title: Gable Steveson

text: As an Olympic medalist, Steveson earned the right to automatically represent the United States at the 2021 World Championships without having to compete domestically to make the US World Team. On August 15, 2021, Steveson notified USA Wrestling that he would reject the bid in order to pursue other ventures.


title: Gable Steveson

text: In September 2021, it was announced that despite Steveson signing with WWE, he would return to college wrestling under an NIL deal. Steveson ran through regular season and swept the B1G Championship not short of bonus points, earning his third and last conference title with a 13–0 record.


title: Gable Steveson

text: At the 2022 NCAA Division I National Championships, Steveson started off with two technical falls, before defeating Northwestern's Lucas Davison and Penn State's Greg Kerkvliet by decision to cruise to the finals. In the finale, he defeated previously unbeaten in the season Cohlton Schultz from Arizona State University, six points to two. After the win, Steveson gave his last signature backflip in a Minnesota singlet and, in an emotional moment, left his shoes on the center of the mat as a sign of respect for the sport and signaling retirement from amateur wrestling, followed by a standing ovation by the crowd. After the tournament, Steveson was named the most outstanding wrestler.


title: Gable Steveson

text: Steveson went out as one of the greatest and most dominant collegiate wrestlers in the history of the sport, as a Dan Hodge Trophy winner, two-time NCAA Division I National champion and three-time Big Ten Conference champion.


title: Gable Steveson

text: In late 2020, Steveson said pursuing a career in WWE as a professional wrestler in order to become a superstar is "a dream I've had since I was a kid". Prior to the Tokyo Olympics in 2021, Steveson signed a Name, Image and Likeness (NIL) marketing deal with MMA manager Dave Martin. After winning the Olympic gold medal, Steveson gained massive notoriety on social media, and teased the public on whether he would continue wrestling or pursue a career in mixed martial arts or professional wrestling next. Steveson then made a brief appearance at WWE's SummerSlam event on August 21, 2021, and then on September 4, it was announced that Steveson had reportedly signed a contract with WWE. Five days later, WWE confirmed they had signed Steveson to an NIL (Next In Line) deal. Steveson is only the second Olympic gold medalist to be signed by the company, after Kurt Angle. During a July 2022 interview, former WWE star Mr. Kennedy confirmed he is training Steveson.


title: Gable Steveson

text: As part of the 2021 WWE Draft, a storyline process in which the company assigns the wrestlers to exclusively appear on a certain show, Steveson was drafted to the Raw brand, which became effective October 22, 2021. Steveson would make his first appearance in April 2022 at WrestleMania 38 Night 1, being introduced by Stephanie McMahon. At WrestleMania Night 2, Steveson confronted Chad Gable after the opening match and delivered a suplex to him.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Paul's Boutique is the second studio album by American hip hop group Beastie Boys, released on July 25, 1989, by Capitol Records. Produced by the Dust Brothers, the album is composed almost entirely from samples, and was recorded over two years at Matt Dike's apartment and the Record Plant in Los Angeles.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: "Paul's Boutique" did not match the sales of the group's 1986 debut "Licensed to Ill", and was promoted minimally by Capitol. However, it became recognized as the group's breakthrough achievement, with its innovative lyrical and sonic style earning them a position as critical favorites within the hip-hop community. Sometimes described as the ""Sgt. Pepper" of hip-hop", "Paul's Boutique" has placed on several lists of the greatest albums of all time, and is viewed by many critics as a landmark album of golden age hip hop.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Derided as one-hit wonders and estranged from their previous producer, Rick Rubin, and record label, Def Jam, Beastie Boys were in self-imposed exile in Los Angeles during early 1988, after being written off by most music critics. Following the commercial success of "Licensed to Ill", the group was focusing on making an album with more creative depth and less commercial material. The group's previous album had been enormously popular and received acclaim among both mainstream and hip hop music critics, although its simple, heavy beats and comically juvenile lyrics led to its label as frat hip hop.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: "Paul's Boutique" was produced with the Dust Brothers, whose use of sampling helped establish the practice of multi-layered sampling as an art in itself. While the Dust Brothers were set on making a hit record, they agreed with the group on producing a more experimental and sonically different record. In total, 105 songs are sampled, including 24 individual samples on the last track alone. The Dust Brothers produced the backing tracks with the intention of releasing an instrumental album, but were persuaded by Beastie Boys to use them as the basis of their album.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Contrary to popular belief, most of the sampling for "Paul's Boutique" was eventually cleared, but at dramatically lower costs compared to today's rates. According to "Sound on Sound", most of the samples were authorized "easily and affordably, something that [...] would be 'unthinkable' in today's litigious music industry." Mario "Mario C" Caldato Jr., engineer on the album, said that "we realized we had spent a lot of money in the studio. We had spent about a $1/4 million in rights and licensing for samples." This type of sampling was only possible before "Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc.", the landmark lawsuit against Biz Markie by Gilbert O'Sullivan, which changed hip hop artists' approach to sampling.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: The Dust Brothers had a bunch of music together, before we arrived to work with them. As a result, a lot of the tracks come from songs they'd planned to release to clubs as instrumentals – "Shake Your Rump," for example. They'd put together some beats, basslines and guitar lines, all these loops together, and they were quite surprised when we said we wanted to rhyme on it, because they thought it was too dense. They offered to strip it down to just beats, but we wanted all of that stuff on there. I think half of the tracks were written when we got there, and the other half we wrote together.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: All the tracks were recorded in Matt Dike's living room in Los Angeles, with the exception of the "Hello Brooklyn" and "A Year and a Day" from the "B-Boy Bouillabaisse" suite; "A Year and a Day" was recorded in Yauch's apartment building in Koreatown, Los Angeles. The location of recording was credited in the album liner notes as the Opium Den. The recordings for "Paul's Boutique" were later mixed by the Dust Brothers at Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: The album is named after a store the group made up called Paul's Boutique. On the cover of the album the group hung a sign saying "Paul's Boutique" on an existing clothing store called Lee's Sportswear at the corner of Rivington and Ludlow streets, in Manhattan's Lower East Side.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: The cover art and gatefold is a photograph of Ludlow Street (as shot from 99 Rivington Street), credited to Nathanial Hörnblowér, but shot by Jeremy Shatan, who was the original bassist for the Beastie Boys, when they were known as The Young Aborigines.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: On its initial release, "Paul's Boutique" was commercially unsuccessful because of its experimental and dense sampling and lyricism, in contrast to the group's previous album, "Licensed to Ill". It was a commercial disappointment, peaking at only #24 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and #14 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The album received a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America on September 22 of its release year; it went on to sell over 2 million copies by January 1999 and was certified double platinum. The album was re-released in a 20th anniversary package remastered in 24-bit audio and featuring a commentary track on January 27, 2009.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Contemporary reviews of "Paul's Boutique" were uniformly positive, with the production singled out for praise. David Handelman of "Rolling Stone" said the songs are "buoyed by the deft interplay of the three voices and a poetic tornado of imagery", featuring "equally far-flung" musical samples on an album that is "littered with bullshit tough-guy bravado, but it's clever and hilarious bullshit". Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" commended the Dust Brothers' "deft" production and Beastie Boys' rhymes, which he called "hilarious, vicious, surreal, snotty." David Stubbs of "Melody Maker" agreed, praising the Dust Brothers' production and calling the record "an outrageously funky triumph". Although he felt the group's performance did not match the quality of the production, he nevertheless considered the album a welcome return for the band after a three-year hiatus. In "Musician" magazine, Jon Young noted the group's various pop culture references and numerous samples, and overall commended them for releasing another "classic LP".


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Writing for "NME", Roger Morton gave praise to "Paul's Boutique", finding that in terms of "weight of ideas", "Licensed to Ill" "shrinks to nothing in comparison". Danny Weizmann in "LA Weekly" commended the group's evolution from "juvenile delinquents" on "Licensed to Ill", to "psychedelic gurus". He went on to praise the Dust Brothers' production, the layers of samples, and felt the closing track "B-Boy Bouillabaisse" will "probably change the face of all hip-hop for a long time to come". He concluded his review stating: "This album will surely put an end to any notion that the Beastie Boys were a one-shot or a producer's creation." In "Q" magazine, Charles Shaar Murray was less positive. He felt that the group failed to evolve from their debut, calling them "still unlistenable and uncivilized". He overall considered the samples "ill-matched" and the group's performance subpar.


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Robert Christgau said although it "doesn't jump you the way great rap usually does", "the Beasties and Tone-Lōc's Dust Brothers have worked out a sound that sneaks up on you with its stark beats and literal-minded samples, sometimes in a disturbing way." He commended them for "bearing down on the cleverest rhymes in the biz" and wrote, "the Beasties concentrate on tall tales rather than boasting or dissing. In their irresponsible, exemplary way, they make fun of drug misuse, racism, assault and other real vices fools may accuse them of." In "" (1990), he said the album's "high-speed volubility and riffs from nowhere will amaze and delight you", calling it "an absolutely unpretentious and unsententious affirmation of cultural diversity, of where [the group] came from and where they went from there."


