title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: From September 10–12, 2021, the Los Angeles Philharmonic along with Maal, Massamba Diop, Magatte Saw, and an ensemble of African drummers performed the film's score at the Hollywood Bowl. Göransson had been urging Disney and Marvel to do this for some time, and was thrilled that the Philharmonic agreed to do it and that Maal and the African musicians were able to travel to Los Angeles during the COVID-19 pandemic. The choral and music-production elements of the score were played from the original tracks during the performance against the live orchestra and soloists, with Thomas Wilkins conducting. The orchestra also played a version of "All the Stars".


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard 200" with 154,000 equivalent album units, including 52,000 from pure album sales. It remained at the number one spot in its second week, moving 131,000 equivalent album units with 40,000 from pure album sales.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Aggregator Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned "Black Panther: The Album" a score of 80 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". AnyDecentMusic? found the album had an average score of 7.5 out of 10.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Matt Miller of "Esquire" said the album was a "stunning moment in film history ... an absolute milestone", feeling that the fact that "these topics can even be breached on a [Disney] platform like this seems like progress might be possible." Clayton Purdom at "The A.V. Club" felt the "Black Panther" soundtrack was one of the best rap albums in 2018, saying the individual songs "play it safe, but the project itself does not, an audacious exertion of energy from one of the planet's most universally revered musicians... the album doesn't need the film; it works on its own". He compared it to other artist-driven soundtracks for films like "", "Coffy", and "". Writing for "Vice", Robert Christgau called the music "sneakily experimental pop-rap" and credited Lamar for "marking every [song] with a verse or chorus or hook defined by the least regal of the great rap flows, unassumingly slurred while making every word count".


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Andy Kellman gave the soundtrack four stars out of five for AllMusic, calling it an "unprecedented convergence of the mainstream film industry with an uncompromising musician thriving commercially and artistically." He felt that the majority of the album's guest artists treated it as a Kendrick Lamar album rather than a soundtrack, but thought it served both purposes well. Larry Bartleet also gave the album four stars in his review for "NME". Bartleet called it the new gold standard for Marvel soundtracks, and said it was difficult to pick a standout moment. He highlighted how Lamar's lyrics reflect the viewpoints of T'Challa and Killmonger at different times, matching the film's "empathetic understanding of both characters". Reviewing the album for "Pitchfork", Sheldon Pearce said it "is finely-tuned, aware of its audience, its objectives, and the stakes". Pearce felt the album was convoluted and generic at time, but ultimately it "delivers on its promise, much like the larger comic world it now occupies." Kathleen Johnston at "GQ" described the album as worth celebrating, stating that what it lacks "in pure aural aestheticism, it more than makes up for in intent". She felt the South African artists included made the soundtrack "a fully fledged celebration of pan-continental black talent", echoing the film's message of representation as opposed to "mere tokenism". Johnston praised the album, alongside the film, as "the ultimate celebration of black excellence. [It] will go down as a historic landmark in the diversification of popular culture."


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: At "Rolling Stone", Jody Rosen felt the album was a fascinating entry to Lamar's discography. He wrote that the elements from the Black Panther mythology that were included in the soundtrack were "goofy", but that they aligned with the themes of Lamar's other work, and also praised the female artists featured, specifically naming SZA, Jorja Smith, and Yugen Blakrok. Jon Parelis at "The New York Times" stated that all of the symbolic weight attached to the film extended itself to the album as well, and felt that the product was almost as densely packed with ideas as any of Lamar's solo works. Parelis praised Sounwave's efforts as producer on the album, but noted that a majority of the guest artists treated their songs like music for California rather than the African setting of the film. For "Thrillist", Dan Jackson said the album is not "an exercise in auteur-driven control like Prince's brilliantly odd "Batman" soundtrack, but it's not purely a cynical cash-in either." Jackson praised the rap-heavy moments and the segments dedicated to Killmonger's perspective, but felt that it may be too similar to previous albums released by Top Dawg Entertainment in terms of aesthetic and concluded that there are "limits to the album and the film's audacity." Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" called the soundtrack enjoyable rather than essential, but acknowledged that this could be due to the high standards set by Lamar's previous work. He was positive of Lamar not letting the MCU "reign in" his style, but did think the album was less consistent than some of Lamar's other work.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Also writing for "Vice", Lawrence Burney criticized the number of non-American artists featured on the album, lamenting that it could have been "so much more" if it had represented more global black communities. He concluded that "there is room to wonder what the outcome would have been if Kendrick and the rest of TDE swapped out James Blake and a few American rappers for artists like Jamaica's Spice [or] Brazil's Karol Conká ... It could have made an equally-remarkable accompanying musical piece to "Black Panther". But if those chances are never taken, especially with platforms as big as Marvel in support, we may not get to see what an artistic coming-together could really do for diasporic relations." Dustin Seibert was excited for the album's release, but in his review of it for The Grio he expressed disappointment, finding many of the songs to be mediocre and especially criticizing Lamar's supportive work which he felt detracted from some of the guest performances. Seibert also criticized lyrics that he found to be demeaning to women or even "basic scumbag gangster bars", which he saw as clashing with the themes of the film. He stated his hope that the film itself be better than the underwhelming soundtrack album.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Brian Josephs at Pitchfork praised Göransson's "spectacular" score, feeling the composer was not simply "ticking off the diasporic boxes" by rooting the African elements of his music in the emotions of the film. Josephs noted the care and development that Göransson displays in the song "Wakanda" and in Killmonger's theme, such as the unique elements used in the latter that serve to disrupt the music of Wakanda when that character arrives in the country. Jonathan Broxton for Movie Music UK credited Göransson for his research and commitment to faithfully conveying African music in the score, rather than just using "indeterminate ethnic drumming"; he suggested that this could be "all for nothing if the final score doesn't act as a good and appropriate film score in its own right", but "Göransson's composing chops are strong, and as a result the score for "Black Panther" soars." Broxton particularly praised the different layers of the themes for T'Challa and Killmonger, and how Göransson was able to deconstruct them and use their elements throughout the score. He concluded that the score is "culturally appropriate, instrumentally fascinating ... and has an intelligent thematic architecture that is worthy of overt praise."


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Reviewing the score for AllMusic, Neil Z. Yeung gave it four out of five stars, calling it triumphant and highlighting the moments where the African elements were combined with traditional orchestra and modern hip-hop. Luke Martin of "Fortitude Magazine" said the score "blows other Marvel soundtracks out of the water", calling it rich in African sounds that add gravity to "every aspect of the story, rooted in an emotional context." He also highlighted the brass music for royalty as well as the use of modern music in Killmonger's theme. Sean Wilson at mfiles compared the score to Jerry Goldsmith's "masterpiece" "The Ghost and the Darkness", calling it "authentic, moving and inspiring". He did think it was close to being "overly lengthy" on album, but felt the music overcame this in its "dynamic and vibrant" textures, combining Hollywood heroism with authentic Senegalese music to become a score that Wilson felt could not be accused of lacking in personality as other MCU scores have been. Bekah Burbank at Laughing Place praised the score as "remarkably unique", finding it to be one of Marvel's best. She particularly praised "Wakanda" as passionate and emotive, comparing it to "The Lion King"s "Circle of Life" as "our introduction to the country and people ... you are instantly transported there". Burbank was also positive of the action music, such as during the Casino fight sequence.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Mihnea Manduteanu, on his website Soundtrack Dreams, praised the score as a breath of fresh air compared to previous MCU film scores. Highlighting the many different styles of music that Göransson combined, he stated, "I haven't heard film music quite like this. It's a fusion of styles and moods like no other". He concluded that where the film is a game-changer for the industry, the score is a game-changer for MCU soundtracks. Filmtracks.com's Christian Clemmenson gave the score four stars out of five, calling it "one of the most striking and potentially dizzying scores of this generation," with Göransson generally succeeding in combining the various elements of his music. Clemmenson praised the use of percussion and vocals in the score, and called it thematically "quite well developed"—in particular, Clemmenson praised the main fanfare as "an easily identifiable theme to combat all the other elements of the score, not to mention" Lamar's soundtrack. Still, he thought the best work in the score was Killmonger's theme, which provides "the score's most heartfelt expressions". Conversely, Clemmenson felt passages featuring the Jabari theme were "intellectually interesting but ... borderline intolerable", and was also disappointed in some of the general electronic elements used. He added that the album "definitely needs some trimming", but overall compared the score to Mark Mothersbaugh's for "" in being "another fantastic diversion from the norm in the Marvel Cinematic Universe without sacrificing the genre's core necessities."


