title: Sriya Reddy

text: Sriya, after winning the VJ hunt by SS Music, started hosting shows such as "Connect" and "Phonetastic". However, she cited that she needed five auditions before being selected. She became highly popular as 'VJ Sriya' on SS music, becoming familiar among young viewers. She then accepted her first acting assignment for a Telugu film, in spite of her parents' aversion to her acting in films, citing that she signed the contract when her father was asleep. Her debut release, however, happened to be Balaji Sakthivel's directorial debut "Samurai", in which she played a supporting character alongside Vikram. Her maiden Telugu release "Appudappudu" failed at the box office, following which she did not work in films for over a year. Her next release was in 2004, when she debuted in Malayalam with the Mammootty-starrer "Black". She played the role of a young Tamil village woman who comes to town in search of her missing husband, carrying a "thoroughly de-glamourised look" in the film, totally contrary to her real-life look, with director Renjith, on his decision to cast her for the role, citing that she had a "very Dravidian face". Sriya considered this film as her highest point of career for having acted alongside Malayalam actor Mammootty. Later that year, she also starred in an English film named "19 Revolutions", directed by Chicago-based Shridhar Reddy, which featured Sriya as a rich girl who wants to rob her father and did "very well in the US", according to Sriya.


title: Sriya Reddy

text: In 2005, she had a single release, the Malayalam action film "Bharathchandran I.P.S.", which was very successful at the box office. Her performance as an IPS police officer gained positive remarks, with critics comparing her to Vijayashanti. In 2006, she had four film releases, with her two Tamil films gaining most fame. The action flick "Thimiru", directed by Tarun Gopi and starring Vishal Krishna, her later brother-in-law, portrayed Sriya as a rustic, loud woman with negative shades, with her performance being widely critically acclaimed. In the other Tamil release, the S. Shankar-produced drama film "Veyil", directed by Vasanthabalan, Sriya was part of an ensemble cast featuring Bharath, Pasupathy, Bhavana and Priyanka Nair. The film opened to rave reviews and became acknowledged with several noted film awards, including the National Film Award and two Filmfare Awards. She appeared in a pivotal role in Priyadarshan's art film "Kanchivaram", which, too, became highly acclaimed and was honoured with the National Film Award, while Sriya received nominations for the Filmfare Award and the Vijay Award. After completing shooting for the film, she got married and stopped acting.


title: Sriya Reddy

text: Eight years later, she made a comeback with a film titled "Andaava Kaanom" by director Vadivel, in which she will portray an angry village woman Shanthi.


title: Sriya Reddy

text: Sriya married Tamil actor-producer Vikram Krishna on 9 March 2008 at Park Sheraton hotel in Chennai. Vikram Krishna is the son of veteran film producer G. K. Reddy and brother of actor Vishal Krishna and had starred in a couple of Tamil films, before turning full-time film producer, primarily producing films featuring his brother Vishal in the lead role under his GK Films Corporation. Sriya since has been co-producing films with her husband. The couple have a daughter.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Leon Christoph Goretzka (born 6 February 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team. Starting off his career with VfL Bochum in 2012, he went on play more than 100 Bundesliga games for Schalke 04 before signing with Bayern Munich in 2018. A full international since 2014, he has won more than 40 caps for the German national team and represented his country at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 2020. He was also a part of the Germany Olympic team that finished second at the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: In 1999, Goretzka started his career with Werner SV 06 Bochum. He stayed for two years with the WSV before making the move to VfL Bochum in 2001.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 30 July 2012, Goretzka was awarded the 2012 under-17 Fritz Walter Medal in gold. On 4 August 2012, he made his professional debut for Bochum in the 2. Bundesliga against Dynamo Dresden in the rewirpowerSTADION.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Goretzka had an impressive 2012–13 season at Bochum and was their standout performer as Bochum narrowly avoided relegation from the 2. Bundesliga. During the season, Goretzka was linked to several big clubs around Europe including Bayern Munich, Manchester United, Arsenal and Real Madrid. Matthias Sammer, the then sporting director of Bayern Munich, reportedly met with Goretzka to try to convince him of joining Bayern in the summer of 2013.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 30 June 2013, Schalke 04 confirmed the transfer of Goretzka from Bochum. He signed a five-year contract until 30 June 2018. The transfer fee was reported to be €3.250 million.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: During the 2013–14 season, Goretzka had a promising first season, scoring five goals in 32 appearances in all competitions. He became a regular starter in the second half of the season and helped Schalke finish in third place in the Bundesliga behind champions Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund. At the end of the season, Goretzka was called up for the 30-man preliminary squad of the Germany national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. He made his debut in a friendly match against Poland prior to the World Cup.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: During the 2014–15 season, Goretzka was limited to only 11 matches in all competitions due to a thigh injury. He returned from the injury on Matchday 24 against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. Goretzka played in only 10 Bundesliga matches during the season. Schalke had a disappointing season and finished in sixth place in the Bundesliga.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: During the 2015–16 season, Goretzka scored two goals in 34 appearances in all competitions. He was back to full fitness at the start of the season, but had several injuries throughout the season. Goretzka was also diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel disease during the season and said "I was diagnosed with a chronic bowel inflammation, which had been having a negative impact on my ability to recover." Goretzka continued: "So I completely changed what I eat, cutting out gluten, cow's milk, pork and nuts. As a result, I have fewer issues with my health and I can recover from a game much quicker.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: During the 2016–17 season, Goretzka played in a career-high 41 matches in all competitions, scoring eight goals. This was regarded as Goretzka's best season to date as he flourished in a more attacking role. On 20 April, Goretzka received a concussion and suffered a double fracture of his jaw while playing against Ajax in the Europa League. He continued and played almost the entire match until he was substituted in the 84th minute. Schalke finished in a disappointing 10th place in the Bundesliga and did not qualify for European places.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: During the 2017–18 season, Goretzka played in 29 matches in all competitions and scored four goals. This was his first season without European football since his arrival at Schalke in 2013. He had problems with stress reaction in bones in his lower leg, which kept him out of action for over two months. Goretzka helped Schalke finish second behind champions Bayern Munich to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2014–15 season. On 25 November 2017, he played in his 100th Bundesliga game in a match against Schalke's bitter rivals, Borussia Dortmund. On 19 January 2018, Goretzka announced that he would leave Schalke in the summer of 2018 and join rivals Bayern Munich. His decision did not go down well with the Schalke fans and board. Schalke's supervisory board chairman, Clemens Tönnies, expressed his first reaction regarding Goretzka's decision on a football talk show. Tönnies said: "My first reaction was, that you shouldn’t wear the jersey of Schalke anymore." Tönnies said that Goretzka could be forced to sit in the stands should his decision have a negative impact on the team.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 1 July 2018, Goretzka officially joined Bayern by signing a four-year contract until June 2022. On 12 August 2018, in the DFL Super Cup, he came on for Thomas Müller in the 64th minute. This was Goretzka's first appearance for Bayern. On 1 September, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 away victory over VfB Stuttgart. The following year, on 19 January 2019, he scored his first ever brace in the Bundesliga, scoring twice in a 3–1 win over Hoffenheim. On 15 February 2019, Goretzka scored an own goal in a Bundesliga game after 13 seconds; no Bayern player had yet touched the ball.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 18 May 2019, Goretzka won his first Bundesliga title as Bayern finished two points above Dortmund with 78 points. A week later, he won his first DFB-Pokal as Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final. He did not appear in the match as he was out injured.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 26 November 2019, Goretzka scored his first Champions League goal during a 6–0 away win at Red Star Belgrade. He played vital part of Bayern's treble win under Hansi Flick. He played most of the games, including the whole Champions League campaign, making a midfield duo with Joshua Kimmich. After Benjamin Pavard got injured and Kimmich was asked to play as a right-back, Goretzka played in a box-to-box midfielder role next to Thiago, including in the Champions League final.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 24 September 2020, Goretzka scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Sevilla after extra time in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup. In April 2021, he missed the second leg against Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League quarter-finals due to muscle problems. However, he ended the season winning his third consecutive Bundesliga title.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Ahead of the season, Goretzka was assigned the number 8 shirt left vacant by Javi Martínez. On 17 August 2021, Goretzka conquered the 2021 DFL-Super Cup with Bayern, playing the full 90 minutes. On 16 September, Bayern announced that Goretzka had signed a new contract, keeping him at the club until 2026.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 12 October 2022, he scored a brace in a 4–2 away win over Viktoria Plzeň, in which Bayern secured their qualification to the Champions League knockout phase.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 15 October 2010, Goretzka made his Germany national U-16 football team debut in a friendly against Northern Ireland. He scored in the 3–2 victory. On 24 August 2011, he made his Germany national U-17 football team debut against Turkey in a 4–0 victory. In May 2012, he captained the Germany national U-17 football team at the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovenia and led the German U-17 team all the way to the final against the Netherlands. In the final, Goretzka scored the first goal of the match; his goal was compensated in stoppage time, taking the scoreline to 1–1. The subsequent penalty shoot-out was won by the Netherlands. On 8 August 2013, he debuted for the Germany national U-21 football team under Horst Hrubesch in a 0–0 draw against France, in which he had a magnificent match.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Goretzka was contacted by the Polish national team but rejected the offer as he is not aware of any Polish background.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 8 May 2014, Goretzka was included in the 30-men preliminary squad of the German national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup by Germany's manager, Joachim Löw. On 13 May 2014, he made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Poland. After Germany's match against Poland, in which Goretzka had suffered a muscle injury, he was removed from the team's preparatory training camp and final squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: In the nation's opening match for the tournament on 20 June, he scored his first goal for Germany in a 3–2 Group B win over Australia. Goretzka scored two goals against Mexico in the semi-finals. Goretzka finished joint top scorer with Timo Werner and Lars Stindl in the competition with three goals. The German national team won the competition, beating Chile in the final in Saint Petersburg.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: On 4 June 2018, Goretzka was included in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 27 June, he made his World Cup debut in the last match of the group stage in a 2–0 defeat to South Korea as his side got knocked out from the World Cup in the first round for the first time since 1938. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. He scored a goal in the final group fixture, a 2–2 draw against Hungary which saved Germany from elimination.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Alongside Schalke teammate Max Meyer, Goretzka was named in the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He captained Germany in their first match against Mexico, but picked up a shoulder injury, and returned to Gelsenkirchen.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: In 2013, Goretzka was referred to as one of the brightest talents in German football. Peter Neururer, Goretzka's head coach at Bochum, said that he had "never seen an eighteen year old footballer which had a potential as Goretzka", and titled him as the "talent of the century". Goretzka has a potent eye for scoring goals and is known to possess good ball control ability and also has the ability to pick out passes for his teammates. He produces powerful shots from outside the penalty area. He is also well known for his excellent heading ability which sees him regularly score goals with his head. At 1.89 m, Goretzka's high-jumping ability helps him to win aerial battles against strong and tall defenders. His main position is as a central midfielder, although he can be deployed as a defensive midfielder, a right winger and a playmaker. Goretzka's game has often been compared to two of Germany's footballing greats, Lothar Matthäus and Michael Ballack.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Goretzka was born in Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia. He completed his "Abitur" and graduated from the ("Alice-Salomon-Vocational School") in Bochum. His father, Konrad, is an automotive engineer and electrical engineer for Opel. His mother, Katharina, was presbyter in the Protestant parish of Altenbochum-Laer and worked as a business manager in many institutions in Bochum.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Goretzka launched an online initiative, "We Kick Corona", with his Bayern Munich teammate Joshua Kimmich, to help charitable, social or medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Goretzka has been an activist against hate crime, visiting the Dachau Holocaust memorial, and meeting Holocaust survivor Margot Friedlander. He is a critic of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany, calling them a "disgrace for Germany" and saying "when a party is supported and led by Holocaust revisionists and Corona deniers, then they are unmasking themselves".


