title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: Sodium absorption occurs in two stages. The first is via intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Sodium passes into these cells by co-transport with glucose, via the SGLT1 protein. From the intestinal epithelial cells, sodium is pumped by active transport via the sodium-potassium pump through the basolateral cell membrane into the extracellular space.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: The sodium–potassium ATPase pump at the basolateral cell membrane moves three sodium ions into the extracellular space, while pulling into the enterocyte two potassium ions. This creates a "downhill" sodium gradient within the cell. SGLT proteins use energy from this downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane of the cell against the glucose gradient. The co-transporters are examples of secondary active transport. The GLUT uniporters then transport glucose across the basolateral membrane. Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters, since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: The co-transport of glucose into epithelial cells via the SGLT1 protein requires sodium. Two sodium ions and one molecule of glucose (or galactose) are transported together across the cell membrane via the SGLT1 protein. Without glucose, intestinal sodium is not absorbed. This is why oral rehydration salts include both sodium and glucose. For each cycle of the transport, hundreds of water molecules move into the epithelial cell to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resultant absorption of sodium and water can achieve rehydration even while diarrhea continues.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In the early 1980s, "oral rehydration therapy" referred only to the preparation prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. In 1988, the definition changed to encompass recommended home-made solutions, because the official preparation was not always readily available. The definition was again amended in 1988 to include continued feeding as an appropriate associated therapy. In 1991, the definition became, "an increase in administered hydrational fluids" and in 1993, "an increase in administered fluids and continued feeding".


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: Dehydration was a major cause of death during the 1829 cholera pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy noted the changes in blood composition and loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy (IV fluids), first administered by Latta. The prescribing of hypertonic IV therapy by Rogers decreased the mortality rate of cholera from 70 to 40 percent. In the West, IV therapy became the "gold standard" for the treatment of moderate and severe dehydration.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In 1953, Indian physician Hemendra Nath Chatterjee published his results in The Lancet of treating people with mild cholera with ORT. He gave the solution orally and rectally along with Coleus extract, antihistimines and antiemetics without controls. The formulation of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of sodium chloride, 25 g of glucose and 1000 mL of water. He did not publish any balance data and his exclusion of patients with severe dehydration did not lead to any confirmatory study; his report remained anecdotal.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: Robert Allan Phillips attempted to create an effective ORT solution based on his discovery that, in the presence of glucose, sodium and chloride could be absorbed in patients with cholera. However, Phillips' efforts failed because the solution he used was excessively hypertonic, and he used to try to stop the diarrhea rather than to rehydrate patients.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In the early 1960s, biochemist Robert K. Crane described the sodium-glucose co-transport mechanism and its role in intestinal glucose absorption. This, combined with evidence that the intestinal mucosa appears undamaged in cholera, suggested that intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium might continue during the illness. This supported the notion that oral rehydration might be possible even during severe diarrhea due to cholera. In 1967–1968, Norbert Hirschhorn and Nathaniel F. Pierce, working in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calcutta, India, respectively, showed that people with severe cholera can absorb glucose, salt and water and that this can occur in sufficient amounts to maintain hydration. In 1968, David R. Nalin and Richard A. Cash, assisted by Rafiqul Islam and Majid Molla, reported that in adults with cholera, given an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in volumes equal to that of the diarrhea losses, reduced the need for IV fluid therapy by eighty percent.[46]


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In 1971, fighting during the Bangladesh Liberation War displaced millions and an epidemic of cholera ensued among the refugees. When IV fluid ran out in the refugee camps, Dilip Mahalanabis, a physician working with the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta, instructed to prepare and distribute an oral rehydration solution prepared from individual ingredients to family members and caregivers. Over 3,000 people with cholera received ORT in this way. The mortality rate was 3.6 percent among those given ORT compared with 30 percent in those given IV fluid therapy. After the independence of Bangladesh, a wide circulation campaign was conducted on the use of saline in the treatment of diarrhea. In the year 1980, the World Health Organization recognized ORT and began a global program for its dissemination.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In the 1970s, Norbert Hirschhorn used oral rehydration therapy on the White River Apache Indian Reservation with a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He made the important observation that children would voluntarily drink as much of the solution as needed to restore hydration, and that rehydration and early re-feeding would protect their nutrition. This led to increased use of ORT for children with diarrhea, especially in developing countries.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: In 1980, the Bangladeshi nonprofit BRAC created a door-to-door and person-to-person sales force to teach ORT for use by mothers at home. A task force of fourteen women, one cook and one male supervisor traveled from village to village. After visiting with women in several villages, they hit upon the idea of encouraging the women in the village to make their own oral rehydration fluid. They used available household equipment, starting with a "half a seer" (half a quart) of water and adding a fistful of sugar and a three-finger pinch of salt. Later on, the approach was broadcast over television and radio and a market for oral rehydration salts packets developed. Three decades later, national surveys have found that almost 90% of children with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh are given oral rehydration fluids at home or in a health facility. ORT is known in Bangladesh as Orosaline or Orsaline.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: From 2006 to 2011, UNICEF estimated that worldwide about a third of children under 5 who had diarrhea received an oral rehydration solution, with estimates ranging from 30% to 41% depending on the region.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: ORT is one of the principal elements of the UNICEF "GOBI FFF" program (growth monitoring; ORT; breast feeding; immunization; female education; family spacing and food supplementation). The program aims to increase child survival in developing nations through proven low-cost interventions.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: People had fled from civil war in Mozambique to southern Malawi. In November 1990, cholera broke out in a refugee camp in southern Malawi where approximately 74,000 persons were temporarily living. David Swerdlow of the U.S.'s CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) wrote about the situation. He recommended setting up a tent just for children who would be assisted by some of the best nurses. He recommended against over-reliance on IV tubes, which often were left attached to persons for a week or more and which could lead to infections and septic shock. And he noticed that sick persons were not drinking enough rehydration solution. He assigned so-called "ORS officers" whose job was to encourage persons to drink more solution.


title: Oral rehydration therapy

text: It was a minor mystery how persons were getting sick since deep-bore wells provided clean water and refugees were encouraged to wash their hands. It was then discovered that the only place for persons to wash hands were in the same buckets in which water was transported and stored. Swerdlow wrote in his report, "Use of narrow mouthed water containers would probably decrease the likelihood of contamination."


title: Decomposition

text: Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. Animals, such as worms, also help decompose the organic materials. Organisms that do this are known as decomposers or detritivores. Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as "taphonomy" from the Greek word taphos, meaning tomb. Decomposition can also be a gradual process for organisms that have extended periods of dormancy.


title: Decomposition

text: One can differentiate abiotic decomposition from biotic decomposition (biodegradation). The former means "the degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes", e.g., hydrolysis; the latter means "the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms", typically by microorganisms.


title: Decomposition

text: Decomposition begins at the moment of death, caused by two factors: 1.) autolysis, the breaking down of tissues by the body's own internal chemicals and enzymes, and 2.) putrefaction, the breakdown of tissues by bacteria. These processes release compounds such as cadaverine and putrescine, that are the chief source of the unmistakably putrid odor of decaying animal tissue.


title: Decomposition

text: Prime decomposers are bacteria or fungi, though larger scavengers also play an important role in decomposition if the body is accessible to insects, mites and other animals. The most important arthropods that are involved in the process include carrion beetles, mites, the flesh-flies (Sarcophagidae) and blow-flies (Calliphoridae), such as the green bottle flies seen in the summer. In North America, the most important non-insect animals that are typically involved in the process include mammal and bird scavengers, such as coyotes, dogs, wolves, foxes, rats, crows and vultures. Some of these scavengers also remove and scatter bones, which they ingest at a later time. Aquatic and marine environments have break-down agents that include bacteria, fish, crustaceans, fly larvae and other carrion scavengers.


title: Decomposition

text: Five general stages are used to describe the process of decomposition in vertebrate animals: fresh, bloat, active decay, advanced decay, and dry/remains. The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition: autolysis and putrefaction. These two stages contribute to the chemical process of decomposition, which breaks down the main components of the body. With death the microbiome of the living organism collapses and is followed by the necrobiome that undergoes predictable changes over time.


title: Decomposition

text: Among those animals that have a heart, the "fresh" stage begins immediately after the heart stops beating. From the moment of death, the body begins cooling or warming to match the temperature of the ambient environment, during a stage called algor mortis. Shortly after death, within three to six hours, the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing, during a stage called rigor mortis. Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body, gravity causes it to drain to the dependent portions of the body, creating an overall bluish-purple discoloration termed livor mortis or, more commonly, lividity. Depending on the position of the body, these parts would vary. For instance, if the person was flat on their back when they died, the blood would collect in the parts that are touching the ground. If the person was hanging, it would collect in their fingertips, toes and earlobes.


title: Decomposition

text: Once the heart stops, the blood can no longer supply oxygen or remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. The resulting decrease in pH and other chemical changes causes cells to lose their structural integrity, bringing about the release of cellular enzymes capable of initiating the breakdown of surrounding cells and tissues. This process is known as autolysis.