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Anton Smit of Soundtrack World was surprised by the score, expecting to hear standard superhero music and instead finding something fresh that "really uses genuine African elements, not just sounds that come out of a computer." Smit praised the combination of African, orchestral, and electronic music, as well as Göransson's use of leitmotifs. He noted how the percussion usually found in a "bombastic" Hollywood score is replaced here with performances that do not "seem brainless at all as you can feel the soul the African musicians put into their play", and concluded that Göransson lived up to the African tradition of telling stories through music. Pete Simons on Synchrotones's Soundtrack Reviews found the score to be fun, describing it as "a rousing superhero score and an outlandish ethnic score rolled into one". He highlighted the action music, and called the use of talking drums to sound out T'Challa's name and the screaming of "Killmonger" in that character's theme both "nice touches". However, Simons did think the score was somewhat repetitive, that Göransson may have tried to add too many elements to the music, and that the album presentation featured some inconsistent mixing. James Southall of Movie Wave thought Göransson had devised some good ideas, especially Killmonger's theme which he thought was both surprising and fascinating, but that they were stretched too thin on the album. He called this presentation a shame, feeling that the score had the potential to earn a four star (out of five) score but in reality deserved two stars due to the album length.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: Lamar's soundtrack, along with that of the film "The Greatest Showman" (2017), was named as proof of a "soundtrack renaissance" with growing public interest in albums tied to films. Atlantic Records president Kevin Weaver said that "when the right music is aligned to the right media, especially with these new means of music distribution, primarily streaming, it's created a whole new world for soundtracks that didn't previously exist." Interscope Records executive Manny Smith felt that "Black Panther: The Album" stood out because of the strong direction from Coogler and Lamar, adding, "I think it'll spark people to make more culturally relevant music and be more aware. That's always our goal". David Bakula, Vice President of Analytics at Nielsen Entertainment, said the album was "much bigger than just a music release. It's much bigger than just a compilation album." MIDiA research analyst Zach Fuller added that the success of the album could be "indicative of streaming bringing people back to this [soundtrack-centric] model ... it may well be the film industry that leads the way in preserving the album as an artistic medium." He compared this possible trend to the way Bollywood films affect popular music in India.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: On August 16, 2018, Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released an extended play titled "Black Panther: Wakanda Remixed", featuring remixes of five cues from Göransson's score. Göransson worked with several other artists to create the remixes. Music videos for each of the remixes were also released to Marvel Music's Vevo channel on YouTube.


title: Black Panther (soundtrack)

text: James Whitbrook of io9 praised the EP as improving Göransson's already "sublime" score, calling the remixes "all pretty great, chill takes" on the existing music. Whitbrook particularly praised the new take on the "Black Panther" theme as a "stirring choral anthem ... while still keeping that electrifying drumbeat that made the original one of the best character themes on a Marvel movie soundtrack". Hoair-Tran Bui at /Film said the EP was unlikely to become as popular as the main score or soundtrack albums, but felt that it provided "the perfect capper for the summer, and an energizing vehicle for "Black Panther" to ride through Oscar season". For "Complex", Joshua Espinoza recommended the remixes to fans of the score and soundtrack albums, and also described them as "chill tunes".


title: Clutter family murders

text: In the early morning hours of November 15, 1959, four members of the Clutter family Herb Clutter, his wife Bonnie, and their teenage children Nancy and Kenyon were murdered in their rural home, just outside the small farming community of Holcomb, Kansas. Two ex-convicts, Perry Smith and Richard Hickock, were found guilty of the murders and sentenced to death. Smith and Hickock were executed by the state of Kansas on the same day, April 14, 1965. The murders were detailed by Truman Capote in his 1966 non-fiction novel "In Cold Blood".


title: Clutter family murders

text: Herbert "Herb" Clutter was a prosperous farmer in western Kansas. His two elder daughters, Eveanna and Beverly, had moved out and started their adult lives. His two younger children, Nancy (age 16) and Kenyon (age 15), were high school students. Clutter's wife Bonnie had reportedly been incapacitated by clinical depression and physical ailments since the births of her children, although this was later disputed. Both Nancy and Kenyon Clutter attended Holcomb High School.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Richard "Dick" Hickock and Perry Smith were two ex-convicts, recently paroled from the Kansas State Penitentiary. Floyd Wells, a former cellmate of Hickock's, had been a farmhand for Herb Clutter. Wells told Hickock that Clutter kept large amounts of cash in a safe. However, Clutter did not have a safe and transacted all of his business by check. After speaking with Wells, Hickock soon hatched the idea to steal the safe and start a new life in Mexico. Hickock later contacted Smith, another former cellmate, about committing the robbery with him. According to Truman Capote, the author of "In Cold Blood"a non-fiction novel detailing the Clutter family murders Hickock described his plan as "a cinch, the perfect score".


title: Clutter family murders

text: On the evening of November 14, 1959, Hickock and Smith drove more than across the state of Kansas, heading for the Clutter residence, in order to execute their plan. In the early morning hours of November 15, the pair arrived in Holcomb, located the Clutter home, and entered through an unlocked door while the family slept. Upon rousing the Clutters, they pushed Bonnie, Nancy, and Kenyon into a bathroom on the second floor of the house, then led Herb to his first-floor office. After a search, during which they began to realize there was no safe, they retrieved the other three members of the family from the bathroom. Bonnie's hands were tied in front of her; she was gagged, then tucked into bed in a room on the second floor. Nancy's hands were tied behind her - inexplicably, she was not gagged - then she, too, was tucked into bed. Then, Kenyon and Herb were taken to the basement; first, Kenyon was gagged and his hands were tied behind him, then the rope was tied to an overhead steam pipe in the furnace room. Thinking better of this, the killers cut him free, then moved him to the adjoining playroom. Bound and gagged, lying at an oblique angle on the small couch, a white pillow was stuffed behind his head, presumably to make him more comfortable. Finally, Herb was bound and gagged, then pushed down onto a mattress box lying on the concrete floor in the furnace room. Smith stayed in the furnace room, while Hickock returned upstairs to resume his search for the safe.


title: Clutter family murders

text: A short time later, Hickock returned to the basement, disappointed and angry, having found no safe. The pair had already planned to leave no witnesses, and they briefly debated what to do. Finally, Smith - known to occasionally be unstable, prone to fits of rage - slit Herb Clutter's throat, then shot him in the head. Smith later recounted, "I didn't want to harm the man. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft spoken. I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat." Moments after Herb was killed, Smith and Hickock reentered the playroom, where Smith shot Kenyon to death. Heading upstairs, then to the second floor, the pair entered Nancy's room, and she was shot to death. Lastly, Bonnie Clutter was killed by a gunshot wound to the side of the head. Each of the four victims had been killed by a single shotgun blast to the head, though Herb's throat was cut as well, and each spent shell was retrieved by the killers. Recounting later the sequence of events that night, Smith claimed to have dissuaded Hickock from raping Nancy.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Having killed all four members of the family, Hickock and Smith fled the crime scene, taking with them a Zenith portable radio belonging to Kenyon Clutter, a pair of binoculars belonging to Herb Clutter and less than $50 in cash (approximately $480 in 2022) presumed to have been left over from a $60 check Herb Clutter had cashed the day before. It was generally known in the area that Herb preferred paying by check, and he seldom carried on his person, nor kept in the house, significant amounts of cash. His billfold and several items were found scattered about in his first-floor bedroom, but no cash was found there.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Smith later claimed in his oral confession that Hickock had murdered Nancy and Bonnie. When asked to sign his confession, however, Smith refused. According to Capote's "In Cold Blood", Smith wanted to accept responsibility for all four killings because, he said, he felt "sorry for Dick's mother". Smith added, "She's a real sweet person". Hickock always maintained that Smith had murdered all four victims.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Approximately 1,000 mourners attended the Clutter family funeral, packing the First Methodist Church in Garden City, Kansas, county seat of Finney County, seven miles east of Holcomb. A majority of that crowd were also present at the burial at Valley View Cemetery, on the north edge of Garden City. The parents' graves are in the center, marked by a double headstone. Nancy's grave and single headstone is just to the left; those of Kenyon are just to the right.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Smith and Hickock were arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada, on December 30, some six weeks after the murders, after a dogged investigation by members of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation. After being extradited back to Kansas, their trial was held at the Finney County Courthouse in Garden City. Both Smith and Hickock were found guilty of four counts of first-degree murder, and they were sentenced to death.


title: Clutter family murders

text: On April 14, 1965, they both were hanged at the Kansas State Prison near Lansing, just north of Kansas City. Hickock was executed first and was pronounced dead at 12:41 am; Smith followed shortly afterward and was pronounced dead at 1:19 am.


title: Clutter family murders

text: Before the killers were captured, author Truman Capote learned of the Clutter family murders and decided to travel to Kansas and write about the crime. He was accompanied by his childhood friend and fellow author, Harper Lee. Together, they interviewed local residents and investigators assigned to the case and took thousands of pages of notes. The killers, Hickock and Smith, were arrested six weeks after the murders and were eventually executed by the state of Kansas in 1965. Capote ultimately spent six years working on his book. When finally published in 1966, "In Cold Blood" was an instant success. Today, it is the second-best-selling true crime book in publishing history, behind Vincent Bugliosi's 1974 book "Helter Skelter", about the Charles Manson murders.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicompost (vermi-compost) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. This process is called vermicomposting, while the rearing of worms for this purpose is called vermiculture.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm faeces) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms. These excreta have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. It is used in gardening and sustainable, organic farming.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage. A variation of the process is vermifiltration (or vermidigestion) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens, and oxygen demand from wastewater or directly from blackwater of flush toilets.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicomposting has gained popularity in both industrial and domestic settings because, as compared with conventional composting, it provides a way to treat organic wastes more quickly. In manure composting, it also generates products that have lower salinity levels.


