title: Coalition government

text: Since 2015, there are many more coalition governments than previously in municipalities, autonomous regions and, since 2020 (coming from the November 2019 Spanish general election), in the Spanish Government. There are two ways of conforming them: all of them based on a program and its institutional architecture, one consists on distributing the different areas of government between the parties conforming the coalition and the other one is, like in the Valencian Community, where the ministries are structured with members of all the political parties being represented, so that conflicts that may occur are regarding competences and not fights between parties.


title: Coalition government

text: Coalition governments in Spain had already existed during the 2nd Republic, and have been common in some specific Autonomous Communities since the 80's. Nonetheless, the prevalence of two big parties overall has been eroded and the need for coalitions appears to be the new normal since around 2015.


title: Coalition government

text: Turkey's first coalition government was formed after the 1961 general election, with two political parties and independents represented at cabinet. It was also Turkey's first grand coalition as the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies (Republican People's Party and Justice Party) united. Between 1960 and 2002, 17 coalition governments were formed in Turkey. The media and the general public view coalition governments as unfavorable and unstable due to their lack of effectiveness and short lifespan. Following Turkey's transition to a presidential system in 2017, political parties focussed more on forming electoral alliances. Due to separation of powers, the government doesn't have to be formed by parliamentarians and therefore not obliged to result in a coalition government. However, the parliament can dissolve the cabinet if the parliamentary opposition is in majority.


title: Coalition government

text: Since the 1989 election, there have been 4 coalition governments, all including at least both the conservative National Party and the liberal Colorado Party. The first one was after the election of the blanco Luis Alberto Lacalle and lasted until 1992 due to policy disagreements, the longest lasting coalition was the Colorado-led coalition under the second government of Julio María Sanguinetti, in which the national leader Alberto Volonté was frequently described as a "Prime Minister", the next coalition (under president Jorge Batlle) was also Colorado-led, but it lasted only until after the 2002 Uruguay banking crisis, when the blancos abandoned the government. After the 2019 Uruguayan general election, the blanco Luis Lacalle Pou formed the coalición multicolor, composed of his own National Party, the liberal Colorado Party, the eclectic Open Cabildo and the center left Independent Party.


title: Coalition government

text: Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, as a government comprising differing parties (often based on different ideologies) need to compromise about governmental policy. Another stated advantage is that a coalition government better reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country; this means, for instance, that the political system contains just one majority-based mechanism. Contrast this with district voting in which the majority mechanism occurs twice: first, the majority of voters pick the representative and, second, the body of representatives make a subsequent majority decision. The doubled majority decision undermines voter support for that decision. The benefit of proportional representation is that it contains that majority mechanism just once.


title: Coalition government

text: Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to disharmony, as their component parties hold differing beliefs and thus may not always agree on policy. Sometimes the results of an election mean that the coalitions which are mathematically most probable are ideologically infeasible, for example in Flanders or Northern Ireland. A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play "kingmaker" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more power in exchange for their support than the size of their vote would otherwise justify.


title: Coalition government

text: Germany is the largest nation ever to have had proportional representation during the interbellum. After WW II, the German system, district based but then proportionally adjusted afterward, contains a threshold that keeps the number of parties limited. The threshold is set at five percent, resulting in empowered parties with at least a minimum amount of political gravity.


title: Coalition government

text: Coalition governments have also been criticized for sustaining a consensus on issues when disagreement and the consequent discussion would be more fruitful. To forge a consensus, the leaders of ruling coalition parties can agree to silence their disagreements on an issue to unify the coalition against the opposition. The coalition partners, if they control the parliamentary majority, can collude to make the parliamentary discussion on the issue irrelevant by consistently disregarding the arguments of the opposition and voting against the opposition's proposals — even if there is disagreement within the ruling parties about the issue. However, in winner-take-all this seems always to be the case.


title: Coalition government

text: Powerful parties can also act in an oligocratic way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to two-party systems, which typically exist because of stifling of the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory nomination rules regulations and plurality voting systems, and so on.


title: Coalition government

text: A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition, they would have to vote against their own party's platform in the parliament. If they do not, the party has to leave the government and loses executive power. However, this is contradicted by the "kingmaker" factor mentioned above.