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Since "Paul's Boutique" was first released, its critical standing has improved significantly. "NME" critic Paul Moody found the album to "still [be] an electrifying blast of cool" in a 1994 review, viewing it as a "younger incarnation" of "Ill Communication". Rob Chapman, writing for "Mojo", asserted that the album "shredded the rulebook" and called it "one of the most inventive rap albums ever made". In a 2003 review for "Rolling Stone", Rob Sheffield called it "a celebration of American junk culture that is still blowing minds today—even fourteen years of obsessive listening can't exhaust all the musical and lyrical jokes crammed into "Paul's Boutique"". In a 2009 review, Mark Kemp of "Rolling Stone" called the album a "hip-hop masterpiece". Nate Patrin of "Pitchfork" described it "a landmark in the art of sampling, a reinvention of a group that looked like it was heading for a gimmicky early dead-end, and a harbinger of the pop-culture obsessions and referential touchstones that would come to define the ensuing decades' postmodern identity". Stephen Thomas Erlewine summed the initial reaction to "Paul's Boutique" and praised the density that the album contains:


title: Paul's Boutique

text: In a "Vibe" interview of all three Beastie Boys, Chuck D of Public Enemy was quoted as saying that the "dirty secret" among the black hip-hop community at the time of release was that ""Paul's Boutique" had the best beats." During the same "Vibe" interview, Mike D was asked about any possible hesitation he or the band might have had regarding their overt "sampling" of several minutes of well-known Beatles background tracks, including the song "The End" on "The Sounds of Science". He claimed that the Beatles filed preliminary legal papers, and that his response was "What's cooler than getting sued by the Beatles?"


title: Paul's Boutique

text: In the book "For Whom the Cowbell Tolls: 25 Years of Paul's Boutique", host of KDOC's "Request Video" Gia DeSantis discussed the appeal of the album to local markets and the missed opportunity by Capitol Records to take the album over the top. The book was a follow-up to 33 1/3's book "Paul's Boutique."


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Noting that "Paul's Boutique" was less commercially successful than the group's chart-topping debut had been, Consequence.net's Marcus Shorter wrote, ""Paul’s Boutique" sat at a finish line waiting for the rest of the world to catch up."


title: Paul's Boutique

text: Based on its appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "Paul's Boutique" as 4th most acclaimed album of 1989, the 17th most acclaimed album of the 1980s and the 90th most acclaimed album in history. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Paul's Boutique

text: In 2013, music journalists Dan LeRoy and Peter Relic revealed that they had uncovered and restored a tape that represented Beastie Boys' first recording session in Delicious Vinyl's colloquially named Delicious Studios. The tape includes demo versions of six tracks, five of which were produced and utilized in some form on "Paul's Boutique". Most notably, the track "The Jerry Lewis" was omitted. Mike D was presented with the restored version of this track in 2013, and when asked if it deserved an official release, he said "Probably not this year." After widespread publication of the story, "The Jerry Lewis" has become a highly sought-after "lost track" among dedicated fans.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or "phones") by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: The pronunciation of words in all languages changes over time. However, their written forms (orthography) are often not modified to take account of such changes, and do not accurately represent the pronunciation. Words borrowed from other languages may retain the spelling from the original language, which may have a different system of correspondences between written symbols and speech sounds. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Standard orthography in some languages, such as English and Tibetan, is often irregular and makes it difficult to predict pronunciation from spelling. For example, the words "bough", "chough", "cough", "though" and "through" do not rhyme in English even though their spellings might suggest otherwise. Other languages, such as Spanish and Italian have a more consistent (but still imperfect) relationship between orthography and pronunciation, while a few languages may claim to have a fully phonemic spelling system (a phonemic orthography).


title: Phonetic transcription

text: For most languages, phonetic transcription makes it possible to show pronunciation with something much nearer to a one-to-one relationship between sound and symbol than is possible with the language's orthography. Phonetic transcription allows one to step outside orthography, examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given language and identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: A basic principle of phonetic transcription is that it should be applicable to all languages, and its symbols should denote the same phonetic properties whatever the language being transcribed. It follows that a transcription devised for one individual language or group of languages is not a phonetic transcription but an orthography.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Phonetic transcription may be used to transcribe the phones of a language. In all systems of transcription there is a distinction between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Broad transcription indicates only the most noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic characteristics of the allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum, but the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription is usually treated as a binary distinction. Phonemic transcription is a particular form of broad transcription which disregards all allophonic difference; as the name implies, it is not really a phonetic transcription at all (though at times it may coincide with one), but a representation of phonemic structure. A transcription which includes some allophonic detail but is closely linked to the phonemic structure of an utterance is called an allophonic transcription.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to produce exactly the right sound and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all speakers of a language. While most Americans, Canadians, and Australians would pronounce the of "little" as a tap , many speakers in southern England would pronounce /t/ as (a glottal stop; t-glottalization) and/or the second as a vowel resembling (L-vocalization), possibly yielding .


title: Phonetic transcription

text: A further disadvantage of narrow transcription is that it involves a larger number of symbols and diacritics that may be unfamiliar to non-specialists. The advantage of broad transcription is that it usually allows statements to be made which apply across a more diverse language community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign language dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. A rule of thumb in many linguistics contexts is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is necessary for the point being made, but a broad transcription whenever possible.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Most phonetic transcription is based on the assumption that linguistic sounds are segmentable into discrete units that can be represented by symbols. Many different types of transcription, or "notation", have been tried out: these may be divided into "Alphabetic" (which are based on the same principle as that which governs ordinary alphabetic writing, namely that of using one single simple symbol to represent each sound) and "Analphabetic" (notations which are "not" alphabetic) which represent each sound by a composite symbol made up of a number of signs put together.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the most widely used and well-known of present-day phonetic alphabets and has a long history. It was created in the nineteenth century by European language teachers and linguists. It soon developed beyond its original purpose as a tool of foreign language pedagogy and is now also used extensively as a practical alphabet of phoneticians and linguists. It is found in many dictionaries, where it is used to indicate the pronunciation of words, but most American dictionaries for native English-speakers, e.g., "American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Webster's Third New International Dictionary", avoid phonetic transcription and instead employ "respelling" systems based on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks. (See Pronunciation respelling for English for a generic version.)


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition was originally created by American linguists for the transcription of Native American and European languages and is still commonly used by linguists of Slavic, Indic, Semitic, Uralic (here known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet) and Caucasian languages. This is often labeled the Americanist phonetic alphabet despite having been widely used for languages outside the Americas. The principal difference between these alphabets and the IPA is that the specially created characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of already existing typewriter characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies) or digraphs. Examples of this transcription may be seen in Pike's "Phonemics" and in many of the papers reprinted in Joos's "Readings in Linguistics 1". In the days before it was possible to create phonetic fonts for computer printers and computerized typesetting, this system allowed material to be typed on existing typewriters to create printable material.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example: Ext-IPA, VoQS, and Luciano Canepari's "IPA".


title: Phonetic transcription

text: The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets "[ ]". A transcription that specifically denotes only phonemic contrasts may be enclosed in slashes "/ /" instead. If one is unsure, it is best to use brackets since by setting off a transcription with slashes, one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol phonemically contrasts for the language being transcribed.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a "broad transcription"; in some cases, it may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a "narrow transcription". They are not binary choices but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: For example, in some dialects the English word "pretzel" in a narrow transcription would be , which notes several phonetic features that may not be evident even to a native speaker. An example of a broad transcription is , which indicates only some of the features that are easier to hear. A yet broader transcription would be in which every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound but without going into any unnecessary detail. None of those transcriptions makes any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to produce the sounds that make up the word.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe the word phonemically, but here, the differences are generally of not precision but analysis. For example, "pretzel" could be or . The latter transcription suggests that there are two vowels in the word even if they cannot both be heard, but the former suggests that there is only one.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Strictly speaking, it is not possible to have a distinction between "broad" and "narrow" within phonemic transcription, since the symbols chosen represent only sounds that have been shown to be distinctive. However, the symbols themselves may be more or less explicit about their phonetic realization. A frequently cited example is the symbol chosen for the English consonant at the beginning of the words 'rue', 'rye', 'red': this is frequently transcribed as /r/, despite the symbol suggesting an association with the IPA symbol which is used for a tongue-tip trill. It is equally possible within a phonemic transcription to use the symbol , which in IPA usage refers to an alveolar approximant; this is the more common realization for English pronunciation in America and England. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a 'one sound one symbol' policy, or may even be restricted to the ASCII symbols of a typical keyboard, as in the SAMPA alphabet. For example, the English word "church" may be transcribed as , a close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as , which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be backed up by an explanation of their use and meaning, especially when they are as divergent from actual pronunciation as .


