title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: J. Hoberman has written that "Aguirre" "is not just a great movie but an essential one ... Herzog's third feature ... is both a landmark film and a magnificent social metaphor". Danny Peary wrote, "To see "Aguirre" for the first time is to discover a genuine masterpiece. It is overwhelming, spellbinding; at first dreamlike, and then hallucinatory." Roger Ebert has added it to his list of The Great Movies, and in a 2002 "Sight & Sound" poll of critics and filmmakers on the best films ever made, Ebert listed it in his top ten. In the same poll, critic Nigel Andrews and director Santosh Sivan also placed it in their top ten list. Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker".


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: In 1999, "Rolling Stone" included the film on the magazine's "100 Maverick Movies of the Last 100 Years" list. "Aguirre" was included in "Time" magazine's "All Time 100 Best Films", compiled by Richard Schickel and Richard Corliss. "Entertainment Weekly" named it the 46th greatest cult film ever made. The film was ranked #19 in "Empire" magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: "Aguirre" has won several prestigious film awards. In 1973 it won the Deutscher Filmpreis (German Film Award) for "Outstanding Individual Achievement: Cinematography". In 1976 it was voted the "Best Foreign Film" by the French Syndicate of Film Critics. In 1977 the National Society of Film Critics US gave it their "Best Cinematography" Award. It won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association in 1976 and was nominated for a "Best Film" César Award.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film "Apocalypse Now", a film based on Joseph Conrad's 1902 novella "Heart of Darkness", was influenced also by "Aguirre", as it contains seemingly deliberate visual "quotations" of Herzog's film. Coppola himself has noted, ""Aguirre", with its incredible imagery, was a very strong influence. I'd be remiss if I didn't mention it."


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Several critics have noted that "Aguirre" appears to have had a direct influence on several other films. Martin Rubin has written that "[a]mong the films strongly influenced by "Aguirre" are Coppola's "Apocalypse Now" and Terrence Malick's "The New World" (2005)". J. Hoberman agreed, noting that Herzog's "sui generis Amazon fever dream" was "the influence Malick's over-inflated "New World" can't shake." Channel 4 opined "This is an astonishing, deceptively simple, pocket-sized epic whose influence, in terms of both style and narrative, is seen in films as diverse as "Apocalypse Now", "The Mission", "Predator", and "The Blair Witch Project" (1999)."


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Although plot details and many of the characters in "Aguirre" come directly from Herzog's own imagination, historians have pointed out that the film fairly accurately incorporates some 16th-century events and historical personages into a fictional narrative.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Herzog's screenplay merged two expeditions: one led by Gonzalo Pizarro in 1541, which resulted in the discovery by Europeans of the Amazon river by Francisco de Orellana, and another one that occurred in 1560.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: The expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro and his men left from the city of Quito and entered the Amazon basin in search of El Dorado. Various troubles afflicted the expedition and, sure that El Dorado was very close, Pizarro set up a smaller group led by Francisco de Orellana to break off from the main group and forge ahead, then return with news of what they had found. This group utilized a brigantine to journey down the river. After failing to find the legendary city, Orellana was unable to return because of the current, and he and his men continued to follow the Napo River until he reached the estuary of the Amazon in 1542.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: The historic Gaspar de Carvajal (1500–1584) was a Spanish Dominican friar who had settled in Peru and dedicated himself to the conversion of the Indigenous peoples. His general attitude towards the local people was consistent with the benevolence of his better-known brother Dominican friar, Bartolomé de las Casas. This personality is at odds with the description in the film where Carvajal is portrayed as a cowardly priest who claimed that "the church was always on the side of the strong".


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: The film's major characters, Aguirre, Ursúa, Don Fernando, Inez and Flores, were involved in the second expedition, which left Peru in 1560 to find the city of El Dorado. Commissioned by Peru's governor, Ursúa organized an expeditionary group of 300 men to travel by way of the Amazon River. He was accompanied by his mixed-race mistress, Doña Inez. At one point during the journey, Aguirre, a professional soldier, decided that he could use the 300 men to overthrow the Spanish rule of Peru. Aguirre had Ursúa murdered and proclaimed Fernando as "The Prince of Peru". Fernando himself was eventually murdered when he questioned Aguirre's scheme of sailing to the Atlantic, conquering Panama, crossing the isthmus and invading Peru. Many others who attempted to rebel against Aguirre were also killed. The surviving soldiers conquered Isla Margarita off the coast of Venezuela and made preparations to attack the mainland. However, by that time Spanish authorities had learned of Aguirre's plans, and when the rebels arrived in Venezuela, government agents offered full pardons to Aguirre's men. All of them accepted the deal. Immediately prior to his arrest, Aguirre murdered his daughter Flores, who had remained by his side during the entire journey. He was then captured and dismembered.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Other Spanish expeditions outside the Amazon influenced the story; the conversation in which the local inhabitants refuse a Bible comes from events before the Battle of Cajamarca, in which Inca emperor Atahualpa allegedly rejected the Requerimiento. The chronicle of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, "La Relación" (""The Account""), mentions the appearance of a boat in a treetop after a fierce tropical storm in Hispaniola:


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Kinski's crazed performance bore similarities to the real Aguirre, a "true homicidal megalomaniac". Many of his fellow soldiers considered his actions to be that of a madman. Kinski's use of a limp reflected one that Aguirre had, the result of a battle injury. Aguirre's frequent short but impassioned speeches to his men in the film were accurately based on the man's noted "simple but effective rhetorical ability". The "South Atlantic Review" observes the film's attitude toward historical accuracy as being similar to works of Shakespeare:Like Shakespeare, Herzog begins with chronicle accounts of events and personages, but then re-shapes and embroiders upon these historical chronicles, at once providing answers and revealing more puzzling questions, not only turning "history" into "art" (a tenuous distinction in any case), but meditating upon the makers and the making of history.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: — Gregory A. WallerAdditionally noted is the juxtaposition of Spanish imperialism with that of Nazism, specifically citing Aguirre's deranged closing speech as "historical analogy with Hitler and German fascism".


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: "Film Quarterly" further expands on this point, marking the casting of Kinski as emblematic of this historical parallel:[Herzog] achieves this dimension by choosing an actor with typically Nordic coloring: Klaus Kinski, with his blond hair and blue eyes.25 According to historical accounts, Aguirre was "of short stature . . . sparely made, ill-featured, the face small and lean, [the] beard black. " Herzog's Aguirre is not of "short stature" but although he is not very tall, his deformity causes him to stand out. Unlike the historical Aguirre, this one has unusually large features and is beardless and blond. Through this blond Nordic knight, Herzog alludes to a much earlier age of expansionism: to medieval Germany with the religious imperialism of the Crusaders and the Teutonic Knights, and also to a more recent period: the 1930s, which combined the rebirth of the Nordic stereotype (seen in the light of racial superiority) with Hitler's attempts at imperialist conquest. Herzog's main character is more than a conquistador of one particular century; he is the embodiment of imperialism as such.


title: Aguirre, the Wrath of God

text: Seen in this light, Herzog's re-creation of a specific period in history, i.e., Spain's conquests in the New World, becomes a treatise on the evils of imperialism through the ages. It is not surprising then, that Herzog's film constitutes a great flight of fancy mostly leaving historical data behind and making instead a collage of fact and fiction.While film journalists acknowledge the various liberties taken within the film's depiction of historical events, these choices are observed as creative decisions on the part of the director, both in service of the narrative structure and also as reflections of imperialist and fascist manifestations occurring throughout history, both prior to and following the 16th-century conquest of South America. Kinski's manic performance combined with the film's blunt portrayal of violence toward the native population acts less as a literal portrayal of events and more as broad condemnation of both historical events and the concept of imperialist conquest.


title: Leo Suter

text: Suter was born in London,and educated at Colet Court, St Paul's School, and New College, Oxford, where he read Human Sciences.


title: Leo Suter

text: He began acting while studying in school at the age of eleven. He signed his first professional acting contract after playing in his school final play. His theatre roles included Patsy in "The Winterting" by Oxford Playhouse, Subtle in "The Alchemist" by Arcola Theatre, Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet by Southwark Playhouse. Most recently, Suter plays Harald Sigurdsson in the new series "Vikings: Valhalla" directed by Jeb Stuart, airing on Netflix.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon (; ; born 25 April 1974) is the head of the House of Bourbon. Members of the family formerly ruled France and other countries. According to the legitimists, Louis Alphonse is considered the pretender to the defunct throne of France as Louis XX. With the death of his father, he has been using the title of Duke of Anjou since 1989.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse considers himself the senior heir of Hugh Capet, King of the Franks (reigned 987–996). His claim to the defunct French throne is based on his descent from Louis XIV of France (r. 1643–1715) through his grandson Philip V of Spain. Philip renounced his claim to the French throne under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The rival Orleanist pretenders argue that this, as well as being born a Spanish citizen, makes Louis Alphonse ineligible for the throne. They also question whether he truly is the heir-male of Louis XIV, given the rumors of illegitimacy surrounding Alfonso XII (his great-great-grandfather).


