title: Internet celebrity

text: There is a lot of debate revolving around the idea of whether social media influencers can actually be coined as celebrities, as their rises to fame are often less traditional and some may argue, easier. Melody Nouri talks about the differences between the two types in her article: "The Power of Influence: Traditional Celebrities VS Social Media Influencer". She also mentions the differences of the social impact these online influencers have. Nouri believes it is more damaging for young impressionable audiences on social media platforms, more than on previous media from the past: such as magazines, billboards, adverts and tabloids that feature celebrities. It is deemed easier to manipulate a certain image and lifestyle online, that viewers are prone to believe in.


title: Internet celebrity

text: By the 2010s, the term "influencer" was used to describe "a highly visible subset of digital content creators defined by their substantial following, distinctive brand persona, and patterned relationship with commercial sponsors." The attractiveness of celebrities to everyday society creates a sense of trust and confidence which consumers translate into the credibility of the products being promoted. A 2001 study from Rutgers University had found that people were using "internet forums as influential sources of consumer information." This study suggested that consumers were using Internet forums and social media to make purchasing decisions over traditional advertising and print sources. The more personable an influencer is with their audience by engaging with them, the more encouraging they would be to purchase a product. Companies nowadays are more concerned with feedback and comments they receive from their social media platforms, because consumers believe other consumers. Many rely on reviews to convince them to buy something. One bad review can cost a business a lot of revenue. A typical method of marketing between the influencer and the audience is "B2C marketing". B2C marketing, meaning Business to Consumer marketing, entails the strategies in which a business would undertake in order to promote themselves and their services directly to their target audiences. This is typically through the advertising and creating content through the influencer themselves. The intention is that their followers who relate or look up to certain influencers will be more inclined to purchase an item because their favorite 'Internet celebrity' recommended it. Internet celebrities typically promote a lifestyle of beauty and luxury fashion and foster consumer–brand relationships, while selling their own lines of merchandise.


title: Internet celebrity

text: The early 2000s saw corporate attempts to use the Internet for influencing where some companies engaged with forums for promotion or to offer bloggers free products in exchange for positive reviews. Some of these practices were considered unethical as they exploited the labor of young people without providing financial compensation.


title: Internet celebrity

text: The Blogstar Network, launched in 2004 by Ted Murphy of MindComet, invited bloggers to an email list to receive paid offers from corporations based on the type of posts they made. An example of this includes being paid a few dollars for reviewing a fast-food meal in their blog.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Blogstar is considered the first influencer marketing network. Murphy followed Blogstar with PayPerPost, launched in 2006, which paid influential posters at the larger forum and social media sides for each post about a corporate product. The payment rates were based on the influencer status of the individual. The very popular, PayPerPost, received a great deal of criticism as these influencers were not required to disclose their involvement with PayPerPost as traditional journalism would have, and made the public aware that there was a drive by corporate interests to influence what some people were posting to these sites. This site encouraged other companies to begin to create similar programs. Despite concerns, influencing marketing networks continued to grow through the rest of the 2000s and into the 2010s. The influencer marketing industry is on track to be worth up to $15 billion by 2022, up from as much as $8 billion in 2019, according to Business Insider Intelligence estimates, based on Mediakix data.


title: Internet celebrity

text: An article written by David Rowles titled: 'Digital Branding: A Complete Step-By-Step Guide to Strategy, Tactics, Tools and Measurements,' details as to how and what techniques these internet celebrities use to get more recognition on their platforms from users and brands. "Digital branding is the sum of experiences that we have online and it relies on the provision of value." It suggests that users are already exposed to the lives of their influencers as loyal fans, its easy for them to market companies as their fans feel as though they know the celebrities they follow, when the reality differs.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Self-branding, also known as personal branding, describes the development of a public image for commercial gain or social or cultural capital. The rise of social media has been exploited by individuals seeking personal fame and product sales. Platforms such as Instagram, Twitch, Snapchat, VSCO, and TikTok, are the most common social media outlets on which online influencers attempt to build a following. Fame can be attained through different avenues and media forms, including art, humor, modeling, and podcasts. Marketing experts have concluded that "[people no longer] need to be familiar with complex coding languages or other technicalities to build websites because virtually anyone can upload text, pictures, and video instantly to a site from a personal computer or phone. With technological barriers crumbling, the web has become the perfect platform for personal branding".


title: Internet celebrity

text: Depending on their rise to fame, Internet celebrities may reach their audiences in different ways. Millions of people write online journals or blogs, but most fail to become Internet celebrities. This is due to the volume of online creators. Due to certain social media platforms' algorithms, it is difficult for smaller bloggers to get more online coverage. In many cases, content does not reach a large audience and may be intended for a smaller, niche audience. If a creator has or develops a distinctive personality, it may bring them more notoriety than their content does.


