title: Survival game

text: In some games, the world is generated randomly so that the player must actively search for food and weapons, often provided with visual and auditory cues of the types of resources that may be found nearby. The player character typically has a health bar and will take damage from falling, starving, drowning, contact with fire or harmful substances, and attacks by monsters that inhabit the world. Other metrics related to the player-character's vulnerability to the game world may also come into play. For example, the survival game, "Don't Starve", features a separate hunger gauge and a sanity meter, which will cause the death of the character if allowed to deplete. Character death may not be the end of the game, however – the player may be able to respawn and return to the game location at which their character died in order to retrieve lost equipment. Other survival games use permadeath: the character has one life, and dying requires that the game be restarted. While many survival games are aimed at constantly putting the player at risk from hostile creatures or the environment, others may downplay the amount of danger the player faces and instead encourage more open-world gameplay, where player character death can still occur if the player is not careful or properly equipped.


title: Survival game

text: Survival games are almost always playable as a single-player game, but many games have been designed to be played in multiplayer, with game servers hosting the persistent world that players can connect to. The open-ended nature of these games encourages players to work together to survive against the elements and other threats that the game may pose. When there are no opposing players within the same world, this dynamic is often referred to as player versus environment or PvE, whereas when opposing players are present within the same world, it is known as player versus player or PvP. This generally leads to players forming alliances, constructing fortified structures and working together to protect themselves from both the dangers presented by the game's world and the other players' characters.


title: Survival game

text: Many survival games feature crafting; by combining two or more resources, the player can make a new object, which can be used for further crafting. Other games can use just one resource to make another, like "Subnautica". This enables gameplay where the player collects resources to craft new tools, which in turn allow them to obtain better resources, which can then, again, be used to obtain better tools and weapons.


title: Survival game

text: A common example is the creation of pick-axes of various levels of hardness: wooden pick-axes may allow stone to be mined but not metallic ores; however, a pick-axe made from collected stone can be used to mine these metallic ores. The same concept applies to weapons and armor, with better offensive and defense bonuses provided by items made from materials which are more difficult to acquire. The crafting system often includes durability factors for tools and weapons, causing the tool to break after a certain amount of usage. Crafting systems may not give the player the necessary recipes for crafting, requiring for them to be learned through experimentation or from game guides.


title: Survival game

text: There is rarely a winning condition for survival games: the challenge is to last as long as possible, though some games set a goal for survival time. As such, there is rarely any significant story in these games beyond establishing the reason why the player character has found themselves in the survival situation. Some survival games provide quests, which help the player learn the game's mechanics and lead them to more dangerous areas, where better resources can be found. Because of the open-world nature and crafting systems, some games allow for user-made structures to be built. "Minecraft", for example, allows players to place blocks to construct crude shelters for protection, but as they gather more resources and readily survive, players can create massive structures from the game's building blocks, often modeling real-world and fictional buildings. Survival games typically feature non-replenishing resources, though the player can take steps to allow new resources to generate. For example, in "Terraria", chopping down a tree will eliminate that tree, but the player can replant seeds, allowing new trees to grow.


title: Survival game

text: Many survival games are presented in the first-person perspective to help immerse the player in the game. Other titles use other methods of presentation: games like "Terraria" and "Starbound" are presented in two-dimensional side views, while "Don't Starve" uses sprites rendered in a three-dimensional isometric projection. Furthermore, while survival games are considered action games, there are other genres that feature the survival theme, such as the turn-based role-playing games "Dead State" and "NEO Scavenger", and the story-driven first-person shooter series "S.T.A.L.K.E.R.". Survival mechanics, particularly resource gathering, hunting, and crafting, have also been incorporated into games in other genres, such as 2013's "Tomb Raider" and the "Far Cry" series.


title: Survival game

text: In a general sense, survival elements have been around since the beginning of the video game industry. The basic concept of survival can be found in sports video games (as early as "Pong" in 1972), fighting games and adventure games, while survival scenarios can be found in classic arcade action games (such as "Space Invaders" in 1978 and "Pac-Man" in 1980) and survival horror games (such as "Resident Evil" in 1996). A more specific modern survival game genre began to emerge in the 1990s, but was not clearly defined until the early 21st century.


title: Survival game

text: An early example of the survival game genre is "UnReal World", which was created by Sami Maaranen in 1992 and is still in active development. The rogue-like game used ASCII graphics and placed the player in the harsh conditions of Finland during the Iron Age. Unlike traditional Roguelike games, where there was a goal to reach, "UnReal World"s only goal was to survive as long as possible against wild creatures and the dangers that the snowy weather created. Another early example of the survival game genre is the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game "SOS", released by Human Entertainment in 1993.


title: Survival game

text: "Wurm Online" contains elements that have ultimately influenced a number of survival games. Being a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), the game sets players as characters in a medieval setting, allows them to terraform the land, create buildings, and effectively develop their own kingdoms. Rolf Jansson and Markus Persson began the initial development of the game in 2003, and although Persson left around 2007, the game is still in active development. Persson became instrumental in developing "Minecraft", which many consider to have popularised the survival game genre. From its initial public release in 2009, "Minecraft" focuses on resource-gathering and crafting in a procedurally-generated world, and requires the player to defend themselves during night cycles while gathering resources at other times.


title: Survival game

text: Another key title in the survival genre was "DayZ". It was originally released as a mod for "ARMA 2" in 2012, but was later released as a standalone game, making over $5 million in one day once it became available. The game sets the players in the aftermath of a zombie apocalypse, where they must avoid hordes of zombies while scavenging through the remains of human civilization for resources. As a result of the financial success of "Minecraft" and "DayZ", numerous titles of the survival genre were released from 2012 onward. Some believe that the market has become saturated with titles based on the same post-apocalyptic setting, clones of more popular titles, and titles released as a quick attempt to make money using early access models. The research firm SuperData estimated that survival games brought in over $400 million in revenue over the first six months of 2017, making the genre one of the largest markets in the video game industry.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Desmond Demond Bryant (born November 4, 1988) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Oklahoma State, where he earned All-American honors in 2008. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft, where he earned three Pro Bowl berths and was named an All-Pro in 2014.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Desmond Demond Bryant was born on Galveston Island at The University of Texas Medical Branch on November 4, 1988. He and his family later moved to Lufkin, Texas, where he attended Lufkin High School. While at Lufkin High School, he played high school football for the Panthers football team. As a junior, he caught 48 passes for 1,025 yards and 16 touchdowns. Bryant led Lufkin to a 14–1 record, including an appearance in the 5A Division II state semifinals, where they lost 46–28 to Todd Dodge's Southlake Carroll. In his senior year, Bryant had 53 receptions for 1,207 yards with 21 touchdowns, and was an All-State selection. Lufkin finished the season with an 11–1 record, after losing 38–25 to Round Rock in the area round of the playoffs. After the season, Bryant participated in the Offense-Defense All-American Bowl. He was named an All-American by "Parade" and SuperPrep.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant competed in track and field and was one of the state's top competitors in the triple jump (top-jump of 14.17 m). As a standout hurdler, he had personal bests of 14.56 seconds in the 110-m hurdles and 40.70 seconds in the 300-m hurdles. He was also a member of the 4 × 100-m (42.62) and 4 × 200-m (1:28.35) relay squads.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Bryant was listed as the no. 9 wide receiver prospect in the class of 2007, and the second from Texas behind only Terrence Toliver. Recruited by numerous major programs, including most Big 12 schools, Bryant took official visits to Texas A&M, Oklahoma State, and Texas Tech, before committing to the Cowboys on January 29, 2007.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant attended Oklahoma State University from 2007 to 2009 and was a member of the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team coached by Mike Gundy.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On September 1, Bryant made his collegiate debut against Georgia and had one reception for seven yards in the 35–14 loss. On September 22, against Texas Tech, he had five receptions for 51 receiving yards and his first collegiate receiving touchdown, a five-yard reception from Zac Robinson, in the 49–45 victory. On October 20 against Kansas State, he had three receptions for 37 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 41–39 victory. On November 10, against Kansas, he set a school record for receiving yards in a game by a freshman with 155 in the 43–28 loss. In the 2007 Insight Bowl, he recorded nine receptions for 117 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in a 49–33 win against the Indiana Hoosiers. As a freshman in 2007, he finished second on the team with 43 receptions for 622 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns in 12 games.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On September 6, against Houston, he had nine receptions for 236 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns to go along with a punt return touchdown in the 56–37 victory. On September 27, against Troy, he had six receptions for 118 yards and three receiving touchdowns in the 55–24 victory. In the next game, against Texas A&M, he had 106 receiving yards, three receiving touchdowns, and a punt return touchdown in the 56–28 victory. On October 18, against Baylor, he had 11 receptions for 212 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 34–6 victory. On November 1, against Iowa State, he had nine receptions for 171 yards and four receiving touchdowns in the 59–17 victory. On November 29, against Oklahoma, he had six receptions for 91 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 61–41 loss. On December 30, against Oregon in the 2008 Holiday Bowl, he had 13 receptions for 167 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 42–31 loss. He finished the 2008 season with 87 receptions for 1,480 receiving yards and 19 receiving touchdowns, including two punt returns for touchdowns.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant was ruled ineligible for the rest of the 2009 season on October 7 for violating an NCAA bylaw. He failed to fully disclose his interaction with Deion Sanders, a former NFL player, to the NCAA. He was considered the best wide receiver in 2009 and a possible Heisman Trophy contender before the suspension. In three games, he finished with 323 receiving yards, four receiving touchdowns, and a punt return touchdown.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On November 5, 2009, Bryant announced his intentions to enter the 2010 NFL Draft. He was widely believed to be the best wide receiver available. If he slipped by the Broncos, Bryant was projected to fall no lower than the 27th pick to the Dallas Cowboys. After dropping because of character concerns, the Cowboys traded up with the New England Patriots, moving from the 27th to the 24th position to select Bryant. For the move, the team sent a third-round draft choice, which was the 90th overall pick, while receiving the Patriots' fourth-round draft choice, which was the 119th overall pick.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant was signed by the Cowboys to a contract very similar to that of Vikings' wide receiver Percy Harvin (five years, $12.05 million, roughly $8.4 million guaranteed) on July 22, 2010. On July 23, 2010, it was announced that Bryant would wear the #88 jersey, the same as Hall of Famer Michael Irvin, and Cowboys legend Drew Pearson.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On September 12, Bryant made his NFL debut against the Washington Redskins and had eight receptions for 56 yards. His eight receptions in his NFL debut set a franchise record for most in a player's first game. In the next game, he had a punt return touchdown in the 27–20 loss to the Chicago Bears. On October 17, Bryant caught his first NFL touchdown catch, on a 31-yard pass from Tony Romo. The Cowboys ended up losing that game 24–21. In a "Monday Night Football" game against the New York Giants, at Cowboys Stadium on October 25, 2010, Bryant caught four passes for 54 yards, two of them for touchdowns, and returned a punt 93 yards for a touchdown, making the longest Cowboys' punt return since Dennis Morgan's 98-yard return during the 1974 NFL season. With that performance, Bryant became the youngest wide receiver in franchise history to total three touchdowns in a single game, breaking Michael Irvin's mark in 1988. On November 15, Bryant caught three passes for 104 yards and one touchdown, to become the first Cowboys rookie with a 100+ yard game since Antonio Bryant in 2002. During the fourth quarter of the Cowboys' 38–35 victory over the Indianapolis Colts, Bryant went down with a fractured ankle. Indianapolis' Kavell Conner held onto Bryant's leg while tackling him on a kickoff return, and the Cowboys immediately took Bryant to the locker room. He was placed on the injured reserve list and had surgery on the fractured ankle. He left the game with one catch for 14 yards and a 35.7-yard average on three kickoff returns.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant finished his rookie season with 45 receptions for 561 yards and six receiving touchdowns. Bryant became the first Cowboys rookie to have multiple punt returns for a touchdown in the same season since Kevin Williams in 1993. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team for the 2010 season.


