title: Fourth Doctor

text: He then looks up at the three of them and utters his last words: "It's the end-- but the moment has been prepared for..." He then motions to the white-clad figure of the Watcher, who begins approaching the Doctor. The Watcher, a manifestation of the Doctor's future incarnation, merges with the Doctor and triggers his regeneration. "He was the Doctor all the time," remarks Nyssa, as the three watch him transform into the Fifth Doctor.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The Fourth Doctor appears again in the 20th anniversary special "The Five Doctors" (1983). A renegade Time Lord attempts to pull the first five incarnations of the Doctor out of time, inadvertently trapping the Fourth Doctor (and Romana) in a "time eddy" from which they are later freed. The Fourth Doctor also had a small cameo at the beginning of Dimensions in Time, warning his Third, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh incarnation to watch out for the Rani. Brief holographic clips of the Fourth Doctor appear in "The Next Doctor" (2008) and "The Eleventh Hour" (2010).


title: Fourth Doctor

text: In the fiftieth anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), the Fourth Doctor appears again in clips as past and future incarnations come together to assist in the saving of Gallifrey. Tom Baker also appears in the final scene of the episode, as a mysterious elderly museum curator who appears right after the Eleventh Doctor remarks he would like to hold this job some day. He alludes to his resemblance to the Fourth Doctor by talking about revisiting "old favourite" faces and hints that he too might be or have been the Doctor.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Imposingly tall, with eyes that seem to constantly boggle, a mass of curls for hair and prominently displayed teeth, the Doctor favours an outfit that usually consists of a shirt, waistcoat, cravat, trousers, a frock coat (with pockets containing a seemingly endless array of apparently useless items that would nevertheless suit the Doctor's purposes when used), a wide-brimmed hat and, most famously, his impractically long, multi-coloured scarf, which was apparently knitted for him by Madame Nostradamus (whom he refers to as a "witty little knitter"). When it is damaged in "The Ark in Space" (1975), the Doctor declares with regret that it is "irreplaceable."


title: Fourth Doctor

text: According to Baker, the Doctor's scarf was the idea of costume designer James Acheson. Acheson, knowing little about knitting, procured large quantities of various colours of wool, and commissioned Begonia Pope, a friend of his, to create a colourful design. She proceeded to use all of the wool provided, resulting in the absurdly long, but iconic, accessory.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Producer Philip Hinchcliffe had wardrobe create three distinct coats for Baker to wear depending on the type of story, the first being the reddish-brown blazer that he wore throughout all of his first season; the other two (full-length) coats were dark brown (for the darker horror stories) and light grey (for more action-packed stories). The Wardrobe Department also provided a brown wide-brimmed felt fedora. The rest was often picked from his own clothes (like neckties, trousers and a waistcoat). A wider, brighter-coloured scarf debuted with Baker's fourth season and a light brown coat was introduced late in his fifth season. Baker also appeared in a one-off Sherlock Holmes-inspired costume in "The Talons of Weng-Chiang".


title: Fourth Doctor

text: According to both the creators of the show and Baker, the character's look was originally based on paintings and posters by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec of his friend, Aristide Bruant, a singer and nightclub owner whose trademark was a black cloak and long red scarf.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: When John Nathan-Turner became the show's producer in Baker's last year, the Fourth Doctor was the first to sport an item of clothing adorned with question marks as a motif, in this case, above the points on his shirt collars. His overall costume was redesigned, changing the colour focus from brown to red. Designer June Hudson later revealed in an interview that Nathan-Turner had even given her permission to remove the scarf altogether if she wanted to. Hudson opted to keep the scarf, as it was such an iconic part of the character.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The early stories of the Fourth Doctor were characterised by a strong "Gothic Horror" theme. The duo of writer/script editor Robert Holmes and producer Philip Hinchcliffe consciously tapped into horror icons like mummies ("Pyramids of Mars") and Frankenstein ("The Brain of Morbius", "Robot"), vampires ("State of Decay") and Jekyll and Hyde ("Planet of Evil"), and even transformation ("The Ark in Space, The Seeds of Doom") and various themes like alien abduction. In these stories, they were given a science fiction explanation, rather than the typical magic.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The Hinchcliffe Era (1974–1977) is one of the most controversial in the classic series run, the increasing horror elements and depictions of violence attracted much criticism from Mary Whitehouse, who had previously attacked the Barry Letts era for serials like "Terror of the Autons" (1971). The controversy led BBC Director General to apologise to Whitehouse for the ending of one episode of "The Seeds of Doom" (1976). Hinchcliffe was moved on to police drama "Target" in 1977 at the conclusion of his third year. Graham Williams – who had been developing "Target" – was brought on to take over as producer for Baker's fourth season.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Williams was given specific instructions to lighten the tone of the stories, thus playing to Baker's strengths. However, the first three stories (which were geared towards the previous style) had already been commissioned. Robert Holmes had agreed to stay on to edit them, but he ended up leaving after only doing the first two, "Horror of Fang Rock" (1977) and "The Invisible Enemy" (1977). The task of editing "Image of the Fendahl" (1977) fell to his successor Anthony Read. The season was only narrowly finished. With the cast and crew suffering from burnout and lack of resources, the season finale "The Invasion of Time" (1978) was completed largely by virtue of it having been written to make use of preexisting sets, props, and costumes.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: For their second season, Williams and Read had planned out an overarching storyline that would run through the whole of the season. With more editorial control, it was also decided that the writers would put more emphasis on elements of fantasy and humour. Holmes wrote the first story, "The Ribos Operation" (1978), and the writing team of Bob Baker and Dave Martin handled what would be the final story of the season, "The Armageddon Factor" (1979). Douglas Adams wrote the second story, "The Pirate Planet" (1978), while another newcomer, David Fisher, wrote the third and fourth stories. Again, difficulties began to arise when the fifth story fell through. Robert Holmes consented to writing what would become "The Power of Kroll" (1978–79).


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Williams' third and final year on the show is considered a high point in terms of ratings and stories for the entire series. However it proved even more difficult for Williams behind the scenes, as he found Tom Baker increasingly hard to cope with. The most watched episode ever of "Doctor Who" was "Part 4" of "City of Death" (by Fisher, Adams, and Williams) which drew 16.1 million viewers. Douglas Adams became script editor and his style can be seen in the dialogue and stories. For example, in "Destiny of the Daleks" (1979), Adams included a scene of the Doctor trapped under a boulder that resembles a similar scene in the second series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". His time as script editor was beset by problems; Adams often ended up having to greatly edit and even rewrite stories. Once again, facing burnout and lack of funds, Adams eventually agreed to write the final story "Shada". Production proved difficult and ended up being unfinished due to a strike at the BBC. Williams left the show, dissatisfied with having left on what he considered to be a low note.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: In Season 18, John Nathan-Turner became the series' producer. He instituted a number of changes to the show, including toning down the humour and introducing more science fiction concepts. During this season the Fourth Doctor became very much subdued and, on occasion, melancholy. Baker began the season in poor health, though he eventually recovered. Both the actor and the character seemed noticeably older and tired, due to Baker's gaunt appearance and greying hair. Baker had been finding the role harder and harder to maintain and the previous season had been particularly draining on him. Many of this season's stories also had an elegiac tone, with entropy and decay being a recurring theme.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: New script editor Christopher Bidmead found himself faced with a serious problem from the outset of his time on the show. He ultimately deemed many of the stories left to him by Adams to be unusable, being too close to the humour-driven stories of the previous season. The only one he ended up using was "The Leisure Hive" (1980), though only after heavily editing it. Bidmead asked a pair of writing friends to come up with what would be the second story of the season, "Meglos" (1980), which ended up being regarded as one of the weakest shows in the series' history up to that point.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Bidmead only began to gain some momentum by the fifth story, "Warriors' Gate". The story is notable for the Doctor's sombre mood and seeming death wish, as well as the surprisingly adult nature of the story. The surreal, even dream-like elements, such as time shifts and walking through mirrors, also earned the story some distinction. At John Nathan-Turner's insistence the Master was brought back. This was accomplished by Bidmead changing the villain in "The Keeper of Traken" (1981) into the Master.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The overarching theme of decay reaches its conclusion in Baker's final story "Logopolis" (1981), which Bidmead personally wrote. The story is particularly sombre, even grim at times. Themes of decay and death are constant in the story, personified in the ghostly Watcher, effectively a harbinger of the Fourth Doctor's 'death'.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The Fourth Doctor's stories saw fewer recurring (or returning) enemies than in previous eras. The Daleks only appeared twice and the Cybermen only had one story, "Revenge of the Cybermen" (1975). UNIT, which had featured in most of the Third Doctor's adventures, only appeared in four early Fourth Doctor stories, playing a minor role in its last appearance, season 13's "The Seeds of Doom" (1976) in which none of the regular UNIT staff appeared.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: At the same time, stories such as "The Deadly Assassin" (1976) established most of the mythology surrounding the Time Lords and the Doctor's home planet Gallifrey and that would remain a key feature for the rest of the classic series and still be felt in the revived series. For example, it is established that Time Lords only have a limited number of regenerations, which is a driving plot point in the stories "Mawdryn Undead", "The Five Doctors", "The Trial of a Time Lord", the 1996 television movie and the 2013 Christmas special "The Time of the Doctor".