title: Internet celebrity

text: In some cases, people might rise to fame through a single viral event or viral video. The Internet allows videos, news articles, and jokes to circulate rapidly. Depending on its reach, the content may become an Internet meme. For example, Zach Anner, a comedian from Austin, Texas, gained worldwide attention after submitting a video to Oprah Winfrey's "Search for the Next TV Star" competition. This is also commonly seen from a variety of other talk show hosts such as, Ellen DeGeneres, Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel, or James Corden, who feature viral individuals on their shows. Viral videos from internet celebrities could entail a funny event happening in the moment, a popular new dance, or even a post on twitter, such as the "Alex from Target" tweet in 2014. A young girl posted a photo of a Target employee who she thought was attractive, which went viral immediately and grew his following from 144 followers to 600,000. He was then interviewed on multiple talk shows and recognized in public by fans. People can also become Internet celebrities through popular meme posting, whether they are the memes themselves or they are creating content. It can be deemed as a reaction image, video, or a GIF. The meme can convey a message of feelings and emotions where an individual may have the desire of sharing on the Internet.


title: Internet celebrity

text: The Internet celebrity concept echoes Andy Warhol's famous quote about 15 minutes of fame. A more recent adaptation of Warhol's quote—possibly prompted by the rise of online social networking, blogging, and similar online phenomena—is the claim that "In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen people" or, in some renditions, "On the Web, everyone will be famous for fifteen people." This quote, though attributed to David Weinberger, was said to have originated from the Scottish artist Momus.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Internet celebrities, or influencers, can be broken into five different sizes: Nano, Micro, Macro, Mega, and Celebrity. Nano influencers generally have under 5,000 followers on Instagram. Micro influencers have between 5,000 and 100,000 followers on Instagram. Micro influencers are often seen as more trustworthy and relatable, making it easier for followers to perceive an interpersonal connection with them than with Mega Influencers. Macro influencers have between 100,000 and 500,000 followers on Instagram. Mega influencers have between 500,000 and 5,000,000 followers on Instagram. And finally, Celebrities are defined as having over 5,000,000 followers on Instagram. Given that influencers make a living from being celebrities popularized on the Internet.


title: Internet celebrity

text: YouTube has risen as one of the biggest platforms for launching Internet celebrities. Individual users can record videos of their daily lives and upload them online through YouTube. This activity is known as video blogging, or more commonly vlogging. YouTube creators (known as YouTubers), regardless of the genres or types of videos they make, have created an industry that can generate revenue from video views and online popularity. For example, Swedish Internet celebrity PewDiePie uploads gaming and comedy videos on YouTube. , he has around 100 million subscribers and is the second most-subscribed non-corporation YouTuber.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Every minute, 300 hours of videos are uploaded to YouTube, and 5 billion videos are watched every day. Individuals can create videos and upload them onto YouTube and other platforms in return for income. In August 2014, "Variety" wrote that YouTubers are more popular than mainstream celebrities among U.S. teens. Advertisers, in an effort to reach teenagers and millennials who do not watch regular television and movies, have started contacting YouTubers and other Internet celebrities. , YouTube has 1.5 billion monthly active users, and many YouTubers have millions of subscribers.


title: Internet celebrity

text: YouTubers can make money directly through their YouTube channels by using ads or sponsoring products. YouTube's AdSense program allows YouTubers to earn revenue from ads and views. AdSense has certain requirements—a YouTuber must have more than 1,000 subscribers, live in an eligible country, and have more than 4,000 hours of watch time within a year to be eligible. YouTube can be a lucrative platform for Internet celebrities like PewDiePie, who made in 2018.


title: Internet celebrity

text: A micro-celebrity, also known as a micro-influencer, is a person famous within a niche group of users on a social media platform. Micro-celebrities often present themselves as public figures. The concept of the micro-celebrity was originally developed by Theresa Senft and P. A. Poitier in their 2008 book, "Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in the Age of Social Networks". According to Senft and Poitier, the concept of the micro-celebrity "is best understood as a new style of online performance that involves people 'amping up' their popularity over the Web using technologies like video, blogs and social networking sites". A number of other researchers have published papers on micro-celebrities. According to Raun, a micro-celebrity is "a form of identity linked almost exclusively to the Internet, characterizing a process by which people express, create and share their identities online". According to Senft and Marwick, micro-celebrities differ from more traditional forms of celebrities associated with Hollywood stars because a micro-celebrity's popularity is often directly linked to their audience, and the audience comes to expect a certain degree of authenticity and transparency.


title: Internet celebrity

text: "Wanghong" () is the Chinese version of Internet stardom. The "wanghong" economy is a Chinese digital economy based on influencer marketing in social media. Some "wanghong" celebrities generate profits via retail or e-commerce, through attracting the attention of their followers. Internet celebrities have become a popular phenomenon in China. For example, Sister Furong ("Fúróng Jiějiě," 芙蓉姐姐) received worldwide notoriety and fame for her self-promotion efforts through online posts. According to CBN Data, a commercial data company affiliated with Alibaba Group, the Chinese Internet celebrity economy was estimated to be worth () in 2016, more than China's total cinema box office revenue in 2015.