title: Leon Goretzka

text: Beside football, Goretzka has also primarily invested in a marketing company in 2014, in August 2020 Goretzka started his business in real estate, LivinCG inmobilien GMBH, which is managed by his girlfriend.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: The R-73 (NATO reporting name AA-11 "Archer") is a short-range air-to-air missile developed by Vympel NPO that entered service in 1984.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: The R-73 was developed to replace the earlier R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid') weapon for short-range use by Soviet fighter aircraft. Work began in 1973, operational in 1982 and the first missiles formally entered service in 1984.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: The R-73 is an infrared homing (heat-seeking) missile with a sensitive, cryogenic cooled seeker with a substantial "off-boresight" capability: the seeker can detect targets up to 40° off the missile's centerline. It can be targeted by a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) allowing pilots to designate targets by looking at them. Minimum engagement range is about 300 meters, with maximum aerodynamic range of nearly at altitude. The weapon is used by the MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27/33, Su-34 and Su-35, and can be carried by newer versions of the MiG-21, MiG-23, Sukhoi Su-24, and Su-25 aircraft.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: Shortly after German reunification in 1990, Germany and other ex-Warsaw Pact countries found themselves with large stockpiles of the R-73 missiles or "AA-11 Archers" as designated by NATO, and had concluded that the R-73/AA-11's capabilities had been noticeably underestimated by the west. In particular, the R-73 was found to be both far more maneuverable, and far more capable in terms of seeker acquisition and tracking than the latest AIM-9 Sidewinder. This realization started the development of newer missiles to help compete, including the ASRAAM, IRIS-T and AIM-9X.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: From 1994, the R-73 has been upgraded in production to the R-73M standard, which entered Russian service in 1997. The R-73M has greater range and a wider seeker angle (to 60° off-boresight), as well as improved IRCCM (Infrared Counter-Counter-Measures). Further developments include the R-74 ("izdeliye" 740) and its export variant RVV-MD. These are expected to supplement previous variants of the R-73 in service.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: An improved version of the R-74, the K-74M ("izdeliye" 750) features fully digital and re-programmable systems, and is intended for use on the MiG-35, MiG-29K/M/M2, Su-27SM, Su-30MK and Su-35S. A further upgrade, known as the K-74M2 ("izdeliye" 760), is intended for the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 aircraft. This missile has reduced cross-section to fit in internal weapon bays and will match the performance of the AIM-9X and the ASRAAM. A clean sheet design, the K-MD ("izdeliye" 300), will supersede the K-74M2 in the future.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: On 24 February 1996, two Cessna 337s of the Brothers to the Rescue were shot down while flying over international waters 10 nautical miles outside of Cuban airspace by a Cuban Air Force MiG-29UB. Each of the aircraft was downed by an R-73 missile.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: During the Eritrean-Ethiopian War from May 1998 to June 2000, R-73 missiles were used in combat by both Ethiopian Su-27s and Eritrean MiG-29s. It was the IR-homing R-60 and the R-73 that were used in all but two of the kills.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: On 18 March 2008, a MiG-29 Fulcrum of the Russian Air Force intercepted a Georgian Elbit Hermes 450 UAV over Abkhazia. The MiG-29 destroyed the UAV with an R-73 missile.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: On 27 February 2019, Indian officials claims that an IAF MiG-21 Bison had successfully engaged and shot down a Pakistani F-16 with an R-73E missile during the 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes. Pakistan denied the loss of its aircraft.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: On 7 May 2022, Colonel Ihor Bedzay, the deputy head of the Ukrainian Navy, was killed when his Mi-14 was shot down by a Russian Su-35. It is reported that after missing its first shots using its 30 mm cannon, the Su-35 resorted to launching an R-73, which struck true.


title: R-73 (missile)

text: These missiles have been used as a surface to air missile. In 1999 R-73s were adapted by Serb forces for surface to air missiles. The Houthi movement'S Missile Research and Development Centre and the Missile Force have tried to fire R-27/R-60/R-73/R-77 against Saudi aircraft. Using stockpiles of missiles from Yemeni Air Force stocks. The issue for the R-27 and R-77 is the lack of a radar to support their guidance to the target. However the R-73 and R-60 are infra-red heat seeking missiles. They only require power, liquid nitrogen "to cool the seeker head", and a pylon to launch the missile. These missiles have been paired with a "US made FLIR Systems ULTRA 8500 turrets". However the drawback is that these missiles are intended to be fired from one jet fighter against another. So the motors and fuel load are smaller than a purpose built surface to air missile. Only one near miss has been verified and that was a R-27T fired at Royal Saudi Air Force F-15SA.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Double Fantasy is the fifth album by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, released in November 1980 on Geffen Records. Produced by Lennon, Ono and Jack Douglas, it was the seventh and final studio album released by Lennon during his lifetime. The album marked Lennon's return to recording music full-time, following his five-year hiatus to raise his son Sean. Recording sessions took place at the Hit Factory in New York City between August and October 1980. The final album features songs from both Lennon and Ono, largely alternating between the two in its track listing. Other tracks recorded by Lennon from the sessions were compiled by Ono for release on "Milk and Honey" in 1984.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Upon its release, the album stalled on music charts and received largely negative reviews from music critics, with many focusing on the album's idealisation of Lennon and Ono's marriage. However, following Lennon's murder three weeks after its release, it became a worldwide commercial success and went on to win the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards in 1982. In subsequent decades, the album has been viewed favourably, with Lennon's songs in particular garnering praise as some of his finest.


title: Double Fantasy

text: In 2010, Ono and Douglas released a remix of the album, titled "Double Fantasy Stripped Down", which featured less lavish production than the original.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Following the birth of his son, Sean, in 1975, Lennon put his musical career on hold to raise him. After five years of little musical activity, aside from recording the occasional demo in his apartment in New York, Lennon resumed his career.


title: Double Fantasy

text: In the middle of 1980, Lennon embarked on a sailing trip from Newport, Rhode Island, to Bermuda. During the journey, his yacht encountered a prolonged severe storm. Most of the crew succumbed to fatigue and seasickness except Lennon, who was eventually forced to take the yacht's wheel alone for many hours. It had the effect of both renewing his confidence and making him contemplate the fragility of life. As a result, he began to write new songs and reworked earlier demos. He commented later, "I was so centred after the experience at sea that I was tuned in to the cosmos – and all these songs came!" Ono also wrote many songs, inspired with new confidence after Lennon had stated that he believed that contemporary popular music, such as "Rock Lobster" by the B-52's, bore similarities to Ono's earlier work.


title: Double Fantasy

text: The couple decided to release their work on the same album, the first time they had done so since 1972's politically charged "Some Time in New York City". In stark contrast to that album, "Double Fantasy" (subtitled "A Heart Play") was a collection of songs wherein husband and wife would conduct a musical dialogue. The album took its title from a species of freesia, seen in the Bermuda Botanical Gardens, whose name Lennon regarded as a perfect description of his marriage to Ono.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Lennon was also inspired to return to music by his former songwriting partner within the Beatles. Upon hearing former bandmate Paul McCartney's 1980 single "Coming Up", Lennon deemed the song "a good piece of work." According to McCartney, the track prompted Lennon to return to recording later that year.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Ono approached producer Jack Douglas, with whom the couple had previously worked, and gave him Lennon's demos to listen to. "My immediate impressions were that I was going to have a hard time making it better than the demos because there was such intimacy in the demos," Douglas told "Uncut"'s Chris Hunt in 2005.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Sessions for the album began at the Hit Factory in New York City on 7 August 1980 and continued until 19 October 1980. They produced dozens of songs, enough to fill "Double Fantasy" and a large part of a projected second album, "Milk and Honey".


