title: Ion thruster

text: In the discharge chamber, microwave (MW) energy flows into the center containing a high level of ions (I), causing neutral species in the gaseous propellant to ionize. Excited species flow out (FES) through the low ion region (II) to a neutral region (III) where the ions complete their recombination, replaced with the flow of neutral species (FNS) towards the center. Meanwhile, energy is lost to the chamber walls through heat conduction and convection (HCC), along with radiation (Rad). The remaining energy absorbed into the gaseous propellant is converted into thrust.


title: Ion thruster

text: A theoretical propulsion system has been proposed, based on alpha particles ( or indicating a helium ion with a +2 charge) emitted from a radioisotope uni-directionally through a hole in its chamber. A neutralising electron gun would produce a tiny amount of thrust with high specific impulse in the order of millions of seconds due to the high relativistic speed of alpha particles.


title: Ion thruster

text: A variant of this uses a graphite-based grid with a static DC high voltage to increase thrust as graphite has high transparency to alpha particles if it is also irradiated with short wave UV light at the correct wavelength from a solid state emitter. It also permits lower energy and longer half life sources which would be advantageous for a space application. Helium backfill has also been suggested as a way to increase electron mean free path.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ion thrusters' low thrust requires continuous operation for a long time to achieve the necessary change in velocity (delta-v) for a particular mission. Ion thrusters are designed to provide continuous operation for intervals of weeks to years.


title: Ion thruster

text: In electrostatic gridded designs, charge-exchange ions produced by the beam ions with the neutral gas flow can be accelerated towards the negatively biased accelerator grid and cause grid erosion. End-of-life is reached when either the grid structure fails or the holes in the grid become large enough that ion extraction is substantially affected; e.g., by the occurrence of electron backstreaming. Grid erosion cannot be avoided and is the major lifetime-limiting factor. Thorough grid design and material selection enable lifetimes of 20,000 hours or more.


title: Ion thruster

text: A test of the NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) electrostatic ion thruster resulted in 30,472 hours (roughly 3.5 years) of continuous thrust at maximum power. Post-test examination indicated the engine was not approaching failure. NSTAR operated for years on Dawn.


title: Ion thruster

text: The NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) project operated continuously for more than 48,000 hours. The test was conducted in a high vacuum test chamber. Over the course of the 5.5+ year test, the engine consumed approximately 870 kilograms of xenon propellant. The total impulse generated would require over 10,000 kilograms of conventional rocket propellant for a similar application.


title: Ion thruster

text: Hall-effect thrusters suffer from strong erosion of the ceramic discharge chamber by impact of energetic ions: a test reported in 2010 showed erosion of around 1 mm per hundred hours of operation, though this is inconsistent with observed on-orbit lifetimes of a few thousand hours.


title: Ion thruster

text: The Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) is expected to accumulate about 5,000 hours and the design aims to achieve a flight model that offers a half-life of at least 23,000 hours and a full life of about 50,000 hours.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ionization energy represents a large percentage of the energy needed to run ion drives. The ideal propellant is thus easy to ionize and has a high mass/ionization energy ratio. In addition, the propellant should not erode the thruster to any great degree to permit long life; and should not contaminate the vehicle.


title: Ion thruster

text: Many current designs use xenon gas, as it is easy to ionize, has a reasonably high atomic number, is inert and causes low erosion. However, xenon is globally in short supply and expensive. (~$3,000/kg in 2021)


title: Ion thruster

text: Some older ion thruster designs used mercury propellant. However, mercury is toxic, tended to contaminate spacecraft, and was difficult to feed accurately. A modern commercial prototype may be using mercury successfully. Mercury was formally banned as a propellant in 2022 by the Minamata Convention on Mercury.


title: Ion thruster

text: Since 2018, krypton is used to fuel the Hall-effect thrusters aboard Starlink internet satellites, in part due to its lower cost than conventional xenon propellant.


title: Ion thruster

text: Other propellants, such as bismuth and iodine, show promise both for gridless designs such as Hall-effect thrusters, and gridded ion thrusters.


title: Ion thruster

text: Iodine was used as a propellant for the first time in space, in the NPT30-I2 gridded ion thruster by ThrustMe, on board the Beihangkongshi-1 mission launched in November 2020, with an extensive report published a year later in the journal "Nature". The CubeSat Ambipolar Thruster (CAT) used on the Mars Array of Ionospheric Research Satellites Using the CubeSat Ambipolar Thruster (MARS-CAT) mission also proposes to use solid iodine as the propellant to minimize storage volume.


title: Ion thruster

text: VASIMR design (and other plasma-based engines) are theoretically able to use practically any material for propellant. However, in current tests the most practical propellant is argon, which is relatively abundant and inexpensive.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ion thruster efficiency is the kinetic energy of the exhaust jet emitted per second divided by the electrical power into the device.


title: Ion thruster

text: Overall system energy efficiency is determined by the propulsive efficiency, which depends on vehicle speed and exhaust speed. Some thrusters can vary exhaust speed in operation, but all can be designed with different exhaust speeds. At the lower end of specific impulse, "I", the overall efficiency drops, because ionization takes up a larger percentage energy and at the high end propulsive efficiency is reduced.


title: Ion thruster

text: Optimal efficiencies and exhaust velocities for any given mission can be calculated to give minimum overall cost.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ion thrusters have many in-space propulsion applications. The best applications make use of the long mission interval when significant thrust is not needed. Examples of this include orbit transfers, attitude adjustments, drag compensation for low Earth orbits, fine adjustments for scientific missions and cargo transport between propellant depots, e.g., for chemical fuels. Ion thrusters can also be used for interplanetary and deep-space missions where acceleration rates are not crucial. Ion thrusters are seen as the best solution for these missions, as they require high change in velocity but do not require rapid acceleration. Continuous thrust over long durations can reach high velocities while consuming far less propellant than traditional chemical rockets.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ion propulsion systems were first demonstrated in space by the NASA Lewis (now Glenn Research Center) missions Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT)-1 and SERT-2A. A SERT-1 suborbital flight was launched on 20 July 1964, and successfully proved that the technology operated as predicted in space. These were electrostatic ion thrusters using mercury and caesium as the reaction mass. SERT-2A, launched on 4 February 1970, verified the operation of two mercury ion engines for thousands of running hours.


title: Ion thruster

text: Ion thrusters are routinely used for station-keeping on commercial and military communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit. The Soviet Union pioneered this field, using Stationary Plasma Thrusters (SPTs) on satellites starting in the early 1970s.


title: Ion thruster

text: Two geostationary satellites (ESA's Artemis in 2001–2003 and the United States military's AEHF-1 in 2010–2012) used the ion thruster to change orbit after the chemical-propellant engine failed. Boeing began using ion thrusters for station-keeping in 1997 and planned in 2013–2014 to offer a variant on their 702 platform, with no chemical engine and ion thrusters for orbit raising; this permits a significantly lower launch mass for a given satellite capability. AEHF-2 used a chemical engine to raise perigee to and proceeded to geosynchronous orbit using electric propulsion.


title: Ion thruster

text: China's Tiangong space station is fitted with ion thrusters. Tianhe core module is propelled by both chemical thrusters and four Hall-effect thrusters, which are used to adjust and maintain the station's orbit. The development of the Hall-effect thrusters is considered a sensitive topic in China, with scientists "working to improve the technology without attracting attention". Hall-effect thrusters are created with crewed mission safety in mind with effort to prevent erosion and damage caused by the accelerated ion particles. A magnetic field and specially designed ceramic shield was created to repel damaging particles and maintain integrity of the thrusters. According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the ion drive used on Tiangong has burned continuously for 8,240 hours without a glitch, indicating their suitability for Chinese space station's designated 15-year lifespan.


title: Ion thruster

text: SpaceX's Starlink satellite constellation uses Hall-effect thrusters powered by krypton to raise orbit, perform maneuvers, and de-orbit at the end of their use.


title: Ion thruster

text: ESA's Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was launched on 16 March 2009. It used ion propulsion throughout its twenty-month mission to combat the air-drag it experienced in its low orbit (altitude of 255 kilometres) before intentionally deorbiting on 11 November 2013.


title: Ion thruster

text: NASA developed the NSTAR ion engine for use in interplanetary science missions beginning in the late-1990s. It was space-tested in the highly successful space probe "Deep Space 1", launched in 1998. This was the first use of electric propulsion as the interplanetary propulsion system on a science mission. Based on the NASA design criteria, Hughes Research Labs, developed the Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS) for performing station keeping on geosynchronous satellites. Hughes (EDD) manufactured the NSTAR thruster used on the spacecraft.


title: Ion thruster

text: The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's "Hayabusa" space probe was launched in 2003 and successfully rendezvoused with the asteroid 25143 Itokawa. It was powered by four xenon ion engines, which used microwave electron cyclotron resonance to ionize the propellant and an erosion-resistant carbon/carbon-composite material for its acceleration grid. Although the ion engines on "Hayabusa" experienced technical difficulties, in-flight reconfiguration allowed one of the four engines to be repaired and allowed the mission to successfully return to Earth.


title: Ion thruster

text: The European Space Agency's satellite "SMART-1" launched in 2003 using a Snecma PPS-1350-G Hall thruster to get from GTO to lunar orbit. This satellite completed its mission on 3 September 2006, in a controlled collision on the Moon's surface, after a trajectory deviation so scientists could see the 3 meter crater the impact created on the visible side of the Moon.


title: Ion thruster

text: "Dawn" launched on 27 September 2007, to explore the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. It used three "Deep Space 1" heritage xenon ion thrusters (firing one at a time). "Dawn" ion drive is capable of accelerating from 0 to in 4 days of continuous firing. The mission ended on 1 November 2018, when the spacecraft ran out of hydrazine chemical propellant for its attitude thrusters.