title: Internet celebrity

text: There are two main business models in the "wanghong" economy: social media advertising, and online retail. In the online retailing business model, e-commerce-based "wanghong" use social media platforms to sell self-branded products to potential buyers among followers via Chinese customer-to-customer (C2C) websites, such as Taobao. Internet celebrities may promote their products by modeling for their shops by posting pictures or videos of themselves wearing the clothes or accessories they sell, or giving makeup or fashion tips. They serve as key opinion leaders for their followers, who either aspire to be like them or look up to them.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Zhang Dayi (张大奕)—one of China's best-known "wanghong" according to BBC News, with 4.9 million followers on Sina Weibo—has an online shop on Taobao, reportedly earning () per year. This is comparable to the made by Fan Bingbing (范冰冰), a top Chinese actress. Li Ziqi (李子柒), a celebrity food blogger with more than 16 million followers on Weibo, has inspired many bloggers to post similar content on traditional Chinese cooking and crafts.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Censorship in China has created an independent social media ecosystem that has become successful in its own way. For every Western social media platform, there is a comparable Chinese version; Chinese social media platforms, however, generate revenue differently. The greatest difference between Chinese Internet celebrities and their Western counterparts is that the profits generated by Chinese celebrities can be immense. Unlike YouTube, which takes 45% of advertising revenue, Weibo, one of the largest Chinese social media platforms, is not involved in advertising, which allows Internet celebrities to be more independent. The monthly income of Chinese influencers can exceed ().


title: Internet celebrity

text: In Japan, a specific type of Internet celebrity is known as a , a sub-category of the idol industry in Japan. Net idols first emerged in the 1990s through personal websites and blogs when Internet became more accessible, with some selling personal merchandise such as photo books through their websites.


title: Internet celebrity

text: VTubers or Virtual Youtubers are entertainers that use digital 3D model avatars that are computer generated. VTubers originated from Japan and had begun in early 2010's and had risen in popularity in 2020s. The first virtual Youtuber being Ami Yamato that had debuted on May 18, 2011 , but the first official VTuber who had used the phrase "virtual Youtuber" is Kizuna AI who began entertaining in 2016. The appeal of VTubers is similar to a real person, except the entertainer may choose to remain anonymous through their VTuber persona. The 2D anime virtual avatars appealed to many Japanese fans and popularity began to spread internationally. In October 2021, there has been reported to be 16,000 VTubers around the world.


title: Internet celebrity

text: VTubers function in a similar fashion to youtubers and streamers, with some VTubers being music artists. These VTubers that were music artists or broadcast their musical talent would be dubbed "VSinger" (Virtual Singer). Agencies such as Hololive and VShojo, scout and hire these VTubers to aid in marketing and build popularity. Their trademark character being the VTuber avatar or a 2D anime form of that character on the album covers, allowing recognition of the avatar and for the agency.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Different types of Internet celebrities can make money in various ways, but most of them earn money from endorsements. Internet celebrities can use their fame to promote products or experiences to their followers, and are believed to provide credibility to products. In social media advertising, Internet celebrities can be paid to advertise products. When they have garnered sufficient attention and following, they can be approached by advertising companies to help advertise products and reach a wider audience. Endorsements for fashion and cosmetic products are common for Instagram internet influencers. YouTubers tend to advertise a wider array of products, regardless of relevance to their genre of content.


title: Internet celebrity

text: YouTubers can also expand their source of revenue by creating their own products or merchandise to sell. Similarly, fashion bloggers and Instagram celebrities can earn money by promoting brands on their platforms or developing their own brands. Bloggers can feature sponsored posts in social media to make profits. For instance, fashion blogger Chiara Ferragni started as an online blogger, and then gained millions of followers on Instagram. She later created her brand, the Chiara Ferragni Collection. Like many other Instagram celebrities, Ferragni started by charging money per post for promoting brands. She now earns revenue from promotional Instagram posts and the sale of her own products.


title: Internet celebrity

text: In 2020 a report by venture-capital firm SignalFire stated that the economy spawned by internet creators was the “fastest-growing type of small business.”


title: Internet celebrity

text: Due to the recent emergence of influencer culture, influencer marketing and advertising was initially left highly unregulated by previous existing legislation. This became a prevalent concern when users on social media platforms were finding it difficult to distinguish any differences between advertisements and sponsorships with personal posts. This was evident with the mismanagement of Fyre Festival, where numerous Instagram influencers were sanctioned for their lack of transparency. This led to a massive backlash from the public, who felt the promotion of the event deliberately misled and confused target audiences. As a result, numerous advertising bodies sought to introduce strict regulations and guidelines around influencer marketing. This includes the AANA (Australian Associations of National Advertisers), who states that influencer advertising must be "clearly distinguishable".