title: Double Fantasy

text: Lennon wanted to work with different musicians than he had previously, and had Douglas assemble and rehearse the band without telling them who they would be recording with. While the sessions were underway, Douglas brought Rick Nielsen and Bun E. Carlos of the band Cheap Trick (whom he was also producing) to play on Lennon's "I'm Losing You" and Ono's "I'm Moving On", but these were eventually re-recorded with the studio musicians. (The Cheap Trick version of "I'm Losing You" was included on the "John Lennon Anthology" collection released in 1998.)


title: Double Fantasy

text: The sessions remained top secret. Lennon and Ono still were not signed to a record label and paid for the initial sessions themselves. After they were satisfied with the album, their publicist Bruce Replogle leaked the news that the couple were back in the studio again.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Immediately, Lennon was inundated with offers from all the major labels. The recording industry was shocked when the couple signed with the newly formed Geffen Records on 22 September 1980 because David Geffen shrewdly insisted on speaking with Ono first and regarded her contributions as equal to Lennon's. He signed them before hearing any of the tracks.


title: Double Fantasy

text: The album was preceded by the single "(Just Like) Starting Over", which was backed with Ono's "Kiss Kiss Kiss". It was released on 20 October 1980 in the United States, and four days later in the United Kingdom. Originally peaking at number 8 in the UK chart, after Lennon's murder the single reached number one. In the US, the single was inching upward in the top 10 before reaching number one following Lennon's death.


title: Double Fantasy

text: The album was released on 17 November 1980 in both the UK and US. Geffen had planned an elaborate cover for Lennon's comeback, but Ono could not decide on a photo. Not wanting to miss the Christmas release deadline, Geffen used the single sleeve as the front cover, while choosing an outtake from the same photo session for the back. The tracks were sequenced as a dialogue between Lennon and Ono; one of his songs followed by one of hers. On the initial pressings, the track listing was out of sequence on the album cover. Initial sales were sluggish. In the UK album charts, it had peaked at number 14 then slipped to number 46, while in the US, it had risen to number 11. Upon Lennon's murder, the album jumped to number 1 in the US "Billboard" chart, where it stayed for eight weeks, and in the UK, it jumped to number 2, where it remained for seven weeks before finally spending two weeks at number 1.


title: Double Fantasy

text: "Woman", chosen by Lennon, was released as a posthumous single, backed with Ono's "Beautiful Boys". It was released on 12 January 1981 in the US and 16 January in the UK, reaching number 1 in the UK and in the US on the "Cash Box" singles chart, while peaking at number 2 for three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100. Released as the final single from the album, "Watching the Wheels", backed with Ono's "Yes, I'm Your Angel", peaked at number 10 and 30 in the US and UK charts respectively. The single was released in the US on 13 March 1981, and on 27 March 1981 in the UK.


title: Double Fantasy

text: Initial critical reaction to the album was largely negative. However, three weeks after the album's release, Lennon was murdered and several negative reviews by prominent critics were withheld from publication, including those by Stephen Holden of "The New York Times", Tom Carson of "Rolling Stone", and Geoffrey Stokes of "The Village Voice". The negative reviews focused on the album's idealisation of Lennon and Ono's marriage. Stokes found the concept and theme to be "basically misogynist" and Kit Rachlis of the "Boston Phoenix" admitted to being "annoyed" by Lennon and Ono's assumption "that lots of people care deeply" about them. Charles Shaar Murray, of "New Musical Express", wrote that the couple's domestic bliss "sounds like a great life but unfortunately it makes a lousy record," adding that he wished Lennon had "kept his big happy trap shut until he has something to say that was even vaguely relevant to those of us not married to Yoko Ono".


title: Double Fantasy

text: "Double Fantasy" finished 37th in "The Village Voice"s 1980 Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of prominent music critics. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it 7th on his own list of the year's best albums. Although he was put off by its simplistic lyrics and music upon first listen, Christgau said the music works a "minor miracle" with "rich, precise" song form and a "command of readymades" to put "the anonymous usages of studio rock to striking artistic purpose". He felt that the use of alternating Ono's improved vocals with Lennon's "makes the union come alive" better than his outspoken, straightforward lyrics and concluded that the album is not great but "memorable and gratifying" as rare, "connubial rock and roll". In his retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments: "these are really nice tunes and what's special about them is their niceness – it's a sweet acceptance of middle age, which, of course, makes [Lennon's] assassination all the sadder."


title: Double Fantasy

text: In 1982, Douglas, Lennon and Ono won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "Double Fantasy" at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards. In 1989, the album was ranked number 29 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s.


title: Double Fantasy

text: In 2020, "Rolling Stone" included "Double Fantasy" in their "80 Greatest albums of 1980" list, praising Lennon and Ono for their collaboration as "each song acts as a dialogue between the couple."


title: Double Fantasy

text: "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)" was re-released as the B-side to a reissue of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" to promote "The John Lennon Collection" in November 1982. It was first released on CD on 13 October 1986 in the UK, and nearly a year later on 15 September 1987 in the US. The album was re-released on cassette, CD and vinyl in 1989, after EMI had obtained the rights to the album. On 9 October 2000, EMI/Capitol released a remastered version of the album, containing three bonus tracks.


title: Double Fantasy

text: In 2010, Ono and Douglas supervised the release of a remix of the album called "Double Fantasy Stripped Down". Released as a two-disc set, it included a newly remastered copy of the original album along with an alternative version of the album featuring simpler arrangements without the original's lavish production, with cover artwork by Sean Lennon. Ono said of the remix: "This new version really allows us to focus our attention on John's amazing vocals. Technology has advanced so much that, conversely, I wanted to use new techniques to really frame these amazing songs and John’s voice as simply as possible. By stripping down some of the instrumentation, the power of the songs shines through with an enhanced clarity." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the remix a mixed review, writing: "Apart from '(Just Like) Starting Over', where the removal of the doo-wop backing vocals undercuts the loving oldies homage of the song, the changes [made] are so subtle that they're felt more than heard, cumulatively not affecting the impact of the album all that much." He completed his review by stating, "Ultimately, "Stripped Down" sounds like a rough mix waiting for all the polish that made "Double Fantasy" feel like a full, complete album."


title: Giza

text: Giza (; sometimes spelled "Gizah", "Geeza"; "" ) is the second-largest city in Egypt after Cairo and fourth-largest city in Africa after Kinshasa, Lagos and Cairo. It is the capital of Giza Governorate with a total population of 9.2 million as of 2021. It is located on the west bank of the Nile, southwest of central Cairo, and is a part of the Greater Cairo metropolis. Giza lies less than north of Memphis ("Men-nefer"), which was the capital city of the first unified Egyptian state from the days of the first pharaoh, Narmer.


title: Giza

text: Giza is most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau, the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples. Giza has always been a focal point in Egypt's history due to its location close to Memphis, the ancient pharaonic capital of the Old Kingdom.


title: Giza

text: The city of Giza is the capital of the Giza Governorate, and is located near the northeast border of this governorate. The city's population was reported as 2,681,863 in the 2006 national census, while the governorate had 6,272,571 at the same census, without specifying what the city is. The former figure corresponds to the sum of 9 kisms.


title: Giza

text: Technically, Giza may not be an incorporated municipal unit, and therefore not a city at all. In a typical Egyptian fashion, there are two districts within the Governorate with the same name: a kism/qasm and an associated markiz. Some 9 urban kisms of Giza Governorate form collectively a contiguous area of 98.4 km on the Nile directly opposite Cairo, and recorded a preliminary count of 4,146,340 in 2017 census count, not including the Al-Ḥawāmidiyah kism separated by Giza markiz. It is unclear if the 9 urban kisms represent a single entity; the structure may be similar to that of 23 wards of Tokyo in that all local units are simply subordinate to the Prefecture of Tokyo without any intermediate municipal structure.


title: Giza

text: Giza's most famous landform and archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some major monuments of Egyptian history, and is home to the Great Sphinx. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis, across the river from modern day Cairo. The Great Pyramid of Giza at one time was advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.


title: Giza

text: Giza experiences a hot desert climate like arid climate (Köppen: BWh). Its climate is similar to Cairo, owing to its proximity. Wind storms can be frequent across Egypt in spring, bringing Saharan dust into the city during the months of March and April. High temperatures in winter range from , while nighttime lows drop to below . In summer, the highs are , and the lows can drop to about . Rain is infrequent in Giza; snow is extremely rare.


title: Giza

text: Up to August 2013, the highest recorded temperature was on 13 June 1965, while the lowest recorded temperature was on 8 January 1966.


title: Giza

text: The area in what is now Giza served as the necropolis of several pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt, during the second millennium BC. Three of these tombs, in the form of giant pyramids, are what is now the famed Giza pyramid complex, featuring the Great Pyramid of Giza.


title: Giza

text: As ancient Egypt passed under several conquests under the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, so did the area in what is now Giza. A Byzantine village named "Phylake" () or "Terso" (, meaning "the fortress", now "Tersa") was located south of Giza and should not be confused with it.


title: Giza

text: Egyptians called the area Tipersis (Bohairic and Sahidic ). Eutychius gives a legend the about city's name and its foundation by Artaxerxes Ochus, while Abu Salih says it was found by a Persian king Hūš at the same time as Qasr ash-Sham, but in view of the fact that older evidence is missing, it is perhaps most likely to have been founded during the Sasanian conquest of Egypt in the early 7th century.