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse is patrilineally the senior great-grandson of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. However, his grandfather Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, renounced his rights to the Spanish throne for himself and his descendants owing to his deafness (a renunciation disputed by legitimists). The crown of Spain has descended to his second cousin, King Felipe VI of Spain. Through his mother, he is also a great-grandson of Spain's "caudillo" (dictator), General Francisco Franco and through his father, a great-great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse was born in Madrid, the second son of Alfonso de Borbón, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, and of his wife María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco, eldest granddaughter of Francisco Franco. Alfonso was at that time the dauphin (using "Duke of Bourbon" as title of pretence) according to those who supported the claim of his father, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia to the French throne. On 20 March 1975, the Infante Jaime ("Henri VI" by Legitimist reckoning) died. Alfonso then asserted his claim to be both Head of the House of Bourbon and Legitimist claimant to the throne of France. As such, he took the title "Duke of Anjou".


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse's parents separated in 1982, and their Catholic marriage was annulled in 1986. His mother has since remarried civilly twice; he had two stepsisters Mathilda (deceased) and Marella, and a stepbrother Frederick, all born before his mother's marriage to Jean-Marie Rossi and a half-sister, Cynthia Rossi, born afterwards. On 7 February 1984, Louis Alphonse's older brother Francisco died as the result of a car crash in which Louis Alphonse was also injured, although less so than their father, who was driving the automobile. From that date Louis Alphonse was recognised as the heir apparent to his father by the Legitimists. As such, he was given the additional title Duke of Bourbon on 27 September 1984 by his father. In 1987, the Spanish government declared that titles traditionally attached to the dynasty (such as the Dukedom of Cádiz) would henceforth be borne by its members on a lifetime only basis, forestalling Louis Alphonse from inheriting that grandeeship.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse took his primary studies at College Molière, a bilingual school, where he earned his baccalaureate. In 1991, he was admitted to CUNEF University, where he earned a master's degree in international finance. Louis is multilingual, speaking English, Spanish, and French (in addition to some Italian and German).


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: On 30 January 1989, his father died in a skiing accident near Vail, Colorado. Later, in 1994 Louis Alphonse received 150 million "pesetas" from a lawsuit against Vail Associated, which owned the ski resort where the accident occurred. Louis Alphonse was recognised by some members of the Capetian dynasty as "Chef de la Maison de Bourbon" (Head of the House of Bourbon) and took the title Duke of Anjou, but not his father's Spanish dukedom. He is considered the rightful pretender to the defunct French throne by adherents of the Legitimist movement.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse was elected by the French Society of the Cincinnati as the representative of Louis XVI.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: In addition to his Spanish citizenship, Louis Alphonse acquired French nationality through his paternal grandmother, Emmanuelle de Dampierre, also a French citizen. He attended the Lycée Français de Madrid, obtaining his "COU" in June 1992. He studied economics at the IESE Business School. He worked several years for "BNP Paribas", a French bank in Madrid.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: In 2017, Louis Alphonse stated that he wishes for the remains of his ancestors, including King Charles X, to remain at the Kostanjevica Monastery, after a movement reportedly began to have the King's remains moved to be buried along with other French monarchs in Basilica of St Denis.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: In 2021, Louis Alphonse attended the wedding of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia and his wife.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse describes himself as a monarchist, “but not anti-republican”. He argues for a constitutional monarchy, with a king who acts as moral authority, foreign ambassador, unifying figure, and reminder of a nation's history. He holds ties to the conservative Spanish political party Vox and is a close friend of its leader, Santiago Abascal.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: In March 2018, Louis Alphonse was named honorary president of the Francisco Franco National Foundation, a position held by his grandmother, Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco, until her death in December 2017. On July 15, later that year, he headed a Movement-for-Spain demonstration at the Valley of the Fallen monument, leading supporters of the late Spanish dictator, his great-grandfather Francisco Franco. They opposed the Spanish socialist government's plan to remove Franco's remains from a basilica near Madrid. He also launched a change.org petition, calling for the resignation of the Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: In 2019, he expressed public support for the Yellow vests movement in France, and later spoke at the World Congress of Families XIII, where he called for return to "Christian society".


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse's engagement to marry Venezuelan María Margarita Vargas Santaella, the daughter of the businessman Victor Vargas, was announced in November 2003. They were married civilly in Caracas on 5 November 2004 and religiously on 6 November 2004 in La Romana, Dominican Republic. None of the members of the Spanish royal family attended the wedding. Although no official reason was given, it was no secret that the then king of Spain, Juan Carlos I, did not approve his cousin's claim to the French throne, nor the fact that Louis Alphonse issued the wedding invitations styled as "Duke of Anjou".


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Louis Alphonse and María Margarita had their first child, Eugénie, on 5 March 2007, at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami. She was baptised at the papal nunciature in Paris in June 2007. Her godparents are Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma and his wife Constance. French Legitimists recognize her as "Eugénie, Madame Royale", the style commonly attributed to the eldest unmarried daughter of a king of France (in Spain her name is "Eugenia de Borbón Vargas").


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: The couple had twin sons, Louis and Alphonse, on 28 May 2010 in New York City. Their father has conferred upon them the historic French titles of, respectively, Duke of Burgundy ("duc de Bourgogne"), and Duke of Berry ("duc de Berry"). (In Spain, the twins are Don Luis and Don Alfonso de Borbón Vargas). Louis, as Legitimist Dauphin of France, is expected to succeed his father as head of the French royal house, the senior Bourbon/Capetian line, in Legitimist reckoning. Louis and Alphonse were baptised on 5 September 2010 at St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City by Cardinal Angelo Comastri. Louis' godparents were Arancha Martínez-Bordíu (his father's maternal aunt) and Francisco D'Agostino (his mother's brother-in-law). Alphonse's godparents were Amparo Corell de Trenor, and Lorenzo Perales.


title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

text: Their fourth child, Henri, was born on 1 February 2019 in New York and was granted the title Duke of Touraine ("duc de Touraine") by his father.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The third season of the American superhero television series "The Boys", the first series in the franchise based on the comic book series of the same name written by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson, was developed for television by American writer and television producer Eric Kripke. The season is produced by Sony Pictures Television in association with Point Grey Pictures, Original Film, Kripke Enterprises, Kickstart Entertainment and KFL Nightsky Productions.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The show's third season stars Karl Urban, Jack Quaid, Antony Starr, Erin Moriarty, Dominique McElligott, Jessie T. Usher, Laz Alonso, Chace Crawford, Tomer Capone, Karen Fukuhara, Nathan Mitchell, Colby Minifie, Claudia Doumit and Jensen Ackles. Taking place a year after the events of the previous season, the story follows the titular Boys now working for Victoria Neuman's Bureau of Superhero Affairs to apprehend problematic Supes, having been at peace with the Seven. However, the conflict is resumed once Butcher begins to investigate the truth about the apparent death of Soldier Boy, one of Vought's first American superheroes, with the hope of killing Homelander for good. Meanwhile, Homelander's mental stability begins to deteriorate as Vought attempts to restrict his power, while other Seven members such as Starlight and Queen Maeve assist the Boys in their plots against him.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The season was announced ahead of the second-season premiere, on July 23, 2020, at the aftershow hosted by Aisha Tyler for the 2020 San Diego Comic-Con@Home. The show was released in a weekly basis on streaming service Amazon Prime Video, premiering its first three episodes on June 3, 2022, while the rest ran until July 8, 2022. The season has received critical praise from critics for its screenplay, dark humor, action sequences, character development, storyline, and performances, particularly Urban, Starr, and Ackles. On June 10, 2022, the series was renewed for a fourth season.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Billy Zane, Charlize Theron, Seth Rogen, Patton Oswalt, Josh Gad, Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher, Elizabeth Banks, Aisha Tyler, and Rose Byrne cameo as fictionalised version of themselves, with Zane and Theron respectively portraying Alastair Adana and Stormfront in fictional films within the series in "Payback" and "The Only Man In The Sky", and Rogen portraying himself as SupePorn.com patron "SirCumsALot779" in "The Last Time to Look on This World of Lies", with the others appearing in the opening scene of "Herogasm" in a parody of Gal Gadot's COVID-19 lockdown celebrity supergroup cover of "Imagine". Jaz Sinclair appears in a photograph in "The Only Man In The Sky" as Marie Moreau, ahead of starring as her in the spin-off series "Gen V".


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The third season was announced on July 23, 2020, ahead of the second-season premiere, at the aftershow hosted by Aisha Tyler for the 2020 San Diego Comic-Con@Home. On October 16, 2020, the season's first episode was revealed to be titled "Payback". Eric Kripke confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be adapting the comic book miniseries "Herogasm", which will be taking the same name and will focus on the superhero orgy festivals. Kripke confirmed that Soldier Boy will be different from the comics, revealing that instead of being depicted as a superhero who has yearly sex with "Homelander" in an attempt to gain membership in The Seven, he will be portrayed as the "Homelander before Homelander". Kripke also revealed that Soldier Boy won't be innocent like he is depicted in the comics and instead he will be portrayed as someone worse than "Homelander". Laz Alonso, revealed that the third season would be three times bloodier than the previous season, revealing that they used three and half gallons of fake blood, compared that the previous season only used less than a gallon of blood. On May 17, 2022, it was confirmed that the superhero team Payback would be making their live-action debut on the season, with several superheroes being introduced in the show. The new heroes aside from Soldier Boy would be Crimson Countess, Swatto, TNT Twins, Gunpowder, and Mindstorm.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The series showrunner Eric Kripke said that the season was expected to explore deeper into the American history of the show's universe and Vought's past. He also revealed that the season would introduce the superhero team Payback:


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: One of the many superheroes introduced in the show is Soldier Boy, who serves as the leader of the superhero group "Payback". The character is described as a superhero just as dangerous as Homelander who fought in World War II, that represents the embodiment of toxic masculinity and patriotism. Kripke teases that unlike the comics where the character is portrayed as an innocent and cowardly superhero who has yearly sex with Homelander in an attempt to gain membership in the Seven, he would be portrayed as the "Homelander before Homelander" and that he would be worse than the same Homelander:


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Kripke revealed that the season's sixth episode would eventually adapt the miniseries comic book "Herogasm", which is centered around superhero orgy festivals. He has described the scene as a very difficult one due to the writers trying to find a way of how to make the scene fit into the storyline into the show. Jensen Ackles considered the episode to be the most traumatic experience for the crew that even the director was confused: "I know I was just kind of very curious as to how that was going to work. And even the director was like 'I don't know what I'm shooting anymore.' Our crew looked traumatized." The episode is described to be the wildest one of the show, as it intends to push several limits for a TV-MA rated show, even to the point where Chace Crawford expresses concern about the reaction of the fans and event to the point of believing that he and the rest of the crew could be canceled from the Internet.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Kripke revealed that from the storylines portrayed in the third season, he considers the character development of Kimiko as his favorite one revealing that from the beginning of the season's premiere it would begin her journey of the emotional arc she would have to explore. Kripke has stated that following the previous seasons he decided that it was finally important to give the character some agency:


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: A scene of the season's premiere took inspiration from a popular theory turned viral meme of the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "" when a fan suggested a possible theory of Ant-Man killing Thanos by shrinking inside the latter's rectum and expanding. However the theory was debunked by "Avengers: Endgame" film's co-writer Christopher Markus stating that Thanos' rectum was too strong for Ant-Man and the latter would have been killed instead. This scene is shown during the first 15 minutes of the show where Termite gets in the penis of a lover of his while making love with him but he accidentally sneezes, reverting to normal size and killing the latter. Kripke took the decision to prove that theory to give fans something that Marvel would never do:


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The season includes a musical sequence taking place in a hospital between Kimiko and Frenchie, which is featured in the fifth episode "The Last Time to Look on This World of Lies", with Kripke intending to include the scene since the series second season. The episode was teased on June 14, 2022, on Twitter with the message "Bring your dancing shoes" and the hashtag "#TheBoysMusical." Fukuhara deemed the scene as an opportunity to bond with Capone: "The dance rehearsals really bonded us together, and I think you can see that on-screen, as well. There's something about working on something together, like doing a team sport, that brings people together."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On August 17, 2020, it was announced that Jensen Ackles would be joining the show as Soldier Boy, promising that "the character would bring so much humor, pathos, and danger to the role." On June 7, 2021, Ackles shared through his social media his first look as the character. Laura Jean Shannon designed the suit for Soldier Boy using military green and referring to him as "the original bad-ass". She eventually explained how the suit fits his character: "Our goal was to highlight a bygone era of overt masculinity and grit. With that pedigree we dove headfirst into baking in an all-American quality grounded in a military soldier's practicality with a heavy dose of old school cowboy swagger. We knew that the actor had to have Steve McQueen looks and chops with a John Wayne attitude — luckily Jensen Ackles embodies all of that."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On October 30, 2020, it was announced that Claudia Doumit and Colby Minifie would reprise their roles as Victoria Newman and Ashley Barrett respectively with both being promoted to series regulars. On March 26, 2021, it was announced that Katia Winter joined the show as the Russian mob boss Little Nina. On June 25, 2021, Laurie Holden was announced to join the show as the superheroine and Soldier Boy's ex-girlfriend Crimson Countess. On June 23, 2021, Miles Gaston Villanueva, Sean Patrick Flannery, and Nick Wechsler joined the show respectively as Supersonic, Gunpowder, and Blue Hawk. On October 5, 2021, Frances Turner, Kristin Booth, and Jack Doolan joined the series as recurring characters. Booth and Doolan appears as the TNT twins with the former being Tessa TNT and the latter being Tommy TNT, while Turner replaced Alvina August as MM's ex-wife Monique.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Though the character originally wasn't meant to return in the season, Aya Cash reprised her role as Stormfront with a guest appearance in the season's premiere. Kripke admitted that he took the decision to bring the character back even with a small role and that even Cash was unaware of her return for the season. Antony Starr admitted that he enjoyed to work with Cash once again: "We've become really tight friends after doing season 2 together. To have her back, even just for a couple of days, was just great. She's sorely missed, but she will be forever remembered in season 3, jacking off Homelander." Charlize Theron made a surprise cameo appearance as Stormfront in the season's premiere for the trailer of the in-universe fictional film "Dawn of the Seven" in the same vein as her appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" as Clea. Paul Reiser also makes an appearance in the series as The Legend, a spoof of legendary screenwriter and producer Robert Evans whereas his comics counterpart was based on Stan Lee. Kumail Nanjiani reprised his role as Vik from "" in "Herogasm". Voice actor Eric Bauza voiced Buster Beaver, the mascot of Buster Beaver Pizza and a parody of Chuck E. Cheese. With the animation provided by 6 Point Harness, Bauza's former animation workplace.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On February 24, 2021, Kripke shared through his Twitter a Homelander's statue in the set of the show confirming that the production for the third season officially started in Toronto, Ontario, with the Metro Convention Centre being transformed into the fictional Vought Studios for the show. Kripke was worried that the COVID-19 could endanger the filming for the season causing conflicts with filming schedules, guest stars, and how can it work with the story. However the crew worked hard and managed to used several safety precautions to ensure the safety of every worker, something that Karl Urban acknowledged though the season was originally slated to start production in late January. On September 10, 2021, Karl Urban confirmed that the season officially wrapped filming.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Like the previous seasons, several scenes were filmed at the Roy Thomson Hall to grab the exterior of the Seven Tower with the latter one being re-created digitally. The crew filmed the Metro Toronto Convention Centre to be converted into the inside of the Vought headquarters for the series which included several posters of the supes Homelander and Starlight. The show was also filmed at several places for other scenes from the north of Downtown Toronto to Yonge Street, with a few sequences taking place at the neighborhood of Little Italy. The crew managed to capture a shot at the Flatiron Building for the apartment where "the Boys" are residing though the interior was probably filmed on a set at the studios. The crew filmed at the exterior of the Saint George Manor for the in-universe fictional reality show named "American Hero". The series was also filmed in Canada's Wonderland at the Medieval Faire to recreate the fictional in-universe Vought Land theme park, where Kimiko and Frenchie confront Crimson Countess.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The companies that were in charge of creating the visual effects for the season were Pixomondo, Rocket Science VFX, MPC Episodic, Soho VFX, Ingenuity Studios, Rising Sun Pictures, Studio 8, and Outpost VFX. Stephan Fleet was in charge of being the VFX supervisor once again after working for the previous seasons. Fleet revealed that the season would have bigger visual effects than the previous seasons but will keep the characters and story that was created by the creators of the series. Laz Alonzo revealed that the season used over three times the amount of blood more than the previous season: "I'll put it to you this way. I was talking to the head makeup artist and she's in charge of ordering the blood — that's one of her many jobs. She told me that all of Season 2... When you talk about bulk, I don't think they used over a gallon of blood in Season 2, believe it or not. Season 3, we're already at three and a half gallons of blood. So that should give you a little indication of where it's going."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: For the scene where Termite gets into and subsequently blows up his lover's urethra, Brett Gredge confirmed that the crew created a 11-foot high and 30-feet long penis prosthetic (modelled after that of Seth Rogen) with a post he made at his Instagram account with a photo of himself alongside his stunt double Alex Armbruster posing in front of the fake penis covered in white powder. The show also created a fully made CGI octopus for the scene where the Deep is forced by Homelander to eat it to rejoin the Seven as the crew did not want to endanger or harm any animal. Fleet also revealed that the crew created a giant bag with white powder for the first episode where Termite in his small size is captured by Butcher into a bag full of cocaine and is taken into the custody by the Federal Bureau of Superhuman Affairs. A prosthetic animatronic octopus was created for an scene where it is seen having sex with The Deep for the sixth episode "Herogasm".


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The soundtrack album for the soundtrack was released digitally on July 8, 2022, through Madison Gate Records. Christopher Lennertz composed the original soundtrack after previously doing so for the previous seasons. On June 3, 2022, Madison Gate Records released its first three songs for the show written by Christopher Lennertz, with the first two being "You've Got a License to Drive (Me Crazy)" and "Rock My Kiss" both of them being performed by Miles Gaston Villanueva, while the third one was "America's Son" by Laurie Holden. On June 17, 2022, another song performed by Holden was "Chimps Don't Cry" which was released alongside its music video.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Ahead of the third season's premiere, Amazon announced that the series would be releasing video segments of the series in the form of in-universe news reports from the Vought News Network channel on YouTube called "Seven on 7." The video segments were released on the seventh day of each month over a period of seven months starting in July 2021 and concluding in January 2022. The video segments serves as a bridge between season 2 and 3, with each segment containing different stories that tease a series of events expected to happen on upcoming episodes and introducing new characters. Matthew Edison joined the show as news anchor Cameron Coleman, a role that he would reprise at the series third season.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On March 10, 2022, a teaser poster was released through Twitter which consists of Butcher getting heat vision and featured a caption "Soon, it'll be time to level the playing field," suggesting that the character would be getting superpowers to be at the level of the supes to finally face them directly. A red band teaser trailer was released just two days later and confirmed officially that Butcher's superpowers would be heat vision. On May 13, 2022, released a teaser themed poster for the in-universe fictional film "Payback" with every member of the superhero group in it with Soldier Boy at the front and center of the poster and the other members being Crimson Countess, TNT (Tommy & Tessa), Mindstorm, Airburst, Gunpowder, and Black Noir.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On May 16, 2022, the official trailer for the season was released, which teased the introduction of a Compound V that grants superpowers for only 24 hours better known as V24, which revealed to be the source of Butcher's superpowers. On May 21, 2022, Amazon published a trailer for the in-universe fictional movie "Dawn of the Seven" which also named it as the Bourke Cut making reference to the film "Zack Snyder's Justice League". A website "www.dawnoftheseven.com" which gives users the details for the fictional film was also created as part of the in-universe viral marketing. Posters were also released with the main poster being designed by Kyle Lambert who also worked for the posters of "Stranger Things", with the others being individual posters for each of five members of the Seven which are Homelander, Starlight, Black Noir, Queen Maeve, and A-Train. On May 30, 2022, on Twitter it was posted a 1980s themed anti-drug campaign short video with Jensen Ackles portraying Soldier Boy making reference at the "Just Say No" campaign. The following day it was published the in-universe outtakes of Soldier Boy revealing the true colors of the character as an hypocrital short-tempered, foul-mouthed, alcoholic and drug-addicted superhero.