title: Internet celebrity

text: Cancel culture is a form of ostracism where an individual is excluded from social or professional circles because of certain past or present actions or allegations. The act may occur on social media platforms or in person. Cancel culture is a common term among Internet celebrities where they may lose their source of income, fans, or reputation because of their controversial actions. For example, Beauty Guru YouTuber Jeffree Star has faced many allegations and controversies in his career which include cyberbullying, vocally expressing racist remarks and slurs, etc. On July 10, 2020, the makeup brand Morphe cut ties and ceased all makeup collaborations with Jeffree Star because his problematic past had resurfaced. The year before that, Kuwaiti celebrity Sondos Alqattan was criticising Filipinos. As a result of this, some brands stopped working with her.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Meetups are often a way Internet celebrities interact with fans in real life. Occasionally, an Internet celebrity might organize a meetup and invite fans to meet them at a certain place and time without proper organization. This can attract crowds of fans, causing disorderly or even unsafe situations. For example, "Tanacon" was an organization produced in collaboration with talent manager Michael Weist involving a group of Internet celebrities who were set to meet paying fans, but did not follow through. Because of the disorganized setup, the meetup resulted in chaos.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Alternatively, events can be organized at a venue with security personnel. VidCon is an annual organized video conference designed for people interested in online videos. It invites Internet content creators to participate in events for paying fans, such as performances, panels, and meet-and-greets.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Internet celebrities can draw in a devoted crowd of fans whether their reach is small or wide. A scholarly article published from Thammasat University in Thailand explains that the younger generation is becoming more attracted to the path of fame compared to the typical intellectual development and financial security route. The appearance of the ease and simplicity of the life of internet celebrities obstructs the reality of what this life often really entails. Seeing influencers display the highlights of their lives has shown to produce some unintended effects on fans.


title: Internet celebrity

text: Those who closely follow the lives of internet celebrities are more likely to develop psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and dissociation. Although many internet celebrities appreciate the support and loyalty of their viewers and fans, the dedication to their lives can sometimes be intense. Fans may develop extreme behaviors or attitudes towards their favorite celebrities that can be identified as obsessive or result in criminal behavior. The younger crowd of viewers are also being impacted through viewing internet celebrities on different social media platforms. "The Journal of Behavioral Addictions" published by Akademiai Kiado evaluates a study that was done on Hungarian adolescents to demonstrate these effects. The research found that the desire for fame on the internet was negatively associated with self-acceptance and potentially resulted in materialism and the desire for social recognition.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Peyronie's disease is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis. Specifically, scar tissue forms in the tunica albuginea, the thick sheath of tissue surrounding the corpora cavernosa, causing pain, abnormal curvature, erectile dysfunction, indentation, loss of girth and shortening.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: A certain degree of curvature of the penis is considered normal, as many people are born with this benign condition, commonly referred to as congenital curvature. The disease may cause pain; hardened, big, cord-like lesions (scar tissue known as "plaques"); or abnormal curvature of the penis when erect due to chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea (CITA).


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Although the popular conception of Peyronie's disease is that it always involves curvature of the penis, the scar tissue sometimes causes divots or indentations rather than curvature. The condition may also make sexual intercourse painful and/or difficult, though it is unclear whether some men report satisfactory or unsatisfactory intercourse in spite of the disorder. The disorder is confined to the penis, although a substantial number of men with Peyronie's exhibit concurrent connective tissue disorders in the hand, and to a lesser degree, in the feet. About 30 percent of men with Peyronie's disease develop fibrosis in other elastic tissues of the body, such as on the hand or foot, including Dupuytren's contracture of the hand. An increased incidence in genetically related males suggests a genetic component. It can affect men of any race and age.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Peyronie's disease can also have psychological effects. While most men will continue to be able to have sexual relations, they are likely to experience some degree of erectile dysfunction. It is not uncommon to exhibit depression or withdrawal from their sexual partners.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: The underlying cause of Peyronie's disease is unknown. Although, it is likely due to a buildup of plaque inside the penis due to repeated mild sexual trauma or injury during sexual intercourse or physical activity.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Risk factors include diabetes mellitus, Dupuytren's contracture, plantar fibromatosis, penile trauma, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, and European heritage.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: A urologist may be able to diagnose the disease and suggest treatment. An ultrasound can provide conclusive evidence of Peyronie's disease, ruling out congenital curvature or other disorders.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: On penile ultrasonography, the typical appearance is hyperechoic focal thickening of the tunica albuginea. Due to associated calcifications, the imaging of patients with Peyronie's disease shows acoustic shadowing, as illustrated in figures below. Less common findings, attributed to earlier stages of the disease (still mild fibrosis), are hypoechoic lesions with focal thickening of the paracavernous tissues, echoic focal thickening of the tunica without posterior acoustic shadowing, retractile isoechoic lesions with posterior attenuation of the beam, and focal loss of the continuity of the tunica albuginea. In the Doppler study, increased flow around the plaques can suggest inflammatory activity and the absence of flow can suggest disease stability. Ultrasound is useful for the identification of lesions and to determine their relationship with the neurovascular bundle. Individuals with Peyronie's disease can present with erectile dysfunction, often related to venous leakage, due to insufficient drainage at the site of the plaque. Although plaques are more common on the dorsum of the penis, they can also be seen on the ventral face, lateral face, or septum.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Many oral treatments have been studied but results so far have been mixed. Some consider the use of nonsurgical approaches to be controversial.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Vitamin E supplementation has been studied for decades, and some success has been reported in older trials; those successes have not been reliably repeated in larger, newer studies. The use of Interferon-alpha-2b in the early stages of the disease has been studied; as of 2007, its efficacy was questionable.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is reported to help by breaking down the excess collagen in the penis. It was approved for treatment of Peyronie's disease by the FDA in 2013.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: There is moderate evidence that penile traction therapy is a well-tolerated, minimally invasive treatment; there is uncertainty about the optimal duration of stretching per day and per course of treatment, and the treatment course is difficult.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Focused extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a non-invasive treatment option that involves passing acoustic pulses through the plaque, which can break it down over a series of six to twelve sessions. The treatment is most effective in men with mild to moderate Peyronie's.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: Surgery such as the "Nesbit operation", which is named after Reed M. Nesbit (1898–1979), an American urologist at University of Michigan), is considered a last resort and should only be performed by highly skilled urological surgeons knowledgeable in specialized corrective surgical techniques. A penile implant may be appropriate in advanced cases.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: It is estimated to affect between .4 to 20% of men. The condition becomes more common with age. The mean age at onset of disease is 55–60 years although many cases have been recorded in adolescence and early 20’s.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: The overall prevalence of PD is about .4 to 20 percent in men. Rates range from 3.2 percent in a community-based survey of 4432 men (mean age of sample 57.4) to 16 percent among 488 men undergoing evaluation for erectile dysfunction (mean age 52.8). The prevalence of PD among the 4432 men in the community based study who responded by self report positively for palpable plaque, newly occurring angulation or curvature and painful erection was 1.5 percent between the ages of 30 and 39, 3 percent between 40 and 49, 3 percent between 50 and 59, 4 percent between 60 and 69, and 6.5 percent over 70.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: In 534 men undergoing routine prostate screening for cancer detection (without a specific urologic complaint), the prevalence of PD was 8.9 percent. In this study, the mean age of those with PD was 68.2 years compared with 61.8 years of those without PD.