title: Giza

text: As Muslims of the fledgling Islamic caliphate went on with their conquest of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire beginning in 639 AD, three years after their victory at the battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD, they conquered all of the land by the time they captured the city of Alexandria in 641 AD. A year later in 642 AD (year 21 in Islamic calendar), they founded the city of Giza. The exact etymology of its name is unknown. Al-Maqrizi suggested an irregular Arameo-Arabic root meaning "edge, side" to be the source. Everett-Heath suggested "on the side of the height (pyramid)". Peust also suggests a Persian etymology of the word from , which Persians could have given to the pyramids or a fortress they found in the area.


title: Giza

text: Giza has seen many changes over time. Changes in infrastructure during the different occupations of Egypt by various rulers, including the British in the 18th and early 20th century, focused on the construction of roads, streets, and buildings in the area. Giza is a thriving centre of Egyptian culture and is quite heavily populated, with many facilities and buildings in the current area. Giza saw much attention in particular to its vast amount of ancient Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau, and has astonished thousands of visitors and tourists over the years. Giza's infrastructure saw much attention from both the British government prior to the 1952 coup d'état, as well as the current Egyptian government due to the city's importance in tourism. Giza's St. George Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Giza.


title: Giza

text: The city hosts the first zoo on the entire African continent and one of the oldest in the Mediterranean region, the Giza Zoo. In addition, there are several parks, the most famous among them is Orman Park, which means "Forest Park" in the Turkish language.


title: Giza

text: Transportation in Giza comprises an extensive road network, rail system, subway system, and maritime services. Road transport is facilitated by personal vehicles, taxi cabs, privately owned public buses and microbuses.


title: Giza

text: Giza shares with Cairo a subway system, officially called the "Metro (مترو)", a fast and efficient way of getting around. An extensive road network connects Giza with 6th of October City, Cairo and other cities. There are flyovers and bridges such as the 15th. Giza traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.


title: Giza

text: Industries here include movies, chemicals, Giza cotton, machinery and cigarettes. In addition, Giza has many luxury apartment buildings along the Nile, making it a popular place to live.


title: Giza

text: Access to the city of Giza, which has its own governorate adjacent to the Governorate of Cairo, is dependent on the Cairo International Airport. Another local airport is found in Giza, called the Imbaba Airport, but recently the Egyptian government has decided to shut down the area and turn it into a cultural or an athletic area.


title: Giza

text: Giza's learning institutions include Cairo University, which was moved to Giza in 1924. The city is a hub of education and educational services not only for Egypt but also for the entire Mediterranean Region. Giza has numerous schools, kindergartens, and institutes of higher learning.


title: Giza

text: The Cairo Japanese School, a Japanese international school, is in Giza. The Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule, a German international school, is located in Dokki in Giza. Previously the Pakistan International School of Cairo had its campus in Giza.


title: Giza

text: The city hosts the second most successful sports club in Egypt and Africa, El Zamalek, which is located in the Meet Okba neighbourhood near the Mohandesin neighbourhood. Beside El Zamalek there are other clubs like El Tersana and Seid Shooting Club which is one of the elite clubs in Egypt.


title: Maverick City Music

text: Maverick City Music is an American contemporary worship music collective founded by Tony Brown and Jonathan Jay originating from Atlanta. The collective made its debut in 2019 with the release of two extended plays, "Maverick City, Vol. 1" and "Maverick City, Vol. 2". In 2020, Maverick City Music released two live albums: "Maverick City Vol. 3 Part 1" and "Maverick City, Vol. 3 Pt. 2", with the former featuring the singles, "Man of Your Word" and "Promises". The collective later released their first collaborative EP with Upperroom, "You Hold It All Together" (2020) which was followed by the holiday-themed EP, "Maverick City Christmas" (2020). In 2021, Maverick City Music released several projects, the most notable being their second collaborative EP with Upperroom, "Move Your Heart"; a collaborative album with Elevation Worship titled "Old Church Basement" which contained the hit songs "Jireh", "Talking to Jesus" and "Wait on You"; and "", which attained commercial success and garnered widespread critical acclaim.


title: Maverick City Music

text: Maverick City Music was launched in 2018, After hosting seventeen songwriting camps which brought together over one hundred Christian artists and songwriters the result was the creation of over one hundred songs and a label was started. Tony Brown and Jonathan Jay intended to create space for diversity by including creatives who are often marginalized such as black people and women who are CCM singers and songwriters, and bringing attention to their voices and ability. Maverick City Music released their first extended play, "Maverick City, Vol. 1", on July 29, 2019. The EP debuted on "Billboard"'s Top Gospel Albums Chart at number ten. On November 12, 2019, Maverick City Music released their follow-up EP, "Maverick City, Vol. 2". The release debuted at number 35 on "Billboard"'s Top Christian Albums Chart.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On April 17, 2020, Maverick City Music released their debut album, "Maverick City Vol. 3 Part 1", independently. In the United States, the album debuted at number six on Top Christian Albums and number two on Top Gospel Albums charts. "Maverick City, Vol. 3 Part 1" also debuted at number 15 on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. On July 27, 2020, Maverick City Music announced that the song "Man of Your Word" which features Chandler Moore and KJ Scriven, would impact Christian radio stations on August 21, 2020, being their debut radio single. "Man of Your Word" peaked at number 18 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and spent a total of twenty-six non-consecutive weeks on the chart. Maverick City Music garnered two nominations for the 2020 GMA Dove Awards, with "Promises" being nominated in the Gospel Worship Recorded Song of the Year award and "Maverick City Vol. 3 Part 1" being nominated in the Gospel Worship Album of the Year award.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On October 9, 2020, the collective released their second studio album, "Maverick City, Vol. 3 Pt. 2". The album debuted at number four on Top Christian Albums and number two on Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States. "Maverick City, Vol. 3 Pt. 2" also debuted at number eight on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. Maverick City Music and Upperroom released their first collaborative extended play titled "You Hold It All Together", on November 20, 2020. "You Hold It All Together" debuted at number twenty on Top Christian Albums and number two on Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States. Maverick City Music released a holiday-themed extended play titled "Maverick City Christmas" a week later, on November 27, 2020. "Maverick City Christmas" debuted at number four on Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On January 29, 2021, Maverick City Music and Upperroom released their second collaborative extended play titled "Move Your Heart". "Move Your Heart" debuted at number 15 on Top Christian Albums and number one on Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States. On February 26, 2021, the collective released an extended play titled "Jubilee". "Jubilee" debuted at number 14 on Top Christian Albums and number two on Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States. On March 12, 2021, Maverick City Music released their first Spanish-language single, "Acercame" which features Johnny Peña & Laila Olivera as the lead single to their first Spanish album, "Como En El Cielo". "Como En El Cielo" was released on March 19, 2021.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On March 26, 2021, Elevation Worship and Maverick City Music released a promotional single titled "Jireh" which features Chandler Moore and Naomi Raine, in the lead-up to the release of their first collaborative album, "Old Church Basement". "Jireh" peaked at number eight on the US Hot Christian Songs chart, and debuted at number one on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. On April 9, 2021, Elevation Worship and Maverick City Music released "Talking to Jesus", which features Brandon Lake as the second promotional single from "Old Church Basement". "Talking to Jesus" debuted at number nine on the US Hot Christian Songs chart and at number one on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. On April 23, 2021, Elevation Worship released "Wait on You" which features Dante Bowe and Chandler Moore as the third promotional single from "Old Church Basement". Elevation Worship and Maverick City Music released "Old Church Basement" on April 30, 2021, also releasing the music video for the song "Build Your Church" which features Naomi Raine and Chris Brown, on YouTube. "Old Church Basement" debuted at number 30 the mainstream "Billboard" 200 chart, while also charting at number one on the Top Christian Albums chart and the Top Gospel Albums chart in the United States with 19,000 equivalent album units sold in the first week, and nine tracks from the album also charting in the top ten sector of the Hot Gospel Songs chart. "Old Church Basement" also debuted at number two on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. The album also achieved mainstream chart placements in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Switzerland. Maverick City Music released "Promises" featuring Joe L. Barnes and Naomi Raine as a single on May 3, 2021. "Promises" reached number one on both the Hot Christian Songs and the Hot Gospel Songs charts. In May 2021, Maverick City Music announced their first headlining tour, dubbed the Welcome to Maverick City Tour, set to visit twelve cities in the United States during the fall of 2021.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On June 2, 2021, Maverick City Music announced that they were preparing for the release of their following project, "". On June 4, 2021, Maverick City Music released "Breathe" featuring Jonathan McReynolds and Doe as the lead single from "Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition". "Breathe" peaked at number 31 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and number ten on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. "Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition" was released on June 18, 2021, in celebration of Juneteenth, which became an official federal holiday in the United States. "Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition" debuted at number eight on Top Christian Albums and number two on Top Gospel Albums in the United States, with 3,000 equivalent album units earned. "Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition" also debuted at number five on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. On July 23, 2021, Maverick City Music alongside Tribl released a collaborative live album named "Tribl I". "Tribl I" debuted at number ten on Top Christian Albums, and number three on Top Gospel Albums, in the United States. On October 1, 2021, Maverick City Music released their second Spanish-language album, "Venga Tu Reino". On November 30, 2021, Maverick City Music released their second Christmas recording, "A Very Maverick Christmas". "A Very Maverick Christmas" debuted at number nine on Top Christian Albums, and number three on Top Gospel Albums, in the United States. "A Very Maverick Christmas" also debuted at number five on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom.