title: Vermicompost

text: The earthworm species (or composting worms) most often used are red wigglers ("Eisenia fetida" or "Eisenia andrei"), though European nightcrawlers ("Eisenia hortensis", synonym "Dendrobaena veneta") and red earthworm ("Lumbricus rubellus") could also be used. Red wigglers are recommended by most vermicomposting experts, as they have some of the best appetites and breed very quickly. Users refer to European nightcrawlers by a variety of other names, including "dendrobaenas", "dendras", Dutch nightcrawlers, and Belgian nightcrawlers.


title: Vermicompost

text: Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner in a form that is relatively easy for plants to absorb. Worm castings are sometimes used as an organic fertilizer. Because the earthworms grind and uniformly mix minerals in simple forms, plants need only minimal effort to obtain them. The worms' digestive systems create environments that allow certain species of microbes to thrive to help create a "living" soil environment for plants. The fraction of soil which has gone through the digestive tract of earthworms is called the drilosphere.


title: Vermicompost

text: All worms make compost but some species are not suitable for this purpose. Vermicompost worms are generally epigean. Species most often used for composting include:


title: Vermicompost

text: These species commonly are found in organic-rich soils throughout Europe and North America and live in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure piles. As they are shallow-dwelling and feed on decomposing plant matter in the soil, they adapt easily to live on food or plant waste in the confines of a worm bin. Some species are considered invasive in some areas, so they should be avoided (see earthworms as invasive species for a list).


title: Vermicompost

text: Composting worms are available to order online, from nursery mail-order suppliers or angling shops where they are sold as bait. They can also be collected from compost and manure piles. These species are not the same worms that are found in ordinary soil or on pavement when the soil is flooded by water.


title: Vermicompost

text: Large-scale vermicomposting is practiced in Canada, Italy, Japan, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and the United States. The vermicompost may be used for farming, landscaping, to create compost tea, or for sale. Some of these operations produce worms for bait and/or home vermicomposting.


title: Vermicompost

text: There are two main methods of large-scale vermicomposting, windrow and raised bed. Some systems use a windrow, which consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in and acts as a large bin; organic material is added to it. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not, due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from gaining access to the worm population.


title: Vermicompost

text: The windrow method and compost windrow turners were developed by Fletcher Sims Jr. of the Compost Corporation in Canyon, Texas. The Windrow Composting system is noted as a sustainable, cost-efficient way for farmers to manage dairy waste.


title: Vermicompost

text: The second type of large-scale vermicomposting system is the raised bed or flow-through system. Here the worms are fed an inch of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an inch of castings are harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the bed.


title: Vermicompost

text: Because red worms are surface dwellers constantly moving towards the new food source, the flow-through system eliminates the need to separate worms from the castings before packaging. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities, making them the preferred choice for operations in colder climates.


title: Vermicompost

text: For vermicomposting at home, a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood, Styrofoam, or metal containers. The design of a small bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms.


title: Vermicompost

text: Some materials are less desirable than others in worm bin construction. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release heavy metals into the vermicompost. Styrofoam containers may release chemicals into the organic material. Some cedars, yellow cedar, and redwood contain resinous oils that may harm worms, although western red cedar has excellent longevity in composting conditions. Hemlock is another inexpensive and fairly rot-resistant wood species that may be used to build worm bins.


title: Vermicompost

text: Bins need holes or mesh for aeration. Some people add a spout or holes in the bottom for excess liquid to drain into a tray for collection. The most common materials used are plastic: recycled polyethylene and polypropylene and wood. Worm compost bins made from plastic are ideal, but require more drainage than wooden ones because they are non-absorbent. However, wooden bins will eventually decay and need to be replaced.


title: Vermicompost

text: Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into high-quality soil amendments, where space is limited. Worms can decompose organic matter without the additional human physical effort (turning the bin) that bin composting requires.


title: Vermicompost

text: Composting worms which are detritivorous (eaters of trash), such as the red wiggler "Eisenia fetida", are epigeic (surface dwellers) and together with symbiotic associated microbes are the ideal vectors for decomposing food waste. Common earthworms such as "Lumbricus terrestris" are anecic (deep burrowing) species and hence unsuitable for use in a closed system. Other soil species that contribute include insects, other worms and molds.


title: Vermicompost

text: There may be differences in vermicomposting method depending on the climate. It is necessary to monitor the temperatures of large-scale bin systems (which can have high heat-retentive properties), as the raw materials or feedstocks used can compost, heating up the worm bins as they decay and killing the worms.


title: Vermicompost

text: The most common worms used in composting systems, redworms ("Eisenia fetida," "Eisenia andrei," and "Lumbricus rubellus") feed most rapidly at temperatures of 15–25 °C (59-77 °F). They can survive at 10 °C (50 °F). Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) may harm them. This temperature range means that indoor vermicomposting with redworms is possible in all but tropical climates. Other worms like "Perionyx excavatus" are suitable for warmer climates. If a worm bin is kept outside, it should be placed in a sheltered position away from direct sunlight and insulated against frost in winter.


title: Vermicompost

text: There are few food wastes that vermicomposting cannot compost, although meat waste and dairy products are likely to putrefy, and in outdoor bins can attract vermin. Green waste should be added in moderation to avoid heating the bin.


title: Vermicompost

text: Such systems usually use kitchen and garden waste, using "earthworms and other microorganisms to digest organic wastes, such as kitchen scraps".


title: Vermicompost

text: Factors affecting the speed of composting include the climate and the method of composting. There are signs to look for to determine whether compost is finished. The finished compost would have an ambient temperature, dark color, and be as moist as a damp sponge. Towards the end of the process, bacteria slow down the rate of metabolizing food or stop completely. There is the possibility of some solid organic matter still being present in the compost at this point, but it could stay in and continue decomposing for the next couple of years unless removed.  The compost should be allowed to cure after finished to allow acids to be removed over time so it becomes more neutral, which could take up to three months and results in the compost being more consistent in size. Elevating the maturing compost off the ground can prevent unwanted plant growth. It compost should consistently be slightly damp and should be aerated but doesn't need to be turned. The curing process can be done in a storage bin or on a tarp.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicompost is ready for harvest when it contains few-to-no scraps of uneaten food or bedding. There are several methods of harvesting from small-scale systems: "dump and hand sort", "let the worms do the sorting", "alternate containers" and "divide and dump." These differ on the amount of time and labor involved and whether the vermicomposter wants to save as many worms as possible from being trapped in the harvested compost.


title: Vermicompost

text: The pyramid method of harvesting worm compost is commonly used in small-scale vermicomposting, and is considered the simplest method for single layer bins. In this process, compost is separated into large clumps, which is placed back into composting for further breakdown, and lighter compost, with which the rest of the process continues. This lighter mix is placed into small piles on a tarp under the sunlight. The worms instinctively burrow to the bottom of the pile. After a few minutes, the top of the pyramid is removed repeatedly, until the worms are again visible. This repeats until the mound is composed mostly of worms.


title: Vermicompost

text: When harvesting the compost, it is possible to separate eggs and cocoons and return them to the bin, thereby ensuring new worms are hatched. Cocoons are small, lemon-shaped yellowish objects that can usually be seen with the naked eye. The cocoons can hold up to 20 worms (though 2–3 is most common). Cocoons can lay dormant for as long as two years if conditions are not conducive for hatching.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicompost has been shown to be richer in many nutrients than compost produced by other composting methods. It has also outperformed a commercial plant medium with nutrients added, but levels of magnesium required adjustment, as did pH.


title: Vermicompost

text: However, in one study it has been found that homemade backyard vermicompost was lower in microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, and yield of a species of ryegrass than municipal compost.


title: Vermicompost

text: It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients already present in the soil into plant-available forms.


title: Vermicompost

text: Unlike other compost, worm castings also contain worm mucus which helps prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and holds moisture better than plain soil.


title: Vermicompost

text: Increases in the total nitrogen content in vermicompost, an increase in available nitrogen and phosphorus, a decrease in potassium, as well as the increased removal of heavy metals from sludge and soil have been reported. The reduction in the bioavailability of heavy metals has been observed in a number of studies.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil, or mixed with water to make a liquid fertilizer known as worm tea.


title: Vermicompost

text: The light brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems is not to be confused with worm tea. It is an uncomposted byproduct from when water-rich foods break down and may contain pathogens and toxins. It is best discarded or applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed for further processing.


title: Vermicompost

text: The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to raise the pH.


title: Vermicompost

text: When closed, a well-maintained bin is odorless; when opened, it should have little smell—if any smell is present, it is earthy. The smell may also depend on the type of composted material added to the bin. An unhealthy worm bin may smell, potentially due to low oxygen conditions. Worms require gaseous oxygen. Oxygen can be provided by airholes in the bin, occasional stirring of bin contents, and removal of some bin contents if they become too deep or too wet. If decomposition becomes anaerobic from excess wet feedstock added to the bin, or the layers of food waste have become too deep, the bin will begin to smell of ammonia.