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in pipes ("| |"). This goes beyond phonology into morphological analysis. For example, the words "pets" and "beds" could be transcribed phonetically as and (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as and . Because and are separate phonemes in English, they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, a native English speaker would recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If the plural ending is thought to be essentially an "s", as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed and . If it is essentially a "z", these would be and .


title: Phonetic transcription

text: To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word "jet" is not read as "yet". This is done with angle brackets or "chevrons": . It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original language's orthography, and not in English transliteration.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: In "iconic" phonetic notation, the shapes of the phonetic characters are designed so that they visually represent the position of articulators in the vocal tract. This is unlike alphabetic notation, where the correspondence between character shape and articulator position is arbitrary. This notation is potentially more flexible than alphabetic notation in showing more shades of pronunciation (MacMahon 1996:838–841). An example of iconic phonetic notation is the Visible Speech system, created by Scottish phonetician Alexander Melville Bell (Ellis 1869:15).


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Another type of phonetic notation that is more precise than alphabetic notation is "analphabetic" phonetic notation. Instead of both the alphabetic and iconic notational types' general principle of using one symbol per sound, analphabetic notation uses long sequences of symbols to precisely describe the component features of an articulatory gesture (MacMahon 1996:842–844). This type of notation is reminiscent of the notation used in chemical formulas to denote the composition of chemical compounds. Although more descriptive than alphabetic notation, analphabetic notation is less practical for many purposes (e.g. for descriptive linguists doing fieldwork or for speech pathologists impressionistically transcribing speech disorders). As a result, this type of notation is uncommon.


title: Phonetic transcription

text: Two examples of this type were developed by the Danish Otto Jespersen (1889) and American Kenneth Pike (1943). Pike's system, which is part of a larger goal of scientific description of phonetics, is particularly interesting in its challenge against the descriptive method of the phoneticians who created alphabetic systems like the IPA. An example of Pike's system can be demonstrated by the following. A syllabic voiced alveolar nasal consonant ( in IPA) is notated as


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: Tapestry is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Carole King, released in 1971 on Ode Records and produced by Lou Adler. It received four Grammy Awards in 1972, including Album of the Year. The lead singles from the album—"It's Too Late" and "I Feel the Earth Move"—spent five weeks at number one on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: "Tapestry" has been certified 14× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in the US, and has sold an estimated 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time. In 2000, it attained number 74 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums", and in 2020, it was ranked number 25 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. "Tapestry" won four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Song of the Year and Record of the Year.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: King wrote or co-wrote all of the songs on the album, two of which had already been hits for other artists such as Aretha Franklin's "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (in 1967), and The Shirelles' "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (in 1960). King's ex-husband Gerry Goffin wrote the lyrics for three of the songs. James Taylor, who encouraged King to sing her own songs and who also played on "Tapestry," had a number one hit with "You've Got a Friend," later in 1971. Two songs were co-written with Toni Stern: "It's Too Late" and "Where You Lead".


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: The album was recorded at A&M Recording Studios' Studio B during January 1971 with the support of Joni Mitchell and James Taylor, plus various experienced session musicians. Several of the musicians worked simultaneously on Taylor's "Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon" album.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: The cover photograph was taken by A&M staff photographer Jim McCrary at King's Laurel Canyon home. It shows her sitting in a window frame, holding a tapestry that she had hand-stitched herself, with her cat Telemachus at her feet.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: The album was met with widespread critical acclaim; "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau felt that her voice, free of "technical decorum", would liberate female singers; while Jon Landau in "Rolling Stone" felt that King was one of the most creative pop music figures and had created an album of "surpassing personal-intimacy and musical accomplishment".


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: Along with being selected Album of the Year, it also received Grammys for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Record of the Year ("It's Too Late"), and Song of the Year ("You've Got a Friend"), making King the first solo female artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Song of the Year.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: The album remained on the "Billboard" charts for 313 weeks (second only to Pink Floyd's 724 weeks with "The Dark Side of the Moon").


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: "Tapestry" was a big commercial success. It spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" 200. To date, "Tapestry" still holds the record for most consecutive weeks at number one by a female solo artist. The album also spent nearly 6 years charting US Billboard 200 (318 weeks), in which she also spent 302 consecutive weeks. For more than 40 years, Tapestry held the record for the longest charting album by a female solo artist in the US until Adele's "21" broke the record in 2017. It the fifth album to spend more weeks by female artist on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: Tapestry was also very successful across the world. In Canada, it spent 9 weeks at number-one beginning July 3, 1971. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number thirty-two on UK Albums Chart but eventually rose to its peak at number four and went on to spend 136 weeks in the Top 100. Tapestry has reportedly sold over 7 million copies in its first year, and around 25 million copies worldwide to date.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: Several songs from the album were recorded by other artists and became hits while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 cover of "You've Got a Friend" hit number one in the US and number four in the UK, and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of "Where You Lead" reached number 40 while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit "Sweet Inspiration" reached number 37 the following year.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album. The first, released in 1995 and entitled "", was certified gold. The second, in 2003, was entitled "A New Tapestry – Carole King Tribute". In 2010 Australian recording artist Marcia Hines recorded a tribute album, "Marcia Sings Tapestry".


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: "Her songs are like stories or sonic movies," observed Tori Amos. "You want to walk into them. With 'I Feel the Earth Move' or 'It's Too Late', you're right there."


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: "Tapestry" frequently appears on critics' lists of the best albums. In 2003, it ranked number 36 on "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining that rating in a 2012 revised list, but moving up to No. 25 in a 2020 update of the list. The album was also listed by VH1 at number 39 on their list of 100 Greatest Albums, and was one of 50 recordings chosen to be added to the National Recording Registry. Recordings added to the National Recording Registry are picked to be preserved in the Library of Congress as they are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important." Based on such listings, Acclaimed Music ranks "Tapestry" as the 69th most acclaimed album in history.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: In 2015, for its sixth and final season, American TV series "Glee" paid tribute to this album, alongside Alanis Morissette's "Jagged Little Pill", in its episode "Jagged Little Tapestry" airing January 16, 2015. Five songs from this album is performed by various artists. Two of them performed on its own, "It's Too Late" and "So Far Away", while the other three are used in a mashup with one of the songs from "Jagged Little Pill". "I Feel the Earth Move" is mashed up with "Hand in My Pocket", "Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" with "Head Over Feet", and "You've Got a Friend" with "You Learn". The episode was watched by 1.98 million viewers and received a 0.7/2 in the adult 18-49 demographic.


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: In March 2016 it was announced that Carole King would perform the album live in its entirety for the first time at the British Summer Time Festival in Hyde Park, London on July 3, 2016. The performance was released the next year as "Tapestry: Live at Hyde Park".


title: Tapestry (Carole King album)

text: In 2008, Sony/BMG, Epic, and Ode released a two-disc "Legacy Edition". One disc is the original album remastered; the second disc is live performances of 11 of the 12 songs, recorded in 1973 at Boston; Columbia, Maryland; and Central Park, New York; and in 1976 at the San Francisco Opera House. "Where You Lead" is the song not included on the live disc.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Robert Paul Irvine (; born 24 September 1965) is an English celebrity chef and talk show host who has appeared on and hosted a variety of Food Network programs including "", "Worst Cooks in America", "", "A Hero's Welcome, Operation Restaurant, All-Star Academy, Guy's Grocery Games, Chopped: Impossible", and "Restaurant Express". Irvine currently operates two restaurants, Robert Irvine's Public House at the Tropicana resort in Las Vegas, Nevada, and a Fresh Kitchen by Robert Irvine located within The Pentagon. Irvine launched "The Robert Irvine Show", a daytime talk show which aired weekdays on The CW between 12 September 2016 and 25 May 2018.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine was born in England and raised in Wiltshire, United Kingdom. He began his cooking career upon enlisting in the UK's Royal Navy at the age of fifteen. Having completed culinary training, Robert served aboard Her Majesty's Royal Yacht "Britannia". Upon completion of his 10-year tour of duty, Irvine performed consultant work in Bali, Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City before becoming Executive Chef aboard numerous cruise ships and establishments such as Trump's Taj Mahal, culminating with the five-star MS "Crystal Harmony."