title: Maverick City Music

text: At the 2021 GMA Dove Awards, Maverick City Music received three nominations: New Artist of the Year, Worship Recorded Song of the Year for "Jireh" alongside Elevation Worship, Chandler Moore and Naomi Raine, and Worship Album of the Year for "Old Church Basement" alongside Elevation Worship; the collective won the GMA Dove Awards for New Artist of the Year and Worship Album of the Year for "Old Church Basement" with Elevation Worship. At the 2022 Grammy Awards, Maverick City Music received four nominations across the Christian and Gospel categories, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album for "Old Church Basement" with Elevation Worship. Maverick City Music also performed "Jireh" at the 2022 Grammy Awards, becoming the first Christian gospel group to perform at the Grammy Awards show in 20 years. At the 2022 "Billboard" Music Awards, Maverick City Music received six nominations across the Christian and Gospel categories.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On January 3, 2022, Maverick City Music released "Firm Foundation (He Won't)" featuring Chandler Moore and Cody Carnes as a single. "Firm Foundation (He Won't)" peaked at number 33 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and at number ten on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. On February 11, 2022, the collective released the EP "Breathe", in commemoration of Black History Month. "Breathe" debuted at number 16 on Top Christian Albums, and number four on Top Gospel Albums, in the United States. In March 2022, Maverick City Music and Kirk Franklin announced that they will be embarking on the Kingdom Tour, with a collaboration album titled "Kingdom" initially set to be released by the artists following the conclusion of the tour. Maverick City Music released "Worthy of My Song (Worthy of It All)" featuring Phil Wickham, Chandler Moore and the Mav City Gospel Choir. as a single on April 8, 2022. "Worthy of My Song (Worthy of It All)" peaked at number 27 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and at number 11 on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. On April 29, 2022, Maverick City Music and Tribl released their second collaborative live album, "Tribl Nights Anthologies". "Tribl Nights Anthologies" debuted at number 41 on Top Christian Albums, and number six on Top Gospel Albums, in the United States.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On May 20, 2022, Maverick City Music and Kirk Franklin announced that they will release a collaborative album titled "Kingdom Book One" on June 17, 2022, concurrently releasing "Kingdom" featuring Naomi Raine and Chandler Moore as the first promotional single from the album that same day. "Kingdom" peaked at number 17 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and at number six on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. On June 3, 2022, "Bless Me" was released by Maverick City Music and Kirk Franklin as the second promotional single from "Kingdom Book One". "Bless Me" peaked at number 19 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and number eight on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. The collective also featured on "God Really Loves Us" by Crowder and Dante Bowe, a single which was released on June 3, 2022. "God Really Loves Us" peaked at number 12 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and number three on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. Maverick City Music released their third Spanish-language album, "Simple Adoración", on June 10, 2022. "Kingdom Book One" was released on June 17, 2022. "Kingdom Book One" debuted at number 151 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, while appearing at number two on the Top Christian Albums and the Top Gospel Albums charts in the United States, with 5,000 equivalent album units earned. "Kingdom Book One" also debuted at number five on the Official Christian and Gospel Albums Chart in the United Kingdom. On November 4, 2022, Maverick City Music released the radio version of "Fear Is Not My Future" featuring Brandon Lake and Chandler Moore. "Fear Is Not My Future" peaked at number 13 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and number six on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. "Mary Did You Know?" was released by Maverick City Music to Christian radio in the United States, impacting on November 25, 2022, becoming the first single from "A Very Maverick Christmas" (2021). "Mary Did You Know?" peaked at number 23 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and number 11 on the Hot Gospel Songs chart.


title: Maverick City Music

text: At the 2022 GMA Dove Awards, Maverick City Music received seven nominations including Artist of the Year, Worship Recorded Song of the Year for the radio version of "Jireh" alongside Chandler Moore and Naomi Raine, Gospel Worship Recorded Song of the Year for "Breathe" with DOE, Chandler Moore, and Jonathan McReynolds, Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year for "Jubilee: Juneteenth Edition", and Gospel Worship Album of the Year for "Tribl Nights Atlanta" alongside Tribl; the collective ultimately winning the GMA Dove Awards for Gospel Worship Recorded Song of the Year and Gospel Worship Album of the Year. At the 2023 Grammy Awards, Maverick City Music received five nominations across the Christian and Gospel categories: Best Gospel Album for "Kingdom Book One (Deluxe)" with Kirk Franklin, Best Contemporary Christian Music Album for "Breathe", Best Gospel Performance/Song for "Kingdom" with Kirk Franklin, and two Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song nominations for "Fear Is Not Future" with Kirk Franklin and "God Really Loves Us (Radio Version)" with Crowder and Dante Bowe.


title: Maverick City Music

text: On September 26, 2022, Maverick City Music announced via a statement on Instagram that they had paused their professional relationship with Dante Bowe, citing behavior that was inconsistent with their core values and beliefs, the nature of which was not specified. Bowe released a statement of apology, stating that he was receiving counsel and support, while also taking a step back from social media and expressed recommitment to God's purpose for his life.


title: Aerosmith albums discography

text: American rock band Aerosmith has released 15 studio albums, six live albums, 16 compilation albums, and two extended plays. Aerosmith was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970 by vocalist Steven Tyler, guitarists Joe Perry and Ray Tabano, bassist Tom Hamilton, and drummer Joey Kramer. Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford in 1971. Other than a period from 1979 to 1984, this lineup has remained the same.


title: Aerosmith albums discography

text: Aerosmith is estimated to have sold well over 150 million albums around the world, making them the biggest-selling hard rock band in United States history. As of November 2021, the band has sold 69.5 million albums in the United States in terms of certification units, and 31,702,000 albums since 1991 when SoundScan started tracking actual sales figures.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The First Wives Club is a 1996 American comedy film directed by Hugh Wilson, based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Olivia Goldsmith. The film stars Bette Midler, Goldie Hawn, and Diane Keaton as three divorcées who seek retribution on their ex-husbands for having left them for younger women. The supporting cast comprises Stockard Channing as Cynthia, Dan Hedaya, Victor Garber, and Stephen Collins as the three leads' ex-husbands, and Sarah Jessica Parker, Elizabeth Berkley, and Marcia Gay Harden as their respective lovers. Supporting roles are played by Maggie Smith, Bronson Pinchot, Rob Reiner, Eileen Heckart, and Philip Bosco; cameo appearances include Gloria Steinem, Ed Koch, Kathie Lee Gifford, and Ivana Trump.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The film became a surprise box-office success following its North American release, eventually grossing $181,490,000 worldwide, mostly from its domestic run, despite receiving mixed reviews. It developed a cult following particularly among middle-aged women, and the actresses' highest-grossing project of the decade helped revitalize their careers in film and television. Composer Marc Shaiman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score, while Hawn was awarded a Blockbuster Entertainment Award and both Midler and Parker received Satellite Award nominations for their portrayals.


title: The First Wives Club

text: In 1969, four friends, Annie, Brenda, Elise, and Cynthia, graduate from Middlebury College. During a celebratory champagne toast, Cynthia has them promise always to be there for each other and takes a group photo.


title: The First Wives Club

text: In the present, the four women have lost touch. Cynthia learns through the tabloids that her ex-husband has remarried a much younger, more attractive woman. She sends notes to Annie, Brenda, and Elise and then commits suicide. Devastated by Cynthia's death, the three friends reunite at her funeral and learn of each other's marital troubles at lunch afterward. Annie is separated from her advertising executive husband, Aaron, and is in therapy for self-esteem issues. Elise is an alcoholic Oscar-winning actress in the process of divorcing her film producer husband, Bill, and relies on plastic surgery to keep hold of her fading career. Brenda is struggling financially after divorcing her husband, Morty, who runs a successful chain of electronics stores.


title: The First Wives Club

text: After the funeral, Aaron stuns Annie by asking her for a divorce so he can be with her therapist. Elise meets with a film director who tells her he envisions her playing the mother of the main character in his upcoming film. While shopping, Brenda runs into Morty and his beautiful, much younger girlfriend, Shelly, who insults Brenda's weight.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The women come together again once they receive the notes Cynthia mailed before her death, in which she describes her loneliness for their friendship. They form the First Wives Club to obtain restitution from their husbands.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Brenda and Annie learn from Brenda's Mafia-connected uncle that Morty's first electronics store sold stolen goods and that his books are fraudulent. Annie's daughter, who obtains a job at her father's advertising agency to spy on her father for Annie, reveals that Aaron's partners want to sell their share of the agency. Annie works up a scheme with Elise whereby Elise liquidates all of Bill's valuable assets acquired during their marriage and sells them for one dollar to Annie, who then auctions them off and uses the proceeds to buy out Aaron's partners. Unable to find any blackmail information on Bill, Elise gets into a vicious fight with Brenda and Annie while drinking. Annie contemplates leaving the Club, but Brenda and Elise convince her to stay, with Elise promising to sober up.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Elise meets with Bill's young, attractive girlfriend, Phoebe, who is slated to play the main character in the film for which Elise is up for the part of the mother. She discovers that Phoebe is a minor and threatens to Bill that she will go public if he does not help her, Brenda, and Annie fund a non-profit organization dedicated to helping abused women. Brenda similarly threatens to expose Morty's tax evasion and Annie prevents Aaron from walking away from the advertising agency by bringing in a multi-million dollar account of her own. Bill, Aaron, and Morty all agree to the women's demands.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Brenda, Annie, and Elise use their husbands' money to establish the Cynthia Swann Griffin Crisis Center for Women. At the grand opening celebration, Brenda and Morty seem headed for reconciliation, with Morty frustrated by Shelly's neediness; she later flirts with Bill. Elise is starring in a successful Broadway play and dating one of her fellow actors and a confident Annie rejects Aaron's request to come back to her. The women close up the center and dance down the street singing "You Don't Own Me".