title: Coalition government

text: Finally, a strength that can also be seen as a weakness is that proportional representation puts the emphasis on collaboration. All parties involved are looking at the other parties in the best light possible, since they may be (future) coalition partners. The pendulum may therefore show less of a swing between political extremes. Still, facing external issues may then also be approached from a collaborative perspective, even when the outside force is not benevolent.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Shawn Johnson East (born Shawn Machel Johnson; January 19, 1992) is an American former artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic balance beam gold medalist and team, all-around and floor exercise silver medalist. Johnson is also the 2007 all-around World Champion, and a five-time Pan American Games gold medalist, winning the team titles in 2007 and 2011, as well as titles in the all-around, uneven bars, and balance beam in 2007.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson became a member of the U.S. senior team in 2007. Her rookie season included winning the all-around at the American Cup, Pan American Games, U.S. National Championships, and World Championships. She is the 2007 individual all-around World Champion, 2007 World Champion on floor exercise, and a member of the 2007 gold medal-winning U.S. gymnastics team. As well as being the 2007 U.S. Champion on balance beam and floor exercise, the 2008 U.S. Champion on floor exercise and silver medalist on balance beam, Johnson is a three-time U.S. all-around Champion, winning once as a junior and twice as a senior.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In May 2009, Johnson was the winner of season eight of "Dancing with the Stars", and in November 2012 she earned second place on the all-star edition.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was born in Des Moines, Iowa, the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents enrolled her in a gymnastics class at age 3 after they noticed her climbing cabinets and jumping off tables. At age 6, Johnson was one of Liang Chow's first students when he opened a gymnastics school in West Des Moines, and he would go on to coach Johnson for nearly two decades as a competitive gymnast. "Chow is like a father to me, we've been with each other for so long," Johnson said in 2012.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson attended Valley High School. She was on the honor roll and liked to attend football games and dances. Through 2008, Johnson maintained a more balanced lifestyle than typical of elite female gymnasts. She limited her gymnastics training to 25 hours per week, as opposed to the more typical 40 hours.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson left public school in the spring of 2009. She and her mother relocated to Los Angeles, California, before appearing on "Dancing with the Stars". In 2010, she finished high school with a private tutor. She enrolled at Vanderbilt University in 2013, but withdrew before classes began.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson is married to Andrew East, a professional football long snapper who played for the Washington Redskins in 2018. They were engaged on July 24, 2015, at Wrigley Field during a Chicago Cubs game and were married on April 16, 2016, in Franklin, Tennessee. They live in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In November 2015, she revealed that she had suffered from an eating disorder in 2008 in the lead-up to the 2008 Olympics. She admitted she only used to eat around 700 calories per day.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In October 2017, Johnson revealed through a YouTube video that she had been pregnant but suffered a miscarriage. In April 2019, Johnson and her husband announced they were expecting their first child. Their daughter, Drew Hazel East, was born on October 29, 2019. In January 2021, Johnson and her husband announced that they were expecting their second child, a son. Their son, Jett James East, was born on July 19, 2021.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: When she was 12, Johnson competed in the Junior Olympics (U.S. Level 10) National Championships, finishing fourth in the all-around, first on beam, and second on floor.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: As a youngster, Johnson was not invited to USA Gymnastics' national team training camps, and her coach, Liang Chow, had no interactions with the national staff. In 2005, Chow sent the National Team Coordinator, Marta Karolyi, a video of Johnson with the comment "I believe this kid will help the U.S. team." Karolyi felt the action was audacious, commenting, "Wow, this coach is pretty confident", but she soon invited Johnson to national team training camps.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson qualified Junior International Elite on her first attempt. She attracted widespread attention at the 2005 U.S. Classic, where she placed third. At the 2005 U.S. National Championships, Johnson fell from the beam on the first day of competition and finished tenth all-around.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In 2006, Johnson added several new skills, including a Jaeger on bars, and two top-difficulty (G) skills, a full-in back-out dismount off beam and a double-twisting double back on floor. She won the 2006 U.S. Junior National All-Around Championship with a score higher than any of her senior elite competitors.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson became a senior in 2007 and continued to show new skills, including a double-twisting double layout dismount off the uneven bars. She competed at the American Cup, winning the all-around over teammate Natasha Kelley. Johnson also competed in the 2007 Pan American Games, winning four gold medals (team, all-around, beam and bars) and a silver on floor.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson won the all-around at the 2007 Visa U.S. National Championships, beating Shayla Worley by more than three points.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson represented the U.S. at the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships along with Nastia Liukin, Shayla Worley, Alicia Sacramone, Ivana Hong, and Samantha Peszek.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In prelims (qualification), Johnson scored 16.250 on beam, 15.150 on floor, 15.175 on vault, and (with a fall on her dismount) 14.625 on bars. The U.S. finished first in prelims and Johnson qualified to the all-around, beam, and floor finals.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson performed all four events in the team finals; the only U.S. athlete to do this. Johnson scored 15.375 on bars and floor, and 15.150 on vault. She fell on the beam on her handspring-handspring-layout series and scored 15.025. The team won gold with 184.400 points, 0.950 ahead of silver-medal China. It was the second U.S. team gold in the World Championships.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In the all-around finals, Johnson scored a 15.175 on vault, 15.375 on bars, 15.900 on beam and 15.425 on floor. Her 61.875 total made her the fourth American woman to win the all-around gold medal.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: During event finals, Johnson first competed on the balance beam, where she fell on her standing full and on her switch side leap, scoring a 14.475 and finishing last. In floor exercise, she went out-of-bounds on her first tumbling pass, but won the gold with a 15.250, just eclipsing teammate Sacramone.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson competed again in the American Cup on March 1, 2008, in Madison Square Garden. She fell on her Amanar vault, scoring a 15.175. On the other apparatus, she scored 15.625 on bars, 16.325 on beam, and 15.975 on floor. Although Johnson scored first on the vault, balance beam, and floor, she finished second in the all-around. Nastia Liukin won gold with an uneven bars score nearly a point higher than Johnson.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: One week later, Johnson represented the U.S. in Jesolo, Italy against Italy, Spain, and Poland, along with Jana Bieger, Olivia Courtney, Chelsea Davis, Bridget Sloan, and Samantha Peszek. The U.S. won the junior and senior all-around team titles. Johnson won the all-around with a 61.7, earning the highest scores on vault (15.2), beam (16.2), and floor (15.0). Johnson finished first on floor, despite falling, on her double-double mount.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On June 7, 2008, Johnson won the 2008 U.S. Visa Championships. Johnson scored 127.5, winning the all-around title by one point ahead of Liukin. Johnson also won the floor exercise.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Two weeks later, Johnson won the all-around at the Olympic Trials in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, again finishing ahead of Liukin. Because of their top placements, Johnson and Liukin were named to the 2008 U.S. Olympic gymnastics team immediately after the Trials. The other four 2008 team members earned their spots after two additional selection camps.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Johnson competed in all four events during the team competition, in which the United States won the silver medal. Johnson also won the silver medal in the individual all-around competition, receiving a score of 62.725. Johnson's teammate and roommate at the Olympic Village, Nastia Liukin, won the gold medal, receiving a score of 63.325. With Liukin taking gold and Johnson silver, this competition was the first time that the United States Women's Gymnastics team took both the gold and silver medals in the individual all-around competition; this competition also marks the fourth time a country won both gold and silver medals in the individual all-around competition.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: She won the silver medal in floor exercise, with teammate Liukin taking bronze. She won a gold medal on the balance beam apparatus becoming the second American to win gold on balance beam after Shannon Miller who won in 1996. Like the individual all-around, she and Liukin took the top two medals in this event. She qualified as the second reserve to the uneven bars final, but did not compete.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In January 2010, Johnson tore her left ACL while skiing. She had reconstructive knee surgery the following week.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In May 2010, Johnson announced her return to gymnastics training with a goal of making the 2012 U.S. Olympic team.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In August 2010, Johnson communicated that her knee recovered to allow full training and that she had learned a new difficult skill.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In November 2010, Johnson entered her first post-Olympics National Team Training Camp. Although, she had expected to return to the "ranch" later in her comeback, based on the demonstrated progress in her video, Marta Karolyi requested that she appear sooner. Johnson mentioned that her reconstructed knee still hindered high training volume.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In February 2011, Johnson became an official member of the USA Senior National team once again which allowed her to compete in international competitions. She stated that she wished to return to competition later in 2011.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In September 2011 Johnson was named a non-traveling alternate to the 2011 USA Women's World Championships Team.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In October 2011 Johnson was named to the 2011 Pan American Games Team. She won a gold medal in the team competition and also a silver medal for her performance on the uneven bars.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On June 3, 2012, Johnson ended her comeback for the 2012 Olympic team and retired because of continuing problems with her left knee.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was one of two female athletes to appear on AOL's 100 most searched females on the Internet for 2009, ranked 27th.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: A scientific poll commissioned by "Forbes" magazine concluded Johnson was "America's Most-Liked Sports Figure" in 2009.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was also on the top of most appealing athletes on E-score Celebrity metric in 2010, and she was ranked seventh of America's Favorite Female Sports Stars on Harris Interactive in 2010.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: ESPN announced Johnson's nomination for the 2009 "Best Female U.S. Olympian" ESPY. Johnson won the ESPY for "Best Female U.S. Olympian" and the "Athlete – Female" Teen Choice Award, the latter for the second consecutive year.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On April 15, 2009, Johnson was awarded the prestigious AAU James E. Sullivan Award. The annual award honors the USA athlete who best represents "the qualities of leadership, character, sportsmanship, and the ideals of amateurism." She became the first female gymnast to win this award and the third gymnast after Kurt Thomas and Paul Hamm.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was the winner of the 2008 Teen Choice Award for Best Female Athlete, although she was not able to accept the honor in person because of Olympic training commitments. She was the first gymnast to be nominated for the award.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On September 7, 2007, Johnson received the "Longines Prize for Elegance" in Stuttgart, Germany along with Japan's Hiroyuki Tomita. The prize is given in recognition of athletes who demonstrate remarkable elegance in the course of an international competition at world level; the decision was unanimous. In addition to the trophy, designed by the Swiss artist Piero Travaglini, recipients also receive a wristwatch from the Longines Evidenza collection and a check for $5,000.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Following Johnson's World Championship performances in 2007, Governor Chet Culver of Iowa proclaimed October 17 "Shawn Johnson Day" in the state.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On August 15, 2013, Johnson, along with her 2007 Worlds team teammates, was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In February 2009, Johnson became a celebrity competitor on ABC's "Dancing with the Stars" season eight, partnered with season six winner, professional dancer Mark Ballas. In the finale, the tightest in the show's history, Johnson beat Gilles Marini by less than 1%. She was the youngest champion in the show's history at that time.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In April 2009, she appeared in the music video "Do You Love Me" by Ballas Hough Band wearing one of her "Dancing with the Stars" costumes. Later, she reunited with one of the show hosts, Tom Bergeron, at the 82nd Scripps National Spelling Bee to discuss her victory.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On September 24, 2012, Johnson again became a contestant on "Dancing with the Stars", on the all-star edition (season 15). Her partner this time was three-time champion Derek Hough. The team of Johnson and Hough came in 2nd place to Melissa Rycroft and Tony Dovolani, which aired on November 27, 2012. During the finale, Len Goodman called Johnson "The No-Stress Express", stating that every piece that was thrown at her, she pulled off with little stress, and turned out a clean performance. In week three, judge Bruno Tonioli called Johnson and her partner "The Incredibles" after their performance on stage, stating that it was "the best routine I have seen in 15 seasons in America [of Dancing with the Stars] and 9 in the UK [of Strictly Come Dancing]."


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson returned for the All-Stars Season partnered with three-time champion Derek Hough. Johnson and Hough finished as the runners-up.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson has appeared on many talk shows: "The Today Show" (3 times), "CCTV" (August 20, 2008), "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" (August 24, 2008), the "Late Show with David Letterman" (August 25, 2008), "The Oprah Winfrey Show" (September 8, 2008), "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" (4 times), "Live with Regis and Kelly" (October 22, 2008), and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" (May 20, 2009).


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In September 2008, she made a cameo appearance on "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" season one episode "Just Say No". She made a second appearance in the series, in the season two episode "Just Say Me", which aired January 25, 2010.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was a celebrity participant in the 2009 Taco Bell All-Star Legends Celebrity Softball Game which aired on ESPN, July 13, 2009.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In June 2009, Johnson was featured in a satirical news video by "The Onion" in which it was reported that she had been euthanized after breaking a leg.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On August 13, 2009, she appeared on the celebrity edition of "Who Wants to be a Millionaire". She correctly answered a question about the lyrics to "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer", winning $50,000 for her chosen charity, Blank Children's Hospital.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson was a cast member for the 2015 season of "Celebrity Apprentice". She was the sixth contestant fired from the show.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Season 2 of "Adventure Capitalists", airing on CNBC in October 2017, featured Johnson as one of four investors looking to invest in aspiring entrepreneur-contestants' outdoor inventions.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson competed on the special for the MTV reality series "The Challenge", titled "". The special premiered November 21, 2017. Johnson was sent home in an elimination round by champion Tori Deal in the fourth episode, which aired on December 12, 2017.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In 2018 Johnson and her family were featured on "Family Feud" where they lost to fellow Olympic gymnast Laurie Hernandez's family.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On July 27, 2009, Johnson led the singing of "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" during the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: From September to November 2008, Johnson was a marquee member of The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars. Recorded sections of the tour's second show were included in "Frosted Pink with a Twist", which is a television special about women's cancers (Johnson has a grandmother who is a cancer survivor). The television special also featured singers Jesse McCartney, Kenny Loggins, and Grammy Award singers Cyndi Lauper and Carole King. Johnson also headlined the Progressive Skating and Gymnastics Spectacular in Rapid City, South Dakota, on December 23, 2008. The show aired nationally on NBC on January 18, 2009.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In December 2008, Johnson unveiled a book, "Shawn Johnson: Olympic Champion: Stories Behind the Smile" (), chronicling her life story through personal photographs and quotes.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In June 2012, Johnson released another book, "Winning Balance: What I've Learned So Far about Love, Faith, and Living Your Dreams", about her experiences as an elite gymnast and post-Olympic life.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: In June 2016, Johnson released a young adult novel, "The Flip Side", about a young gymnast trying to balance her dream of obtaining an Olympic gold medal with her desire to be a "normal" teenager.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Midwest grocery chain Hy-Vee, headquartered in Johnson's hometown of West Des Moines, ran television ads before and during the Olympics featuring Johnson. After the Olympics, Johnson appeared in television ads and online campaigns for Ortega ("Ortega makes my taco pop") and McDonald's, as well as print and web advertisements for CoverGirl and Secret deodorant. Johnson also appeared on food packaging for McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Oscar Mayer Lunchables and Hy-Vee products. Reports by Johnson's agent, Sheryl Shade, that Johnson would grace the Wheaties cereal box, did not come to fruition. Her likeness did appear on a limited edition Cheerios box in January 2009. In 2011, Johnson signed a sponsorship deal with Nike. Other endorsements include:


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Johnson has served as a spokesperson for the pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Aventis, advocating awareness of women's cancers through the "What You Do Matters" campaign. Johnson has also partnered with Crest toothpaste to promote dental health, passing out toothpaste to low-income people.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Since becoming a professional athlete, Johnson has been involved with numerous charitable causes. In December 2008, she co-hosted a charity event with fellow Iowa native actor Ashton Kutcher to raise money to repair areas of her home state devastated by flooding. She also supports the "Exercise Your Character" program through speaking engagements.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: On March 25, 2009, a stalker was arrested after jumping a fence and sneaking onto the CBS lot. At the time, Johnson was competing in the 8th season of "Dancing with the Stars". According to court documents filed in Los Angeles, 34-year-old Robert O'Ryan was arrested while in possession of guns, duct tape, zip ties, and love letters to Johnson, who was 17 at the time. O'Ryan left his home in Florida and traveled to California, believing that Johnson spoke to him through the television via ESP, stating that they would be together and have a child. The Johnson family filed a restraining order against O'Ryan. He was charged with felony stalking, burglary, and two misdemeanor counts of carrying a loaded firearm in a vehicle. He pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity, was convicted in 2010 on all counts, and was committed to Patton State Hospital for a maximum of five years.


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: The trademarks of Johnson's gymnastics were her power, difficulty and consistency, though she was considered weaker on the uneven bars and lacked great flexibility. She was the first American to complete a 2.5 twisting Yurchenko vault (Amanar). As of 2008, Johnson often competed the following skills on each apparatus (from 2005 to 2008 CoP):


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Kip cast to handstand (KCH) on high bar with hop grip change + Straddled Jaeger (D); KCH + Clear Hip 1/2 (C) + Giant 1/1 (C) + Gienger (D); KCH + Clear Hip (C) + Toe-on sole circle 1/1 (Hoefnagel) (D) + Overshoot to handstand (D) + Stalder shoot up to high bar (Ray) (C); KCH + giant + 2/1 Double Layout Dismount (Ray) (G).


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Free Jump Mount (A); flip flop two-feet (B) + flip flop two-feet (B) + Layout two-feet (E); Front Pike (E); Full Twisting Tuck Back (F); Switch Split Leap (C) + Layout step-out (C) + Back Pike; Switch Leap with 1/4 turn to straddle (Johnson) (C); Split Jump (A) + Pike Jump (A) + Back Tuck (C); Full Turn with leg held at horizontal (C); Sideward Roll Tucked (B); Round-off (B) + Tucked Full-In Dismount (G).


title: Shawn Johnson East

text: Double Tuck 2/1 (Silivas) (G); Whip (A) + Back Layout 3/1 (E); Split Leap 1/1 (C); Switch Split Ring Leap (C) + Johnson 1/2 (C); Double turn with leg below horizontal (B); Front Layout 1/1 (C) + Front Layout 3/2 (Layout Rudi) (C); Straddle Jump 3/2 (C); Back Layout 2/1 (C); Full Twisting Double Back (E).


title: Dhoom

text: Dhoom () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Sanjay Gadhvi and written by Vijay Krishna Acharya, based on a story by producer Aditya Chopra. The film stars Abhishek Bachchan, John Abraham, Uday Chopra, Esha Deol and Rimi Sen. It is the first installment of the "Dhoom" franchise. The cinematography was done by Nirav Shah, and the original soundtrack was composed by Pritam, while Salim–Sulaiman provided the background score for the film.


title: Dhoom

text: "Dhoom" was the first action film produced by Yash Raj Films in 16 years, ever since Yash Chopra's "Vijay" (1988). It tells the story of a cat & mouse game between a motorbike gang which commits robberies throughout Mumbai and a Mumbai police officer who teams up with a motorbike dealer to stop them.


title: Dhoom

text: "Dhoom" released on 27 August 2004, and proved to be a commercial success at the box office, grossing over in India, thus becoming the third highest-grossing Indian film of 2004. It received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its performances, action sequences and soundtrack, but criticism for its script and was negatively compared to other Hollywood action-thriller heist franchises like "Fast and Furious", "Death Race" and "Ocean's". It developed into a cult film over the years since its release.


title: Dhoom

text: At the 50th Filmfare Awards", Dhoom" received 6 nominations, including Best Film, Best Villain (Abraham) and Best Music Director (Pritam), and won 2 awards – Best Editing and Best Sound Design.


title: Dhoom

text: It spawned a film series, with its sequel "Dhoom 2" which released on 24 November 2006, and "Dhoom 3" which released on 20 December 2013.


title: Dhoom

text: The story starts in the city of Mumbai, where a gang of robbers on hi-tech motorbikes, led by charismatic Kabir, is sweeping through Mumbai, outwitting the police at every turn, breaking into banks and other public places and vanishes onto the Western Express Highway.


title: Dhoom

text: Assistant Commissioner of Police Jai Dixit, a no-nonsense cop, is called onto the case. Dixit seeks the help of a local bike dealer/racer named Ali Akbar Fateh Khan and devises a trap to catch the gang, but it fails. Kabir, the leader of the gang, eventually taunts Dixit, claiming that Dixit can't catch him even if he is right in front of him. He is proven correct, and Dixit's failure apparently causes him to part ways with Ali.


title: Dhoom

text: Kabir then lures Ali into his gang as a substitute for Rohit, the gang member who was killed by Dixit. Ali falls in love with Sheena, another gang member. The gang later goes to Goa to perform one last big heist before disbanding forever. Kabir sets his eyes on the largest casino in all of India. Kabir and his gang swiftly loot the casino on New Year's Eve, but they soon realize that Dixit has led them right into a trap. It is revealed that Ali was working for Dixit the whole time, and a fight ensues.


title: Dhoom

text: Kabir manages to escape from Dixit and goes back to the gang's truck, where Ali has kept Sheena bound and gagged. Kabir then viciously beats up Ali for his betrayal, but Ali is saved by Dixit's timely arrival at the scene. The gang flees, except for Sheena, while Dixit and Ali give chase to Kabir. They kill all the other gang members except Kabir, who tries to escape on his bike. He is cornered by Dixit and Ali with nowhere to go. Kabir decides to take his own life rather than let Dixit arrest him, and he rides his bike over the edge of a cliff into the water to his death. The film ends with Dixit and Ali arguing with each other, albeit in a friendly way.


title: Dhoom

text: Aditya Chopra initially had car chases in mind instead of bikes, but Sanjay Gadhvi convinced him otherwise as the rider's faces can be seen, and he had a craze for bikes in his youth.


title: Dhoom

text: "Dhoom" was a commercial success at the box office and ended up netting about Rs. 4.5 crores from the Mumbai circuit in 2004. Its gross net amount in India was , and its lifetime worldwide adjusted gross is . Overseas gross of "Dhoom" stands at US$2 million with its U.S. gross at $330,400.


title: Dhoom

text: Rajesh Karkera of "Rediff.com" said that ""Dhoom" does have a few loopholes but the film's fast-paced energy is more than enough to ensure your eyes don't stir from the screen for two-and-a-half hours", on the performance side, Chopra "steals the show", Bachchan is "impressive as the cool and confident cop. Abraham stalks though his role with ease. Deol and Sen only need to look beautiful in their limited presence in this sweat 'n' leather flick". Chitra Mahesh from "The Hindu" said that the film takes the genre of "The Fast and the Furious", "Ocean's Eleven" and similar others, and wrote that "the actions scenes are extremely well done with zooms and pacy editing, while the music is more raucous than melodious". Appreciating the acting, she said, "Chopra is delightful. Bachchan as Jai does his role with style and grit and is proving to be a wonderful actor. Abraham looks terrific and suits the role of the mean-but-savvy thief".