title: Dez Bryant

text: In the 2011 season, Bryant finished the season with 63 receptions for 928 yards and nine touchdowns, finishing second on the team in all those categories, and handled some punt return duties.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant had four receptions for 85 yards in a 24–17 win against the New York Giants in the season opener, which was a rare game played on a Wednesday. In the Week 4, 34–18 loss to the Chicago Bears, Bryant had eight receptions for 105 yards. After the Week 5 bye, Bryant caught his first two touchdowns of the season, while setting his career-high 13 receptions in a Week 6 game against the Baltimore Ravens. With 32 seconds remaining in the game, Bryant caught a touchdown pass from quarterback Tony Romo to bring the score to 31–29. Following a failed two-point conversion, Dallas recovered an onside kick to give the offense one last opportunity to win the game. Kicker Dan Bailey attempted a 51-yard field goal, but it sailed wide left to end the game with a Cowboys' loss. Throughout September and October, Bryant was being criticized in the media for dropping balls, fumbles and running poor routes, but he started to live up to his potential in a Week 8 game against the New York Giants, when he registered 110 yards on only five catches, and almost came up with a last-minute Hail Mary touchdown, but it was reversed because his hand was ruled out of bounds. In Week 11 against the Cleveland Browns, Bryant had 12 catches for a then-career-high 145 yards. In Week 12, against the Washington Redskins, he head eight receptions for 145 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 38–31 loss. Against the New Orleans Saints in a Week 16 loss, he had the best game of his career to that point, with nine receptions for a career-high 224 yards and two touchdowns. He tied the franchise record for most consecutive games, with seven, with at least a touchdown reception, which is shared with Franklin Clarke (1961–1962), Bob Hayes (1965–1966), and Terrell Owens (2007). His 224 receiving yards were the fourth most in franchise history for a single game at the time.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant finished the 2012 season with 92 receptions for 1,382 yards and 12 touchdowns; these ranked 10th, sixth, and third, respectively, among all receivers. He tied the franchise record for most consecutive games, with seven, with at least a touchdown reception, which is shared with Franklin Clarke, Bob Hayes, and Terrell Owens. In addition, he set a franchise record for most games in a single season with multiple receiving touchdowns with four, breaking a mark which was tied with Clarke, Hayes, and Owens.


title: Dez Bryant

text: He suffered from several injuries throughout the second half of the season. He injured his finger in early December, opting to play through the injury for the duration of the season, saying that opponents would "have to break my leg to keep me out." He left in the fourth quarter of the final game of the season against the Redskins with a back injury. Head coach Jason Garrett stated after the game that Bryant "could barely walk", with the injury. He was ranked 35th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Dez Bryant

text: In Week 2, Bryant had nine receptions for 141 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 17–16 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. In a Week 5, 51–48 shootout loss to the Denver Broncos, Bryant had six receptions for 141 yards and two touchdowns. On October 20, he had eight receptions for 110 yards in a 17–3 win over the Philadelphia Eagles. In the next game, a 31–30 loss to the Detroit Lions, he had 72 receiving yards and two touchdowns. In a narrow Week 15 37–36 loss to the Green Bay Packers, Bryant finished with a season-high 11 catches for 153 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. The Cowboys ended up going 8–8 and missed the playoffs.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant started all 16 games and finished the season with 93 catches and 13 touchdowns, both career highs, and 1,233 receiving yards. These ranked eighth in catches, 13th in yards, and third in touchdowns, respectively, among all receivers. Bryant went to his first Pro Bowl. He was ranked 25th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Entering the final year of his rookie contract, Bryant managed to improve and had the most productive year of his career. He caught 88 passes for 1,320 yards and 16 touchdowns, the latter of which led the NFL and broke Terrell Owens' franchise record of 15 touchdown receptions. As a result, he was selected for his second consecutive Pro-Bowl appearance and was chosen as first-team All-Pro.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant caught five passes for 55 yards while the Cowboys were beaten at home in Week 1 by the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 28–17. However, over the next six weeks, the offense improved as they won six straight games and Bryant was dominant over the stretch, catching 41 passes for 535 yards and four touchdowns.


title: Dez Bryant

text: During Week 8 against the Washington Redskins, Tony Romo was injured and forced to miss a good portion of the game (he later returned to finish the game). As a result, the Cowboys' offense, with Brandon Weeden under center, struggled and Bryant's production decreased as a direct result. Romo missed the following week with an injured transverse process, and the Cowboys were beaten by the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 28–17. Bryant had five catches for 45 yards and two touchdowns during this stretch. Romo returned the following week against the Jacksonville Jaguars, and Bryant's production increased when he caught six passes for 158 yards and two touchdowns in the second quarter alone, making this the most productive quarter of his career. With Romo back for the remaining six games, Dallas began to dominate as Bryant compiled 32 catches for 527 yards and eight touchdowns. In a Week 12 game in that stretch, Bryant scored a late go-ahead touchdown in the fourth quarter against the New York Giants in the 31–28 victory. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for Week 15. During this stretch, Dallas was 5–1 and finished with a record of 12–4, which tied for most wins in the NFL during the 2014 season. Bryant finished with 88 receptions for 1,320 yards and 16 touchdowns. It was his third consecutive season with double-digit touchdowns.


title: Dez Bryant

text: The Cowboys made the playoffs for the first time since 2009 and Bryant played in his first playoff game, against the Detroit Lions. In a defensive struggle, Bryant saw double coverage for most of the night and was largely unproductive. However, after some second-half adjustments by the Cowboys, the Dallas offense took advantage of the added attention to Bryant and began to move the ball frequently through the air, targeting Bryant's counterparts in the receiving corps and the Cowboys won 24–20 after being down 20–7 late in the third quarter. The game was not without controversy; as the Lions were ahead on the scoreboard, 20–17, facing a third-and-1, quarterback Matthew Stafford threw a pass to tight end Brandon Pettigrew, who was seemingly interfered with by Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens, and the referees threw a flag and announced a pass interference. After about a minute, the referees gathered their flags and declared no foul on the play, which resulted in a fourth-and-1. After an attempt to draw Dallas offsides, Detroit punted the ball back to the Cowboys and Dallas drove 59 yards and scored the game-winning touchdown.


title: Dez Bryant

text: In the Divisional Round, the Cowboys lost to the Green Bay Packers 26–21. The game is noted for a controversial call that reversed a complete 31-yard pass to Bryant on fourth-and-2 from the Packers' 32. Although Bryant, covered by Sam Shields, caught the ball with both feet coming down in bounds, Bryant bobbled the ball as he stretched towards the 1-yard line. Referees initially ruled Bryant down at the 1-yard line, but overturned this call as an incomplete pass following a challenge from Packers' coach Mike McCarthy. Bryant said after the game that he believed it was a catch without a doubt, and wanted to know why his catch was overturned. Dean Blandino, NFL vice president of officiating, also confirmed that the play was correctly reversed by tweeting "Bryant going to the ground. By rule he must hold onto it throughout entire process of contacting the ground. He didn't so it is incomplete." Later, during the following offseason, according to "The Fort Worth Star-Telegram", Blandino met with the Cowboys stating "The message to the coaches and players – because we've gone out and visited with every staff – is if you're falling to the ground to make the catch, then you have to maintain the control when you land," Blandino said. "And if you reach or do anything with the football, that's not going to trump that requirement to maintain control." In the offseason, he was ranked 15th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On March 3, 2015, the Cowboys placed the nonexclusive franchise tag, worth $12.823 million, on Bryant. On July 15, 2015, Bryant and the Cowboys reached an agreement on a five-year, $70 million contract that included $45 million of guaranteed money and a $20 million signing bonus.