title: The First Wives Club

text: The film project originally belonged to Sherry Lansing, who bought the unpublished manuscript of the novel in 1991, after many publishers had rejected it, and handed it over to producer Scott Rudin when she became CEO of Paramount Pictures in 1992. "It was one of the single best ideas for a movie I've ever heard," she said in a 1996 interview with "The New York Times". "The situation of a woman getting left for a younger version of herself was far too common. But we didn't want a movie about women as victims. We wanted a movie about empowerment." Rudin consulted Robert Harling to write the screenplay, whose script was reworked by Paul Rudnick when Harling left to direct 1996's "The Evening Star", the sequel to the 1983 drama "Terms of Endearment". Rudnick, however, felt the final script was "incomprehensible": "To figure out the structure of that movie would require an undiscovered Rosetta Stone," he told "The New York Times".


title: The First Wives Club

text: Diane Keaton was the first actress reported to have landed one of the starring roles, having previously worked with Rudin on the film "Mrs. Soffel" (only to later work with him again in "Marvin's Room"), followed by Bette Midler who had originally auditioned for the "more glamorous role" of Elise. Although Rudin originally intended to cast Jessica Lange in the latter role, the team decided to rewrite the character of the book in favour of a "glitzier" version which eventually went to eleventh-hour addition Goldie Hawn. Actor Mandy Patinkin dropped out shortly before shooting started and was replaced by Stephen Collins when he decided to leave the project in favour of his musical ambitions, while Dan Hedaya won the role of Morty over Héctor Elizondo. Elizabeth Berkley only took her part to "work with the best actresses around," and Timothy Olyphant, who had impressed with local stage work, made his screen debut as director Brett Artounian in the film.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Cameos of note include Ivana Trump (who famously stated in the film, "Don't get mad, get everything."), Gloria Steinem, and Kathie Lee Gifford as themselves, as well as author Olivia Goldsmith, director Hugh Wilson as a commercial director, and Heather Locklear as the younger lover of James Naughton's character Gil. Additionally, Jon Stewart was hired to play the lover of Goldie Hawn's character Elise; however, he never actually made it to the film. "I played her boyfriend and apparently they felt that that was not inherently part of the storyline and so she broke up with me before the movie started," he joked on "Larry King Live" in 2006.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Principal photography took place over three months at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City, between December 4, 1995, and March 19, 1996. Among the 60 sites showcased on screen are Christie's auction house, the Bowery Bar, a suite at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Café des Artistes, the King Cole Bar at the St. Regis Hotel, Frank E. Campbell's funeral home, and Barneys. Other familiar sites include the Chrysler Building, the NoHo neighborhood, both 5th and 7th Avenues, Riverside Drive, and Central Park.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Production designer Peter Larkin took much inspiration from Hollywood's romantic comedies of the 1930s, incorporating a post-Great Depression view on style and luxury, widely popularized through these films. "Those sets looked better than real New York penthouses and nightclubs ever could," he said upon creation. "In this film I wanted settings that had that kind of striking nature."


title: The First Wives Club

text: "The First Wives Club" received mixed reviews from film critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that based on 74 reviews, 50% of critics gave the film a positive rating, with an average score of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""The First Wives Club" is headlined by a trio of comedic dynamos, but the script lets them down with tepid plotting and a fatal lack of satirical bite." On Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film holds a 58/100 rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews" based on 21 critics.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Edward Guthmann of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called the film a "terrific comedy" and "a glamorous revenge romp, a "9 to 5" mixed with "Auntie Mame"", giving "each star the opportunity to do her best work in a long, long time." He added that "what's surprising isn't that each of them is so delightfully good but that they work together so well." In his review for "Variety", Leonard Klady found that director "Hugh Wilson wisely gets out of the way of his performers, providing a simple glossy look enhanced by cameraman Donald Thorin, designer Peter Larkin and the costumes of Theoni V. Aldredge". He noted that "with its combination of comic zingers and star turns, [the] pic shapes up as one of the more commercial fall [1996] entries", that "at its core, is a celebration of its star trio as consummate performers. In that respect, "First Wives Club" is a highly enjoyable movie romp."


title: The First Wives Club

text: Janet Maslin from "The New York Times" remarked that the film "freely overhauls the amusing beach book by Olivia Goldsmith, eliminating the sex, adding more slapstick and tailoring the leading roles to suit three divas in starring roles." While she felt that "Bette Midler, Diane Keaton and Goldie Hawn make a spirited, surprisingly harmonious trio," reeling off "one-liners with accomplished flair, even when the film turns silly and begins to, pardon the expression, sag", she found that the film fared "better with sight gags and quick retorts than with plot development". Roger Ebert, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave "The First Wives Club" two out of four stars. He declared the film "heavy on incident but light on plot", filled with "heartfelt talks with slapstick and sitcom situations." Owen Gleiberman, writer for "Entertainment Weekly", wrote that "paced like a Chris Farley movie and photographed like a denture-cream commercial, "The First Wives Club" is the sort of overbright plastic-package comedy that tends to live or die by its jokes, its farcical audacity – anything but its 'conviction'." He gave the film a C+ rating.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The film's Total Lifetime Grosses for the Worldwide box office are $181.5 million. At the Domestic North American box office, the film has a Total Lifetime Gross of $105.5 million. The film has a Foreign Total Lifetime Gross of $76 million.


title: The First Wives Club

text: At the Domestic North American box office, the film reached the Rank of Number 1, making $18.9 million in its opening weekend over September 20–22, 1996, and the film remained at the Number 1 position for three consecutive weeks.


title: The First Wives Club

text: In the Yearly Chart for Domestic North American Box Office 1996, The First Wives Club is ranked at Number 11, and in the Yearly PG Rated 1996 Chart, the film is ranked at Number 1. On the Worldwide Yearly Chart 1996, the film is ranked at Number 11.


title: The First Wives Club

text: For years there have been rumors of a sequel to the film. Although columnists Stacy Jenel Smith and Marilyn Beck reported in a 2002 article that producer Scott Rudin would refuse to work on a sequel, the actresses have made various statements to the contrary. In a "Chicago Sun-Times" interview in 2003, Keaton expressed her readiness to appear in a second film. A year later, writer Paul Rudnick reportedly started writing a draft, entitled "Avon Ladies of the Amazon", and in 2005, Midler confirmed to "USA Today" that there was indeed a manuscript but that "the strike kept it from happening." However, as Hawn declared in a 2006 interview with the "New York Daily News", Paramount Pictures declined the trio's services due to their demand for an increase in fees: "I got a call from the head of the studio, who said, 'Let's try to make it work. But I think we should all do it for the same amount of money.' Now, if there were three men that came back to do a sequel, they would have paid them three times their salary at least." On February 25, 2011, Goldie Hawn posted a picture on Twitter of the three at a lunch confirming that they had all signed on for a sequel, and the next day re-tweeted a message from Bravo TV confirming this again. In 2016, Hawn confirmed that Netflix was working on a sequel, though she also admitted that "the script isn't working."


title: The First Wives Club

text: A musical stage version of the film opened at The Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California on July 17, 2009, in previews, through August 23, 2009, prior to a projected Broadway engagement. The book was by Rupert Holmes, with a score by the "one-time only reunited" Holland–Dozier–Holland songwriting team from 1960s Motown soul music fame. Francesca Zambello directed the San Diego production. The creators and Zambello were engaged for the project in 2006. An industry reading of the musical was held in February 2009, with principals Ana Gasteyer, Carolee Carmello and Adriane Lenox.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The principal cast in the San Diego production originally included Karen Ziemba as Annie, Adriane Lenox as Elise, Barbara Walsh as Brenda, John Dossett as Aaron, Kevyn Morrow as Bill, Brad Oscar as Morty, Sara Chase as Trophy Wife, and Sam Harris as Duane. Lisa Stevens choreographed, with scenic design by Peter J. Davison and costumes by Paul Tazewell. On June 16, 2009, Lenox dropped out of the production due to health concerns and was replaced by Sheryl Lee Ralph. The production's tryout received mixed to negative reviews, but the production sold approximately 29,000 tickets in its five-week run. The ticket demand was so strong early on that the show's run was extended an extra week prior to its opening night.


title: The First Wives Club

text: Producers announced November 11, 2009, that Francesca Zambello withdrew as director, and they would secure a new director prior to any Broadway run.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The originating producers, Jonas Neilson and Paul Lambert, teamed with Elizabeth Williams and John Frost, and have since brought on Simon Phillips to direct.


title: The First Wives Club

text: A newly adapted version of "First Wives Club: The Musical" began previews at Chicago's Oriental Theatre on February 17, 2015, with the opening on March 11 and running through March 29. The production aimed for Broadway in the 2015-2016 season. The new production is directed by Simon Phillips, choreographed by David W. Connolly, Kenny Seymour as musical director, and has a new book written by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason. The newly adapted version features new songs by the composers Holland-Dozier-Holland, the trio who wrote many Motown hits during the 1960s. The show also contains a few of their classic hits, such as "Reach Out...I'll Be There," "Stop! In the Name of Love" and "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)." Faith Prince, Christine Sherrill, and Carmen Cusack lead the cast as Brenda, Elise, and Annie respectively. Complete casting was announced in January 2015.


title: The First Wives Club

text: TV Land announced in March 2016, that it had ordered a pilot for a television adaptation of the film, to be written by Rebecca Addelman and executive produced by Jenny Bicks and Karen Rosenfelt. However, the network failed to pick up the pilot. The project went to the Paramount Network for redevelopment in early 2017. In October 2017, Tracy Oliver was tapped to write the series.


title: The First Wives Club

text: The official soundtrack titled "Music From The Motion Picture The First Wives Club...And Then Some" was released on September 17, 1996, shortly before the film's premiere. It peaked at number 90 on the "Billboard 200" chart.