title: Decomposition

text: Visible changes caused by decomposition are limited during the fresh stage, although autolysis may cause blisters to appear at the surface of the skin.


title: Decomposition

text: The small amount of oxygen remaining in the body is quickly depleted by cellular metabolism and aerobic microbes naturally present in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, creating an ideal environment for the proliferation of anaerobic organisms. These multiply, consuming the body's carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, to produce a variety of substances including propionic acid, lactic acid, methane, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. The process of microbial proliferation within a body is referred to as putrefaction and leads to the second stage of decomposition known as bloat.


title: Decomposition

text: Blowflies and flesh flies are the first carrion insects to arrive and they seek a suitable oviposition site.


title: Decomposition

text: The bloat stage provides the first clear visual sign that microbial proliferation is underway. In this stage, anaerobic metabolism takes place, leading to the accumulation of gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen. The accumulation of gases within the bodily cavity causes the distention of the abdomen and gives a cadaver its overall bloated appearance. The gases produced also cause natural liquids and liquefying tissues to become frothy. As the pressure of the gases within the body increases, fluids are forced to escape from natural orifices, such as the nose, mouth and anus, and enter the surrounding environment. The buildup of pressure combined with the loss of integrity of the skin may also cause the body to rupture.


title: Decomposition

text: Intestinal anaerobic bacteria transform haemoglobin into sulfhemoglobin and other colored pigments. The associated gases which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the circulatory and lymphatic systems, giving the body an overall marbled appearance.


title: Decomposition

text: If insects have access, maggots hatch and begin to feed on the body's tissues. Maggot activity, typically confined to natural orifices, and masses under the skin, causes the skin to slip, and hair to detach from the skin. Maggot feeding, and the accumulation of gases within the body, eventually leads to post-mortem skin ruptures which will then further allow purging of gases and fluids into the surrounding environment. Ruptures in the skin allow oxygen to re-enter the body and provide more surface area for the development of fly larvae and the activity of aerobic microorganisms. The purging of gases and fluids results in the strong distinctive odors associated with decay.


title: Decomposition

text: Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver decomposition island (CDI). Liquefaction of tissues and disintegration become apparent during this time and strong odors persist. The end of active decay is signaled by the migration of maggots away from the body to pupate.


title: Decomposition

text: Decomposition is largely inhibited during advanced decay due to the loss of readily available cadaveric material. Insect activity is also reduced during this stage. When the carcass is located on soil, the area surrounding it will show evidence of vegetation death. The CDI surrounding the carcass will display an increase in soil carbon and nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium; changes in pH; and a significant increase in soil nitrogen.


title: Decomposition

text: During the dry/remains stage, the resurgence of plant growth around the CDI may occur and is a sign that the nutrients present in the surrounding soil have not yet returned to their normal levels. All that remains of the cadaver at this stage is dry skin, cartilage, and bones, which will become dry and bleached if exposed to the elements. If all soft tissue is removed from the cadaver, it is referred to as completely skeletonized, but if only portions of the bones are exposed, it is referred to as partially skeletonized.


title: Decomposition

text: A dead body that has been exposed to the open elements, such as water and air, will decompose more quickly and attract much more insect activity than a body that is buried or confined in special protective gear or artifacts. This is due, in part, to the limited number of insects that can penetrate a coffin and the lower temperatures under the soil.


title: Decomposition

text: The rate and manner of decomposition in an animal body are strongly affected by several factors. In roughly descending degrees of importance, they are:


title: Decomposition

text: The speed at which decomposition occurs varies greatly. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and the season of death all determine how fast a fresh body will skeletonize or mummify. A basic guide for the effect of environment on decomposition is given as Casper's Law (or Ratio): if all other factors are equal, then, when there is free access of air a body decomposes twice as fast as if immersed in water and eight times faster than if buried in the earth. Ultimately, the rate of bacterial decomposition acting on the tissue will depend upon the temperature of the surroundings. Colder temperatures decrease the rate of decomposition while warmer temperatures increase it. A dry body will not decompose efficiently. Moisture helps the growth of microorganisms that decompose the organic matter, but too much moisture could lead to anaerobic conditions slowing down the decomposition process.


title: Decomposition

text: The most important variable is the body's accessibility to insects, particularly flies. On the surface in tropical areas, invertebrates alone can easily reduce a fully fleshed corpse to clean bones in under two weeks. The skeleton itself is not permanent; acids in soils can reduce it to unrecognizable components. This is one reason given for the lack of human remains found in the wreckage of the " Titanic", even in parts of the ship considered inaccessible to scavengers. Freshly skeletonized bone is often called "green" bone and has a characteristic greasy feel. Under certain conditions (normally cool, damp soil), bodies may undergo saponification and develop a waxy substance called adipocere, caused by the action of soil chemicals on the body's proteins and fats. The formation of adipocere slows decomposition by inhibiting the bacteria that cause putrefaction.


title: Decomposition

text: In extremely dry or cold conditions, the normal process of decomposition is halted – by either lack of moisture or temperature controls on bacterial and enzymatic action – causing the body to be preserved as a mummy. Frozen mummies commonly restart the decomposition process when thawed (see Ötzi the Iceman), whilst heat-desiccated mummies remain so unless exposed to moisture.


title: Decomposition

text: The bodies of newborns who never ingested food are an important exception to the normal process of decomposition. They lack the internal microbial flora that produces much of decomposition and quite commonly mummify if kept in even moderately dry conditions.


title: Decomposition

text: Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body. Anaerobic decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen. This could be a place where the body is buried in organic material and oxygen can not reach it. This process of putrefaction has a bad odor accompanied by it due to the hydrogen sulfide and organic matter containing sulfur.


title: Decomposition

text: Embalming is the practice of delaying the decomposition of human and animal remains. Embalming slows decomposition somewhat but does not forestall it indefinitely. Embalmers typically pay great attention to parts of the body seen by mourners, such as the face and hands. The chemicals used in embalming repel most insects and slow down bacterial putrefaction by either killing existing bacteria in or on the body themselves or by "fixing" cellular proteins, which means that they cannot act as a nutrient source for subsequent bacterial infections. In sufficiently dry environments, an embalmed body may end up mummified and it is not uncommon for bodies to remain preserved to a viewable extent after decades. Notable viewable embalmed bodies include those of:


title: Decomposition

text: A body buried in a sufficiently dry environment may be well preserved for decades. This was observed in the case for murdered civil rights activist Medgar Evers, who was found to be almost perfectly preserved over 30 years after his death, permitting an accurate autopsy when the case of his murder was re-opened in the 1990s.


title: Decomposition

text: Bodies submerged in a peat bog may become naturally "embalmed", arresting decomposition and resulting in a preserved specimen known as a bog body. The generally cool and anoxic conditions in these environments limits the rate of microbial activity, thus limiting the potential for decomposition. The time for an embalmed body to be reduced to a skeleton varies greatly. Even when a body is decomposed, embalming treatment can still be achieved (the arterial system decays more slowly) but would not restore a natural appearance without extensive reconstruction and cosmetic work, and is largely used to control the foul odors due to decomposition.


title: Decomposition

text: There are some examples where bodies have been inexplicably preserved (with no human intervention) for decades or centuries and appear almost the same as when they died. In some religious groups, this is known as incorruptibility. It is not known whether or for how long a body can stay free of decay without artificial preservation.


title: Decomposition

text: Various sciences study the decomposition of bodies under the general rubric of forensic science because the usual motive for such studies is to determine the time and cause of death for legal purposes:


title: Decomposition

text: The University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility (better known as the Body Farm) in Knoxville, Tennessee has several bodies laid out in various situations in a fenced-in plot near the medical center. Scientists at the Body Farm study how the human body decays in various circumstances to gain a better understanding of decomposition.


title: Decomposition

text: Decomposition of plant matter occurs in many stages. It begins with leaching by water; the most easily lost and soluble carbon compounds are liberated in this process. Another early process is physical breakup or fragmentation of the plant material into smaller pieces, providing greater surface area for microbial colonization and attack. In smaller dead plants, this process is largely carried out by the soil invertebrate fauna, whereas in larger plants, primarily parasitic life-forms such as insects and fungi play a major role in breaking down matter, and are not assisted by numerous detritivore species.


title: Decomposition

text: Following this, the plant detritus (consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, microbial products, and lignin) undergoes chemical alteration by microbes. Different types of compounds decompose at different rates. This is dependent on their chemical structure. For instance, lignin is a component of wood, which is relatively resistant to decomposition and can in fact only be decomposed by certain fungi, such as the black-rot fungi.


title: Decomposition

text: Wood decomposition is a complex process involving fungi which transport nutrients to the nutritionally scarce wood from outside environment. Because of this nutritional enrichment, the fauna of saproxylic insects may develop and, in turn, affect dead wood, contributing to decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor. Lignin is one such remaining product of decomposing plants with a very complex chemical structure, causing the rate of microbial breakdown to slow. Warmth increases the speed of plant decay by roughly the same amount, regardless of the composition of the plant.