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine started his television career on Food Network on a show called "Fit for a King", which was later re-titled before broadcast to "", where he would be given countless challenges over the course of the life of the show.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine also appeared in a December 2007 episode of "Iron Chef America" with Tyler Florence in a dessert battle (theme ingredient: sugar) against Paula Deen and Cat Cora in which the men lost.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In 2006, Irvine had announced his intention to open two restaurants in St. Petersburg, Florida. Irvine had impressed a Florida socialite with the claims he was a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, had a degree in food and nutrition from the University of Leeds, had worked on the wedding cake for Prince Charles and Princess Diana and had served at the White House as a chef, a claim Irvine also made in the opening segment of his Food Network show, "Dinner: Impossible." An article in the 17 February 2008 issue of the "St. Petersburg Times" quoted sources who disputed some of Irvine's assertions. As a result, Food Network pulled Irvine's biography from its website. Network spokesperson Lisa De Colle said they were "taking the necessary steps to ensure the accuracy of all representations of Robert".


title: Robert Irvine

text: In 2008, Irvine posted to his blog to "set the record straight" regarding his past service and point out erroneous reports made by the "St. Petersburg Times". This included letters from those he worked with at the White House, including Rear Admiral Michael H. Miller, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of the White House Military Office and F.X. Fuller, Director of Presidential Food Service.


title: Robert Irvine

text: On 29 February 2008, Food Network announced it would honour its contract with Irvine for a fourth season of thirteen episodes of "Dinner: Impossible" but was also looking for a replacement host for the series. On 21 April 2008, Food Network executives released a statement announcing they were expanding the "Dinner: Impossible" series to a one-hour format and replacing Irvine with recent "Iron Chef America" addition Michael Symon. The first Symon episode aired on 20 July 2008, but ran for 30 minutes and the season for only 10 episodes. Irvine returned to "Dinner: Impossible" in 2009. A Food Network spokesman stated "Our audience has continued to demonstrate its interest in and support for Robert. He has taken responsibility and made a conscious effort to clear the air, rebuild the relationship with Food Network and apologize for the earlier inaccuracies."


title: Robert Irvine

text: In March 2008, Irvine's business partner and landlord issued a joint statement announcing the chef had abandoned his plan to open the restaurants. The reasons cited were "the timing is not exactly right" and Irvine "cannot commit to spending at least four days a week" at the restaurant as he had planned. In the spring of 2008, Food Network restored Irvine's biography to its website. It reflected his service in the UK's Royal Navy and service on the Royal Yacht "Britannia". He also appeared in an episode of "The Next Food Network Star" on 8 June 2008.


title: Robert Irvine

text: On 20 November 2008, Food Network announced that they had rehired Irvine to host six episodes of "Dinner: Impossible" with a scheduled air date in March 2009. The first episode of Irvine's new season aired on 8 April 2009, and was one hour in length. Irvine continued as host of "Dinner: Impossible" until it ceased production in 2010, following its eighth season.


title: Robert Irvine

text: On 11 March 2021, Dinner: Impossible returned to Food Network after an 11 year hiatus with 4 new episodes. “We are so excited to bring ‘Dinner: Impossible’ to a new generation of fans, upping the ante with new missions that blend edge-of-your-seat action and compelling emotion that teeter on the impossible, as Robert is pushed to the limit and beyond,” said Courtney White, president of Food Network.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Following the end of "Dinner: Impossible" (which relaunched in 2021), Irvine embarked on two new projects with Food Network. In late 2010, the Food Network began advertising the second season of "Worst Cooks in America" featuring Irvine (replacing Chef Beau MacMillan) training a cadre of would-be cooks in competition with Chef Anne Burrell. The show premiered on 3 January 2011. In advance of the show's premiere, Irvine teamed with Cat Cora to battle Burrell and Michael Symon in the special "Battle Deep Freeze" on "Iron Chef America".


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine also appears in the restaurant make-over show, "", which premiered on 19 January 2011. Described as a spin-off from "Dinner: Impossible", "Restaurant: Impossible" challenges Irvine to make over a restaurant in two days with a budget of $10,000.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine competed in Season 4 of "The Next Iron Chef", which premiered on 30 October 2011. He was the second chef eliminated from the competition after losing a peanut secret-ingredient showdown against Chef Michael Chiarello. Starting on 3 November 2013, Irvine hosted a new Food network series called "Restaurant Express". In this series, Irvine challenged nine chefs to a series of tests for a chance to open a restaurant in a Las Vegas, Nevada, spa and casino.


title: Robert Irvine

text: On 2 December 2012, Irvine appeared alongside Masaharu Morimoto and Ted Allen on the Battle Holiday Gingerbread episode of "Iron Chef America" representing Food Network against a team of Cooking Channel stars including Michael Symon, Nadia Giosia and Ben Sargent. In the episode, Irvine removed his chef's coat, stating that he does not wear chef's coats very often. Iron Chef Michael Symon commented on this by saying that he had a bet that Irvine would remove his chef's coat after 25 minutes of the competition and that he lost because he removed it much earlier. Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto also stated that Irvine removed his chef's coat to show off his muscles.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In September 2016, Irvine launched a daytime talk show which airs weekdays on The CW. Titled "The Robert Irvine Show" and produced by Tribune Studios and Irwin Entertainment, the series features Irvine in the traditional conflict-resolution talk format trying to work out problems between subjects who come on the series.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine was also featured on "Chopped", "Guy's Grocery Games" and others. In 2016, he appeared on "All-Star Academy", where he mentored Natasha Clement to the finale where she won the $50,000 grand prize.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine has starred in all seasons of "Restaurant: Impossible". After a three-year hiatus from 2016 to 2019, "Restaurant: Impossible" returned with two brand-new seasons. The series is in . In July 2019, Food Network also began airing "Restaurant: Impossible: Revisited" in which Irvine returns to restaurants previously featured on "Restaurant: Impossible" to interview the owners and check on their progress. In 2020, a spin-off series called "Restaurant: Impossible Back in Business" was launched, focusing on past restaurants featured on the original show and their struggles dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In July 2020, Food Network announced a two-year multi-platform contract with Irvine leading new episodes of his series "Restaurant: Impossible" and developing mid- and short-form video segments for both linear and digital venues, including Food Network's Kitchen app.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In June 2021, Discovery+ announced a new series starring Irvine called "The Globe". According to the network press release, Food Network President Courtney White said “Robert’s universal appeal paired with exceptional chefs who transform ingredients, some they have never worked with before, into incredible dishes is especially impressive and entertaining. This show is huge, a dramatic, global food event.” <Br>


title: Robert Irvine

text: In the fall of 2021, Robert and friend, Jon Taffer, from rival Paramount show, BAR RESCUE, faced off for a best-of-three, limited, competition series entitled "Restaurant Rivals: Irvine vs Taffer". The popular series launched on the Discovery+ streaming platform in March of 2022. There is no word yet on a season 2 / rematch.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine is founder of Robert Irvine Foods and has introduced an Irvine-branded line of foods, spices and oils. A portion of the proceeds from the sales are donated to his foundation, which supports the US military.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In May 2016, Irvine and the Tropicana Las Vegas resort jointly announced plans for a new restaurant to open in 2017. Robert Irvine's Public House opened in July 2017. Irvine also became co-owner of Boardroom Spirits, a distillery in Lansdale, Pennsylvania.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In September 2019, Irvine opened Fresh Kitchen by Robert Irvine in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the newly opened Downtown Allentown Market. It was the second Fresh Kitchen location; the first is located within the walls of The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and opened in 2016. Following its closure during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that the Allentown restaurant will not reopen.


title: Robert Irvine

text: During the pandemic, Irvine also partnered with the tech company WorkMerk to offer the VirusSAFE Pro, a mobile app to be used by restaurants as a checklist to validate their compliance with OSHA, CDC and NIH guidelines.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine's first cookbook, "Mission: Cook!", written with Brian O'Reilly, was published by HarperCollins Publishers in September 2007. His second cookbook, "Impossible to Easy", was published in 2010. In April 2011, he began work as a regular columnist for "Muscle & Fitness" magazine, with the magazine featuring his recipes regularly through 2016. In 2015, he published "Fit Fuel: A Chef's Guide to Eating Well, Getting Fit, and Living Your Best Life". In the book, he writes about his early life as a "scrawny" kid who read "Muscle & Fitness" and had aspirations to be like Arnold Schwarzenegger. He developed a passion for weight training and physical fitness at an early age, played rugby, and by the time he joined the UK's Royal Navy, was strong enough to be a wheelman in the Field Gun Competition, carrying a large cannon wheel for his team. "Fit Fuel" combines healthy recipes, Robert's own workouts and the tough love motivation that he became known for on "Restaurant: Impossible".


title: Robert Irvine

text: In 2018, he published his fourth book, "Family Table By Robert Irvine", which presented his favourite family-style recipes along with a collection of essays on how to connect with your family through activity.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In 2014, he appeared on the cover of "Train" magazine, shirtless. In May 2016, he launched "Robert Irvine Magazine", a digital publication that works as a continuation of the concepts presented in "Fit Fuel". A healthy lifestyle publication, the magazine features healthy recipes, workouts, gear recommendations, expert advice from doctors and trainers and life advice and success tips from celebrities and professional athletes.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Between 2012 and 2016, Irvine launched a bevy of healthy food products, including Fit Crunch protein bars, as well as a "better for you" cheesecake and frozen crab cakes.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine has been involved with the Children Uniting Nations charity that was founded by southern California socialite Daphna Ziman. He was one of a team of celebrity chefs who participated in their fundraising dinner for the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 in addition to serving as Head Chef at their 78th Academy Awards dinner in 2006. Irvine is a member of the Council of Chefs, Cora's charity dedicated to helping hungry children.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine toured Afghanistan in 2013 with the Honoring Our Troops Tour and hosted a Meals Ready to Eat (MRE) competition.