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Visions of the Fourth Doctor appear in the Fifth Doctor serials "Earthshock" (1982), "Mawdryn Undead" (1983) and "Resurrection of the Daleks" (1984), and in the 21st century series in the episodes "The Next Doctor", "The Eleventh Hour", "The Lodger" and "Nightmare in Silver". His voice is also used in "The Almost People". The Fourth Doctor also appears in Sarah Jane's flashback in "The Mad Woman in the Attic", via footage taken from "The Hand of Fear". Similar flashbacks appear in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" story "Death of the Doctor". In "The Name of the Doctor," he is seen briefly by Clara Oswald wandering around the TARDIS (clip taken from "The Invasion of Time"). He was also seen as an echo running past Clara inside the Eleventh Doctor's time stream in the end of "The Name of the Doctor." Archival images were used for his appearance in "The Day of the Doctor". During the special, Tom Baker portrays a mysterious museum curator who speaks with the Eleventh Doctor and hints to him that he may be a future version of the Doctor "revisiting" a favourite past incarnation. The Fourth Doctor is also seen briefly during Missy's exposition of the Twelfth Doctor's fighting android assassins ("The Witch's Familiar").


title: Fourth Doctor

text: For audiences in the United States, who saw the show only in syndication (mostly on PBS), Tom Baker was the incarnation of the Doctor who is the best known, since his episodes were the ones most frequently broadcast stateside. The first four seasons of these Time Life distributed stories added narration by Howard da Silva at the beginning and end of each episode. Also in Italy, where most of the classic series of "Doctor Who" were never broadcast on television, the only episodes to be broadcast were those of the Fourth Doctor.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: The Fourth Doctor's distinctive appearance and manner have made him a target for affectionate parody. The character has appeared several times on "The Simpsons" and twice on "Robot Chicken". He also had a cameo on "Futurama" emerging from the stomach of a space whale, and another episode, where he is briefly seen running into the TARDIS. On "The" "Big Bang Theory", Stuart dresses as The Fourth Doctor at a party in the episode “The Justice League Recombination”. In the computer game "Hugo II, Whodunit?", the player can save the Fourth Doctor from a Dalek in return for his sonic screwdriver. He is frequently impersonated by impressionist Jon Culshaw on the radio and television series "Dead Ringers", who also voiced the Doctor for the Big Finish audio "The Kingmaker". Archival footage of the Fourth Doctor's first title sequence was used in the "Family Guy" episode "Blue Harvest" to parody hyperspace from "Star Wars". In "American Dad!" some Whovians were shown, with several of them dressed as the Fourth Doctor. As the narrator of "Little Britain", Tom Baker has himself alluded to "Doctor Who". In the 24th episode of the series "Epic Rap Battles of History" the Tenth Doctor is in a rap battle with Doc Brown from "Back to the Future" when he is shot by a Dalek and regenerates into the Fourth Doctor (played by George Watsky).


title: Fourth Doctor

text: A background character appearing in one episode of Toast of London resembles the fourth incarnation of the Doctor. Peter Davison, who played the fifth incarnation, also appears in the series as himself.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: In 1979 and 1980, Tom Baker played the Fourth Doctor (alongside Lalla Ward's Romana) in a series of four television commercials for Prime Computers. Disliking the scripts he was given, Baker agreed to film the advertisements only if he could rewrite them himself, and added a scene where the Doctor follows the computer's instruction to marry Romana. In 1997, Baker reprised the role once again in a spot for New Zealand's National Superannuation insurance company.


title: Fourth Doctor

text: Tom Baker also recorded narration, in character as the Fourth Doctor, for a 1976 audio release of "Genesis of the Daleks", which was subsequently re-issued by the BBC on cassette and CD as a radio drama. Baker returned again to "Doctor Who" for the 1990s audio cassette releases of "lost" Doctor Who stories. For some of these stories, he is in character as the Doctor. For others, he merely provides descriptive narration.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Everything but the Girl (occasionally referred to as EBTG) are an English musical duo formed in Kingston upon Hull in 1982, consisting of lead singer and occasional guitarist Tracey Thorn and guitarist, keyboardist, producer and singer Ben Watt. Everything but the Girl has received eight gold and two platinum album BPI certifications in the UK, and one gold album RIAA Certification in the US. They have had four top ten singles and twelve top forty singles in the UK. Their biggest hit song "Missing" charted high in several countries and reached number two on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1995 and spent over seven months on the UK Singles Chart thanks to an extremely popular remix by Todd Terry which later led to a Brit Award nomination for Best British Single.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: The duo have also been nominated for MTV, EMA and Ivor Novello Awards and received an award from the BMI for sales of over 3 million in the UK alone.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Watt and Thorn are also a couple, though they are very private about their relationship and personal life. While their relationship started during their time at university, it was not a publicised fact that they were romantically involved, or that they had subsequently married; they married in 2009.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Until 2022, the band were inactive, and have not performed publicly since 2000. Thorn has said in interviews she dislikes performing live and will no longer sing in front of a live audience. After the group's disbandment, Thorn and Watt released solo albums, and had indicated that it was unlikely they would ever record together again as Everything But the Girl. However, on 2 November 2022, Thorn announced on Twitter that a new Everything but the Girl album had been recorded and would be released in spring 2023.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: When Thorn and Watt met, they were both attending the University of Hull and both had contracted with the independent record company Cherry Red Records, as solo artists. Thorn was also a member of the trio Marine Girls. The pair each had solo album releases through Cherry Red: Thorn's 1982 LP was "A Distant Shore", an eight-track mini-album. Watt's 1983 debut LP – the follow-up to his 1982 5-track EP "Summer Into Winter" featuring Robert Wyatt – was entitled "North Marine Drive".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: They formed a duo and adopted the name "Everything but the Girl" from the slogan used by the Hull shop Turner's Furniture on Beverley Road.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: EBTG's debut single, a cover version of Cole Porter's "Night and Day", was released in June 1982. After steady sales and exposure from a compilation album entitled "Pillows & Prayers", the single was re-issued in August 1983.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Their debut album, "Eden", was released in the UK in 1984. It reached number 14 on the UK Albums Chart, spending twenty weeks on the chart. It featured the single "Each and Every One", which reached number 28 on the UK top 40. Thorn wrote in 2016 that her lyric was misunderstood:


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Our first single, "Each and Every One", was intended as an angry lyric about being a female musician, patronised and overlooked by male music critics. My band the Marine Girls had attracted several reviews along the lines of "not bad for a girl" and so the opening lines addressed this: "If you ever feel the time/To drop me a loving line/Maybe you should just think twice/I don’t wait around on your advice". It was the instructions of music critics I wasn’t waiting around for, but I wrote it too subtly, and so it was heard as a lovelorn lament, a lonely girl waiting for a letter from a boy.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In spite of their early history as established independent artists, to newcomers Everything but the Girl was considered part of the jazz/popular music style known as "sophisti-pop", alongside other British acts like Carmel, Swing Out Sister, Sade, Matt Bianco and The Style Council. Both Watt and Thorn were guest musicians on the Style Council's "Café Bleu" album, while EBTG worked with producer Robin Millar and engineers Ben Rogan and Mike Pela—who also collaborated with Sade—on their early albums. Although "Eden" was released in the UK, a different recording, "Everything but the Girl", was released in the United States on the Sire label. The US release contains six tracks from "Eden", two UK singles and four alternate tracks.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: The 1985 album "Love Not Money" was their second studio album release, and signalled a move away from jazz and Latin influences to a more traditional electric guitar, bass and drums arrangements. The US edition included two additional songs that were not on the original UK release: a cover version of the Pretenders' song "Kid" and "Heaven Help Me".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: The next year they released "Baby, the Stars Shine Bright", recorded with an orchestra at Abbey Road Studios. They revealed the album's inspiration by their choices of B-sides for its single releases: songs from Bacharach and Jimmy Webb on the 12" versions (as well as a cover version of Patsy Cline's "I Fall to Pieces"). The first single from the album was "Come on Home", followed by "Don't Leave Me Behind".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 1988, EBTG released "Idlewild". Blending acoustic instrumentation with sequenced drums and synthesisers, it reached number 13 on the UK Albums Chart, spending fifteen weeks on the chart. A cover version of Danny Whitten's "I Don't Want to Talk About It", previously a success for Rod Stewart, was released as a single shortly afterwards. It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and was added to the latter issues of the album. Around this time, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions asked Thorn to contribute vocals to the song "Big Snake" on their final studio album "Mainstream".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Tommy Lipuma produced the band's 1990 album "The Language of Life", which featured the single "Driving". "Driving" received heavy rotation on American adult alternative radio. The album featured a host of leading west coast session musicians including Omar Hakim, Joe Sample and Michael Brecker. Stan Getz contributed a tenor sax solo on the song "The Road".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 1991, they released the self-produced album "Worldwide". It charted at number 29 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: 1992 saw the release of the acoustic "Covers" EP. It reached number 13 on the UK top 40. The lead track was "Love Is Strange". It also included cover versions of Bruce Springsteen's "Tougher Than the Rest"; Cyndi Lauper's "Time after Time" and Elvis Costello's "Alison". These four tracks were included on the US only album, "Acoustic".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In the summer of 1992, the duo was forced to curtail recording and touring for several months when Watt developed Churg–Strauss syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease. Hospitalised for 10 weeks, and enduring several life-saving operations, he subsequently wrote a memoir, "Patient", about his near-death ordeal.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 1993, EBTG released two EPs in the UK. One featured a cover version of Paul Simon's "The Only Living Boy in New York". The other spawned a subsequent top ten UK hit, "I Didn't Know I Was Looking for Love", for Karen Ramirez.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: 1994 saw EBTG release their seventh album, "Amplified Heart", a hybrid of folk rock and electronica featuring contributions from guitarist Richard Thompson, double bassist Danny Thompson, drummer Dave Mattacks, and producer/programmer John Coxon. Producer Todd Terry remixed the track "Missing", and when released as a single, it became an international success. It reached the top ten around the world, including the US, where it peaked at No. 2 in the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: While recording "Amplified Heart" Thorn and Watt wrote lyrics and music for two tracks – "Protection" and "Better Things" on Massive Attack's second album "Protection". Thorn sang lead vocals on both. The single "Protection" reached number 14 on the UK top 40. The album reached number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Buoyed by the recent successes and out of contract at WEA, EBTG released the self-produced "Walking Wounded" in 1996 exclusively licensed to Atlantic Records for the United States and Canada and Virgin Records for the Rest of the World. Featuring collaborations with Spring Heel Jack and Howie B it ushered in a new electronic sound for their own work. It charted at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned two top ten UK singles – "Walking Wounded" and "Wrong". Two further singles – "Single" and "Before Today" – reached number 20 and number 25 respectively.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 1999, the duo followed it up with their ninth and final studio album, "Temperamental". It charted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Between 2000 and 2022, there were no new recordings from Everything but the Girl. In 2002, 2004 and 2005, the duo curated compilations of their material. The 2004 compilation, "Like the Deserts Miss the Rain", was a DVD release that included footage of a 1999 performance at the Forum venue in London, UK, for which John McKenzie and long-time collaborator Martin Ditcham performed alongside the pair as session musicians.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: From 1999, Watt concentrated on DJ and production/remix work, finding success as one half of Lazy Dog, with partner Jay Hannan, and collaborating with Beth Orton on her 1999 album "Central Reservation" and her 2002 album "Daybreaker". Watt then proceeded with a new angle on his solo career that included launching the Buzzin' Fly record label in 2003, and becoming the part-owner-founder of the Neighbourhood and Cherry Jam nightclubs from 2002–2005. Watt released a string of club-oriented productions including the "Bright Star" EP, with producer Stimming and British singer Julia Biel, on Buzzin' Fly in 2010.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 2005, Thorn co-wrote and recorded vocals for the song "Damage", a collaboration with German band Tiefschwarz that appeared on their "Eat Books" album. Thorn's second solo album, "Out of the Woods", was then released in 2007, followed by her third solo album, "Love and Its Opposite", in 2010. In October 2011, Thorn released a cover version of The xx's "Night Time", on which Watt played guitar and sang backing vocals. This was their first recording together in over a decade, although it was not an Everything but the Girl release.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In an April 2011 interview, Thorn was asked whether she would ever work again with Watt as Everything but the Girl. Thorn responded, "Yes, we do keep saying we are nearly ready to maybe do some work together again. There are certain obstacles, some practical, some psychological, that we would need to overcome. But it may well happen." A collection of Christmas songs, "Tinsel and Lights", for which Thorn recorded cover versions of Christmas songs with two new original songs, was released in October 2012 on Buzzin' Fly's sister record label Strange Feeling. Watt and the couple's children provided backing vocals on the original song "Joy".


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In 2012, the band's first four albums were reissued by Edsel Records as "deluxe" double CDs, with demo recordings and other additional material. At the time, Watt explained that Warner Music Group still maintained control over their back catalogue: "our big fear was that one day we'd wake up and they'd have reissued them, without telling us."; when the representative from Edsel, a company that specialises in reissued material, made contact, the couple decided that the time was appropriate. Additionally, Thorn stated that the thought of reforming the band and playing live filled her "with cold dread"—upon re-listening to the early EBTG records, Thorn experienced a sense of "Gosh, well, I'm not really that person any more."


title: Everything but the Girl

text: A second tranche of Demon/Edsel reissues, covering the four albums released between 1990 and 1994, was announced in September 2013. According to the EBTG website, "Once again, Ben and Tracey have helped at every stage of the process, sourcing demos, rarities and memorabilia for the releases."


title: Everything but the Girl

text: The band's final two albums, "Walking Wounded" and "Temperamental" were given the deluxe treatment and were reissued by Demon/Edsel on 4 September 2015.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: Watt hit the pause button on his record labels and DJ activities to return to his folk-jazz singer-songwriter roots in 2014. His first solo album since 1983, "Hendra" was released on 14 April 2014. It featured collaborations with Bernard Butler, formerly of the band Suede, Berlin-based producer Ewan Pearson and David Gilmour of Pink Floyd. The album won the 'Best 'Difficult' Second Album' category at the AIM Independent Music Awards 2014. It was included at No 27 in "Uncut"s Top 75 Albums of 2014. He followed it up in 2016 with "Fever Dream". It continued his relationship with Bernard Butler, and added guest cameos from MC Taylor of North Carolina folk-rock band, Hiss Golden Messenger, and Boston singer-songwriter Marissa Nadler. It received a 9/10 review in "Uncut" magazine. In a four-star review, "The Guardian" said: 'In his early 50s, he is making some of the best music of his career.'


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In addition to solo music projects, both Thorn and Watt have each written two books. Thorn's 2013 memoir, "Bedsit Disco Queen", covers a significant portion of the history of EBTG as a band.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: In July 2017, Everything but the Girl reclaimed the rights to eight of their albums, plus the American rights to "Temperamental" and "Walking Wounded" from Warner Music Group; this catalogue will now be distributed through Chrysalis Records under licence from Watt's Strange Feeling label.


title: Everything but the Girl

text: On 2 November 2022, Thorn announced on Twitter that a new Everything But the Girl album had been recorded and would be released in spring 2023.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon is a 1954 American black-and-white 3D monster horror film produced by William Alland and directed by Jack Arnold, from a screenplay by Harry Essex and Arthur Ross and a story by Maurice Zimm. It stars Richard Carlson, Julia Adams, Richard Denning, Antonio Moreno, Nestor Paiva, and Whit Bissell. The film's plot follows a group of scientists who encounter a piscine amphibious humanoid in the waters of the Amazon; the Creature, also known as the Gill-man, was played by Ben Chapman on land and by Ricou Browning underwater. Produced and distributed by Universal-International, "Creature from the Black Lagoon" premiered in Detroit on February 12, 1954, and was released on a regional basis, opening on various dates.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: "Creature from the Black Lagoon" was filmed in three dimensions (3D) and originally projected by the polarized light method. The audience wore viewers with gray polarizing filters, similar to the viewers most commonly used today. Because the brief 1950s 3D film fad had peaked in mid-1953 and was fading fast in early 1954, many audiences actually saw the film "flat", in two dimensions (2D). Typically, the film was shown in 3D in large downtown theaters and flat in smaller neighborhood theaters. In 1975, "Creature from the Black Lagoon" was released to theaters in the red-and-blue-glasses anaglyph 3D format, which was also used for a 1980 home video release on Beta and VHS videocassettes.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence (a skeletal hand with webbed fingers) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals. Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Carl reunites with his friend and former student, ichthyologist Dr. David Reed. David works at an aquarium in California, but more recently, he has been a guest at Carl's institute in Brazil to study lungfish. David persuades his boss, the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams, to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Soon after Carl leaves camp, a piscine amphibious humanoid, a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated, becomes curious about the expedition's camp. When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants, they panic and attack, and in response, the enraged Creature kills them both.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: The group goes aboard the tramp steamer "Rita", captained by crusty Lucas. The expedition consists of David; Carl; Mark; David's girlfriend and colleague Kay Lawrence; and another scientist, Dr. Edwin Thompson. When they arrive at the camp, they discover Carl's assistants have been killed while he was away. Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar, but the others are unsure.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing. Mark is ready to give up the search, but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago, the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver, broken up by the current. Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon. Lucas calls it the "Black Lagoon", a paradise from which no one has ever returned. The scientists decide to risk it, unaware that the amphibious "Gill-man" that killed Carl's assistants has been watching them.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Taking notice of the beautiful Kay, the creature follows the "Rita" all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon. Once the expedition arrives, David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor. After they return, Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill-man, who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship's drag lines. Although it escapes, the Creature leaves a claw behind in the net, revealing its existence.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: After subsequent encounters with the Gill-man claim the lives of Lucas's crew members, The Creature attacks Kay and attempts to abduct her, but it is captured and locked in a cage aboard the "Rita". It escapes during the night, attacking Edwin, who was guarding it. Kay smashes the Creature with a lantern, driving it off, but Edwin is severely injured. Following this incident, David decides they should return to civilization. Mark, who is obsessed with capturing (or killing) the Creature, objects. As the "Rita" tries to leave, they find the Gill-man has blocked the lagoon's entrance with fallen logs. While the others attempt to remove the logs, Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the Creature single-handed underwater. The Creature, then, climbs aboad the "Rita" and approaches Kay from behind. Kay turns around and screams as the Creature grabs her and it takes her away to it's cavern lair. David, Lucas, and Carl chase after the Creature, and Kay is ultimately rescued. The Creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon, where its body sinks into the watery depths.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of "Citizen Kane" (in which he played the reporter Thompson) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half-fish, half-human creatures in the Amazon River. Alland wrote story notes titled "The Sea Monster" 10 years later, using "Beauty and the Beast" as inspiration. In December 1952, Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment, which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as "The Black Lagoon". Following the success of the 3D film "House of Wax" in 1953, Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: The designer of the approved Gill-man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick, though her role was deliberately downplayed by make-up artist Bud Westmore, who for half a century received sole credit for the creature's conception. Jack Kevan, who worked on "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II, created the bodysuit, while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. The on-water scenes were filmed at Park Lake on the Universal back lot. The costume made sitting impossible for Chapman for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily. Due to these difficulties, Chapman often stayed in the studio's back-lot lake, frequently requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Ricou Browning played the Gill-man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida. While filming underwater, Browning reportedly held his breath for up to four minutes at a time. In a 2013 interview, Browning clarified: "If you're not doing anything at all, four minutes is possible, but not if you're moving in the water. If you're swimming fast or fighting, you use up a lot of oxygen, and it cuts it down to, at the most, two minutes". According to Browning, during shooting one day, a snapping turtle bit off the foot of Gill-man costume, and he had to chase the turtle to retrieve it.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars, writing: "Archetypal '50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone, but ... is still entertaining, with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 79%, based on , with an overall rating average of 7.10/10. The consensus calls it "a solid, atmospheric creature feature that entertains without attempting to be deeper than it needs".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: "Creature from the Black Lagoon" spawned two sequels: "Revenge of the Creature" (1955), which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format, and "The Creature Walks Among Us" (1956), filmed in 2D. A comedic appearance with Abbott and Costello on an episode of "The Colgate Comedy Hour" aired prior to the film's release. The appearance is commonly known as "Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In 1982, John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film, and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay. Kneale completed the script, which involved a pair of creatures, one destructive and the other calm and sensitive, being persecuted by the United States Navy. A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal, both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with "Jaws 3-D".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In 1992, John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal. He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script, while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature, but the project never got the green light.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script, and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director's chair in 1995, but he chose to work instead on "King Kong".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: With the financial success of "The Mummy" remake in May 1999, the development of the "Creature from the Black Lagoon" remake was revived. In December 2001, Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father, Arthur A. Ross, one of the original's writers. He told "The Hollywood Reporter": "The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men, and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination".