title: Dez Bryant

text: During "Sunday Night Football" against the New York Giants in the Cowboys' regular season opener, Bryant left the game with a foot injury. An x-ray revealed a fracture in the foot that required surgery. Recovery time for Bryant's injury required 4–6 weeks. He returned in Week 8 against the Seattle Seahawks and struggled, recording two receptions for 12 yards in a 13–12 loss to the Seahawks in AT&T Stadium. Week 9 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Bryant caught his first touchdown of the season on a day where he totaled five catches for 104 yards in the 33–27 loss. Limited to nine games in the 2015 season, Bryant had 31 receptions for 401 receiving yards and three touchdowns. He was ranked 51st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. On January 6, 2016, he underwent foot and ankle surgeries.


title: Dez Bryant

text: For the season, Bryant has sold the most merchandise for a wide receiver and fifth most overall merchandise with only Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Russell Wilson, and Aaron Rodgers selling more than Bryant.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant started the 2016 season with a new starting quarterback in Dak Prescott as Tony Romo suffered a back injury in the preseason. After recording a single reception for eight yards in the season opening loss to the New York Giants, he had seven receptions for 102 yards in a Week 2 27–23 victory over the Washington Redskins. Bryant suffered a hairline fracture in his knee in Week 3 against the Chicago Bears, forcing him to miss extended time. He returned in Week 8 against the Philadelphia Eagles. Overall, he finished the season with 50 receptions for 796 yards and a team-high eight touchdowns in 13 games played.


title: Dez Bryant

text: The Cowboys finished with a 13–3 record and won the NFC East. Bryant's most productive performance of the season came in the postseason against the Green Bay Packers in the Divisional Round, where he recorded nine receptions for 132 yards and two touchdowns in a 34–31 defeat. Bryant was named to the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career, replacing Julio Jones, who could not participate due to the Atlanta Falcons advancing to Super Bowl LI. He was ranked 60th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant started the 2017 season scoring a touchdown in four of the team's first six games. During a Week 9 28–17 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs, Bryant sprained his ankle, and was sidelined for the rest of the game.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On November 30, against the Washington Redskins, Bryant passed Bob Hayes for the Cowboys franchise record for receiving touchdowns. Overall, he played in all 16 games in the 2017 season and recorded 69 receptions for 838 yards and six touchdowns as the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On November 7, 2018, nine weeks into the 2018 season, Bryant agreed to a one-year, $1.25 million deal with the New Orleans Saints. Two days after signing with the Saints, Bryant tore his Achilles tendon during team practice. He was placed on injured reserve the following day, ending his season without playing a single game with the Saints.


title: Dez Bryant

text: In October 2019, Bryant stated that he was going to rehabilitate and train during the 2019 season. He said he did not plan on retiring and wanted to return to play football in 2019, but did not sign with a team.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On October 27, 2020, Bryant was signed to the Baltimore Ravens' practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on November 7 and November 21 for the team's weeks 9 and 10 games against the Indianapolis Colts and Tennessee Titans, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. Against the Titans, Bryant recorded his first reception since the 2017 season for a four-yard gain. He finished the game with a season-high four receptions for 28 yards in the 30–24 overtime loss. He was promoted to the active roster on November 28. Right before the Week 13 matchup against the Dallas Cowboys, his former team, Bryant tested positive for COVID-19 and was ineligible to play. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 10, 2020, and activated on December 15. In Week 15 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Bryant caught an 11-yard touchdown pass, his first touchdown since 2017, in the Ravens' 40–14 win. The next week, he caught an eight-yard touchdown pass in the fourth quarter of the Ravens' 27–13 win over the New York Giants. He finished the 2020 regular season with six receptions for 47 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Dez Bryant

text: Bryant had a troubled upbringing, born to a 13-year-old mother, Angela, who was arrested for dealing crack cocaine when Bryant was eight years old. He went on to live in eight different homes while attending Lufkin High School. Bryant has two sons, Zayne and Dez Jr. Bryant was sued in March 2011 for $861,350 for legal fees and the cost of jewelry, which he acquired on credit while a student athlete. The case was settled before court proceedings for between $400,000 and $500,000.


title: Dez Bryant

text: On July 16, 2012, Bryant was arrested on a class A misdemeanor domestic violence charge for allegedly striking his biological mother, Angela Bryant. In March 2013, Bryant spoke at an event for Dallas Men Against Abuse. At the event, he stated, "I'm done with domestic abuse." On August 28, 2014, Bryant launched his official brand and apparel line, ThrowUpTheX. On June 22, 2016, Bryant was sued by Texas state senator Royce West for damaging a rented house in DeSoto, Texas. Damage to the rental house totaled over $60,000.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: A versatile player, Honda usually played as an attacking midfielder, but could also play as a winger, a false nine or as a deep-lying playmaker, and frequently featured as a right winger for Milan during the 2014–15 season. A quick and creative player, he was also known for his accuracy from bending free-kicks, powerful striking ability from distance, dribbling skills and delivery as a set-piece specialist.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda earned over 90 international caps between 2008 and 2018, playing at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 World Cups. He was also part of the squad won the 2011 Asian Cup, where he was also voted Player of the Tournament.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Born and raised in Settsu, Honda had belonged to the local junior youth team at Gamba Osaka, but was not promoted to the youth team. When Honda was a Seiryo High School student, he made an appearance at J.League Cup as Special Designated Youth Player in 2004. After graduating high school, he began his professional career in 2005, with J1 League side Nagoya Grampus Eight.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 16 January 2008, Honda signed a two and half-year deal with Eredivisie side VVV-Venlo. In his first six months at VVV, he experienced relegation for the first time in his professional career as his new side went down to Eerste Divisie, the second division. In the 2008–09 season, he scored 16 goals in 36 league appearances to help the team back into the Eredivisie. He became known as "Keizer Keisuke" (meaning "Emperor Keisuke") among the club's fans. Also, Honda introduced his agent, Tetsuro Kiyooka, to Maya Yoshida in 2008 and led him to VVV-Venlo two years later.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: At the end of December 2009, Honda transferred to Russian club CSKA Moscow. Honda signed a 4-year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed, but VVV-Venlo was said to be very content with the fee as it almost matched their asking price; it is believed to be in the region of €6 million. Honda made his debut for CSKA in the UEFA Champions League match against Sevilla. In the second leg in Seville, he scored the winning goal through a direct free kick for CSKA after having set up the first goal for Tomáš Necid. This secured a 2–1 (3–2 aggregate) victory to send the club to the quarterfinals, making Honda the first Japanese player to be in the quarter-finals as well as the first to score in the knock-out stages. Honda scored his first league goal on 12 March 2010, in the home match against Amkar Perm. He scored the goal in the third minute of injury time, slotting home a pass from Necid with his left. With the goal, he secured the win for CSKA Moscow.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda picked up his first piece of silverware with CSKA on 22 May 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute for Alan Dzagoev in a 2–1 defeat of Alania Vladikavkaz in the Russian Cup final. He netted two goals in the first half of CSKA's match against Krylia Sovetov three days later, a match that ended in a 3–0 victory for his side. On 16 September 2012, Honda scored twice off passes from Ahmed Musa, scoring the only goals in a league victory over Alania.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 13 July 2013, Honda scored CSKA's first and third goals in the club's 3–0 victory over Zenit in the Russian Super Cup match in Rostov. In 2013 summer transfer window, he entered the final six months of his contract with CSKA and became free to talk to other clubs, expressing his interest in moving to a bigger club. On 11 December 2013, CSKA announced the conclusion of Honda's time at the club.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 27 October 2013, Milan manager Massimiliano Allegri announced a deal for Honda to join Milan on a free transfer in January 2014. Honda officially joined the team on 4 January 2014 on a contract lasting until June 2017 and wore the number 10 jersey.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 12 January 2014, Honda made his debut coming on as a substitute for Robinho in a 4–3 Serie A defeat to Sassuolo. On 15 January, Honda made his full debut for Milan, scoring in the 3–1 Coppa Italia quarter-final win against Spezia. He scored his first Serie A goal in Genoa-Milan, which was won by the Rossoneri 1–2. Honda's contribution for Milan in the latter half of the 2013–14 season was considered disappointing, and he himself stated that "this is not me".