title: Coalition government

text: A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in nations with majoritarian electoral systems, but common under proportional representation. A coalition government might also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived political legitimacy or collective identity, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses, the Prime Minister and cabinet may be ousted by a vote of no confidence, call snap elections, form a new majority coalition, or continue as a minority government.


title: Coalition government

text: In multi-party states, a coalition agreement is an agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government. It codifies the most important shared goals and objectives of the cabinet. It is often written by the leaders of the parliamentary parties.


title: Coalition government

text: Countries which often operate with coalition cabinets include: the Nordic countries, the Benelux countries, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey and Ukraine. Switzerland has been ruled by a coalition of the four strongest parties in parliament from 1959 to 2008, called the "Magic Formula". Between 2010 and 2015, the United Kingdom also operated a formal coalition between the Conservative and the Liberal Democrat parties, but this was unusual: the UK usually has a single-party majority government. Not every parliament forms a coalition government, for example the European parliament.


title: Coalition government

text: In the United Kingdom, coalition governments (sometimes known as "national governments") usually have only been formed at times of national crisis. The most prominent was the National Government of 1931 to 1940. There were multi-party coalitions during both world wars. Apart from this, when no party has had a majority, minority governments normally have been formed with one or more opposition parties agreeing to vote in favour of the legislation which governments need to function: for instance the Labour government of James Callaghan formed a pact with the Liberals from March 1977 until July 1978, after a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the October 1974 election. However, in the run-up to the 1997 general election, Labour opposition leader Tony Blair was in talks with Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown about forming a coalition government if Labour failed to win a majority at the election; but there proved to be no need for a coalition as Labour won the election by a landslide. The 2010 general election resulted in a hung parliament (Britain's first for 36 years), and the Conservatives, led by David Cameron, which had won the largest number of seats, formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to gain a parliamentary majority, ending 13 years of Labour government. This was the first time that the Conservatives and Lib Dems had made a power-sharing deal at Westminster. It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after the establishment of Winston Churchill's wartime coalition,


title: Coalition government

text: Labour and the Liberal Democrats have entered into a coalition twice in the Scottish Parliament, as well as twice in the Welsh Assembly.


title: Coalition government

text: In Germany, coalition governments are the norm, as it is rare for any single party to win a majority in parliament. The German political system makes extensive use of the constructive vote of no confidence, which requires governments to control an absolute majority of seats. Every government since the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949 has involved at least two political parties. Typically, governments involve one of the two major parties forming a coalition with a smaller party. For example, from 1982 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the CDU/CSU with the minor Free Democratic Party (FDP); from 1998 to 2005, a coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the minor Greens held power. The CDU/CSU comprises an alliance of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and Christian Social Union in Bavaria, described as "sister parties" which form a joint parliamentary group, and for this purpose are always considered a single party. Coalition arrangements are often given names based on the colours of the parties involved, such as "red-green" for the SPD and Greens. Coalitions of three parties are often named after countries whose flags contain those colours, such as the black-yellow-green Jamaica coalition.


title: Coalition government

text: Grand coalitions of the two major parties also occur, but these are relatively rare, as they typically prefer to associate with smaller ones. However, if the major parties are unable to assemble a majority, a grand coalition may be the only practical option. This was the case after the 2005 federal election, in which the incumbent SPD–Green government was defeated but the opposition CDU/CSU–FDP coalition also fell short of a majority. A grand coalition government was subsequently formed between the CDU/CSU and the SPD. Partnerships like these typically involve carefully structured cabinets: Angela Merkel of the CDU/CSU became Chancellor while the SPD was granted the majority of cabinet posts.


title: Coalition government

text: Coalition formation has become increasingly complex as voters increasingly migrate away from the major parties during the 2000s and 2010s. While coalitions of more than two parties were extremely rare in preceding decades, they have become common on the state level. These often include the liberal FDP and the Greens alongside one of the major parties, or "red–red–green" coalitions of the SPD, Greens, and The Left. In the eastern states, dwindling support for moderate parties has seen the rise of new forms of grand coalitions such as the Kenya coalition. By 2016, the Greens were participating eleven governing coalitions on the state level in seven different constellations. During campaigns, parties often declare which coalitions or partners they prefer or reject. This tendency toward fragmentation also spread to the federal level, particularly during the 2021 federal election, which saw the CDU/CSU and SPD fall short of a combined majority of votes for the first time in history.


title: Coalition government

text: Armenia became an independent state in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since then, many political parties were formed in it, who mainly work with each other to form coalition governments. The country was governed by the My Step Alliance coalition after successfully gaining a majority in the National Assembly of Armenia following the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election.


title: Coalition government

text: In federal Australian politics, the conservative Liberal, National, Country Liberal and Liberal National parties are united in a coalition, known simply as the Coalition.


title: Coalition government

text: While nominally two parties, the Coalition has become so stable, at least at the federal level, that in practice the lower house of Parliament has become a two-party system, with the Coalition and the Labor Party being the major parties. This coalition is also found in the states of New South Wales and Victoria. In South Australia and Western Australia the Liberal and National parties compete separately, while in the Northern Territory and Queensland the two parties have merged, forming the Country Liberal Party, in 1978, and the Liberal National Party, in 2008, respectively.


title: Coalition government

text: Coalition governments involving the Labor Party and the Australian Greens have occurred at state and territory level, for example following the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the 2016 and 2020 Australian Capital Territory elections.


title: Coalition government

text: In Belgium, a nation internally divided along linguistic lines (primarily between Dutch-speaking Flanders in the north and French-speaking Wallonia in the south, with Brussels also being by and large Francophone), each main political disposition (Social democracy, liberalism, right-wing populism, etc.) is, with the exception of the far-left Workers' Party of Belgium, split between Francophone and Dutch-speaking parties (e.g. the Dutch-speaking Vooruit and French-speaking Socialist Party being the two social-democratic parties). In the 2019 federal election, no party got more than 17% of the vote. Thus, forming a coalition government is an expected and necessary part of Belgian politics. In Belgium, coalition governments containing ministers from six or more parties are not uncommon; consequently, government formation can take an exceptionally long time. Between 2007 and 2011, Belgium operated under a caretaker government as no coalition could be formed.


title: Coalition government

text: In Canada, the Great Coalition was formed in 1864 by the Clear Grits, Parti bleu, and Liberal-Conservative Party. During the First World War, Prime Minister Robert Borden attempted to form a coalition with the opposition Liberals to broaden support for controversial conscription legislation. The Liberal Party refused the offer but some of their members did cross the floor and join the government. Although sometimes referred to as a coalition government, according to the definition above, it was not. It was disbanded after the end of the war.


title: Coalition government

text: During the 2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute, two of Canada's opposition parties signed an agreement to form what would become the country's second federal coalition government since Confederation if the minority Conservative government was defeated on a vote of non-confidence, unseating Stephen Harper as Prime Minister. The agreement outlined a formal coalition consisting of two opposition parties, the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party. The Bloc Québécois agreed to support the proposed coalition on confidence matters for 18 months. In the end, parliament was prorogued by the Governor General, and the coalition dispersed before parliament was reconvened.


title: Coalition government

text: According to historian Christopher Moore, coalition governments in Canada became much less possible in 1919, when the leaders of parties were no longer chosen by elected MPs but instead began to be chosen by party members. Such a manner of leadership election had never been tried in any parliamentary system before. According to Moore, as long as that kind of leadership selection process remains in place and concentrates power in the hands of the leader, as opposed to backbenchers, then coalition governments will be very difficult to form. Moore shows that the diffusion of power within a party tends to also lead to a diffusion of power in the parliament in which that party operates, thereby making coalitions more likely.


title: Coalition government

text: Several coalition governments have been formed within provincial politics. As a result of the 1919 Ontario election, the United Farmers of Ontario and the Labour Party, together with three independent MLAs, formed a coalition that governed Ontario until 1923.


title: Coalition government

text: In British Columbia, the governing Liberals formed a coalition with the opposition Conservatives in order to prevent the surging, left-wing Cooperative Commonwealth Federation from taking power in the 1941 British Columbia general election. Liberal premier Duff Pattullo refused to form a coalition with the third-place Conservatives, so his party removed him. The Liberal–Conservative coalition introduced a winner-take-all preferential voting system (the "Alternative Vote") in the hopes that their supporters would rank the other party as their second preference; however, this strategy backfired in the subsequent 1952 British Columbia general election where, to the surprise of many, the right-wing populist BC Social Credit Party won a minority. They were able to win a majority in the subsequent election as Liberal and Conservative supporters shifted their anti-CCF vote to Social Credit.


title: Coalition government

text: Manitoba has had more formal coalition governments than any other province. Following gains by the United Farmer's/Progressive movement elsewhere in the country, the United Farmers of Manitoba unexpectedly won the 1921 election. Like their counterparts in Ontario, they had not expected to win and did not have a leader. They asked John Bracken, a professor in animal husbandry, to become leader and premier. Bracken changed the party's name to the Progressive Party of Manitoba. During the Great Depression, Bracken survived at a time when other premiers were being defeated by forming a coalition government with the Manitoba Liberals (eventually, the two parties would merge into the , and decades later, the party would change its name to the Manitoba Liberal Party). In 1940, Bracken formed a wartime coalition government with almost every party in the Manitoba Legislature (the Conservatives, CCF, and Social Credit; however, the CCF broke with the coalition after a few years over policy differences). The only party not included was the small, communist Labor-Progressive Party, which had a handful of seats.