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In August 2002, Guillermo del Toro, a fan of the original feature, was attached to direct a remake. He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature's viewpoint while also letting him have a successful romantic liaison. He later went on to turn this idea into the 2017 film "The Shape of Water" after Universal rejected the concept. Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to many other projects, Universal dropped del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian (credited on "") to write a script in March 2003.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In October 2005, Breck Eisner signed on as director. He said to be a fan of the film: "As a kid, I remember loving Jack Arnold's original version of this film. What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the '50s and bring in more of the sci-fi sensibility of "Alien" or John Carpenter's "The Thing" (1982)". Ross said in March 2007 the Gill-man's origin would be reinvented, with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: However, the production was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike; as a result, Eisner instead made "The Crazies" (2010), the number-one project on his priority list. His new goal was to finish "The Crazies" and then begin filming "Creature from the Black Lagoon" in Manaus, Brazil, and on the Amazon River in Peru. Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film "Fitzcarraldo", and the boat set had been built. Eisner continued to rewrite the script, which was to be a summer blockbuster full of "action and excitement, but [still] scary". Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill-man with Mark McCreery ("Jurassic Park", and Davy Jones' designer). The director said the new design was "very faithful to the original, but updated" and that the Gill-man would still remain sympathetic.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In 2009, it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham, Eric Newman, and Gary Ross; however, a project featuring the ensemble had been abandoned by 2011.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: In March 2012, Universal announced that a remake was in production and would simply be titled "The Black Lagoon" rather than "Creature from the Black Lagoon" to distinguish between the two versions. In October, the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film. The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014 but was ultimately canceled. In 2020, Universal was considering Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Universal Pictures, beginning as early as 2014, began developing a shared universe of rebooted modern-day versions of their classic Universal Monsters, with the studio having various films in different stages of development. The series began with "The Mummy" (2017) and was intended to be followed by the remake of "Bride of Frankenstein" in 2019 prior to the critical and commercial failure of "The Mummy". "The Creature from the Black Lagoon" was a remake also intended to be developed within the reboot with a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall. In June, Kurtzman revealed that the Gill-man in this film would be from the Amazon, but on November 8, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the "Dark Universe" even further in doubt.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Omega Underground noted in January 2018 that the production team for the "Bride of Frankenstein" had reassembled and was considering Gal Gadot for the lead role.


title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: The 2017 film "The Shape of Water" was partly inspired by Guillermo del Toro's childhood memories of "Creature from the Black Lagoon"; he wished to see the Gill-man and the film's co-star succeed in their "romance".


title: Zareen Khan

text: Zareen Khan (born 14 May 1987), also known as Zarine Khan, is an Indian actress and model. Mainly working in the Hindi film industry, she has also appeared in Punjabi, Telugu and Tamil films.


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan made her Bollywood debut in 2010 playing a princess in the epic action film "Veer" and subsequently appeared in the hugely popular item number "Character Dheela" in the 2011 blockbuster comedy "Ready". She got her breakthrough with the role of a glamorous model in the 2012 romantic comedy "Housefull 2", that ranks as her highest-grossing release till date. The next year, she ventured into Tamil cinema with an item number "Malgove" in "Naan Rajavaga Pogiren". Following a leading role in the 2014 Punjabi film "Jatt James Bond", she returned to Bollywood, starring in the 2015 erotic thriller "Hate Story 3". In 2019, Khan debuted into Telugu cinema with the action thriller "Chanakya".


title: Zareen Khan

text: Zareen Khan was born on 14 May 1987 in Mumbai, into a Pathan family. She completed her intermediate at Rizvi College of Science, Mumbai.


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan's acting career began while visiting the set of "Yuvraj" at Subhash Ghai's film school Whistling Woods. Salman Khan noticed her and decided to cast her for his friend Anil Sharma's film "Veer" because, he said, "She looks the character – the sweet princess she is playing in "Veer"". After a screen test, Khan was given the lead role of Princess Yashodhara. She gained eight kilograms in order to be more convincing as a 19th-century princess. The film revolves around the 1825 Pindari movement of Rajasthan, when India was ruled by the British. "Veer" did not do well at the Box office; however, her performance received mix reviews from both critics and public. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama observed that "Zarine resembles Katrina Kaif, but wears one expression all through". Nikhat Kazmi of Times of India concluded that "Zarine is unimpressive". Rediff.com mentions that "Zarine is average". Critic Subhash K. Jha called her performance a "Zarine's charm adds to her adorable screen presence." Khan was nominated for Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut.


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2011, Khan did the item number ""Character Dheela"" with Salman Khan in Anees Bazmee's "Ready", parodying characters from "Mughal-e-Azam", "Sholay" and "Shri 420" and it was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2011.


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan walked the ramp as showstopper for jewellery brand YS18 at India International Jewellery Week (IIJW), 2012.


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan's second release was Sajid Khan's comedy film "Housefull 2", a sequel of "Housefull" and Hindi remake of the Malayalam film "Mattupetti Machan". The film revolves around two cousins Henna and Bobby, the two daughters of the Kapoor family who hate each other very much, a model Jlo love interest of Jolly, the son of Jagga Daku and four Best friends Sunny, Max, Jolly, and Jai who fall in love with her. Khan played the role of JLo, a model who is in love with Jolly, played by Ritesh Deshmukh and featured her alongside an ensemble cast including Akshay Kumar, Asin, John Abraham and Jacqueline Fernandez. Khan earned critical acclaim for her performance, with Taran Adarsh stating, "Zarine act more as eye candy. She appears typical sultry and enticing selves; and is befitting in her own space." "Housefull 2" was among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2012.


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2013, Khan made her Tamil debut in Vetrimaaran's "Naan Rajavaga Pogiren", in which she did an item number in the song "Malgove" alongside Nakul Jaidev. She was appreciated for the song. Taran Adarsh commented, "Zarine Khan's song is high on energy."


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan's first release of 2014 was Rohit Jugraj's Punjabi film "Jatt James Bond", her first role outside Bollywood. She featured in the role of a Lalli, an innocent Punjabi woman alongside Gippy Grewal. The film received positive reviews from critics, and her performance was particularly praised. Film critic Komal Nahta wrote "Zarine Khan delivers an award-winning performance. She is extraordinary and lives the role of Lalli, making every scene in which she appears immensely watchable for her brilliance!"


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2015, Khan appeared in erotic thriller film "Hate Story 3", in which she played Siya. The film was a commercial success and got Khan further recognition. She then appeared in a music video ""Pyaar Manga Hai"" with Ali Fazal. The song was sung by Armaan Malik and Neeti Mohan. In 2016, Khan did an item number in the film "Veerappan". The same year, she also appeared in another item song named ""Mahi Ve"" in the film "Wajah Tum Ho".