title: Peyronie's disease

text: The condition was first described in 1561 in correspondence between Andreas Vesalius and Gabriele Falloppio and separately by Gabriele Falloppio. The condition is named for François Gigot de la Peyronie, who described it in 1743.


title: L.A. Law

text: L.A. Law is an American legal drama television series that ran for eight seasons on NBC, from September 15, 1986, to May 19, 1994.


title: L.A. Law

text: Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher, it centers on the partners, associates and staff of a Los Angeles law firm. The show contains many of Bochco's trademark features, including an ensemble cast, large number of parallel storylines, social drama, and off-the-wall humor. It reflects the social and cultural ideologies that were occurring when the show was produced in the 1980s and early 1990s, and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-button issues such as capital punishment, abortion, racism, homophobia, sexual harassment, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence. The series often also reflects social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well–paid junior staff.


title: L.A. Law

text: In addition to its main cast, "L.A. Law" was also well known for featuring then–relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles, who later went on to greater success in film and television including Don Cheadle, Jeffrey Tambor, Kathy Bates, David Schwimmer, Jay O. Sanders, James Avery, Gates McFadden, Bryan Cranston, CCH Pounder, Kevin Spacey, Richard Schiff, Carrie-Anne Moss, William H. Macy, Stephen Root, Christian Slater, Steve Buscemi, and Lucy Liu. Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White, Buddy Hackett, and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles.


title: L.A. Law

text: The show was popular with audiences and critics, ranking in Nielsen Top 30 for its first 6 seasons and winning 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run, four of which were for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.


title: L.A. Law

text: The series is set in and around the fictional Los Angeles–based law firm McKenzie, Brackman, Chaney and Kuzak (later McKenzie, Brackman, Chaney, Kuzak, and Becker) and featured attorneys at the firm and various members of the support staff. The exteriors for the law firm were shot at the FourFortyFour South Flower building in downtown Los Angeles, which was known as the 444 Flower Building at the time. The opening credits sequence of every episode began with a close-up of a car trunk being slammed shut revealing a personalized license plate reading "LA LAW". For the first seven seasons, the model car used was a Jaguar XJ Series III; for the 8th and final season, the Jaguar was replaced with a 1993 Bentley Continental R. Both cars carried registration stickers indicating the year in which each season began. Two different musical openings for the show's theme were used: a saxophone riff (as performed by David Sanborn), for episodes that were lighter in tone; and an ominous synthesizer chord, for more serious storylines.


title: L.A. Law

text: "L.A. Law"'s two-hour pilot movie aired on Monday, September 15, 1986. An encore aired in place of "Saturday Night Live" on September 27, 1986, being a rare scripted rerun in that late-night slot.


title: L.A. Law

text: The original time period was Friday, 10 p.m., following "Miami Vice", but after struggling there, it assumed NBC's prized Thursday, 10 p.m. (9 p.m. Central) time slot in the Must See TV primetime block from another Bochco-produced show, "Hill Street Blues" (where he had been fired from). The show was itself eventually replaced by another hit ensemble drama, "ER".