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: The third season of "The Boys" premiered on Amazon Prime Video its first three episodes on June 3, 2022, while the rest of the episodes set to be released on a weekly basis until July 8. Due to the graphic imagery of an orgy that was expected for the episode, the season's sixth episode ""Herogasm"" includes a warning sign on a trailer that was released on Twitter that reads: "This episode depicts a massive supe orgy, airborne penetration, dildo-based maiming, extra strength lube, icicle phalluses and cursing. It's not suitable for any audience."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds an approval rating of 98% based on 144 reviews, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Managing to up the ante on what was already one of television's most audacious satires, "The Boys"' third season is both bracingly visceral and wickedly smart." On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Alison Foreman of "The A.V. Club" graded the season an "A-" and wrote: "Packed with fun-as-ever action, surprise cameos, and searingly salient commentary, "The Boys" season three ticks nearly all the boxes for those seeking on-screen catharsis amid real-world frustration, impatience, and grief." "The Guardian" Lucy Mangan rated the season with a 4 out of 5 stars and said: "["The Boys"] goes from strength to strength. Between the actors, the writers or the viewers, it's hard to say who's having the most fun." Jennifer Bisset from "CNET" praised the show for its meta humor and character development and commented: "Every episode guarantees early "Game of Thrones" level fornication and bloodshed -- albeit the gory bits have a cartoonish CGI sheen. Even the Soldier Boy coverup storyline echoes the season 2 Stormfront mystery. Thankfully, as always, "The Boys" finds its sweet spot. It does so via characters more identifiable and conflicted than even the most ground-level Disney Plus heroes." Sam Stone from "CBR" was positive towards the series and said: "Three seasons in, and "The Boys" has more than earned its place as one of the best superhero television series of all time and as one of the finest original shows running on Prime Video. Obviously still not for the faint of heart, the superhero satire returns for its third season angrier and more direct than ever, with blood and gore running wholesale as its brutal characters continue to run amuck."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Inkoo Kang from "The Washington Post" praised the show for its themes and performances and suggested: "It's a sturdily built season, but it might make you miss the show at its full strength." Brian Lowry from the CNN commended the show for its portrayal of superheroic cynicism and performances and commented: ""The Boys" remains creatively fearless and, for those with the stomach for it, a great deal of fun. As creative combinations go, like Homelander, that one-two punch looks pretty near unstoppable." Joshua Rivera from "Polygon" praised the show for portraying real life issues such as the Trump administration and said: "This bears out — it's jarring to see direct references to things Trump said or did when he's no longer president. Fortunately, "The Boys" feels like a work made by people who have plenty of ammunition for both sides of the aisle, as no ideology has a monopoly on craving power — or on worshiping those who amass it." Maggie Lovitt from the website "Collider" rated the season with an "B+" and said: "The third season of "The Boys" is an insane, blood-soaked, and dick-filled journey into a twisted world where the superheroes are just as corrupt and monstrous as the government agencies that puppeteer them, and the world is ready and willing to buy into that madness and enable it."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: Angie Han from "The Hollywood Reporter" commented on her review: "The Boys" being "The Boys", all these relatively nuanced ideas still culminate in a single massive, bloody battle between Supes that's more an exaggeration than a refutation of the weightless CG violence served up by any Marvel third act. And yes, it's queasily ironic that this takedown of powerful institutions is coming to us from a series funded by one of the most powerful corporations at all. But asking them feels right in line with the series-long quest to interrogate the all-American project of unthinking hero worship. The series hasn't lost its bitterness or its bite, and the chilling final shots of the finale should wipe out any fears to that effect. But as season three reminds us, the punches hit harder when there's something worth fighting for." Jake Kleinman was positive towards the season though considered it unnecessary: "Maybe "The Boys" was built for Trump, and without his constant presence, it feels less necessary. Maybe Marvel is less untouchable than it was a few years ago, and "The Boys" no longer feels like a scrappy parody punching up but more like Amazon punching down."


title: The Boys (season 3)

text: On the week of May 30 to June 5 it was reported that the third season of the show managed to get the fifth place at the Nielsen rating with over 949 million minutes of the first three episodes being watched. The following week the show suffered a drop of 30 million of viewing minutes managing to get 919 million, though it managed to be at the second place of the nielsen ratings.


title: Cindy Breakspeare

text: Cynthia Jean Cameron Breakspeare (born October 24, 1954) is a Canadian-Jamaican jazz singer, musician and beauty queen. Breakspeare was crowned Miss World 1976. Breakspeare is the mother of reggae musician Damian Marley, through her relationship with Bob Marley, who remained married to Rita Marley until his death. Bob Marley is said to have written the songs ‘Turn Your Lights Down Low’ and 'Waiting in Vain' about her.


title: Cindy Breakspeare

text: Breakspeare was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to a Jamaican father, Louis Breakspeare, who was a British-Jamaican of multiracial ancestry, and a white Canadian mother of British origin, Marguerite Cochrane. She has three brothers and one sister. Breakspeare moved to Jamaica when she was four years old, and attended the Immaculate Conception High School, graduating in 1973. As a teenager, Breakspeare participated in beauty pageants, including Miss Jamaica Body Beautiful and Miss Universe Bikini. She was invited to participate in the Miss World competition in 1976 held in London. Despite Jamaica's anti-apartheid protest of the pageant, Breakspeare accepted the invitation and won the title on November 19, 1976, becoming the second Jamaican to do so.


title: Cindy Breakspeare

text: Breakspeare had a relationship with reggae musician Bob Marley beginning in 1977, lasting until his death in 1981. From their relationship she gave birth to a son, Damian Marley (aka Jr. Gong), in 1978. Three years later, Breakspeare married senator Tom Tavares-Finson in 1981 with whom she has a son Christian (b. 1982) and a daughter Leah (b. 1986). Breakspeare and Tavares-Finson later divorced in 1995. Breakspeare married musician Rupert Bent II in 1999. Breakspeare has been pursuing her career as a recording artist and entrepreneur. She founded a Rastafarian craft store called Ital Craf in Jamaica. Breakspeare has four grandsons from her three children. Breakspeare remains a personality in Jamaica, occasionally featuring in local media.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: Sabrina D. Harman (born January 5, 1978) is an American former soldier who was court-martialed by the United States Army for prisoner abuse after the 2003–2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal. Along with other soldiers of her Army Reserve unit, the 372nd Military Police Company, she was accused of allowing and inflicting physical and psychological abuse on Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib prison, a notorious prison in Baghdad during the United States' occupation of Iraq.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: Harman was convicted of maltreatment of detainees, conspiracy to maltreat detainees, and dereliction of duty. She was sentenced to six months in prison, forfeiture of all her pay and benefits, demoted, and given a bad conduct discharge.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: Harman was born in Lorton, Virginia. Her father was a homicide detective, and the family often saw photos of dead people at crime scenes. Harman's mother, Robin, has been described as a "forensics buff". Harman graduated from Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield, Virginia.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Harman joined the Army Reserves and was assigned to the Cresaptown, Maryland-based 372nd Military Police company. Harman worked for a time as an assistant manager at Papa John's Pizza in Alexandria, Virginia, before her company was activated for duty in Iraq in February 2003, and was deployed to Fort Lee, Virginia for additional training; however, this was in combat support, not I/R (military jargon for "internment and resettlement"). While Harman acknowledged that she knew there was a lot of wrong being done, she claims she knew nothing about there being any official rules about prisoner treatment, such as the Geneva Conventions.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: [She] said she was assigned to break down prisoners for interrogation. "They would bring in one to several prisoners at a time already hooded and cuffed," Harman said in interviews by e-mail this week from Baghdad. "The job of the MP was to keep them awake, make it hell so they would talk." She said her military police unit took direction from the military intelligence officers in charge of the facility and from civilian contractors there who conducted interrogations.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: As a soldier and military police officer, I failed my duties and failed my mission to protect and defend. I not only let down the people in Iraq, but I let down every single soldier that serves today. My actions potentially caused an increased hatred and insurgency towards the United States, putting soldiers and civilians at greater risk. I take full responsibility for my actions. ... The decisions I made were mine and mine alone.