title: Decomposition

text: In most grassland ecosystems, natural damage from fire, insects that feed on decaying matter, termites, grazing mammals, and the physical movement of animals through the grass are the primary agents of breakdown and nutrient cycling, while bacteria and fungi play the main roles in further decomposition.


title: Decomposition

text: The chemical aspects of plant decomposition always involve the release of carbon dioxide. In fact, decomposition contributes over 90 percent of carbon dioxide released each year.


title: Decomposition

text: The decomposition of food, either plant or animal, called "spoilage" in this context, is an important field of study within food science. Food decomposition can be slowed down by conservation. The spoilage of meat occurs, if the meat is untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time – though not indefinitely – if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety, food preservation and food storage procedures are applied.


title: Decomposition

text: Spoilage of food is attributed to contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria, molds and yeasts, along with natural decay of the food. These decomposition bacteria reproduce at rapid rates under conditions of moisture and preferred temperatures. When the proper conditions are lacking the bacteria may form spores which lurk until suitable conditions arise to continue reproduction.


title: Decomposition

text: The rate of decomposition is governed by three sets of factors—the physical environment (temperature, moisture and soil properties), the quantity and quality of the dead material available to decomposers, and the nature of the microbial community itself.


title: Decomposition

text: Decomposition rates are low under very wet or very dry conditions. Decomposition rates are highest in damp, moist conditions with adequate levels of oxygen. Wet soils tend to become deficient in oxygen (this is especially true in wetlands), which slows microbial growth. In dry soils, decomposition slows as well, but bacteria continue to grow (albeit at a slower rate) even after soils become too dry to support plant growth. When the rains return and soils become wet, the osmotic gradient between the bacterial cells and the soil water causes the cells to gain water quickly. Under these conditions, many bacterial cells burst, releasing a pulse of nutrients. Decomposition rates also tend to be slower in acidic soils. Soils which are rich in clay minerals tend to have lower decomposition rates, and thus, higher levels of organic matter. The smaller particles of clay result in a larger surface area that can hold water. The higher the water content of a soil, the lower the oxygen content and consequently, the lower the rate of decomposition. Clay minerals also bind particles of organic material to their surface, making them less accessible to microbes. Soil disturbance like tilling increases decomposition by increasing the amount of oxygen in the soil and by exposing new organic matter to soil microbes.


title: Decomposition

text: The quality and quantity of the material available to decomposers is another major factor that influences the rate of decomposition. Substances like sugars and amino acids decompose readily and are considered labile. Cellulose and hemicellulose, which are broken down more slowly, are "moderately labile". Compounds which are more resistant to decay, like lignin or cutin, are considered recalcitrant. Litter with a higher proportion of labile compounds decomposes much more rapidly than does litter with a higher proportion of recalcitrant material. Consequently, dead animals decompose more rapidly than dead leaves, which themselves decompose more rapidly than fallen branches. As organic material in the soil ages, its quality decreases. The more labile compounds decompose quickly, leaving an increasing proportion of recalcitrant material. Microbial cell walls also contain recalcitrant materials like chitin, and these also accumulate as the microbes die, further reducing the quality of older soil organic matter.


title: Anna Todd

text: Anna Renee Todd (born March 20, 1989) is an American author and screenwriter, who is best known for her "After" series. She started publishing on the social storytelling platform Wattpad. The print edition of the series was published in 2014 by Gallery Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, and has been translated into several languages. The film adaptation of the first book was released on April 12, 2019, by Aviron Pictures, the second in September 2020 and third in September 2021.


title: Anna Todd

text: In 2018, Todd went on to open her own production company, Frayed Pages. In 2021, the company evolved and she announced her own imprint in partnership with Wattpad. Frayed Pages x Wattpad Books will publish the author's future projects, as well as other writers works.


title: Anna Todd

text: Todd's writing was initially inspired by the music and fandom of One Direction, and the singer Harry Styles is a model for the protagonist in her "After" series, under the name Hardin Scott. She started by writing stories on her phone with the Wattpad app in 2013, publishing a chapter almost daily for over a year. Todd wrote three books in the "After" series on Wattpad.


title: Anna Todd

text: The series has sometimes been compared to the "Fifty Shades" trilogy as both series had their start as fan fiction. Reviewers at the website Jezebel criticized the series and stated that it "echoes the troubling dynamics of "50 Shades"," as they felt that Hardin's character "behaves at best like a prick, at worst like an abusive boyfriend in the making."


title: Anna Todd

text: In 2015, Todd announced that she would be publishing "Before", a prequel novel that tells the events of "After" from the perspective of Hardin Scott. Her next book, "The Spring Girls", a re-telling of Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women", was published in 2018.


title: Anna Todd

text: In October 2014, Paramount Pictures acquired film rights to the "After" series with Offspring Entertainment ("Step Up" franchise, "Rock of Ages") set to produce. The film, based on her first book, was eventually released by Aviron Pictures on April 12, 2019. Josephine Langford portrays Tessa, the female protagonist, and Hero Fiennes Tiffin portrays Hardin, the male protagonist.


title: Anna Todd

text: In 2021, Todd started her own imprint in partnership with Wattpad Books. Frayed Pages will publish the author's future novels, as well as other writers' works. The imprint was announced in November 2021 along with the news that "After" would become a graphic novel, scheduled to be released in May of the next year.


title: Anna Todd

text: In February 2022, "Cosmopolitan" announced the release of Todd's new novel to be published under her imprint. "The Falling", which is a rewritten version of one of her previous works, "The Brightest Stars", tells the story of a young girl named Karina falling in love with Kael, a soldier fighting to overcome PTSD following three deployments in Afghanistan. Two more novels will complete the series: "The Burning" and "The Infinite Light of Dust".


title: Anna Todd

text: Todd grew up in Dayton, Ohio. In 2007, she married her ex-husband Jordan, an American soldier, when she was 18 years old and the two then moved to Fort Hood, Texas, where she worked at a Waffle House and at a makeup counter for ULTA Beauty. She has a son named Asher with her ex-husband. Todd announced their split via Instagram on June 30, 2022. She also has an older brother and younger sister.


title: Anna Todd

text: Todd briefly shared a mailbox with Austin film critic Korey Coleman. Years later, he would review the film adaptation of her novel "After", though he gave it a negative review.


title: James Bond music

text: The James Bond film series from Eon Productions has featured numerous musical compositions since its inception 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the "James Bond Theme" by Monty Norman. Other instrumentals, such as "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs performed by several notable British or American artists such as Shirley Bassey's "Goldfinger", Nancy Sinatra's "You Only Live Twice", Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill", Tina Turner's "Goldeneye" also become identified with the series; Madonna's "Die Another Day" became a dance hit around the world, while "A View to a Kill" becomes the first and only James Bond song to have reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Three Bond songs have won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Skyfall" by Adele, "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and "No Time to Die" by Billie Eilish, with "Writing's on the Wall" also became the first Bond theme to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart.


title: James Bond music

text: The "James Bond Theme" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since "Dr. No", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in every Eon Bond film before "Casino Royale".


title: James Bond music

text: The briefest of "James Bond themes", this composition started off the "Opening Titles" music of "From Russia with Love". It was heard in the "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" film trailer.


title: James Bond music

text: "007 Theme", not to be confused with the "James Bond Theme", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 for the Bond film "From Russia with Love".


title: James Bond music

text: "The John Barry Seven" had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's theme to "The Magnificent Seven" that included seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the "007 Theme".


title: James Bond music

text: It became a secondary theme for the Bond films, being used throughout the series, primarily during action scenes. Its most notable appearances are:


title: James Bond music

text: This piece of music was also used by Al Primo, the news director at KYW-TV in Philadelphia for its long-time theme to "Eyewitness News", and was adopted by other Group W stations in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Boston and San Francisco as well as other non-Group W stations, including WLS-TV in Chicago. The theme was also sampled by Big Audio Dynamite for the 1986 song "Sightsee M.C!"


title: James Bond music

text: Like John Barry, David Arnold has left his own mark in the music of James Bond. In this case, he has established what can be called the "suspense motif", which is a descending, often repetitive four-note motif that can be heard in all of the Bond films he has scored. This motif can be heard in:


title: James Bond music

text: The largest contributions to the Bond films, save for the "James Bond Theme", are works from John Barry. Barry composed eleven Bond soundtracks and is credited with the creation of "007" (dominated by brass and percussion) and the popular orchestral theme from "On Her Majesty's Secret Service".


title: James Bond music

text: Next to Barry, David Arnold is the series' most regular composer. He composed the scores for five Bond films: "Tomorrow Never Dies" through "Quantum of Solace". His orchestrations combined with electronic rhythm elements gave the Pierce Brosnan era its musical identity. Arnold was essentially Barry's anointed successor, Barry having recommended Arnold to Barbara Broccoli when she took over the Bond films from her father Albert R. Broccoli.


title: James Bond music

text: Other major composers and record-producers include George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, Éric Serra, Thomas Newman and Hans Zimmer. Each of these composed for only one Bond film, with the exception of Newman. The departures from John Barry had various causes; sometimes Barry declined in order to avoid paying double income tax—US and UK. Barry died in 2011. Sometimes the director of a Bond film had worked with the composer of his choice on other films – the latter happened to David Arnold with "Skyfall" and "Spectre".