title: Ion thruster

text: LISA Pathfinder is an ESA spacecraft launched in 2015 to orbit the sun-Earth L1 point. It does not use ion thrusters as its primary propulsion system, but uses both colloid thrusters and FEEP for precise attitude control – the low thrusts of these propulsion devices make it possible to move the spacecraft incremental distances accurately. It is a test for the LISA mission. The mission ended on 30 December 2017.


title: Ion thruster

text: ESA's BepiColombo mission was launched to Mercury on 20 October 2018. It uses ion thrusters in combination with swing-bys to get to Mercury, where a chemical rocket will complete orbit insertion.


title: Ion thruster

text: NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was launched in 2021 and operated its NEXT-C xenon ion thruster for about 1,000 hours to reach the target asteroid on 28 September 2022.


title: Ion thruster

text: , a future launch of an Ad Astra VF-200 VASIMR electromagnetic thruster was under consideration for testing on the International Space Station (ISS). However, in 2015, NASA ended plans for flying the VF-200 to the ISS. A NASA spokesperson stated that the ISS "was not an ideal demonstration platform for the desired performance level of the engines". Ad Astra stated that tests of a VASIMR thruster on the ISS would remain an option after a future in-space demonstration.


title: Ion thruster

text: The VF-200 would have been a flight version of the VX-200. Since the available power from the ISS is less than 200 kW, the ISS VASIMR would have included a trickle-charged battery system allowing for 15 minutes pulses of thrust. The ISS orbits at a relatively low altitude and experiences fairly high levels of atmospheric drag, requiring periodic altitude boosts – a high efficiency engine (high specific impulse) for station-keeping would be valuable, theoretically VASIMR reboosting could cut fuel cost from the current US$210 million annually to one-twentieth. VASIMR could in theory use as little as 300 kg of argon gas for ISS station-keeping instead of 7500 kg of chemical fuel – the high exhaust velocity (high specific impulse) would achieve the same acceleration with a smaller amount of propellant, compared to chemical propulsion with its lower exhaust velocity needing more fuel. Hydrogen is generated by the ISS as a by-product and is vented into space.


title: Ion thruster

text: The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) is a module on the Lunar Gateway that provides power generation and propulsion capabilities. It is targeting launch on a commercial vehicle in January 2024. It would probably use the 50 kW Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) under development at NASA Glenn Research Center and Aerojet Rocketdyne.


title: Ion thruster

text: The MARS-CAT (Mars Array of ionospheric Research Satellites using the CubeSat Ambipolar Thruster) mission is a two 6U CubeSat concept mission to study Mars' ionosphere. The mission would investigate its plasma and magnetic structure, including transient plasma structures, magnetic field structure, magnetic activity and correlation with solar wind drivers. The CAT thruster is now called the RF thruster and manufactured by Phase Four.


title: Ion thruster

text: Geoffrey A. Landis proposed using an ion thruster powered by a space-based laser, in conjunction with a lightsail, to propel an interstellar probe.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Anthony Cris Collinsworth (born January 27, 1959) is an American sports broadcaster and former professional American football player. Collinsworth was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons (1981-1988), all with the Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football at the University of Florida, where he was recognized as an All-American. He is currently a television sportscaster for NBC, Showtime, and the NFL Network, and winner of 17 Sports Emmy Awards. He is also the majority owner of Pro Football Focus.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Collinsworth was born in Dayton, Ohio, the son of Abraham Lincoln "Abe" Collinsworth (who was born on Abraham Lincoln's birthday) and Donetta Browning Collinsworth. Abe, known as "Lincoln" in high school, was one of the top scorers in Kentucky high school basketball history and played for the Kentucky Wildcats "Fiddling Five" that won the 1958 national championship. Both of Cris's parents were educators; Donetta was a teacher, and Abe was a high school teacher and coach who later became a principal and eventually the superintendent of schools for Brevard County.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: His family, including Cris and his younger brother Greg, moved from Ohio to Melbourne, Florida in 1963, when Cris was four years old. They moved to nearby Titusville in 1972 where he and his brother attended Astronaut High School while their father was the principal. Cris was successful in multiple sports for the Astronaut War Eagles, and during his senior year in 1976, he won the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) Class 3A 100-yard-dash state championship and was named a high school All-American quarterback.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Collinsworth's combination of height and speed attracted the attention of college football programs throughout the South, and he accepted an athletic scholarship from coach Doug Dickey to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. Though he was recruited as a run-first quarterback for the Gators' option offense, Collinsworth threw a 99-yard touchdown pass to Derrick Gaffney against the Rice Owls in his first collegiate attempt, a toss which remains tied for the longest touchdown pass in NCAA history.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Florida's option attack struggled against top defenses in Collinsworth's freshman season of 1977, so Coach Dickey decided to transition his team from a run-oriented offense to a more balanced pro set attack for 1978. Collinsworth was moved to wide receiver, where his new position coach was former Gator quarterback Steve Spurrier in his first year as a coach. Though Florida's offense did not improve enough to save the jobs of Dickey or his coaching staff, Collinsworth flourished in his new role. He was named a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 1978, 1979 and 1980, and was named both a first-team All-American and a first-team Academic All-America in 1980. Collinsworth was a senior captain on the 1980 Gator team that posted the biggest one-year turnaround in NCAA Division I football history at the time, improving to 8–4 after posting a 0–10–1 record in 1979, Charlie Pell's first season as Florida's head coach. Collinsworth finished his collegiate career by being named the MVP of the 1980 Tangerine Bowl.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: During his career at Florida, Collinsworth caught 120 passes for 1,937 yards, and rushed for another 210. He scored 14 touchdowns receiving, two rushing, one on a kickoff return, and threw two touchdown passes. He also returned 30 kickoffs for 726 yards for an average of 24.2 yards per return. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in accounting in 1981 and was inducted into the University of Florida Student Hall of Fame the same year. He was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1991, and as part of a recognition of 100 years of Florida football in 2006, "The Gainesville Sun" recognized him as the No. 12 all-time Gator player.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Collinsworth was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round (37th pick overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft, and spent his entire eight-year NFL career with the Bengals. In his first season, Collinsworth was the team's leading receiver and set the Bengals franchise record for receptions by a rookie with 67, the most by an NFL rookie wide receiver in 21 years. He surpassed 1,000 yards receiving four times (in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1986) and was named to the Pro Bowl in 1981, 1982 and 1983. At in height, Collinsworth often created mismatches against much smaller cornerbacks. In addition to his height advantage, he was a legitimate deep threat due to his speed.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In Super Bowl XVI, Collinsworth caught five passes for 107 yards, but committed a costly second quarter fumble when he was hit by San Francisco defensive back Eric Wright. The fumble would be immediately followed by a 92-yard 49ers touchdown drive, and San Francisco won 26–21.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 1985, Collinsworth signed with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL), but the contract was voided when he failed the physical due to a bad ankle. He returned to the Bengals and played for them through the end of the 1988 season, catching three passes for 40 yards in Super Bowl XXIII, the final game of his career. He finished his eight-season NFL career with 417 receptions for 6,698 yards and 36 touchdowns in 107 games.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: After his retirement as an NFL player, Collinsworth began a broadcasting career as a sports radio talk show host on Cincinnati station WLW. Initially, he was a guest host for Bob Trumpy (also a Bengals alumnus), but took over the show full-time as Trumpy accepted more television assignments. He then became a reporter for HBO's (now Showtime's) "Inside the NFL" in 1989.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 1990, he became a part of the NBC network's NFL broadcasts, as well as some of the college programming. He joined the NBC pregame show in 1996.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 1995, he appeared on HBO broadcasting at Wimbledon with Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, and Barry MacKay.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 1998, Collinsworth joined the "NFL on Fox" team after NBC lost their broadcast rights to CBS. After several years as a color commentator on the "Fox NFL Sunday" pregame show, Collinsworth was assigned to the network's lead game broadcasting crew (teaming with Joe Buck and Troy Aikman) in 2002. He worked on Fox's Super Bowl XXXIX telecast three years later. Collinsworth was also the host of the television show "Guinness World Records Primetime" during his stay at Fox.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 2006, Collinsworth could be seen on three networks during football season. In addition to co-hosting "Inside the NFL" on HBO, he returned to NBC as a studio analyst for that network's Sunday night NFL coverage and did color commentary on the NFL Network. He also served as color commentator for NFL Network Thursday night games (and one Saturday-night game) alongside play-by-play man Bryant Gumbel and Bob Papa.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In the NBC broadcasts of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Collinsworth appeared alongside Bob Costas as a commentator on numerous occasions. Collinsworth and Costas paired again during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. He also continued his work on "Inside the NFL" when it debuted on its new home on Showtime.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Collinsworth is also the color commentator on "Madden NFL 09" and "Madden NFL 10" with Tom Hammond, as well as in "Madden NFL 11" and "Madden NFL 12" with Gus Johnson.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: In 2009, Collinsworth filled the color-commentator role vacated by John Madden on NBC's "Sunday Night Football", with Al Michaels. and as of 2022 is in his fourteenth season of the high-profile telecast, and is now paired with Mike Tirico, after Michaels was named the new play-by-play announcer for Prime Video’s coverage of Thursday Night Football.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: One of the most well-known trademarks of Collinsworth's work in the broadcasting booth was his performance of the "Collinsworth Slide" before each game. After Al Michaels gave a brief introduction for the upcoming game, the camera would pan out slightly and allow Collinsworth to slide himself into the picture via his broadcasting chair, after which he provided insights of his own.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: Collinsworth earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1991. He lives in Fort Thomas, Kentucky, with his wife, Holly (Bankemper) Collinsworth, an attorney, and their four children. His son, Austin Collinsworth, is a former football player and team captain at the University of Notre Dame. Another son, Jac, also attended Notre Dame and was a features reporter for ESPN's "Sunday NFL Countdown" before joining his father at NBC, where he is the on-site host for "Football Night in America" and also hosts NBC's Notre Dame football, NASCAR, and coverage for other big events like the Indy 500 and Kentucky Derby.