title: Sabrina Harman

text: Harman's attorney said he hoped to see the military chain of command put on trial, rather than low-ranking reservists like Harman. "I don't think we can even begin to imagine the kind of environment that she was in. First of all, she wasn't trained to be a prison guard, so she didn't even know the basic rules. She wasn't trained in military intelligence. I don't think any American can really truly appreciate the stress that existed along with the fact they were undermanned and not trained to perform this mission," he said.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Great Firewall ("GFW"; ) is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically. Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected foreign websites and to slow down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall operates by checking transmission control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If the keywords or sensitive words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed. If one link is closed, more links from the same machine will be blocked by the Great Firewall. The effect includes: limiting access to foreign information sources, blocking foreign internet tools (e.g. Google Search, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, and others) and mobile apps, and requiring foreign companies to adapt to domestic regulations.


title: Great Firewall

text: Besides censorship, the Great Firewall has also influenced the development of China's internal internet economy by giving preference to domestic companies and reducing the effectiveness of products from foreign internet companies. The techniques deployed by the Chinese government to maintain control of the Great Firewall can include modifying search results for terms, such as they did following Ai Weiwei’s arrest, and petitioning global conglomerates to remove content, as happened when they petitioned Apple to remove the "Quartz" business news publication’s app from its Chinese App Store after reporting on the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Great Firewall was formerly operated by the SIIO, as part of the Golden Shield Project. Since 2013, the firewall is technically operated by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), which is the entity in charge of translating the Chinese Communist Party's doctrine and policy into technical specifications.


title: Great Firewall

text: As mentioned in the "one country, two systems" principle, China's special administrative regions (SARs) such as Hong Kong and Macau are not affected by the firewall, as SARs have their own governmental and legal systems and therefore enjoy a higher degree of autonomy. Nevertheless, the U.S. State Department has reported that the central government authorities have closely monitored Internet use in these regions, and Hong Kong's National Security Law has been used to block websites documenting anti-government protests.


title: Great Firewall

text: The term "Great Firewall of China" is a combination of the word firewall with the Great Wall of China. The phrase "Great Firewall of China" was first used in print by Australian sinologist Geremie Barmé in 1997.


title: Great Firewall

text: A favorite saying of Deng Xiaoping's in the early 1980s, "If you open the window, both fresh air and flies will be blown in", is considered to be the political and ideological basis of the GFW Project. The saying is related to a period of the economic reform of China that became known as the "socialist market economy". Superseding the political ideologies of the Cultural Revolution, the reform led China towards a market economy and opened up the market for foreign investors. Nonetheless, despite the economic freedom, values and political ideas of the Chinese Communist Party have had to be protected by "swatting flies" of other unwanted ideologies.


title: Great Firewall

text: The internet in China arrived in 1994, as the inevitable consequence of and supporting tool for a "socialist market economy". Gradually, while Internet availability has been increasing, the Internet has become a common communication platform and tool for trading information.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Ministry of Public Security took initial steps to control Internet use in 1997, when it issued comprehensive regulations governing its use. The key sections, Articles 4–6, are:


title: Great Firewall

text: In 1998, the Chinese Communist Party feared that the China Democracy Party (CDP) would breed a powerful new network that the party elites might not be able to control. The CDP was immediately banned, followed by arrests and imprisonment. That same year, the GFW project was started. The first part of the project lasted eight years and was completed in 2006. The second part began in 2006 and ended in 2008.


title: Great Firewall

text: On 6 December 2002, 300 people in charge of the GFW project from 31 provinces and cities throughout China participated in a four-day inaugural "Comprehensive Exhibition on Chinese Information System". At the exhibition, many western high-tech products, including Internet security, video monitoring and human face recognition were purchased. It is estimated that around 30,000–50,000 police were employed in this gigantic project.


title: Great Firewall

text: Fang Binxing is known for his substantial contribution to China's Internet censorship infrastructure, and has been dubbed "Father of China's Great Fire Wall".


title: Great Firewall

text: China's view of the Internet is one of "Internet sovereignty": the notion that the Internet inside the country is part of the country's sovereignty and should be governed by the country.


title: Great Firewall

text: While the United States and several other western countries passed laws creating computer crimes beginning in the 1970s, China had no such legislation until 1997. That year, China's sole legislative body – the National People's Congress (NPC) – passed CL97, a law that criminalizes "cyber crimes", which it divided into two broad categories: crimes that target computer networks, and crimes carried out over computer networks. Behavior illegal under the latter category includes, among many things, the dissemination of pornographic material, and the usurping of "state secrets."


title: Great Firewall

text: Some Chinese judges were critical of CL97, calling it ineffective and unenforceable. However, the NPC claimed that it intentionally left the law "flexible" so that it could be open to future interpretation and development. Given the gaps in the law, the central government of China relies heavily on its administrative body, the State Council, to determine what falls under the definitions, and their determinations are not required to go through the NPC legislative process. As a result, the Chinese Communist Party has ended up relying heavily on state regulation to carry out CL97.


title: Great Firewall

text: The latter definition of online activities punishable under CL97, or "crimes carried out over computer networks", is used as justification for the Great Firewall, and can be cited when the government blocks any ISP, gateway connections, or any access to anything on the internet. The definition also includes using the internet to distribute information considered "harmful to national security," and using the internet to distribute information considered "harmful to public order, social stability, and Chinese morality." The central government relies heavily on its State Council regulators to determine what specific online behavior and speech fall under these definitions.


title: Great Firewall

text: As part of the Great Firewall, beginning in 2003, China started the Golden Shield Project, a massive surveillance and censoring system, the hardware for which was provided by mostly U.S. companies, including Cisco Systems. The project was completed in 2006, and is now carried out in buildings with machines manned by civilians and supervised by China's national police force, the Public Security Bureau (PSB). The main operating procedures of the gatekeepers at the Golden Shield Project include monitoring domestic websites, email, and searching for politically sensitive language and calls to protest. When damaging content is found, local PSB officials can be dispatched to investigate or make arrests. However, by late 2007, the Golden Shield Project proved to operate sporadically at best, as users had long adapted to internet blocking by using proxy servers, among other strategies, to make communications and circumnavigate to blocked content.


title: Great Firewall

text: Internet cafés, an extremely popular way of getting online in developing countries and where fewer people can afford a personal computer, are regulated by the Chinese government and by local Chinese government officials. Minors (in China, those under the age of 18) are not allowed into Internet cafés, although this law is widely ignored, and when enforced, has spurred the creation of underground "Black Web Bars" visited by those underage. As of 2008, internet cafés were required to register every customer in a log when they used the internet there. These records may be confiscated by either local government officials or the PSB. To illustrate local regulation of internet cafés, in one instance, a government official in the town of Gedong lawfully banned internet cafés from operating in the town because he believed them to be harmful to minors, who frequented them to play online games (including those considered violent) and surf the internet. However, internet cafés in this town simply went underground, and most minors were not deterred from visiting them.


title: Great Firewall

text: In May 2015, China indefinitely blocked access to the Chinese-language Wikipedia. In contrast (as of 2018), the English-language Wikipedia was blocked only rarely and intermittently. In 2017, China discussed plans for its own version of Wikipedia. As of May 2019, all language versions of Wikipedia have been blocked by the Chinese government.


title: Great Firewall

text: One function of the Chinese firewall is to selectively prevent content from being accessed. It is mostly made of Cisco, Huawei, and Semptian hardware. Not all sensitive content gets blocked; in 2007, scholar Jedidiah R. Crandall and others argued that the main purpose is not to block 100%, but rather to flag and to warn, in order to encourage self-censorship. An illustrative but incomplete list of tactics includes:


title: Great Firewall

text: In addition to previously discussed techniques, the CAC is also using active probing in order to identify and block network services that would help escaping the firewall. Multiple services such as Tor or VPN providers reported receiving unsolicited TCP/IP connections shortly after legitimate use, for the purported purpose of network enumeration of services, in particular TLS/SSL and Tor services, with the aim of facilitating IP blocking. For example, shortly after a VPN request is issued by a legitimate Chinese VPN client and passes outbound though the Great Firewall to a hidden VPN IP, the Great Firewall may detect the activity and issue its own active probe to verify the nature of the previously unknown VPN IP and, if the probe confirms the IP is part of a blacklisted VPN, blacklist the IP. This attack can be circumvented with the Obfs4 protocol, which relies on an out-of-band shared secret.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Great Firewall scrapes the IPs of Tor and VPN servers from the official distribution channels, and enumerates them. The strategy to resist this attack is to limit the quantity of proxy IPs revealed to each user and making it very difficult for users to create more than one identity. Academics have proposed solutions such as Salmon. Dynamic IPs are quite effective to flush out from blacklists.


title: Great Firewall

text: Article 15 of a September 20, 2000 document from the Chinese State Council, posted by the Xinhua News Agency, lists 9 categories of information which should be censored, blocked, or filtered from access to the citizens using the internet within China:


title: Great Firewall

text: To filter this content, the Chinese government not only uses its own blocking methods, but also heavily relies on internet companies, such as ISPs, social media operators such as Weibo, and others to actively censor their users. This results in private companies censoring their own platform for filtered content, forcing Chinese internet users to use websites not hosted in China to access this information. Much of this information is related to sensitive topics. The Great Firewall's goal is perceived by the Communist Party as helping to protect the Chinese population by preventing users from accessing these foreign websites which, in their opinion, host content which would be 'spiritual pollution', (清除精神污染运动), as well as information about these sensitive topics. These topics include:


title: Great Firewall

text: Specific English websites blocked or filtered include many popular search engines, social media platforms, information-hosting sites, and video-hosting websites such as Google Search, Facebook, Wikipedia, YouTube, Twitter, and many more.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Cybersecurity Law behind the firewall being targeted at helping increase internet user privacy, increased protections on personal data, and making companies more responsible for monitoring bad actors, in hopes to make a safer place on the internet for Chinese citizens. Despite this, there have been growing criticisms that the actions of the Chinese government have only hurt Chinese free speech, due to increased censorship, and lack of non-sanctioned sources of information, such as Wikipedia and many English news sources. This has resulted in reports of some cases of legal persecution of those charged with spreading this information.