title: James Bond music

text: The "James Bond Theme" is the main theme for "Dr. No", and has featured in all the Eon Productions Bond films in different versions. The theme has also featured on the gun barrel sequences at the beginning of the films. The original theme was written by Monty Norman, and was performed by John Barry and his orchestra in 1962. In the opening credits of "Dr. No", two other pieces were played: an untitled bongo interlude and a Calypso-flavored rendition of "Three Blind Mice", titled "Kingston Calypso". Due to this, "Dr. No" is the only film to have more than one opening theme. The "James Bond Theme" reached 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks.


title: James Bond music

text: The opening credits of "From Russia with Love" were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at 20.


title: James Bond music

text: "Goldfinger" was the third soundtrack composed by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show.


title: James Bond music

text: Welsh singer Shirley Bassey is the only singer to perform more than one Bond theme – she recorded the themes to "Goldfinger", "Diamonds Are Forever", and "Moonraker". Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball" and it was rumoured that "No Good About Goodbye" was intended for "Quantum of Solace", however David Arnold said 'No Good About Goodbye' was never intended as a Bond song.


title: James Bond music

text: Paul McCartney's performance of "Live and Let Die" was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached 2 as a U.S. single, and 9 on the U.K. charts. George Martin's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists.


title: James Bond music

text: Marvin Hamlisch's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager's (lyrics) "Nobody Does It Better" (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's "For Your Eyes Only", which was performed by Sheena Easton.


title: James Bond music

text: It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from "Skyfall" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for "The Spy Who Loved Me", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" from "Spectre" and Billie Eilish's "No Time to Die" from the film of the same name would also win Oscars for Best Original Song.


title: James Bond music

text: Duran Duran and John Barry's "A View To A Kill" topped the singles charts in the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015.


title: James Bond music

text: Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. "The Living Daylights" featured The Pretenders performing "If There Was a Man," composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. "Licence to Kill" has "If You Asked Me To" sung by Patti LaBelle. "GoldenEye" featured Éric Serra's "The Experience of Love". "Tomorrow Never Dies" included k.d. lang's "Surrender" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The "Surrender" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the "Thunderball" soundtrack, where "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones.


title: James Bond music

text: "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post–"From Russia with Love" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of "We Have All the Time in the World", written by John Barry and Hal David.


title: James Bond music

text: A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as "We Have All the Time in the World" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear.


title: James Bond music

text: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album "Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes" (lounge) and "", the latter of which features David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called "Best Of James Bond", some of which were used on the menus of "Ultimate Edition" DVD releases. Billy Strange released "Secret Agent File" in 1965. In 2004, The Cavaliers played a show titled "007" using Bond music such as "GoldenEye", "For Your Eyes Only", "Live and Let Die", "Hovercraft Chase", "Welcome to Cuba" and "Paris and Bond". Some of them are Italo disco-like rhythms and soundtrack albums promote hits that matches the film's theme. In 2000 'An Electronika Tribute to James Bond' album was released adding yet another genre to the Bond fandom.


title: James Bond music

text: With the increase in audio quality for video game consoles and personal computers, in addition to the continued popularity of computer and video games, publisher Electronic Arts as well as Activision (since 2008) has included opening themes and film-style credit sequences to some of its more recent Bond video game spin offs.


title: James Bond music

text: The 2008 continuation novel "Devil May Care" by Sebastian Faulks was the first James Bond novel to receive its own theme song. Also called "Devil May Care", the song was written and recorded by Cardiff band SAL and was available on the UK audiobook release of the novel.


title: Sid Meier

text: Sidney K. Meier ( ; born February 24, 1954) is a Canadian-American programmer, designer, and producer of several strategy video games and simulation video games, including the "Civilization" series. Meier co-founded MicroProse in 1982 with Bill Stealey and is the Director of Creative Development of Firaxis Games, which he co-founded with Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds in 1996. For his contributions to the video game industry, Meier was inducted into the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame.


title: Sid Meier

text: Meier was born in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, to parents of Dutch and Swiss descent, giving him both Canadian and Swiss citizenship. A few years later, the family moved to Michigan, US, where Meier was raised. He studied history and computer science, graduating with a degree in computer science from the University of Michigan in 1975.


title: Sid Meier

text: Following college, Meier worked in developing cash register systems for department stores. During this period, Meier purchased an Atari 800 c. 1981, which helped him realize that computer programming could be used to make video games. He found a co-worker, Bill Stealey, who had a similar interest in developing games, and shared the games that Meier had developed. The two decided to launch a new company for computer game development.


title: Sid Meier

text: Meier founded MicroProse with Stealey in 1982. After a few initial 2D action games, such as Meier's platformer "Floyd of the Jungle", MicroProse settled into a run of flight simulation titles beginning with "Hellcat Ace" (1982) and continuing with "Spitfire Ace" (1982), "Solo Flight" (1983), and "F-15 Strike Eagle" (1985), all designed and programmed by Meier.


title: Sid Meier

text: By 1986 MicroProse was using Meier's name and face in advertisements for its games. In 1987, the company released "Sid Meier's Pirates!", the first with Meier's name in the title. He later explained that the inclusion of his name was because "Pirates!" is very different from the company's earlier titles. Stealey decided that Meier's name would make those who purchased the flight simulators more likely to play the game. Stealey recalled: "We were at dinner at a Software Publishers Association meeting, and Robin Williams was there. And he kept us in stitches for two hours. And he turns to me and says 'Bill, you should put Sid's name on a couple of these boxes, and promote him as the star.' And that's how Sid's name got on "Pirates", and "Civilization"."


title: Sid Meier

text: The idea was successful; by 1992 an entry in "Computer Gaming World" poetry contest praised Meier's name as "a guarantee they got it right". Meier is not always the main designer on titles that carry his name. For instance, Brian Reynolds has been credited as the primary designer behind "Sid Meier's Civilization II", "Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri", and "Sid Meier's Colonization", while Jeff Briggs designed "Sid Meier's Civilization III", Soren Johnson led "Sid Meier's Civilization IV", Jon Shafer led "Sid Meier's Civilization V", and Will Miller and David McDonough were the designers of "".


title: Sid Meier

text: After the release of "F-19 Stealth Fighter", Meier focused on strategy games, later saying "Everything I thought was cool about a flight simulator had gone into that game." Inspired by "SimCity" and "Empire", he created "Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon" and later the game series for which he is most widely recognized, "Sid Meier's Civilization", although he designed only the first installment.


title: Sid Meier

text: Around 1990, Stealey wanted to expand MicroProse to produce arcade games, which Meier felt was too risky. Unable to resolve the matter with Stealey, Meier quietly sold Stealey his half of the company but otherwise remained with the company in his same role.


title: Sid Meier

text: MicroProse, after it had become a public company, merged with Spectrum HoloByte in 1993 under Spectrum's name, with Spectrum as the operating company. As a cost-cutting measure, Spectrum cut many of the jobs at MicroProse at 1996 and consolidated much of their operations. Meier, along with MicroProse employees Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds, were dissastified with these decisions, and opted to leave the company to form Firaxis Games in 1997.


title: Sid Meier

text: Firaxis continued to develop the same type of strategy games that Meier had developed at MicroProse, many of which are follow-ups to those titles, such as the new "Civilization" games and a remake of "Sid Meier's Pirates!" (2004). In 1996, he invented a "System for Real-Time Music Composition and Synthesis" used in C.P.U. Bach. "Next Generation" listed him in their "75 Most Important People in the Games Industry of 1995", calling him "a prolific developer of some of the best games in [MicroProse]'s catalog".


title: Sid Meier

text: According to Firaxis employees, Meier has been constantly developing a special game engine since around 1996 which he uses to prototype his game ideas and which he has not shared with anyone else. Dennis Shirk, a senior producer, said in 2016 that Meier would sometimes arrive at the office and announce he had a new game prototype for the company to try out and see if it could be developed further. The engine is believed by Firaxis employees to be based on his original "Civilization" source, but expanded over the years with updates that he or other engineers will write for him.


title: Sid Meier

text: Meier worked with a team on a dinosaur-themed game starting in early 2000, but announced in an online development diary in 2001 that the game had been shelved. Despite trying various approaches, including turn-based and real-time gameplay, he said he found no way to make the concept fun enough. In 2005, he said, "We've been nonstop busy making other games over the past several years, so the dinosaur game remains on the shelf. However, I do love the idea of a dinosaur game and would like to revisit it when I have some time."


title: Sid Meier

text: An autobiography, "Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games", was published on September 8, 2020 by W. W. Norton & Company.


title: Sid Meier

text: "Computer Gaming World" reported in 1994 that "Sid Meier has stated on numerous occasions that he emphasizes the 'fun parts' of a simulation and throws out the rest". "Meier insisted", the magazine reported that year, "that discovering the elusive quality of fun is the toughest part of design". According to "PC Gamer", "Though his games are frequently about violent times and places, there is never any blood or gore shown. He designs and creates his games by playing them, over and over, until they are fun".