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2017, Khan appeared in "Aksar 2". In the film, she was seen romancing with Gautam Rode, and the first poster of the movie was released on 4 August 2017 on YouTube. Umesh Punwani from Koimoi.com wrote, <nowiki>"Zareen Khan does good in parts but sadly she is majorly used for the skin show. Years into Bollywood she still can’t emote her expressions properly."</nowiki> Bollywood Hungama disliked Khan<nowiki>'s performance and wrote, "Zareen Khan is strictly okay and though she is sizzling, it'</nowiki>s done just for the heck of it. She tries to be the female Emraan Hashmi but it doesn't work for her. Performance-wise, she doesn't give her best shot.<nowiki>"</nowiki> The film did not perform well at the box office.


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2018, Khan starred in Vikram Bhatt's horror film "1921", the fourth installment in "1920" film series. Shikta Sanyal of Koimoi.com called it <nowiki>"Khan’s best performance till date."</nowiki> Although the film received mixed reviews, it managed to recover its cost and became an <nowiki>"average grosser."</nowiki> In January 2018, Khan signed Ashok Nanda's action film "", in which she was set to portray the role of a police officer. She was eventually replaced by Esha Gupta.


title: Zareen Khan

text: In 2019, she made her Telugu debut with action-thriller film "Chanakya", which received mixed reviews from critics and performed poorly at the box office. The same year, she appeared in Punjabi film "Daaka" alongside Gippy Grewal, which also received mixed reviews.


title: Zareen Khan

text: Khan will next star in film "Hum Bhi Akele Tum Bhi Akele" with Anshuman Jha, which revolves around a unique love story about two homosexuals and is scheduled to release in 2020.


title: Teddy Park

text: Teddy Park (born Park Hong-jun on September 14, 1978), is a Korean–American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Born in Seoul, South Korea, Park moved to the United States with his family as a young child. When he was 17 years old, Park and his friend Danny flew to South Korea during summer vacation to audition for YG Entertainment. Both were signed immediately, and after finishing high school in the States, moved to Korea to pursue music.


title: Teddy Park

text: In 1998, Park debuted in the hip hop group 1TYM with his friend Danny, Jinhwan, and Baekyoung. Together, the group recorded five studio albums with Park as their primary songwriter and producer. After his performing career with 1TYM ended in January 2006, Park became an in-house producer for YG Entertainment and co-founded The Black Label in 2016. He has produced and written songs for YG artists such as Jinusean, Seven, Big Bang, 2NE1, Lee Hi, Blackpink and Jeon Somi, as well as Uhm Jung-hwa and Sunmi.


title: Teddy Park

text: Park was born in Seoul, South Korea, but moved to New York City as a young child. He learned the piano as a child, but as he grew up, he was more interested in playing the guitar and beatboxing. After his father was transferred to Diamond Bar, California, Park attended Diamond Bar High School and became friends with future bandmate Danny Im. Growing up, the two sang together at karaoke bars and tinkered with recording equipment. They were discovered when they were teenagers by a producer who worked with Yang Hyun-suk, founder of YG Entertainment. After auditioning for Yang and sending in demo tapes, the two were signed to his newly established label, and moved to South Korea. Although Park enrolled in a university when he returned to South Korea, he dropped out to focus on his career.


title: Teddy Park

text: Park and Im were joined by rappers Jinhwan and Baekyoung and debuted as 1TYM in 1998 with the album, "One Time for Your Mind". It became one of the best-selling albums of the year and won several major awards. After the first album, Park began to have more input into the songs, and had a more prominent role in producing. In 2000, 1TYM released their second album "2nd Round". The songs 'One Love' and '쾌지나 칭칭' (Let's Sing and Dance Together), which he wrote and produced, won first place on TV music programs. "This was followed by Third Time Fo' Yo' Mind" in 2001. In 2003, 1TYM released their fourth album "Once N 4 All," which yielded two singles: "Hot 뜨거", an up-beat hip-hop track with reggae rhythms, and "Without You", an emotional R&B ballad. The group went on a two-year hiatus in which member Im embarked on a brief solo career under the name of Taebin. The group reunited for the album "One Way" in 2005, their fifth and last studio album, before going on hiatus due to Jinhwan's mandatory military service. Their albums have sold a combined total of 780,000 copies.


title: Teddy Park

text: Though they were predominately hip hop artists, 1TYM was influenced by reggae and R&B. 1TYM along with the duo Jinusean were credited for bringing hip hop music and YG Entertainment to the mainstream. At 22 years old, Park also began producing for other artists on the label, most of whom were much older and more experienced than him.


title: Teddy Park

text: With 1TYM on hiatus, Park transitioned into the role of producer for other YG artists, his first major contribution being "La La La" for Seven's album "Sevolution". He also collaborated with Big Bang for several of their songs, most notably "Sunset Glow." When Big Bang member Taeyang embarked on a solo career in 2008, Park produced his extended play, "Hot." The following year, Park produced "Lollipop" for a collaboration between Big Bang and 2NE1. The song went on to top the Gaon Chart during April.


title: Teddy Park

text: Park would go on to have a hand in producing a majority of 2NE1's work, including their debut extended play, "2NE1" (2009) and studio album, "To Anyone" (2010). Two of the three main singles, "Can't Nobody" and "Go Away," from the latter were also composed by Park. To continue producing for 2NE1, Park rejected an offer to work with Lady Gaga. He collaborated with Seven again to produce the promotional single "Better Together," in addition to other songs for the EP "Digital Bounce" (2010) and was featured in G-Dragon's song "The Leaders." He also had a role in Taeyang's solo album "Solar", including the singles "Where U At" and "Wedding Dress." At the end of the year, Park also participated in the production of GD & TOP's album, and co-composed both "High High" and "Oh Yeah".


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2011, he wrote and produced 2NE1's second EP ""2NE1"", scoring three number-one hits: "Lonely", "I Am the Best", and "Ugly".


title: Teddy Park

text: In the first half of 2013, Park produced Lee Hi hit single "Rose," 2NE1's leader CL's solo debut single "The Baddest Female," and Kang Seung-yoon's YG debut "Wild & Young." The following year, he wrote and produced 2ne1's second and final studio album, Crush.


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2015, he wrote and produced Big Bang's special project single albums "M", "A", "D", and "E" which became major hits.


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2016, Park began working with girl group Blackpink and produced their first two single albums "Square One" and "Square Two", consisting of number-one hit "Whistle" and top-ten hits "Boombayah", "Playing with Fire", and "Stay". That same year, he founded The Black Label, a subsidiary of YG Entertainment. The label currently houses Zion.T, Korea's second bestselling artist of 2015 after Big Bang, and Korean-Canadian singer and former I.O.I member Jeon Somi.


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2017, Park wrote and produced the hit single "As If It's Your Last" for Blackpink. In 2018, he wrote and produced their debut EP, "Square Up", including the number-one single "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" as well as "Forever Young". Park also wrote and produced Blackpink member Jennie's number-one hit song "Solo". Park produced for the first time for a non-YG Entertainment artist with "Just Dance," the theme song for the reality television competition "Mix Nine". Participants singing and dancing to the song was released and three versions of the song were released overall: a male version led by Hyojin of ONF, a female version led by Lee Sujin from Fave Entertainment, and a co-ed version performed by both teams. He produced two songs for singer Sunmi: "Gashina" and "Heroine."


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2019, Park wrote and produced Blackpink's second EP, "Kill This Love". He also wrote and produced singer Jeon Somi's debut single "Birthday".


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2020, Park played a major role in writing and producing Blackpink's debut studio album, "The Album", which consisted of the number-one song "How You Like That" as well as hit singles "Ice Cream" and "Lovesick Girls".


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2021, Park wrote and produced Blackpink members Rosé and Lisa's respective debut solo singles "On the Ground" and "Lalisa". He also wrote and produced many of the songs on Jeon Somi's debut studio album "XOXO", which included top-ten single "Dumb Dumb".


title: Teddy Park

text: Park's production style often incorporates contemporary R&B, especially when working with Taeyang and Seven. He also features reggae in his songs, acknowledging the genre's influence on 2NE1's debut EP. His work with 2NE1's first full-length album and 2011 EP contained songs that are pop and dance, in addition to featuring house elements. The song "Lonely" by 2NE1 was praised for its acoustic sound. Park also experimented with electronic music when working with Big Bang.


title: Teddy Park

text: At the end of 2009, 10Asia named Park as one of the top 10 people of 2009 for his participation in some of the year's biggest k-pop hits. In 2018, "Seoul Sports" published a list of "Most Influential Power People of K-pop," which was ranked by music industry executives. Park placed fifth in the category of best producer. That same year, he and G-Dragon tied for the most earned royalties for lyrics writing and song composition within the field of popular music from the Korean Music Copyright Association. Park gets paid about US$850,000 a year from the Korean Music Copyright Association.


title: Teddy Park

text: In 2018, there were concerns that Sunmi's Heroine has plagiarized Cheryl's debut solo single "Fight for This Love".


title: Teddy Park

text: Sunmi's agency said that they were investigating the issue. It later concluded with stating, "We unequivocally reveal that 'Heroine' is 100 percent an original creative work with absolutely no reference to the song that has been named in the controversy."


title: Teddy Park

text: After becoming an in-house producer for YG Entertainment, Park has refused to appear on the air. In 2014, he purchased a building in Hongdae, Seoul worth US$9 million and opened his own cafe called Twosome Studio in that building. In 2016, he purchased a US$6 million house in Hannam-dong, Seoul from Hyundai Group founder's nephew.


title: Jake Fromm

text: William Jacob Fromm (born July 30, 1998) is an American football quarterback for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2020 NFL Draft. He started two games with the New York Giants in 2021.