title: Vermicompost

text: Moisture must be maintained above 50%, as lower moisture content will not support worm respiration and can increase worm mortality. Operating moisture-content range should be between 70 and 90%, with a suggested content of 70–80% for vermicomposting operations. If decomposition has become anaerobic, to restore healthy conditions and prevent the worms from dying, excess waste water must be reduced and the bin returned to a normal moisture level. To do this, first reduce addition of food scraps with a high moisture content and second, add fresh, dry bedding such as shredded newspaper to your bin, mixing it in well.


title: Vermicompost

text: Pests such as rodents and flies are attracted by certain materials and odors, usually from large amounts of kitchen waste, particularly meat. Eliminating the use of meat or dairy product in a worm bin decreases the possibility of pests.


title: Vermicompost

text: In warm weather, fruit and vinegar flies breed in the bins if fruit and vegetable waste is not thoroughly covered with bedding. This problem can be avoided by thoroughly covering the waste by at least of bedding. Maintaining the correct pH (close to neutral) and water content of the bin (just enough water where squeezed bedding drips a couple of drops) can help avoid these pests as well.


title: Vermicompost

text: Worms generally stay in the bin, but may try to leave the bin when first introduced, or often after a rainstorm when the humidity outside is high. Maintaining adequate conditions in the worm bin and putting a light over the bin when first introducing worms should eliminate this problem.


title: Vermicompost

text: Commercial vermicomposters test and may amend their products to produce consistent quality and results. Because the small-scale and home systems use a varied mix of feedstocks, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content of the resulting vermicompost will also be inconsistent. NPK testing may be helpful before the vermicompost or tea is applied to the garden.


title: Vermicompost

text: In order to avoid over-fertilization issues, such as nitrogen burn, vermicompost can be diluted as a tea 50:50 with water, or as a solid can be mixed in 50:50 with potting soil.


title: Vermicompost

text: Additionally, the mucous layer created by worms which surrounds their castings allows for a "time release" effect, meaning not all nutrients are released at once. This also reduces the risk of burning the plants, as is common with the use and overuse of commercial fertilizers.


title: Vermicompost

text: Vermicomposting is widely used in North America for on-site institutional processing of food scraps, such as in hospitals, universities, shopping malls, and correctional facilities. Vermicomposting is used for medium-scale on-site institutional organic material recycling, such as for food scraps from universities and shopping malls. It is selected either as a more environmentally friendly choice than conventional disposal, or to reduce the cost of commercial waste removal.


title: Vermicompost

text: From 20 July 2020, State Government of Chhattisgarh India started buying cow dung under "Godhan Nyay Yojana" Scheme. Cow dung procured under this scheme will be utilised for the production of vermicompost fertilizer.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Mary Kay Place (born September 23, 1947) is an American actress, singer, director, and screenwriter. She is known for portraying Loretta Haggers on the television series "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman", a role that won her the 1977 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy Series. Her numerous film appearances include "Private Benjamin" (1980), "The Big Chill" (1983), "Captain Ron" (1992) and Francis Ford Coppola's 1997 drama "The Rainmaker". Place also recorded three studio albums for Columbia Records, one in the Haggers persona, which included the Top Ten country music hit "Baby Boy." For her performance in "Diane" (2018), Place won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress and the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the daughter of Gwendolyn Lucille (née Johnson) and Bradley Eugene Place. She graduated from Nathan Hale High School and the University of Tulsa, where her father was an art professor; she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority and received a speech degree.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place moved to Hollywood with aspirations of becoming an actress and writer. She was hired for "The Tim Conway Comedy Hour" in the 1970s as a production assistant to both Conway and producer Norman Lear. Conway gave her her first on-camera break, while Lear saw to it that Place received her first writing credit on his subsequent "All in the Family". On the episode, she and actress Patty Weaver sang "If Communism Comes Knocking on Your Door, Don't Answer It." She appeared in the third-season episode of "M*A*S*H" titled "Springtime", for which she also received writing credits.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Lear then cast her in the role of would-be country and western star Loretta Haggers on the satirical soap opera "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman" (1976–1977). She won an Emmy Award for her work as Loretta, and was nominated in 1977 for a Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female for the associated music album "Tonite! At the Capri Lounge Loretta Haggers". Place wrote two of the songs on "Tonite!": "Vitamin L" and "Baby Boy," both of which she sang on the television series as Loretta.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Both "Tonite! At the Capri Lounge Loretta Haggers" and its follow up "Aimin' To Please" featured A-list country and pop performers from the 1970s. Dolly Parton, on whom the Loretta character was loosely based, provided backing vocals as well as the song "All I Can Do" (which Parton also wrote). Emmylou Harris, Anne Murray and Nicolette Larson sang backup as well. "Aimin' to Please"'s "Something to Brag About," a duet with Willie Nelson, earned the pair a place on the music charts in 1977.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: While working on "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman", Place also wrote scripts for episodes of several TV situation comedies, including "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Phyllis" and "M*A*S*H", usually in collaboration with Linda Bloodworth-Thomason (who would later create "Designing Women"). She appeared in the "M*A*S*H" episode "Springtime," which she co-wrote with Bloodworth. She also made an appearance in the sitcom "All in the Family" in the episode "Archie Goes Too Far" as Betty Sue.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place hosted "Saturday Night Live" in 1977 and was one of the few hosts who also appeared as the musical guest (with Willie Nelson on the duet "Something to Brag About").


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In the 1977 musical drama "New York, New York", directed by Martin Scorsese, Place sings "Blue Moon" with Robert De Niro, whose character also accompanies her on saxophone. It is included in the original motion picture soundtrack.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In the 1979 Burt Reynolds romantic comedy, "Starting Over", Place plays the first woman Reynolds dates after a divorce.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 1983, Place had a key role in the Lawrence Kasdan ensemble piece "The Big Chill" as Meg, a single corporate attorney who wishes to be impregnated with her first child by one of her past college friends.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the actress appeared in a number of television movies and a starring role in the 1992 Kurt Russell and Martin Short comedy "Captain Ron". 1994 saw her return to television in the recurring role of Camille Cherski on "My So-Called Life". In 1996, Place comically portrayed an evangelistic anti-abortion activist in Alexander Payne's debut feature film "Citizen Ruth". She had a strong dramatic role as Dot Black, mother of a terminally ill young man, in Francis Ford Coppola's version of John Grisham's "The Rainmaker" in 1997.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for her work in the 1996 film "Manny & Lo". She plays the matronly Elaine, who would love to have a child and works in a maternity shop, but never married and is past her child-bearing years.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: She directed episodes of the HBO sitcom "Dream On", NBC's "Friends" and the series "Baby Boom". She provided at least two voices for Fox's animated show "King of the Hill" in an episode in which Peggy Hill competes in the Mrs. Heimlich County Pageant. She voiced both a competitor and the coordinator of the pageant.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place appeared in "Being John Malkovich" as the hard-of-hearing receptionist, Floris, and in "Girl, Interrupted". While not in any scenes together, this marked the third time that Mary Kay had done a film with one of her former "My So-Called Life" co-stars: first with Claire Danes in "The Rainmaker", second with Bess Armstrong in "Pecker", then with Jared Leto in "Interrupted".


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2000, the actress co-directed Don Henley's video for "Taking You Home". She had a small role in her second Lisa Krueger movie, "Committed".


title: Mary Kay Place

text: She played the United States Surgeon General in a 2001 episode of NBC's "The West Wing". The character returned in the 2004 season.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In the original PBS mini-series Armistead Maupin's "Tales of the City", Place had a self-referential moment as a Maupin character during the "Mary Hartman" era in which the series is set. Laura Linney's character often watched "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman". Showtime picked up the "Tales" franchise, but Place was not in the second installment. She did have a role in the third mini-series, "Further Tales of the City" (2001), which featured her in the role of "Prue Giroux."


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2002, Place had a sizable role in the Reese Witherspoon movie "Sweet Home Alabama" as Witherspoon's character's mother, Pearl Smooter. That same year she was in "Human Nature" starring Tim Robbins and Patricia Arquette and "A Woman's a Helluva Thing" with Penelope Ann Miller as well as with Albert Brooks in the dark comedy "My First Mister". The story focuses on a developing relationship between an isolated, rebellious 18-year-old (Leelee Sobieski) and an engaging older man (Brooks). Place played Brooks' best friend. The film marked the directorial debut of actress Christine Lahti.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Place played a Mormon mother in the film "Latter Days" (2003). From 2006 to 2011, she had a recurring role in HBO's "Big Love", playing Adaleen Grant, the mother of the Chloë Sevigny character, Nicki. She also had a recurring role on the HBO comedy "Bored to Death". Lily Tomlin and Place did the pilot and 5 episodes of "12 Miles of Bad Road" from Harry Thomason and Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, who wrote television scripts with Place in the 1970s. HBO chose not to air the series, and producers were seeking other networks to air it.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2009, she served as the voice of Julie Powell's mother in the film "Julie & Julia". In 2013, she appeared as Bryan's mother on "The New Normal".