title: Sid Meier

text: Meier lives in Hunt Valley, Maryland, with his second wife Susan, whom he met at Faith Evangelical Lutheran Church in Cockeysville, where he is the Director of Contemporary Music. The couple lead contemporary music worship. Meier has a son, Ryan Meier, who works for Blizzard Entertainment.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Gregory Berlanti (born May 24, 1972) is an American screenwriter, producer and director of film and television. He is known for his work on the television series "Dawson's Creek", "Brothers & Sisters", "Everwood", "Political Animals", "Riverdale", "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" and "You", in addition to his contributions to DC Comics on film and television productions, including The CW's Arrowverse, "Titans", and the "Doom Patrol". In 2000, Berlanti founded the production company Berlanti Productions.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In the 2017–2018 television season, Berlanti tied Jerry Bruckheimer's 2005–2006 record in having 10 different live-action scripted television series airing on various networks and digital platforms and took sole possession of the record, with 14 airing in the 2018–19 television season, having signed the most expensive producer deal at that time (June 2018) with Warner Bros. In the 2019–20 television season, with one cancellation and two new series, Berlanti increased the record to 18. Berlanti also directed the 2018 film "Love, Simon", a gay romantic comedy-drama which grossed $66million worldwide.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 1998, at the age of 26, Berlanti landed his first writing job on The WB's "Dawson's Creek", where he quickly rose through the producing ranks from staff writer to executive producer. When creator and then-showrunner Kevin Williamson decided to step away from the show, 28-year-old Berlanti was promoted to showrunner.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti has spoken in many interviews about the importance of introducing a gay character into a primetime television show and featuring the first same-sex kiss between two men on U.S. network television on "Dawson's Creek". Speaking with "The Hollywood Reporter", he stated, “In the beginning, there was resistance. When we did the Jack kiss on "Dawson's Creek", everyone was tentative. But I took over the show and that was an important thing to me. If we were going to bring the character out, it seemed silly to me that he couldn't kiss.” When asked what he would have done if the network had said no to the kiss, Berlanti added, “I was prepared to quit. I really was.”


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti subsequently created two drama series for Warner Brothers: "Everwood" and "Jack & Bobby". He and his business partner Mickey Liddell struck a deal with Warner Bros. in March 2003 via Berlanti/Liddell Productions. By the age of 32, he had also already directed his first feature film, " ", which starred Timothy Olyphant, Zach Braff, Justin Theroux, and Dean Cain. After three years at Warner Bros., he moved to Touchstone Television in 2006 and set up Berlanti Television as his new production company.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2006, Berlanti produced and wrote "Brothers & Sisters" for ABC, which aired for five seasons and featured the first same-sex legal marriage on network television. He replaced Marti Noxon, who departed the show because of creative differences.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2007, Berlanti executive-produced "Dirty Sexy Money" for ABC, which aired for two seasons and featured the first recurring transgender character on primetime television.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2008, Berlanti created and produced the ABC legal drama "Eli Stone" and, in 2012, the USA miniseries "Political Animals". At ABC, he produced and worked alongside Jon Harmon Feldman, former "Dirty Sexy Money" showrunner, to create "No Ordinary Family". In 2011, he shifted from ABC Studios back to its original home at Warner Bros. Television. For NBC, he produced "The Mysteries of Laura", an American adaptation of the Spanish television series, which premiered on September 17, 2014, and "Blindspot", which premiered on September 21, 2015.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti directed the 2010 film "Life as We Know It", starring Katherine Heigl and Josh Duhamel. He produced the film "Pan" for Warner Bros. under his Berlanti Productions banner; the film was released October 9, 2015.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In January 2016, The CW ordered the Berlanti-produced television pilot "Riverdale", based on the characters from Archie Comics. The pilot was picked up to series in May 2016. "Riverdale" premiered on January 26, 2017, and was renewed for a second season on March 7, 2017. In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series based on the comic book "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" was in development for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions. In December 2017, the project had moved to Netflix, and the first season of "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" was released on October 26, 2018. On December 18, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a second season.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In February 2015, it was announced that Berlanti and Sera Gamble would develop a series for Showtime based on Caroline Kepnes's thriller novel "You". Two years later, it was announced that the series was purchased by Lifetime and put on fast-track development. "You" premiered on September 9, 2018. On July 26, 2018, ahead of the series premiere, Lifetime announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. On December 3, 2018, it was confirmed that Lifetime had passed on the series and that Netflix picked up the series ahead of the release of the second season. The second season was released on December 26, 2019. On January 14, 2020, Netflix renewed "You" for a third season, which was released on October 15, 2021. In October 2021, ahead of the third season premiere, the series was renewed for a fourth season.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti co-wrote and co-produced the DC Comics film "Green Lantern", starring Ryan Reynolds as the titular character. As the film was neither critically nor financially successful, further planned releases were cancelled.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In May 2016, Berlanti discussed his involvement, as producer and possibly as director, in a "Booster Gold" feature film that was in development. Zack Stentz was signed to the project as screenwriter. It is still in movie limbo.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In January 2012, it was announced that, along with Andrew Kreisberg and Marc Guggenheim, Berlanti would create, write, and produce a series called "Arrow", based on Green Arrow, for The CW. The series premiered on October 10, 2012, and was picked up to full series in the same month. On July 30, 2013, it was announced at the summer TCA tour that Berlanti, Kreisberg, and DC Comics CCO Geoff Johns would be introducing Barry Allen in the second season of "Arrow", with the possibility of the character being spun off to his own series. Actor Grant Gustin was cast and made his debut in episode 8, "The Scientist." In November 2013, The CW officially ordered a pilot for "The Flash", and in May 2014, the network picked the project up to series, with a premiere scheduled for autumn of that year.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: On February 26, 2015, it was announced that Berlanti, along with Guggenheim and Kreisberg, would write and executive produce a spin-off series featuring The Atom (Brandon Routh), Captain Cold (Wentworth Miller), Martin Stein (Victor Garber), and The White Canary (Caity Lotz), for a potential 2016 premiere. The series was ultimately titled "Legends of Tomorrow", and it followed a ragtag team of heroes and villains as they traveled through time and space on a mission to stop the devious immortal Vandal Savage. The series premiered on January 21, 2016, and was renewed for a second season on March 11, 2016.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: On September 4, 2014, it was reported that Berlanti would executive-produce a re-imagining of the origin of "Supergirl", to be written by "The New Normal" and "Chuck" alum Ali Adler. "The Flash" co-creator Johns was also involved with development. On September 19, 2014, it was reported that CBS had made a series commitment to "Supergirl". It was also announced that Berlanti would co-write the first episode.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: After its first season, the show moved from CBS to The CW, bringing all live-action Arrowverse shows together on one network. The show made history in 2018 for featuring the first live-action transgender superhero when Nicole Maines was cast in a main role.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti worked with Mara Brock Akil and her husband Salim Akil to develop "Black Lightning" which also aired on The CW.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti also produced "Titans", starring Brenton Thwaites, with Akiva Goldsman, Geoff Johns, and Sarah Schechter; "Doom Patrol", starring Matt Bomer and Brendan Fraser, with Jeremy Carver, Geoff Johns, and Sarah Schechter; and "Stargirl" starring Brec Bassinger, with Greg Beeman, Melissa Carter, Geoff Johns, Sarah Schechter, and Glen Winter.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2017, Berlanti wrote and executive-produced "" for The CW's streaming platform. The show was praised for its depiction of the first openly gay superhero to headline a series.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2019, it was announced that Berlanti would be producing shows based on "Green Lantern" and "Strange Adventures" for HBO Max. It was also revealed that Berlanti would also serve as a writer on the "Green Lantern" series.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: He was born in Suffern, New York. His parents are Barbara Moller Berlanti and Eugene Berlanti. He attended Rye High School in Rye, NY graduating with the class of 1989. Greg has one sister, Dina and two nieces. He has Italian and Irish ancestry. He described his early life in an August 2004 interview with "Entertainment Weekly": "We were Italians in a town of WASPs" and his family was not "doing as well as 90% of the community." The Berlanti Productions production logo, which follows each episode of shows he produces, features a family with their backs to the audience and the spoken quote, "Greg, move your head!" This is an homage to Berlanti's father, Gene, who would yell at Greg when he was blocking the television screen. Berlanti, a Delta Tau Delta alumnus graduated from Northwestern University in 1994.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti has been in a relationship with ex-LA Galaxy soccer player Robbie Rogers since mid-2013. On December 31, 2016, Rogers and Berlanti announced they had become engaged. Their wedding occurred on December 2, 2017. They have two children born via surrogacy, a son in 2016 and a daughter in 2019.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2022, Berlanti received the high honor of the Norman Lear Achievement Award at the 33rd annual PGA Awards for his remarkable impact on the art and craft of television.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2019, Berlanti received the Television Showman of the Year Award at the 56th Annual ICG Publicists Awards, the Patron of the Artists Award at the SAG-AFTRA Foundation 45th Annual Patron of the Artists Awards, the Kieser Award at the 45th Annual Humanitas Prize Awards and the Outstanding Film – Wide Release Award for "Love, Simon" at the 30th Annual GLAAD Media Awards.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Additional honors include: Los Angeles LGBT Center's 49th Anniversary Gala Vanguard Awards Honoree; Friends of the Saban Community Clinic's 43rd Annual Gala Honoree; Variety Hall of Fame Inductee; Northwestern University School of Communication Graduation Convocation Address.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2018, Berlanti was selected for the Vanguard Award by the Los Angeles LGBT Center, The Founders Award by the International Emmy Awards, The Hero Award by the Trevor Project, 500 Most Powerful People Working in the Global Media Business Today by "Variety", in addition to winning a Teen Choice Award for "The Flash", "Riverdale" and "Love, Simon".