title: Dhoom

text: "Time Out" critic stated: "Shamelessly ripping off plot ideas and entire sequences from "Tango & Cash", "Lethal Weapon", "The Fast and Furious", "Ocean's Eleven" and "Thelma and Louise", this energetic and surprisingly enjoyable nonsense zooms along at full-throttle, braking only for the peppy songs". Rating 3 out of 5, David Parkinson from "Radio Times" called it a "slick and stylish Indian drama" and wrote: "Style unashamedly triumphs over substance throughout, but the story rattles along and the set pieces are very slickly staged ... this rousing adventure owes as much to Hollywood and Hong Kong as it does to the crime classics of the 1970s". Omar Ahmed from "Empire" rated 2 in 5 and said that "Clearly regarding itself as Bollywood's answer to "The Fast and The Furious", director Gadhvi's latest marks a departure for studio Yash Raj Films. Sadly, it's not the good kind of departure, with the studio abandoning its usually innovative approach and replacing it with an anxious attempt to blind its audience with style ... Another film that falls into the classic trap of trying to beat Hollywood at its own game instead of focusing on its primary strength – cultural uniqueness", but opined that the actors' performances are remarkable.


title: Dhoom

text: Taran Adarsh of "IndiaFM" rated 1.5 out of 5, and said: ""Dhoom" has gloss, but no substance. "Dhoom" has style, but no script. "Dhoom" has thrills in abundance, but the outcome is least exciting. In short, "Dhoom" ranks amongst YRF's weakest films" and that the film relies "too heavily on thrills", the bike chase in the story are "far more interesting than the story itself. In fact, all you remember at the end of the show are some expertly-executed chases [Allan Amin], not the drama"; the film also seems to take inspirations from "The Fast and The Furious" and "Biker Boyz". Calling "Dhoom" a "testosterone-overdose", Anupama Chopra of "India Today" wrote that ""Dhoom" is adolescent heaven-fast bikes, hot babes, tons of kick-ass action with no-strings-attached ... But there are lots of trendy split screenshots of shiny bikes burning rubber and fast-paced stunts involving boats and trucks. Not to mention sexy songs with water hoses. Acting isn't the point here either. The performances are pure posture."


title: Dhoom

text: Pritam composed the songs for "Dhoom" while Salim–Sulaiman composed the original score. The title track "Dhoom Dhoom" was released in a remixed version song by the Thai-American singer Tata Young. The song and its music video featuring Tata Young proved to be a major hit in India during 2004 and 2005. The original song was sung by Sunidhi Chauhan. Other tracks on the soundtrack included "Dilbara", "Dilbar Shikdum", and "Salaame Salaame", sung by singers like KK, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Shaan and Kunal Ganjawala. The lyrics were penned by Sameer. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 22,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's third highest-selling.


title: Dhoom

text: Several bank robberies happened shortly after the film released in the similar style as shown in the film.


title: Pooja Bedi

text: Pooja Bedi (born 11 May 1970) is an Indian actress, television talk show host and newspaper columnist. She is the daughter of Indian actors Kabir Bedi and Protima Bedi. She participated in the reality television shows "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa", "Nach Baliye", "" and "Bigg Boss".


title: Pooja Bedi

text: Pooja Bedi was born in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to the late Indian classical dancer Protima and film star Kabir Bedi. she is of Punjabi Sikh and British ancestry on her father's side and Bengali and Haryanvi ancestry on her mother's side. She was brought up in what she calls a bohemian progressive artistic environment.


title: Pooja Bedi

text: From 1991 to 1995, Bedi worked in Bollywood films and appeared in many commercials and campaigns. She is remembered for the KamaSutra condom campaign which she endorsed and used as a vehicle to raise awareness of AIDS.


title: Pooja Bedi

text: She made her film debut with Jag Mundhra's film "Vishkanya" (1991). She went on to act in "Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander" (1992) with Aamir Khan for which she earned a nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1993. Her other films include "Lootere" (1993) and "Aatank Hi Aatank" (1995).


title: Pooja Bedi

text: In 2000, she compiled and edited "Timepass", the memoirs of her mother Protima Bedi. She has been a columnist with the "Times of India", the "Hindustan Times", and "MiD DAY" newspapers, and has written articles for numerous publications, including "L'officiel", "Femina" and "The Week".


title: Pooja Bedi

text: In 2005, Bedi along with Hanif Hilal participated in "Nach Baliye". In 2006, Bedi participated in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" in its first season followed by "". In 2011, Bedi was a celebrity contestant in the fifth season of the Indian version of the reality TV show "Big Brother", "Bigg Boss". She was evicted after surviving for 8 weeks in the house, which was Day 56 (27 November).


title: Pooja Bedi

text: Bedi married Farhan Furniturewala a Gujarati Muslim of Parsi and Khoja descent, whom she met in 1990. They were married 6 May 1994 and Bedi converted to Islam upon marriage taking up the name Noorjahan.


title: Amazon Luna

text: Amazon Luna is a cloud gaming platform developed and operated by Amazon. Luna was announced on September 24, 2020, with early access available to subscribers by invitation beginning on October 20, 2020. In its early access state, Amazon Luna will feature about 100 different games combined, with an introductory price of $5.99 a month, and will be powered by AWS. Luna will have integration with Twitch and will be available on Windows, Mac, Amazon Fire TV, and iOS (as a progressive web app) on launch, as well as Android shortly after.


title: Amazon Luna

text: Amazon has partnered with Ubisoft to create a gaming channel exclusive to Luna, giving Luna subscribers access to Ubisoft's titles the same day they release. The Ubisoft+ (Beta) channel costs an additional $14.99 per month.


title: Amazon Luna

text: Luna early access is currently only available to subscribers within the United States, with international release yet to be confirmed. It is set to launch as Amazon's competitor to other cloud gaming platforms like Google Stadia, Xbox Cloud Gaming, PlayStation Plus cloud streaming, and GeForce Now.


title: Amazon Luna

text: Luna supports control through keyboard and mouse, the Xbox Wireless Controller, and the DualShock 4 and DualSense controllers.


title: Amazon Luna

text: The Luna Controller is an optional accessory selling for $59.99. It comes in a single color (black) and features dual analog sticks, a D-pad, two sets of shoulder buttons, four main A/B/X/Y face buttons, and four other face buttons. A microphone is built in, allowing support for Amazon Alexa. The controller can connect through Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or a USB-C cable.


title: Amazon Luna

text: In a review of Amazon Luna in March 2021, a CNN article praised the service for its lower price point compared to Stadia and Xbox Game Pass Ultimate and praised its user interface whilst criticising occasional lag issues and its initial game lineup. A review from Screen Rant criticized the channel setup, arguing that those who want the full experience will end up paying more than similar services. The review remarked that the service feels misguided, with an unclear target audience, and considered it too impractical to recommend to consumers. However, it also stated that it may be a good replacement to a console for people who prefer using subscription services.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: A worldwide increase in inflation began in mid-2021, with many countries seeing their highest inflation rates in decades. It has been attributed to various causes, including pandemic-related economic dislocation; the fiscal and monetary stimulus provided in 2020 and 2021 by governments and central banks in response to the pandemic; supply shortages (including chip shortages and energy shortages) amid increasing consumer demand; the Russian invasion of Ukraine's effect on global oil prices, natural gas, fertilizer, and food prices; and corporate price gouging. Higher gasoline prices were a major contributor to inflation as oil producers saw record profits. Debate arose over whether inflationary pressures were transitory or persistent. Central banks responded by aggressively increasing interest rates.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Consumer spending on goods moved in tandem with spending on services (see goods and services) prior to the COVID-19 recession, but upon emerging from the recession consumers shifted spending towards goods and away from services, particularly in the United States. This shift placed stress on supply chains, such that the supply of goods could not meet demand, resulting in price increases. In November 2021 inflation in the United States was 14.9% for durable goods, compared to 10.7% for consumable goods and 3.8% for services. Similar situations occurred in several other major economies. Supply chain stresses increased prices for commodities and transportation, which are cost inputs for finished goods.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In countries where food constituted a large part of the inflation increase, rising prices forced low-income consumers to reduce spending on other goods, thereby slowing economic growth. "In those countries with high inflation, consumer spending has weakened because household spending power has taken a hit from rising prices," said William Jackson of Capital Economics, "And you've generally seen much more aggressive moves to tighten monetary policy."