title: Cris Collinsworth

text: On March 12, 2011, it was reported that Collinsworth was among 83 people rescued from Jeff Ruby's Waterfront restaurant in Covington, Kentucky, when the floating restaurant tore loose from its moorings and began to drift on the Ohio River, only to be stopped by the Brent Spence Bridge that links Ohio to Kentucky. Collinsworth also has a steak named after him by the same restaurant.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within () is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film written and directed by Reema Kagti, co-written by Zoya Akhtar, and produced by Ritesh Sidhwani and Farhan Akhtar under Excel Entertainment and Aamir Khan under Aamir Khan Productions, with Reliance Entertainment serving as distributor and presenter. The film stars Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Rani Mukerji in lead roles, with Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Rajkummar Rao and Shernaz Patel in supporting roles. The film score and soundtrack of the film were composed by Ram Sampath, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. Principal photography of the film took place during March–November 2011, primarily in Mumbai, Pondicherry and London.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Released on 30 November 2012, "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" received positive reviews from critics, who praised its themes, direction, screenplay, music, cinematography and performances of the cast. It grossed over worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films in 2012.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: At the 58th Filmfare Awards, "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" received 3 nominations, including Best Supporting Actress (Mukerji) and Best Supporting Actor (Siddiqui).


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Late at night on a deserted road, well-known actor Armaan Kapoor loses control of his car, apparently trying to avoid something, and the car falls into the sea. Senior Police Inspector Surjan "Suri" Singh Shekhawat with his assistant Devrath Kulkarni begin an investigation. Surjan's relationship with his wife, Roshni has suffered ever since their 8-year-old son, Karan, recently drowned during a family outing. Surjan's guilt complex causes insomnia.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Surjan learns that on the night of Armaan's accident, Armaan was travelling with ₹2 million in cash, which is missing. Armaan had given the money to a blackmailer, a pimp named Shashi. Three years ago, Shashi had performed a cover-up for Armaan and his friend Sanjay. Once he learns of Armaan's death, Shashi takes off with the cash. Shashi's friend, Tehmur, begins blackmailing Sanjay with the help of an escort, Rosie. Sanjay gets Shashi murdered.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Roshni seeks solace from a medium, Frenny Mistry, who is in touch with Karan's soul, though Surjan is angry and skeptical of her. One night, Surjan is propositioned by Rosie. He declines but asks if she can become an informer. The police find Shashi's body, along with the blackmail money and a DVD. The DVD contains CCTV footage of Armaan and his friends leaving a hotel with Rosie. Rosie confides in Surjan that three years ago, she was picked up by Armaan and his friends, Sanjay and Nikhil. Surjan discovers that Nikhil has been brain-dead after the incident three years ago.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Tehmur blackmails Sanjay into giving him money so he can give it to his girlfriend, a prostitute, for a better life. Sanjay gets Tehmur killed too. The police learn Sanjay is behind Shashi and Tehmur's murders and arrest him. Sanjay confesses that three years ago, he, Armaan, and Nikhil had picked up an escort named Simran to celebrate Armaan's bachelor party. The unlocked car door in the backseat opened by accident, throwing both Nikhil and Simran out of the moving car. Armaan and Sanjay rushed Nikhil to the hospital but fearing a scandal, left Simran to die on the road. Sanjay had called Shashi to take care of her. Since then, Shashi had continued to blackmail them. Surjan re-watches the footage and realizes with shock that Simran is Rosie.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: As he drives Sanjay to the police station, they approach the same road where Armaan had his car accident. Both men see Rosie/Simran standing ahead. In a re-enactment of Armaan's accident, they swerve the car to avoid a collision with her and it falls into the sea. Sanjay dies but Rosie saves Surjan. Surjan writes in the official report that Armaan's death was an accident. He returns to the riverside place where he used to meet Rosie and uncovers her remains where Shashi had hidden her body. Remembering that he had been told that "the dead come to those who are troubled," he gives Rosie a proper funeral.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Now more accepting of the supernatural, Surjan finds a letter from Karan, penned by Frenny, in which Karan tells Surjan not to blame himself for his death and that he wants his parents to be happy. Surjan reconciles with Roshni. In a post-credits scene, two workers put a "Caution" sign on the same accident spot.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Following the release of her first film, "Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd." (2007), Kagti was approached and offered to direct many films by several production houses. However, unable to find any films that interested her, she began working on a new script with her friend Zoya Akhtar in early 2010. Speaking about it, she said, "Zoya and I thought of the story and co-wrote it. We do a lot of writing together. We are also best-friends so it is fun and there is a huge comfort factor." Initially, Shahrukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan and Salman Khan were reportedly approached to play the male lead but opted out due to differing reasons. Upon finalising the story, she approached Aamir Khan with the script in November 2010 and he agreed to produce and star in it. Since the start of pre-production, the project has faced several speculations regarding its title. In November 2011, Khan confirmed that the film was titled "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within".


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: In an interview with "The Indian Express", Kagti revealed that a few months before casting Khan in the film, she had approached him with another project. Later, Kareena Kapoor and Rani Mukerji were signed on to star opposite Khan. Prior to the start of principal photography, the actors attended acting workshops and signed a non-disclosure agreement. To prepare for a key scene in the film, Khan and Mukerji took swimming lessons.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: The principal photography for the film started in March 2011 with Khan and Mukerji in Mumbai. For a scene involving Khan and Kapoor, it was reported that both the actors would shoot in a red-light district. However, Kagti dismissed it and explained that it wouldn't be safe to do so. The scene was later shot at the Leopold Cafe on Colaba Causeway. The film's second phase continued with the entire cast in Pondicherry and was completed by the end of August. The final phase was expected to commence the following month in Khopoli with an underwater shot.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Khan, who never knew how to swim went under rigorous training for this underwater sequence. He was trained for 3 months under a specialist trainer and went well prepared for the shoot. Due to visibility problems, it was cancelled and later filmed at an undisclosed water studio in London. The filming was completed by November 2011 after some of the remaining shots were executed at the Bandstand Promenade.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: The soundtrack is composed by Ram Sampath and Javed Akhtar penned the lyrics for all the songs. The music was launched on 19 October 2012 by T-Series. The album features vocals by Ram Sampath, Vishal Dadlani, Suman Sridhar, Sona Mohapatra, Ravindra Upadhyay and Rupesh. The song "Jee Le Zara" has a remix version.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: The album met with highly positive reviews from music critics. "Indiaglitz" quoted, "Once again, Ram Sampath has an unmatched compilation of tracks here. Along with random fantastic lyrics they have created a masterpiece here." "Bollyspice" reviewed the album stating, "The soundtrack to "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is like a box of chocolates: it contains a little 'good' and a little 'not-so-good' in it. Yet it is still an album that is worth listening!". "Rediff" reviewed, "Except a steady undercurrent of anxiety, the soundtrack of "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" doesn't have a fixed theme or ambiance. Every song belongs to a unique genre and fosters the enigma of Kagti's suspense drama. And that's what makes Sampath's efforts truly appreciable." "Planet Bollywood" said, "A film made by Aamir Khan Productions doesn’t need an item song or song for the masses to make it successful. Instead, the music is made solely for the film in mind. If the listener can appreciate it before the release of the film then that is a bonus but that’s not essential." "Sify" quoted, "Overall, the soundtrack is not out-of-the-box, but the overdose of electronic music doesn't bother either. Thus, it's an album which may not top the charts, but some songs could definitely make their way into many people's personal playlists." "Gomolo" stated, "Ram Sampath is continuously giving very fresh and stunning music for Khan. The album is full of fresh, scrumptious and susceptible tracks." "Musicperk" summarized the album as "Well, the answer lies within!", the tagline of the film itself.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" tied up with Windows 8 for its marketing. Aamir Khan promoted the film on the crime detective series C.I.D. The episodes were aired on 23 and 24 November 2012. Aamir Khan visited Lucknow to promote "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within". Aamir Khan also appeared in a TV special show 'Nayi Soch Ki Talaash, Aamir Ke Saath' to promote "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within". Aamir Khan also visited Jalandhar for promotion purposes. The premiere of the film was held at PVR Cinema in Mumbai on 29 November 2012.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: The film received a U/A certificate from the Censor Board of India.<ref name="U/A"></ref> Originally scheduled to release in October 2011, the film was postponed to its tentative release date of 1 June 2012. Media reports claimed that the reason behind the delay was due to the similarities with Sujoy Ghosh's "Kahaani" (2012); the director, however, went on to deny the reports. On 26 January 2012, along with a digital poster of the film, the first teaser trailer of "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" was released in theatres. Due to Khan's prior commitment plans with his television show, co-producer Ritesh Sidhwani announced that the film would no longer be able to release on its tentative date as planned and would officially release on 30 November 2012. Pre-bookings for "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" opened on 25 November 2012 in all multiplexes of India. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" was released in 520 screens in overseas markets, a new overseas record for an Aamir Khan starrer.; "3 Idiots" (2009) was released in 415 screens overseas. The estimate for the number of release screens in India is around 2500.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: In February 2012, Reliance Entertainment acquired the distribution rights of the film for whilst its satellite rights were sold for .