title: Robert Irvine

text: In 2014, Irvine founded The Robert Irvine Foundation to honour the men and women of the military. The foundation raises money and then allocates grants to active duty men and women and veterans in need. Irvine is also a regular contributor to the Gary Sinise Foundation and regularly appears at the organization's Invincible Spirit Festivals. For his work in honouring the men and women of the US military, Irvine was honoured with a Patriot Award from the Medal of Honor Society in September 2015, alongside ABC News' Bob Woodruff, Patriots owner Robert Kraft, and US Marine Corps Commandant Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. In 2016, Irvine was awarded the third highest honour within the US Department of the Army Civilian Awards, the Outstanding Civilian Service Award, for substantial contributions to the US Army community through his work with the Robert Irvine Foundation.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Explaining his passion for giving back to those who serve in the military, Irvine told "Muscle & Fitness", "When you strip it all away, this is what gets me out of bed in the morning—the opportunity to make a real difference in people's lives. And to positively affect the lives of those who defend our freedom is the cause that is closest to my heart. All the success I have I owe to the fact that I live in a free society in the greatest nation on Earth. That freedom is made possible by the selfless sacrifice of our men and women in uniform. No amount of money I donate or benefits that I attend can ever scratch the surface on the debt we owe to these men and women and their families, but it is imperative that we try. It all starts to fall apart if we fail to show our gratitude."


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine helped raise more than $118,000 to pay for the hospital expenses of a Escondido, California, restaurant owner who was previously featured on an episode of "Restaurant: Impossible".


title: Robert Irvine

text: Irvine lived with his first wife Karen in Absecon, New Jersey, before buying another home in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, where he lived since at least 2002. Irvine married professional wrestler Gail Kim on 10 May 2012. The couple met on the set of "Dinner: Impossible", when he came to serve VIPs for WWE's SummerSlam. As of December 2013, Irvine's permanent residence was listed as Tampa, Florida. He has two daughters from his first marriage.


title: Robert Irvine

text: Due to his active lifestyle and passion for physical fitness, Irvine was selected as one of the "25 Fittest Guys in America" by "Men's Fitness" magazine in 2007. He typically works in a black T-shirt or chef's jacket bearing the Irvine clan badge with the motto: (flourishing in both sunshine and shade).


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Oleg Antonovich Gordievsky, CMG (; born 10 October 1938) is a former colonel of the KGB who became KGB resident-designate ("rezident") and bureau chief in London, and was a double agent, providing information to the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1974 to 1985. After being recalled to Moscow under suspicion, he was exfiltrated from the Soviet Union in July 1985 under a plan code-named Operation Pimlico. The Soviet Union subsequently sentenced him to death "in absentia".


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: The son of an officer of the NKVD (the Soviet secret police and precursor to the KGB), Gordievsky was born in 1938. He proved an excellent student at school, where he learned to speak German.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: He studied at a prestigious Moscow University – Moscow State Institute of International Relations – and later undertook NKVD training, where in addition to espionage skills he mastered German and also learned to speak Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: On completion of his studies, Gordievsky joined the foreign service and was posted to East Berlin in August 1961, just before the erection of the Berlin Wall. The building of the wall appalled him, and he became disillusioned with the Soviet system. After spending a year in Berlin, he returned to Moscow.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky joined the KGB in 1963, and was posted to the Soviet embassy in Copenhagen in 1966. He became outraged by the USSR's cruel crushing of the Prague Spring reform movement in Czechoslovakia in August 1968, and began sending covert signals to Danish and British intelligence agents and agencies that he might be willing to cooperate with them. In 1974 he agreed to pass secrets to MI6, a step he viewed as "nothing less than undermining the Soviet system". MI6 gave him the codename SUNBEAM. His second posting to Denmark ended in 1978, and he was recalled to Moscow – this time for a lengthy period because he quickly divorced his wife and married a woman he had been having an affair with, and the KGB frowned upon affairs and divorces as immoral. During this Moscow period, it was too risky for him to send any information to MI6.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: After he learned to speak English and lobbied heavily for a position that opened up in London, the KGB posted Gordievsky to London in June 1982. He steadily advanced in rank there with the help of secret aid and manipulation by MI6, which handed him abundant non-damaging information and contacts; MI6 also steadily banished his direct superiors back to Moscow on trumped-up charges so that Gordievsky took their place. He continued to provide secret documents and information to MI6. While in London, his MI6 code name was NOCTON. The CIA – told of MI6's high-level informant but not his name or position – gave him the codename TICKLE.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In late April 1985 he was promoted to KGB station chief (resident-designate or "rezident") in London at the Soviet embassy. He was suddenly summoned back to Moscow via a telegram on 16 May 1985. MI6 allowed him to make his own decision whether to immediately defect to the UK and live thenceforth in secrecy under their protection, or to go to Moscow with the understanding that he could be interrogated, tortured, or killed if the KGB suspected his betrayal. Gordievsky felt, given the huge benefits MI6 would reap if he remained "rezident" of the embassy, that he was being encouraged by MI6 to return to Moscow as ordered, and decided on that; MI6 began to revive a plan to extricate him if necessary.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Unbeknownst to him, Gordievsky had been betrayed in early May (or early June 1985 at the latest) by CIA officer Aldrich Ames. After returning to Moscow on 19 May 1985, Gordievsky was drugged and interrogated, but not yet criminally charged; instead he was placed in a non-existent desk job in a nonoperational department of the KGB. Under increasing surveillance and pressure in Moscow and seriously suspected of being a double agent, in July 1985 he managed to send a pre-arranged covert signal to MI6 to be rescued.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Following his exfiltration from the USSR to the UK in 1985, he became of even greater use to the West, in that the information he disclosed (and had previously disclosed) could be immediately acted upon and shared without endangering his life, identity, or position.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: During his first Danish posting, Gordievsky became disenchanted with his work in the KGB, particularly after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. He tried to send a covert sympathetic message to the Politiets Efterretningstjeneste (Danish Security Intelligence Service), called PET, but his three-year stint ended and he returned to Moscow before making any direct contact. By the time he arrived again in Copenhagen in October 1972 for a second three-year stint, both the PET as well as MI6 – which had been tipped off by one of Gordievsky's old university friends – felt he was a persuadable agent. MI6 subsequently made contact with Gordievsky, and began running him as a double agent in 1974.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: The value of MI6's recruitment of such a highly placed and valuable intelligence asset increased dramatically when, in 1982, the KGB posted Gordievsky to London, and he rose through the ranks there, gaining the ability to access higher and higher levels of Soviet secrets, which he passed easily to MI6 via a London safe house.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Two of Gordievsky's most important contributions were averting a potential nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union, when NATO exercise Able Archer 83 was misinterpreted by the Soviets as a potential first strike, and identifying Mikhail Gorbachev as the Soviet heir-apparent long before he came to prominence. Indeed, the information passed by Gordievsky became the first proof of how worried the Soviet leadership had become about the possibility of a NATO nuclear first strike.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky was suddenly ordered back to Moscow in mid May 1985, a few weeks after he had been promoted to KGB station chief in London. Although MI6 allowed him the option to instead defect and stay in London under their protection, on 19 May 1985 he left for Moscow. After his arrival, he was taken to a KGB safe house outside Moscow, drugged, and interrogated. He was questioned for about five hours. After that, he was released and told that he would never work abroad again. He was suspected of espionage for a foreign power, but his superiors stalled on taking any overt further action against him. In June 1985, he was joined in Moscow by his wife and two children, who had been living with him in London.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Although MI6 had passed on information provided by Gordievsky to the American CIA, the British would not reveal their source, so the CIA had conducted a covert operation to discover who the source was. After about a year, they realised that it must be Gordievsky. There was great suspicion that a high-ranking American CIA officer, Aldrich Ames, who had been selling secrets to the KGB, reported Gordievsky's treachery to Soviet counterintelligence. Ames first met and sold classified information to a KGB agent on 15 May 1985, in Washington, DC; the following day Gordievsky received the telegram from KGB leadership recalling him to Moscow. A 1994 report by the "Washington Post", however, stated that "After six weeks of questioning Ames ... the FBI and CIA remain baffled about whether Ames or someone else first warned the Soviets about Gordievsky". An FBI report later stated that Ames had not advised the Soviets about Gordievsky until 13 June 1985; by that time, Gordievsky was under KGB surveillance but he had not yet been charged with treason as of 19 July 1985 when MI6 agents began the process of his escape. Nevertheless, biographer Ben Macintyre and most people involved in the Gordievsky case believe that during his first visit with the KGB in Washington in early May 1985, Ames provided sufficient information to prompt an investigation by Colonel Viktor Budanov, the KGB's top investigator, and trigger Gordievsky's recall.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: An elaborate escape plan from the USSR had been already devised for Gordievsky by MI6 in 1978, when the KGB called him back to Moscow for a few years after his second three-year stint in Copenhagen. The escape plan was code-named "Operation Pimlico", and was devised by an MI6 officer named Valerie Pettit.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Although he almost certainly remained under KGB surveillance, Gordievsky managed to send a covert signal to MI6, which activated the elaborate escape plan, Pimlico, that had been in place for many years for just such an emergency. He waited on a particular street corner, on a particular weekday at 7.30 pm, carrying a Safeway bag as a signal. An MI6 agent walked past carrying a Harrods bag, eating a Mars bar, and the two made eye contact. These mutual signals indicated that the escape plan was to be activated immediately.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: On 19 July 1985, Gordievsky went for his usual jog, but he instead managed to evade his KGB tails and boarded a train to Vyborg, near the Finnish border, where he was met by British embassy cars, after they managed to lose the three KGB surveillance cars following them. Lying down in the boot of a Ford Sierra saloon, he was smuggled across the border into Finland. Two British diplomats and their wives were Gordievsky's courier; to dissuade sniffer dogs at the Finnish border one of the wives dropped her baby's dirty diaper on the ground, causing the dogs to flee. Gordievsky was flown to the UK via Norway; in the UK, his MI6 codename was changed to OVATION.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Soviet authorities subsequently sentenced Gordievsky to death "in absentia" for treason, a sentence never rescinded by post-Soviet Russian authorities, but which cannot be legally carried out because of Russia's then-membership in the Council of Europe. His wife, Leila (an Azeri) was the daughter of a KGB officer and was unaware of her husband's defection. She and their children were on holiday in the Azerbaijan SSR at the time of his escape. She was interrogated and detained for some six years, the Soviets presuming (wrongly) that she had been complicit in Gordievsky's activities. However, the marriage was effectively dead by then and eventually it foundered completely. It was reported in 2013 that Gordievsky was in a long-term relationship with a British woman he had met in the 1990s.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky's exfiltration greatly embarrassed both the KGB and the Soviet Union and resulted in disruptions by Viktor Babunov, the KGB's chief of counterintelligence, within the KGB including Sergei Ivanov's career with the KGB, who was KGB resident in Finland, as well as numerous members of the Leningrad KGB, which was responsible for surveillance of British subjects, and numerous persons close to Vladimir Putin, who was a member of the Leningrad KGB.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky included a discussion of his exfiltration in his memoir, "Next Stop Execution", published in 1995.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky has written a number of books on the subject of the KGB and is a frequently quoted media pundit on the subject.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In 1990, he was consultant editor of the journal "Intelligence and National Security", and he worked on television in the UK in the 1990s, including the game show "Wanted". In 1995, the former British Labour Party leader Michael Foot received an out-of-court settlement (said to be "substantial") from "The Sunday Times" after the newspaper alleged, in articles derived from claims in the original manuscript of Gordievsky's book "Next Stop Execution" (1995), that Foot was a KGB "agent of influence" with the codename 'Boot'.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: On 26 February 2005, he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters by the University of Buckingham in recognition of his outstanding service to the security and the safety of the United Kingdom.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky was appointed Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for "services to the security of the United Kingdom" in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours (in the Diplomatic List). "The Guardian" newspaper noted that it was "the same gong given (to) his fictional cold war colleague James Bond."