title: Coalition government

text: In Saskatchewan, NDP premier Roy Romanow formed a formal coalition with the Saskatchewan Liberals in 1999 after being reduced to a minority. After two years, the newly elected Liberal leader David Karwacki ordered the coalition be disbanded, the Liberal caucus disagreed with him and left the Liberals to run as New Democrats in the upcoming election. The Saskatchewan NDP was re-elected with a majority under its new leader Lorne Calvert, while the Saskatchewan Liberals lost their remaining seats and have not been competitive in the province since.


title: Coalition government

text: From the creation of the Folketing in 1849 through the introduction of proportional representation in 1918, there were only single-party governments in Denmark. Thorvald Stauning formed his second government and Denmark's first coalition government in 1929. With the exception of a string of one-party governments during the 1970s, the norm since 1929 has been coalition governments. Every government from 1982 until the 2015 elections were coalitions. The most recent coalition was Løkke's third government, which was replaced by the one-party Frederiksen government in 2019.


title: Coalition government

text: When the Social Democrats under Stauning won 46% of the votes in the 1935 election, this was the closest any party has gotten to winning an outright majority in parliament. One party has thus never held a majority alone, and even one-party governments since 1918 have needed the support of at least one other party to govern. For example, the current government consists only of the Social Democrats, but also relies on the support of the Social Liberal Party, the Socialist People's Party, and the Red–Green Alliance.


title: Coalition government

text: In Finland, no party has had an absolute majority in the parliament since independence, and multi-party coalitions have been the norm. Finland experienced its most stable government (Lipponen I and II) since independence with a five-party governing coalition, a so-called "rainbow government". The Lipponen cabinets set the stability record and were unusual in the respect that both the centre-left (SDP) and radical left-wing (Left Alliance) parties sat in the government with the major centre-right party (National Coalition). The Katainen cabinet was also a rainbow coalition of a total of five parties.


title: Coalition government

text: Since India's Independence on 15 August 1947, Indian National Congress, the major political party instrumental in Indian independence movement, ruled the nation. The first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, second PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and the third PM Indira Gandhi, all were from the Congress party. However, Raj Narain, who had unsuccessfully contested election against Indira from the constituency of Rae Bareilly in 1971, lodged a case, alleging electoral malpractices. In June 1975, Indira was found guilty and barred by High Court from holding public office for six years. In response, an ungracious Emergency was declared under the pretext of national security. The next election's result was that India's first-ever coalition government was formed at the national level under the Prime Ministership of Morarji Desai, which was also the first non-Congress national government, which existed from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, headed by the Janata Party, an amalgam of political parties opposed to Emergency imposed between 1975 and 1977. As the popularity of Janata Party dwindled, Morarji Desai had to resign and Chaudhary Charan Singh, a rival of Desai became the fifth PM. However, due to lack of support, this coalition government did not complete its five-year term.


title: Coalition government

text: Congress returned to the power in 1980 under Indira Gandhi, and later under Rajiv Gandhi as the 6th PM. However, the next general election of 1989 once again brought a coalition government under National Front, which lasted until 1991, with two Prime Ministers, the second one being supported by Congress. The 1991 election resulted in a Congress led stable minority government for five years. The next 11th parliament produced three Prime Ministers in two years and forced the country back to the polls in 1998. The first successful coalition government in India which completed the whole 5-year term was the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led National Democratic Alliance with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as PM from 1999 to 2004. Then another coalition, Congress led United Progressive Alliance, consisting of 13 separate parties ruled India for two terms from 2004 to 2014 with Manmohan Singh as PM. However, in the 16th general election in May 2014, BJP secured majority on its own (first party to do so since 1984 election) and National Democratic Alliance came into power, with Narendra Modi as Prime Minister. In 2019, Narendra Modi got re-elected as Prime Minister for the second time as National Democratic Alliance again secured majority in the 17th general election.


title: Coalition government

text: As a result of the toppling of Suharto, political freedom is significantly increased. Compared to only three parties allowed to exist in the New Order era, a total of 48 political parties participated in the 1999 election, a total of 24 parties in the 2004 election, 38 parties in the 2009 election, and 15 parties in the 2014 election. There are no majority winner of those elections and coalition governments are inevitable. The current government is a coalition of seven parties led by the PDIP and Golkar.


title: Coalition government

text: In Ireland, coalition governments are common; not since 1977 has a single party formed a majority government. Coalition governments to date have been led by either Fianna Fáil or Fine Gael. They have been joined in government by one or more smaller parties or independent members of parliament (TDs).


title: Coalition government

text: Ireland's first coalition government was formed after the 1948 general election, with five parties and independents represented at cabinet. Before 1989, Fianna Fáil had opposed participation in coalition governments, preferring single-party minority government instead. It formed a coalition government with the Progressive Democrats in that year.


title: Coalition government

text: The Labour Party has been in government on eight occasions. On all but one of those occasions, it was as a junior coalition party to Fine Gael. The exception was a government with Fianna Fáil from 1993 to 1994. The 29th Government of Ireland (2011–16), was a grand coalition of the two largest parties, as Fianna Fáil had fallen to third place in the Dáil.


title: Coalition government

text: The current government is a Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green Party. It is the first time Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael have served in government together, having derived from opposing sides in the Irish Civil War (1922–23).


title: Coalition government

text: A similar situation exists in Israel, which typically has at least 10 parties holding representation in the Knesset. The only faction to ever gain the majority of Knesset seats was Alignment, an alliance of the Labor Party and Mapam that held an absolute majority for a brief period from 1968 to 1969. Historically, control of the Israeli government has alternated between periods of rule by the right-wing Likud in coalition with several right-wing and religious parties and periods of rule by the center-left Labor in coalition with several left-wing parties. Ariel Sharon's formation of the centrist Kadima party in 2006 drew support from former Labor and Likud members, and Kadima ruled in coalition with several other parties.


title: Coalition government

text: Israel also formed a national unity government from 1984–1988. The premiership and foreign ministry portfolio were held by the head of each party for two years, and they switched roles in 1986.


title: Coalition government

text: In Japan, controlling a majority in the House of Representatives is enough to decide the election of the prime minister (=recorded, two-round votes in both houses of the National Diet, yet the vote of the House of Representatives decision eventually overrides a dissenting House of Councillors vote automatically after the mandatory conference committee procedure fails which, by precedent, it does without real attempt to reconcile the different votes). Therefore, a party that controls the lower house can form a government on its own. It can also pass a budget on its own. But passing any law (including important budget-related laws) requires either majorities in both houses of the legislature or, with the drawback of longer legislative proceedings, a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives.


title: Coalition government

text: In recent decades, single-party full legislative control is rare, and coalition governments are the norm: Most governments of Japan since the 1990s and, as of 2020, all since 1999 have been coalition governments, some of them still fell short of a legislative majority. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) held a legislative majority of its own in the National Diet until 1989 (when it initially continued to govern alone), and between the 2016 and 2019 elections (when it remained in its previous ruling coalition). The Democratic Party of Japan (through accessions in the House of Councillors) briefly controlled a single-party legislative majority for a few weeks before it lost the 2010 election (it, too, continued to govern as part of its previous ruling coalition).


title: Coalition government

text: From the constitutional establishment of parliamentary cabinets and the introduction of the new, now directly elected upper house of parliament in 1947 until the formation of the LDP and the reunification of the Japanese Socialist Party in 1955, no single party formally controlled a legislative majority on its own. Only few formal coalition governments (46th, 47th, initially 49th cabinet) interchanged with technical minority governments and cabinets without technical control of the House of Councillors (later called "twisted Diets", "nejire kokkai", when they were not only technically, but actually divided). But during most of that period, the centrist Ryokufūkai was the strongest overall or decisive cross-bench group in the House of Councillors, and it was willing to cooperate with both centre-left and centre-right governments even when it was not formally part of the cabinet; and in the House of Representatives, minority governments of Liberals or Democrats (or their precursors; loose, indirect successors to the two major pre-war parties) could usually count on support from some members of the other major conservative party or from smaller conservative parties and independents. Finally in 1955, when Hatoyama Ichirō's Democratic Party minority government called early House of Representatives elections and, while gaining seats substantially, remained in the minority, the Liberal Party refused to cooperate until negotiations on a long-debated "conservative merger" of the two parties were agreed upon, and eventually successful.


title: Coalition government

text: After it was founded in 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party dominated Japan's governments for a long period: The new party governed alone without interruption until 1983, again from 1986 to 1993 and most recently between 1996 and 1999. The first time the LDP entered a coalition government followed its third loss of its House of Representatives majority in the 1983 House of Representatives general election. The LDP-New Liberal Club coalition government lasted until 1986 when the LDP won landslide victories in simultaneous double elections to both houses of parliament.


title: Coalition government

text: There have been coalition cabinets where the post of prime minister was given to a junior coalition partner: the JSP-DP-Cooperativist coalition government in 1948 of prime minister Ashida Hitoshi (DP) who took over after his JSP predecessor Tetsu Katayama had been toppled by the left wing of his own party, the JSP-Renewal-Kōmei-DSP-JNP-Sakigake-SDF-DRP coalition in 1993 with Morihiro Hosokawa (JNP) as compromise PM for the Ichirō Ozawa-negotiated rainbow coalition that removed the LDP from power for the first time to break up in less than a year, and the LDP-JSP-Sakigake government that was formed in 1994 when the LDP had agreed, if under internal turmoil and with some defections, to bury the main post-war partisan rivalry and support the election of JSP prime minister Tomiichi Murayama in exchange for the return to government.


title: Coalition government

text: In order to get into power, parties need to get a total of 50% of the approximately (there can be more if an Overhang seat exists) 120 seats in parliament – 61. Since it is rare for a party to win a full majority, they must form coalitions with other parties. For example, during the 2017 general election, Labour won 46 seats and New Zealand First won nine. The two formed a Coalition Government with confidence and supply from the Green Party who won eight seats.