title: Aerogel

text: There are several ways to determine the porosity of aerogel: the three main methods are gas adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and scattering method. In gas adsorption, nitrogen at its boiling point is adsorbed into the aerogel sample. The gas being adsorbed is dependent on the size of the pores within the sample and on the partial pressure of the gas relative to its saturation pressure. The volume of the gas adsorbed is measured by using the Brunauer, Emmit and Teller formula (BET), which gives the specific surface area of the sample. At high partial pressure in the adsorption/desorption the Kelvin equation gives the pore size distribution of the sample. In mercury porosimetry, the mercury is forced into the aerogel porous system to determine the pores' size, but this method is highly inefficient since the solid frame of aerogel will collapse from the high compressive force. The scattering method involves the angle-dependent deflection of radiation within the aerogel sample. The sample can be solid particles or pores. The radiation goes into the material and determines the fractal geometry of the aerogel pore network. The best radiation wavelengths to use are X-rays and neutrons. Aerogel is also an open porous network: the difference between an open porous network and a closed porous network is that in the open network, gases can enter and leave the substance without any limitation, while a closed porous network traps the gases within the material forcing them to stay within the pores. The high porosity and surface area of silica aerogels allow them to be used in a variety of environmental filtration applications.


title: Aerogel

text: Silica aerogels are the most common type of aerogel, and the primary type in use or study. It is silica-based and can be derived from silica gel or by a modified Stober process. Nicknames include "frozen smoke", "solid smoke", "solid air", "solid cloud", and "blue smoke", owing to its translucent nature and the way light scatters in the material. The lowest-density silica nanofoam weighs 1,000 g/m, which is the evacuated version of the record-aerogel of 1,900 g/m. The density of air is 1,200 g/m (at 20 °C and 1 atm). , aerographene had a lower density at 160 g/m, or 13% the density of air at room temperature.


title: Aerogel

text: The silica solidifies into three-dimensional, intertwined clusters that make up only 3% of the volume. Conduction through the solid is therefore very low. The remaining 97% of the volume is composed of air in extremely small nanopores. The air has little room to move, inhibiting both convection and gas-phase conduction.


title: Aerogel

text: Silica aerogel also has a high optical transmission of ~99% and a low refractive index of ~1.05. It is very robust with respect to high power input beam in continuous wave regime and does not show any boiling or melting phenomena. This property permits to study high intensity nonlinear waves in the presence of disorder in regimes typically unaccessible by liquid materials, making it promising material for nonlinear optics.


title: Aerogel

text: This aerogel has remarkable thermal insulative properties, having an extremely low thermal conductivity: from 0.03 W·m·K in atmospheric pressure down to 0.004 W·m·K in modest vacuum, which correspond to R-values of 14 to 105 (US customary) or 3.0 to 22.2 (metric) for thickness. For comparison, typical wall insulation is 13 (US customary) or 2.7 (metric) for the same thickness. Its melting point is . It is also worth noting that even lower conductivities have been reported for experimentally produced monolithic samples in the literature, reaching 0.009 W·m·K at 1atm.


title: Aerogel

text: Until 2011, silica aerogel held 15 entries in "Guinness World Records" for material properties, including best insulator and lowest-density solid, though it was ousted from the latter title by the even lighter materials aerographite in 2012 and then aerographene in 2013.


title: Aerogel

text: Carbon aerogels are composed of particles with sizes in the nanometer range, covalently bonded together. They have very high porosity (over 50%, with pore diameter under 100 nm) and surface areas ranging between 400 and 1,000 m/g. They are often manufactured as composite paper: non-woven paper made of carbon fibers, impregnated with resorcinol–formaldehyde aerogel, and pyrolyzed. Depending on the density, carbon aerogels may be electrically conductive, making composite aerogel paper useful for electrodes in capacitors or deionization electrodes. Due to their extremely high surface area, carbon aerogels are used to create supercapacitors, with values ranging up to thousands of farads based on a capacitance density of 104 F/g and 77 F/cm. Carbon aerogels are also extremely "black" in the infrared spectrum, reflecting only 0.3% of radiation between 250 nm and 14.3 µm, making them efficient for solar energy collectors.


title: Aerogel

text: The term "aerogel" to describe airy masses of carbon nanotubes produced through certain chemical vapor deposition techniques is incorrect. Such materials can be spun into fibers with strength greater than Kevlar, and unique electrical properties. These materials are not aerogels, however, since they do not have a monolithic internal structure and do not have the regular pore structure characteristic of aerogels.


title: Aerogel

text: Metal oxide aerogels are used as catalysts in various chemical reactions/transformations or as precursors for other materials.


title: Aerogel

text: Aerogels made with aluminium oxide are known as alumina aerogels. These aerogels are used as catalysts, especially when "doped" with a metal other than aluminium. Nickel–alumina aerogel is the most common combination. Alumina aerogels are also being considered by NASA for capturing hypervelocity particles; a formulation doped with gadolinium and terbium could fluoresce at the particle impact site, with the amount of fluorescence dependent on impact energy.


title: Aerogel

text: One of the most notable differences between silica aerogels and metal oxide aerogel is that metal oxide aerogels are often variedly colored.


title: Aerogel

text: Organic polymers can be used to create aerogels. SEAgel is made of agar. AeroZero film is made of polyimide. Cellulose from plants can be used to create a flexible aerogel.


title: Aerogel

text: GraPhage13 is the first graphene-based aerogel assembled using graphene oxide and the M13 bacteriophage.


title: Aerogel

text: Chalcogel is an aerogel made of chalcogens (the column of elements on the periodic table beginning with oxygen) such as sulfur, selenium and other elements. Metals less expensive than platinum have been used in its creation.


title: Aerogel

text: Aerogels made of cadmium selenide quantum dots in a porous 3-D network have been developed for use in the semiconductor industry.


title: Aerogel

text: Aerogel performance may be augmented for a specific application by the addition of dopants, reinforcing structures and hybridizing compounds. For example, Spaceloft is a composite of aerogel with some kind of fibrous batting.


title: Aerogel

text: Silica aerogels are typically synthesized by using a sol-gel process. The first step is the creation of a colloidal suspension of solid particles known as a "sol". The precursors are a liquid alcohol such as ethanol which is mixed with a silicon alkoxide, such as tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and polyethoxydisiloxane (PEDS) (earlier work used sodium silicates). The solution of silica is mixed with a catalyst and allowed to gel during a hydrolysis reaction which forms particles of silicon dioxide. The oxide suspension begins to undergo condensation reactions which result in the creation of metal oxide bridges (either M–O–M, "oxo" bridges, or M–OH–M, "ol" bridges) linking the dispersed colloidal particles. These reactions generally have moderately slow reaction rates, and as a result either acidic or basic catalysts are used to improve the processing speed. Basic catalysts tend to produce more transparent aerogels and minimize the shrinkage during the drying process and also strengthen it to prevent pore collapse during drying.


title: Aerogel

text: Finally, during the drying process of the aerogel, the liquid surrounding the silica network is carefully removed and replaced with air, while keeping the aerogel intact. Gels where the liquid is allowed to evaporate at a natural rate are known as xerogels. As the liquid evaporates, forces caused by surface tensions of the liquid-solid interfaces are enough to destroy the fragile gel network. As a result, xerogels cannot achieve the high porosities and instead peak at lower porosities and exhibit large amounts of shrinkage after drying. To avoid the collapse of fibers during slow solvent evaporation and reduce surface tensions of the liquid-solid interfaces, aerogels can be formed by lyophilization (freeze-drying). Depending on the concentration of the fibers and the temperature to freeze the material, the properties such as porosity of the final aerogel will be affected.


title: Aerogel

text: In 1931, to develop the first aerogels, Kistler used a process known as supercritical drying which avoids a direct phase change. By increasing the temperature and pressure he forced the liquid into a supercritical fluid state where by dropping the pressure he could instantly gasify and remove the liquid inside the aerogel, avoiding damage to the delicate three-dimensional network. While this can be done with ethanol, the high temperatures and pressures lead to dangerous processing conditions. A safer, lower temperature and pressure method involves a solvent exchange. This is typically done by exchanging the initial aqueous pore liquid for a CO-miscible liquid such as ethanol or acetone, then onto liquid carbon dioxide and then bringing the carbon dioxide above its critical point. A variant on this process involves the direct injection of supercritical carbon dioxide into the pressure vessel containing the aerogel. The end result of either process exchanges the initial liquid from the gel with carbon dioxide, without allowing the gel structure to collapse or lose volume.


title: Aerogel

text: Resorcinol–formaldehyde aerogel (RF aerogel) is made in a way similar to production of silica aerogel. A carbon aerogel can then be made from this resorcinol–formaldehyde aerogel by pyrolysis in an inert gas atmosphere, leaving a matrix of carbon. The resulting carbon aerogel may be used to produce solid shapes, powders, or composite paper. Additives have been successful in enhancing certain properties of the aerogel for the use of specific applications. Aerogel composites have been made using a variety of continuous and discontinuous reinforcements. The high aspect ratio of fibers such as fiberglass have been used to reinforce aerogel composites with significantly improved mechanical properties.


title: Aerogel

text: Silica-based aerogels are not known to be carcinogenic or toxic. However, they are a mechanical irritant to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, and digestive system. They can also induce dryness of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Therefore, it is recommended that protective gear including respiratory protection, gloves and eye goggles be worn whenever handling or processing bare aerogels, particularly when a dust or fine fragments may occur.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Sha Na Na was an American rock and roll doo-wop group. Formed in 1969, but performing a song-and-dance repertoire based on 1950s hit songs, it simultaneously revived and parodied the music and the New York street culture of the 1950s. After gaining initial fame for their performance at Woodstock, made possible with the help of their friend Jimi Hendrix, the group hosted "Sha Na Na", a syndicated variety series that ran from 1977 to 1981.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Billing themselves as "from the streets of New York", members were frequently outfitted in gold lamé or leather jackets and sported pompadour or ducktail hairdos. The group's name was taken from a series of nonsense syllables ("Sha Na Na Na Sha Na Na Na Na") in the song "Get a Job", originally recorded by the Silhouettes.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The final lineup featured original members Donny York and Jocko Marcellino, and longtime member Screamin' Scott Simon, who joined in 1970. Everyone else from the original band and TV show had since departed. Final band members included bassist Tim Butler, guitarist Randy Hill, drummer Ty Cox, and saxophone player Michael Brown.