title: L.A. Law

text: Co-creator Terry Louise Fisher was fired from the series in season 2 and filed a well-publicized lawsuit with Bochco and the studio. Bochco and Fisher had also co-created the 1987 John Ritter series "Hooperman" for ABC.


title: L.A. Law

text: The scene in season 5 where Leland McKenzie (Richard Dysart) was shown in bed with his enemy Rosalind Shays (Diana Muldaur) was ranked as the 38th greatest moment in television (the list originally appeared in an issue of "EGG Magazine"). The episode "Good To The Last Drop" in which Rosalind met her demise—falling into an open elevator shaft—was ranked No. 91 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. It was referenced in "The Star Trek Encyclopedia" (prior to "L.A. Law", Muldaur had played Dr. Katherine Pulaski during season 2 of "") in which Pulaski's biography says: ""There is no truth to the rumor that an ancestor of Dr. Pulaski was killed falling down the elevator shaft at a prestigious Los Angeles law firm.""


title: L.A. Law

text: After co-writing the feature film, "From the Hip", Boston attorney David E. Kelley was hired by Bochco during the first season of "L.A. Law". Kelley went on to critical and commercial success as show-runner of the series before leaving to create "Picket Fences". While on "L.A. Law", Kelley and Bochco co-created "Doogie Howser, M.D." as the first Steven Bochco Productions series for a major, ten-series deal with ABC. Shortly thereafter, Bochco was offered the job as President of ABC Entertainment, but he turned it down.


title: L.A. Law

text: At the height of the show's popularity in the late-1980s, attention was focused upon a fictitious sex position named the "Venus Butterfly" in season 1. The only clue describing the technique was a vague reference to "ordering room service". Fans and interested persons flooded the show's producers with letters asking for more details about this mysterious technique.


title: L.A. Law

text: The show won GLAAD’s first Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1990, which it shared with "Heartbeat." The first lesbian kiss on television occurred on the show in 1991 ("He's a Crowd", Season 5, Episode 12), between the characters of C.J. Lamb (played by Amanda Donohoe) and Abby (Michele Greene).


title: L.A. Law

text: The show tied itself into the events of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, which were prompted by the acquittal of four white police officers who were put on trial for the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. In a scene reminiscent of the Attack on Reginald Denny, tax attorney Stuart Markowitz is struck on the head by a rioter, and ends up having serious head injuries, causing a number of problems for him and his wife for several episodes as a result. Partner Douglas Brackman is also arrested in the mayhem of the riots as he is on his way to get remarried.


title: L.A. Law

text: After the fifth season, Kelley left the show. Patricia Green and Rick Wallace were his replacements as executive producer. Green was the main creative force. Her character additions amid cast turnover were met with mixed reaction. She left the show in January 1992. Kelley and Bochco returned to write episodes and Bochco moved back to executive producer from consultant while Kelley stayed consultant. Bochco left the executive producer position after the sixth season and John Tinker and John Masius were brought in to run the seventh season. Kelley exited as consultant. Amid plummeting ratings during the seventh season, co-executive producers John Tinker & John Masius were fired midseason, and while the show went on hiatus, William M. Finkelstein was brought in to fix it. Tinker and Masius had brought a whimsical, soap-operatic tone to the series for which they had been known on "St. Elsewhere". Dan Castellaneta (the voice of Homer Simpson) appeared in a Homer costume and hired the attorneys in the seventh-season premiere. That episode also reflected on the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Finkelstein reined in the series, returning to the serious legal cases that made the series famous.


title: L.A. Law

text: In the eighth and final season, the characters of Eli Levinson (Alan Rosenberg) and Denise Iannello (Debi Mazar) were transplanted from the canceled Bochco legal series "Civil Wars". Eli Levinson was revealed to be Stuart Markowitz's cousin. During the final season, the series went on hiatus in January 1994 to launch the second season of "". When that series succeeded wildly with a guest appearance by Robin Williams, it was expected that "L.A. Law" would conclude that May and "Homicide: Life on the Street" would succeed it on Thursdays in the fall. However, "ER" tested so well that Warner Bros. executives campaigned network president Warren Littlefield to give that series the prized Thursday slot.


title: L.A. Law

text: The series ended in 1994 with NBC not renewing the show for a ninth season at the last minute; ending the show without a proper finale or wrapping up storylines. Bochco envisioned the show being repackaged into an occasional television film; a reunion show titled "" would air in 2002 and featured most of the main cast from the series.


title: L.A. Law

text: On August 4, 2020, Hamlin, Dey, Smits, Bernsen, Rachins, Greene and Underwood reunited on the Stars in the House video podcast to raise money for The Actors Fund. It was the first time Hamlin and Smits appeared together in 30 years.