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2015, Place guest starred on "The Mentalist" and "Looking". She also starred in the comedy-drama film "I'll See You in My Dreams" directed by Brett Haley, opposite Blythe Danner, and "The Breakup Girl" directed by Stacy Sherman. She provided the voice of Anne Hathaway's mother in "The Intern", directed by Nancy Meyers. Place also had a recurring role on "Grace and Frankie" opposite Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2016, Place starred in the comedy film "The Hollars" directed by John Krasinski and the comedy-drama "Youth in Oregon" directed by Joel David Moore. Place also portrayed Maria Bamford's mother in the comedy series "Lady Dynamite" which was cancelled after two seasons.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2017, Place guest starred in an episode of the comedy series "Black-ish". She also had a cameo voice appearance in "Downsizing" directed by Alexander Payne. Place also had a recurring role on the comedy series "Imposters".


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2018, Place starred in "State Like Sleep" directed by Meredith Danluck and appeared in an episode of the anthology drama "The Romanoffs". That same year, she starred in the drama film "Diane" directed by Kent Jones, and executive produced by Martin Scorsese. The film marked Place's first lead role in a film, and was written specifically for her by Jones. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 22, 2018. Place's performance received rave reviews from critics. The film was released on March 29, 2019, by IFC Films. Place won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress for her performance. Place received nominations for Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actress and Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead. Place also had a recurring role on "Shameless".


title: Mary Kay Place

text: In 2020, Place guest starred on the comedy-drama series "AJ and the Queen", and on Fox's "" as the mother to Liv Tyler's character. In 2021, Place played Millie in the musical drama "Music," co-written and directed by Sia. She also starred in the musical "The Prom" based on the Broadway musical of the same title directed by Ryan Murphy, for Netflix.


title: Mary Kay Place

text: Note: Both of Place's albums just missed charting on the general pop Billboard Hot 200 chart, her 1976 bubbled under in the ten runnerup slots at #202 and the 1977 at #203.


title: Mystery Men

text: Mystery Men is a 1999 American superhero comedy film directed by Kinka Usher (in his feature-length directorial debut) and written by Neil Cuthbert, loosely based on Bob Burden's "Flaming Carrot Comics", and starring Ben Stiller, Hank Azaria, William H. Macy, Greg Kinnear, Janeane Garofalo, Paul Reubens, Kel Mitchell, Wes Studi, Geoffrey Rush, Lena Olin, Eddie Izzard, Claire Forlani, and Tom Waits.


title: Mystery Men

text: The film details the story of a team of lesser superheroes with unimpressive powers who are required to save the day. "Mystery Men" received generally positive reviews from critics, but was a box-office bomb, only making a little over $33 million worldwide against a $68 million budget.


title: Mystery Men

text: In Champion City, the amateur superhero team of Mr. Furious, the Shoveler and the Blue Raja attempt to make a name for themselves, but their inexperience, infighting, and dubious abilities generally result in defeat and frustration. While trying to stop a robbery in progress, they are upstaged by the city's powerful and arrogant superhero, Captain Amazing. However, Amazing's crime fighting prowess has practically made his job obsolete. Without any worthy adversaries (most are either dead, in exile, or in jail), his corporate sponsors are beginning to withdraw support.


title: Mystery Men

text: To create a need for his services, Amazing uses his alter ego, billionaire lawyer Lance Hunt, to argue for the release of his nemesis, supervillain Casanova Frankenstein, from an insane asylum. However, the plan backfires; once released and reunited with his henchman Tony P and his Disco Boys, Casanova Frankenstein blows up the asylum, easily outwits and captures Amazing, and prepares to unleash the "Psycho-frakulator", which lethally bends reality, on the city.


title: Mystery Men

text: On a stakeout of Casanova Frankenstein's mansion, Mr. Furious observes Amazing's capture and informs his team. After an unsuccessful rescue attempt, the three realize that they need more allies. Through word-of-mouth and auditions they recruit Invisible Boy, the Spleen, and the Bowler. The emboldened team ambush Casanova's limousine, but merely succeed in annoying him. While drunk from celebrating their “victory,” the team is nearly killed in retaliation by Tony P and the Disco Boys. They are saved by the Sphinx, an enigmatic superhero who agrees to train them. The Sphinx's unconventional team-building exercises and antimetabole rhetoric annoy Mr. Furious, who quits the group, but the others flourish under his tutelage. Knowing that they will still be outgunned, the group seek out Doc Heller, who specializes in non-lethal weaponry, to equip them for their battle. Furious, encouraged by his new girlfriend, Monica, rejoins the team.


title: Mystery Men

text: The team break into Casanova's mansion during a summit of several of the city's gangs; but, while attempting to free Captain Amazing, they inadvertently set off the Psycho-frakulator and kill him. Without Amazing, the team despairs of saving the city, but the Shoveler delivers a pep talk, which inspires them to continue. With new resolve, the team assaults the mansion again. This time, through a mix of surprise, teamwork, maximizing their quasi-superpowers, and Heller's quirky weapons, they subdue Casanova Frankenstein's henchmen. However, Casanova Frankenstein holds Monica hostage and activates the Psycho-frakulator, which begins to wreak havoc upon the city. While the team works to disable the device, Mr. Furious takes on Casanova Frankenstein, unleashes his inner rage and fights effectively for the first time. Casanova Frankenstein is thrown into the core of the Psycho-frakulator and killed by its reality-bending powers. The rest of the team helps The Bowler to destroy the device and escape the mansion as it implodes.


title: Mystery Men

text: The team is swarmed by reporters who want to know the group's name. As they argue possible names among themselves, one reporter states, "Well, whatever you may call them, Champion City will forever owe a debt of gratitude to these 'Mystery Men'," but the others are too busy arguing to hear it.


title: Mystery Men

text: Additionally, Corbin Bleu and Philip Bolden appear as Butch and Roland, the Shoveler and Lucille's children. Television personality Riki Rachtman and filmmaker Michael Bay appear as part of the evil Frat Boys. Composer Mark Mothersbaugh appears as the band leader at the beginning of the film while a then unknown Sung Kang has a brief appearance. During the superhero auditions Dane Cook, Doug Jones and Dana Gould make cameo appearances as the Waffler, Pencilhead and Squeegeeman.


title: Mystery Men

text: In 1997, Mike Richardson, publisher of Dark Horse Comics, pitched the "Mystery Men" concept to producers Larry Gordon and Lloyd Levin at Universal. "My first impression was just how relatable the characters are," Levin said "Bob [Burden] has a real surrealistic sensibility, but at the core of his work is something that's thematically so identifiable. I think there is an almost childlike persistence of all the characters. And they ultimately hold on to the conviction that with courage and sacrifice, they can become what they dream."


title: Mystery Men

text: The film was announced in mid-1997 along with a raft of comic book adaptations including "Blade, Virus, Superman Lives, X-Men, The Fantastic Four, The Hulk, Captain America, The Sub-Mariner, Iron Man, Daredevil and Silver Surfer, Hellboy, Concrete, Green Hornet" and 26 other titles.


title: Mystery Men

text: That fall, Danny DeVito was in talks for a $13-million deal to both star and direct, but negotiations broke down over who would produce the soundtrack. "It was a big deal for me," DeVito said. "I really wanted it, so I walked away from the project." Ben Stiller was then approached to rewrite the script and direct but eventually turned it down. "I decided I didn't want to do it," he explained, "because it was just too much. It was a huge movie I'd be taking on."


title: Mystery Men

text: Commercial director Kinka Usher was signed in April 1998 to direct. Usher had won awards for the "Got Milk?" and Taco Bell Chihuahua campaigns. Usher, who had been approached for other films, was discouraged when he saw the script for "Mystery Men" . "I thought it was boring," he said. "However, the premise was great." He continued, "Most of the movies made by commercial directors are heavy on visuals and thin on content. I don't want to be a part of that. I was very cognizant of showing that I know how to work with character."


title: Mystery Men

text: Garofalo signed on and persuaded Stiller to appear in the film. "I met Kinka and he was nice and funny and the money was good, so I decided to do it," she said. "I had to twist Ben's arm because he's always so busy."


title: Mystery Men

text: Stiller was originally offered the Blue Raja role, but was not interested in playing what he called a "nerdy guy" again. "The minute you start doing the same thing in comedy, people go, 'Oh, I've seen that,'" he said. He took the role of Mr. Furious but explained, "In the original script, he was just angry all the time, but I thought that would be boring, so one of the changes I made is that he has the least power. Like if we're a band, I'm the guy who started the band but who's also the least talented."


title: Mystery Men

text: Geoffrey Rush was cast in what was his first Hollywood film in July, followed by Azaria, Reubens, Forlani and Macy. Lena Olin was added in August; Greg Kinnear in October; and Eddie Izzard in November. Others in consideration for roles included Ving Rhames and Vince Vaughn.