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 31 August 2014, Honda scored for Milan against Lazio, netting the club's first goal of the season as the Rossoneri won 3–1 in Filippo Inzaghi's Serie A debut as manager. Honda went on to score Milan's second goal against Parma on 14 September, helping Milan to win a nine-goal thriller, 5–4. Honda provided an assist for Giacomo Bonaventura's opening goal and scored a bullet header to restore Milan's lead, from Ignazio Abate's cross. In Milan's next match against Empoli, Honda drilled in a shot on the edge of the box equalizing for Milan as the sides drew 2–2. Honda scored with a precise free kick over the Chievo wall in a 2–0 win on 4 October. Honda scored his first brace playing for Milan in a 3–1 away win against Verona on 19 October. On 21 May 2017, Honda scored against Bologna winning the game and thus qualifying Milan to the Europa League for the first time since the 2013–14 season from a free kick.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 14 July 2017, Mexican club Pachuca announced the signing of Honda. On 23 August 2017, Honda scored on his debut in a 4–1 win over Veracruz.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 6 August 2018, Honda signed for Australian A-League side Melbourne Victory. He scored on his A-League debut, in Victory's opening game of the 2018–19 A-League, a 2–1 loss to Melbourne City in the Melbourne Derby. On 3 May 2019, Honda announced that he will be leaving the club at the end of the 2018–19 A-League season, also stating that he will not be signing with an A-League team following his departure.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: In the succeeding September, Honda publicly offered, on Twitter, to play for Manchester United and A.C. Milan. On 6 November 2019, he signed a contract for one season at Eredivisie club Vitesse Arnhem. However, after Leonid Slutsky's departure, Honda decided to also leave Vitesse after only four league appearances.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 31 January 2020, Honda signed with Campeonato Brasileiro Série A side Botafogo. On 15 March, he made his debut and scored his first goal, opening the score from a penalty kick in a 1–1 draw against Bangu in the Campeonato Carioca. He left the club on 28 December, three months shy of the end of his contract, stating his frustration with the lack of results and the decisions by the club's board, which had changed head coaches four times during the season, while also thanking and apologising to the fans. He made 27 appearances across all competitions and scored three goals.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 4 February 2021, Honda announced that he had reached an agreement with Primeira Liga club Portimonense. The signing was officially confirmed two days later, with Honda joining the Portuguese side on a six-month deal with the option for a one-year extension. The deal, however, broke down after Portmonense was unable to register him in the league, as a LPFP ruling required free agent players to be at least three months in that status in order to be registered outside of the transfer window period; Honda had spent less than two months out of contract. He parted ways with the club amicably on 11 February.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 15 March 2021, Honda joined Azerbaijan Premier League club Neftçi PFK on a deal until the end of the season. At the end of the season, Keisuke Honda won Azerbaijan Premier League title with Neftçi.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 16 June 2021, Neftçi confirmed that Honda had left the club after the expiration of his contract, during which he scored twice in seven games for the club.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda was a member of the Japan team for 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship and played for the U-23 national team, that qualified for 2008 Summer Olympics finals. He made a full international debut for Japan on 22 June 2008 in a World Cup qualifier against Bahrain. On 14 July 2008, he was formally named as one of the midfielders of the Japanese U-23 national football team for the Beijing Olympics football competition. He scored his first goal for the senior national team on 27 May 2009 in a friendly match against Chile at Nagai Stadium in Osaka and has since been given the nickname "Emperor Keisuke". He has scored 37 goals in 98 games for the Japan national team from his debut in 2008, onwards.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda rose to prominence in the 2010 FIFA World Cup and became the country's newest prospect. He scored the only goal in Japan's opening match against Cameroon, finishing off Daisuke Matsui's cross into the top left corner of the net. His performance in the game gained him the Man of the Match Award from FIFA and the 1–0 victory was Japan's first World Cup triumph on foreign soil. In the final group-stage game against Denmark, he scored a magnificent free kick in the 17th minute from 30 yards out. He then turned provider for Shinji Okazaki after making his way into the penalty area, with a Cruyff Turn that beat a Denmark player, in the 88th minute to make the score 3–1 to Japan, a performance that earned him the "Man of the Match" award once more and qualified Japan for the knockout stage. In their round of 16 matchup, Japan were eliminated by Paraguay, falling 3–5 in penalty kicks after the game finished goalless through extra time.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Jonathan Wilson of The Guardian cited him as a 'false nine': a player superficially employed as a centre forward but moving deeper to pull the opposition defence around the pitch.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda was included in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup by coach Alberto Zaccheroni. In the game against Syria, he scored a penalty kick making the score 2–1 for Japan. In the semi-finals against South Korea, he took a penalty kick, but was blocked by Jung Sung-Ryong. However, in the penalty shoot out of the game, he scored and was named "Man of the Match."


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda was awarded the most valuable player of the 2011 AFC Asian Cup as Japan lifted a record fourth continental title.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda missed the majority of the third round of AFC World Cup qualification due to injury he picked up while playing for his club.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: During the fourth round of qualifying, on 3 June 2012, in Japan's first game in Group B against Oman, Honda scored a beautiful volley just eleven minutes into the game. The game ended in 3–0 a win for Japan. He continued his scoring streak against Jordan on 8 June 2012, managing to net a hat-trick; Japan went on to win 6–0. He also played a crucial role during their 1–1 draw with Australia on 12 June 2012, during a corner kick, he assisted a goal which was scored by Yuzo Kurihara.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: He missed a couple of friendly games and one qualification game due to injury from club duty and was subsequently not included in the squad that was shocked 2-1 by Jordan on 26 March 2013. Although not 100 percent fit, Honda was named in the squad for the game against Australia on 4 June 2013, having just won the Russian Cup with his club. All Japan needed from this match was a draw to secure their place for Brazil. He managed to score a goal via penalty kick during extra time from a handball from Matt McKay, making the score 1–1. The result secured Japan's qualification for the World Cup in Brazil and became the first nation to book their place at the tournament.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Having won the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, Japan qualified for the Confederations Cup in Brazil in 2013 and Honda was once again included in Zaccheroni's squad for the tournament. After losing 3–0 to hosts Brazil in the first group match on 15 June 2013, Japan faced Italy in the next game; Honda scored from the penalty spot to put Japan ahead but they fell 4–3 in a pulsating game which dumped the Asian champions out of the competition.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Japan was drawn into Group C in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil having to face Colombia, Greece, and Ivory Coast. In Japan's opening game against Ivory Coast, Honda collected a pass from Yuto Nagatomo after a quick throw-in and scored with a left footed shot in the 16th minute of the game. With this goal Honda became the first Japanese player to score in two World Cups, and also claimed sole possession of being the top Japanese scorer in FIFA World Cup history with three total goals. Japan went on to lose 2–1 to the African team.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda was included in Javier Aguirre's 23-man squad for 2015 AFC Asian Cup. Honda started Japan's opener match against Palestine and scored a penalty kick in their 4–0 win. In next match against Iraq, Honda again netted a penalty which Japan won the match 1–0 and the first goal in 2–0 win of Jordan.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Honda participated in Japan's quarter final match against the United Arab Emirates. After the match ended 1–1 after extra time Honda, who was Japan's first kicker in the penalty shootout, missed his kick, shooting above the crossbar, as Japan ended up losing the shootout 5–4.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: On 24 June 2018, Honda scored a goal against Senegal in the second match of the group stages of Group H. With this goal he became the top scoring Asian player in World Cup history and the only player to register a goal and an assist in each of the last three tournaments. After Japan's exit in the Round of 16, Honda announced his plan to retire from the international stage.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: In August 2018, whilst still a player, Honda was named manager of Cambodia. Under this arrangement, Honda will hold weekly conference with Cambodia coaching staff, and will be on the touchline when Cambodia's match is in FIFA International match Calendar, with his assistant Felix Dalmas stepping in whenever Honda is unavailable. On 10 September 2018, Honda lost his opening game as manager of Cambodia 3–1 against Malaysia.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: As of October 2021, Cambodia is last in its 2022 World Cup Qualifying Group and has suffered two extraordinary defeats to Iran, first 14–0 in late 2019 and then 10–0 in June 2021.


title: Keisuke Honda

text: Coming from a sporting family, Keisuke Honda's older brother was also a footballer. Honda's great-uncle Daisaburo was a canoeist who represented Japan in C-2 1000 metres event at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Keisuke Honda's cousin is Tamon Honda, a professional wrestler and former Olympic wrestler, who participated in three Olympic Games in freestyle wrestling in 100 kg at the 1984, 1988 Games, and in 130 kg at the 1992 showpiece, and is also a former tag team champion, winning the All Asia Tag Team Championship and GHC Tag Team Championship.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Levy Rozman (born December 5, 1995), known online as GothamChess, is an American chess International Master and commentator. He produces content on the online platforms Twitch and YouTube.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Rozman was born in Brooklyn, New York, on December 5, 1995, and lived in both New York and New Jersey growing up. He began playing chess at the age of 6 as an extracurricular activity and entered his first tournament at the age of 7. Rozman attained the titles of National Master in 2011 through the US Chess Federation, FIDE Master in 2016, and International Master in 2018. Rozman started as a scholastic chess coach in 2014.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Rozman attended Baruch College where he completed a Bachelor's degree in statistics and quantitative modeling in 2017. Before focusing on chess as a full-time career, he worked as a client service associate for UBS Wealth Management.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Rozman is a Twitch streamer and YouTuber. As of November 20, 2022, he has the most-subscribed chess channel on YouTube, with 1.75 million subscribers; however, ChessBase India and Antonio Radić (aka agadmator) have the highest total view counts for a chess-themed channel, with 642 million views and 671 million views, respectively. Rozman works closely with Chess.com and has been part of their streaming partnership since 2017. Rozman is a regular commentator for the platform, analyzing tournaments like PogChamps and the 2020 Candidates Tournament.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Like many online chess personalities, Rozman experienced a viewership surge during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly following the release of "The Queen's Gambit". As of November 2022, Rozman's YouTube channel has a total view count of more than half a billion views, including 98 videos with a million views or more. Examples include an instructional opening overview where he discusses how to play the Queen's Gambit and a video where he plays against the Beth Harmon bot on Chess.com. He has done in-depth explanations of games played in the series. Rozman's YouTube channel reached 1 million subscribers on June 1, 2021.


title: Levy Rozman

text: Rozman entered international news in March 2021 when he was defeated by an Indonesian chess player nicknamed Dewa_Kipas or "Fan God". Rozman suspected that his opponent was cheating, and he reported his opponent's account to the Chess.com Fair Play Team. Dewa_Kipas' account was later closed for cheating (and Dewa_Kipas later was unable to play at a high level in a series of live matches), which drew backlash from Indonesian netizens and resulted in Rozman being harassed on social media. Rozman later went private on his social media accounts and took a short hiatus from streaming.