title: Sha Na Na

text: , Sha Na Na announced that the would no longer tour. Sha Na Na released their last regular album in 2006, although they subsequently released compilation albums.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Conceived by George Leonard, then a humanities graduate student, who also became the group's original choreographer, Sha Na Na began performing in 1969 at the height of the hippie counterculture. Only five months after Leonard had explained his concept to the group, on the basis of excitement their performances had generated in a New York City club frequented by famous rock musicians and others from the music business, and with the help of Jimi Hendrix, a friend they had met at the club, they obtained a slot at the Woodstock festival. Their performance immediately preceded that of Hendrix, whose own performance closed the festival. As with most of their other early performances, Sha Na Na's performance at Woodstock was a "show stopper" that left the audience simultaneously "delighted and bewildered." Their set-closing song, the 1957–58 number-one hit "At the Hop", got the group a standing ovation, and they were brought back for an encore. Subsequently, the inclusion of their performance of "At the Hop" in Michael Wadleigh's award-winning documentary film of the festival made Sha Na Na nationally famous and helped spark a 1950s nostalgia craze that inspired similar groups (Flash Cadillac, Showaddywaddy, Big Daddy), as well as the Broadway musical "Grease" (and its feature film adaptation), the feature film "American Graffiti" and the TV show "Happy Days."


title: Sha Na Na

text: Before 1969, the group had been singing as part of the long-standing Columbia University "a cappella" group called the Columbia Kingsmen. But when, based on Leonard's advice, they transformed their show and became a commercial act, they changed their name to Sha Na Na, due to the Pacific Northwest group also called The Kingsmen that had become famous for recording the 1963 hit "Louie Louie".


title: Sha Na Na

text: At the time when the group was being transformed from the Columbia Kingsmen into Sha Na Na, George Leonard's brother, Rob Leonard, was one of the group's bass singers and its official leader. Rob Leonard's performance at Woodstock of "Teen Angel", a teen-tragedy classic from 1959 to 1960, was later included in the 2009 Director's Cut of the Woodstock movie.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The group's first manager, Ed Goodgold, had codified trivia as a nostalgic quiz game and conducted the nation's first trivia contests with Dan Carlinsky in 1965. The future Sha Na Na/Kingsmen were featured singers at these contests. Four years later, he co-authored "Rock 'n' Roll Trivia" just as he and the William Morris Agency began steering Sha Na Na's career.


title: Sha Na Na

text: From 1969 until 1971, the band played at, among other places, the Fillmore East and Fillmore West, opening for such bands as the Grateful Dead, the Mothers of Invention, and the Kinks. When Sha Na Na began headlining at other venues, one of their opening acts was Bruce Springsteen. In 1972, Sha Na Na was one of just four acts invited by John Lennon and Yoko Ono to perform with them at their One-to-One benefit concert at Madison Square Garden. Subsequently, the group appeared in the 1978 movie "Grease," and, from 1977 to 1982, the group reached perhaps the height of its success with its own hit syndicated television show "Sha Na Na," featuring guest musicians such as James Brown, the punk rock band the Ramones, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Bo Diddley, the Ronettes, and Chubby Checker.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The original band line-up featured 12 performers: Robert A. Leonard (Rob Leonard) (bass vocals), Alan Cooper (bass vocals), Frederick "Dennis" Greene (Denny) (vocals), Henry Gross (guitar), Jocko Marcellino (drums), Joe Witkin (piano), Scott Powell (also known as Captain Outrageous and Tony Santini) (vocals), Donald "Donny" York (vocals), Elliot "Gino" Cahn (rhythm guitar), Rich Joffe (vocals), Dave Garrett (vocals), and Bruce "Bruno" Clarke (electric bass). The initial act had three up-front performers in gold lamé and the other nine in "greaser" attire (rolled up T-shirt sleeves, leather jackets, tank tops). On their album "The Golden Age of Rock and Roll", the lead singer taunts the audience on one of the live tracks by announcing, "We've got just one thing to say to you fuckin' hippies, and that is that rock and roll is here to stay!" The act usually ended after several encores, and closed with "Lovers Never Say Goodbye". The closing song was changed to "Goodnight Sweetheart" for the TV series. In concert, they often returned for up to seven encores, and this included when performing in Toronto, at Ontario Place and performing "Hound Dog" after announcing Elvis Presley's death earlier that same day (August 16, 1977).


title: Sha Na Na

text: Sha Na Na hosted the "Sha Na Na" syndicated variety series that ran from 1977 to 1981. It was among the most watched programs in syndication during its run. The show was produced by Pierre Cossette and originally distributed by LBS Communications.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The show featured the group performing hits from the 1950s and 1960s, along with comedy skits. The "tough guys" road act from their original road shows was adapted for TV and the group moved to a comedy and self-deprecating routine. The mainstay continued to be the 1950s song-and-dance routines. The show opened in a typical concert scene, and then moved through various street and ice cream parlor scenes, where their guests and they performed several songs. That was followed by a comedy-oriented song ("Alley Oop", "Hello Muddah, Hello Faddah"), and closed with a slow song, again in their concert format.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Among the supporting members featured in the series were Avery Schreiber, Kenneth Mars, and Philip Roth (all of them in the first season); both Pamela Myers and actress Jane Dulo (the crabby Lady in the window, who watched over the street scenes from her apartment with undisguised disdain) throughout the show's run, June Gable and Soupy Sales (seasons two to four); Michael Sklar (season two); and Karen Hartman (season four).


title: Sha Na Na

text: Guests included Jan & Dean, Fabian, Chuck Berry, Chubby Checker, The Ramones, Ethel Merman, Frank Gorshin, Dusty Springfield, Barbara Mandrell, Stephanie Mills, Billy Crystal, Kim Carnes, Danny and the Juniors, Connie Stevens, Isaac Hayes, Rita Moreno, Del Shannon, Andy Gibb, Barbi Benton, Stephanie Mills and others.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The members of Sha Na Na during the TV series were Jon "Bowzer" Bauman (vocals), Lennie Baker (sax/vocals), Johnny Contardo (vocals), Denny Greene (vocals), Danny "Dirty Dan" McBride (guitar/vocals) (left after third season), Jocko Marcellino (drums/vocals), Dave "Chico" Ryan (bass/vocals), Screamin' Scott Simon (piano/vocals), Scott "Santini" Powell (vocals), and Donald "Donny" York (vocals). Every member was featured with a solo vocal spot during the course of the series. Each was introduced only by his nickname or his first name in a voice-over by Myers at the beginning of each show.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Sha Na Na also appeared in the 1978 film "Grease" (an adaptation of the 1971 Broadway musical of the same name) as a 1950s band called Johnny Casino and the Gamblers. Their tracks on the film and include two songs from the original 1971 musical: "Those Magic Changes" and "Born to Hand Jive", and four songs from the early rock-and-roll era: versions of Elvis Presley's covers of "Hound Dog" (1956) and "Blue Moon" (1956), a cover of the Imperials' "Tears on My Pillow" (1958), and a cover of Danny & the Juniors' "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" (1958). The song "Sandy", sung by John Travolta in the film, was co-written specifically for the film by Sha Na Na's Screamin' Scott Simon.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Vinnie Taylor (1949–1974) (born Chris Donald), who replaced Larry Packer as the lead guitarist in 1970, died of a drug overdose in 1974. Escaped child killer Elmer Edward Solly assumed Taylor's identity and performed as him, though not with Sha Na Na, which eventually led to his discovery and capture.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Bass player Dave "Chico" Ryan died in 1998. While remaining in Sha Na Na, he joined Bill Haley & His Comets for the group's fall 1979 tour of Europe (Haley's last major tour before his death).


title: Sha Na Na

text: Guitarist Danny "Dirty Dan" McBride (born Daniel Hatton, 1945) died of cardiovascular disease in 2009.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Bass guitarist Reggie Battise was a dancer in the feature film "Staying Alive" (1983) and "White Men Can't Jump" (1992), as well as the TV series "Moonlighting". He succumbed to prostate cancer on October 8, 2010.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Founding member Rob Leonard is a professor of linguistics at Hofstra University. He had an appearance as a qualified expert in linguistics for the murder case of Charlene Hummert in the episode "A Tight Leash" of the TV medical detectives series "Forensic Files" in 2004, as well as for the Tennessee "Facebook Murders" on the Investigation Discovery crime show "Too Pretty to Live" in 2016.