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: After taking offense at Aamir Khan's TV show "Satyamev Jayate" (SMJ) for "projecting men in a bad light", several men's rights activists took up cudgels against his film. Virag Dhulia, the head of gender studies at a men's rights community center, said "We are not against "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within", but Aamir. We want to send out the message that he can't portray a negative image of men." It is further reported that most of the filming got the inspiration from "Rabbit Hole".


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: "Talaash" received positive reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" a score of 4.5 out of 5 stars and said ""Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is an outstanding film. A taut psychological thriller that keeps you guessing till the end, it leaves you spellbound, leaves you mesmerized, leaves you with an exclamation." Akhil Rasheed of the "Indian Times" who was partly responsible for the title of the film rated it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "gripping, compelling psychological thriller supported by its stellar cast". Aniruddha Guha of "DNA India" gave it 3.5 out 5 stars while commenting ""Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" successfully whets the appetite of all the Aamir Khan fans. As for the story, you can always trust Zoya Akhtar to give her best. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is not a flawless film, but it is a fascinating tale that compels one to look beyond that which is evident. You can’t miss this one!" Saibal Chatterjee Of "NDTV" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, noting"By no means is "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" the end of your search for the perfect whodunit. But there is so much going for this compelling, slow-burning, well-acted tale set in the dark, grimy underbelly of Mumbai that you can barely take your eye off the screen."


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" award the film 3.5 out of 5, adding "You may not like "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within", if mystery and intrigue set at a languid pace is not what you look out for in your matinee outing." Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave it 3.5 out of 5 while remarking "It's a very watchable film but not an unforgettable one." Aseem Chhabra for "Rediff.com" gave the film 3.5 out of 5, reviewing "In "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within", Kagti weaves a complex web, and she colours it with the mood and the atmosphere she and her collaborators create. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" has the feel of a noir film. It is an intelligent film but falters towards the end." Anupama Chopra of "Hindustan Times" gave it 3 out of 5, stating "For once, I also feel the need to explain my rating: I wanted to give 4 stars to the first-half and 2 stars to the second-half, so it averages out to 3. See "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" and do post comments. I'm curious to see how many were as furious as me."


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: "India Today" gave 3.5 out 5 to "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" and stated ""Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" creates its chills primarily tapping into the dark side of the mind, which makes it an unusual Bollywood film. Any resemblance to Joseph Payne Brennan and Donald M. Grant's 1979 novella, "Act of Providence", is purely coincidental." Raja Sen for "Rediff" has given 2.5 out of 5 stars while adding that "Talaash is well made and strongly acted but is not as enjoyable to watch as it deserved to be." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the film 2.5 out of 5, remarking ""Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" starts out as a smart, well-written noir-ish thriller, and then slips between the tracks. Pity about the second-half." "Deccan Chronicle" gave 2 out of 5 and stated "See "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" only if you believe that Aamir Khan can do no wrong. Otherwise you’ll be left with a sinking feeling." "The Hindu" stated that "It’s not like we haven’t seen anything like this before. If "Kahaani" (2012) used a key scene from a film called "Taking Lives" (2004) as a final twist, "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" uses one of the most abused endings of this genre." "Firstpost" stated that "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is a brave effort. Mainstream Bollywood movies try to keep it linear and uncomplicated. Directors avoid dealing with multiple strong subplots as might lead to a clutter.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Talaash" holds an approval rating of 81% based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Rubina Khan of "The First Post" praised the film saying ""Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is where your search for a good film begins. Reema Kagti’s search for a loyal audience for her kind of cinema ends with "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within", which seems poised to make some serious cash at the box office as a sure-fire winner." Ronnie Schieb of "variety" reviewed "Thesping never falters – Kapoor's enigmatic Rosie in particular tying the film together by her secret knowledge (the film's revelation is a doozy). Khan's glowering, repressed sadness may appear a bit one-note to American auds, his mustache tending to obliterate nuance, but his charisma is unmistakable. For the record, the title means "search." "Los Angeles Times" gave "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" a negative review saying "it was a mediocre Bollywood import". British entertainment and media news website "Digital Spy" gave 4 out of 5 stars and stated "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" is the perfect marriage of cinematography, cast, dialogue and direction, despite all the evident hallmarks of Khan's own brand of brilliance, harking back to a bygone genre, the conclusion to the story might be deemed a tad too far-fetched for a modern audience. "Open Magazine" gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and said the film was plagiarised from "The Sixth Sense" (1999) and acted by Aamir Khan.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" had a good opening at the multiplexes, where the collections were in the average of 65–70%. The opening in the single screens were low, at an average of 40%. The movie collected nett in its opening day. The movie showed considerable growth in its second day, collecting nett. The film had a good collection of in its first weekend. The film further collected on Monday. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" netted in its first week. The film netted in second week to make a total of around 810 million in 2 weeks. The film further netted in its third week. According to "Box Office India", "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" has grossed 895.0 million nett in 3 weeks and was declared a "hit". "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" added Rs. 7.5 million nett in week 4 taking its total to Rs. 902.5 million nett. The film's final total was approximately nett.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" had done excellent business overseas. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" had a $4.7 million opening at the overseas box office. In its second weekend, the film grossed $7.25 million and emerged a "Super-Hit". "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" further netted US$8 million plus in 17 days in overseas. "Talaash: The Answer Lies Within" final overseas gross was US$8.5 million at the end of its overseas run and was the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2012 in overseas markets.


title: Talaash: The Answer Lies Within

text: Rani Mukerji won the Best Actress In A Supporting Role at the South African Indian Film Awards in 2013.


title: Classroom

text: A classroom or schoolroom is a learning space in which both children and adults learn. Classrooms are found in educational institutions of all kinds, ranging from preschools to universities, and may also be found in other places where education or training is provided, such as corporations and religious and humanitarian organizations. The classroom provides a space where learning can take place uninterrupted by outside distractions.


title: Classroom

text: In elementary schools (from Kindergarten through 5th grade), classrooms can have a whole group of 18 to 30 students (in some cases these numbers may differ) and one, two, or even three teachers. When there are two teachers in a classroom, one is the lead teacher and the other one is the associate. Or the second teacher might be a special education teacher. There may be a third teacher in the back watching and taking notes. In lower elementary the classrooms are set up slightly different from upper elementary. In these classrooms there are tables instead of desks, a rug with a (Smart Board) for whole group learning, a library, computers, and centers. The rug is the focal point of the classroom and everything else is strategically placed around it. The teacher must be able to move swiftly through the classroom. To determine if the classroom is meeting the highest level of quality there is a grading scale called ECERS (Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale). There are 43 items on this checklist and it is divided into 7 categories and they are as follows: Space and Furnishings, Personal Care Routines, Language-Reasoning, Activities, Interactions, Program Structure, and Parents and Staff. In an upper elementary classroom students now use desks, there is no rug for whole group learning but there is a Smart Board and computers. Students also start practicing switching classes to get accustomed to middle and high, usually in fifth grade school transitions.


title: Classroom

text: In a self-contained classrooms there are 7 or fewer students. Self-contained classrooms are designed for children that need more one-on-one time. Teachers get to solely focus on their small group of students and create individualized lessons for each child. An integrated or inclusion classroom can be thought of as a mix between a traditional classroom and a self-contained classroom. In this style of classroom, there is a mix of general students and students that need services. There are two teachers in this style of classroom, a general education teacher and special education teacher. They both teach and serve the students in the classroom, but during certain parts of the day the special education teacher may pull the students that have services to give them additional support. This allows students with accommodations or an Individual Education Program (IEP), to still get to be in a general classroom but also get the individualized instruction they need.


title: Classroom

text: Middle school and high school classrooms are set up quite similar. There is one teacher and students transition from one classroom to the next. They do not stay in one classroom all day. These classrooms can have around 20 students. Students may not exactly have the same group of students in each class depending on the students' schedules.


title: Classroom

text: Then college classrooms are set up in a lecture hall or auditorium with one teacher, also called a professor. Typically this teacher has a Teacher Assistant (TA), which is a grad student. This person may help administer or grade tests. They can also hold review sessions for college students to come to once or twice a week.


title: Classroom

text: Some other types of classrooms that a middle/high school or college might have include computer labs for IT lessons, gymnasiums for sports, and science laboratories for biology, chemistry and physics.


title: Classroom

text: The layout, design and decor of the classroom has a significant effect upon the quality of the educational experience. Attention to the acoustics and colour scheme may reduce distractions and aid concentration. The lighting and furniture likewise influence factors such as student attention span.


title: Classroom

text: Historically, relatively few pupil-centric design principles were used in the construction of classrooms. In 19th century Britain, one of the few common considerations was to try and orient new buildings so the class windows faced north as much as possible, while avoiding west or southern facing windows, as in Britain northern light causes less glare. Desks were often arranged in columns and rows, with a teacher's desk at the front, where he or she would stand and lecture the class. Little color was used for fear of distracting the children. In the 1950s and 60s cheap and harsh fluorescent lights were sometimes used, which could cause eyestrain. Research has suggested that optimal use of daylight, acoustics, color selection and even the arrangement of the furniture in the classroom can affect pupils' academic success. Georgetown University found that test scores increased by 11% through the improvement of a classroom's physical environment.


title: Classroom

text: In the design of a classroom, desk arrangements are essential to the decor and design of the classroom followed by seating arrangements for the students. Usually classroom desks are arranged in rows or columns, but there are many more ways to arrange the desks. For example, a circle can be made with the desks so that it's more of a group discussion. The desks can also be in a "U" shape for group discussions and easy access for the teacher. Another common principle is arrangement in 'clusters' or small groups, which usually improves interaction and participation in (small) group-processes. Color is also a big asset to the classroom by relating the colors to the subjects learned in the classroom to help the students learn. Color also helps the atmosphere be fun and exciting, and helps visual stimulation for the students.