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: As of mid-2022, there was no consensus among economists as to the cause of the inflation surge. Several factors have been proposed and discussed.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: One theory, voiced by Stanford economist John B. Taylor and Johns Hopkins economists Steve Hanke and Nicholas Hanlon, is that the uptick in inflation in the US was due to the large increase in the money supply, when M2 (a broad measure of the amount of money in the economy) grew at a record monthly rate of between 22% and 31% in the early months of the pandemic in 2020. Many governments adopted similar stimulatory actions around the world early in the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Some immediate actions taken by banking systems across the country to combat the inflation surge, most banks today target the rate of inflation in a country as their primary way of measuring economic flow for monetary policy. When inflation is present banks will make changes to their monetary policy by increasing interest rates or making changes to other policies. Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, reducing consumption. This is put into place purposely to maintain a level of consumption that will contribute to a steady level of inflation or decrease it, this is also known as inflation targeting.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Some economists attribute the US inflation surge to product shortages resulting from the global supply-chain problems, itself largely caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This coincided with strong consumer demand, driven by low unemployment and improved financial conditions following the pandemic. The Higher demand caused by the US government's $5 trillion aid spending exacerbated supply-side issues in the US; according to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco researchers, this contributed 3 percentage points to inflation by the end of 2021. They argued that the spending measures were nevertheless necessary to prevent deflation, which would've been harder to manage than inflation.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Consumer prices have reached an all-time high within the last thirty years, soaring by 6.2% from the previous year, things like restaurant prices to clothes and the most popular being fuel, have drastically increased. Fuel has also risen by a whopping 49% from January to June 2022 in the United States. All these skyrocketing statistics are due to the impact the pandemic and the impact the pandemic has had on things like consumer demand. During the pandemic, the amount of workers that were working worldwide plunged and had an immediate impact on the United States, less than a third of the global population has been vaccinated, this directly affects the U.S because in countries that are leaders in supplying the United States in shoes and clothes like Vietnam are having factory hub shortages due to not having enough vaccinated workers. This leads to a plague in the supply chain for the long run, and although the President of the United States Joe Biden, has made it a priority to combat inflation and fix the supply chain crisis; until there is enough supply to keep up with demand topped with more working citizens, the supply and demand disparities will continue to be present.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In June 2022, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink argued that consumer demand in the United States had remained steady compared to pre-pandemic years, with supply-chain issues overseas being the primary cause of the post-pandemic inflation surge. He attributed this to some countries taking longer (than the US) to resume economic activity, thereby disrupting international trade.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Some analysts and politicians contend price gouging contributed to the inflation surge in the US. They argued that in recent decades major industries, notably retailing, had concentrated into oligopolies that dominated markets and consequently wielded higher pricing power. Under such circumstances, consumers know prices are increasing but do not have good understanding of what reasonable prices should be, giving retailers the opportunity to raise prices faster than the cost inflation they were experiencing (price gouging), thereby permanently locking in higher prices. A 2021 analysis conducted by "The New York Times" found that profit margins across more than 2,000 publicly traded companies were well above the pre-pandemic average during the year, as corporate profits reached a record high. Some economists disputed that price gouging was a significant contributor to inflation.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: The major American and British oil producers (Big Oil) reported record profits in 2022. Amid longstanding constraints in refinery capacity, refinery profit margins were higher than their historical averages. In July, the UK imposed a 25% windfall profit tax on British North Sea oil producers, which expected to raise £5 billion to pay for a government scheme that reduced household energy costs. In late October, US President Joe Biden accused the oil and gas sector of "war profiteering" and threatened to seek a windfall profit tax if the industry did not increase production to curb gasoline prices.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Michigan quotes Jason Furman: "'Blaming inflation on [corporate] greed is like blaming a plane crash on gravity.' - It is technically correct, but it entirely misses the point." Wolfers states that companies will always charge as high of prices as possible, but competition keeps prices in check. In the current situation, consumers have continued buying as prices have risen, showing that inflation is coming from consumer demand. He also says that corporate profits have been high because while consumer prices have risen 7.7% (slightly less than wholesale costs at >8%), wage increases (5%) have lagged behind the increase in prices, with the difference going to profits, a situation he sees as temporary.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: A debate arose among economists early in 2021 as to whether inflation was a transitory effect of the world's emergence from the pandemic, or whether it would be persistent. Economists Larry Summers and Olivier Blanchard warned of persistent inflation, while Paul Krugman and US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen argued it would be transitory. Inflation continued to accelerate during 2021 and into 2022. In response, the Federal Reserve increased the fed funds rate by 25 basis points in March 2022, the first increase in three years, followed by 50 basis points in May, then a succession of four 75 basis point hikes in each of June, July, September and November. Some analysts considered these increases late and dramatic, arguing they might induce a recession. The combined moves put the fed funds rate at its highest level since the onset of the Great Recession in early 2008. Inflation in the Eurozone hit a record high of 8.1% in May, prompting the European Central Bank to announce that it would raise rates in July by 25 basis points, the first increase in eleven years, and again in September by 50 basis points. By November it had increased rates by a cumulative 200 basis points. After the Fed's third rate increase, Summers said "We are still headed for a pretty hard landing." By November 2022, the inflation rate in the United States had declined five months straight while job creation remained strong and third quarter real GDP growth was 2.9% on strong consumer spending, leading a growing number of investors to conclude a hard landing might be averted.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Mark Zandi, chief economist of Moody's Analytics, analyzed United States Consumer Price Index components following the May 2022 report that showed an 8.6% inflation rate in the US. He found that by then the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine was the principal cause of higher inflation, comprising 3.5% of the 8.6%. He said oil and commodities prices jumped in anticipation of and response to the invasion, leading to higher gasoline prices. Resulting higher diesel prices led to higher transportation costs for consumer goods, notably food.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Russian gas supply curbs, which began in 2021, aggravated energy crunch caused by demand growth and global supply limitations during the post pandemic restrictions recovery. In Europe, gas prices increased by more than 450%, and electricity by 230% in less than a year. On February 22, 2022, before the Russian invasion, the German Government froze the Nord Stream 2 pipeline between Russia and Germany, causing natural gas prices to rise significantly.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: On February 24, Russian military forces invaded Ukraine to overthrow the democratically elected government, and replace it with a Russian puppet government. Before the invasion, Ukraine accounted for 11.5% of the world's wheat crop market, and contributed 17% of the world's corn crop export market, and the invasion caused wheat and corn from Ukraine unable to reach international market, causing shortages, and result in dramatic rise in prices, that exacerbated to foodstuffs and biodiesel prices. Additionally, the price of Brent Crude Oil per barrel rose from $97.93 on February 25 to a high of $127.98 on March 8, this caused petrochemicals and other goods reliant on crude oil to rise in price as well.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: The effect of sanctions on the Russian economy caused annual inflation in Russia to rise to 17.89%, its highest since 2002. Weekly inflation hit a high of 0.99% in the week of April 8, bringing YTD inflation in Russia to 10.83%, compared to 2.72% in the same period of 2021.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: While most countries saw a rise in their annual inflation rate during 2021 and 2022, some of the highest rates of increase have been in Europe, Brazil, Turkey and the United States. By June 2022, nearly half of Eurozone countries had double-digit inflation, and the region reached an average inflation rate of 8.6%, the highest since its formation in 1999. In response, at least 75 central banks around the world have aggressively increased interest rates. However, the World Bank warns that combating inflation with rate hikes has increased the risk of a global recession.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Countries in North Africa were disproportionally affected by inflation. Tunisia went through a crisis triggered by soaring energy prices and unprecedented inflation of foods in 2022. Moroccan household finances also were negatively affected by imported inflation. Annual inflation rates in North African countries rose to 15.3 percent compared to 6.4 percent in 2021, according to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In some North African countries, the inflation surge has encouraged hoarding practices by consumers. Price increases for basic food staples, such as coffee, were particularly high in parts of Asia and North Africa, where people spend a higher proportion of income on food and fuel than in the United States and Europe. Food producers of Nestle’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA) unit have noticed the stock-piling of non-perishable items, as a reaction to the surging inflation. Karim Al Bitar, head of consumer research and market intelligence at MENA said that the company is considering to make some products “more affordable” to consumers.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: According to the IMF, median inflation approached 9% in August. Rising prices of food and "tradable goods like household products" have contributed most to this increase.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In the US, the Consumer Price Index rose 6.8% between November 2020 and November 2021, spurred by price increases for gasoline, food, and housing. Higher energy costs caused the inflation to rise further in 2022, reaching 9.1%, a high not seen since 1981. In July 2022 the Fed increased the interest rate for the third time in the year, yet inflation remained high outpacing the growth in wages and spending, and according to the Economic Policy Institute the minimum wage was worth less than any time since 1956 due to inflation, nevertheless the hikes were seen as faster and sooner than the response by European Central Bank so while the euro fell the dollar remained relatively stronger helping it to be the more valuable one for the first time in 20 years. On July 27 the Fed announced a fourth rate rise by 0.75 points, bringing the rate to a range between 2.25% and 2.5%; although an expected move to combat the inflation, the rise has been seen more cautiously as there are signs that the economy is entering a recession, which the rate rises could potentially aggravate. On July 28 data from the BEA showed that the economy shrunk for the second quarter in a row, which is commonly used to define a recession. BLS data showed that inflation eased on July to 8.5% from the 40 year peak reached on June at 9.1%. Annual inflation increased to 8.3% in August 2022, in part due to rising grocery prices. In September the Fed increased the interest for a fifth time in the year reaching a 14 year high. In November 2022, the year-over-year inflation rate was 7.1%, the lowest it has been since December 2021 but still much higher than average.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Inflation is believed to have played a major role in a decline in the approval rating of President Joe Biden, who took office in January 2021, being net negative starting in October of that year. Many Republicans have blamed the actions of Biden and fellow Democrats for fueling the surge.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Canada also saw multi-decade highs in inflation, hitting 5.1% in February 2022 and further increasing to 6.7% two months later. In April, inflation rose again to 6.8%, before jumping to 7.7% in May, the highest ever since 1983.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In July 2022, Mexico's INEGI reported a year-on-year increase in consumer prices of 8.15%, against a Central Bank target of 2%–4%.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: A recent analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City ascertained the role America is playing in the current inflationary trend worldwide. Before 2019, the U.S. was seen as a last resort for consumer spending during a global recession, but after 2020, U.S. exports have contributed to foreign inflation. At the same time, energy prices have gone up as well as the value of the U.S. dollar, which both increased monetary pressures on nations that mostly rely on energy imports. In effect, the strength of the U.S. dollar and sanctions on energy commodities have contributed to global inflation in 2022.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In Brazil, inflation hit its highest rate since 2003—prices rose 10.74% in November 2021 compared to November 2020. Economists predicted that inflation has peaked and that in fact the economy may be headed for recession, in part due to aggressive interest rate increases by the central bank.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In Argentina, a country with a chronic inflation problem, the interest rate was hiked to 69.5% in August as inflation has further deteriorated hitting a 20-year high at 70% and is forecasted to top 90% by the end of the year.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Chile had low inflation for several years thanks to the monetary policy of its autonomous central bank. However, in 2022 there was a record intranual inflation of 14.1%, the highest in the last 30 years. There is a consensus among economists that Chilean inflation is mainly caused by endogenous factors, especially the aggressive expansionary policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and the massive withdrawals from pension funds. Economists have also predicted a possible recession by 2023 due to high interest rates to combat inflation.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In the Netherlands, the average 2021 inflation rate was the highest since 2003. With energy prices having increased by 75%, December saw the highest inflation rate in decades.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In the UK, inflation reached a 40-year high of 10.1% in July, driven by food prices, and further increase is anticipated in October when higher energy bills are expected to hit. The interest rate has been raised seven times, reaching 2.25% in September, and the Bank of England has warned the UK may already be in recession.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: An estimated 70,000 people protested against the Czech government as a result of rising energy prices.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In June 2022, the European Central Bank (ECB) decided to raise interest rates for the first time in more than eleven years due to the elevated inflation pressure. In July, the euro fell below the US dollar for first time in 20 years, mainly due to fears of energy supply restrictions from Russia, but also because the ECB lagged behind the US, UK and other central banks in raising interest rates. Eurozone inflation hit 9.1% and 10% in August and September, respectively, prompting the ECB to raise interest rates for a second time in the year to 1.25% in early September. In October the inflation hit 10.7% the highest since records began in 1997. Germany's inflation rate reached 11.7% in October, the highest level since 1951.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In Turkey, retail prices rose 9.65% in December compared to November, for an annual rate of 34%. Some of the largest increases were for electricity, natural gas, and gasoline. The economy was further strained by a currency crisis caused by a series of rate cuts by the central bank; the Turkish lira lost 44% of its value against the dollar during 2021. By August 2022, Turkey's inflation rate was 80.21%.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In June 2022, the Philippines recorded 6.1% inflation, its highest since October 2018. The Philippine Statistics Authority forecasted that the number would most likely be higher in the following months. President Bongbong Marcos claimed that the record inflation rate was "not that high".