title: Mystery Men

text: Reubens said, "I liked the idea. I hadn't seen it before. I loved the cast that was assembled by the time I came into it, and I thought the script was fun, smart and goofy all at the same time." Regarding his character, he said, "I felt I was playing the character as kind of slow, but when I saw the movie it didn't seem like that at all. I don't know what that says."


title: Mystery Men

text: According to Stiller, the script was fluid. "The script was being reworked all the time by... everybody! Because everybody kind of wanted to personalize their part, and try to make it as funny as possible. So yeah, that was welcome. That was the idea we had going in, to just have everybody kind of get together and try to make it as funny as we could. Especially in the context of a big action, special effects type movie. You know, a lot of the time what gets lost is the specific character stuff, and the small moments that really have to work for the whole thing to work. So that's what we were concentrating on as much as possible. And it's good if everybody's on board with that, you know what I mean? And I think Hank, myself and Paul and Janeane were probably most involved in that process, for our characters. We're used to working that way."


title: Mystery Men

text: Usher said, "We did a lot of unscripted stuff. I let Ben and Janeane go. They were totally free." Usher said he wanted "the film to look flat, like a comic book. I tried to capture that alternate reality but keep the edgy humor."


title: Mystery Men

text: Shooting began on October 21, 1998, in Los Angeles, and was completed the following April. "I thought it would be quick, but it ended up being this six month shoot," Stiller recalled.


title: Mystery Men

text: Bob Burden was on the set for some of the shoot, answering questions that came up about his creations. "There were times when we were kind of stumped in a scene and we asked him what he thought," Levin said. "The great thing about him is that 10 minutes later, we'd get 30 pages in the fax machine with probably 29 pages filled with the lousiest ideas that you've ever read but that one page of pure genius."


title: Mystery Men

text: The original ending was unpopular with test audiences, so Usher shot a new one with what he called "a big-cheer finish."


title: Mystery Men

text: The musical score for "Mystery Men" was composed by Stephen Warbeck. Written within a 28-day time span, the score was recorded on the Sony Scoring Stage. "I was quite liberal in the choice of instruments, because I've chosen a couple of Hungarian instruments, the tárogató and the cimbalom, and also a Greek instrument, the bouzouki," said Warbeck on the film's range of sounds. "And then Mike Fisher and the other percussionists have brought along an exciting range of stuff which are so interesting and varied that we keep picking bits of those and adding them in." After Warbeck's contributions were completed, the film's producers decided to alter various scenes. Because of this, composer Shirley Walker was brought in to create additional music and rearrange Warbeck's score to fit the new running time.


title: Mystery Men

text: Universal delayed the film's release one week to avoid competing with the opening of "The Blair Witch Project". In its opening weekend, "Mystery Men" grossed $10,017,865, ranking number six at the domestic box office. By the end of its run, on October 14, the film had grossed $29,762,011 domestically and $3,699,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $33,461,011. Given its $68 million budget, the film is a box office bomb.


title: Mystery Men

text: Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 61% based on 104 reviews, with an average rating of 5.80/10. The site's consensus states: "Absurd characters and quirky gags are brought to life by a talented cast, providing this superhero spoof with lots of laughs." On Metacritic, the film has a 65 out of 100 rating based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mystery Men

text: Godfrey Cheshire III for "Variety" thought the film "may contain more yuks than the summer's other big pop sendup, the second ',' but it also spreads them over an ultimately tiresome two hours...Though pic boasts several action sequences that are expertly handled and laden with dazzling effects, its most engaging passages by far are the ones focusing on the central sextets' banter and interaction." Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Watching 'Mystery Men' is a bit like sitting next to a brilliant person at a dinner party who just won't shut up. Because this film is so self-conscious and, like Mr. Furious and friends, has a tendency to try too hard, it's an effort you end up admiring more than completely loving. Influenced by its betters, films such as "Brazil", "Buckaroo Banzai" and even "Blade Runner", it's destined to join them all in cult film heaven."


title: Mystery Men

text: Jonathan Romney for "Sight & Sound" said that it was "a desperately hit-and-miss affair". Michael Dequina of "The Movie Report" said that it "fails to come up with worthy gags and one-liners for the able cast." Steve Murray of "Cox News Service" gave it a negative review, saying ""Mystery Men" is like its hapless heroes. It's a wannabe that has the best intentions – including a pronounced anti-gun stance – but none of the knack it takes to save the day, or itself."


title: Mystery Men

text: "Newsday" wrote, "'Mystery Men' manages to exalt both the terminally weird and the frighteningly mundane with such flamboyant good spirits that you overlook its occasional dead zones and dull patches. Try as it might to prop up its static plot, the movie is more comic revue than action comedy. Viewed within these parameters, 'Mystery Men' is as satisfying as a heaping helping of Abbott-and-Costello shorts. And much smarter than the average doofus blockbuster." British television channel Film4 gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying it was "Hugely entertaining – especially for those with a thing for superheroes."


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. Developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1. The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection. Studies carried out in 2020 showed that the efficacy of the vaccine is 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days following the first dose, and 81.3% after the second dose. A study in Scotland found that, for symptomatic COVID-19 infection after the second dose, the vaccine is 81% effective against the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7), and 61% against the Delta variant (lineage B.1.617.2).


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine is stable at refrigerator temperatures and has a good safety profile, with side effects including injection-site pain, headache, and nausea, all generally resolving within a few days. More rarely, anaphylaxis may occur; the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has 268 reports out of some 21.2million vaccinations . In very rare cases (around 1 in 100,000 people) the vaccine has been associated with an increased risk of blood clots when in combination with low levels of blood platelets (Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination). According to the European Medicines Agency as of 4 April 2021, a total of 222 cases of extremely rare blood clots had been recorded among 34 million people who had been vaccinated in the European Economic Area (a percentage of 0.0007%).


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was first approved for use in the UK vaccination programme, and the first vaccination outside of a trial was administered on 4 January 2021. The vaccine has since been approved by several medicine agencies worldwide, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (provisional approval in February 2021), and was approved for an Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization (WHO). , more than 2.5billion doses of the vaccine have been released to more than 170 countries worldwide. Some countries have limited its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness due to concerns over the very rare side effects of the vaccine in younger individuals.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine is used to provide protection against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to prevent COVID-19 in adults aged 18 years and older. The medicine is administered by two doses given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle (upper arm). The initial course consists of two doses with an interval of 4 to 12 weeks between doses. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 8 to 12 weeks between doses for optimal efficacy.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: , there is no evidence that a third booster dose dose is needed to prevent severe disease in healthy adults.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Preliminary data from a study in Brazil with 61 million individuals from 18 January to 30 June 2021 indicate that the effectiveness against infection, hospitalization and death is similar between most age groups, but protection against all these outcomes is significantly reduced in those aged 90 or older, attributable to immunosenescence.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval. Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Preliminary data suggest that the initial two-dose regimen is not effective against symptomatic disease caused by the Omicron variant from the 15th week onwards. A regimen of two doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine followed by a booster dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech or the Moderna vaccine is initially about 60% effective against symptomatic disease caused by Omicron, then after 10 weeks the effectiveness drops to about 35% with the Pfizer–BioNTech and to about 45% with the Moderna vaccine. The vaccine remains effective against severe disease, hospitalization and death.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine should not be administered to people who have had capillary leak syndrome.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The most common side effects in the clinical trials were usually mild or moderate and got better within a few days after vaccination.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, swelling, redness at the injection site and low levels of blood platelets occurred in less than 1 in 10 people. Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating, abdominal pain, itching and rash occurred in less than 1 in 100 people.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: An increased risk of the rare and potentially fatal thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has been associated with mainly younger female recipients of the vaccine. Analysis of VigiBase reported embolic and thrombotic events after vaccination with Oxford–AstraZeneca, Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, found a temporally related incidence of 0.21 cases per 1 million vaccinated-days.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions are known side effects of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has assessed 41 cases of anaphylaxis from around 5million vaccinations in the United Kingdom.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The European Medicines Agency (EMA) listed Guillain-Barré syndrome as a very rare side effect of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and added a warning in the product information.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Additional side effects include tinnitus (persistent ringing in the ears), paraesthesia (unusual feeling in the skin, such as tingling or a crawling sensation), and hypoaesthesia (decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin).