title: Great Firewall

text: The Chinese government itself does legally support free speech; article 35 of the Constitutions of the People's Republic states that "citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession, and of demonstration." In recent decades, many criticisms of the Chinese government found that some of these laws are often abused. A study by PEN America claimed that "Some of the government's most rights-abusive laws are aimed at criminalizing free speech that — in the eyes of the government — encourages subversion, separatism, or rejection of the State’s authority."


title: Great Firewall

text: Censorship of sensitive topics in China has also been easier for the government because of the firewall and its filtering. Because the monitoring of social media and chat apps in China presents a possibility of punishment for a user, the discussion of these topics is now limited to the correct thought of the Communist Party, or one's home and private spaces, reducing the chance for information about these topics to spread, reducing any threat of protest against the Communist Party. According to Yaqiu Wang, a prominent human rights researcher, there was a time in China where the internet provided a method for Chinese citizens to learn about the sensitive topics the government had censored in the news, through the access to international news reports and media coverage. She claims that, in the past 10 years, it has been increasingly difficult to access second opinions on events, meaning that students rarely have the opportunity to learn diverging viewpoints — only the correct thought of the Communist Party.


title: Great Firewall

text: Aside from the social control aspect, the Great Firewall also acts as a form of trade protectionism that has allowed China to grow its own internet giants, such as Tencent, Alibaba, and Baidu. China has its own version of many foreign web properties, for example: Bilibili and Tencent Video (YouTube), Sina Weibo (Twitter), Qzone (Facebook), WeChat (WhatsApp), Ctrip (Orbitz and others), and Zhihu (Quora). With nearly one quarter of the global internet population (700 million users), the internet behind the GFW can be considered a "parallel universe" to the Internet that exists outside.


title: Great Firewall

text: While the Great Firewall has had an impact on Chinese citizens' ability to use the internet to find information about sensitive topics about the Communist Party, it has not completely stopped them from doing so. The firewall itself has caused much frustration amongst both individuals and internationally operating companies in China, many of whom have turned to VPNs, speaking in codes, and other methods to retain their access to the international internet.


title: Great Firewall

text: The use of VPNs in China can provide individuals access to the international internet, but in China, it can be a potential legal risk. In 2017, the Chinese government declared all unauthorized VPN services to be illegal. An example of the use of this punishment is Vera Zhou, a student at the University of Washington, who, when visiting her Hui parents in Xinjiang, China, used a VPN to access her school homework. She was arrested and sent to a Xinjiang internment camp from October 2017 until March 2018, followed by house arrest after her release. She was not able to return to the US until September 2019.


title: Great Firewall

text: Because the Great Firewall blocks destination IP addresses and domain names and inspects the data being sent or received, a basic censorship circumvention strategy is to use proxy nodes and encrypt the data. Bypassing the firewall is known as (翻墙, "climb over the wall"), and most circumvention tools combine these two mechanisms:


title: Great Firewall

text: Reporters Without Borders suspects that countries such as Australia, Cuba, Iran, Vietnam, Zimbabwe, and Belarus have obtained surveillance technology from China, although the censorship in these countries is less stringent than in China.


title: Great Firewall

text: Since at least 2015, the Russian Roskomnadzor agency collaborates with Chinese Great Firewall security officials in implementing its data retention and filtering infrastructure.


title: Great Firewall

text: Especially since 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, in order to combat disinformation and enforce the war censorship law, Russia authorities was making internet surveillance system akin to Chinese Great Firewall.


title: Great Firewall

text: Critics have argued that if other big countries begin following China's approach, the whole purpose of the creation of the Internet could be put in jeopardy. If like-minded countries are successful in imposing the same restrictions on their inhabitants and globalized online companies, then the free global exchange of information could cease to exist.


title: Great Firewall

text: The United States Trade Representative's (USTR) "National Trade Estimate Report" in 2016 referred the China's digital Great Firewall: "China's filtering of cross-border Internet traffic has posed a significant burden to foreign suppliers." Claude Barfield, the American Enterprise Institute's expert of International trade, suggested that the U.S. government should bring a case against the Firewall, a huge trade barrier, in the World Trade Organization in January 2017. Eight of the 24 more trafficked websites in China have been blocked by the Great Firewall. This has created a burden to foreign suppliers who rely on these websites to sell their products or services. The lobby's 2016 business climate survey showed 79 percent of its members reported a negative impact on business due to internet censorship.


title: Great Firewall

text: According to Stephen Rosen, the GFW is reflective of the Chinese government's fear of civil disobedience or rebellion among the Chinese population against the Chinese Communist Party's rule:


title: Femoral artery

text: The femoral artery is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery or profunda femoris artery and descends along the anteromedial part of the thigh in the femoral triangle. It enters and passes through the adductor canal, and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus near the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the thigh.


title: Femoral artery

text: The femoral artery enters the thigh from behind the inguinal ligament as the continuation of the external iliac artery. Here, it lies midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis (Mid-inguinal point).


title: Femoral artery

text: The site for optimally palpating the "femoral pulse" is in the inner thigh, at the mid-inguinal point, halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine. Presence of a "femoral pulse" indicates a systolic blood pressure of more than 50 mmHg.


title: Femoral artery

text: Femoral artery is the frequent site of access in angiography. As the pulsation of the common femoral artery can often be palpated through the skin; and the site of maximum pulsation is used as a point of puncture for catheter access. From here, wires and catheters can be directed anywhere in the arterial system for intervention or diagnostics, including the heart, brain, kidneys, arms and legs. The direction of the needle in the femoral artery can be against blood flow (retro-grade), for intervention and diagnostic towards the heart and opposite leg, or with the flow (ante-grade or ipsi-lateral) for diagnostics and intervention on the same leg. Access in either the left or right femoral artery is possible and depends on the type of intervention or diagnostic.


title: Femoral artery

text: To image the lower limb vascular anatomy, common femoral artery (CFA) is chosen as the site of entry. However, CFA entry can only be assessed by retrograde puncture. Therefore, a catheter is advanced retrogradely through the contralateral common femoral artery into common iliac artery, crossing the midline into ipsilateral CFA. The SFA can then be assessed by antegrade puncture.


title: Femoral artery

text: The femoral artery can be used to draw arterial blood when the blood pressure is so low that the radial or brachial arteries cannot be located.


title: Femoral artery

text: The femoral artery is susceptible to peripheral arterial disease. When it is blocked through atherosclerosis, percutaneous intervention with access from the opposite femoral may be needed. Endarterectomy, a surgical cut down and removal of the plaque of the femoral artery is also common. If the femoral artery has to be ligated surgically to treat a popliteal aneurysm, blood can still reach the popliteal artery distal to the ligation via the genicular anastomosis. However, if flow in the femoral artery of a normal leg is suddenly disrupted, blood flow distally is rarely sufficient. The reason for this is the fact that the genicular anastomosis is only present in a minority of individuals and is always undeveloped when disease in the femoral artery is absent.


title: Rocket Lake

text: Rocket Lake is Intel's codename for its 11th generation Core microprocessors. Released on March 30, 2021, it is based on the new Cypress Cove microarchitecture, a variant of Sunny Cove (used by Intel's Ice Lake mobile processors) backported to Intel's 14 nm process node. Rocket Lake cores contain significantly more transistors than Skylake-derived Comet Lake cores.


title: Rocket Lake

text: Rocket Lake features the same LGA 1200 socket and 400-series chipset compatibility as Comet Lake, except H410 and B460 chipsets. It is accompanied by new 500-series chipsets as well. Rocket Lake has up to eight cores, down from 10 cores for Comet Lake. It features Intel Xe graphics, and PCIe 4.0 support. Only a single M.2 drive is supported in PCIe 4.0 mode, all the rest are wired via PCIe 3.0.


title: Rocket Lake

text: Intel officially launched the Rocket Lake desktop family on March 16, 2021, with sales commencing on March 30. The 11th generation Core i3, as well as Rocket Lake-based Pentium Gold and Celeron CPUs were not included along with the higher-end models; instead, Intel launched refreshed models for Comet Lake Core i3 and Pentium Gold CPUs. These processors have the same characteristics as their original parts, albeit with a 100 MHz higher frequency and the last digit of their model numbers changing from zero to five. Intel also released Tiger Lake processors as part of the 11th generation lineup in the desktop/NUC and tablet market. Such processors have the new B suffix in the model names.