title: Sha Na Na

text: The group's first guitarist, Henry Gross, became a solo performer. He scored a number-six "Billboard" hit single, "Shannon", in 1976.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Alan Cooper, the lead singer in the group's performance of "At the Hop" in the "Woodstock" film, went on to pursue an academic career. He taught religious studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, for 10 years, then became a professor of Bible studies at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati, and now serves as the Elaine Ravich Professor of Jewish Studies and provost at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Jon "Bowzer" Bauman replaced Alan Cooper and became a recognizable member of the group as he taunted audiences while he flexed his muscles, burped, and spat in the direction of the bass player. In the 1980s, he had a brief career as a game show master of ceremonies. He continues to tour.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Elliot Cahn, the group's original rhythm guitar player and musical arranger, later became the first manager of Green Day.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Joe Witkin, who was replaced by Screamin' Scott Simon, was the original keyboard player and singer of "Teenager in Love" on their first album. Witkin left the band in 1970 to finish medical school, and subsequently moved to San Diego, California, in 1975 to do his internship and residency at the University of California in San Diego. He worked at Scripps Hospital East County from 1978 to 2000 as an ER physician, and held the same position at Sharp Grossmont Hospital in La Mesa until retiring in 2013. Witkin lives with his family in San Diego. He played with a 1950s/1960s show band The Corvettes in San Diego for 23 years.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Scott Powell is a specialist in orthopedic surgery and sports medicine. He performed on the TV show under the stage name "Santini" (another alias was "Captain Outrageous"). Powell left the band in 1980 and returned to Columbia to take premedical courses. He has been a member of the medical staff of US national soccer teams, and was the team physician for the Federation Women's National Team from 2005 to 2015. He is a clinical professor at the University of Southern California. While Powell was with Sha Na Na, he sang the bulk of the Elvis Presley revival songs.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Frederick "Denny" Greene left the group to pursue studies in law. After graduating from Yale Law School, he became the vice president of production and features at Columbia Pictures. He was a professor at the University of Dayton. Greene was known for his skilled dancing and sang the lead on "Tears on My Pillow", "Duke of Earl", and others. He died on September 5, 2015, after a brief illness.


title: Sha Na Na

text: Dave Garrett ran the Long Island-based musical instrument amplifier company Earth Sound Research during the 1970s. A businessman, he resides in New York City.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster was a social network game based in Mountain View, California, founded by Jonathan Abrams and launched in March 2003. Later, the company became a social gaming site based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Before Friendster was redesigned, the service allowed users to contact other members, maintain those contacts, and share online content and media with those contacts. The website was also used for dating and discovering new events, bands and hobbies. Users could share videos, photos, messages, and comments with other members via profiles and networks. It is considered one of the original social networks.


title: Friendster

text: After the launching of Friendster as a social gaming platform in June 2011, the number of registered users reached over 115 million. The company operated mainly from three Asian countries: the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore, and over 90% of the site's traffic came from Asia. As of 2008, Friendster had more monthly unique visitors than any other social network in Asia. Friendster remained notably popular in Indonesia through 2012.


title: Friendster

text: On June 14, 2015, Friendster, citing "the evolving landscape in our challenging industry" and lack of engagement by the online community, suspended their services. Three years later, on June 30, 2018, it closed down as a company and eventually dissolved.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster was founded by Canadian computer programmer Jonathan Abrams in 2002, before MySpace (2003), Hi5 (2004), Facebook (2004) and other social networking sites. Friendster.com went live in 2003 and was adopted by 3 million users within the first few months.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster was one of the first of these sites to attain over 1 million members, although it was preceded by several other smaller social networking sites such as SixDegrees.com (1997) and Makeoutclub (1999).


title: Friendster

text: The name Friendster is a portmanteau of "friend" and Napster. Napster at the time was a controversial peer-to-peer file sharing Internet service that was launched in 1999; by 2000, "Napster" was practically a household name, thanks to several high-profile lawsuits filed against it that year. The original Friendster site was founded in Mountain View, California, and was privately owned. Friendster was based on the "Circle of Friends" social network technique for networking individuals in virtual communities and demonstrates the small world phenomenon. Friendster was considered the top online social network service until around April 2004, when it was overtaken by MySpace in terms of page views, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.


title: Friendster

text: Publications including "Time", "Esquire", "Vanity Fair", "Entertainment Weekly", "Us Weekly" and "Spin" wrote about Friendster's success, and the founder appeared on magazine covers and late-night talk shows. Friendster's rapid success inspired a generation of niche social networking websites, including Dogster and Elfster.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster had also received competition from all-in-one sites such as Windows Live Spaces, Yahoo! 360, and Facebook. Google offered $30 million to buy out Friendster in 2003, but the offer was turned down. Friendster was then funded by Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers and Benchmark Capital in October 2003 with a reported valuation of $53 million. Friendster's decision to stay private instead of selling to Google in 2003 is considered one of the biggest blunders of Silicon Valley, the Associated Press claims. In April 2004, John Abrams was removed as CEO, and Tim Koogle took over as interim CEO. Koogle previously served as president and CEO at Yahoo!. Scott Sassa later replaced Koogle in June 2004. Sassa left in May 2005 and was replaced by Taek Kwon. Taek Kwon was then succeeded by Kent Lindstrom, following a capitalization by Kleiner and Benchmark that valued Friendster at less than 5% of its 2003 valuation.


title: Friendster

text: In 2008, Friendster had a membership base of more than 115 million registered users and continued to grow in Asia. According to Alexa, the site suffered an exponential decline in traffic in America beginning in 2009. From a peak 40 ranking, it dropped to position 800 in November 2010. Most people have since attributed this decline to the rise of Facebook, a rival social networking site.


title: Friendster

text: In August 2008, Friendster hired ex-Google executive Richard Kimber as the CEO. Kimber focused on Friendster's expansion in Asia.


title: Friendster

text: On December 9, 2009, it was announced that Friendster had been acquired for $26.4 million by an internet company based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia named MOL Global. MOL's ownership of Friendster patents including one for a "System, method, and apparatus for connecting users in an online computer system based on their relationships within social networks" and Friendster's other core technical infrastructure patents, were bought by Facebook for $40 million in 2010.


title: Friendster

text: In June 2011, the company re-positioned itself as a social gaming site. It discontinued user social network accounts, but Friendster accounts had not been deleted, and users could still log in using their existing passwords. Users' contact lists were preserved, along with basic information. Friendster said that the focus would now be on pure "entertainment and fun", and the aim was not to compete with Facebook, but rather to complement it.


title: Friendster

text: On June 14, 2015, the site and all its services shut down indefinitely, but the company did not officially shutter until the end of June 2018.


title: Friendster

text: The company was founded in 2002 with a $12 million investment by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Benchmark Capital, and private investors.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster received another $3 million in funding in February 2006 from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Benchmark Capital. In August 2006, Friendster also received $10 million in funding in a round led by DAG Ventures, and Friendster announced in August 2008 that it had raised an additional $20 million in funding in a round led by IDG Ventures. Prior to its acquisition by MOL Global, Friendster was backed by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Benchmark Capital, DAG Ventures, IDG Ventures, and individual investors.


title: Friendster

text: In November 2009, Friendster announced a global partnership with MOL AccessPortal Berhad (MOL), a leading payments provider leveraging a network of over 600,000 physical and virtual payment channels worldwide, to power the Friendster Wallet and a payments platform enabling micro-spending for over 115 million registered users on Friendster. The Friendster Wallet was designed to support a variety of payment methods including pre-paid cards, mobile payments, online payments and credit card payments.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster also had content partners, including game developers and publishers who provided monetization solutions on the Friendster platform using MOL's payment channels and Friendster's large user base. Sub-brands of Friendster included "Friendster iCafe", a cybercafe management system, and "Friendster Hotspots", a free Wi-Fi infrastructure for retailers.


title: Friendster

text: Available languages include English, Filipino, Thai, Malay, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Chinese (both Traditional and Simplified), Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. Users can also enter content on Friendster in any language.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster launched all language support on a single domain – www.friendster.com. Friendster was the first global online social network to support Asian languages and others on a single domain so that users from around the world were able to talk to each other.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster has been an open site since August 2006 when it first began allowing widgets and content to be embedded in user profile pages through its developer program. In 2007, roughly 40% of Friendster's users had widgets on their profiles.


title: Friendster

text: Friendster gave software developers access to APIs that utilized content and data within the Friendster network to build and deploy customizable applications on and off Friendster. Friendster's Developer Program was an open, non-proprietary platform with an open revenue model.


title: Friendster

text: In August 2010, Facebook confirmed that it had acquired all patents from Friendster for a reported $40M, effectively rendering the company an arms length subsidiary of Facebook.


title: Friendster

text: In June 2011, Friendster shifted from social networking site to a social entertainment site with a focus on gaming and entertainment. Previous users' accounts are unchanged. However, all the photos, messages, comments, testimonials, shoutouts, blogs, forums and groups that the users may have had in the past may no longer be part of their Friendster account. An exporting tool is provided to back up the information of the user account. This tool has the ability to export photos to Flickr and Multiply.


title: Friendster

text: The deadline given to users to export their photos was extended to June 27, 2011. Photos which were not exported before the deadline were removed and are no longer retrievable.


title: Friendster

text: In the two months after the new Friendster relaunched, the site attracted more than half a million new users and included over 40 games. Daily and monthly active users increased by 50%, with more than 90% of new users coming from Asia. At the end of 2015 Friendster closed the website and related services and on July 1, 2018 it officially ceased to exist as a company.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Samuel Wilson, more commonly known as Sam Wilson, is a fictional character portrayed by Anthony Mackie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and known commonly by his original alias, the Falcon. Wilson is depicted as a veteran United States Air Force Pararescueman who flies using a jet pack with articulated wings, and a close friend and ally of Steve Rogers. He later joins the Avengers and, following Rogers' retirement, is personally appointed by him to become his successor, receiving Rogers' shield and the title of Captain America.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wilson is a central figure in the MCU, having appeared in six films and taking a lead role in the miniseries "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" (2021). The character is noted for being the first black Captain America in the MCU, and Mackie's portrayal of Wilson has been met with positive reception. He is set to reprise the role in the film "" (2024), currently in development.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Samuel Thomas Wilson, known as the Falcon, was the first African-American superhero in mainstream comic books. The character first appeared in "Captain America" #117 (Sept. 1969). Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan, he came about, Colan recalled in 2008,


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: He was introduced as an unnamed former resident of New York City's Harlem neighborhood, who had adopted a wild falcon he trained and named Redwing. (His own name, Sam Wilson, was not given until page five of the following issue.) After Wilson came into conflict with the supervillain the Red Skull, Steve Rogers inspired Wilson to take on the costumed identity of the Falcon, and Wilson underwent training with Rogers. Through most of the 1970s, the Falcon and Captain America were a team in New York City, and the series was cover-billed "Captain America and the Falcon" from issues #134–192 and 194–222 (February 1971 – June 1978).