title: Classroom

text: The acoustics of the classroom are very often overlooked, but are an important part of the success of a child. Choosing only materials that cause sound to reverberate, such as tile floors and hard wall surfaces, greatly increases noise levels and can prove detrimental to learning. One study of hyperactive versus control groups of children found that white noise has no impact on either group, but that auditory stimulation such as distant conversations or music has a negative effect on both groups of students. Children with attention deficit disorder scored higher on tests when white noise was being pumped into the classroom than when music was played. The control group of children as well as the hyperactive group of children averaged the same test scores when there was no sound as when white noise was being played.


title: Classroom

text: By utilizing soft surfaces, especially on the floor, the sounds within and outside of the classroom will be diminished, taking away from the distractions facing students and improving not just the test scores of hyperactive children, but those without attention deficit disorder as well. Although carpet is an obvious choice for sound absorption, it may not be suitable for high traffic areas like hallways. In such cases, other sound absorbing materials, such as cork, can be used. The use of sound absorbing ceiling tiles may also be a wise choice for areas where carpet cannot be used for practical purposes.


title: Classroom

text: Color theory refers to the effects color has on the human body. Red is said to increase both aggression and appetite, a poor combination for a school's interior. Yellow increases adrenaline levels and is also undesirable for a school setting. Blue, green, and brown create a relaxing and calming environment, which is a positive for the classroom. However, blue also is associated with cold and sadness and elongates the sense of time, which would make a blue classroom tortuous for students (Vodvarka, 1999). Warm colors are often favored by students, making them more alert and increasing brain activity, which helps in increasing test scores. Cool colors had the opposite effect. By balancing warm and cool colors, bright and subdued, a pleasing effect can be achieved that will reduce absenteeism in schools and keep the students focused on what the teacher is saying. Test scores go up when children are not in a stark white environment, which can feel sterile and cold.


title: Classroom

text: Classroom arrangement or the arrangement of furniture is an important aspect because students spend most of their time seated in the classroom. The furniture should be able to move and easy to arrange to allow students to sit in places that are best suited for their learning styles so they can focus on work


title: Classroom

text: Traditionally, classrooms have had one setup: straight rows of desks facing the front of the classroom. The row style allows teachers ample amount of space to walk around. This makes it easier for teachers to supervise the students work and catch any students that may be misbehaving, insuring that students stay focused. Studies have found that the row style also fosters less off topic talking causing the atmosphere to be more conducive to learning. While the row style sounds ideal from a teacher's standpoint it can be damaging to the student's well-being. The row style of desk arrangement has been found to cause the students to withdraw.


title: Classroom

text: An alternative to the traditional row style desk pavement is to arrange the desks in groups. Phil Beadle, a UK Secondary Teacher of the Year, believes that it is best to arrange the desks in groups of six desks if at all possible. This allows for the most use out of the desk arrangement as you have the ability to utilize groups of two, three, or six students without moving a single chair. Beadle isn't the only teacher to swear by group desk arrangement; studies have shown that the group desk placement setup produces a greater number of on task actions than any other form of desk placement. The group setup does have one potentially serious negative side effect. Students sitting in group desk placements are more likely to misbehave when the teacher isn't looking, like using iPads that are provided by the school, such as in the Cupertino Union School District. To avoid this the groups of desks should be arranged around the outside of the room giving the teacher plenty of room to walk around and supervise as well as providing room for kinesthetic activities that can be beneficial to the students learning.


title: Classroom

text: The final popular desk arrangement is the circle/semicircle placement. This particular desk setup is growing in popularity due to the numerous positive outcomes it provides. The circle desk arrangement facilitates the flow of ideas by fostering positive group dynamics. When sitting in a circle it is easier for students to not only see who is talking, but to make eye contact with the speaker. Students sitting in a circle arrangement tend to feel more comfortable speaking up and asking questions. This style of desk placement also makes it easier for teachers to control the class, preventing misbehaving and off task comments as it allows them to easily see all the students, and allows all the students to see the teacher. Besides, the type of furniture may play an important role in the learning space. There is a relationship between the ergonomic characteristics of the educational furniture and the number of cognitive errors: the more ergonomic characteristics of the furniture, the less error. There is also an error percentage reduction using separated chair and desk.


title: Classroom

text: Online learning technologies make it possible for learning to take place at any time, at any place, and at any pace that the learner desires. This is particularly important for adult students who may need to schedule their learning around work and parenting responsibilities. According to the American Society for Training and Development, as of 2014, approximately 25% of employee training hours take place online rather than in a classroom. However, critics argue that even the classroom space is full of distractions in the 21st century since even though access to the online world may be restricted by some institutions, students may find distractions in their physical vicinity and so tend to multitask and divide their attention without focusing on any one task at a time.


title: Classroom

text: The traditional classroom has also been attacked by advocates of various forms of alternative education. Italian educator Maria Montessori wrote that "Stationary desks and chairs <nowiki>[are]</nowiki> proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school".


title: African Great Lakes

text: The African Great Lakes (; ) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the second-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth, and Lake Malawi, the world's eighth-largest fresh water lake by area. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water. The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of great biodiversity, and 10% of the world's fish species live in this region.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Riparian countries in the African Great Lakes region include: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The following are included on most lists of the African Great Lakes, grouped by drainage basin. The exact number of lakes considered part of the African Great Lakes varies by list, and may include smaller lakes in the rift valleys, especially if they are part of the same drainage basin as the larger lakes, such as Lake Kyoga.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The Great Lakes region (rarely: "Greater" Lakes region) consists of ten riparian countries: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The Swahili language is the most commonly spoken language in the African Great Lakes region. It also serves as a national or official language of five nations in the region: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Because of its high population—estimated to be 107 million people—and the agricultural surplus in the region, the area became organized into a number of small states. The most powerful of these monarchies were Buganda, Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda, and Burundi.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Being the long-sought source of the Nile, the region had long been of interest to Europeans. The first Europeans to arrive in the region in any numbers were Christian missionaries who had limited success in converting the locals, but did open the region to later colonization. Increased contact with the rest of the world led to a series of devastating epidemics affecting both humans and livestock.


title: African Great Lakes

text: While seen as a region with great potential after independence, the Great Lakes region has suffered from civil war and conflict in the four decades around the turn of the 21st century (ca. 1980-2020). In 2022 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees commended Tanzania for consistently welcoming and aiding refugees from other countries in the region.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The highlands are relatively cool, with average temperatures ranging between and and abundant rainfall. Major drainage basins include those of the Congo-Zaire, Nile, and Zambezi rivers, which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean, respectively.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Forests are dominant in the lowlands of the Congo-Zaire Basin, while grasslands and savannas are most common in the southern and eastern highlands. Temperatures in the lowlands average about . Around Lake Turkana, the climate is hot and very dry. A short rainy season in October is followed by a longer one from April to May.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The Western Rift Valley lakes are freshwater and home to an extraordinary number of endemic species. More than 1,500 cichlid fish species live in the lakes, as well as other fish families. The lakes are also important habitats for a number of amphibian species. Nile crocodiles are numerous. Mammals include elephants, gorillas and hippopotamus.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The Lake Turkana area is home to hundreds of species of birds endemic to Kenya. The flamingo wades in its shallows. The East African rift system also serves as a flyway for migrating birds, bringing in hundreds more. The birds are essentially supported by plankton masses in the lake, which also feed the fish there.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Vegetation ranges from rainforest to savanna grasses. In some lakes, rapidly growing invasive plants, like the surface-choking water hyacinth and shore-clogging papyrus, are problems. Water hyacinth have thus far affected only Lake Victoria.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Until 12 million years ago, the bountiful waters of the equatorial plateau either flowed west into the Congo River system or east to the Indian Ocean. Creation of the Great Rift Valley changed that. A rift is a weak place in Earth's crust due to the separation of two tectonic plates, often accompanied by a graben, or trough, in which lake water can collect. This rift began when East Africa, impelled by currents in the mantle, began separating from the rest of Africa, moving to the northeast. The basins that resulted from the geological uplifts filled with water that now flowed north.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Lake Victoria is not actually within the Rift Valley. It occupies a depression between the Eastern and Western Rifts, formed by the uplift of the rifts to either side.


title: African Great Lakes

text: Around two to three million years ago, Lake Turkana was larger and the area more fertile, making it a center for early hominids. Richard Leakey led numerous anthropological excavations in the area, which yielded many important discoveries of hominin remains. The two-million-year-old Skull 1470 was found in 1972. It was originally thought to be "Homo habilis", but some anthropologists have assigned it to a new species, "Homo rudolfensis", named after the lake (previously known as Lake Rudolf). In 1984, the Turkana Boy, a nearly complete skeleton of a "Homo erectus" boy was discovered. In 1999, a 3,500,000-year-old skull was discovered there, named "Kenyanthropus platyops", which means "The flat-faced man of Kenya".


title: African Great Lakes

text: Fishing—primarily of tilapia species but also of Nile perch—provides the main livelihood. With four Great Lakes on its borders, Uganda ranks as one of the world's largest producers of freshwater fish. The climate and rich volcanic soils in the highlands also sustain intensely cultivated croplands.


title: African Great Lakes

text: The economies of the Great Lakes region states have different structures and are at various stages of development. The GDP real growth rate ranges from 1.8 percent in Burundi to 4.4 in DRC. GDP per capita fluctuates between $600 in DRC and Burundi and $800 in Uganda.


title: Sven Botman

text: Sven Adriaan Botman (born 12 January 2000) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Newcastle United. He has represented the Netherlands at youth levels under-15 through under-21.