title: Jake Fromm

text: Fromm was born in Warner Robins, Georgia, on July 30, 1998. In his early years, Fromm played baseball with his local Warner Robins team, which came within two games of the 2011 Little League World Series championship game. During the LLWS, Fromm at times would play in front of crowds larger than 25,000. He was one of the best players in the tournament while hitting three home runs and driving in eight runs. He also struck out 11 batters as a pitcher.


title: Jake Fromm

text: Fromm later attended Houston County High School in Warner Robins. During his career he had 12,745 passing yards and 116 touchdowns. Fromm was rated as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com and Scout.com. He originally committed to the University of Alabama to play college football but changed his commitment to the University of Georgia. Fromm's senior year was discussed in the web-series "", created by Peter Berg. He was one of the three quarterbacks documented in the series, with the other two being Ohio State commit Tate Martell and Tayvon Bowers who committed to Wake Forest.


title: Jake Fromm

text: Fromm entered his true freshman year at Georgia in 2017 as the backup to Jacob Eason. In the first game of the season, after Eason suffered an injury, Fromm replaced him and completed 10 of 15 passes for 143 yards and a touchdown against Appalachian State. Fromm was then named the starter for the team's next game against Notre Dame. Fromm threw for 141 yards and a touchdown. In the next game, the Bulldogs defeated Samford with a 42–14 win. After a win against Vanderbilt, Fromm played his best game against Missouri. He threw for 326 yards and completed 18 of 26 passes. This performance led the Bulldogs to be the third-ranked team in the nation. After a 42–7 win vs Florida, the Bulldogs became No. 1 after Penn State lost. Fromm and the Bulldogs would eventually go on to win the 2017 SEC Championship against Auburn. He was named SEC co-newcomer of the year by the Associated Press. He led Georgia to a 54–48 victory over Oklahoma in double overtime in the Rose Bowl on January 1, 2018, to earn them a spot in the CFP final against Alabama. Fromm and the Bulldogs went on to lose to Alabama in the College Football National Championship, 23–26. Fromm threw for 232 yards, a touchdown and two interceptions, while completing 16 of 32 passes.


title: Jake Fromm

text: In the 2018 season, Fromm helped lead Georgia to an 11–3 record, albeit with losses to Alabama in the SEC Championship and Texas in the Sugar Bowl. He passed for 2,749 passing yards, 30 touchdowns, and six interceptions.


title: Jake Fromm

text: In the 2019 season, Fromm once again led Georgia to the SEC Championship, where they lost to LSU. He finished his college career with a victory over Baylor in the Sugar Bowl.


title: Jake Fromm

text: On January 8, 2020, Fromm announced his intention to skip his senior season at Georgia; he had already declared for the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: Jake Fromm

text: The Buffalo Bills drafted Fromm in the fifth round with the 167th overall pick of the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: Jake Fromm

text: Fromm signed a four-year, $3.771 million contract, including a $302,960 signing bonus, with the Bills on May 7, 2020.


title: Jake Fromm

text: On August 31, 2021, Fromm was released from the Bills and re-signed to the practice squad the next day.


title: Jake Fromm

text: On November 30, 2021, Fromm was signed by the New York Giants from the Bills practice squad. This was after an injury to starting quarterback Daniel Jones. He replaced interim starter Mike Glennon in the fourth quarter against the Dallas Cowboys on December 19. Fromm got his first career start in Week 16 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, throwing for 25 yards in 17 attempts with one interception. He finished the season with 27 completions for 210 yards, a touchdown, and three interceptions. On March 16, 2022, Fromm was non-tendered by the Giants, making him a free agent.


title: Jake Fromm

text: Fromm is a Christian. Fromm has said, "I want to represent Christ the best I can. I hope I can reach and influence as many people as possible."


title: Jake Fromm

text: His nickname is "Jake Fromm State Farm" in reference to an advertising campaign from State Farm, which later paid him to represent them during coverage of Super Bowl LV. The nickname started as a running joke from high school.


title: Jake Fromm

text: On June 4, 2020, Fromm publicly apologized after screenshots emerged of a text conversation from 2019 in which a friend wrote, "But no guns are good. They need to let me get suppressors", before Fromm added, "Just make them very expensive so only elite white people can get them haha." He further wrote that he was not an "elite white person".


title: Doctor of Science

text: Doctor of Science (), usually abbreviated Sc.D., D.Sc., S.D., or D.S., is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. In some countries, "Doctor of Science" is the degree used for the standard doctorate in the sciences; elsewhere the Sc.D. is a "higher doctorate" awarded in recognition of a substantial and sustained contribution to scientific knowledge beyond that required for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to a PhD in the United Kingdom or United States.


title: Doctor of Science

text: Some universities in these four Arab countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science. A "Doctorate of the State" is slightly higher in esteem than a regular doctorate, and is awarded after performing additional in-depth post-doctorate research or achievement.


title: Doctor of Science

text: Similar to the situation in the US, Japanese universities offer both the Ph.D. and the Sc.D. as initial doctorates in science.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In India only a few prestigious universities offer Sc.D./D.Sc.in science which is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence. The oldest institute to award a D.Sc. degree in India is Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta.


title: Doctor of Science

text: Higher education institutes in Thailand generally grant Ph.D. for research doctoral degree, except some universities such as Chulalongkorn University award D.Sc. In exception, Mahidol University can grant both Ph.D. and D.Sc. Doctoral students in Faculty of Science are always awarded Ph.D., but some other programs award D.Sc.


title: Doctor of Science

text: The higher education institutes in Uzbekistan also grant D.Sc. degrees. As an example, the National University of Uzbekistan and the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences offer D.Sc. in various fields.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the most common doctoral degrees in Natural Sciences are the following:


title: Doctor of Science

text: All these doctoral degrees are equivalent to the Ph.D. or Sc.D. of the American system. Until German Reunification, universities in East Germany also awarded the Dr.Sc. However, the East German Dr.Sc. was not equivalent to the Ph.D. since it was adopted to replace the German Habilitation and therefore was equivalent to this higher-level qualification. After reunification the Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in Eastern Germany.


title: Doctor of Science

text: The procedure of habilitation is normally required to receive officially the "venia docendi", which entitles the candidate to lecture at universities ("Privatdozent", for men, or "Privatdozentin", for women). The academic degree after the successful habilitation is e.g. Dr. rer.nat. habil., by adding the suffix "habil." to the earlier received Doctors degree.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Switzerland, the Dr sc. is a doctoral degree awarded only by the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (EPFL and ETHZ), the University of Fribourg and the Department of Informatics of the University of Zurich. The Swiss Dr sc., like the D.Sc. in the US, is equivalent to the PhD. It is earned with the approval of a committee on the basis of original research, publications, and extensive applied professional contributions and is awarded in doctoral level science and technology programs. Since 2004 the Dr sc. is the only doctoral degree awarded by the ETH Zurich. The École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne awards the degree "Docteur ès sciences", abbreviated "Dr ès sc."and translated into English as PhD.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" or "Habilitation" ( or in Polish) is the degree higher than Ph.D. and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in teaching, research and service after getting the Ph.D. degree (usually up to 8 years after Ph.D.). It is very similar to the equivalent habilitation degree in Germany and Austria. It is also very similar (in terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure.


title: Doctor of Science

text: The highest scientific degree in Poland is "professorship" or "full professor" (), which is called a scientific title of professor. "Habilitation" has been a mandatory requirement for many years to apply for full professorship in Poland.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the countries of the Commonwealth, such as India (in the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay), the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is one of the Higher Doctorates. In some older universities it typically has precedence after Divinity, Laws or Civil Law, Medicine, and Letters, and above Music. The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship. A candidate for the degree will usually be required to submit a selection of their publications to the board of the appropriate faculty, which will decide if the candidate merits this accolade. The award or obtaining of a regular PhD degree is not in any way a pre-requisite for obtaining a DSc, as, for example, it can happen in the sciences that an academic who does a lot of publishing can be awarded a DSc without ever having done a PhD degree.


title: Doctor of Science

text: The first University to admit an individual to this degree was the University of London in 1860. In 1893 Maria Gordon (née Ogilvie), was the first woman to receive this degree.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In former times the doctorate in science was regarded as a greater distinction than a professorial chair and hence a professor who was also a D.Sc. would be known as Doctor. The Doctor of Science may also be awarded as an honorary degree, that is, given to individuals who have made extensive contributions to a particular field and not for specific academic accomplishments. It is usual to signify this by adding D.Sc. h.c. (for "honoris causa").