title: L.A. Law

text: Because of its popularity, "L.A. Law" had great influence on how Americans viewed the law and lawyers. "The New York Times" described it as "television's most serious attempt to date to portray American law and the people who practice it ... "L.A. Law", perhaps more than any other force, has come to shape public perceptions about lawyers and the legal system". Attorneys reported that the show had affected how they dressed and spoke to juries (and, possibly, how those juries decided cases), and clients came to expect that cases could be tried and decided within a week. The number of applicants to law school rose because of how it glamourised the profession (including, as one law school dean stated, "the infinite possibilities for sex"), professors used "L.A. Law" as a teaching aid to discuss with their students legal issues raised in episodes, and law journal articles analysed the meaning of its plotlines. The show reportedly taught future lawyers things law school did not, such as time management and how to negotiate, and an attorney stated that the show accurately depicted life at a small law firm.


title: L.A. Law

text: One law professor wrote in the "Yale Law Journal" that "L.A. Law" "has conveyed more 'bytes' of information (truthful or not), more images about lawyers, than all the Legal Studies programs, all the op-ed pieces, all the PBS shows put together." The show was "a massive distortion of reality ... the lawyers of "L.A. Law" are caricatures", he stated, but "caricatures are always caricatures "of" something, and that has to be real". Another wrote in the issue that the show "subtracts eighty to ninety-nine percent of lawyers' real work lives" and overemphasized the glamor of the rest. Unlike other works of legal fiction such as "Perry Mason" and "Presumed Innocent", however, which are essentially mysteries that lawyers solve, "L.A. Law"s plots taught its tens of millions of viewers torts, ethics, and other basic legal ideas and dilemmas that comprise the first year of a legal education.


title: L.A. Law

text: Revelation Films has released all eight seasons of "LA Law" on DVD in the UK (Region 2). This is the first time the show has been released on DVD anywhere in the world.


title: L.A. Law

text: On April 18, 2016, Revelation Films released "L.A. Law – The Complete Collection" on DVD in the UK. The 46-disc box set features all 171 episodes of the series in special collectors packaging.


title: L.A. Law

text: In December 2020, it was reported that a sequel to the series was in development at ABC. Blair Underwood was set to reprise his role as Rollins and would also have served as executive producer. The sequel would have been produced by Steve Bochco Productions and 20th Television, with Bochco's widow Dayna and son Jesse co-executive producing. Marc Guggenheim and Ubah Mohamed were set to write and Anthony Hemingway direct. In October 2021, the series was given a pilot order. The same month, Corbin Bernsen joined the sequel series, reprising his role of Arnie Becker. In January 2022, Toks Olagundoye, Hari Nef and Ian Duff joined the cast. In February 2022, John Harlan Kim, Juliana Harkavy, and Kacey Rohl joined the cast. In May 2022, ABC announced that the sequel series would not be moving forward.


title: L.A. Law

text: The show won numerous awards, including 15 Emmy Awards. It won the Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. It was also nominated for the award in 1988 and 1992. Some of the actors, such as Larry Drake and Jimmy Smits, also received Emmys for their performances. The series shares the Emmy Award record for most acting nominations by regular cast members (excluding the guest performer category) for a single series in one year with "Hill Street Blues," "The West Wing and Game of Thrones"


title: L.A. Law

text: For the 1988–1989 season, nine cast members were nominated for Emmys. Larry Drake, Jimmy Smits, and Richard Dysart were the only one to win (for Supporting Actor). The others nominated were: Michael Tucker (for Lead Actor); Jill Eikenberry and Susan Dey (both for Lead Actress); and Amanda Donohoe, Susan Ruttan, Michele Greene, and Conchata Ferrell (all for Supporting Actress).


title: L.A. Law

text: It was listed as number 42 on Entertainment Weekly's list of The New Classics in the July 4, 2008 issue.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: Codenames is a 2015 party card game designed by Vlaada Chvátil and published by Czech Games Edition. Two teams compete by each having a "spymaster" give one-word clues that can point to multiple words on the board. The other players on the team attempt to guess their team's words while avoiding the words of the other team. "Codenames" received positive reviews and won the 2016 Spiel des Jahres award for the best board game of the year.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames" is a game of guessing which codenames (i.e., words) in a set are related to a hint-word given by another player.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: The game is played with least four players, or any even number of players. Players are split into two teams: blue and red. One player in each team is selected as the team's spymaster; the rest become field operatives.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: Twenty-five codename cards, each bearing a word, are laid out in a 5×5 grid in random order. A number of these words represent blue agents, a number represent red agents, one represents an assassin, and the rest represent innocent bystanders. The teams' spymasters are given a randomly-dealt key card showing a 5×5 grid of 25 squares of various colors, each corresponding to one of the codename cards on the table. The key card can be rotated at the spymasters' will before being put into a stand. The 'lights' on the edges of the key card indicate which team plays first and has to find nine agents of their own (the other team only has to find eight).