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Additional wins include; 2017 for Teen Choice Award for Choice Drama TV Show for "Riverdale" and 2016 People's Choice Award wins for "Supergirl" and "The Flash".


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2021, "The Flight Attendant" earned nine Emmy Awards nominations, including "Outstanding Comedy Series." The show also earned two Golden Globe Awards nominations, including "Best Television Series, Musical or Comedy."


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Past honors include; a 2012 Directors Guild of America nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television and Miniseries in recognition for Direction of "Political Animals" Pilot, a 2013 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie for "Political Animals", a 2014 Saturn Award for Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series for "The Flash" as well as The Christopher Award for "The Flash", a Leo Award Best Dramatic Series nomination for "Arrow" in 2013 as well as a Fan Favorite Awards and Fan Favorite New Show by "TV Guide" for "Arrow", the Honors Writer Award by The Caucus in 2010, the Alumni Merit Award by the Northwestern Alumni Association in 2006, a 2005 a Gracie Award Presented by the Foundation of American Women in Radio and Television, the Religion Communicators Council Wilbur Award for the “A Man of Faith” episode of "Jack & Bobby" in 2005, the Turner Prize at the Environmental Media Awards in 2003 for "Everwood", a GLAAD Media Award in 2001 for "The Broken Hearts Club" and a 2000 SHINE Award for his writing work on "Dawson's Creek". Berlanti was also recognized by "Variety" in 2000 for their Watchable Helmers issue, as well as their 2018 Inclusion Impact Report and by "The Hollywood Reporter" in their 'Power 100 List' and 'Power Showrunners List' in 2018. In 2017, Berlanti was selected for the Brandon Tartikoff Legacy Award. In 2021, Berlanti was awarded The Actors Fund "Encore" Award for his support of entertainment industry professionals throughout the pandemic.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2020, Berlanti gifted $2 million through his organization, the Berlanti Family Foundation, to his alma mater, the Northwestern University School of Communication, to establish a new dramatic writing professorship. The new professorship was named the Barbara Berlanti Professorship in Writing for the Screen and Stage after Berlanti's late mother, who he described as a “lifelong champion of the arts.”


title: Greg Berlanti

text: The professorship helped to increase the teaching capacity and number of courses offered in the school's Department of Radio/Television/Film (RTVF). Berlanti also previously gave an endowment to Northwestern's playwriting program.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti's latest endowment to Northwestern marks the Berlanti Family Foundation's largest charitable contribution for a single organization to date. Berlanti said he “aims to help Northwestern continue its great legacy of fostering the next generation of humane, diverse, courageous and bold storytellers.”


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti is a board member of Fuck Cancer, a health organization working for early detection and prevention of cancer. Launched in 2009, Fuck Cancer aims to engage millennials through social media to have a conversation about early detection and acute awareness of cancer.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: In 2018, Berlanti and husband Robbie Rogers chaired Fuck Cancer's inaugural Barbara Berlanti Heroes Gala, named in honor of his late mother. Berlanti Productions was also a sponsor of the event.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Kristin Chenoweth headlined the event, while co-founder Yael Cohen Braun and board member Stephen Amell were the headline honorees at the event.


title: Greg Berlanti

text: Berlanti said that his mother Barbara was the most charitable person he ever knew and that there was no better way to honor her than a night of fun and giving back to this incredible organization.


title: University of Exeter

text: The University of Exeter is a public research university in Exeter, Devon, England, United Kingdom. Its predecessor institutions, St Luke's College, Exeter School of Science, Exeter School of Art, and the Camborne School of Mines were established in 1838, 1855, 1863, and 1888 respectively. These institutions later formed the University of Exeter after receiving its royal charter in 1955. In post-nominals, the University of Exeter is abbreviated as "Exon." (from the Latin "Exoniensis"), and is the suffix given to honorary and academic degrees from the university.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university has four campuses: Streatham and St Luke's (both of which are in Exeter); and Truro and Penryn (both of which are in Cornwall). The university is primarily located in the city of Exeter, Devon, where it is the principal higher education institution. Streatham is the largest campus containing many of the university's administrative buildings. The Penryn campus is maintained in conjunction with Falmouth University under the Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC) initiative. The Exeter Streatham Campus Library holds more than 1.2 million physical library resources, including historical journals and special collections. The annual income of the institution for 2020–21 was £503.1 million of which £94.6 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £512.8 million.


title: University of Exeter

text: It was one of the pre-WW2 local university colleges granted university status in the 1950s, as part of the second wave of civic universities. In 2012, Exeter joined the Russell Group of research-intensive UK universities. It is also a member of Universities UK, the European University Association, and the Association of Commonwealth Universities and an accredited institution of the Association of MBAs (AMBA).


title: University of Exeter

text: The university's origins can be traced back to three separate educational institutions that existed in the city of Exeter and in Cornwall in the middle of the 19th century.


title: University of Exeter

text: To celebrate the educational and scientific work of Prince Albert, and inspired by the Great Exhibition of 1851, Exeter School of Art in 1855 and the Exeter School of Science in 1863 were founded. In 1868, the Schools of Art and Science relocated to Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Queen Street, Exeter, and, with support from the University of Cambridge, became the Exeter Technical and University Extension College in 1893.


title: University of Exeter

text: In 1900 its official title was changed to the Royal Albert Memorial College and the college moved to Bradninch Place in Gandy Street. The college was again renamed to the University College of the South West of England in 1922 after the college was incorporated under the Companies Act and included on the list of institutions eligible to receive funds from the then University Grants Committee. As was customary for new university institutions in England in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the college prepared students for external degrees of the University of London.


title: University of Exeter

text: Alderman W. H. Reed, a former mayor of Exeter, donated Streatham Hall on the Streatham Estate to the new University College in 1922. Streatham Hall was renamed to Reed Hall after its benefactor. At the same time, the first principal of the University College, later Sir Hector Hetherington (1920–24), persuaded the Council of the College to buy a major portion of the Streatham Estate. A slow move to the Streatham Estate from the centre of the city occurred over time. The first new building erected on the Streatham Estate was the Washington Singer building; the foundation stone was laid by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII), then President of the University College of the South West of England. The building was opened in 1931. The first of the purpose-built halls of residence, Mardon Hall, opened in 1933. The second academic building on the estate was the Roborough Library named in recognition of the interest taken in the development of the college by the first Lord Roborough, one of its early benefactors. Roborough Library was completed around 1939.


title: University of Exeter

text: The University College of the South West of England became the University of Exeter and received its Royal Charter in 1955, exactly one hundred years after the formation of the original Exeter School of Art. Queen Elizabeth II presented the Charter to the university on a visit to Streatham the following year.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university underwent a period of considerable expansion in the 1960s. Between 1963 and 1968, a period when the number of students at Exeter almost doubled, no fewer than 10 major buildings were completed on the Streatham estate as well as halls of residence for around 1,000 students. These included homes for the Chemistry and Physics departments, the Newman, Laver and Engineering Buildings and Streatham Court. Queen's Building had been opened for the Arts Faculty in 1959 and the Amory Building, housing Law and Social Sciences, followed in 1974. In the following two decades, considerable investment was made in developing new self-catering accommodation for students.


title: University of Exeter

text: Gifts from the Gulf States made it possible to build a new university library in 1983 and more recently have allowed for the creation of a new Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies; as of 2017, Sheikh Dr Sultan bin Muhammad al-Qasimi, the ruler of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates– had given more than £8 million to Exeter University, and was described by the university as its "single most important supporter" in its 2007 annual report.  A further major donation enabled the completion of the Xfi Centre for Finance and Investment. Since 2009, significant further investment has been made into new student accommodation, new buildings in The Exeter Business School, and the Forum: a new development for the centre of Streatham Campus.


title: University of Exeter

text: In 1838, the Exeter Diocesan Board of Education resolved to found an institution for the education and training of schoolmasters, the first such initiative in England. As a result, a year later, the Exeter Diocesan Training College was created in Cathedral Close, Exeter at the former house of the Archdeacon of Totnes, adjacent to Exeter Cathedral. The first principal was appointed and the college opened in 1840.


