to get an R rating with the MPAA like it had 3 years earlier, "Tango & Cash" was deliberately filmed to blunt the impact of any scenes with violence and potential gore. The strategy worked, as "Tango & Cash" got the R rating it sought immediately after its 1st MPAA screening.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: "Cobra" opened the widest for a Warner Bros. release at the time opening on 2,131 screens and debuted at number one at the U.S. box office with a Memorial Day weekend debut of $15.7 million. It eventually went on to gross $160 million, over six times its estimated $25 million budget. According to "The New York Times", the film was still considered a disappointment because its $48 million at the box office in the US did not live up to the success of Rambo.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 18% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 3.40/10. The website's consensus reads, "A disengaged Sylvester Stallone plays the titular "Cobra" with no bite in this leaden action thriller, queasily fixated on wanton carnage and nothing else." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100 based on 9 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A to F.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: "TV Guide" stated that "Stallone's character is an empty hulk...the few attempts to provide us with little insights into his character are downright laughable." Nina Darnton of "The New York Times" opined that the film "pretends to be against the wanton violence of a disintegrating society, but it's really the apotheosis of that violence...[it] shows such contempt for the most basic American values", and Vincent Canby called it "disturbing for the violence it portrays, the ideas it represents and the large number of people who will undoubtedly go to see it and cheer on its dangerous hero." Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" panned the film, saying ""Cobra"'s pretentious emptiness, its dumbness, its two-faced morality make it a movie that begs to be laughed off."


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: "Variety" called it "a sleek, extremely violent and exciting police thriller" and compared Cobra favorably to Rocky and Rambo.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" compared Cobra to Dirty Harry when giving the film 2 and 1/2 stars and summarizing it as "Filthy Harry". He wrote: "Whereas Clint Eastwood simply would have squinted at Robinson, Stallone takes a more violent approach. Maybe that's the difference between actors--Eastwood can be droll; Stallone more often crosses the border to primeval." Siskel and Roger Ebert did not give the film a feature review on their TV show, but both gave it negative attention during a late-1986 segment on new video releases, in which Siskel noted that the film had a great opening sequence (the supermarket hostage scene) and couldn't maintain the momentum. Ebert lamented that Stallone was squandering his talent and vast potential.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: "Cobra" was nominated for six Razzie Awards, including Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Sylvester Stallone), Worst Actress (Brigitte Nielsen), Worst Supporting Actor and Worst New Star (both for Brian Thompson) and Worst Screenplay.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: Director Nicolas Winding Refn is a huge fan of "Cobra". In Refn's cult film "Drive" the main character has a toothpick in his mouth in some scenes; this is Refn's homage to the opening scene where Stallone has a matchstick in his mouth. The main star of the film, Ryan Gosling, also said in interview that he is a fan of Stallone and "Cobra" which is why he "borrowed" his character's toothpick habit from Cobra.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: In 1986, the film was made into a video game by Ocean Software for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC.


title: Cobra (1986 film)

text: In 1987, Cannon Films, along with Warner Bros. attempted to make a sequel, "Cobra Part II", but the film never materialized.