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine containing a modified, replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1, containing the full‐length codon‐optimised coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein along with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence. The adenovirus is called replication-deficient because some of its essential genes required for replication were deleted and replaced by a gene coding for the spike protein. However, the HEK 293 cells used for vaccine manufacturing, express several adenoviral genes, including the ones required for the vector to replicate. Following vaccination, the adenovirus vector enters the cells and releases its genes, in the form of DNA, which are transported to the cell nucleus; thereafter, the cell's machinery does the transcription from DNA into mRNA and the translation into spike protein. The approach to use adenovirus as a vector to deliver spike protein is similar to the approach used by the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine and the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The protein of interest is the spike protein, a protein on the exterior of the virus that enables SARS-type coronaviruses to enter cells through the ACE2 receptor. Following vaccination, the production of coronavirus spike protein within the body will cause the immune system to attack the spike protein with antibodies and T-cells if the virus later enters the body.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: To manufacture the vaccine the virus is propagated on HEK 293 cell lines and then purified multiple times to completely remove the cell culture.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine costs around to per dose to manufacture. On 17 December 2020, a tweet by the Belgian Budget State Secretary revealed that the European Union (EU) would pay () per dose, "The New York Times" suggesting the lower price might relate to factors including investment in vaccine production infrastructure by the EU.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine arose from a collaboration between Oxford University's Jenner Institute and Vaccitech, a private company spun off from the university, with financing from Oxford Sciences Innovation, Google Ventures, and Sequoia Capital, among others. The first batch of the COVID-19 vaccine produced for clinical testing was developed by Oxford University's Jenner Institute and the Oxford Vaccine Group in collaboration with Italian manufacturer Advent Srl located in Pomezia. The team is led by Sarah Gilbert, Adrian Hill, Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas and Catherine Green.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2020, the Jenner Institute agreed a collaboration with the Italian company Advent Srl for the production of a batch of 1,000 doses of a vaccine candidate for clinical trials. Originally, Oxford intended to donate the rights to manufacture and market the vaccine to any drugmaker who wanted to do so, but after the Gates Foundation urged Oxford to find a large company partner to get its COVID-19 vaccine to market, the university backed off of this offer in May 2020. The UK government then encouraged Oxford to work with AstraZeneca, a company based in Europe, instead of Merck & Co., a US-based company (The Guardian reported the initial partner was the German-based Merck Group instead). Government ministers also had concerns that a vaccine manufactured in the US would not be available in the UK, according to anonymous sources in "The Wall Street Journal". Financial considerations at Oxford and spin-out companies may have also played a part in the decision to partner with AstraZeneca.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: An initially not-for-profit licensing agreement was signed between the university and AstraZeneca PLC, in May 2020, with 1billion doses of potential supply secured, with the UK reserving access to the initial 100million doses. Furthermore, the US reserved 300million doses, as well as the authority to perform Phase III trials in the US. The collaboration was also granted of UK government funding, and of US government funding, to support the development of the vaccine. In June 2020, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that the third phase of trials for the vaccine would begin in July 2020. On 4 June, AstraZeneca announced that the COVAX program for equitable vaccine access managed by the WHO and financed by CEPI and GAVI had spent $750m to secure 300million doses of the vaccine to be distributed to low-income or under-developed countries.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Preliminary data from a study that reconstructed funding for the vaccine indicates that funding was at least 97% public, almost all from UK government departments, British and American scientific institutes, the European Commission and charities.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: In July 2020, AstraZeneca partnered with IQVIA to accelerate the timeframe for clinical trials being planned or conducted in the US. On 31 August, AstraZeneca announced that it had begun enrolment of adults for a US-funded, 30,000-subject late-stage study.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Clinical trials for the vaccine candidate were halted worldwide on 8 September, as AstraZeneca investigated a possible adverse reaction which occurred in a trial participant in the UK. Trials were resumed on 13 September after AstraZeneca and Oxford, along with UK regulators, concluded it was safe to do so. AstraZeneca was later criticised for refusing to provide details about potentially serious neurological side effects in two trial participants who had received the experimental vaccine in the UK. While the trials resumed in the UK, Brazil, South Africa, Japan and India, the US did not resume clinical trials of the vaccine until 23 October. This was due to a separate investigation by the Food and Drug Administration surrounding a patient illness that triggered a clinical hold, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The results of the COV002 phase II/III trial showed that immunity lasts for at least one year after a single dose.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 23 November 2020, the first interim data was released by Oxford University and AstraZeneca from the vaccine's ongoing Phase III trials. The interim data reported a 70% efficacy, based on combined results of 62% and 90% from different groups of participants who were given different dosages. The decision to combine results from two different dosages was met with criticism from some who questioned why the results were being combined. AstraZeneca responded to the criticism by agreeing to carry out a new multi-country trial using the lower dose, which had led to the 90% claim.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The full publication of the interim results from four ongoing Phase III trials on 8 December allowed regulators and scientists to begin evaluating the vaccine's efficacy. The December report showed that at 21 days after the second dose and beyond, there were no hospitalisations or severe disease in those who received the vaccine, compared to 10 cases in the control groups. The rate of serious adverse events was balanced between the active and control groups, which suggested that the active vaccine did not pose safety concerns beyond a rate experienced in the general population. One case of transverse myelitis was reported 14 days after the second-dose was administered as being possibly related to vaccination, with an independent neurological committee considering the most likely diagnosis to be of an idiopathic, short-segment, spinal cord demyelination. The other two cases of transverse myelitis, one in the vaccine group and the other in the control group, were considered to be unrelated to vaccination.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: A subsequent analysis, published on 19 February 2021, showed an efficacy of 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning at 22 days following the first dose, increasing to 81.3% when the second dose is given 12 weeks or more after the first. However, the results did not show any protection against asymptomatic COVID-19 following only one dose. Beginning 14 days following timely administration of a second dose, with different duration from the first dose depending on trials, the results showed 66.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infection, and the UK arm (which evaluated asymptomatic infections in participants) was inconclusive as to the prevention of asymptomatic infection. Efficacy was higher at greater intervals between doses, peaking at around 80% when the second dose was given at 12 weeks or longer after the first. Preliminary results from another study with 120 participants under 55 years of age showed that delaying the second dose by up to 45 weeks increases the resulting immune response and that a booster (third) dose given at least six months later produces a strong immune response. A booster dose may not be necessary, but it alleviates concerns that the body would develop immunity to the vaccine's viral vector, which would reduce the potency of annual inoculations.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 22 March 2021, AstraZeneca released interim results from the phase III trial conducted in the US that showed efficacy of 79% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and 100% efficacy at preventing severe disease and hospitalisation. The next day, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) published a statement countering that those results may have relied on "outdated information" that may have provided an incomplete view of the efficacy data. AstraZeneca later revised its efficacy claim to be 76% after further review of the data. On 29 September 2021, AstraZeneca shows of 74% efficacy rate in the US trial.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: A study on the effectiveness of a first dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech or Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19 related hospitalisation in Scotland was based on a national prospective cohort study of 5.4million people. Between 8 December 2020 and 15 February 2021, 1,137,775 participants were vaccinated in the study, 490,000 of whom were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. The first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with a vaccine effect of 94% for COVID-19-related hospitalisation at 28–34 days post-vaccination. Combined results (all vaccinated participants, whether Pfizer–BioNTech or Oxford–AstraZeneca) showed a significant vaccine effect for prevention of COVID-19-related hospitalisation, which was comparable when restricting the analysis to those aged ≥80 years (81%). The majority of the participants over the age of 65 were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 25 March 2021, the University of Oxford announced the start of a phase I clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an intranasal spray method.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The first country to issue a temporary or emergency approval for the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was the UK. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) began a review of efficacy and safety data on 27 November 2020, followed by approval for use on 30 December 2020, becoming the second vaccine approved for use in the national vaccination programme. The BBC reported that the first person to receive the vaccine outside of clinical trials was vaccinated on 4 January 2021.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The European Medicines Agency (EMA) began review of the vaccine on 12 January 2021, and stated in a press release that a recommendation could be issued by the agency by 29 January, followed by the European Commission deciding on a conditional marketing authorisation within days. On 29 January 2021, the EMA recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for AZD1222 for people 18 years of age and older, and the recommendation was accepted by the European Commission the same day. Prior to approval across the EU, the Hungarian regulator unilaterally approved the vaccine instead of waiting for EMA approval. In October 2022, the conditional marketing authorisation was converted to a standard one.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 30 January 2021, the Vietnamese Ministry of Health approved the AstraZeneca vaccine for use, becoming the first vaccine to be approved in Vietnam. The vaccine has since been approved by a number of non-EU countries, including Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan regulatory authorities for emergency usage in their respective countries.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: South Korea granted approval of the AstraZeneca vaccine on 10 February 2021, thus becoming the first vaccine to be approved for use in that country. The regulator recommended the two-shot regimen be used in all adults, including the elderly, noting that consideration is needed when administering the vaccine to individuals over 65 years of age due to limited data from that demographic in clinical trials. On the same day, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued interim guidance and recommended the AstraZeneca vaccine for all adults, its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts also having considered use where variants were present and concluded there was no need not to recommend it.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, the government and regulatory authorities in Australia (16 February 2021) and Canada (26 February 2021) granted approval for temporary use of the vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 February 2021, the vaccine rollout in South Africa was suspended. Researchers from the University of the Witwatersrand released interim, non-peer-reviewed data that suggested the AstraZeneca vaccine provided minimal protection against mild or moderate disease infection among young people. The BBC reported on 8 February 2021 that Katherine O'Brien, director of immunisation at the WHO, felt it was "really plausible" the AstraZeneca vaccine could have a "meaningful impact" on the Beta variant (lineage B.1.351), particularly in preventing serious illness and death. The same report also indicated the Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England Jonathan Van-Tam said the Witwatersrand study did not change his opinion that the AstraZeneca vaccine was "rather likely" to have an effect on severe disease from the Beta variant. The South African government subsequently cancelled the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 3 March 2021, Austria suspended the use of one batch of vaccine after two people had blood clots after vaccination, one of whom died. In total, four cases of blood clots have been identified in the same batch of 1million doses. Although no causal link with vaccination has been shown, several other countries, including Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Bulgaria, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Slovenia also halted the vaccine rollout over the following days while waiting for the EMA to finish a safety review triggered by the cases.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, the EMA concluded its safety review and concluded that unusual blood clots with low blood platelets should be listed as very rare side effects while reaffirming the overall benefits of the vaccine. Following this announcement EU countries have resumed use of the vaccine with some limiting its use to elderly people at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 11 March 2021, the Norwegian government temporarily suspended the vaccine's use, awaiting more information regarding potential adverse effects. Then, on 15 April, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health recommended to the government to permanently suspended vaccination with AstraZeneca due to the "rare but severe incidents with low platelet counts, blood clots, and haemorrhages," since in the case of Norway, "the risk of dying after vaccination with the AstraZeneca vaccine would be higher than the risk of dying from the disease, particularly for younger people." At the same time, the Norwegian government announced their decision to wait for a final decision and to establish an expert group to provide a broader assessment on the safety of the AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines. On 10 May, the expert committee also recommended suspending the use of both vaccines. Finally, on 12 May —two months after the initial suspension— the Prime Minister of Norway announced that the government decided to completely remove the AstraZeneca vaccine from the Norwegian Coronavirus Immunisation Programme, and people who have had the first will be offered another coronavirus vaccine for their second dose.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 30 March 2021, the German Ministry of Health announced that the use of the vaccine in people aged 60 and below should be the result of a recipient-specific discussion, and that younger patients could still be given the AstraZeneca vaccine, but only "at the discretion of doctors, and after individual risk analysis and thorough explanation".