title: University of Exeter

text: Expansion followed, and in 1853, John Hayward (who was later responsible for the design of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum) was commissioned to design a purpose built premises for the college on Heavitree Road. The building, largely built in grey limestone from Torbay with Bath Stone dressings, was completed by the autumn of the following year. On 18 October 1854, after a service in Exeter Cathedral, an opening ceremony for the new buildings was held. From this date in 1854 (St Luke's Day), the college was unofficially known as St Luke's. The college's intake in 1854 was 40 students.


title: University of Exeter

text: In parallel, at the Royal Albert Memorial College, an initiative within the Arts and Sciences department in 1912 eventually led to the formation of an Institute of Education (of which St Luke's College was a constituent member) and a separate department of Extra Mural Studies for the purposes of teacher training. Exeter Diocesan Training College was formally renamed to St Luke's College Exeter in 1930 and became co-educational in 1966.


title: University of Exeter

text: In 1978, St Luke's College Exeter was incorporated into the University of Exeter. A faculty was created incorporating the university's Institute of Education and St Luke's College Exeter into a new School of Education.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Peninsula Medical School was established in 2000 in conjunction with the University of Plymouth and the National Health Service, based at St Luke's and the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. The School of Dentistry opened in 2007 and, together with the Peninsula Medical School, created the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. St Luke's campus is the main site for the University of Exeter Medical School, which accepted its first students in 2013.


title: University of Exeter

text: During the 18th and 19th centuries, Cornwall was among the most significant metalliferous mining regions in the world. Camborne School of Mines was founded in 1888 to meet the needs of this local industry.


title: University of Exeter

text: Camborne School of Mines was located in the centre of Camborne for almost a century but, following major investment by the international mining industry and others, relocated in 1975 to purpose-built facilities midway between Camborne and Redruth. Significant expansion and diversification of teaching and research provision occurred during the 1980s and early 1990s, including the development of undergraduate and taught postgraduate degree programmes in geology, environmental science and surveying. In 1993, Camborne School of Mines was incorporated into the University of Exeter.


title: University of Exeter

text: Initiatives by the university and others to expand the provision of higher education in Cornwall resulted in the Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC) initiative in 1999. As part of this initiative, Penryn, just outside Falmouth, became the site of the Penryn Campus, a facility shared with Falmouth University. Camborne School of Mines relocated to Penryn during 2004 when the university's new Cornwall Campus opened.


title: University of Exeter

text: Streatham is the main campus, sitting on a hillside one side of which looks down across Exeter city centre. "The Independent" has described the campus environment as "sublime". The campus has several galleries, including the Bill Douglas Cinema Museum. A Sculpture Walk includes pieces by Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. There is a bar called the "Ram" and a bar (previously called the "Ewe") within a nightclub called the Lemon Grove (or "Lemmy"), both run by the Students' Guild. The campus hosts a medical centre, a counselling service, a children's day-care centre and numerous catering outlets. Many halls of residence and some self-catering accommodation are located on this campus or in the near vicinity. The Northcott Theatre resides on the campus.


title: University of Exeter

text: In the early 2000s, the university benefited from an investment program worth more than £235 million. New student accommodation was constructed, including Holland Hall, named after the former vice-chancellor of the same name. Sports facilities, including a professional-standard tennis centre, have been completed in addition to an upgrade of the Students' Guild building.After a donation from the ruler of the Sharjah emirate, Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, an alumnus of the university, an extension was added to the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies building. He has donated more than £5m since 2001. In 2006, the Department of Drama completed a major renovation with the construction of the state of the art Alexander Building, named after the university's former Chancellor Lord Alexander. The Department of Biosciences is based in three buildings on the Streatham Campus: Geoffrey Pope, the Henry Wellcome building for Biocatalysis and the Hatherly Laboratories. The department has recently received significant investment to further develop its facilities, particularly with improvements to the Geoffrey Pope building.On the Streatham Campus, the Business School is spread over three buildings, located in close proximity to each other: Building:One, Xfi Building and Streatham Court. Building:One houses the Business School's MBA suite, La Touche café and several modern lecture theatres and seminar rooms. The Xfi Building is home to the school’s Bloomberg Suite, a specialist IT room for detailed financial market data, and next to this is the Student IT Suite, also equipped with specialist software. Streatham Court is where you will find the Business School's Career Zone and Study Abroad Team, as well as the specialist Finance and Economics Experimental Laboratory at Exeter (FEELE), and high capacity, recently refurbished teaching rooms.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Exeter Innovation Centre, based at the Streatham Campus, has been completed in two phases. Phase I of the Innovation Centre was finished in 2000 with Phase II opening in 2008, creating a building for use by new and growing businesses within the development and research sectors. A base for 55 firms in the city, the centre houses high-tech businesses from the software and biomedical sectors to advanced manufacturing and internet firms. The Innovation Centre is host to some of the most upwardly mobile small firms in the country, according to Experian in a report commissioned by the BBC.


title: University of Exeter

text: As a result of a £48 million investment, The Forum building includes new facilities including a 400-seat auditorium, a student services centre, learning spaces and retail facilities. The Forum is located at the centre of the Streatham Campus and features the refurbished main library, the Great Hall and the area between it. Designed as a glass structure of modernist design, The Forum also acts as the university reception area. The Forum was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 2 May 2012. The Forum's structural engineers, Buro Happold, won the 2013 Institution of Structural Engineers award for Education or Healthcare structures for the project.


title: University of Exeter

text: In 2017, the £52 million Living Systems Institute was opened to pioneer research into living systems and the diagnosis and treatment of disease.


title: University of Exeter

text: St Luke's Campus is just over a mile from the larger Streatham campus and ten minutes' walk from the centre of Exeter. The campus is home to the largest academic school of the university, the Graduate School of Education. It shares the campus with the Department of Sport and Health Sciences.


title: University of Exeter

text: The future of St. Luke's Campus was the subject of a feasibility study in 2007, and a proposal was considered by the university to relocate one of the departments to the Streatham Campus to facilitate future expansion at St. Luke's. A final decision was taken by the university management team in July 2007, with the Graduate School of Education, the Department of Sport and Health Sciences, and the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry remaining in residence at St. Luke's.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry has now split into the University of Exeter Medical School (UEMS) and the University of Plymouth Medical School. UEMS is still situated on St. Luke's Campus. UEMS was re-branded as the College of Medicine & Health in 2019.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Penryn Campus is a campus of the university in Penryn, Cornwall. The campus is part of the Combined Universities in Cornwall project, and is shared with Falmouth University. University of Exeter departments on the site include the internationally renowned Camborne School of Mines, whose graduates are highly sought after by mining and civil engineering industries as well as the renewable energy sector. Other departments at Penryn include the rapidly growing Centre for Ecology and Conservation (CEC), the Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), and the Institute of Cornish Studies.


title: University of Exeter

text: Built in 2015, the Business School is based in the SERSF Building on our Penryn Campus. The building features a specially designed area for business engagement called ‘The Collaboratory’, and hosts the new BSc Business and Environment course.


title: University of Exeter

text: The campus is set in of countryside, but close to the towns of Penryn and Falmouth. The campus has a population of around 4,000 students. All the Cornwall departments are constitutionally parts of departments also represented at the University's Exeter campuses, including the Camborne School of Mines, which is part of the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences.


title: University of Exeter

text: A driving force behind Cornish concentrated research is that of the Institute of Cornish Studies, directed by Dr Garry Tregidga. It seeks to promote a greater knowledge of historical and contemporary Cornwall with a particular emphasis on the use of oral history through the Cornish Audio Visual Archive (CAVA) which is based at the institute.


title: University of Exeter

text: Cornwall Council is building the Tremough Innovation Centre (TIC) on land adjacent to the campus, with the aim of enabling existing and start-up companies to grow and thrive.


title: University of Exeter

text: The governance framework of the university is in its royal charter which was granted in 1955. The council is the university's governing body, with responsibility for institutional policies and financial, estates and legal matters. Academic governance is provided by the Senate which is responsible for teaching and learning, examinations and research.


title: University of Exeter

text: The chancellor is the chief ceremonial officer of the university and presides over occasions such as degree ceremonies. The vice-chancellor is the chief academic and executive officer and is supported by four deputy vice-chancellors. The current chancellor is Paul Myners, Baron Myners. He took over from Floella Benjamin in July 2016, and has announced his intention to retire as of the end of 2021. The vice-chancellor and chief executive is Professor Lisa Roberts who joined the University as Vice-Chancellor in September 2020, following Sir Steve Smith's retirement.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university organises its academic and administrative departments into six academic colleges. Each college contains a number of subject disciplines, institutes and research centres. The colleges are led by a dean who works in partnership with a college manager and is supported by two associate deans, one for research and knowledge transfer and one for education. The university annually measures its performance relative to another ten peer universities which includes Durham, St Andrews, UCL and Warwick. The universities are chosen because, like Exeter, they are research-intensive, offer a broad range of disciplines, perform strongly in league tables, and function with similar quantities of financial resources.<ref name="Exeter Financial Statement 13/14"></ref>


title: University of Exeter

text: The Centre for Maritime Historical Studies was formed in 1991 to promote a wider understanding of the significance of maritime history within the world of historical scholarship. Some of the supported programmes are:


title: University of Exeter

text: The university coat of arms symbolises the university's historical associations with the locality. The triangular gold castle with three towers comes from Exeter's coat of arms and represents Rougemont Castle, as alluded to by the red background. The 15 gold bezants (Byzantine gold coins) that appear around the edge of the shield are from the arms of the Duchy of Cornwall and represent Cornwall, while the green cross on the white background is from the city of Plymouth's coat of arms.