title: Sven Botman

text: On 23 June 2018, Botman made his debut for the senior team of Ajax in a friendly against VVSB. He made his Eerste Divisie debut for Jong Ajax on 17 August 2018 in a game against Roda JC Kerkrade.


title: Sven Botman

text: On 31 July 2020, Botman signed a five-year contract with Ligue 1 club Lille. The deal was worth approximately €8 to €9 million.


title: Sven Botman

text: On 28 June 2022, Botman signed for Premier League club Newcastle United on a five-year deal for €35 million.


title: Sven Botman

text: He has captained the Netherlands at under-21 level, as well as being called up to the senior Netherlands squad for the first time in November 2020. In October 2022, Botman was included in the preliminary squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: Harner was born in Elmira, New York and grew up in suburban Northern Virginia, where he saw a handful of plays at Washington, D.C.’s Arena Stage. His middle name Butler is his mother’s maiden name. He graduated from T. C. Williams High School, Alexandria, Virginia, in 1988. Although Harner was the president of his high school drama club, he spent his time building sets rather than acting since many of his relatives were carpenters or plumbers.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: At 17, after graduating from high school, he worked as an usher at the Eisenhower Theater, part of the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: He graduated from VCU with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting in 1992. After graduating from VCU, he was an apprentice at Actors Theatre of Louisville; he subsequently moved to New York City and received a Master of Fine Arts in the Graduate Acting Program from Tisch School of the Arts in 1997. Harner returned to VCU as a Master Teacher during their 2007-08 Guest Artist program.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: Harner completed filming for "Changeling" in December 2007. He played Gordon Stewart Northcott, a serial killer responsible for the Wineville Chicken Coop murders.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: He appeared in the HBO miniseries "John Adams" as Oliver Wolcott, Jr., the second United States Secretary of the Treasury. Harner had a guest role on the pilot for "Fringe", which premiered in September 2008 on Fox. He was cast as the regular character Silas Hunton on the cable series "Possible Side Effects", until Showtime cancelled the series in April 2008. He plays Associate Warden Elijah Bailey "E.B." Tiller on the Fox series "Alcatraz" which debuted in January 2012.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: He made his London theater debut in February 2010 in the Lanford Wilson play "Serenading Louie" at Donmar Warehouse, London, England. During his stay in London, Harner read Michael Chabon's "Manhood for Amateurs" on BBC "Book of the Week" in April 2010.


title: Jason Butler Harner

text: Harner narrates the audio book version of "Dark prophecy: a Level 26 thriller featuring Steve Dark", . The book is written by Anthony Zuiker and Duane Swierczynski.


title: Gia

text: Gia is a 1998 American biographical drama television film about the life and times of one of the first supermodels, Gia Carangi. The film stars Angelina Jolie as Gia and Faye Dunaway as Wilhelmina Cooper, with Mercedes Ruehl and Elizabeth Mitchell. It was directed by Michael Cristofer and written by Cristofer and Jay McInerney. The original music score was composed by Terence Blanchard.


title: Gia

text: Gia Carangi is a Philadelphia native who moves to New York City to become a fashion model, and immediately catches the attention of powerful agent Wilhelmina Cooper. Gia's attitude and beauty help her rise quickly to the forefront of the modeling industry, but her persistent loneliness, especially after the death of Wilhelmina, drives her to use mood-altering drugs such as cocaine and heroin.


title: Gia

text: She becomes entangled in a passionate affair with Linda, a make-up artist. Their love affair first starts when both pose nude for a photo shoot and make love afterward. Gia tries to get clean and begins taking methadone. However, Gia eventually starts using again, and Linda gives her an ultimatum. Gia chooses the drugs.


title: Gia

text: Failed attempts at reconciliation with Linda and with her mother, Kathleen, drive Gia back to heroin. Although she is eventually able to break her drug habit after much effort, she has already contracted HIV from intravenous drug use, which has progressed to AIDS. She spends the remainder of her life in the hospital.


title: Gia

text: "Gia" was generally well received by critics, with an approval rating of 92% based on reviews from 13 critics on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. "Kalamazoo Gazette" commented: "Jolie gives it her all in a thoroughly uninhibited and highly effective portrait of a woman living from thrill to thrill." Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars. Conversely, Film Freak Central gave the film only 1.5 out of 4 stars and commented: ""Gia" isn't hagiography, I'll give it that, but it "is" reductive to a fault."


title: Demigod

text: A demigod or demigoddess is a part-human and part-divine offspring of a deity and a human, or a human or non-human creature that is accorded divine status after death, or someone who has attained the "divine spark" (spiritual enlightenment). An immortal demigod(-dess) often has tutelary status and a religious cult following, while a mortal demigod(-dess) is one who has fallen or died, but is popular as a legendary hero in various polytheistic religions. Figuratively, it is used to describe a person whose talents or abilities are so superlative that they appear to approach being divine.


title: Demigod

text: The English term "demi-god" is a calque of the Latin word , "half-god". The Roman poet Ovid probably coined "semideus" to refer to less important gods, such as dryads.


title: Demigod

text: In the ancient Greek and Roman world, the concept of a demigod did not have a consistent definition and associated terminology rarely appeared.


title: Demigod

text: The earliest recorded use of the term occurs in texts attributed to the archaic Greek poets Homer and Hesiod. Both describe dead heroes as , or "half gods". In these cases, the word did not literally mean that these figures had one parent who was divine and one who was mortal. Instead, those who demonstrated "strength, power, good family, and good " were termed heroes, and after death they could be called "hemitheoi", a process that has been referred to as "heroization". Pindar also used the term frequently as a synonym for "hero".


title: Demigod

text: According to the Roman author Cassius Dio, the Roman Senate declared Julius Caesar a demigod after his 46 BCE victory at Thapsus. However, Dio was writing in the third century CE — centuries after the death of Caesar — and modern critics have cast doubt on whether the Senate really did this.


title: Demigod

text: The first Roman to employ the term "demigod" may have been the poet Ovid (17 or 18 CE), who used the Latin several times in reference to minor deities. The poet Lucan (39-65) also uses the term to speak of Pompey attaining divinity upon his death in 48 BCE. In later antiquity, the Roman writer Martianus Capella ( 410-420) proposed a hierarchy of gods as follows:


title: Demigod

text: The Celtic warrior Cú Chulainn, a major protagonist in the Irish national epic the "Táin Bo Cuailnge", ranks as a hero or as a demigod.


title: Demigod

text: In the immediate pre-Roman period, the celtic Gallaceian tribe in Portugal made powerful, large stone statues of deified local heroes, which stood on hill forts in the mountainous regions of - what is today - Northern Portugal and Galicia.


title: Demigod

text: In Hinduism, the term demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became "devas" (gods). There are two notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures:


title: Demigod

text: Nandi (the divine vehicle of Shiva), and Garuda (the divine steed of Vishnu). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are Madurai Veeran and Karuppu Sami.


title: Demigod

text: The heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the five Pandava brothers, fit the Western definition of demigods though they are generally not referred to as such. Queen Kunti, the wife of King Pandu, was given a mantra that, when recited, meant that one of the Gods would give her his child. When her husband was cursed to die if he ever engaged in sexual relations, Kunti used this mantra to provide her husband with children fathered by various deities. These children were Yudhishthira (child of Dharmaraj), Bhima (child of Vayu) and Arjuna (child of Indra). She taught this mantra to Madri, King Pandu's other wife, and she immaculately conceived twin boys named Nakula and Sahadeva (children of the Ashvins). Queen Kunti had previously conceived another son, Karna, when she had tested the mantra out. Despite her protests, Surya the sun god was compelled by the mantra to impregnate her. Bhishma is another figures who fits the western definition of demigod, as he was the son of king Shantanu and Goddess Ganga.


title: Demigod

text: The Vaishnavites (who often translate deva as "demigod") cite various verses that speak of the devas' subordinate status. For example, the Rig Veda (1.22.20) reads, ""oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ"", which translates to, "All the suras [i.e., the devas] look always toward the feet of Lord Vishnu". Similarly, in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the concluding verses, read, "The Rishis [great sages], the ancestors, the devas, the great elements, in fact, all things moving and unmoving constituting this universe, have originated from Narayana," (i.e., Vishnu). Thus the Devas are stated to be subordinate to Vishnu, or God.


title: Demigod

text: A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) translates the Sanskrit word "deva" as "demigod" in his literature when the term referred to a God other than the Supreme Lord. This is because the ISKCON tradition teaches that there is only one Supreme Lord and that all others are but His servants. In an effort to emphasize their subservience, Prabhupada uses the word "demigod" as a translation of "deva". However, there are at least three occurrences in the eleventh chapter of Bhagavad-Gita where the word "deva," used in reference to Lord Krishna, is translated as "Lord". The word "deva" can be used to refer to the Supreme Lord, celestial beings, and saintly souls depending on the context. This is similar to the word "Bhagavan", which is translated according to different contexts.


title: Demigod

text: Among the demigods in Chinese mythology, Erlang Shen and Chen Xiang are most prominent. In the Journey to the West, the Jade Emperor's younger sister Yaoji is mentioned to have descended to the mortal realm and given birth to a child named Yang Jian. He would eventually grow up to become a deity himself known as Erlang Shen.


title: Demigod

text: Chen Xiang is nephew of Erlang Shen, birth by his younger sister Huayue Sanniang who married with a mortal scholar.


title: Demigod

text: Abe no Seimei, a famous onmyōji from the Heian period was supposed to be one. His father, Abe no Yasuna (安倍 保名), was human. Still, his mother Kuzunoha, was a Kitsune, a divine fox, being this the origin of Abe no Seimei's magical prowress.