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The Falcon eventually became a member of the Avengers from issues #183–194 (May 1979 – April 1980), and had a solo issue. After regularly appearing in "Captain America" vol. 2 (November 1996 – November 1997), the Falcon rejoined the Avengers in "The Avengers" vol. 3, #1 (February 1998). This time, he remained with the team, becoming one of its most prominent members by issue #57 (Oct. 2002). In 2014, Marvel announced that Wilson would succeed Rogers as the new Captain America, a mantle which the character thereafter assumed in several additional runs.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In the mid-2000s, Kevin Feige realized that Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers, which included Captain America and his associated characters, including Wilson. Feige, a self-professed "fanboy", envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s. In 2005, Marvel received a $525 million investment from Merrill Lynch, allowing them to independently produce ten films, including "Captain America". Paramount Pictures agreed to distribute the film.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In July 2012, Anthony Mackie entered negotiations to star as Wilson/Falcon alongside Chris Evans in "". In November 2014, Mackie was confirmed to be returning in "Captain America: Civil War". In early July 2015, an international teaser trailer revealed that Mackie would appear as Wilson/Falcon in "Ant-Man". Mackie appears in the post-credit sequence as well, along with Chris Evans and Sebastian Stan as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier, respectively.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Entering the role, Mackie said "[Wilson is] a really smart guy who went through major military training and becomes a tactical leader." He also remarked, "He's the first African-American superhero. It makes me feel all the work I've done has been paying off. I have a son, nephews and nieces, and I love the idea that they can dress up as the Falcon on Halloween. They now have someone they can idolize. That's a huge honor for me." Marvel, who cast Mackie because of his "energy and sense of fun", did not let him read a script before signing on. Mackie spent five months doing two-a-day workouts and eating an 11,000 calorie per day diet to get into shape for the role. Commenting on Rogers' relationship with Wilson, Evans said, "Meeting Mackie's character, he used to serve, now he works at the VA counseling guys who come home with PTSD — they connect on that level. I think they're both wounded warriors who don't bleed on other people. Cap has no one to bleed on. I think Mackie knows how to handle people like that. … Sometimes when things are bad, trusting a stranger is the way to go".


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: On including Falcon in "Ant-Man", director Peyton Reed said that it was not done just to include the character, rather "[i]t served a plot point; a purpose in our story" and allowed them to enhance Michael Peña's "tip montages", which were written by production writers Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer, also adding Falcon "seemed like the right character — not a marquee character like Iron Man or Thor, but the right level of hero". Rudd and McKay decided to include Falcon after watching "Captain America: The Winter Soldier".


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers in "Captain America: Civil War", Mackie said, "With Falcon and Cap, what's so great is there's a mutual respect. There's a soldier respect. What's great about ... ["Captain America: Civil War"] is you get to see their relationship grow," adding, "He respects and admires Cap because Cap earned his rank as opposed to sitting in an office and just delegating orders." Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for "Ant-Man", which was released after "Age of Ultron", as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from "The Winter Soldier". Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings. From "Civil War" on, he is aided by a robotic drone named Redwing. Joe Russo stated that the inclusion of Barnes to Rogers' side forces Wilson to question the dynamic and relationship he has with Rogers going forward. Mackie noted that in "Infinity War", Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of "Civil War".


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wilson was born and raised in Delacroix, Louisiana, where his family operated a fishing business. He later became a United States Air Force (USAF) Pararescueman and served multiple tours in overseas military campaigns. He was selected to test a prototype military wingsuit alongside his friend Riley due to insurgents' use of RPGs preventing the use of helicopters. However, Riley was killed by an RPG and Wilson was unable to save him. After ending his Air Force service, Wilson became a trauma counselor aiding other returning veterans.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2014, Wilson befriends Steve Rogers while jogging at Washington, D.C. and later helps him and Natasha Romanoff defeat Hydra. After receiving help from Maria Hill and Nick Fury, the trio travel to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, the Triskelion, where they engage Bucky Barnes, who Hydra brainwashed and turned into the Winter Soldier, and Brock Rumlow. In the aftermath, Wilson offers to accompany Rogers in his mission to track down Barnes.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2015, Wilson attends the Avengers' party at their New York City headquarters to report back on his progress in finding Barnes to Rogers before eventually being recruited into the Avengers' new roster.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: A few months later, Wilson has a brief fight with Scott Lang outside the Avengers Compound, where Lang takes a device necessary for his own mission. Wilson, impressed by Lang, starts looking for him.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2016, Wilson accompanies Rogers, Romanoff, and Wanda Maximoff on a mission in Lagos to stop Rumlow from obtaining a biological weapon. While there, Wilson debuts a bird-shaped robotic drone he has nicknamed Redwing. Later, he becomes the first Avenger to oppose the Sokovia Accords, a new law requiring the Avengers to be supervised by the United Nations that Rogers opposes but Tony Stark supports.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: After Barnes is framed for a bombing in Vienna, Rogers and Wilson attempt to protect Barnes, only to be arrested. When the true perpetrator of the bombing, Helmut Zemo, sets Barnes loose on the Avengers, Barnes tells Rogers and Wilson about five other supersoldiers that he believes Zemo wants to unleash. At Wilson's suggestion, Rogers calls Clint Barton to recruit Lang and retrieve Maximoff. In Germany, they face off against Stark's faction of Avengers, with Wilson and most of Rogers' team agreeing to stay behind and allow themselves to be captured so Rogers and Barnes can pursue Zemo. Wilson and the captured Avengers are incarcerated at the Raft prison, where Stark convinces Wilson to tell him where Rogers and Barnes went in exchange for Stark going alone. Sometime later, Rogers breaks his allies out of the Raft and they go into hiding due to violating the accords.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2018, Wilson, Rogers, and Romanoff arrive in Scotland to rescue Maximoff and Vision from Proxima Midnight and Corvus Glaive, two of the Children of Thanos. The Avengers head to Wakanda to protect Vision before facing off with the Children of Thanos once more and Thanos' Outriders. However, they fail to stop Thanos from completing his Infinity Gauntlet and initiating the Blip to erase half of all life in the universe, including Wilson.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2023, the surviving Avengers resurrect the blipped victims and join forces with their allies to confront an alternate timeline version of Thanos. After attending Stark's funeral, Wilson, with Barnes' approval, receives Captain America's shield and mantle from an elderly Rogers.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2024, Wilson has returned to work as a contractor with the USAF with support from his friend, USAF first lieutenant Joaquin Torres. In Washington, D.C., Wilson gives the shield to the U.S. government so it can be displayed in a Smithsonian exhibit dedicated to Captain America, believing that he is not worthy of taking up Captain America's mantle. He returns to Delacroix to help his sister, Sarah, with the family business until Torres tells of him an attack carried out by the Flag Smashers, a terrorist group that believes life was better during the Blip. Wilson later learns that the U.S. government has named John Walker the new Captain America.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wilson is approached by Barnes, who expresses disapproval that the former surrendered the shield before joining him in facing the Flag Smashers and their leader Karli Morgenthau in Munich, only to discover they all have superhuman strength. Despite receiving aid from Walker and Lemar Hoskins, Wilson and Barnes are overpowered and the terrorists escape. Walker requests the pair join him in aiding the Global Repatriation Council (GRC) to quash the ongoing violent post-Blip revolutions, but they decline and head to Baltimore to meet Isaiah Bradley, a Korean War veteran and super-soldier whom Barnes encountered in battle decades prior, to find out how the Flag Smashers obtained super-solder serum. However, Bradley refuses to help them, revealing he was imprisoned and experimented on by the government for thirty years. Barnes convinces Wilson to travel to Berlin and meet with the imprisoned Zemo in an effort to obtain information about the Flag Smashers, during which Barnes secretly orchestrates Zemo's escape. Despite his reluctance, Wilson joins Barnes and Zemo in traveling to Madripoor under assumed names to locate the source of the new super-soldier serum. They learn from high-ranking criminal, Selby, that the Power Broker hired former Hydra scientist Dr. Wilfred Nagel to recreate the serum before the trio is compromised and Selby is killed. The trio are saved by the fugitive Sharon Carter, who agrees to help them after Wilson offers to get her pardoned. They travel to Nagel's lab and confront him, learning that he created twenty vials of the serum before the Flag Smashers stole them. After Zemo kills Nagel and bounty hunters destroy the latter's lab, Wilson, Barnes, and Carter fight the bounty hunters until Zemo acquires a getaway car to help them escape. While Carter stays behind, Wilson, Barnes, and Zemo travel to Latvia to find Morgenthau.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wilson attempts to persuade Morgenthau to end the violence, but an impatient unstable Walker interrupts and she escapes. After she threatens Sarah, Wilson meets with Morgenthau, during which she asks him to join her movement. Walker and Hoskins intervene, leading to a fight in which Morgenthau accidentally kills Hoskins. Enraged by his friend's death and having taken the serum, Walker uses Captain America's shield to kill one of the Flag Smashers in front of a group of horrified bystanders, who film his actions.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Following this, Wilson and Barnes demand the shield from Walker, starting a fight in which Walker destroys Wilson's wingsuit before Wilson and Barnes narrowly take the shield back. After passing on his wingsuit to Torres, Wilson revisits Bradley, but the latter states his belief that a black man cannot, and should not, be Captain America. Wilson returns home to Louisiana and helps fix the family boat, with assistance from several locals as well as Barnes, who delivers a new Captain America suit he acquired from the Wakandans to Wilson. While training with the shield, Wilson and Barnes agree to move on from their pasts and work together as friends.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Accepting his role as the new Captain America and after receiving a lead from Torres, Wilson flies to New York to save the GRC from the Flag Smashers with help from Barnes, Carter, and Walker. Wilson attempts to reason with Morgenthau, but Carter kills her when she points a gun at him. After carrying out Morgenthau's body, Wilson convinces the GRC to postpone their impending vote to force the relocation of Blip-displaced individuals and make efforts to help them instead. He also convinces the government to create a statue honoring Bradley as part of the Smithsonian's Captain America exhibit. Afterward, Wilson returns home and joins his family, Barnes, and his community for a cookout.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2018, Wilson became infected by a quantum virus that turned him into a zombie. The zombified Wilson later attacks Bucky Barnes and Okoye at Grand Central Terminal before being killed by the latter.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: A number of differences have been observed between the comic book version of the character and the MCU adaptation. The character's comic book backstory is dispensed with entirely, with Wilson instead being introduced with a military background, an aspect that originated from the Ultimate comics through which he is able to relate to Rogers. In the comic book, Wilson has the ability to communicate with birds and is assisted in his heroics by an actual falcon named Redwing. In the films, this is replaced by a drone nicknamed Redwing, which the character is able to control remotely. Wilson's costume is also dramatically different from the bare-chested skintight outfit worn by the character in the comics, instead wearing a utilitarian outfit inspired by the Ultimate Marvel version, though Mackie has indicated that he wanted to wear "red Spandex, head to toe" for the part.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier", he wears a red-and silver costume that is closer to the comics. While fighting the Flag Smashers and John Walker however, the former destroys his Redwing drone while the latter destroys his flight suit. Following these, Barnes convinces Ayo of Wakanda's Dora Milaje to arrange for the construction of a replacement flight suit made of vibranium and equipped with a pair of Redwing drones.