title: University of Exeter

text: The theme of learning is symbolised by the book with gold edges and a Latin motto, "Lucem sequimur" ("We follow the light").


title: University of Exeter

text: Admission to the university is very competitive, with an average of more than seven students applying for every undergraduate place (2012/2013). Nearly half the number of undergraduate applicants (49%) apply with expected grades of at least three As at GCE Advanced Level (A-level) examinations (or equivalent). Exeter had the 13th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2015, with new students averaging 471 UCAS points, equivalent to AAAab in A-level grades. The university gives offers of admission to 90.8% of its applicants, the 2nd highest amongst the Russell Group.


title: University of Exeter

text: In the 2018/19 admission cycle, the university gave out offers to only 4.7% of international applicants to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of surgery (BMBS) programme making it one of the most competitive medical school for international applicants in the UK; in comparison 24.7% of UK/EU applicants received offers in the same admission cycle. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 75:6:19 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter was in the first group of UK universities to require an A*grade in A-level examinations as part of its standard offer for entry into some undergraduate courses. The Undergraduate Prospectus 2013 lists ten-degree programmes that require at least one A*grade as part of the conditional standard offer, including Economics, English, History, and Mathematics.


title: University of Exeter

text: There are approximately 70 research centres and institutes within the university, including the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, the Bill Douglas Cinema Museum, the Institute of Cornish Studies, the Environment and Sustainability Institute and the Marchmont Observatory.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Centre for Leadership Studies, now part of the University of Exeter Business School, was established in 1997 as an institute for research and advanced study into leadership theory. It is the only specialist centre in Europe dedicated to scholarship in leadership studies.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter had a total research income of £70.2 million in 2016/17. In addition to the traditional MPhil and PhD route, professional doctorates and split-site PhDs for International students are also offered.


title: University of Exeter

text: Research at Exeter focuses on a number of interdisciplinary themes. Research strengths and key themes include:


title: University of Exeter

text: Research into extrasolar planets – planets located outside our solar system – is strong at Exeter. A team of international scientists led by the university are exploring the atmospheric conditions of exoplanets using the Hubble Space Telescope. Other international astronomical facilities available to facilitate the detection of exoplanets include the VLT Survey Telescope, the Gemini Observatory and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The university has developed links with the Met Office, also based in Exeter, to build sophisticated climate prediction models.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter was ranked 30th in the UK for the quality (GPA) of its research and 21st for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework. In the 2008 UK Research Assessment Exercise, nearly 90% of Exeter's research was rated as being at internationally recognised levels; 17% of the submitted research was rated 4*("world-leading"). 16 of the 31 subjects evaluated were ranked in the top 10, with 27 in the top 20. It is important to note that apart from the traditional MPhil and PhD route, university also offers professional doctorates and split-site PhDs for International students.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university is also home to the student-led publication, the "Exeter Law Review". "The Review" publishes once annually, covering a wide area of legal topics from academics at all levels of university education. It also has a distinguished history stemming from its original inception as the "Bracton Law Journal" in 1965, making it the oldest student-led law review in the United Kingdom.


title: University of Exeter

text: Since 2017, they have also been operating ExeterLaw.org, which acts as a spotlight publication for shorter and more contemporary legal publications all year round.


title: University of Exeter

text: In the main rankings of universities in the United Kingdom the university is currently placed between 10th and 12th. In "The Sunday Times" 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance, Exeter was ranked joint 26th overall in the UK. For 2016, it climbed to 7th place in the UK by "The Times", 9th place by "The Guardian" and 10th place by The Complete University Guide. Entering the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" Top 200 world universities for the first time in 2010/2011 (in 184th place), Exeter increased its global standing in 2011/2012, by ranking in 156th place. In the 2015/16 "Times Higher Education World University Rankings", Exeter placed 93rd.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter was ranked 34th on the annual list of the top 500 major universities worldwide in the Leiden Rankings (2015).


title: University of Exeter

text: In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020 Subject Rankings, Exeter University ranked 11th in the world for public administration. In the QS World University Subject Rankings 2020, Exeter ranked 10th in the world for sport and health sciences and 14th for engineering in minerals and Mining.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university was named the Sunday Times University of the Year 2013. It was named "Times Higher Education" University of the Year 2007.


title: University of Exeter

text: Students at Exeter are represented by a Students' Guild, which has an active role in campaigning at local and national levels. It is run by four elected sabbatical officers who act as executive directors and trustees: Lily Margaroli (Guild President), Isabel Harrison (VP Opportunities), Bella Enoizi (VP Education), and Marion Ojua (VP Liberation & Equality). Additionally to this, there are eight non-executive directors, four of which are elected student trustees and the remaining four external trustees. There are also other non-sabbatical officers representing areas of the student population and student activities areas. These are elected by students in a series of elections throughout the academic year.


title: University of Exeter

text: There are more than 250 affiliated student societies, including a large variety of hobbies, communities, and political interests.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Debating Society, which predates establishment of the university, started life in 1893 as the Exeter Debating Society at the Royal Albert Memorial College, and has played host to many notable speakers including Anthony Eden, H. H. Asquith, Ludovic Kennedy, Michael Foot and Stephen Fry. From 2012, a debating scholarship supported by alumni of the Debating Society has been made available.


title: University of Exeter

text: Bracton Law Society (or "BLS") was established in 1965 and became the largest student society at the University of Exeter in October 2016, with more than 1,040 members. The society has received national recognition as one of the largest and most successful student law societies in the United Kingdom. In 2018, BLS was disbanded after 5 of its members, including committee members, were found to be engaged in a racist and misogynist group chat.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter Student Volunteers is a volunteering agency within the students' guild which runs its own projects with members of the local community that are run by volunteers and provides further volunteering opportunities through links with external partner organisations. There is a RAG (Raising and Giving) group which exists to raise money for five nominated charities, and collects in town centres around Britain every weekend. RAG events are run by students, under the co-ordination of a full-time member of staff. The main aim of these societies and activities groups is to provide opportunities for student development.


title: University of Exeter

text: The Exeter University Athletic Union (AU) is the organisation responsible for administering all aspects of sporting activity at the university. Activities range from recreational sport to competitive fixtures at local, regional, national, and international level. The AU is a separate body from the Students' Guild and is run by four members of staff based in the Athletic Union Office. The AU runs 50 Sports Clubs which have a combined membership of more than 5,000 students. An additional 3,000 students take part in intramural sport and sports volunteering in the local community.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university facilitates American football, association football, rugby football, hockey, lacrosse, golf, and many more.


title: University of Exeter

text: Many clubs compete in the inter-university fixtures in the British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) competition in a range of sports including cricket, golf, hockey, netball, rowing, rugby union, sailing, squash, surfing, and tennis.


title: University of Exeter

text: The university has seven registered theatre societies which produce shows throughout the year, including Exeter University Theatre Company (EUTCo), Exeter Footlights, Exeter University Shakespeare Company, Shotgun Theatre, UoE Opera Society, Exeter Comedy Society, and Theatre with Teeth. The campus is home to the Northcott Theatre, where student societies such as EUTCo or the Exeter Footlights annually perform. In addition, the university regularly has a large presence at the Edinburgh Festival, and has produced alumni including comedian Rhod Gilbert, BAFTA winning actress Vanessa Kirby, and Felix Barrett, founder of Punchdrunk.


title: University of Exeter

text: Whilst Exeter itself no longer runs a music course, it has multiple orchestral, vocal, classical and popular groups contained within the university under the umbrella society Extunes. The a cappella group Semi-Toned, one of eight a cappella groups within the university are the current Voice Festival UK champions, toured the East Coast of America in 2015 and often sing at alumni events.


title: University of Exeter

text: Separate from Student Guild affiliated groups, the university chaplaincy also maintains a 24-person mixed choir with paid scholarships. The chapel choir performs multiple services per week and has close ties to Exeter Cathedral, performing a mix of secular and liturgical music in the Anglican tradition.


title: University of Exeter

text: "Exeposé" is the official student newspaper of the Guild, it has been in print since 1987 and is published every two weeks. "The Falmouth Anchor" is the official student newspaper of the university's Cornwall campuses. The television station XTV and radio station Xpression FM are guild-affiliated news sources that aim to cover a variety of life at Exeter. Xpression FM traces its routes back to 1976 and continues the tradition of hosting student written and run shows throughout term time. It is one of three student stations in the country to have a year-round FM licence.


title: University of Exeter

text: Exeter University Officers Training Corps (EUOTC) is one of 19 university OTCs in the United Kingdom. It mainly serves the Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, but also serves other Higher Education establishments in the South West of England.