title: Demigod

text: In the indigenous religions originating from the Philippines, collectively called Anitism, demigods abound in various ethnic stories. Many of these demigods equal major gods and goddesses in power and influence. Notable examples include Mayari, the Tagalog moon goddess who governs the world every night, Tala, the Tagalog star goddess, Hanan, the Tagalog morning goddess, Apo Anno, a Kankanaey demigod hero, Oryol, a Bicolano half-snake demi-goddess who brought peace to the land after defeating all beasts in Ibalon, Laon, a Hiligaynon demigod who can talk to animals and defeated the mad dragon at Mount Kanlaon, Ovug, an Ifugao thunder and lightning demigod who has separate animations in both the upper and earth worlds, Takyayen, a Tinguian demigod and son of the star goddess Gagayoma, and the three Suludnon demigod sons of Alunsina, namely Labaw Dongon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap.


title: Demigod

text: The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of and daemon. Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability. John Milton states in "Paradise Lost" that angels are demigods.


title: Demigod

text: In "Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series", based on the 1997 film, while the title character was only referred to as a mortal in the film, he was referred to as a demigod in the series. He also had cousins appear in the series, like Triton, the son of Poseidon.


title: Demigod

text: In "Inuyasha" franchise, the Nintendo DS video game "", in the Heian period, a human named Tsugumi and fell in love with a god named Datara and gave birth to a demigod daughter. After Tsugumi killed her child from the hands of Gorai and the demon mask have been put on her husband as she sealed him by using the Lightning Sealing Arrow during the interruption of Tsugumi's and Datara's wedding ceremony in 1000 AD, it reincarnated to American girl named Janis. In "", in the Sengoku period, a human named Oharu who fell in love with a god named Mahiruma and gave birth to a demigod son named Goro.


title: Demigod

text: In "The Mummy Returns", a man named Mathayus the Scorpion King have been nearly dead in the Sahara Desert, and he was forced to make a deal with Anubis, where he would give Anubis his soul if Anubis helped him defeat his enemies. Anubis fulfilled his part of the deal and helped Mathayus destroy Thebes, providing him with command of his army of Anubis Warriors, jackal-headed warriors that can only be killed by beheading. Afterwards Anubis transformed Mathayus into a centaurid scorpion-monster possessing a humanoid head and torso with scorpion claws and main body in place of his hands and legs, condemned to serve him for all time as a demigod.


title: Demigod

text: Demigods are important figures in Rick Riordan's "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" books, in which many of the characters, including the titular character himself, are demigods. In Riordan's work, a demigod is defined as an individual born of one human and one divine parent.


title: Demigod

text: In "Moana" the 2016 film, Maui have been abandoned by his human parents as a baby, the gods took pity on him and made him a demigod and gave him a magic fish hook that gives him the ability to shape-shift. In the song "Shiny" composed by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Mark Mancina, Tamatoa called Maui "Ya little semi-demi-mini-god".


title: TARDIS

text: The TARDIS (; acronym for "Time And Relative Dimension In Space") is a fictional hybrid of the time machine and spacecraft that appears in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who" and its various spin-offs. Its exterior appearance mimics a police box, an obsolete type of telephone kiosk that was once commonly seen on streets in Britain. Paradoxically, its interior is shown as being much larger than its exterior, commonly described as being "bigger on the inside".


title: TARDIS

text: Due to the significance of "Doctor Who" in popular British culture, the shape of the police box is now more strongly associated with the TARDIS than its real-world inspiration. The name and design of the TARDIS is a registered trademark of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), despite the fact that the design was originally created by the Metropolitan Police Service.


title: TARDIS

text: TARDIS is an acronym of "Time And Relative Dimension(s) in Space". The word "Dimension" is alternatively rendered in the plural. The acronym was explained in the first episode of the show, "An Unearthly Child" (1963), in which the Doctor's granddaughter claims to have made it up herself.


title: TARDIS

text: Generally, "TARDIS" is written in all uppercase letters, but may also be written in title case as "Tardis". The word "Tardis" first appeared in print in the Christmas 1963 edition of "Radio Times", which refers to "the space-time ship "Tardis"", and this publication has often italicised it to connote a ship's name.


title: TARDIS

text: In the fictional universe of the "Doctor Who" television show, TARDISes are space and time-travel vehicles of the Time Lords, beings from the planet Gallifrey. Although many TARDISes exist and are sometimes seen on-screen, the television show mainly features a single TARDIS used by the show's protagonist, a Time Lord who goes by the name of the Doctor.


title: TARDIS

text: TARDISes are built with a "chameleon circuit", a type of camouflage technology that changes the exterior form of the ship to blend into the environment of whatever time or place it lands in. The Doctor's TARDIS always resembles a 1960s London police box, an object that was very common in Britain at the time of the show's first broadcast. Owing to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit after the events of the first episode of the show, "An Unearthly Child", the Doctor's TARDIS is stuck in the same disguise for a long period. The Doctor has attempted to repair the chameleon circuit, unsuccessfully in "Logopolis" (1981) and with only temporary success in "Attack of the Cybermen" (1985). In the 2005 television story "Boom Town", the Doctor reveals that he has stopped trying to repair the circuit as he has become fond of its appearance. The other TARDISes that appear in the series have chameleon circuits that are fully functional.


title: TARDIS

text: While the exterior is of limited size, the TARDIS is famously "bigger on the inside". Behind the police box doors lies a large control room, at the centre of which is a hexagonal console for operating the TARDIS. In the middle of the console is a moving tubular device called a time rotor. The presence of a physically larger space contained within the police box is explained as "dimensionally transcendental", with the interior being a whole separate dimension containing an infinite number of rooms, corridors and storage spaces, all of which can change their appearance and configuration.


title: TARDIS

text: The TARDIS also allows the Doctor and others to communicate with people who speak languages other than their own. The “translation circuit” (occasionally called the “translation matrix”) was first explored in "The Masque of Mandragora" (1976), as the Doctor explained to his companion, Sarah, "Well, I’ve taken you to some strange places before and you’ve never asked how you understood the local language. It’s a Time Lord’s gift I allow you to share. But tonight when you asked me how you understood Italian, I realized your mind had been taken over.” The translation circuit has also been explored in comparison with real-world machine translation, with researchers Mark Halley and Lynne Bowker concluding that "when it comes to the science of translation technology, "Doctor Who" gets it wrong more often than it gets it right. However, perhaps we can forgive the artistic license if we recognize that, as in other science fiction works, the presentation of some type of ubiquitous translation tool is necessary to explain to the audience how people from other countries, time periods, and even other worlds, can understand each other and indeed appear to speak (mostly) flawless English."


title: TARDIS

text: When "Doctor Who" was being developed in 1963 the production staff discussed what the Doctor's time machine would look like. To keep the design within budget it was decided to make the outside resemble a police telephone box, a common piece of street furniture that had originally been designed in the 1920s by the Scottish architect Gilbert Mackenzie Trench. The idea for the police-box disguise came from a BBC staff writer, Anthony Coburn, who rewrote the programme's first episode from a draft by C. E. Webber. While there is no known precedent for this notion, a November 1960 episode of the popular radio comedy show Beyond our Ken included a sketch featuring a time machine described as "a long police box".


title: TARDIS

text: The concept of a cloaking mechanism (later referred to as the "chameleon circuit") was devised to explain this. In the first episode, "An Unearthly Child" (1963), the TARDIS is first seen hidden in a London scrapyard in 1963, and after travelling back in time ("The Cave of Skulls") to the Paleolithic Era, the police box exterior persists. In a subsequent story, "The Time Meddler" (1965), the First Doctor explains that the TARDIS should automatically adopt a disguise, such as a howdah (a carrier on the back of an Indian elephant in the Indian Mutiny) or a rock on a beach.


title: TARDIS

text: Accounts differ as to the origin of the police box prop. While the BBC asserts that it was constructed specially for "Doctor Who", it has been claimed that the box was a reused prop from the BBC television police dramas "Z-Cars" or "Dixon of Dock Green" (a claim later repeated by "Doctor Who" producer Steven Moffat).


title: TARDIS

text: The dimensions and colour of the TARDIS police box props used in the series have changed many times, as a result of damage and the requirements of the show, and none of the BBC props has been a faithful replica of the original MacKenzie Trench model. Numerous details have been altered over time, including the shape of the roof, the signage, the shade of blue paint, the presence of a St John Ambulance emblem and the overall height of the box. The original prop remained in use for around 13 years until it collapsed — reportedly on Elisabeth Sladen's head. A new prop was introduced for "The Masque of Mandragora" in 1976, and there have been at least six versions in total. The evolution of the prop design was referenced on-screen in the episode "Blink" (2007), when the character Detective Inspector Shipton says the TARDIS "isn't a real [police box]. The phone's just a dummy, and the windows are the wrong size."


title: TARDIS

text: The TARDIS console room was designed for the first episode by set designer Peter Brachacki and was unusually large for a BBC production of this time. It was noted for its innovative, gleaming white "futuristic" appearance.


title: TARDIS

text: Like the police box prop, the set design of the TARDIS interior has evolved over the years. From the inception of the show in 1963 up until the end of the "classic series" in 1989, the design of the TARDIS console room remained largely unchanged from Brachacki's original set, a brightly lit white chamber, lined with a pattern of roundels on the walls and with a central hexagonal console which contained a cylindrical "time rotor" that moved when the TARDIS was in transit. Numerous alterations were made to the central console and to the layout, but the overall concept remained constant. In Season 14 (1976-77), a dark wood-panelled "Control Room Number 2" was briefly used for a few episodes, but the white console room set was reinstated in Season 15, due to damage to the set. After the cancellation of the television show, a radically redesigned TARDIS set was used in the 1996 TV movie, heralding a move to a more steampunk-inspired set design, which later influenced the set design in the revived series from 2005 onwards.