title: Levy Rozman

text: On July 11, 2022, Rozman announced his retirement from "competitive chess events" due to physical and mental stress.


title: Levy Rozman

text: On October 14, 2021, Rozman announced the Levy Rozman Scholarship Fund, through which he is donating $100,000 to elementary-, middle-, and high-school chess programs. The fund is administered by ChessKid, a subsidiary of Chess.com, and schools can be awarded between $5,000 and $15,000 to pay for the costs of training, tournament fees, and travel expenses.


title: Michael Paré

text: Michael Kevin Paré (born October 9, 1958) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films "Eddie and the Cruisers" (1983), "Streets of Fire" (1984), and "The Philadelphia Experiment" (1984), and on the series "Starhunter" (2000-2004).


title: Michael Paré

text: Paré was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Joan and Francis Paré, who owned print shops. He has six sisters and three brothers. Paré's father was of French-Canadian ancestry. His father died from leukemia when Paré was five, leaving his mother to raise the large family of children.


title: Michael Paré

text: Growing up Paré was a fan of James Dean, Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Paul Newman, and Robert Mitchum, and felt he was "a kindred spirit" to them. He was working as a chef in New York City when he met talent agent Yvette Bikoff, who convinced him to try acting. In the early 1980s, he studied acting under Uta Hagen. He shot a series of television commercials in Japan.


title: Michael Paré

text: He also worked as a model. In August 1987, he appeared on the cover of the first issue of "Men's Fitness". In 2017, it was ranked among "Men's Journal"'s thirty best magazine covers.


title: Michael Paré

text: His first starring role was as Tony Villicana on the television series "The Greatest American Hero". His best-known film roles were as Eddie Wilson in "Eddie and the Cruisers" (1983) and its sequel "" (1989), as well as "Streets of Fire" (1984) and "The Philadelphia Experiment" (1984). Paré also appeared in the 2012 remake of "The Philadelphia Experiment." He starred as a tortured soldier named Brad Cartowski in the 1993 action film "Deadly Heroes", directed by Menahem Golan. Other films included "Moon 44" (1990), "Village of the Damned" (1995), "Bad Moon" (1996), "Hope Floats" (1998), and "The Virgin Suicides" (1999).


title: Michael Paré

text: Paré is best known for his deep, raspy voice, muscular physique, rugged screen presence, and classic action hero demeanour. In his 2017 interview for "Men's Journal" he revealed that as a young actor he wasn't sure if he wanted to make a career as “the muscular leading guy", and instead tried to follow in the footsteps of his idols — Marlon Brando and James Dean.


title: Michael Paré

text: Paré won the Best Actor award at PollyGrind Film Festival for the film "Road to Hell", playing again the role of Tom Cody.


title: Michael Paré

text: On television, Paré starred with Michael Beck in the drama "Houston Knights" in 1987–1988 as well as the 2001 television series "Starhunter". The actor frequently appears in Uwe Boll's works.


title: Michael Paré

text: In 2022, it was announced that Paré will be starring in the horror film "Camp Pleasant Lake" with Jonathan Lipnicki.


title: Michael Paré

text: He has married three times. His first wife (1980–1984) was film producer Lisa Katselas; his second wife, Marisa Roebuck (1986–1988); his present wife (since 1992) is Marjolein Booy, a former fashion model, with whom he has one child. Paré stated that he lives "a good, clean life", and trains frequently. He lives in California.


title: Toddler

text: A toddler is a child approximately 12 to 36 months old, though definitions vary. The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.


title: Toddler

text: Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas. There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include:


title: Toddler

text: Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children. There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development. However, according to experts, there are specific milestones that should be achieved by certain ages and stages in life in order to properly grow and develop. Medical experts also point out that children develop in their own time and suggest that carers should not worry too much if a child fails to reach all the milestones for their age range. Premature birth or illness during infancy may also slow down a young child's development.


title: Toddler

text: Below follows a rough breakdown of the kinds of skills and attributes which young children can be expected to have developed by different points during the toddler period. Citations for the information given are provided here.


title: Toddler

text: It has long been known that markedly late achievement of developmental milestones is related to intellectual or physical disabilities. However, it was thought for a long time that within the general population no relationship between the age of passing developmental milestones and later intelligence is seen. It was only more recently discovered that early passing of developmental milestones indicates in general a higher level of intelligence. A study from 2007 based on more than 5,000 children born in the United Kingdom in 1946 showed that for every month earlier a child learned to stand, there was a gain of one half of one intelligence quotient point at age 8. Also a later 2018 study found a relationship between milestone achievement and intelligence in adulthood (in this case, the milestone used was being able to name objects/animals in pictures at less than 18 months, 18-24 months, and later than 24 months). The IQ of children who were able to form a sentence at less than 24 months of age averaged 107 points, whereas children who were able to form a sentence later than 24 months of age in young adulthood (20-34 years old) had an average IQ of 101. Early passing developmental milestones and the head circumference up to the age of 3 years explained about 6% of variance in IQ in adulthood. In comparison, parental socioeconomic status and the child's sex explained about 23% of the variance in IQ. However, experts advise against rushing children through milestones, as long as they’re reaching them within a normal range.


title: Toddler

text: Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level. One- and two-year-olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position, with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor, although at first they need to hold on to something to stand up again.


title: Toddler

text: Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word often occurs around 12 months, but this is only an average. The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7–9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play". Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.<poem>"If I want it, it's mine.


title: Toddler

text: There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.


title: Toddler

text: This age is sometimes referred to as "the terrible twos", because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do. Immediate causes can include physical factors such as hunger, discomfort and fatigue or a child's desire to gain greater independence and control of the environment around them. The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase, it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation. Research has shown that parents with histories of maltreatment, violence exposure, and related psychopathology may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively and in a developmentally appropriate manner to their toddlers' tantrums and thus may benefit from parent-child mental health consultation. This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence.


title: Toddler

text: Self-awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting. Around 18 months of age, a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his/her own thoughts and actions. A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves. One way to test this is the rouge test: putting lipstick on the child's face and showing them their own reflection. Upon seeing the out-of-the-ordinary mark, if the child reaches to his or her own face, the child has achieved this important milestone. Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Curtis Travis Stone (born 4 November 1975) is an Australian celebrity chef, author and television personality. Stone has been the fresh food and recipes ambassador for Coles Supermarkets in Australia since 2010.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone was born in Melbourne, Victoria. Stone began cooking with his paternal grandmother, Maude, at the age of four. His father, Bryan Stone, is an accountant, and his mother, Lorraine, is a florist; they separated when Stone was 2 years old. Stone attended an all-boys high school where he took home economics class and then went on to a commercial cookery apprenticeship at a vocational school.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone studied for a Bachelor of Business before deciding to pursue a career as a chef. He worked in Australian restaurants before leaving to work in London, where he debuted his cooking career at age 18 at the Savoy Hotel. Upon completing his qualifications as a chef, Stone began cooking under Marco Pierre White at the Café Royal and Mirabelle, and went on to become head chef at White's Quo Vadis.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone returned briefly to Australia to make the travelling cooking show "Surfing the Menu" (on ABC) with another chef, Ben O'Donoghue.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone has appeared on a number of cooking programmes in the UK, including "Dinner in a Box", "Good Food Live" and "Saturday Kitchen". He also hosted the first season of "My Restaurant Rules" in Australia. Beginning in May 2006, Stone hosted "Take Home Chef" on TLC in the United States, which went on to become an international hit for TLC.


title: Curtis Stone

text: On American television Stone appears regularly on NBC's "Today". His second appearance in 2007 featured him visiting the home of host Meredith Vieira to teach her how to cook, as her children had complained that she did not know how. On 14 January 2011, Stone co-hosted the fourth hour of "Today" with Hoda Kotb. He has also appeared on Martha Stewart's show "Martha", "Access Hollywood", "Lopez Tonight", "The Nate Berkus Show", "The Talk", "The Chew", and "Rachael Ray". On 7 June 2011, Curtis was a guest on "Conan", where he taught Conan O'Brien how to prepare the perfect date night meal.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone has appeared on Food Network's "Iron Chef America" in the episode "Battle Skipjack Tuna," where he lost to Iron Chef Bobby Flay. Stone has also appeared on several episodes of "The Biggest Loser".


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone was a candidate on "The Celebrity Apprentice 3", which premiered in March 2010 and was the third installment to the celebrity version of "The Apprentice". The show premiered on 14 March 2010, and Stone was fired on 16 May 2010, placing fourth out of 14 contestants. On the same day (16 May 2010), Stone was co-host of Miss USA 2010. Stone has also made appearances on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Stone appeared on a segment of Oprah's Ultimate Australian Adventure, a four-day television event that aired in January 2011.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In June 2010 producers of NBC's new series "America's Next Great Restaurant" announced that Stone would join the judging and investment panel on alongside Bobby Flay, Steve Ells and Lorena Garcia. The first season aired in 2011 directly followed by the fourth edition of "The Celebrity Apprentice", where Stone made a guest appearance on the first episode.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2011, Stone became host of the third season of Bravo's "Top Chef Masters", replacing Kelly Choi. In January 2012, Bravo announced Stone would co-host a new culinary reality show called "Around the World in 80 Plates" with fellow celebrity chef Cat Cora. The series, which premiered in May 2012, follows 12 chefs competing in a culinary race across 10 countries in 44 days. Stone also hosted and anchored the judges' table for the "Top Chef" franchise's spin-off edition, "Top Chef Duels", in 2014.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In August 2012, Stone appeared in an episode of "MasterChef Australia All-Stars". He returned to "MasterChef" in May 2015 for a MasterClass alongside Marco Pierre White. Stone began hosting "Kitchen Inferno" in 2014 and mentored Food Network's debut culinary competition, "All Star Academy", in 2015. He appeared on the network again in summer 2015 for two episodes of the show "Guilty Pleasures".