title: Reconnaissance

text: In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, terrain, and other activities.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops (skirmishers, long-range reconnaissance patrol, U.S. Army Rangers, cavalry scouts, or military intelligence specialists), ships or submarines, crewed or uncrewed reconnaissance aircraft, satellites, or by setting up observation posts. Espionage is usually considered to be different from reconnaissance, as it is performed by non-uniformed personnel operating behind enemy lines.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Often called (British, Canadian and Australian English) or (American English), the word for this activity has at its root the associated verb reconnoitre or reconnoiter.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Reconnaissance conducted by ground forces includes special reconnaissance, armored reconnaissance, amphibious reconnaissance and civil reconnaissance.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance carried out by aircraft (of all types including balloons and uncrewed aircraft). The purpose is to survey weather conditions, map terrain, and may include military purposes such as observing tangible structures, particular areas, and movement of enemy forces.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Naval forces use aerial and satellite reconnaissance to observe enemy forces. Navies also undertake hydrographic surveys and intelligence gathering.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Reconnaissance satellites provide military commanders with photographs of enemy forces and other intelligence. Military forces also use geographical and meteorological information from Earth observation satellites.


title: Reconnaissance

text: A tracker needs to pay close attention to both the environment and the psychology of his enemy. Knowledge of human psychology, sociology, and cultural backgrounds is necessary to know the actions of the enemy and where the enemy is heading. The celebrated Chief of Scouts Frederick Russell Burnham had this to say:


title: Reconnaissance

text: It is imperative that a scout should know the history, tradition, religion, social customs, and superstitions of whatever country or people he is called on to work in or among. This is almost as necessary as to know the physical character of the country, its climate and products. Certain people will do certain things almost without fail. Certain other things, perfectly feasible, they will not do. There is no danger of knowing too much of the mental habits of an enemy. One should neither underestimate the enemy nor credit him with superhuman powers. Fear and courage are latent in every human being, though roused into activity by very diverse means.


title: Reconnaissance

text: The techniques and objectives are not mutually exclusive; it is up to the commander whether they are carried out separately or by the same unit.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Reconnaissance-in-force (RIF) is a type of military operation or military tactic used specifically to probe an enemy's combat ability.


title: Reconnaissance

text: While typical reconnaissance forces are small and armed only for self-defense, RIF use considerable (but not decisive) force in order to elicit a strong reaction by the enemy that more accurately reveals its own strength, deployment, preparedness, determination, and other tactical data. The RIF units can then fall back and report this data, or expand the conflict into a full engagement if enemy weaknesses are revealed.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using rapid mobility, and in some cases light-armored vehicles for added fire superiority, as the need arises.


title: Reconnaissance

text: The purpose of reconnaissance and the types of units employed to obtain information are similar in the U.S. and the German Armies. German tactical principles of reconnaissance, however, diverge somewhat from those of the U.S. The Germans stress aggressiveness, attempt to obtain superiority in the area to be reconnoitered, and strive for continuous observation of the enemy. They believe in employing reconnaissance units in force as a rule. They expect and are prepared to fight to obtain the desired information. Often they assign supplementary tasks to their reconnaissance units, such as sabotage behind enemy lines, harassment, or counter-reconnaissance.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Only enough reconnaissance troops are sent on a mission to assure superiority in the area to be reconnoitred. Reserves are kept on hand to be committed when the reconnaissance must be intensified, when the original force meets strong enemy opposition, or when the direction and area to be reconnoitred are changed. The Germans encourage aggressive action against enemy security forces. When their reconnaissance units meet superior enemy forces, they fight a delaying action while other units attempt to flank the enemy.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Reconnaissance by fire (or "speculative fire") is the act of firing at likely enemy positions to cause the enemy force to reveal their location by moving or by returning fire.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Reconnaissance-pull is a tactic that is applied at the regiment to division level and defined as locating and rapidly exploiting enemy weaknesses. It is the ability to determine enemy positions and create exploitable gaps through which friendly forces can pass while avoiding obstacles and strong points.


title: Reconnaissance

text: A textbook example of reconnaissance-pull was documented during the Tinian landings of World War II, utilized by the United States Marine Corps's Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, from V Amphibious Corps. Aerial photography and the confirmation by the amphibious reconnaissance platoons determined that the Japanese defenders had largely ignored the northern beaches of the island, focusing most of their defensive effort on beaches in the south-west which were more favorable for an amphibious landing. American forces quickly changed their landing location to the northern beaches and planned a small and hasty "deception" operation off the southern beach, which resulted in a complete surprise for the Japanese forces. As a result, American forces were able to fight the Japanese force on land, where they had the advantage, leading to light losses and a relatively short battle that lasted only 9 days.


title: Reconnaissance

text: When referring to reconnaissance, a commander's full intention is to have a vivid picture of his battlespace. The commander organizes the reconnaissance platoon based on:


title: Reconnaissance

text: This analysis determines whether the platoon uses single or multiple elements to conduct the reconnaissance, whether it pertains to area, zone, or route reconnaissance, the following techniques may be used as long as the fundamentals of reconnaissance are applied.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Scouts may also have different tasks to perform for their commanders of higher echelons, for example: the engineer reconnaissance detachments will try to identify difficult terrain in the path of their formation, and attempt to reduce the time it takes to transit the terrain using specialist engineering equipment such as a pontoon bridge for crossing water obstacles. Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance implies collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible deployment and action of armed forces, the same data for the neighboring and enemy armed forces. The aim for the reconnaissance is to clear up the reasons of the specific disease origin- sources of the infection in various extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts, the ways of the infection transfer and all factors promoting to the infestation.


title: Reconnaissance

text: After the armed forces have become stationary during wartime and emergency of peacetime the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical control of vital and communal activity of the armed forces.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Area reconnaissance refers to the observation, and information obtained, about a specified location and the area around it; it may be terrain-oriented and/or force-oriented. Ideally, a reconnaissance platoon, or team, would use surveillance or vantage (static) points around the objective to observe, and the surrounding area. This methodology focuses mainly prior to moving forces into or near a specified area; the military commander may utilize his reconnaissance assets to conduct an area reconnaissance to avoid being surprised by unsuitable terrain conditions, or most importantly, unexpected enemy forces. The area could be a town, ridge-line, woods, or another feature that friendly forces intend to occupy, pass through, or avoid.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Within an area of operation (AO), area reconnaissance can focus the reconnaissance on the specific area that is critical to the commander. This technique of focusing the reconnaissance also permits the mission to be accomplished more quickly. Area reconnaissance can thus be a stand-alone mission or a task to a section or the platoon. The commander analyzes the mission to determine whether the platoon will conduct these types of reconnaissance separately or in conjunction with each other.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Civil reconnaissance is the process of gathering a broad spectrum of civil information about a specific population in support of military operations. It is related to and often performed in conjunction with infrastructure reconnaissance (assessment and survey). Normally the focus of collection in the operational area for civil reconnaissance is collecting civil information relating to the daily interaction between civilians and military forces. Civil information encompasses relational, temporal, geospatial and behavioral information captured in a socio-cultural backdrop. It is information developed from data related to civil areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events, within the civil component of the commander's operational environment that can be processed to increase situational awareness and understanding. The type of civil information that is needed in order to support military operations varies based on the environment and situation.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Route reconnaissance is oriented on a given route: e.g. a road, a railway, a waterway; a narrow axis or a general direction of attack, to provide information on route conditions or activities along the route. A military commander relies on information about locations along his determined route: which those that would provide best cover and concealment; bridge by construction type, dimensions, and classification; or for landing zones or pickup zones, if the need arises.


title: Reconnaissance

text: In many cases, the commander may act upon a "force-oriented" route reconnaissance by which the enemy could influence movement along that route. For the reconnaissance platoons, or squads, stealth and speed—in conjunction with detailed intelligence-reporting—are most important and crucial. The reconnaissance platoon must remain far enough ahead of the maneuver force to assist in early warning and to prevent the force from becoming surprised.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Even it is paramount to obtain information about the available space in which a force can maneuver without being forced to bunch up due to obstacles. "Terrain-oriented" route reconnaissance allows the commander to obtain information and capabilities about the adjacent terrain for maneuvering his forces, to include, any obstacles (minefields, barriers, steep ravines, marshy areas, or chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear contamination) that may obstruct vehicle movement—on routes to, and in, his assigned area of operations. This requirement includes the size of trees and the density of forests due to their effects on vehicle movement. Route reconnaissance also allows the observation for fields of fire along the route and adjacent terrain. This information assists planners as a supplement to map information.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Zone reconnaissance focuses on obtaining detailed information before maneuvering their forces through particular, designated locations. It can be terrain-oriented, force-oriented, or both, as it acquire this information by reconnoitering within—and by maintaining surveillance over—routes, obstacles (to include nuclear-radiological, biological, and chemical contamination), and resources within an assigned location.


title: Reconnaissance

text: Also, "force-oriented" zone reconnaissance is assigned to gain detailed information about enemy forces within the zone, or when the enemy situation is vague by which the information concerning cross-country traffic-ability is desired. The reconnaissance provides the commander with a detailed picture of how the enemy has occupied the zone, enabling him to choose the appropriate course-of-action.