title: Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The response to the character of Wilson was mixed, with Jacob Stolworthy of "The Independent" feeling he was "memorable solely due to the vibrancy the entertaining actor [Mackie] brings to the role." However, Mackie's portrayal of Wilson was widely praised, with Matt Donnelly of "Variety" noting his "winning tone" and "wry and collegial humour" in the role. Andy Welch of "The Guardian" praised Wilson's speech to the Global Repatriation Council as Wilson's "greatest moment" in the final episode of "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier", adding that there were "plenty of miles left" in Wilson's partnership with Sebastian Stan's Bucky Barnes.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: Rebekah Vardy ("née" Miranda, previously Nicholson; born 17 February 1982) is an English media personality married to the English football player Jamie Vardy. She was a contestant on "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" in 2017 and on "Dancing on Ice" in 2021. In 2022, she lost a well-publicised libel case against Coleen Rooney, dubbed the "Wagatha Christie" trial. It was determined that Vardy did play a role in leaking fabricated stories about Rooney to "The Sun", a British tabloid.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: She was born in Norwich and in a variety of interviews, most recently in 2020 claimed she had been forced to grow up too soon after being abused as a child and made homeless at 15.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: Her parents – Carlos and Alison – divorced when she was 11 and she moved from city to city, living in Norwich, Reading and Oxford as both moved on to new relationships. At 17, she met electrician Mark Godden and later married him in Mexico.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: In 2014, whilst working as a nightclub promoter, Vardy met the footballer Jamie Vardy. They married on 25 May 2016 at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: Vardy has five children from her three different relationships: a daughter (born 2005), with her then-husband Steve Clarke; a son (born 2010), with footballer Luke Foster; and daughter (born 2014), son (born 2017) and daughter (born 2019) with current husband Jamie Vardy. She is also stepmother to Jamie's daughter from a previous relationship. Vardy's father, Carlos Miranda, was born in Madeira, making Vardy half-Portuguese.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: In November 2017, Vardy was a contestant on the seventeenth series of the ITV reality TV show "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!". Vardy was the third celebrity to be eliminated on 4 December 2017. Vardy has made multiple appearances as a guest panellist and presenter on "Loose Women". She has also appeared on "Good Morning Britain", "Jeremy Vine" and "This Morning". In 2019, Vardy appeared in two episodes of "Celebrity Gogglebox" alongside husband Jamie, and an episode of "How To Spend it Well at Christmas" in 2019 alongside her family. In September 2020, it was announced that she would be competing in the thirteenth series of "Dancing on Ice" in 2021. She was partnered with Andy Buchanan and was eliminated in week 6.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: Rebekah and Jamie Vardy are both Family ambassadors to Barnardo's. Vardy is also a patron of The Dorothy Goodman School in Leicestershire. She has supported Leicester based homeless charity 'Homelessness to Hope' having officially opened The Hope Centre and has supported the Jeans for Genes charity campaign. Vardy supported the family of Alfie Evans, an infant boy from Liverpool with a then-undiagnosed neurodegenerative disorder, in their campaign to have him sent abroad for further treatment.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: On 9 October 2019, Coleen Rooney, the wife of another footballer, Wayne Rooney, made a Twitter post alleging that posts from her private Instagram account were being leaked to the newspaper "The Sun". Rooney said that, to catch who was selling the stories, she had restricted access on who could see the posts. She stated that the only viewer of these posts was Vardy's account. This Tweet went viral, being dubbed the 'Wagatha Christie', a portmanteau of the football term WAG and mystery writer Agatha Christie. Vardy responded on her own Twitter account, denying the claims and stating that her Instagram had been hacked. In June 2020, it was reported that Vardy was taking Rooney to court for defamation.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: Vardy won the first round of her case, setting the grounds for future libel action and also winning almost £23,000 in costs from Rooney. The two women attempted to reach a resolution without going through the courts, agreeing to delay further court proceedings until February 2021. The libel trial commenced at the Royal Courts of Justice in London in May 2022.


title: Rebekah Vardy

text: On 29 July 2022, the judge in the case dismissed Vardy's claim, ruling that Rooney's accusation was "substantially true". Vardy said she was sad and disappointed with the decision, but stated she would not appeal the verdict.


title: Centaurworld

text: Centaurworld is an American animated musical comedy streaming television series created by Megan Nicole Dong, with songs by Dong and Dominic Bisignano.


title: Centaurworld

text: Produced by Sketchshark Productions and Netflix Animation, it premiered on Netflix on July 30, 2021. A second and final season was released on December 7, 2021.


title: Centaurworld

text: "Centaurworld" follows a warhorse who is transported from her embattled world to a strange land inhabited by vibrant, singing centaurs of all species, shapes, and sizes.


title: Centaurworld

text: "Note: The song "Everyday", from the episode "Johnny Teatime's Be Best Competition: A Quest for the Sash", does not appear on the album."


title: Centaurworld

text: "Centaurworld" was released on Netflix on July 30, 2021. A trailer debuted at the virtual Annecy International Animation Film Festival event in June 2021. A trailer and release date for the second season was posted on November 9, 2021.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Peter Vaughan (born Peter Ewart Ohm; 4 April 1923 – 6 December 2016) was an English character actor known for many supporting roles in British film and television productions. He also acted extensively on the stage.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: He is perhaps best known for his role as Grouty in the sitcom "Porridge" and its 1979 film adaptation. Other parts included a recurring role alongside Robert Lindsay in the sitcom "Citizen Smith", Tom Hedden in "Straw Dogs", Winston the Ogre in "Time Bandits", Tom Franklin in "Chancer" and Mr. Stevens, Sr. in "The Remains of the Day". His final role was as Maester Aemon in HBO's "Game of Thrones" (2011–2015).


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan was born Peter Ewart Ohm on 4 April 1923 in Wem, Shropshire, the son of a bank clerk, Max Ohm, who was an Austrian immigrant, and Eva Wright, a nurse. The family later moved to Wellington, in the same county, where he began his schooling. Vaughan said that while reciting a poem at infant school in Wellington he first experienced the applause and admiration coming from a good performance. From the age of seven he lived in Staffordshire, where he attended Uttoxeter Grammar School.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: After leaving school, Vaughan joined the Wolverhampton Repertory Theatre, and gained experience in other repertory theatres as well, before army service during the Second World War. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Signals on 9 June 1943, and served in Normandy, Belgium, and the Far East. At the end of the war, Vaughan was in Singapore during the liberation of Changi Prison.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan made his film debut in 1959 in an uncredited role as a police officer in "The 39 Steps". He continued for several years to play small parts, including more cameos as policemen in "Village of the Damned" and "The Victors," before gaining his first starring role, in a minor picture called "Smokescreen" (1964), where he played an insurance assessor investigating a businessman's disappearance in one of the last, and best, of the old-style British B-movies. In 1967, he received second billing opposite Frank Sinatra in the film "The Naked Runner". His performance was not well received by one critic who accused him of overacting in his role as a British agent. He played Mr. Freeman in Karel Reisz's 1980 "The French Lieutenant's Woman", alongside Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Possibly Vaughan's highest-profile film performance was as the father of Anthony Hopkins's character in "The Remains of the Day" (1993). He was also cast in Terry Gilliam's "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote", but had not shot any material before that project was abandoned. He had previously appeared for Gilliam in "Time Bandits" and "Brazil". Vaughan appeared as a menacing character in "Straw Dogs" (1971), and with Bill Murray in a film of W. Somerset Maugham's novel "The Razor's Edge" in 1984. In 1996, he appeared as Giles Corey in "The Crucible", and in 1997 he appeared alongside Robert Carlyle and Ray Winstone in "Face". In 1998, Vaughan played Bishop Myriel in "Les Misérables," alongside Liam Neeson. His most unusual role may have been as SS Obergruppenführer Arthur Nebe in the 1994 film of Robert Harris's novel "Fatherland".