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2017, Stone co-hosted the FOX reality cooking series "My Kitchen Rules". Stone has previously appeared in the original Australian version of the program.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2021, Stone was a judge on the first season of "Crime Scene Kitchen", and was also the red team's chef's table guest diner during the second dinner service in "Hell's Kitchen"'s twentieth season.


title: Curtis Stone

text: On 1 February 2014, Stone opened his first restaurant, Maude, in Beverly Hills which is named after his paternal grandmother. Maude was awarded a Michelin star in the 2019 Michelin Guide for California. Stone opened a second restaurant, Gwen, in Hollywood in 2016, named after his maternal grandmother.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2007, Stone hosted the "Great Barrier Feast" Culinary Masterclass event on Hamilton Island featuring other notable Australian chefs, including Geoff Jansz, Shannon Bennett, and Justin North.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2008, Stone developed "Kitchen Solutions by Curtis Stone," a line of kitchen utensils, accessories, and glassware. He also has written a series of cookbooks, including "Surfing the Menu: Two Chefs, One Journey: A Fresh Food Adventure", "Cooking With Curtis: Easy, Everyday and Adventurous Recipes for the Home Cook", and "Relaxed Cooking with Curtis Stone: Recipes to Put You in My Favorite Mood". Stone's 2013 cookbook "What's For Dinner?" became a "New York Times" bestseller and was translated into Chinese in December 2014. Stone's most recent book, "Good Food, Good Life", launched in March 2015 in the United States and Canada and May 2015 in Australia.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2010, Stone gave a cooking class and demonstration at the Singapore Sun Festival. In October 2010 it was announced that Stone had created recipes for in-flight meals for United Airlines.


title: Curtis Stone

text: In 2011, he was appointed as an ambassador for Cottage by the Sea, alongside big wave surfer Jeff Rowley and Olympian Cathy Freeman. The ambassadors help the Australian charity raise funds to provide short holidays for disadvantaged children. Stone also works with Feeding America, a domestic hunger-relief charity, and Second-Bite, which redistributes nutritional surplus food to those in need.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone is best known in Australia for his more than a decade's long partnership with Coles Supermarket where he is the ambassador of their fresh food and recipes. In 2011, Stone described to "GQ Australia" his relationship with big supermarkets: "I never even thought about working for a supermarket. But there's that feeling you get when you walk down the street and someone comes up and says, 'You know what? We never used to cook fish in our house. Since we’ve tried that salmon recipe we have it once a week.' The feeling that gives you is worth a million other things". Stone and his team create recipes that feature in the monthly Coles Magazine and are very active in influencing how Australians eat, being credited with encouraging the supermarket to improve ethical sourcing. In the early years of the partnership, Stone's recipes were focused on helping Australians create meals for under $10. Winn-Dixie, an American supermarket, took the same strategy and signed Stone by launching "Cooking with Curtis for under $10" in 2015.


title: Curtis Stone

text: Stone began dating American actress Lindsay Price in late 2009 after meeting on a blind date. Stone and Price got engaged in July 2012, and married on 8 June 2013 in Spain. They have two sons, Hudson and Emerson, and live in Los Angeles.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Craig Lawrence Kilborn (born August 24, 1962) is an American comedian, sports and political commentator, actor, and television host. Kilborn began a career in sports broadcasting in the late 1980s, leading to an anchoring position at ESPN's "SportsCenter" from 1993 to 1996. He was later the first host of "The Daily Show", which he hosted from 1996 to 1998, and succeeded Tom Snyder on CBS' "The Late Late Show" from 1999 to 2004. In 2010, he launched "The Kilborn File" after a six-year absence from television, which aired on some Fox stations for a six-week trial run. In comedy, Kilborn is known for his deadpan delivery.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Craig Kilborn was born in Kansas City, the son of Shirley, a schoolteacher, and Hiram Kilborn, an insurance executive. When he was four years old, he and his family moved to Hastings, Minnesota, where he was raised. Kilborn was taller than his peers from an early age, eventually growing to , becoming a standout on the playground basketball court as he got older. In the ninth grade, Kilborn was recruited by the Northside Magicians, an all-star basketball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He excelled with the Magicians and with the Hastings High School basketball team, ultimately earning three letters and multiple all-conference and all-state honors.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: After graduating high school, Kilborn accepted a scholarship to play for Montana State University, where he earned dual bachelor's degrees in media and theater arts in 1985 and has joked he "led the Big Sky Conference in turnovers" and also bench pressed while training.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Kilborn began in radio, as the CBA Savannah Spirits's play-by-play radio commentator in 1986 and 1987. He later began his television career in California as the sports anchor for Monterey County's Fox affiliate KCBA in Salinas. Some of his early on-air work included covering the Gilroy Garlic Festival and playing bocce with the locals near Cannery Row. Kilborn lived in nearby Carmel-by-the-Sea.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: After several small jobs, Kilborn became an ESPN "SportsCenter" anchor from 1993 to 1996. He was primarily the anchor of the late broadcast of "SportsCenter" which he coined "The Feel Good Edition". His numerous catch phrases included "Release, Rotation, Splash", "Jumanji", and "Oh, Precious". He made a return appearance to "SportsCenter" on August 8, 2004, when he co-hosted "SportsCenter" with Dan Patrick during ESPN's 25th Anniversary Celebration.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In 1996, Kilborn became host of "The Daily Show" on Comedy Central. During his three-year tenure, "The Daily Show" was named "Best Late Night Comedy" by "TV Guide". Kilborn was also nominated for a CableACE Award for Outstanding Entertainment Host. Some recurring features Kilborn created at "The Daily Show" included: "5 Questions", "Moment for Us", "Dance, Dance, Dance", and "Your Moment of Zen" (later hosts would continue to use the latter feature).


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In a 1997 interview with "Esquire", Kilborn made jokes regarding "Daily Show" head writer Lizz Winstead, saying, "To be honest, Lizz does find me very attractive. If I wanted her to bl-- me, she would." Kilborn apologized publicly and pointed out that the remarks were "said in jest", but he was suspended for a week.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In 1998, CBS and David Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, selected Kilborn to replace Tom Snyder as host of "The Late Late Show" to run after "Late Show with David Letterman". His final "Daily Show" episode aired on December 17, 1998, ending a 386-episode tenure. On January 11, 1999, Jon Stewart replaced Kilborn as host of "The Daily Show".


title: Craig Kilborn

text: On Jon Stewart's last "Daily Show" episode August 6, 2015, Kilborn made a cameo appearance as "Host Emeritus". It was his first appearance on the show since he left as host.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In a 2020 interview with The Athletic, Kilborn reflected on his time on "The Daily Show", stating that he "had a blast" doing the show and that he was "living in New York City, hosting a comedy show, and sipping martinis at the illustrious 21 Club." He also said he "wasn’t hired at Comedy Central to do a politics-heavy show, and he "would never do one — I have no interest." Kilborn credited "The Daily Show" for leading him to his dream job of hosting a traditional late night show. He also said, ""The Daily Show" was innocently set up in a different way — they didn’t hire the host first – so we inherited each other. Fortunately, most of the people were a good fit and supportive. But as much as I enjoyed it...I was always a short-timer. It wasn’t my show, and I wanted to do a network traditional hour format as opposed to a half-hour news parody."


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Kilborn hosted "The Late Late Show" for five years, changing the format to appeal to a younger audience. On the show, he popularized segments such as "Yambo" and "5 Questions". He created several characters, including Sebastian, the Asexual Icon. He also narrated his own introduction and would enter to the sound of the song "Play That Funky Music" at the beginning of his show.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In August 2004, Kilborn elected not to extend his contract. In a 2010 interview with the "Los Angeles Times" Kilborn said, "I didn't leave to do anything else, I left to leave. I achieved my career goals and it wasn't all it was cracked up to be," and adding that he believed the late night timeslot to be "crowded," and "the formats repetitive." Kilborn later stated in a 2019 interview with the Philadelphia Inquirer, "The main reason I left the Late Late Show was creatively I lost interest in late night comedy. The other reason was that the business side of that particular show was excessively flawed so I escaped the silliness," adding that he had "developed a specific, aristocratic comedic sensibility that didn’t mesh with late night."


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In a 2009 interview with the Television Academy Foundation, World Wide Pants executive Peter Lassally indicated that Kilborn left the show "because he didn't get the raise he wanted." However, Kilborn stated in a 2004 interview with "Daily Variety" that "["The Late Late Show"] was easily the greatest job I've had, and CBS was very generous in their offer to re-sign me."