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky noted that the KGB were puzzled by and denied the claim that Director General of MI5 Roger Hollis was a Soviet agent. In the 2009 ITV programme "Inside MI5: The Real Spooks", he recounted how he saw the head of the British section of the KGB express surprise at the allegations that he read in a British newspaper about Roger Hollis being a KGB agent: "Why is it they are speaking about Roger Hollis, such nonsense, can't understand it, it must be some special British trick directed against us". The allegiance of Hollis remains a debated historical issue; the MI5 official website has cited Gordievsky's revelation as a vindication of Hollis.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In the "Daily Telegraph" in 2010, Charles Moore gave a "full account", which he said had been provided to him by Gordievsky shortly after Foot's death, of the extent of Foot's alleged KGB involvement. Moore also wrote that, although the claims are difficult to corroborate without MI6 and KGB files, Gordievsky's past record in revealing KGB contacts in Britain had been shown to be reliable.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Work in recent years included being a consultant editor for the journal of "National Security", co-hosting a TV show titled "Wanted in the Nineties" and writing content for "Literary Review".


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: Gordievsky lived for years in a "safe house" in London, and security has been tightened since the Salisbury poisonings. A September 2018 article indicated that by that time he was living in an undisclosed location in the Home counties of England.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In April 2008, the media reported that on 2 November 2007, Gordievsky had been taken by ambulance from his home in Surrey to a local hospital, where he spent 34 hours unconscious. He claimed that he was poisoned with thallium by "rogue elements in Moscow". He accused MI6 of forcing Special Branch to drop its early investigations into his allegations; according to him, the investigation was only reopened due to the intervention of former MI5 Director General Eliza Manningham-Buller.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In Gordievsky's opinion, the culprit was a UK-based Russian business associate who had supplied him with pills, which he said were the sedative Xanax, purportedly for insomnia; he refused to identify the associate, saying British authorities had advised against it. Gordievsky accused MI6 of trying to suppress the incident from being known. "I realised they wanted to hush up the crime," he remarked. "There has been accusation and counter-accusation. If they are saying I am not affected by the poison, why did I spend two weeks in hospital?"


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In 2018 Ben Macintyre published a biography of Gordievsky, "The Spy and the Traitor: The Greatest Espionage Story of the Cold War". The 2019 edition of the book includes an Afterword of post-publication reactions from officers of MI6, the KGB, and the CIA who had been involved in the events surrounding Gordievsky.


title: Oleg Gordievsky

text: In March 2020, Gordievsky's story was recounted in an episode of "Spy Wars With Damian Lewis", on the Smithsonian Channel in the US, streaming on various cable services. The episode, "The Man Who Saved The World", recounts the "years-long effort by Gordievsky to pass Soviet intelligence to the British, all but preventing a nuclear Armageddon between the Soviet Union and the West".


title: Annuity

text: In investment, an annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly home mortgage payments, monthly insurance payments and pension payments. Annuities can be classified by the frequency of payment dates. The payments (deposits) may be made weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, or at any other regular interval of time. Annuities may be calculated by mathematical functions known as "annuity functions".


title: Annuity

text: Payments of an "annuity-immediate" are made at the end of payment periods, so that interest accrues between the issue of the annuity and the first payment. Payments of an "annuity-due" are made at the beginning of payment periods, so a payment is made immediately on issueter.


title: Annuity

text: Annuities that provide payments that will be paid over a period known in advance are "annuities certain" or "guaranteed annuities." Annuities paid only under certain circumstances are "contingent annuities". A common example is a life annuity, which is paid over the remaining lifetime of the annuitant. "Certain and life annuities" are guaranteed to be paid for a number of years and then become contingent on the annuitant being alive.


title: Annuity

text: An annuity that begins payments only after a period is a "deferred annuity" (usually after retirement). An annuity that begins payments as soon as the customer has paid, without a deferral period is an "immediate annuity".


title: Annuity

text: Valuation of an annuity entails calculation of the present value of the future annuity payments. The valuation of an annuity entails concepts such as time value of money, interest rate, and future value.


title: Annuity

text: If the number of payments is known in advance, the annuity is an "annuity certain" or "guaranteed annuity". Valuation of annuities certain may be calculated using formulas depending on the timing of payments.


title: Annuity

text: If the payments are made at the end of the time periods, so that interest is accumulated before the payment, the annuity is called an "annuity-immediate", or "ordinary annuity". Mortgage payments are annuity-immediate, interest is earned before being paid.


title: Annuity

text: Annuity due refers to a series of equal payments made at the same interval at the beginning of each period. Periods can be monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, annually, or any other defined period. Examples of annuity due payments include rentals, leases, and insurance payments, which are made to cover services provided in the period following the payment.


title: Annuity

text: The "present value" of an annuity is the value of a stream of payments, discounted by the interest rate to account for the fact that payments are being made at various moments in the future. The present value is given in actuarial notation by:


title: Annuity

text: where formula_2 is the number of terms and formula_3 is the per period interest rate. Present value is linear in the amount of payments, therefore the present value for payments, or "rent" formula_4 is:


title: Annuity

text: In practice, often loans are stated per annum while interest is compounded and payments are made monthly. In this case, the interest formula_6 is stated as a nominal interest rate, and formula_7.