title: Reconnaissance

text: As the platoon conducts this type of zone reconnaissance, its emphasis is on determining the enemy's locations, strengths, and weaknesses. This is the most thorough and complete reconnaissance mission and therefore is very time-intensive.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Todd Robert Bowles (born November 18, 1963) is an American football coach and former player who is the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the head coach of the New York Jets. He played eight seasons in the NFL as a safety, mainly for the Washington Redskins, and started in Super Bowl XXII.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Bowles attended Elizabeth High School in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He played college football at Temple University (Class of 1985), where he was a four-year starting cornerback for Bruce Arians, for whom Bowles would be an assistant coach decades later when Arians was head coach of the Arizona Cardinals and then the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFL.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Bowles was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on May 7, 1986. He chose the Redskins over six other NFL teams, and signed a contract that included a signing bonus between $8,000 and $10,000. Bowles competed in training camp with free safety Raphel Cherry, and beat him out to earn a spot on the regular season roster. In his second training camp in 1987, Bowles beat out Curtis Jordan for the starting free safety job when Jordan was released during final roster cuts on September 8, 1987. He was the starting free safety in Super Bowl XXII, which Washington won in a blowout.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On February 1, 1989, after his contract expired, Bowles was left unprotected by the Redskins during "Plan B" free agency, despite being a regular starter at free safety the previous two seasons. This was reportedly due to his poor catching abilities in 1988, as well as his lack of playmaking ability. He negotiated contracts with the Dallas Cowboys, Minnesota Vikings, and New York Giants, but ultimately re-signed with the Redskins. In 1990, Bowles received a salary of $300,000, and started 18 games (including playoffs).


title: Todd Bowles

text: The San Francisco 49ers signed Bowles to start for the team in 1991 after he was left unprotected by the Redskins again. He played in all 16 games and started in 14 of them. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 1, 1992. He was claimed off waivers by the Redskins on September 2, 1992. He was waived by the Redskins during final roster cuts on August 31, 1993.


title: Todd Bowles

text: After retiring as a player, Bowles was a member of the Green Bay Packers' player personnel staff under Ron Wolf in 1995 and 1996. He was the defensive coordinator and secondary coach at Morehouse College in 1997, and the defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach at Grambling State from 1998 until 1999. He was the defensive backs coach for the New York Jets in 2000, Cleveland Browns in 2004, and Dallas Cowboys from 2005–2007. He was the Browns' defensive nickel package coach from 2001–2003.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Bowles was hired by the Miami Dolphins as the team's secondary coach and assistant head coach on January 23, 2008. After nearly four seasons as the secondary coach and assistant head coach, he was named the interim head coach on December 12, 2011, following the firing of head coach Tony Sparano. Bowles' first game as interim head coach of the Dolphins came on December 18, on the road against the Buffalo Bills. The Dolphins won the game 30–23. The Dolphins finished 2–1 under Bowles in 2011.


title: Todd Bowles

text: The Philadelphia Eagles hired Bowles as the team's secondary coach on January 30, 2012. The Eagles announced on October 16, 2012, that they dismissed defensive coordinator Juan Castillo from his duties and named Todd Bowles as their new defensive coordinator. Under Bowles, the Eagles finished the season ninth in pass defense and twenty-third in rushing defense also in long-time head coach Andy Reid's final season with the team.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On January 18, 2013, Bowles was hired as defensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals. On January 31, 2015, he was voted Associated Press (AP)'s Assistant Coach of the Year for his efforts in the 2014 season. Bowles received 22 of the 50 media members' votes, winning the inaugural award.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Days after the release of Rex Ryan, the New York Jets named Bowles their new head coach and signed him to a 4-year deal on January 14, 2015.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On July 28, 2015, it was revealed that Bowles underwent a partial knee replacement surgery. In the 2015 season, the Jets won 10 games in Bowles's first year leading the team, and the team would barely miss the playoffs. The 2016 season saw the Jets finish near the bottom of the league in most offensive categories, but 11th in rushing yards.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On December 29, 2017, it was announced by the Jets organization that Bowles had been retained for the 2018 season, and signed an extension to continue as coach through 2020. But on December 30, 2018, the Jets fired Bowles after finishing 4–12.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On January 8, 2019, Bowles was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, rejoining Bruce Arians as a member of his staff after Arians was hired as the team's head coach.


title: Todd Bowles

text: Bowles's defense received praise for its performance in the 2020–21 playoffs as it was key in the Buccaneers defeating the New Orleans Saints in the and the Green Bay Packers in the . Bowles won his third Super Bowl (his first as a coach) as the Buccaneers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 31–9 in Super Bowl LV. Bowles was credited with a game plan that pressured Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes without resorting to blitzing, by utilizing the two-deep safety look and pass-rushing which prevented the Chiefs' prolific offense from scoring a touchdown while also intercepting Mahomes twice.


title: Todd Bowles

text: On March 30, 2022, Bowles was named the head coach of the Buccaneers after Bruce Arians shifted to a senior football consultant role. Bowles and the Bucs agreed to terms on a five-year deal.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: Flannan Isles Lighthouse is a lighthouse near the highest point on Eilean Mòr, one of the Flannan Isles in the Outer Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland. It is best known for the mysterious disappearance of its keepers in 1900.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: The lighthouse was designed by David Alan Stevenson for the Northern Lighthouse Board (NLB). Construction, between 1895 and 1899, was undertaken by George Lawson of Rutherglen at a cost of £1,899 inclusive of the building, landing places, stairs, and railway tracks. All of the materials used had to be hauled up the cliffs directly from supply boats. A further £3,526 was spent on the shore station at Breasclete on the Isle of Lewis. The lighthouse was first lit on 7 December 1899.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: The purpose of the railway tracks was to facilitate the transport of provisions for the keepers and fuel for the light (paraffin, at that date; the light consumed twenty barrels a year) up the steep gradients from the landing places by means of a cable-hauled railway. This was powered by a small steam engine in a shed adjoining the lighthouse. A track descended from the lighthouse in a westerly direction and then curved round to the south. In the approximate centre of the island it forked by means of a set of hand-operated points humorously dubbed "Clapham Junction", in reference to a railway junction in London; one branch continued in its curvature to head eastwards to the east landing place, on the south-east corner of the island, thus forming a half-circle, while the other, slightly shorter, branch curved back to the west to serve the west landing, situated in a small inlet on the island's south coast. The final approaches to the landing stages were extremely steep. The cable was guided round the curves by pulleys set between the rails, and a line of posts set outside the inner rail prevented it from going too far astray should it jump off the pulleys. The cargo was carried in a small four-wheeled bogie.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: In 1925, the lighthouse became one of the first Scottish lights to receive communications from the shore by wireless telegraphy.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: In the 1960s, the island's transport system was modernised. The railway was removed, leaving behind the concrete bed on which it had been laid to serve as a roadway for a "Gnat" – a three-wheeled, rubber-tyred cross-country vehicle powered by a four-stroke engine, built by Aimers McLean of Galashiels. This had a somewhat shorter working life than the railway, becoming redundant in its turn when the helipad was constructed.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: On 28 September 1971, the lighthouse was automated. A reinforced concrete helipad was constructed at the same time to enable maintenance visits in heavy weather. The light is produced by burning acetylene gas and has a range of 17 nautical miles (20 miles; 32 km). It is now monitored from the Butt of Lewis and the shore station has been converted into flats.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: The first record that something was abnormal on the Flannan Isles was on 15 December 1900 when the steamer "Archtor", on a passage from Philadelphia to Leith, noted in its log that the light was not operational in poor weather conditions. When the ship docked in Leith on 18 December 1900, the sighting was passed on to the Northern Lighthouse Board. The relief vessel, the lighthouse tender "Hesperus", was unable to sail from Breasclete, Lewis, as planned on 20 December due to adverse weather; it did not reach the island until noon on 26 December. The lighthouse was manned by three men: James Ducat, Thomas Marshall, and Donald McArthur, with a rotating fourth man spending time on shore.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: On arrival, the crew of the "Hesperus" and the relief keeper found that the flagstaff had no flag, none of the usual provision boxes had been left on the landing stage for re-stocking, and more ominously, none of the lighthouse keepers were there to welcome them ashore. Jim Harvie, the captain of "Hesperus", attempted to reach them by blowing the ship's whistle and firing a flare, but was unsuccessful.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: A boat was launched and Joseph Moore, the relief keeper, was put ashore alone. He found the entrance gate to the compound and the main door both closed, the beds unmade, and the clock unwound. Returning to the landing stage with this grim news, he then went back up to the lighthouse with "Hesperus"s second-mate and a seaman. A further search revealed that the lamps had been cleaned and refilled. A set of oilskins was found, suggesting that one of the keepers had left the lighthouse without them. There was no sign of any of the keepers, neither inside the lighthouse nor anywhere on the island.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: Moore and three volunteer seamen were left on the island to attend the light and "Hesperus" returned to Lewis. Captain Harvie sent a telegram to the Northern Lighthouse Board dated 26 December 1900, stating:


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: On Eilean Mòr, the men scoured every corner of the island for clues as to the fate of the keepers. They found that everything was intact at the east landing but the west landing provided considerable evidence of damage caused by recent storms. A box at above sea level had been broken and its contents strewn about; iron railings were bent over, the iron railway by the path was wrenched out of its concrete, and a rock weighing more than a ton had been displaced. On top of the cliff at more than above sea level, turf had been ripped away as far as from the cliff edge.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: On 29 December 1900, Robert Muirhead, a Northern Lighthouse Board (NLB) superintendent, arrived to conduct the official investigation into the incident. Muirhead had originally recruited all three of the missing men and knew them personally.


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: He examined the clothing left behind in the lighthouse and concluded that Ducat and Marshall had gone down to the western landing stage, and that McArthur (the 'Occasional') had left the lighthouse during heavy rain in his shirt sleeves. He noted that whoever left the light last and unattended was in breach of NLB rules. He also noted that some of the damage to the west landing was "difficult to believe unless actually seen".


title: Flannan Isles Lighthouse

text: Whether this explanation brought any comfort to the families of the lost keepers (Ducat left a wife and four children; McArthur, a wife and two children) is unknown. This development did, however, tarnish the lighthouse's reputation for many years after the incident.