title: Doctor of Science

text: In the Czech Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc. behind the name), established in 1953, is equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Science in the sense in which the D.Sc. is used in the Commonwealth. It is the highest academic qualification, different from both Ph.D. and PhDr. titles. In the Czech Republic, DrSc. has not been awarded since 2001; instead, since 2006, a "Doctor of Sciences" degree (DSc. behind the name) has been awarded, not by universities but by the Czech Academy of Sciences mostly for research in the field of natural or formal science. In Slovakia, "Doctor of Sciences" (Dr.Sc.) is awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed D.Sc. degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the term "Doctor of Science" to Finnish. For example, the proper translation for the doctorate in technology ("tekniikan tohtori") would be D.Sc. (Tech.), whereas a doctorate in economics and business administration ("kauppatieteiden tohtori") would be translated as D.Sc. (Econ.). When conversing or writing in English, the prefix "Dr" may be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degrees are equivalent to "filosofian tohtori" (FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually awarded only in general sciences, not in specializations like engineering, economics or medicine.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In France, the Doctor of Sciences degree ("doctorat ès sciences" also called "doctorat d'État") was a higher doctorate in the fields of experimental and natural sciences, superseded in 1984 by the habilitation.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Bulgaria, PhD is the highest education level and first science degree. Doctor of Science is the second and the highest science degree.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In the former Yugoslavia, (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia), title "doktor nauka" or "doktor znanosti" (literally "doctor of science") is used in a much broader sense than D.Sc., simply referring to a field of academic study – from art history ("doktor znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti"), philosophy ("doktor znanosti/nauka filozofije"), and literary studies ("doktor znanosti/nauka književnosti") to hard sciences such as molecular biology ("doktor znanosti/nauka molekularne biologije"). It is therefore formally recognized as a Ph.D. degree.


title: Doctor of Science

text: Starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, ) is the highest education level and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc. ) is the second and the highest science degree, awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Belarus "Doctor of Sciences" (D.Sc., ) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD. Is awarded by The Higher Attestation Commission under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In the United States, the formally recognized traditional "Doctor of Science" is an academic research doctoral degree awarded by research universities. The academic research Sc.D. (or D.Sc.) is considered by both the United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation to be equivalent to the more commonly awarded Ph.D. and not higher than a Ph.D. as is the case in some European countries.


title: Doctor of Science

text: The first North American Sc.D. was inaugurated by Harvard University in 1872, when graduate studies first began at Harvard, and where the Ph.D. and Sc.D. degrees were introduced in the same year. The Doctor of Science research degree is earned with the formal dissertation defense and approval of a committee on the basis of original research and publications, and it is awarded predominantly in doctoral-level science programs, such as engineering, medical and health sciences, and health economics.


title: Doctor of Science

text: Although rarer than the Doctor of Philosophy, the Doctor of Science is awarded by institutions including the following:


title: Doctor of Science

text: A few university doctoral research programs offer both the Sc.D. and Ph.D. degrees in the same academic field, such as Johns Hopkins University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with identical requirements for obtaining either. Currently, research programs that offer the formal research Sc.D. but not the Ph.D. degree for a given field include several doctoral programs at Harvard University, Boston University, Capitol Technology University, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Dakota State University. The University of Baltimore, School of Information Arts and Technologies offers an Sc.D. degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program focused on usable design/user experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).


title: Doctor of Science

text: There are programs where the Sc.D. and Ph.D. have different degree requirements, though the two degrees are officially considered equivalent. The Engineering school at Washington University in St. Louis, for example, requires four more graduate courses, which can be completed in one year in conjunction with research duties, in the D.Sc. program than the Ph.D. degree, while the Ph.D. requires teaching assistance services. The Johns Hopkins University also offers both Ph.D. and Sc.D. in certain programs, with only minor differences in university administration of the degrees. In some institutions, the Sc.D. has been converted to the Ph.D. For instance, the doctoral degree in biostatistics at Harvard recently converted from Sc.D. to Ph.D., even though the doctoral degree structure and requirements have remained identical.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Mexico the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to the doctorate degrees in Canada and the United States. The "Doctor of Sciences" degree is instead recognized as a "Higher Degree" (Grado Proprio).


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Russia as well as in some other former Communist Bloc countries, the status of Russian "Doktor nauk" (literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a post-doctoral degree. The degree has no American equivalent but rather is similar to German Habilitation.


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Argentina the formal title "Doctor of Science" would be attributed to different fields of the hard or soft sciences. To get into an Argentine Ph.D. program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering, Licentiate or master's degree:


title: Doctor of Science

text: In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (D.Sc.) category is recognized as a higher doctorate, generally followed by the concentration area (program field).


title: Doctor of Science

text: This kind of doctorate is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense. This doctorate is comparable to a Ph.D. program found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo, the doctorate title is the second highest academic title given by the state's universities (University of São Paulo (USP), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and São Paulo State University (UNESP)) and most Federal Universities, such as the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). The highest academic title is the "Livre-Docência", which is not equivalent to the German Habilitation, since "Livre-Docência" is not a requisite to be a professor in Brazilian universities, and German Habilitation is a requisite to be a professor in German universities.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine is sold as a dietary supplement for purported mood and weight loss-related therapeutic benefits; however, in orally ingested phenethylamine, a significant amount is metabolized in the small intestine by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which converts it to phenylacetic acid. This means that for significant concentrations to reach the brain, the dosage must be higher than for other methods of administration. Some authors postulated its role in people's falling-in-love without substantiating it with any direct evidence.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamines, or more properly, substituted phenethylamines, are the group of phenethylamine derivatives that contain phenethylamine as a "backbone"; in other words, this chemical class includes derivative compounds that are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents. The class of substituted phenethylamines includes all substituted amphetamines, and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx), and contains many drugs which act as empathogens, stimulants, psychedelics, anorectics, bronchodilators, decongestants, and/or antidepressants, among others.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine is produced by a wide range of species throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, including humans; it is also produced by certain fungi and bacteria (genera: "Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas" and the family Enterobacteriaceae) and acts as a potent antimicrobial against certain pathogenic strains of "Escherichia coli" (e.g., the ) at sufficient concentrations.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine is a primary amine, the amino-group being attached to a benzene ring through a two-carbon, or ethyl group. It is a colourless liquid at room temperature that has a fishy odor, and is soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its density is 0.964 g/ml and its boiling point is 195 °C. Upon exposure to air, it combines with carbon dioxide to form a solid carbonate salt. Phenethylamine is strongly basic, pK = 4.17 (or pK = 9.83), as measured using the HCl salt, and forms a stable crystalline hydrochloride salt with a melting point of 217 °C.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Many substituted phenethylamines are psychoactive drugs, which belong to a variety of different drug classes, including central nervous system stimulants (e.g., amphetamine), hallucinogens (e.g., 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), entactogens (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), appetite suppressants (e.g. phentermine), nasal decongestants and bronchodilators (e.g., pseudoephedrine), antidepressants (e.g. bupropion), antiparkinson agents (e.g., selegiline), and vasopressors (e.g., ephedrine), among others. Many of these psychoactive compounds exert their pharmacological effects primarily by modulating monoamine neurotransmitter systems; however, there is no mechanism of action or biological target that is common to all members of this subclass.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Numerous endogenous compounds – including hormones, monoamine neurotransmitters, and many trace amines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, adrenaline, tyramine, and others) – are substituted phenethylamines. Dopamine


title: Phenethylamine

text: is simply phenethylamine with a hydroxyl group attached to the 3 and 4 position of the benzene ring. Several notable recreational drugs, such as MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine, and cathinones, are also members of the class. All of the substituted amphetamines are phenethylamines, as well.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Pharmaceutical drugs that are substituted phenethylamines include phenelzine, phenformin, and fanetizole, among many others.


title: Phenethylamine

text: One method for preparing β-phenethylamine, set forth in J. C. Robinson and H. R. Snyder's "Organic Syntheses" (published 1955), involves the reduction of benzyl cyanide with hydrogen in liquid ammonia, in the presence of a Raney-Nickel catalyst, at a temperature of 130 °C and a pressure of 13.8 MPa. Alternative syntheses are outlined in the footnotes to this preparation.


title: Phenethylamine

text: A much more convenient method for the synthesis of β-phenethylamine is the reduction of ω-nitrostyrene by lithium aluminum hydride in ether, whose successful execution was first reported by R. F. Nystrom and W. G. Brown in 1948.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Assembling phenethylamine structures for synthesis of compounds such as epinephrine, amphetamines, tyrosine, and dopamine by adding the beta-aminoethyl side chain to the phenyl ring is possible. This can be done via Friedel-Crafts acylation with N-protected acyl chlorides when the arene is activated, or by Heck reaction of the phenyl with N-vinyloxazolone, followed by hydrogenation, or by cross-coupling with beta-amino organozinc reagents, or reacting a brominated arene with beta-aminoethyl organolithium reagents, or by Suzuki cross-coupling.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Reviews that cover attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and phenethylamine indicate that several studies have found abnormally low urinary phenethylamine concentrations in ADHD individuals when compared with controls. In treatment-responsive individuals, amphetamine and methylphenidate greatly increase urinary phenethylamine concentration. An ADHD biomarker review also indicated that urinary phenethylamine levels could be a diagnostic biomarker for ADHD.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Thirty minutes of moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise has been shown to induce an increase in urinary phenylacetic acid, the primary metabolite of phenethylamine. Two reviews noted a study where the mean 24 hour urinary phenylacetic acid concentration following just 30 minutes of intense exercise rose 77% above its base level; the reviews suggest that phenethylamine synthesis sharply increases during physical exercise during which it is rapidly metabolized due to its short half-life of roughly 30 seconds. In a resting state, phenethylamine is synthesized in catecholamine neurons from -phenylalanine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase at approximately the same rate as dopamine is produced. Monoamine oxidase deaminates primary and secondary amines that are free in the neuronal cytoplasm but not those bound in storage vesicles of the sympathetic neurone. Similarly, β-PEA would not be deaminated in the gut as it is a selective substrate for MAO-B, which is not found in the gut. Brain levels of endogenous trace amines are several hundred-fold below those for the classical neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, but their rates of synthesis are equivalent to those of noradrenaline and dopamine and they have a very rapid turnover rate. Endogenous extracellular tissue levels of trace amines measured in the brain are in the low nanomolar range. These low concentrations arise because of their very short half-life. Because of the pharmacological relationship between phenethylamine and amphetamine, the original paper and both reviews suggest that phenethylamine plays a prominent role in mediating the mood-enhancing euphoric effects of a runner's high, as both phenethylamine and amphetamine are potent euphoriants.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine, being similar to amphetamine in its action at their common biomolecular targets, releases norepinephrine and dopamine. Phenethylamine also appears to induce acetylcholine release via a glutamate-mediated mechanism.