title: Annuity

text: The "future value" of an annuity is the accumulated amount, including payments and interest, of a stream of payments made to an interest-bearing account. For an annuity-immediate, it is the value immediately after the n-th payment. The future value is given by:


title: Annuity

text: where formula_2 is the number of terms and formula_3 is the per period interest rate. Future value is linear in the amount of payments, therefore the future value for payments, or "rent" formula_4 is:


title: Annuity

text: Example: The present value of a 5-year annuity with a nominal annual interest rate of 12% and monthly payments of $100 is:


title: Annuity

text: The rent is understood as either the amount paid at the end of each period in return for an amount PV borrowed at time zero, the "principal" of the loan, or the amount paid out by an interest-bearing account at the end of each period when the amount PV is invested at time zero, and the account becomes zero with the n-th withdrawal.


title: Annuity

text: To calculate present value, the "k"-th payment must be discounted to the present by dividing by the interest, compounded by "k" terms. Hence the contribution of the "k"-th payment "R" would be formula_16. Just considering "R" to be 1, then:


title: Annuity

text: Similarly, we can prove the formula for the future value. The payment made at the end of the last year would accumulate no interest and the payment made at the end of the first year would accumulate interest for a total of ("n" − 1) years. Therefore,


title: Annuity

text: An "annuity-due" is an annuity whose payments are made at the beginning of each period. Deposits in savings, rent or lease payments, and insurance premiums are examples of annuities due.


title: Annuity

text: Each annuity payment is allowed to compound for one extra period. Thus, the present and future values of an annuity-due can be calculated.


title: Annuity

text: where formula_2 is the number of terms, formula_3 is the per-term interest rate, and formula_23 is the effective rate of discount given by formula_24.


title: Annuity

text: Example: The final value of a 7-year annuity-due with a nominal annual interest rate of 9% and monthly payments of $100 can be calculated by:


title: Annuity

text: In Excel, the PV and FV functions take on optional fifth argument which selects from annuity-immediate or annuity-due.


title: Annuity

text: An annuity-due with "n" payments is the sum of one annuity payment now and an ordinary annuity with one payment less, and also equal, with a time shift, to an ordinary annuity. Thus we have:


title: Annuity

text: Therefore a perpetuity has a finite present value when there is a non-zero discount rate. The formulae for a perpetuity are


title: Annuity

text: Valuation of life annuities may be performed by calculating the actuarial present value of the future life contingent payments. Life tables are used to calculate the probability that the annuitant lives to each future payment period. Valuation of life annuities also depends on the timing of payments just as with annuities certain, however life annuities may not be calculated with similar formulas because actuarial present value accounts for the probability of death at each age.


title: Annuity

text: Because the scheme is equivalent with borrowing the amount formula_35 to create a perpetuity with coupon formula_4, and putting formula_37 of that borrowed amount in the bank to grow with interest formula_3.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: Nia DaCosta (born November 8, 1989) is an American film director and screenwriter. She wrote and directed the crime thriller film "Little Woods" (2018), winning the Nora Ephron Prize at the Tribeca Film Festival. She also directed the horror film "Candyman" (2021). In August 2020, DaCosta was hired to direct "The Marvels", becoming the youngest filmmaker to direct a Marvel film, beating the record set by Ryan Coogler.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: DaCosta was born on November 8, 1989, in Brooklyn and raised in Harlem. She is of Jamaican descent. Her original aspiration was to become a poet.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: When DaCosta was 16 years old, she took an A.P. English class, where she was exposed to the work of Joseph Conrad upon reading his book "Heart of Darkness". A turning point in her life came when she and her class watched "Apocalypse Now". DaCosta became obsessed with films, which led her to study cinema from the New Hollywood era, finding inspiration in directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Sidney Lumet, Martin Scorsese, and Steven Spielberg. Citing Scorsese in particular as her primary influence, DaCosta enrolled at his alma mater, New York University Tisch School of the Arts. There, she met Scorsese while working as a television production assistant.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: The overarching theme of DaCosta's films is to spark a conversation about bad situations, more importantly, one that is different from the mainstream. In her schooling, she was told as a writer to "write what you know". DaCosta recalled in an interview that she grew up living a rather privileged lifestyle in New York City, as there were numerous resources that the city offered. Instead of writing about her personal experiences, she would write about someone in the opposite shoes as her, which was the genesis for her debut feature film "Little Woods". DaCosta's work speaks for people who do not get their story and their issues depicted on screen often, in an effort to show what people are doing and if others can do better.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: After finishing school, DaCosta began working as a television production assistant, where she worked with filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese, Steve McQueen, and Steven Soderbergh. After DaCosta wrote the script for "Little Woods", it was one of the 12 projects chosen for the 2015 Sundance Screenwriters and Directors Labs, where she became friends with Tessa Thompson, who was later cast in the role of Ollie. She funded a short film version of what would eventually become her first feature film through Kickstarter with the help of 72 backers, who eventually raised $5,100. After finishing "Little Woods", DaCosta directed two episodes of the third season of the crime drama "Top Boy". While working on the series in London, she learned that she was on the shortlist to direct Jordan Peele's revival of the classic horror film "Candyman". DaCosta's film "Candyman" made her the first African-American female director to have a film debut at the top of the box office. Following the film's success, DaCosta went on to direct the upcoming superhero film "The Marvels", which will feature the first Pakistani superheroine in an American motion picture.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: "Little Woods" is a genre bending take on a modern western that tells the story of Ollie (Tessa Thompson), a reformed drug runner on parole in rural North Dakota, and her estranged sister Deb (Lily James), a single mother living in a trailer park. After their mother dies, Deb shows up on Ollie's doorstep with her young son Johnny, and reveals she is pregnant. This prompts Ollie to find a way to quickly raise money to pay back the bank and keep their mother's home from foreclosure, and pushes Deb to decide whether or not she wants to go through with getting an abortion. The film comments on issues regarding poverty and how it affects women in rural areas, where they do not have as much opportunity for employment and are far from major hospitals, as well as not having the legal or financial ability to undergo the medical procedures they need done.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2018, and was awarded the Nora Ephron award for "excellence in storytelling by a female writer or director". The film's distribution rights were bought by Neon and was released in theaters in the United States on April 19, 2019. DaCosta cites Debra Granik's "Winter's Bone" and Courtney Hunt's "Frozen River" as being her main sources of inspiration for the script, as she feels that their films relay amazing performances and tense drama, yet tackle real issues in America. In a 2018 interview, DaCosta stated the importance to her of telling stories of "women...who are active" rather than passive figures in movies led by men.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: DaCosta was chosen to helm what was described as a spiritual sequel to the original "Candyman" (1992) in 2018. The film returned to the Chicago neighborhood where the legend began, now gentrified. The film was produced by Jordan Peele through Monkeypaw Productions, with Peele citing the original as "a landmark film for Black representation in the horror genre". Yahya Abdul-Mateen II starred in the film, with Tony Todd returning as the film's titular villain, and Teyonah Parris and Nathan Stewart-Jarrett co-starring. Production began in the spring of 2019, and wrapped the following September. Universal Pictures released the film theatrically on August 27, 2021 and received positive reviews.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: The film was nominated for several accolades, such as the Hollywood Critics Association Award for "Most Anticipated Film for the Rest of 2021" and won the award for "Directors to Watch" at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. The film also won the Sunset Film Circle Awards for "Best Horror Film". The film debuted at the top of the box office in its opening weekend and beat its projected earnings by almost 50% at $22,370,000.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: In August 2020, DaCosta was hired to direct the upcoming Marvel Studios film "The Marvels", the sequel to "Captain Marvel" (2019), after having initially approached them with a "Fantastic Four" / "X-Men" crossover movie. It is currently scheduled to be released on July 28, 2023. This is set to be the first Marvel film directed by an African American woman.


title: Nia DaCosta

text: Nia has gathered a lot of fame in a relatively short period of time. She is the first African American woman to have a #1 film. Her first film, "Little Woods," received the Nora Ephron award for "excellence in storytelling by a female writer or director." She also received nominations for her film "Candyman" for "Most Anticipated Film for the Rest of 2021" at the 2021 Hollywood Critics Association, and won the awards for "Directors to Watch", and "Best Horror Film" respectively. With her directorial work in "Candyman", DaCosta received her first nomination at the 53rd NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture, and at the Black Reel and Awards for Outstanding Director and Outstanding Screenplay, Adapted or Original.


title: Philippine peso sign

text: The Philippine peso sign (₱) is the currency symbol used for the Philippine peso, the official currency of the Philippines. The symbol resembles a Roman letter P with two horizontal strokes. It differs from the currency symbol used for the peso in Latin America, which is "$".


title: Philippine peso sign

text: The Philippine peso sign was introduced by "Executive Order No. 66" of the United States colonial government on August 3, 1903. The sign, in capitalized Roman letter P with two parallel lines "passing through and extending slightly beyond loop at right angle to shaft or stem", was decreed to be used "by all officials as the designation of the new Philippine peso to differentiate it from the $ mark for United States currency and the pesos of Spain..." This sign was chosen by Charles Edward Magoon, acting chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, and was approved by Governor William H. Taft.


title: Philippine peso sign

text: The peso is usually denoted by the symbol "₱". This symbol was added to the Unicode standard in version 3.2 and is assigned (₱). The symbol can be accessed through some word processors by typing in codice_1 and then pressing the buttons simultaneously, or by pressing and holding , then pressing codice_2 on the keypad. Other ways of writing the Philippine Peso sign are "PHP", "PhP", "P", or "P" (strike-through or double-strike-through uppercase P), which is still the most common method, although font support for the Unicode Peso sign has been around for some time.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace; abbreviated as Hoover) is an American public policy think tank and research institution that promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government. While the institution is formally a unit of Stanford University, it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations. It is widely described as a conservative institution, although its directors have contested the idea that it is partisan.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In 1919, the institution began as a library founded by Stanford alumnus Herbert Hoover prior to his presidency in order to house his archives gathered during the Great War. The Hoover Tower, an icon of Stanford University, was built to house the archives, then known as the Hoover War Collection (now the Hoover Institution Library and Archives), and contained material related to World War I, World War II, and other global events. The collection was renamed and transformed into a research institution and think tank in the mid-20th century. Its mission, as described by Herbert Hoover in 1959, is "to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life."