title: TARDIS

text: The production team conceived of the TARDIS travelling by dematerialising at one point and rematerialising elsewhere, although sometimes in the series it is shown also to be capable of conventional space travel. In the 2006 Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride", the Doctor remarks that for a spaceship, the TARDIS does remarkably little flying. The ability to travel simply by fading into and out of different locations became one of the trademarks of the show, allowing for a great deal of versatility in setting and storytelling without a large expense in special effects. The distinctive accompanying sound effect — a cyclic wheezing, groaning noise — was originally created in the BBC Radiophonic Workshop by sound technician Brian Hodgson by recording on tape the sound of his mother's house key scraping up and down the strings of an old piano. Hodgson then re-recorded the sound by changing the tape speed up and down and splicing the altered sounds together. When employed in the series, the sound is usually synchronised with the flashing light on top of the police box, or the fade-in and fade-out effects of a TARDIS (see "Controls" below). Writer Patrick Ness has described the ship's distinctive dematerialisation noise as "a kind of haunted grinding sound", while the "Doctor Who Magazine" comic strips traditionally use the onomatopoeic phrase "vworp vworp vworp".


title: TARDIS

text: The sound of the Doctor's TARDIS featured in the final scene of the "Torchwood" episode "End of Days" (2007). As Torchwood Three's hub is situated at a rift of temporal energy, the Doctor often appears on Roald Dahl Plass directly above it in order to recharge the TARDIS. In the episode, Jack Harkness hears the tell-tale sound of the engines, smiles and afterwards is nowhere to be found; the scene picks up in the cold open of the "Doctor Who" episode "Utopia" (2007) in which Jack runs to and holds onto the TARDIS just before it disappears.


title: TARDIS

text: Former companion Sarah Jane Smith has a diagram of the TARDIS in her attic, as shown in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" episode "Invasion of the Bane" (2007). In the two-part serial "The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith" (2008), Sarah Jane becomes trapped in 1951 and briefly mistakes an actual police public call box for the Doctor's TARDIS (the moment is even heralded by the Doctor's musical cue, frequently used in the revived series). It makes a full appearance in "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith" (2009), in which the Doctor briefly welcomes Sarah Jane's three adolescent companions into the control room. It then serves as a backdrop for the farewell scene between Sarah Jane and the Tenth Doctor, which echoed nearly word-for-word her final exchange with the Fourth Doctor aboard the TARDIS in 1976. It reappears in "Death of the Doctor" (2010), where it is stolen by the Shansheeth who try to use it as an immortality machine, and transports Sarah Jane, Jo Grant and their adolescent companions (Rani Chandra, Clyde Langer and Santiago Jones).


title: TARDIS

text: The TARDIS appears in the two film productions, "Dr. Who and the Daleks" (1965) and "Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D." (1966). In both films the Doctor, played by Peter Cushing, is an eccentric scientist who invented the TARDIS himself.


title: TARDIS

text: As one of the most recognisable images connected with "Doctor Who", the TARDIS has appeared on numerous items of merchandise associated with the programme. TARDIS scale models of various sizes have been manufactured to accompany other "Doctor Who" dolls and action figures, some with sound effects included. Fan-built full-size models of the police box are also common. There have been TARDIS-shaped video games, play tents for children, toy boxes, cookie jars, book ends, key chains, and even a police-box-shaped bottle for a TARDIS bubble bath. The 1993 VHS release of "The Trial of a Time Lord" was contained in a special-edition tin shaped like the TARDIS.


title: TARDIS

text: With the 2005 series revival, a variety of TARDIS-shaped merchandise has been produced, including a TARDIS coin box, TARDIS figure toy set, a TARDIS that detects the ring signal from a mobile phone and flashes when an incoming call is detected, TARDIS-shaped wardrobes and DVD cabinets, and a USB hub in the shape of the TARDIS. The complete 2005 season DVD box set, released in November 2005, was issued in packaging that resembled the TARDIS.


title: TARDIS

text: One of the original-model TARDISes used in the television series' production in the 1970s was sold at auction in December 2005 for £10,800.


title: TARDIS

text: In 1996 the BBC applied to the UK Intellectual Property Office to register the TARDIS as a trademark. This was challenged by the Metropolitan Police, who felt that they owned the rights to the police box image. However, the Patent Office found that there was no evidence that the Metropolitan Police – or any other police force – had ever registered the image as a trademark. In addition, the BBC had been selling merchandise based on the image for over three decades without complaint by the police. The Patent Office issued a ruling in favour of the BBC in 2002.


title: TARDIS

text: A number of legacy police boxes are still standing on streets around the United Kingdom. Although now no longer used for their original function, many have been repurposed as coffee kiosks, and are often affectionately referred to as TARDISes. A police box in the Somerton area of Newport in South Wales is known as the Somerton TARDIS.


title: TARDIS

text: An asteroid discovered in 1984 by astronomer Brian A. Skiff was named 3325 TARDIS on account of its cuboid appearance. A number of geological features on Charon, the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto, have been named after mythological or fictional vessels, and one is named the Tardis Chasma.


title: TARDIS

text: A data storage manufacturer called tarDISK markets a flash memory drive for Apple MacBook which it claims is "bigger on the inside". They also claim native integration with Apple's Time Machine backup software.


title: TARDIS

text: In music, The KLF (performing as "The Timelords") released a novelty pop single in 1988 entitled "Doctorin' the Tardis". The record reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and had chart success worldwide. It was a reworking of several songs (principally Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll Part 2", The Sweet's "Block Buster!" and the "Doctor Who" theme music) with lyrics referencing "Doctor Who", specifically the TARDIS. In 2007, the British rock band Radiohead included the song "Up on the Ladder" on their album "In Rainbows" which begins with the line "I'm stuck in the TARDIS".


title: TARDIS

text: In 2001, Turner Prize-winning artist Mark Wallinger created a piece or artwork entitled "Time and Relative Dimensions in Space" that is structurally a police box shape faced with mirrors. The BBC website describes it as "recent proof of [the TARDIS'] enduring legacy".


title: TARDIS

text: In July 2014, the Monty Python comedy troupe opened their reunion show, "Monty Python Live (Mostly)", with a trademark animation featuring the Tardis – dubbed the "retardis" – flying through space before the Pythons came on stage.


title: TARDIS

text: In film, the TARDIS makes a cameo appearance in a number of productions, including "Iron Sky" (2012) and (2019). The TARDIS has also featured within the gameplay of a number of popular video games, including Lego Dimensions and "".


title: TARDIS

text: Other references to the TARDIS have included a $2 silver commemorative coin depicting the TARDIS, issued on Niue Island in the South Pacific Ocean by the Perth Mint to mark the 50th anniversary of the "Doctor Who" television show; and Tardis Environmental, a British sewage company, in reference to the similarity of their portable toilets to a police box.


title: The Getaway (Red Hot Chili Peppers album)

text: The Getaway is the eleventh studio album by American, rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, released through Warner Bros. on June 17, 2016. The band's first studio album since 2011's "I'm with You", it was produced by Danger Mouse, who replaced Rick Rubin after 25 years and six albums as the band's producer. This is the band's second and final album with guitarist Josh Klinghoffer before the return of John Frusciante in 2019, with Rubin also returning soon thereafter.


text: "The Getaway" made its debut at number one in ten different countries while reaching number two in the band's home country of the United States along with the United Kingdom and Canada. The album received generally favorable reviews.


text: The album was preceded by the first single "Dark Necessities" on May 5, 2016. "Go Robot" was released as the album's second single on September 8, 2016, peaking at number 12 on the Alternative Songs Chart, while "Sick Love" was released as the third single on December 4, 2016; however, it failed to chart. "Goodbye Angels" was released as the album's fourth and final single on April 4, 2017. The album's title track received radio airplay in the UK despite never being released as an official single.


text: Production began in 2014, but the project was delayed for eight months due to bassist Flea suffering a broken arm sustained while snowboarding. Vocalist Anthony Kiedis said:


text: We had an unusually difficult experience making this record, where we wrote 20 to 30 songs and it was all ready to go and we thought it was happening, and then Flea went snowboarding and broke his arm real bad, which was a bit of a setback... So we re-thought everything and then we didn’t have a producer and we were just sort of lost in space with all these songs. And lo and behold it was meant to be, as these things can be, and when all the dust settled Brian Burton, aka Danger Mouse, emerged and said, "Let's go make a record". We were like "Great, we have all these songs" and he was like "Leave those there, let's go write new songs in the studio." Initially there was an affinity and a marriage to all these other songs, but the only way that we saw this working was to have trust in him and get rid of our old ideas and our old way of doing things and say "If this is going to work, we just have to throw ourselves off the cliff and see what happens".


text: Chad Smith, in a May 17, 2016 radio interview, said the band loved Rick Rubin but wanted to work with someone different this time; that it was important to change producers and be inspired in a different way. Josh Klinghoffer would say in early 2020 after his departure that creative and personal differences between him and Rick Rubin during the recording of "I'm With You" led him to choose another producer for "The Getaway".


text: Smith also said "We Turn Red" was one of his favorite songs and that "Go Robot", a funky song he also loves, might be a single. In an interview with Pearl Jam's Mike McCready, recorded late April 2016 and aired on Sirius XM May 18, 2016, Flea revealed that "Go Robot" was going to be the first single and described the song as a funny, funky, up-tempo jam and inspired by the Prince song "Controversy". In that same interview, Smith said that Josh Klinghoffer plays bass on "The Hunter" and that it was the only song on the album that Flea did not play on. Smith described Klinghoffer's playing as sounding like Paul McCartney.