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Kilborn's last episode of "The Late Late Show" aired on August 27, 2004. The Scottish-born American comedian Craig Ferguson took over the show on January 3, 2005."


title: Craig Kilborn

text: Craig Kilborn returned to television on June 28, 2010 after six years off the air, when his new half-hour show "The Kilborn File" debuted on select Fox stations. The show aired for a six-week test run on a 7:00 pm time slot in most markets, but was not well received. Christine Lakin was his sidekick. The show brought back many of the hallmark segments from his time on "The Daily Show" and "The Late Late Show," such as "5 Questions" and a segment similar to "Yambo" (with some minor rule changes and a name change to "Kilbo" and later to "Kilbyashi"). The show was not renewed.


title: Craig Kilborn

text: In the movie "Old School" (2003), Kilborn played Mark, the philandering boyfriend of Ellen Pompeo's character. In the 2006 film "The Benchwarmers", he played Jerry, the bully to Jon Heder, David Spade, and Rob Schneider's nerdy roles. In 2011, Kilborn played the villain in an episode of "Chuck" during its final season.


title: AVL tree

text: In computer science, an AVL tree (named after inventors Adelson-Velsky and Landis) is a self-balancing binary search tree. It was the first such data structure to be invented. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child subtrees of any node differ by at most one; if at any time they differ by more than one, rebalancing is done to restore this property. Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take time in both the average and worst cases, where formula_1 is the number of nodes in the tree prior to the operation. Insertions and deletions may require the tree to be rebalanced by one or more tree rotations.


title: AVL tree

text: The AVL tree is named after its two Soviet inventors, Georgy Adelson-Velsky and Evgenii Landis, who published it in their 1962 paper "An algorithm for the organization of information".


title: AVL tree

text: AVL trees are often compared with red–black trees because both support the same set of operations and take formula_2 time for the basic operations. For lookup-intensive applications, AVL trees are faster than red–black trees because they are more strictly balanced. Similar to red–black trees, AVL trees are height-balanced. Both are, in general, neither weight-balanced nor formula_3-balanced for any formula_4;


title: AVL tree

text: AVL trees are more rigidly balanced than RB trees with an asymptotic relation AVL/RB ≈0.720 of the maximal heights. For insertions and deletions, Ben Pfaff shows in 79 measurements a relation of AVL/RB between 0.677 and 1.077 with median ≈0.947 and geometric mean ≈0.910.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța (, ; ; ; , or ; , or ; ), historically known as Tomis (), is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania, founded around 600 BC, and among the oldest in Europe. A port-city, it is located in the Northern Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the historical region of Dobrogea. Romania’s fifth largest city, it is also the largest port on the Black Sea.


title: Constanța

text: As of the 2011 census, Constanța has a population of 283,872. The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within of the city. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania.


title: Constanța

text: The Port of Constanța has an area of and a length of about . It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is only from the Bosphorus strait and in the 19th century many travellers to Constantinople (now Istanbul) arrived there by steamer from Constanța.


title: Constanța

text: According to Jordanes (after Cassiodorus), the foundation of the city was ascribed to Tomyris, the queen of the Massagetae (the origin and deeds of the Goths):


title: Constanța

text: In 29 BC, the Romans captured the region from the Odrysian kingdom, and annexed it as far as the Danube, under the name of "Limes Scythicus" ("Scythian Frontier").


title: Constanța

text: In AD 8, the Emperor Augustus banished the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC–17AD) here by Augustus for the last eight years of his life. He lamented his Tomisian exile in his poems "Tristia" and "Epistulae ex Ponto". Tomis was "by his account a town located in a war-stricken cultural wasteland on the remotest margins of the empire".


title: Constanța

text: A number of inscriptions found in and around the city show that Constanța stands over the site of Tomis. Some of these finds are now preserved in the British Museum in London.


title: Constanța

text: The city was afterwards included in the Province of Moesia, and, from the time of Diocletian, in Scythia Minor, of which it was the metropolis. After the 5th century, Tomis fell under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire. During Maurice's Balkan campaigns, Tomis was besieged by the Avars in the winter of 597/598.


title: Constanța

text: Tomis was later renamed to Constantiana in honour of Constantia, the half-sister of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (274-337). The earliest known usage of this name was in 950. The city lay at the seaward end of the Great Wall of Trajan, and was surrounded by fortifications of its own.


title: Constanța

text: After over 500 years as part of the Bulgarian Empire, and becoming subsequently an independent principality of Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici and of Wallachia under Mircea I of Wallachia, Constanța fell under Ottoman rule around 1419.


title: Constanța

text: A railroad linking Constanța to Cernavodă was laid in 1860. In spite of damage done by railway contractors considerable remains of ancient walls, pillars, etc came to light. What is thought to have been a port building was excavated, and revealed the substantial remains of one of the longest mosaic pavements in the world.


title: Constanța

text: In 1878, after the Romanian War of Independence, Constanța and the rest of Northern Dobruja were ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Romania. The city became Romania's main seaport and the transit point for much of Romania's exports. The Constanța Casino, a historic monument and a symbol of the modern city, was the first building constructed on the shore of the Black Sea after Dobruja came under Romanian administration, with the cornerstone being laid in 1880.


title: Constanța

text: On October 22, 1916 (during World War I), the Central Powers (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constanța. According to the Treaty of Bucharest of May 1918, article X.b. (a treaty never ratified by Romania), Constanța remained under the joint control of the Central Powers. The city came afterwards under Bulgarian rule after a regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria had been signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated after the successful offensive on the Macedonian front (see the Armistice of Salonica), and the Allied troops liberated the city in 1918.


title: Constanța

text: In the interwar years, the city became Romania's main commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of its exports were exiting via the port. During World War II, when Romania joined the Axis powers, Constanța was a major target for the Allied bombers. While the town was left relatively unscathed, the port suffered extensive damage, recovering only in the early 1950s.


title: Constanța

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the blockading of the Ukrainian Black Sea ports led to renewed interest in the port of Constanta as one possible outlet for transporting grain to the rest of the world.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is the administrative center of the county with the same name and the largest city in the EU Southeastern development region of Romania. The city is located on the Black Sea coast, with a beach length of . Mamaia, an administrative district of Constanța, is the largest and most modern resort on the Romanian coast. Mineral springs in the surrounding area and sea bathing attract many visitors in summer.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is one of the warmest cities in Romania. It has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"), with oceanic and semi-arid influences. There are four distinct seasons during the year.


title: Constanța

text: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of . Most summer days see a gentle breeze refreshing the daytime temperatures. Nights are warm and somewhat muggy because of the heat stored by the sea.


title: Constanța

text: Autumn starts in mid or late September with warm and sunny days. September can be warmer than June, owing to the warmth accumulated by the Black Sea during the summer. The first frost occurs on average in mid November.


title: Constanța

text: Winter is milder than other cities in southern Romania. Snow is not abundant but the weather can be very windy and unpleasant. Winter arrives much later than inland and December weather is often mild with high temperatures reaching - . The average January temperature is . Winter storms, which occur when the sea becomes particularly treacherous, are a common occurrence between December and March.


title: Constanța

text: Spring arrives early but it is quite cool. Often in April and May the Black Sea coast is one of the coolest places in Romania found at an altitude lower than .


title: Constanța

text: Four of the warmest seven years from 1889 to 2008 have occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). As of September 2009, the winter and the summer of 2007 were respectively the warmest and the second warmest in recorded history with monthly averages for January (+6.5 °C) and June (+23.0 °C) breaking all-time records. Overall, 2007 was the warmest year since 1889 when weather recording began.


title: Constanța

text: , 283,872 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.


title: Constanța

text: , an article of INS said that the population of Constanța grew, the city having at the end of the year 319,678 inhabitants living permanently within the city limits.


title: Constanța

text: After Bucharest, the capital city, Romania has a number of major cities that are roughly equal in size: Constanța, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, and Timișoara.


title: Constanța

text: The metropolitan area of Constanța has a permanent population of 387,593 inhabitants, i.e. 61% of the total population of the county, and a minimum average of 120,000 per day, tourists or seasonal workers, transient people during the high tourist season.


title: Constanța

text: As of 1878, Constanța was defined as a "poor Turkish fishing village." As of 1920, it was called "flourishing", and was known for exporting oil and cereals.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is one of Romania's main industrial, commercial and tourist centers. During the first half of 2008, some 3,144 new companies were established in Constanța and its neighbouring localities, a number surpassed only in Bucharest and Cluj County. The Port of Constanța is the largest on the Black Sea and the fourth largest in Europe. The city also boasts a comparably large shipyard.


title: Constanța

text: Tourism has been an increasingly important economic activity in recent years. Although Constanța has been promoted as a seaside resort since the time of Carol I of Romania, the development of naval industry has had a detrimental effect on the city's beaches. However a massive rehabilitation of the beaches was undertaken in 2020 with EU funds that has resulted in new hectares of beach both in downtown Constanta and Mamaia.


title: Constanța

text: Due to its proximity to other major tourist destinations, Constanța receives a significant number of visitors every year, who discover and visit the city's monuments and attractions, as well as the increasingly popular festival Neversea. Also, Constanța is a centre of commerce and education, both of which significantly contribute to the local economy.


title: Constanța

text: The opening, in 1895, of the railway to Bucharest, which crosses the Danube River at the bridge at Cernavodă, brought Constanța considerable transit trade in grain and petroleum, which are largely exported; coal and coke head the list of imports, followed by machinery, iron goods, cotton and woollen fabrics.


title: Constanța

text: The A2 motorway provides a rapid road link between Constanța and Bucharest, while the A4 motorway acts as the city's outer traffic ring, diverting heavy traffic to and from the Port of Constanța and to Mangalia.


title: Constanța

text: The Port of Constanța includes the North Port and the South Port, and is the fourth largest in Europe. It is protected by breakwaters, with a lighthouse at the entrance. The port is sheltered from the northerly winds, but southerly winds can prove dangerous at times. The Black Sea squadron of the Romanian fleet is stationed here. A large canal (the Danube-Black Sea Canal) connects the Danube River to the Black Sea at Constanța.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța's public transport system is run by "Regia Autonomă de Transport în Comun Constanța" (RATC), and consists of 23 year-round bus lines, and one summer sightseeing double decker open top bus line to tourists.