title: Phenethylamine

text: Phenethylamine has been shown to bind to human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) as an agonist. β-PEA is also an odorant binding TAAR4 in mice thought to mediate predator avoidance.


title: Phenethylamine

text: By oral route, phenethylamine's half-life is  minutes; endogenously produced PEA in catecholamine neurons has a half-life of roughly 30 seconds. In humans, PEA is metabolized by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase A (), monoamine oxidase B (), the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAOs) AOC2 and AOC3, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), and aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). , an isomer of amphetamine, is produced in humans via the metabolism of phenethylamine by PNMT. β-Phenylacetic acid is the primary urinary metabolite of phenethylamine and is produced via monoamine oxidase metabolism and subsequent aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolism. Phenylacetaldehyde is the intermediate product which is produced by monoamine oxidase and then further metabolized into β-phenylacetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.


title: Phenethylamine

text: When the initial phenylethylamine concentration in the brain is low, brain levels can be increased when taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), particularly a MAO-B inhibitor, and by  times when the initial concentration is high.


title: Breast torture

text: Breast torture (also called breast play, nipple torture or tit torture) is a BDSM activity in which sexual stimulation is provided through the intentional application of physical pain or constriction to the breasts, areolae or nipples of a submissive. It is a popular activity among the kink community. The recipient of such activities may wish to receive them as a result of masochism or they may have a desire to please a dominant who is sadistic. Those involved may also be motivated by breast fetishism. Mild breast torture such as light impact play on the breasts is also occasionally used outside of the BDSM context to provide stimulation and pleasure during conventional sex.


title: Breast torture

text: The breasts are sometimes used to satisfy a desire for erotic humiliation. Cruel or disparaging references to the breasts can be used to produce verbal humiliation, while physical humiliation can be achieved through discipline techniques such as breast punishment.


title: Breast torture

text: There are a variety of techniques used for breast torture, and they are sometimes combined to produce a greater erotic effect. Sensations such as squeezing, pinching, caressing, poking and tickling can be induced by hand or mouth or by making use of a variety of implements.


title: Breast torture

text: Nipple torture is a popular element of breast torture. Some people find their nipples to be more erotically sensitive than their genitals. They are an erogenous zone of the body and their stimulation using techniques such as pinching can in some cases lead to orgasm. During the 1970s a study of S&M-themed contact magazines and club members in Germany identified nipple torture as one of the six most popular activities. BDSM literature sometimes shows household items attached to erect nipples to provide a pinching sensation. These include clothespins, mouse traps, clothes hangers with integral clips, or pairs of chopsticks with elastic bands wrapped around each end. Alternatively commercially produced nipple clamps (a type of sex toy) can be used. With many types of nipple clamps the degree of tightness is variable and the amount of pain produced is dependent upon how tightly they are applied. The pinching restricts the blood flow and, when the attachments are removed, further pain may be caused by the return of normal blood flow. Weights are sometimes hung from nipple clamps to tighten the pinching or to add a tugging sensation that varies as the wearer moves. Nipple clamps are sometimes sold with a chain connecting them so that a dominant can pull on it to create tension. Alternatively nipple clamps may be attached to ropes, chains, or wall fixtures.


title: Breast torture

text: Twisting the nipples produces a painful sensation and nipple pain can be intensified by twisting nipple clamps, an action which pushes the nipple into the breast. A titty twister is a BDSM device used to inflict pain on the breasts and especially the nipples in this way. They are made in a variety of styles, but all have nipple clamps that can be made to rotate once in position, twisting the breasts and nipples of the person wearing the device.


title: Breast torture

text: Nipple pumps, devices designed to provide an erotic nipple sucking sensation, can be used to sensitise the nipples for subsequent nipple torture. Some models allow the suction level to be increased enough for the pump itself to be used for nipple torture. Breast pumps can be used for erotic lactation as part of BDSM play. They can trigger lactation without pregnancy, allowing for the milking of a submissive's breasts. Suction is sometimes applied to the breasts via erotic cupping, a technique in which cups, bowls or bells are used to create suction on the skin in a method similar to the cupping therapy used in alternative medicine. The sensation can be erotic, and drawing blood to the skin can make the area more sensitive once the cups are removed. Larger cups create more suction, which makes the resulting sensations more intense. The practice can also cause pain and leave bruised marks on the skin.


title: Breast torture

text: Nipple piercings are sometimes used to facilitate breast torture. Once inserted, piercing rings can simply be pulled as part of BDSM play. Alternatively they can be attached to heavy chains or to nipple cords (pieces of thin rope or heavy string) and the other end of these chains or cords can be attached to screw eyes or pulleys to allow the nipples to be put under great tension. Unpierced nipples can have nipple rings or nipple cuffs placed around them and tightened to create and sustain nipple erections and also to cause pain.


title: Breast torture

text: Breast bondage can be used to stimulate the breasts erotically and focus the submissive's attention on their submissive state and their vulnerability. The high concentration of nerve endings in the breasts means that having them tied tightly can be a painful experience. It can also heighten their sensitivity by increasing and trapping the blood flow in them. Breast bondage can be used as a show of power on the part of the dominant person or a way to inflict torture and punishment. Breast torture may include binding the breasts with ropes, chains, wire or bondage tape, or heavy rubber bands may be placed around the base of the breasts. Tight breast bondage is often depicted in BDSM imagery, usually using rope bondage techniques which are often derived from Japanese bondage, although breast bondage differs from most bondage techniques in that it is not intended to restrict mobility. Breast bondage techniques typically lift and separate the breasts. A rope is commonly tied around the base of each breast causing them to bulge forwards, or ropes above and below the breasts push them together so that they are pushed outwards from the chest. This effect is accentuated if the hands are tied behind the back. Sometimes rope is instead used to flatten the breasts against the chest. Breast bondage usually leaves the nipples and much of the breast exposed for other breast torture techniques such as whipping and clamping.


title: Breast torture

text: Breasts are sometimes compressed using a breast press. This device consists of two parallel bars separated and fastened at either end by steel bolts or adjustable screws. The bars are slightly longer than the body is wide and are typically made of wood. Many of these devices are homemade. The breasts are placed between the bars and the bolts or screws are tightened to painfully compress them. The device is most effective on larger breasts. Sometimes the inside of the bars is lined with sandpaper or other uncomfortable surfaces for additional pain.


title: Breast torture

text: Tit whipping is a type of breast torture that involves the flagellation of a submissive's breasts, usually with a small cat o' nine tails whip called a flogger. Other types of impact play that are applied to the breasts include slapping, punching, kicking, spanking and caning. The implements used range from BDSM toys to household items such as spatulas and wooden spoons. Objects are sometimes shot at the breasts as a form of ballistic punishment. Clothespins can be attached to them in large numbers to pinch the skin in multiple places. When they are removed and the blood flows back a sensation of warm pain is experienced. The clothespins can be attached together using a string or wire and pulled off, creating a BDSM device known as a zipper. Alternatively the skin of the breasts can have nipple clamps, a wartenberg wheel or play piercing needles applied to it.


title: Breast torture

text: Temperature play is sometimes applied to the breasts. For example, certain types of hot wax can be dripped onto the breasts as part of wax play, in some instances producing a wax mould of the nipple and breast.


title: Breast torture

text: Kink and BDSM activities are never completely free from risk, but some forms of breast torture, such as the use of clothespins on nipples, light flagellation and simple breast bondage, are considered to be relatively safe and benign.


title: Breast torture

text: The most common consequence of breast torture is bruising but aggressive caning can result in welts, and heavy impact play applied to the breasts can rupture the mammary glands and lymph glands and cause breast cysts. Wax play can produce irritation, burning or blistering of the skin.


title: Breast torture

text: Breast bondage ropes, particularly if tied tightly, can damage the breasts. Using conventional rope for breast bondage can result in rope burns. Ropes designed for BDSM use are typically made from soft cotton that lies flat against the skin to avoid this. If rope is less than in diameter it can cut into the skin. Breast bondage also risks cutting off the blood circulation to the breasts and they should not be bound too tightly nor for too long. Tightly bound breasts can become swollen and darker, which some people like. However, photographs of breast bondage sometimes show breasts that have turned purple or blue which indicates that blood circulation has been cut off. Numbness or a lack of sensation in the breasts are also indicators of this. It can be damaging and scissors can be used to remove ropes quickly if needed. It is also possible for breast bondage to restrict the flow of blood to the arms or legs, leading to nerve damage, muscle destruction, and eventually blood clots. Breast bondage in Japanese culture is generally practiced by women under thirty as a result of the body's decreasing ability to heal with age.