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In October 2022 the Japanese Yen touched a 32-year low against US dollar mainly because of the strength of the latter.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: Inflation in New Zealand exceeded forecasts in 2022 July, reaching 7.3% which is the highest since 1990. Economists at ANZ reportedly said they expected faster interest rate increases to counteract inflationary pressures.


title: 2021–2022 inflation surge

text: In Fiji, inflation rose to 4.7% in April 2022 compared to -2.4% in 2021. Food prices rose by 6.9% in April 2022, fuel increased by 25.2%, kerosene by 28.5% and gas by 27.7%.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Syrup of ipecac (), or simply ipecac, is a drug that was once widely used as an expectorant (in low doses) and a rapid-acting emetic (in higher doses). It is obtained from the dried rhizome and roots of the ipecacuanha plant ("Carapichea ipecacuanha"), from which it derives its name. It is no longer used in medicine.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: In particular, the rapidly induced forceful vomiting produced by ipecac was considered for many years to be an important front-line treatment for orally ingested poisons. However, subsequent studies (including a comprehensive 2005 meta-study) revealed the stomach purging produced by ipecac to be far less effective at lowering total body poison concentrations than the adsorption effect of oral activated charcoal (which is effective through the entire gastrointestinal tract and is often coupled with whole bowel irrigation). Ipecac also presents a small risk of overdose (being a mild poison itself) and a major risk of esophagitis and aspiration pneumonia if used to purge corrosive poisons. Having long been replaced (even in the emetic role) by more effective medications, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) now advises that "Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals."


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: The commercial preparation of ipecac consists of 1/14 of an alcoholic extract of the roots and rhizomes of "Carapichea ipecacuanha". The rest is composed of glycerin, sugar syrup, and methylparaben. Ipecac root itself is a poison, but in this diluted form, its ability to induce immediate vomiting means that the syrup is seldom fatal.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Ipecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or an emetic from the 18th until the early 20th century. For instance, ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: In 1965, the FDA approved the sale of up to one ounce of syrup of ipecac without a prescription. At the time it was approved, its use was recommended by the AAP, AAPCC, AMA, and the FDA's medical advisory board as a method to induce vomiting "for quick first-aid use in the home, under medical supervision", for use in cases of accidental poisoning.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, strongly advise against this and in fact recommend the disposal of any syrup of ipecac present in the home. Many toxicological associations have also issued position papers recommending against its use as a first-line treatment for most ingested poisons, because of a lack of evidence that syrup of ipecac actually helps improve the outcome in cases of poisoning. Moreover, accidental overdose of ipecac can result when administered in the home. When dealing with poisoning cases in the hospital, it became difficult to obtain a differential diagnosis when syrup of ipecac had been administered, as this can add further symptoms.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: A 2005 review by an HRSA-funded scientific panel concluded that vomiting alone does not reliably remove poisons from the stomach. The study suggested that indications for use of ipecac syrup were rare, and patients should be treated by more effective and safer means. Additionally, its potential side effects, such as lethargy, can be confused with the poison's effects, complicating diagnosis. The use of ipecac may also delay the use of other treatments (e.g., activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, or oral antidotes) or make them less effective.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Ipecac has been used by individuals with bulimia nervosa as a means to achieve weight loss through induced vomiting. Repeated use in this manner is believed to cause damage to the heart and muscles, which can ultimately result in the user's death.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Misuse of ipecac has been blamed for the death of singer Karen Carpenter in 1983. It has also been used as an agent for Münchausen syndrome by proxy.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: The actions of ipecac are mainly those of major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline. They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Ipecac has been found to have minimal health benefits, and is ultimately ineffective at purging the body of poisonous substances. It was initially discontinued due to production costs and lack of raw materials. As the ASHP advises: "Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals." Humco and Paddock Laboratories, the last two companies to continue manufacturing ipecac syrup, both stopped production in 2010.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: In experimental studies the amount of marker removed by ipecac was highly variable and diminished with time. There is no evidence from clinical studies that ipecac improves the outcome of poisoned patients and its routine administration in the emergency department should be abandoned. There is insufficient data to support or exclude ipecac administration soon after poison ingestion. Ipecac may delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of activated charcoal, oral antidotes, and whole bowel irrigation. Ipecac should not be administered to a patient who has a decreased level or impending loss of consciousness or who has ingested a corrosive substance or hydrocarbon with high aspiration potential.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: The use of ipecac as an emetic was popularized in Family Guy, where Peter, Brian, Stewie, and Chris held an ipecac drinking contest for the last piece of pie, in which the last remaining person to vomit would be declared the winner. After drinking one bottle, they all threw up repeatedly.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: In the video game The Curse of Monkey Island, protagonist Guybrush Threepwood uses it in order to escape from a python who has swallowed him.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: The rogue-like series The Binding of Isaac (video game), the titular character Isaac can pick up a jar of Ipecac and gains the ability to explosive projectile vomit.


title: Syrup of ipecac

text: Episode 14 of the first season of House features a high-flying woman professional that takes ipecac as an aspect of her bulimia. According to the script, this causes serious damage to her heart.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Kansai International Airport () commonly known as is the primary international airport in the Greater Osaka Area of Japan and the closest international airport to the cities of Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe. It is located on an artificial island () in the middle of Osaka Bay off the Honshu shore, southwest of Ōsaka Station, located within three municipalities, including Izumisano (north), Sennan (south), and Tajiri (central), in Osaka Prefecture.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Kansai opened on 4 September 1994 to relieve overcrowding at the original Osaka International Airport, referred to as Itami Airport, which is closer to the city of Osaka. It consists of two terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano, is the longest airport terminal in the world with a length of . The airport serves as an international hub for All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines, and also serves as a hub for Peach, the first international low-cost carrier in Japan.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In 2016, 25.2 million passengers used the airport, making it the 30th busiest airport in Asia and third busiest in Japan. The freight volume was 802,162 tonnes total: 757,414 t international (18th in the world) and 44,748 t domestic. The second runway was opened on 2 August 2007. , Kansai Airport has become an Asian hub, with 780 weekly flights to Asia and Australasia (including freight 119), 59 weekly flights to Europe and the Middle East (freight 5), and 80 weekly flights to North America (freight 42).