title: Constanța

text: In the early 2000s, the city bought 130 new MAZ buses to replace the aging fleet of DAC buses. The entire fleet is now made up of buses from the 2000-2008 period, which are painted in distinctive bright colors, such as pink, yellow and green. There is also a fleet of double decker Volvo buses that run in the summer, providing access to and from the resort of Mamaia. As of October 2013, the cost of a return ticket is 3 lei.


title: Constanța

text: Trams were active until the late 2000s when they were decommissioned in favour of long-wheelbase buses. Two trolley bus lines were active until the early 2010s - now also decommissioned and replaced by buses.


title: Constanța

text: At the end of March 2014, all public buses were upgraded with Wi-Fi for free use by all passengers. Speeds fall into the 3G HSDPA mobile range. Also, as an upgrade to the ticketing system, since the same time, tickets and per day all bus lines subscriptions can be bought via SMS, accepted by all national operators.


title: Constanța

text: In July 2018 Constanța municipality signed an €18 million-contract to acquire new buses manufactured by the Turkish company Anadolu Isuzu.


title: Constanța

text: There are also plenty of private minibuses (similar to a share taxi) which run along longer and more intricate lines.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is one of the main focuses of the Rail-2-Sea project which aims to connect it to the Polish Baltic Sea port of Gdańsk with a long railway line passing through Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is worth exploring for its archaeological treasures and the atmosphere of the older part of town. Its historical monuments, ancient ruins, grand but abandoned casino, museums, shops, and proximity to beach resorts make it the focal point of Romania's Black Sea coastal tourism. Open-air restaurants, nightclubs and cabarets offer a wide variety of entertainment.


title: Constanța

text: Regional attractions include traditional villages, vineyards, ancient monuments and the Danube Delta, the best preserved delta in Europe.


title: Constanța

text: The Emperor Augustus exiled the Roman poet Ovid to what was then Tomis in 8 AD. In 1887 the sculptor Ettore Ferrari designed a statue of the poet which gave its name to this square in the old town. In 1916, during the occupation of Dobruja by the Central Powers, it was taken down by Bulgarian troops, but was later reinstated by the Germans. There is an exact replica of the statue in Sulmona, Ovid's hometown in Italy.


title: Constanța

text: The statue stands in front of the National History and Archaeology Museum which is housed in the old City Hall and contains a large collection of ancient art..


title: Constanța

text: A vast complex of late Roman buildings on three levels once linked the upper town to the harbor and marked its commercial center. Today, only about a third of the original structures remain in Ovid's Square, including more than of colorful - if poorly maintained - mosaics. Archaeological traces point to the existence of workshops, warehouses and shops in the area. Remains of the Roman public baths can be seen nearby. Roman aqueducts once brought water to the town.


title: Constanța

text: Soaring , the Genoese Lighthouse was built in 1860 by the Danubius and Black Sea Company to honor Genoese merchants who established a flourishing sea trade community here in the 13th century.


title: Constanța

text: Commissioned by King Carol I in 1910 and designed by architects Daniel Renard and Petre Antonescu right on the seashore, the derelict Constanța Casino features sumptuous Art Nouveau architecture. Once a huge attraction for European tourists, the casino lost its customers after the collapse of Communism. In 2021 renovation of the building finally began.


title: Constanța

text: Blending pre-Romanesque and Genoese architectural styles, this late 19th century building features four columns adorned with imposing sculptured lions. During the 1930s, its elegant salons hosted the Constanța Masonic Lodge.


title: Constanța

text: In the heart of Constanța, the park displays dozens of vestiges of the city's past including columns, amphorae, capitals, fragments of 3rd and 4th-century buildings, and a 6th-century tower.


title: Constanța

text: Built in 1957 to host theatre productions and operas, the state-funded Dobrogean Musical Theater hosted a multitude of shows written by some of Romania's most prolific composers and playwrights. In 1978, master choreographer formed the Classical and Contemporary Ballet Ensemble, revitalising the theater's significance. After Danovski's death in 1996, the shows slowed down, and in 2004 the theater was closed by the Culture Department of the City Council.


title: Constanța

text: Constructed in neo-Byzantine style between 1883 and 1885, the church was severely damaged during World War II and was restored in 1951. The interior murals combine neo-Byzantine style with purely Romanian elements best observed in the iconostasis and pews, chandeliers and candlesticks (bronze and brass alloy), all designed by Ion Mincu and manufactured in Paris.


title: Constanța

text: Built in 1910 by King Carol I, the Grand Mosque of Constanța (originally the Carol I Mosque) is the seat of the Mufti, the spiritual leader of the 55,000 Muslims (Turks and Tatars by origin) who live along the coast of the Dobrogea region. The building combines Neo-Byzantine and Romanian architectural elements, making it one of the most distinctive mosques in the area. The highlight of the interior is a large Turkish carpet, a gift from Sultan Abdülhamid II; woven at the Hereke factory in Turkey, it is one of the largest carpets in Europe, weighing 1,080 pounds. The minaret (tower) provides views of the old part of town and the harbor. Five times a day, the muezzin climbs 140 steps to the top to call the faithful to prayer.


title: Constanța

text: Completed in 1869, the Hünkar Mosque was commissioned by Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz for Turks who were forced to leave Crimea after the Crimean War (1853–56) and settled in Constanța. It was restored in 1945 and 1992.


title: Constanța

text: Originally called the Tranulis Theater after its benefactor, this theater was built in 1927 by Demostene Tranulis, a local philanthropist of Greek origin. A fine building featuring elements of neoclassical architecture, it's in the heart of the new city on Ferdinand Boulevard.


title: Constanța

text: The largest institution of its kind in Romania, this museum showcases the development of the country's military and civil navy. The idea for the museum was outlined in 1919, but it only opened on 3 August 1969 during the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. The collections include models of ships, knots, anchors and navy uniforms. It has also a special collection dedicated to figures who were important to the history of the Romanian navy.


title: Constanța

text: The zoo-like complex consists of a dolphinarium, exotic birds exhibition, and a micro-Delta. There's a planetarium next door.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța is home to several football clubs, with FCV Farul Constanța playing in the Romanian first division. There are two rugby teams in Constanța: RC Farul Constanța, who play in Divizia Națională BRD, and Constructorul Cleopatra Constanța, who play in Divizia A. One of the top Romanian handball clubs, HCD Constanța, is also based in the city. Olympic champion gymnasts Camelia Voinea, Nicoleta Daniela Sofronie, Simona Amânar and Cătălina Ponor were born in Constanța. Răzvan Florea, swimmer who won bronze medal at 2004 Summer Olympics was also born in Constanța. Former World number 1 in tennis Simona Halep is also a native of the city.


title: Constanța

text: Constanța and Mamaia, the neighboring summer holiday resort, are home to the Constanța-Mamaia ETU Triathlon European Cup that was held there in 2014 and 2015 and is also planned to take place in 2016.


title: University of Delaware

text: The University of Delaware (colloquially UD or Delaware) is a public land-grant research university located in Newark, Delaware. UD is the largest university in Delaware. It offers three associate's programs, 148 bachelor's programs, 121 master's programs (with 13 joint degrees), and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges. The main campus is in Newark, with satellite campuses in Dover, Wilmington, Lewes, and Georgetown. It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,200 undergraduate and 4,200 graduate students. It is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant state-supported research institution. UDel is ranked among the top 150 universities in the U.S.


title: University of Delaware

text: UD is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UD spent $186 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 119th in the nation. It is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.


title: University of Delaware

text: University of Delaware is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation. In 1923, it was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program.


title: University of Delaware

text: UD traces its origins to a "Free School," founded in New London, Pennsylvania in 1743. The school moved to Newark, Delaware by 1765, becoming the Newark Academy. The academy trustees secured a charter for Newark College in 1833 and the academy became part of the college, which changed its name to Delaware College in 1843. While not considered one of the colonial colleges because it was not a chartered institution of higher education during the colonial era, its original class of ten students included George Read, Thomas McKean, and James Smith, all three of whom went on to sign the Declaration of Independence. Read also later signed the United States Constitution.


title: University of Delaware

text: UD students, alumni, and sports teams are known as the "Fightin' Blue Hens", more commonly shortened to "Blue Hens", and the school colors are Delaware blue and gold. UD sponsors 21 men's and women's NCAA Division-I sports teams and have competed in the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) since 2001.


title: University of Delaware

text: The University of Delaware traces its origins to 1743, when Presbyterian minister Francis Alison opened a "Free School" in his home in New London, Pennsylvania. During its early years, the school was run under the auspices of the Philadelphia Synod of the Presbyterian Church. The school changed its name and location several times. It moved to Newark by 1765 and received a charter from the colonial Penn government as the Academy of Newark in 1769. In 1781, the academy trustees petitioned the Delaware General Assembly to grant the academy the powers of a college, but no action was taken on this request.


title: University of Delaware

text: In 1818, the Delaware legislature authorized the trustees of the Newark Academy to operate a lottery in order to raise funds with which to establish a college. Commencement of the lottery, however, was delayed until 1825, in large part because some trustees, several of whom were Presbyterian ministers, objected to involvement with a lottery on moral grounds.


title: University of Delaware

text: In 1832, the academy trustees selected the site for the college and entered into a contract for the erection of the college building. Construction of that building (now called Old College) began in late 1832 or in 1833. In January 1833 the academy trustees petitioned the Delaware legislature to incorporate the college and on February 5, 1833, the legislature incorporated Newark College, which was charged with instruction in languages, arts and sciences, and granted the power to confer degrees. All of the academy trustees became trustees of the college, and the college absorbed the academy, with Newark Academy becoming the preparatory department of Newark College.