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Hoover Institution has been a place of scholarship for individuals who previously held significant positions in government. Notable Hoover fellows and alumni include Nobel Prize laureates Henry Kissinger, Milton Friedman, and Gary Becker; economist Thomas Sowell, scholars Niall Ferguson and Richard Epstein, and former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich. In 2020, former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice became the institution's director. It divides its fellows into separate research teams to work on various subjects, including Economic Policy, History, Education, and Law. It publishes research through its own university press, the Hoover Institution Press.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In 2021, Hoover was ranked as the 10th most influential think tank in the world by "Academic Influence". It was ranked 22nd on the "Top Think Tanks in United States" and 1st on the "Top Think Tanks to Look Out For" lists of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program that same year.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In June 1919, Herbert Hoover, then a wealthy engineer who was one of Stanford's first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur $50,000 in order to support the collection of primary materials related to World War I, a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Supported primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished in its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library (now the Hoover Institution Library and Archives) and had collected a variety of rare and unpublished material, including the files of the "Okhrana," as well as a plurality of government documents. It was originally housed in the Stanford Library, separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote:I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one of Andrew D. White's writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during the French Revolution was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct the real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted to the Great War. It contained 1.4 million items and was becoming too large to house in the Stanford Library so the university allocated $600,000 for the construction of the Hoover Tower, which was to be its permanent home independent of the Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university's golden jubilee. The tower has since been an icon of the Stanford campus.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In 1956, former President Hoover, under the auspices of the Institution and Library, launched a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a think tank and archive. In 1957, the Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace—the name it holds today. In 1959 Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University." In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest in the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In 1975, Ronald Reagan, who was Governor of California at that time, was designated as Hoover’s first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library. During that time the Hoover Institution held a general budget of $3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States. For his presidential campaign in 1980, Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to support the campaign in multiple capacities. After Reagan won the election campaign, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for the Reagan administration in 1981.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was seen as the end of an era. Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Gilligan.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Trump administration maintained close ties with the institution and multiple Hoover affiliates were assigned top positions in government. Scott Atlas, one Hoover fellow, was known for pushing against public health measures as a top Trump advisor in the COVID-19 pandemic, and was condemned in a Stanford faculty vote.


title: Hoover Institution

text: In August 2017 the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference center with a 400-seat auditorium and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters.


title: Hoover Institution

text: At any given time the Hoover Institution has up to 200 resident scholars known as Fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some hold joint appointments as lecturers on the Stanford faculty.


title: Hoover Institution

text: During Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between the university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Institution has libraries which include materials from both the First World War and Second World War, including the collection of documents of President Hoover, which he began to collect at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Thousands of Persian books, official documents, letters, multimedia pieces and other materials on Iran's history, politics and culture can also be found at the Stanford University library and the Hoover Institution library.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Hoover Institution's in-house publisher, Hoover Institution Press, produces publications on public policy topics, including the quarterly periodicals "Hoover Digest", "Education Next", "China Leadership Monitor", and "Defining Ideas". The Hoover Institution Press previously published the bimonthly periodical "Policy Review", which it acquired from The Heritage Foundation in 2001. "Policy Review" ceased publication with its February–March 2013 issue.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Hoover Institution Press also publishes books and essays by Hoover Institution fellows and other Hoover-affiliated scholars.


title: Hoover Institution

text: The Hoover Institution receives nearly half of its funding from private gifts, primarily from individual contributions, and the other half from its endowment.


title: Hoover Institution

text: Funders of the organization include the Taube Family Foundation, the Koret Foundation, the Howard Charitable Foundation, the Sarah Scaife Foundation, the Walton Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, and the William E. Simon Foundation.


title: Think Like a Man

text: Think Like a Man is a 2012 American romantic comedy film directed by Tim Story, written by Keith Merryman and David A. Newman, and produced by Will Packer. It was based on Steve Harvey's 2009 book "Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man". The film stars an ensemble cast, featuring Michael Ealy, Jerry Ferrara, Meagan Good, Regina Hall, Kevin Hart, Terrence J, Taraji P. Henson, Romany Malco, and Gabrielle Union.


title: Think Like a Man

text: The film was released on April 20, 2012 by Screen Gems. It received mixed reviews from critics, who complimented the film's humor, its soundtrack and the performances of the cast (particularly those of Good, Malco and Hart) but received criticism for being a "standard romcom". The film was a commercial success, grossing $96.1 million against a $12 million budget. A direct sequel, "Think Like a Man Too", was released on June 20, 2014, with the original cast returning, to negative reviews from critics but become a moderate commercial success.


title: Think Like a Man

text: Each of the women are readers of Steve Harvey's book "Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man". When the men learn that the women are reliant on Harvey's advice, they try to turn the tables on their mates, which later seems to backfire.


title: Think Like a Man

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 54% with an average score of 5.1/10, based on 102 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "In "Think Like a Man", an otherwise standard rom-com is partially elevated by a committed -- and attractive -- cast, resulting in a funny take on modern romance." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 51 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Think Like a Man

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that a major problem with the film is that it takes seriously the advice given in the book it is based upon, commenting that such an approach "might have worked as a screwball comedy or a satire, but can you believe for a moment in characters naive enough to actually live their lives following Steve Harvey's advice? The result is a tiresome exercise that circles at great length through various prefabricated stories defined by the advice each couple needs (or doesn't need)." Ebert called the cast "superb" noting in particular the performances of Meagan Good and Kevin Hart. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" also complimented Good and Hart's performance, as well as Romany Malco's performance. He ultimately gave the film a "B-" grade, writing that it is "so busy tracking courtship as if it were a science project that the bite-size love stories lack spontaneity." In a positive review, Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" commended the film for "stick[ing] to a formula without falling prey to it" and commented that "its hangout factor is considerable, because the actors' charms are considerable."


title: Think Like a Man

text: "Think Like a Man" grossed over $33.7 million during its opening weekend, an accomplishment which ended "The Hunger Games" four-week run at the #1 spot at the U.S. box office. The film remained on atop the competition during its second week, bringing in $17.6 million.


title: Think Like a Man

text: As of June 24, 2012, "Think Like a Man" has earned $91,547,205 in both the United States and Canada, along with $4,523,302 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $96,070,507 on a production budget of $12.5 million.


title: Think Like a Man

text: The film's soundtrack includes songs performed by numerous artists, including Kelly Rowland, Jennifer Hudson, Keri Hilson, John Legend and Future.


title: Think Like a Man

text: Principal photography began On July 1, 2011 in Los Angeles, California & Culver City, California and ended on 5 September 2011.


title: All Star (song)

text: "All Star" is a song by the American rock band Smash Mouth from their second studio album, "Astro Lounge" (1999). Written by Greg Camp and produced by Eric Valentine, the song was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from "Astro Lounge". The song was one of the last tracks to be written for "Astro Lounge", after the band's record label Interscope requested more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an "anthem" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album "Fush Yu Mang" (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.


title: All Star (song)

text: The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its musical progression from "Fush Yu Mang" as well as its catchy tone. It was nominated for the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 42nd Grammy Awards. Subsequent reviews from critics have regarded "All Star" favorably, with some ranking it as one of the best songs of 1999. The song charted around the world, ranking in the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Canada, and on the "Billboard" Hot 100, while topping the "Billboard" Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts.


title: All Star (song)

text: The song's accompanying music video features characters from the superhero film "Mystery Men" (1999), which itself prominently featured "All Star". The song became ubiquitous in popular culture following multiple appearances in films, most notably in the aforementioned "Mystery Men" and, later, the DreamWorks Animation film "Shrek" (2001). It received renewed popularity in the 2010s as an internet meme and has ranked as one of the most-streamed rock songs from 2017 to 2021 in the United States.