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In 2020, Kansai received Skytrax's awards for Best Airport Staff in Asia, World's Best Airport Staff, and World's Best Airport for Baggage Delivery.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In the 1960s, when the Kansai region was rapidly losing trade to Tokyo, planners proposed a new airport near Kobe and Osaka. The city's original international airport, Itami Airport, located in the densely populated suburbs of Itami and Toyonaka, was surrounded by buildings; it could not be expanded, and many of its neighbours had filed complaints because of noise pollution problems.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: After the protests surrounding New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), which was built with expropriated land in a rural part of Chiba Prefecture, planners decided to build the airport offshore. The new airport was part of a number of new developments to revitalize Osaka, which had been losing economic and cultural ground to Tokyo for most of the century.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Initially, the airport was planned to be built near Kobe, but the city of Kobe refused the plan, so the airport was moved to a more southerly location on Osaka Bay. There it could be open 24 hours per day, unlike its predecessor in the city.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: An artificial island, long and wide, was proposed. Engineers needed to overcome the extremely high risks of earthquakes and typhoons (with storm surges of up to ). The water depth is on top of of soft Holocene clay which holds 70% water. A million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Construction started in 1987. The sea wall was finished in 1989 (made of rock and 48,000 tetrapods). Three mountains were excavated for , and was used to construct island 1. Over three years, 10,000 workers using 80 ships took 10 million work hours to complete the layer of earth over the sea floor and inside the sea wall. In 1990, a bridge was completed to connect the island to the mainland at Rinku Town, at a cost of $1 billion. Completion of the artificial island increased the area of Osaka Prefecture just enough so that it is no longer the smallest prefecture in Japan (Kagawa Prefecture is now the smallest).


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The bidding and construction of the airport was a source of international trade friction during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone responded to American concerns, particularly from Senator Frank Murkowski, that bids would be rigged in Japanese companies' favour by providing special offices for prospective international contractors, which ultimately did little to ease the participation of foreign contractors in the bidding process. Later, foreign airlines complained that two-thirds of the departure hall counter space had been allocated to Japanese carriers, disproportionately to the actual carriage of passengers through the airport.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The island had been predicted to sink by the most optimistic estimate as the weight of the material used for construction compressed the seabed silts. However, by 1999, the island had sunk – much more than predicted. The project became the most expensive civil works project in modern history after twenty years of planning, three years of construction and US$15bn of investment. Much of what was learned went into the successful artificial islands in silt deposits for New Kitakyushu Airport, Kobe Airport, and Chūbu Centrair International Airport. The lessons of Kansai Airport were also applied in the construction of Hong Kong International Airport.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In 1991, the terminal construction commenced. To compensate for the sinking of the island, adjustable columns were designed to support the terminal building. These are extended by inserting thick metal plates at their bases. Government officials proposed reducing the length of the terminal to cut costs, but architect Renzo Piano insisted on keeping the terminal at its full planned length. The airport was opened on 4 September 1994.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: On 17 January 1995, Japan was struck by the Great Hanshin earthquake, the epicenter of which was about away from KIX and killed 6,434 people on Japan's main island of Honshū. Due to its earthquake engineering, the airport emerged unscathed, mostly due to the use of sliding joints. Even the glass in the windows remained intact. On 22 September 1998, the airport survived a typhoon with wind speeds over .