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 14 April, the Danish Health Authority suspended use of the vaccine. The Danish Health Authority said that it had other vaccines available, and that the next target groups being a lower-risk population had to be "[weighed] against the fact that we now have a known risk of severe adverse effects from vaccination with AstraZeneca, even if the risk in absolute terms is slight."


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: A 2021 study found that the decisions to suspend the vaccine led to increased vaccine hesitancy across the West, even in countries that did not suspend the vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 29 March 2021, Canada's National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended that distribution of the vaccine be suspended for patients below the age of 55; NACI chairwoman Caroline Quach-Thanh stated that the risk of blood clots was higher in younger patients, and that NACI needed to "evolve" its recommendations as new data becomes available. Most Canadian provinces subsequently announced that they would follow this guidance. there had been three confirmed cases of blood clotting tied to the vaccine in Canada, out of over 700,000 doses administered in the country.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Beginning 18 April, amid a major third wave of the virus, several Canadian provinces announced that they would backtrack on the NACI recommendation and extend eligibility for the AstraZeneca vaccine to residents as young as 40 years old, including Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Quebec also extended eligibility to residents 45 and older. The NACI guidance is a recommendation which does not affect the formal approval of the vaccine by Health Canada for all adults over 18; it stated on 14 April that it had updated its warnings on the vaccine as part of an ongoing review, but that "the potential risk of these events is very rare, and the benefits of the vaccine in protecting against COVID-19 outweigh its potential risks."


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 23 April, citing the current state of supplies for mRNA-based vaccines and new data, NACI issued a recommendation that the vaccine can be offered to patients as young as 30 years old if benefits outweigh the risks, and the patient "does not wish to wait for an mRNA vaccine".


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: Beginning 11 May, multiple provinces announced that they would suspend use of the AstraZeneca vaccine once again, citing either supply issues or the blood clotting risk. Some provinces stated that they planned to only use the AstraZeneca vaccine for outstanding second doses. On 1 June, NACI issued guidance, citing the safety concerns as well as European studies showing an improved antibody response, recommending that an mRNA vaccine be administered as a second dose to patients that had received the AstraZeneca vaccine as their first dose.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: In mid-March, Indonesia halted the rollout of the vaccine while awaiting more safety guidance from the World Health Organization,


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 17 June 2021, Australia revised its recommendations for the rollout of the vaccine, recommending that the Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine be used for people aged under 60 years if the person has not already received a first dose of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine can still be used in people aged under 60 years where the benefits are likely to outweigh the risks for that person, and the person has made an informed decision based on an understanding of the risks and benefits in consultation with a medical professional.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: After initially approving the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine, Malaysian health authorities removed the vaccine from the country's mainstream vaccination programme due to public concerns about its safety. The AstraZeneca vaccines will be distributed in designated vaccination centres, and the public can register for the vaccine on a voluntary basis. All 268,800 doses of the initial batch of the vaccine were fully booked in three and a half hours after the registration opened for residents of the state of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. A second batch of 1,261,000 doses was offered to residents of the states of Selangor, Penang, Johore, Sarawak, and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. A total of 29,183 doses were reserved for previously waitlisted registrants, and 275,208 doses were taken up by senior citizens during a grace 3-day period. The remaining 956,609 doses were then offered to those aged 18 and above, and was completely booked within an hour.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 11 March 2021, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) stated that there is no indication that vaccination has been the cause of the observed clotting issues, which were not listed as side effects of the vaccine. At the time, according to the EMA, the number of thromboembolic events in vaccinated people was no higher than that seen in the general population. , 30 cases of thromboembolic events had been reported among the almost 5million people vaccinated in the European Economic Area. The UK's MHRA also stated that after more than 11million doses administered, it had not been confirmed that the reported blood clots were caused by the vaccine and that vaccinations would not be stopped. On 12 March 2021 the WHO stated that a causal relationship had not been shown and that vaccinations should continue. AstraZeneca confirmed on 14 March 2021 that after examining over 17million people who have been vaccinated with the vaccine, no evidence of an increased risk of blood clots in any particular country was found. The company reported that , across the EU and UK, there had been 15 events of deep vein thrombosis and 22 events of pulmonary embolism reported among those given the vaccine, which is much lower than would be expected to occur naturally in a general population of that size.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 15 March 2021, the German Paul-Ehrlich Institute (PEI) reported that out of 1.6million vaccinations, seven cases of cerebral vein thrombosis in conjunction with a deficiency of blood platelets had occurred. According to the PEI, the number of cases of cerebral vein thrombosis after vaccination was statistically significantly higher than the number that would occur in the general population during a similar time period. These reports prompted the PEI to recommend a temporary suspension of vaccinations until the EMA had completed their review of the cases.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a statement on 17 March, regarding the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine safety signals, and still considers the benefits of the vaccine to outweigh its potential risks, further recommending that vaccinations continue. On 18 March, the EMA announced that out of the around 20million people who had received the vaccine, general blood clotting rates were normal, but that it had identified seven cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and eighteen cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. A causal link with the vaccine was not proven, but the EMA said it would conduct further analysis and recommended informing people eligible for the vaccine of the fact that the possibility it may cause rare clotting problems had not been disproven. The EMA confirmed that the vaccine's benefits outweighed the risks. On 25 March, the EMA released updated product information.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: According to the EMA, 100,000 cases of blood clots occur naturally each month in the EU, and the risk of blood clots was not statistically higher in the vaccinated population. The EMA noted that COVID-19 itself causes an increased risk of the development of blood clots, and as such the vaccine would lower the risk of the formation of blood clots even if the 15 cases' causal link were to be confirmed. Italy resumed vaccinations after the EMA's statement, with most of the remaining European countries following suit and resuming their AstraZeneca inoculations shortly thereafter. To reassure the public of the vaccine's safety, the British and French Prime Ministers, Boris Johnson and Jean Castex, had themselves vaccinated with it in front of the media shortly after the restart of the AstraZeneca vaccination campaigns in the EU.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 13 April 2021, the EMA issued its direct healthcare professional communication (DHPC) about the vaccine.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: The DHPC indicated that a causal relationship between the vaccine and blood clots (thrombosis) in combination with low blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) was plausible and identified it as a very rare side effect of the vaccine. According to the EMA these very rare adverse events occur in around 1 out of 100,000 vaccinated people.


title: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

text: A study published in April 2021 by researchers from the COVID-19 Genomics United Kingdom Consortium, the AMPHEUS Project, and the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group indicated the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine showed somewhat reduced efficacy against infection with the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7), with 70.4% efficacy in absolute terms against Alpha versus 81.5% against other variants. Despite this, the researchers concluded that the vaccine remained effective at preventing symptomatic infection from this variant and that vaccinated individuals infected symptomatically typically had shorter duration of symptoms and less viral load, thereby reducing the risk of transmission. Following the identification of notable variants of concern, concern arose that the E484K mutation, present in the Beta and Gamma variants (lineages B.1.351 and P.1), could evade the protection given by the vaccine. In February 2021, the collaboration was working to adapt the vaccine to target these variants, with the expectation that a modified vaccine would be available "in a few months" as a "booster" given to people who had already completed the two-dose series of the original vaccine.