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan became known for his performances on television, including supporting roles in "Porridge" (as "Genial" Harry Grout) and "Citizen Smith" as Charles Johnson (his role in the latter series was taken over by Tony Steedman). His role in "Porridge" brought him a great deal of public recognition despite his character appearing in only three episodes and in the 1979 film of the series.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: In 1975, he appeared as Tony Kirby in an episode of the hard hitting police drama "The Sweeney" entitled "Stay Lucky, Eh?"


title: Peter Vaughan

text: He also appeared as "The Fence" in the well known humorous advert for McVities Fruit Shortcake biscuits along with Harry Fowler.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: In 1969, Vaughan appeared in "Randall and Hopkirk" in the episode "Never Trust a Ghost". In the same year, he starred in the thirteen-part London Weekend Television TV series "The Gold Robbers". In December 1972, he appeared as Mr. Paxton in the BBC television adaptation of the M.R. James ghost story "A Warning to the Curious", shown as part of their annual series "A Ghost Story for Christmas".' In September 1973, he appeared as Quinn in the London Weekend Television TV series The Protectors, in an episode called 'Quinn'.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan starred as Billy Fox in the Thames Television series "Fox" (1980). The saga was written by Trevor Preston, directed by Jim Goddard, and produced by Verity Lambert. Other Fox family members were played by Elizabeth Spriggs, Ray Winstone, Larry Lamb, and Bernard Hill. Historical roles Vaughan played include those of Russian foreign minister Alexander Izvolsky in the serial "Fall of Eagles" (1974), British politician Thomas Inskip in the mini-series "" (1981), the title role in "A Last Visitor for Mr. Hugh Peter" (1981), and German Nazi figures Kurt Zeitzler in the miniseries "War and Remembrance" (1988) and Hermann Göring in the Granada Television-PBS docu-drama "Countdown to War" (1989). He also appeared in many literary adaptations, such as "Bleak House" (BBC, 1985), in which he played the sinister lawyer Mr. Tulkinghorn, and "Our Mutual Friend" (BBC Two, 1998). Other television work includes the espionage thriller "" (1988), in a lead role as the head of the KGB.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: In 1986, Vaughan appeared in the promotional video for Kate Bush's "Experiment IV" single. In 1991, he played John Turner in an episode of Granada Television's "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" titled '"The Boscombe Valley Mystery".


title: Peter Vaughan

text: He also appeared in the BBC production of Alan Aykbourn's play 'Season's Greetings' which was broadcast at Christmas 1986, and repeated on BBC 2 some years later. He played the role of Uncle Harvey.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan later attained particular acclaim for his supporting role as the Alzheimer's sufferer Felix Hutchinson in "Our Friends in the North" (BBC Two, 1996), a role that garnered a Best Actor nomination at the 1997 British Academy Television Awards. He played the clockmaker George Graham in "Longitude", the TV drama adaptation of Dava Sobel's eponymous non-fiction novel about the quest for a means to determine longitude at sea.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: In 2007 he starred in the television series "Mobile," and as Uncle Alfie in the film "Death at a Funeral".


title: Peter Vaughan

text: In 2011 Vaughan starred as Michael Dodd in the BBC courtroom drama "Silk". His final role, between 2011 and 2015, was Maester Aemon in the HBO series "Game of Thrones".


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan was heard as Superintendent Kirk in the BBC dramatisation of Dorothy L. Sayers' Peter Wimsey novel "Busman's Honeymoon", and as Denethor in the 1981 BBC Radio production of "The Lord of the Rings". He played Charles Augustus Milverton in a 1993 BBC radio dramatization of the Sherlock Holmes short story.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan's first breakout role was in 1964 as Ed in Joe Orton's work "Entertaining Mr Sloane" performed at Wyndham's Theatre.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: The first of Vaughan's two marriages was to Billie Whitelaw, whom he married in 1952 and divorced in 1966. His second wife was actress Lillias Walker, with whom he lived in the village of Mannings Heath, in West Sussex, until his death, having previously lived in Crawley. His stepdaughter Victoria Burton (actress and producer) is married to Gregor Fisher.


title: Peter Vaughan

text: Vaughan was partially blind in his old age. On 6 December 2016, he died peacefully of natural causes at the age of 93.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat (previously called the Future Lynx and Lynx Wildcat) is a British military helicopter. It is an improved version of the Westland Super Lynx designed to serve in the battlefield utility, search and rescue and anti-surface warfare roles. In British service, common variants are being operated by both the Royal Navy and British Army, having replaced their Lynx Mk.7/8/9 predecessors. The AW159 has also been offered to several export customers, and has been ordered by the Republic of Korea Navy and the Philippine Navy.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In 1995, the British Government announced that the Royal Navy's existing Westland Lynx helicopters were to be replaced; at that point, the service was intended to operate an all-Merlin fleet. Despite this stated intent, Westland Helicopters continued to hold talks with the Ministry of Defence (MOD) to find a future role for the type during the late 1990s; the firm issued multiple proposals to either extend the life of the existing Super Lynx through upgrade programmes or more ambitious remanufacturing programmes incorporating varying degrees of new components. In 2002, the "Future Lynx" project originated in two studies to determine the suitability of a derivative of the Super Lynx 300 to replace the existing Lynx helicopters of the Royal Navy and British Army. These requirements were known as the Surface Combatant Maritime Rotorcraft (SCMR) and Battlefield Light Utility Helicopter (BLUH) programmes, respectively.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In July 2002, AgustaWestland received a contract to conduct a formal assessment phase of the Future Lynx. On 22 July 2002, a collaboration agreement was signed between AgustaWestland and Thales Group, under which Thales was assigned development responsibility for the programme's core avionics, including communications, navigation, and flight management electronics; that same day, additional MOD funding for the fledgling Future Lynx programme was announced as having been allocated. By April 2003, the in-service dates for the BLUH and SCMR programmes were reported as being April 2007 and April 2008 respectively. Early on, AgustaWestland elected to adopt a glass cockpit incorporating electronics upgrades from the AgustaWestland AW101 along with various airframe improvements, such as a redesigned tail rotor and nose along with increased use of machined components over fabricated counterparts. By July 2004, the option of upgrading and remanufacturing the first generation Lynx had reportedly been judged to be uneconomical, and the BLUH programme of building a new generation airframe had been given prominence instead.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In late 2004, the National Audit Office (NAO) criticised the UK's existing helicopter fleet as being insufficient; concurrently, a major reorganisation of the MOD's procurement process subjected ongoing helicopter programmes to major restructuring. The BLUH was reportedly deemed unaffordable, and it was speculated that a more modest sensor fit could be used, as well as the procurement of alternative platforms such as the NHIndustries NH90, Eurocopter EC120, or Eurocopter EC635 instead of the Future Lynx. Ultimately, the utility transport aspect of the BLUH requirement was de-emphasised and the programme renamed Battlefield Reconnaissance Helicopter (BRH).


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In early 2005, the MOD was reportedly deliberating on whether to launch an open competition for other companies to bid to meet the BRH requirement, or to sole-source the contract from AgustaWestland to proceed with the Future Lynx. In late March 2005, the MOD confirmed the Future Lynx as being its preferred option for its rotorcraft renewal programme, and was expected to place a non-competitive contract with AgustaWestland later that year. The signing of the contract was delayed to the following year, this was reportedly in part due to preparation and release of the 2005 Defence Industrial Strategy, which supported the selection of the Future Lynx.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: On 22 June 2006, the MOD awarded AgustaWestland a £1 billion contract for 70 Future Lynx helicopters as a commitment under the Strategic Partnering Arrangement with AgustaWestland. The programme envisaged providing the British Army with 40 aircraft and Royal Navy with 30, with an option for a further 10, split equally between Army and Navy. By late 2007, the Future Lynx was scheduled to enter service with the British Army and Royal Navy in 2014 and 2015 respectively. In 2008, the cancellation of the Future Lynx programme has reportedly been under consideration. In December 2008, the MOD announced that the main contract would be proceeding, only incurring a minor cut in numbers set to be procured, for a total of 62 rotorcraft.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In October 2007, following the passing of an interim critical design review, the Future Lynx programme proceeded to the manufacturing phase; the first metal was cut on the initial flight-test rotorcraft that same month. In September 2008, the powerplant selected for the Future Lynx, the LHTEC CTS800-4N, received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) type certification, enabling production deliveries to commence. In November 2008, GKN delivered the first complete airframe to AgustaWestland; the new airframe reportedly had an 80 per cent lower part count than the earlier generation Lynx, which was achieved via the use of monolithic machine components.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: On 24 April 2009, it was announced that the Future Lynx had been designated "AW159" by AgustaWestland, and would be known in British military service as the "Wildcat". On 12 November 2009, the first Lynx Wildcat conducted the type's maiden flight from AgustaWestland's facility in Yeovil, Somerset. On 14 October 2010, the second AW159 performed its first flight; on 19 November 2010, a third Wildcat joined the flight test programme.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In July 2009, it was announced that the cost of the Wildcat programme had increased to £1.7 billion. In December 2011, it was reported that four additional Wildcats had been ordered for use by British special forces. These are to be joined by four from the current fleet on order, for a total of eight aircraft to operate as Wildcat Light Assault Helicopters. Further orders for the Wildcat have since been placed by export customers, including the Republic of Korea Navy and the Philippine Navy.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The AW159 Wildcat is a further development of the Westland Lynx. While the AW159 shares broad similarities in appearance to the Lynx, it has significant design differences and is heavily modernised and adapted to gain new attributes and functionality. The AW159 comprises 95% new components; the remaining 5%, consisting of such items as the fuel system and main rotor gearbox, are interchangeable with the Lynx AH7 and HMA8 variants. During development, the Army and Navy variants of the Wildcat reportedly maintained 98 per cent commonality with one another. The AW159 is the first helicopter by AgustaWestland to be designed inside an entirely digital environment. Among other changes, certain external elements of the Wildcat, such as the tail rotor, have been redesigned for greater durability and stealth qualities.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: Both Army and Navy variants have a common airframe, which is manufactured by GKN Aerostructures; the airframe has been marinised for operations in the naval environment and provides for a greater airframe lifespan of 12,000 flight hours. The wheeled undercarriage is also strengthened for naval landings on both variants. The AW159 is powered by two LHTEC CTS800 turboshaft engines which drives the rotorcraft's BERP IV rotor blades via a new transmission, increasing the maximum take-off weight by more than 1 ton over the legacy Super Lynx. It is equipped with a new composite tailboom, tailplane, tail rotor, nose structure and avionics suite. The naval version is also equipped with a Selex Galileo Seaspray 7000E active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and L-3 Wescam MX-15HDi electro-optical/infrared nose turret. A glass cockpit comprises the primary human-machine interface, using four 255 x 200mm multifunction displays to provide information to the aircrew and interact with the avionics systems on board.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The Wildcat features an increased payload and range over the preceding Super Lynx; it is operationally required to carry up to 8 Future Anti-Surface Guided Weapons up to 185 kilometers from a host ship and remain on station for up to an hour. The type can perform aerial reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), utility, fire control, command and control, and troop transport duties.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In June 2014, the Royal Navy awarded Thales Group a £48 million contract to deliver the Martlet missile for the Wildcat under the Future Anti-Surface Guided Weapons Light (FASGW (L)) programme for targets such as small boats and fast attack craft. A Wildcat can carry four launchers, each with five Martlets.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In March 2014 a contract was awarded to MBDA for the Sea Venom (FASGW Heavy) missile for use against vessels and land targets, replacing the Sea Skua. Both missiles are being integrated by AgustaWestland in a single £90m programme by 2018, with IOC for both planned by October 2020.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: Many elements of the AW159's avionics are provided by Thales Group. The type is reported to possess significant ISTAR capabilities and improved situational awareness, achieved through its onboard integrated digital open systems architecture; it has been equipped with the Bowman communications system, allowing for data such as targeting and voice communications to be securely and seamlessly transmitted to friendly forces. Some AW159 models have been fitted with various General Dynamics-built mission systems, these include secured data recorders and tactical processing systems which integrate sensor data and application information for displaying within the cockpit as well as for retention within encrypted data storage. Other mission systems used on the Wildcat have been produced by BAE Systems. All variants of the Wildcat share the same defensive aids arrangement, which shares some commonality with the AgustaWestland Apache; features include missile warning sensors, countermeasures dispensers, and infrared exhaust suppressors.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The UK has ordered 34 Wildcats for the British Army and 28 for the Royal Navy. The Army Air Corps formed the Wildcat Fielding Team (Army), which later became 652 (Operational Conversion) Squadron, for trials and operational conversion of Joint Helicopter Command aircrew and ground crew to the type. The Royal Navy also commissioned a Wildcat Fielding Squadron, 700W Naval Air Squadron (700W NAS) in 2009. Both units are located at RNAS Yeovilton. In February 2012, a prototype Wildcat (ZZ402) conducted 20 days of trials aboard off the coasts of England and Scotland; the tests involved operating under challenging weather conditions to define ship-helicopter operating limits for when the type enters service in 2015. During the trials, a total of 390 deck landings were completed including 148 night landings, 76 of which being conducted by pilots using night vision goggles.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The first production Wildcat was received in May 2012 by the WFT (Army); ZZ406. The Royal Navy received their first airframe at the end of 2013. Further trials of the type were conducted, such as deck landings aboard . In July 2012, the Wildcat conducted its first public display at the Farnborough Airshow. At the event, Defence Secretary Philip Hammond stated that the "Wildcat represents a considerable advance over the current Lynx helicopters, bringing greatly improved performance and capability."