title: Kansai International Airport

text: On 19 April 2001, the airport was one of ten structures given the "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" award by the American Society of Civil Engineers.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: , the total cost of Kansai Airport was $20 billion including land reclamation, two runways, terminals, and facilities. Most additional costs were initially due to the island sinking, expected due to the soft soils of Osaka Bay. After construction the rate of sinking was considered so severe that the airport was widely criticized as a geotechnical engineering disaster. The sink rate fell from per year during 1994 to per year in 2008.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Opened on 4 September 1994, the airport serves as a hub for several airlines such as All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines. It is the international gateway for Japan's Kansai region, which contains the major cities of Kyoto, Kobe, and Osaka. Other Kansai domestic flights fly from the older but more conveniently located Osaka International Airport in Itami, or from the newer Kobe Airport.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The airport had been deeply in debt, losing $560 million in interest every year. Airlines had been kept away by high landing fees (about $7,500 for a Boeing 747), the second most expensive in the world after Narita's. In the early years of the airport's operation, excessive terminal rent and utility bills for on-site concessions also drove up operating costs: some estimates before opening held that a cup of coffee would have to cost US$10. Osaka business owners pressed the government to take a greater burden of the construction cost to keep the airport attractive to passengers and airlines.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: On 17 February 2005, Chubu Centrair International Airport opened in Nagoya, just east of Osaka. The opening of the airport was expected to increase competition between Japan's international airports. Despite this, passenger totals were up 11% in 2005 over 2004, and international passengers increased to 3.06 million in 2006, up 10% over 2005. Adding to the competition were the opening of Kobe Airport, less than away, in 2006 and the lengthening of the runway at Tokushima Airport in Shikoku in 2007. The main rationale behind the expansions was to compete with Incheon International Airport and Hong Kong International Airport as a gateway to Asia, as Tokyo area airports were severely congested. Kansai saw a 5% year-on-year increase in international traffic in summer 2013, largely supported by low-cost carrier traffic to Taiwan and Southeast Asia overcoming a decrease in traffic to China and South Korea.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The airport authority was allotted four billion yen in government support for fiscal year 2013, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and the Ministry of Finance agreed to reduce this amount in stages through fiscal year 2015, although local governments in the Kansai region have pressed for continued subsidies.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Kansai has been marketed as an alternative to Narita Airport for international travelers from the Greater Tokyo Area. By flying to Kansai from Haneda Airport and connecting to international flights there, travelers can save the additional time required to get to Narita: up to one and a half hours for many residents of Kanagawa Prefecture and southern Tokyo.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The airport was at its limit during peak times, owing especially to freight flights, so a portion of Phase II expansion—the second runway—was made a priority. Thus, in 2003, believing that the sinking problem was almost over, the airport operators started to construct a second runway and terminal.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The second runway opened on 2 August 2007, but with the originally planned terminal portion postponed. This lowered the project cost to JPY¥910 billion (approx. US$8 billion), saving ¥650 billion from the first estimate. The additional runway development, which was opened in time for the IAAF world athletics championships in Osaka, has expanded the airport size to . The second runway is used for landings and when there are incidents prohibiting takeoff from runway A. The new runway allowed the airport to start 24-hour operations in September 2007.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: A new terminal building opened in late 2012. There are additional plans for several new aprons, a third runway (06C/24C) with a length of , a new cargo terminal and expanding the airport size to . However, the Japanese government has currently postponed these plans for economic reasons.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Since July 2008, Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto has been a vocal critic of Itami Airport, arguing that the Chuo Shinkansen maglev line will make much of its domestic role irrelevant, and that its domestic functions should be transferred to Kansai Airport in conjunction with upgraded high-speed access to Kansai from central Osaka. In 2009, Hashimoto also publicly proposed moving the functions of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Kansai Airport as a possible solution for the political crisis surrounding the base.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In May 2011, the Diet of Japan passed legislation to form a new Kansai International Airport Corporation using the state's existing equity stake in Kansai Airport and its property holdings at Itami Airport. The move was aimed at offsetting Kansai Airport's debt burden.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The merger of the Itami and Kansai airport authorities was completed in July 2012. Shortly following the merger, Kansai Airport announced a 5% reduction in landing fees effective October 2012, with additional reductions during overnight hours when the airport is underutilized, and further discounts planned for the future, including subsidies for new airlines and routes. these moves were intended to bring Kansai's fees closer to the level of Narita International Airport, where landing fees were around 20% lower than Kansai's, and to improve competitiveness with other Asian hubs such as Incheon International Airport in South Korea.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Since its formation, the new operating company has also made efforts toward international expansion, bidding for operating concessions at Yangon International Airport and Hanthawaddy International Airport in Myanmar.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: KIAC conducted a public tender to sell the operating rights for Kansai and Itami Airport in May 2015. Orix and Vinci SA were the sole bidders for the 45-year contract, at a price of around $18 billion. The new operating company, Kansai Airports, took over on 1 April 2016. It is 80% owned by Orix and Vinci, with the remaining 20% owned by Kansai-based enterprises such as Hankyu Hanshin Holdings and Panasonic.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: On 4 September 2018, the airport was hit by Typhoon Jebi. The airport had to pause operations after seawater surges inundated the island; runways were hit, and the water reached up to the engines of some aircraft. The situation was further exacerbated when a large tanker crashed into the bridge that links the airport to the mainland, effectively stranding the people remaining at the airport. All flights at the airport were cancelled until 6 September, at which date Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced the airport would partially resume domestic operations.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Train services to the airport resumed from 18 September 2018 after repair works to the Kansai Airport Line and Nankai Airport Line were completed, and the airport resumed regular operations on 1 October 2018. Repairs to the damaged section of the Sky Gate Bridge R were finally completed on 8 April 2019, restoring traffic both to and from the mainland completely.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The main KIX passenger terminal, Terminal 1, is a single four-storey building designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop (Renzo Piano and Noriaki Okabe), and has a gross floor space of . , at a total length of from end to end, Terminal 1 is the longest airport terminal in the world. It has a sophisticated people mover system called the Wing Shuttle, which moves passengers from one end of the pier to the other.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The terminal's roof is shaped like an airfoil. This shape is used to promote air circulation through the building: giant air conditioning ducts blow air upwards at one side of the terminal, circulate the air across the curvature of the ceiling, and collect the air through intakes at the other side. Mobiles are suspended in the ticketing hall to take advantage of the flowing air.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The ticketing hall overlooks the international departures concourse, and the two are separated by a glass partition. During Kansai's early days, visitors were known to throw objects over the partition to friends in the corridor below. The partition was eventually modified to halt this practice.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: On June 23, 2017, at the terminal's promotion space, a game experience area known as "Nintendo Check In" opened. In this game experience area, guests arriving at Terminal 1 can play Nintendo Switch games free of charge. There is a statue of Mario at the experience area, along with Super Mario Cappy caps from Super Mario Odyssey for passengers to take photos with. There also Amiibo figurines on display there. In the northern and southern arrival routes of Terminal 1, there are decorations of Nintendo characters like Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and others welcoming arriving passengers.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Terminal 2 is a low-cost carrier (LCC) terminal designed to attract more LCCs by providing lower landing fees than Terminal 1. It is exclusively occupied by Peach, Spring Airlines, and Jeju Air. Other LCCs serving Kansai, such as Jetstar Airways, Jetstar Japan, and Cebu Pacific Air, use the main Terminal 1.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Peach requested that Terminal 2 have a simplified design in order to minimize operating costs. The terminal is a single-story building, thus eliminating the cost of elevators. Passageways to aircraft have no air conditioning. The terminal also has no jet bridges, having one boarding gate for domestic departures and one boarding gate for international departures. In case of rain, passengers are lent umbrellas to use as they walk to the aircraft.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Terminal 2 is not directly connected to Terminal 1 or to Kansai Airport Station. Free shuttle buses run between the two terminals, and between Terminal 2 and the railway and ferry stations. It is also possible to walk between the terminals through the KIX Sora Park, a four-hectare park located adjacent to Terminal 2.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Kansai International Airport is connected only by the Sky Gate Bridge R and by a road and railroad bridge to Rinku Town and the mainland. The lower railroad level of the bridge is used by two railroad operators: JR West and Nankai Electric Railway.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: JR West operates the "Haruka" limited express train services for Kansai Airport Station from Tennōji, Shin-Ōsaka, and Kyoto Station. JR West also offers "" services for Kansai Airport Station from Ōsaka, Kyōbashi and several stations on the way, with connecting train service to Wakayama available at Hineno Station. Various connections, such as buses, subways, trams, and other railroads, are available at each station.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Nankai operates the "", a limited express train service to Namba Station on the southern edge of downtown Osaka. Osaka Metro connections are available at Namba and Tengachaya Station.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Rail connections to and from Kansai Airport are expected to improve access to and from Umeda with the opening of the Naniwasuji Line in 2031.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Kansai Airport Transportation Enterprise and other bus operators offer scheduled express bus services, called "Airport Limousines", for Kansai International Airport.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: Two six storey parking structures, called P1 and P2, are located above a railroad terminal station, while the other two level parking facilities, called P3 and P4, are situated next to "Aeroplaza", a hotel complex.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: The airport is only accessible from the Sky Gate Bridge R, a part of Kansai Airport Expressway. The expressway immediately connects to Hanshin Expressways Route 5, "Wangan Route", and Hanwa Expressway.


title: Kansai International Airport

text: In July 2007, high-speed ferry service began. OM Kobe operates "Bay Shuttle" between Kobe Airport and KIX. The journey takes about thirty minutes.


title: Industrialisation

text: Industrialisation (alternatively spelled industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Historically industrialization is associated with increase of polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels. With the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialization increasingly includes technological leapfrogging, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies.


title: Industrialisation

text: The reorganization of the economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place.


title: Industrialisation

text: After the last stage of the Proto-industrialization, the first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America, starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labor, financial investments in new industrial structure, and early developments in class consciousness and theories related to this. Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.


title: Industrialisation

text: The "Second Industrial Revolution" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.


title: Industrialisation

text: By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world. The BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are undergoing the process of industrialisation.


title: Industrialisation

text: There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.


title: Industrialisation

text: Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.


title: Industrialisation

text: The Industrial Revolution was accompanied with a great deal of changes on the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory related activities. This resulted in the creation of a class structure that differentiated the commoners from the well off and the working category. It distorted the family system as most people moved into cities and left the farm areas, consequently playing a major role in the transmission of diseases. The place of women in the society then shifted from being home cares to employed workers hence reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore industrialisation contributed to increased cases of child labor and thereafter education systems.


title: Industrialisation

text: As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanization and increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers.


title: Industrialisation

text: China, along with many other areas of the world run by industrialisation, has been affected by the world's never ending rise of supply and demand. With the largest population in the world, China has become one of the main exporters of household items and appliances.


title: Industrialisation

text: Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous.


title: Industrialisation

text: the "international development community" (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), many United Nations departments, FAO WHO ILO and UNESCO, endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and co-operation amongst third world communities. Some members of the economic communities do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the global south (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in the free-trade dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered. Environmentalism and Green politics may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, consumerist expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish.


title: Industrialisation

text: The relationships among economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction are complex. Higher productivity, it is argued, may lead to lower employment (see jobless recovery).


title: Industrialisation

text: There are differences across sectors, whereby manufacturing is less able than the tertiary sector to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "working poor", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $2-a-day poverty line. There is also a phenomenon of deindustrialisation, as in the former USSR countries' transition to market economies, and the agriculture sector is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment.


title: Cue sports

text: Cue sports are a wide variety of games of skill played with a cue, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered table bounded by elastic bumpers known as .


title: Cue sports

text: Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line "let's to billiards" in "Antony and Cleopatra" (1606–07), and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Grévy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W. C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and Jackie Gleason.


title: Cue sports

text: All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games, specifically those retroactively termed ground billiards, and as such to be related to the historical games jeu de mail and palle-malle, and modern trucco, croquet, and golf, and more distantly to the stickless bocce and bowls.


title: Cue sports

text: The word "billiard" may have evolved from the French word or , meaning 'stick', in reference to the , an implement similar to a golf putter, and which was the forerunner to the modern cue; however, the term's origin could have been from French , meaning 'ball'. The modern term "cue sports" can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants, such as finger billiards, for historical reasons. "Cue" itself came from , the French word for 'tail'. This refers to the early practice of using the tail or butt of the mace, instead of its club foot, to strike the ball when it lay against a .


title: Cue sports

text: A recognizable form of billiards was played outdoors in the 1340s, and was reminiscent of croquet. King Louis XI of France (1461–1483) had the first known indoor billiard table. Louis XIV further refined and popularized the game, and it swiftly spread among the French nobility. While the game had long been played on the ground, this version appears to have died out (aside from trucco) in the 17th century, in favor of croquet, golf and bowling games, even as table billiards had grown in popularity as an indoor activity. The imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots, complained when her was taken away (by those who eventually became her executioners, who were to cover her body with the table's cloth). Billiards grew to the extent that by 1727, it was being played in almost every Paris café. In England, the game was developing into a very popular activity for members of the gentry.


title: Cue sports

text: By 1670, the thin butt end of the mace began to be used not only for shots under the cushion (which itself was originally only there as a preventative method to stop balls from rolling off), but players increasingly preferred it for other shots as well. The footless, straight cue as it is known today was finally developed by about 1800.