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: On 29 August 2014, the Wildcat AH1 formally entered service with the Army Air Corps. On 23 March 2015, the Royal Navy's first Wildcat HMA2 began its initial operational deployment at sea on board . As of September 2015, 48 Wildcats had been delivered to the British Army and Royal Navy; in excess of 10,000 flight hours had been logged between the services along with a 100 percent availability rate achieved at sea and over 1,200 deck landings performed. In September 2015, a Wildcat HMA.2 of 825 Naval Air Squadron was deployed aboard in the Persian Gulf to perform extreme high temperature trials.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: On 4 July 2019, Royal Marines from 42 Commando unit used a Wildcat to board and detain the Grace 1 oil tanker off Gibraltar.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: On 15 January 2013, South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced the selection of the AW159 to fulfill a requirement of the Republic of Korea Navy for a maritime helicopter, winning out against the MH-60R Seahawk. The batch of eight aircraft were chosen to perform search-and-rescue missions, anti-submarine warfare and surveillance. In January 2014, DAPA announced it will equip its Wildcat helicopters with Spike NLOS missiles to provide a stand-off attack capability for engaging targets such as ground artillery and small vessels. In April 2015, the South Korean government was considering ordering a further 12 Wildcats to further strengthen the Navy's anti-submarine capabilities; alternative options include the MH-60 Seahawk and the domestically produced KAI KUH-1 Surion helicopter. On 13 June 2016, the Republic of Korea Navy took delivery of four Wildcats. The helicopters operate from the Navy's Incheon-class guided missile/coastal defense frigates. The remaining four were delivered in late November 2016. ROK Navy Wildcats are fitted with a Seaspray 7400E radar offering 360-degree coverage.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: The first four AW159s were operational by February 2017. Its AESA radar and electro-optic thermal sensor are capable of detecting surface contacts out to . For anti-submarine duties, the helicopter can operate for over three hours when equipped with the Thales FLASH dipping sonar, two hours with the sonar and one Blue Shark torpedo, and an hour or more with the sonar and two torpedoes; it can also drop sonobuoys.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In March 2016, AgustaWestland signed a €100 million contract with the Department of National Defense for two helicopters along with training and support. The project aims to provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface capabilities to the Navy. Prior to the introduction of the Wildcat, the Philippines lacked any ASW capabilities in a region where the number of submarines being operated by other nations was reportedly set to grow.


title: AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat

text: In 2016, Malaysia reportedly considering increasing the number of helicopters operated by the Royal Malaysian Navy by procuring either the AW159, Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk or the Airbus Helicopters H225M. On 20 April 2016, Finmeccanica (now Leonardo) signed a teaming agreement with Global Komited, a Malaysian defence company, to jointly promote and distribute the AW159 Wildcat to the Malaysian government.


title: 1999 in film

text: The year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick's final film "Eyes Wide Shut", Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film "All About My Mother", the science-fiction hit "The Matrix", the animated works "The Iron Giant", "" and "My Neighbors the Yamadas", the Best Picture-winner "American Beauty", the well-received "The Green Mile", the Pixar sequel film "Toy Story 2", and the Deep Canvas-pioneering Disney animated feature "Tarzan". Other noteworthy releases include M. Night Shyamalan's breakout film "The Sixth Sense", the controversial cult classic "Fight Club" and Paul Thomas Anderson's "Magnolia". The year also featured George Lucas' top-grossing "". Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 1999.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "Dreams" is a song by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac from their eleventh studio album, "Rumours" (1977). In the United States, "Dreams" was released as the second single from "Rumours" in March 1977, while in the United Kingdom, the song was released as the third single in June 1977. A stage performance of "Dreams" was used as the promotional music video.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In the US, "Dreams" sold more than one million copies and reached the top spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the band's only number-one single in the country. In Canada, "Dreams" also reached number one on the "RPM" Top 100 Singles chart.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In late 2020, the song experienced a widespread resurgence in popularity as a result of a viral TikTok video created by Nathan Apodaca. The song subsequently re-entered national music charts in certain countries and also entered the Spotify and Apple Music charts in certain countries. "Dreams" was ranked number nine on "Rolling Stone"'s 2021 list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: The members of Fleetwood Mac were experiencing emotional upheavals while recording the "Rumours" album. Mick Fleetwood was going through a divorce. Christine McVie and John McVie were separating, while Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks were ending their eight-year relationship. "We had to go through this elaborate exercise of denial," explained Buckingham to "Blender" magazine, "keeping our personal feelings in one corner of the room while trying to be professional in the other."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Stevie Nicks wrote the song in early 1976 at Record Plant studio in Sausalito, California. "One day when I wasn't required in the main studio," remembers Nicks to "Blender" magazine, "I took a Fender Rhodes piano and went into another studio that was said to belong to Sly Stone, of Sly and the Family Stone. It was a black-and-red room, with a sunken pit in the middle where there was a piano, and a big black-velvet bed with Victorian drapes."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "I sat down on the bed with my keyboard in front of me," continues Nicks. "I found a drum pattern, switched my little cassette player on and wrote 'Dreams' in about 10 minutes. Right away I liked the fact that I was doing something with a dance beat, because that made it a little unusual for me."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: When Nicks played the song to the rest of the group, "They weren't nuts about it. But I said 'Please! Please record this song, at least try it.' Because the way I play things sometimes... you really have to listen." The band recorded it the following day. Only a basic track was recorded at Sausalito, with Nicks playing the Rhodes piano and singing. Recording assistant Cris Morris remembers how "all (they) kept was the drum track and live vocal from Stevie – the guitars and bass were added later in Los Angeles." Christine McVie described the song as having "just three chords and one note in the left hand" and "boring" when Nicks played a rough version on the piano. McVie changed her mind after Buckingham "fashioned three sections out of identical chords, making each section sound completely different. He created the impression that there's a thread running through the whole thing."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Buckingham, in an interview with Nile Rodgers, said "In order to take a song of hers, like 'Dreams', which needed so much construction around it to take those same two chords and make them evolve from section A to section B to section C. And the love and the choice to do the right thing and to have the integrity to do that. It comes at a price sometimes, you know? It comes at the price of having your defences come up, and sometimes over a period of time, it's hard to get those down."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: "Cash Box" said that "a softly droning bass backs Stevie Nicks' alluring lead vocal" and "subdued in comparison to the previous 'Go Your Own Way' this record has its own subtly building intensity." "New York Times" critic John Rockwell called the single a "classy record" and commenting on the appeal provided by Stevie Nicks' "strange, nasal yet husky soprano" and on Mick Fleetwood's "wonderfully crisp, exact drumming."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In the United States, "Dreams" reached the number-one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on 18 June 1977, and held it for one week. On the Adult Contemporary chart, "Dreams" was Fleetwood Mac's highest-charting single during the 1970s where it reached number 11. In the UK Singles Chart, "Dreams" went to number 24, staying in the top 40 for eight weeks.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Since its initial release, "Dreams" has re-entered the charts on various occasions. It picked up two additional weeks on the UK charts in 2011 following the airing of the Glee Rumours episode. In 2018, "Dreams" returned to the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart at number 14, re-popularized by a viral tweet. The song also returned to the New Zealand charts for one week in 2019 at number 40. The song then re-entered the New Zealand charts on 5 October 2020 at number 28, and has since spent 71 consecutive weeks in the top 40, whilst also reaching a new peak of 3 consecutive weeks at number 6. The same year, it also entered the Irish charts for the first time.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In October 2020, the song reached number one on the Billboard Rock Digital Song Sales chart as a result of a viral TikTok video of Nathan Apodaca lip syncing to the song while skateboarding down a highway in Idaho Falls, Idaho drinking Ocean Spray cran-raspberry juice. Following the popularity of the video, "Dreams" also placed among the Top 50 most-streamed songs on Spotify and Apple Music in the US, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, re-entering the ARIA in Australia (where it reached a new peak) and the UK Official Charts. "Dreams" also re-entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 21 on 17 October 2020, giving the band its highest placement on the Hot 100 since 20 February 1988, when "Everywhere" charted at number 17. "Dreams" then rose to number 12 the following week.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Irish band the Corrs originally recorded "Dreams" for "Legacy: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac's Rumours", the 20th anniversary album of cover versions which also featured "Don't Stop" by Elton John, "You Make Loving Fun" by Jewel and others from the Goo Goo Dolls and the Cranberries. The cover version was originally recorded similar to the original song until Oliver Leiber transformed the recording into a dance track mixed with a violin and tin whistle hook. It was then remixed by Todd Terry for single release and became the first big hit for the Corrs in the UK, reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart and staying on the chart for 10 weeks. The video also won the "Best Adult Contemporary Video" award from "Billboard" magazine in 1998. The Corrs' second studio album, "Talk on Corners", was then re-released with "Dreams" added.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: The Corrs performed "Dreams" with Mick Fleetwood from Fleetwood Mac in their concert at the Royal Albert Hall on St. Patrick's Day, 1998 (which was also Caroline Corr's 25th birthday).


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "The Corrs bring an interesting Celtic flavor to the first pop single from "Legacy: A Tribute To Fleetwood Mac's Rumours". Although it's difficult to let go of the intense drama of the original recording, the act's earnest delivery is to be commended and appreciated. In an effort to better connect with the kids of crossover radio, club icon Todd Terry has been enlisted to remix the song with a more forceful disco sound. It was a wise move that gives this single a fighting chance in drawing the positive attention of the pop masses." "Daily Record" said the cover version is "superb". British newspaper "Sunday Mirror" stated that "Ireland's three most beautiful women and their brother should finally crack it over here with this Todd Terry remix."


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: A music video was made to accompany the song, directed by British music video director and editor Dani Jacobs. It was published on YouTube in September 2009. As of July 2022, the video has been viewed over 23 million times. The video for the Todd Terry Remix was published in March 2014. In 2020, it has got over 1 million views. The music video won the "Best Adult Contemporary Video" award from "Billboard" magazine in 1998.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: Nicks contributed new vocals to a remake of "Dreams" by DJ and house music duo Deep Dish. The song appears on their second album, "George Is On" (2005), and was a top-20 UK Singles Chart hit and climbed to number 26 on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart. An edited version of the song is included on Nicks' 2007 album "Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks". In the music video, directed by Honey, model and actress Winter Ave Zoli plays as the protagonist.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In 2020, after his truck broke down, an Idaho man named Nathan Apodaca filmed himself riding his skateboard to work while drinking Ocean Spray cran-raspberry juice and lip-syncing to "Dreams". The video went viral, garnering over 50 million views around the world. As a result, "Dreams" skyrocketed in popularity, reappearing on many worldwide music charts. Mick Fleetwood, Lindsey Buckingham, and Stevie Nicks released responses to Apodaca's video on TikTok, with Nicks donning a pair of roller skates while performing the song. Subsequently, Ocean Spray gave Nathan a brand new pickup truck after Ocean Spray received unexpected publicity when the video went viral.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: In 2021, the New Zealand-born, Australian-based DJ, Jolyon Petch released a version of the song that became a Number 1 track on the ARIA Top 50 Club Tracks chart. The cover, featuring an uncredited vocal from the reality TV star Reigan, peaked at number 16 on the main Australian singles chart.


title: Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)

text: The single went on to be nominated in the category of Best Dance Release at the 2021 ARIA Music Awards, but lost out to "Alive" by Rüfüs Du Sol. It was certified 2× Platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) in 2022.


title: Polycythemia

text: Polycythemia (also known as polycythaemia) is a laboratory finding in which the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood) and/or hemoglobin concentration are increased in the blood. Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis, and there is significant overlap in the two findings, but the terms are not the same: polycythemia describes any increase in hematocrit and/or hemoglobin, while erythrocytosis describes an increase specifically in the number of red blood cells in the blood.


title: Polycythemia

text: Polycythemia has many causes. It can describe an increase in the number of red blood cells ("absolute polycythemia") or to a decrease in the volume of plasma ("relative polycythemia"). Absolute polycythemia can be due to genetic mutations in the bone marrow ("primary polycythemia"), physiologic adaptations to one's environment, medications, and/or other health conditions. Laboratory studies such as serum erythropoeitin levels and genetic testing might be helpful to clarify the cause of polycythemia if the physical exam and patient history don't reveal a likely cause.


title: Polycythemia

text: Mild polycythemia on its own is often asymptomatic. Treatment for polycythemia varies, and typically involves treating its underlying cause. Treatment of primary polycythemia (see polycythemia vera) could involve phlebotomy, antiplatelet therapy to reduce risk of blood clots, and additional cytoreductive therapy to reduce the number of red blood cells produced in the bone marrow.


title: Polycythemia

text: Polycythemia is defined as serum hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin (HgB) exceeding normal ranges expected for age and sex, typically Hct > 49% in healthy adult men and >48% in women, or HgB >16.5g/dL in men or >16.0g/dL in women. The definition is different for neonates and varies by age in children.


title: Polycythemia

text: Different diseases or conditions can cause polycythemia in adults. These processes are discussed in more detail in their respective sections below.


title: Polycythemia

text: Relative polycythemia is not a true increase in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, but rather an elevated laboratory finding caused by reduced blood plasma (hypovolemia, cf. dehydration). Relative polycythemia is often caused by loss of body fluids, such as through burns, dehydration, and stress. A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome. In this syndrome, primarily occurring in obese men, hypertension causes a reduction in plasma volume, resulting in (amongst other changes) a relative increase in red blood cell count. If relative polycythemia is deemed unlikely because the patient has no other signs of hemoconcentration, and has sustained polycythemia without clear loss of body fluids, the patient likely has absolute or true polycythemia.


title: Polycythemia

text: Polycythemia in newborns is defined as hematocrit > 65%. Significant polycythemia can be associated with blood hyperviscosity, or thickening of the blood. Causes of neonatal polycythemia include:


title: Polycythemia

text: The pathophysiology of polycythemia varies based on its cause. The production of red blood cells (or erythropoeisis) in the body is regulated by erythropoietin, which is a protein produced by the kidneys in response to poor oxygen delivery. As a result, more erythropoeitin is produced to encourage red blood cell production and increase oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in secondary polycythemia, which can be an appropriate response to hypoxic conditions such as chronic smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, and high altitude. Furthermore, certain genetic conditions can impair the body's accurate detection of oxygen levels in the serum, which leads to excess erythropoeitin production even without hypoxia or impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Alternatively, certain types of cancers, most notably renal cell carcinoma, and medications such as testosterone use can cause inappropriate erythropoeitin production that stimulates red cell production despite adequate oxygen delivery.


title: Polycythemia

text: Primary polycythemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic mutations or defects of the red cell progenitors within the bone marrow, leading to overgrowth and hyperproliferation of red blood cells regardless of erythropoeitin levels.


title: Polycythemia

text: Increased hematocrit and red cell mass with polycythemia increases the viscosity of blood, leading to impaired blood flow and contributing to an increased risk of clotting (thrombosis).


title: Polycythemia

text: The first step to evaluate new polycythemia in any individual is to conduct a detailed history and physical exam. Patients should be asked about smoking history, altitude, medication use, personal bleeding and clotting history, symptoms of sleep apnea (snoring, apneic episodes), and any family history of hematologic conditions or polycythemia. A thorough cardiopulmonary exam including auscultation of the heart and lungs can help evaluate for cardiac shunting or chronic pulmonary disease. An abdominal exam can assess for splenomegaly, which can be seen in polycythemia vera. Examination of digits for erythromelalgia, clubbing or cyanosis can help assess for chronic hypoxia.


title: Polycythemia

text: Polycythemia is often initially identified on a complete blood count (CBC). The CBC is often repeated to evalute for persistent polycythemia. If an etiology of polycythemia is unclear from history or physical, additional laboratory evaluation might include:


title: Polycythemia

text: Primary polycythemias are myeloproliferative diseases affecting red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera (PCV) (a.k.a. polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the bone marrow. Often, excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced. A hallmark of polycythemia vera is an elevated hematocrit, with Hct > 55% seen in 83% of cases. A somatic (non-hereditary) mutation (V617F) in the "JAK2" gene, also present in other myeloproliferative disorders, is found in 95% of cases. Symptoms include headaches and vertigo, and signs on physical examination include an abnormally enlarged spleen and/or liver. In some cases, affected individuals may have associated conditions including high blood pressure or formation of blood clots. Transformation to acute leukemia is rare. Phlebotomy is the mainstay of treatment.