title: Codenames (board game)

text: On each turn, the appropriate spymaster gives a verbal hint (also known as clue) about the words on the respective cards. Each hint may only consist of one single word and a number. The clue has to be related to as many of the words on the team's own agents' cards as possible, but not to any others – lest the words accidentally lead them to choose a card representing an innocent bystander, an opposing agent, or the assassin. The clue word can be chosen freely, as long as it is not (and does not contain, nor is contained in) any of the words on the codename cards still visible at the time. Codename cards are covered as guesses, correct or otherwise, are made. If the spymaster of a team gives an invalid clue (their clue is explicitly invalidated by the opposing team's spymaster), their turn ends immediately and, as a penalty, the opposing team's spymaster randomly covers a codename belonging to one of their agents before the start of their turn.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: The number in the hint tells the field operatives how many words in the grid are related to the clue word. It also determines the maximum number of guesses the field operatives may make on that turn, which is the stated number plus one. The field operatives of a team are required to make at least one guess per turn, risking a wrong guess and its consequences. If their first guess is right, the field operatives may continue to make guesses until they reach the guess limit or make a wrong guess, or they can instead choose to end their turn voluntarily. For a faster game, or if the opposing team is taking too long to think for example, a timer, such as the hourglass included with the game's packaging, may be used.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: After a spymaster gives a clue with its word and number, their field operatives make guesses about which codename cards bear words related to the clue and point them out, one at a time. When a codename card is pointed out, the spymaster covers that card with an appropriate identity card – a blue agent, a red agent, an innocent bystander, or the assassin – as indicated on the spymasters' map of the grid. Revealing an opposing agent ends the team's turn, as does revealing an innocent bystander, though in the former case, the opposing team also gets a small advantage before the start of their turn as a result. If the assassin is revealed, the game ends immediately with a loss for the team who identified him.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: Besides the aforementioned assassin, the game ends when all agents belonging to one team are identified, winning the game for that team. Given the nature of the gameplay, it is very likely for a team to win the game during the opponents' turn.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: Deep Undercover" was released in 2016 exclusively at Target Stores. Published by Lark & Clam and marketed as an adult party game, the game's 200 new word cards contain sexual references and double entendres, earning it a parental advisory label. The game received an update in 2018 under the subtitle [2.0], which intends to achieve better gameplay balance.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: Pictures" was released in September 2016, and includes 200 two-sided cards that feature images instead of words. The game uses a 5x4 grid instead of the original's 5x5, resulting in 20 cards being used at a time, but otherwise has the same rules as the original. The image cards themselves can also be combined with the word cards from the original game for a more advanced gameplay variation.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: Disney Family Edition" was released in September 2017, featuring characters and locations from Disney and Pixar films and including an easier 4x4 grid gameplay (with no 'Game Over' square) for younger players. "Codenames: Marvel Edition" was released around the same time, featuring characters from the Marvel Universe, such as Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, Iron Man and Captain America. Both of these editions come with their own clue cards, which can be flipped over to display the picture or the word.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: Duet" was released in October 2017 as a two-player cooperative version of the original game. The game packaging includes 200 new word cards, which can also be used for the original game (provided that the language matches). The objective of the game is to reveal all 15 agents within a given number of turns without contacting too many innocent bystanders or the Assassin.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: Harry Potter" was released in 2018. Themed around the novel series of the same name, it is played similarly to "Codenames: Duet", with two or more players working together to reveal all Order of the Phoenix members before they run out of time, while also trying to avoid the Ministry of Magic and the Death Eaters.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: XXL" was released in June 2018, "Codenames: Pictures XXL" in November 2018, and "Codenames: Duet XXL" in May 2019. They are all the same as their respective original games, except for the fact that they use a larger format and double-sized cards.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames: The Simpsons Family Edition" was released in November 2019 and features characters and references from the eponymous television series. Its gameplay is identical to "Codenames: Pictures". One month later, CGE released another licensed spin-off called "Codenames: Blizzard Edition", featuring characters and references from the video game franchises by Blizzard Entertainment, such as "Warcraft" and "Diablo". This particular edition is never available for retail, and was gifted exclusively to Blizzard employees around Christmas.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: CGE has released Codenames Gadget, a mobile app to randomly generate layouts of agents. The publisher has also released an official web version of the game and "Codenames Duet" through their website.


title: Codenames (board game)

text: "Codenames" received positive reviews upon its release. Nate Anderson from "Ars Technica" praised the strategy and engagement, but criticised the downtime. He concluded that it was a "terrific choice for a family friendly game". Writing for "Kotaku", Alex Walker stated that the game had high replayability, and commended the mechanics. Oliver East also commented on the game's entertainment value and described it as an "instant hit". The game was commercially acclaimed, and has been published in 38 languages (Afrikaans, Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian [Bokmål], Polish, [European] Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Turkish), comprising six different alphabets.


title: Far and Away

text: Far and Away is a 1992 American epic Western romantic adventure drama film directed by Ron Howard from a screenplay by Bob Dolman and a story by Howard and Dolman. It stars Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. This was the last cinematography credit for Mikael Salomon before he moved on to a directing career, and the music score was by John Williams. It was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Far and Away

text: Cruise and Kidman play Irish immigrants seeking their fortune in 1890s America, eventually taking part in the Land Run of 1893.


title: Far and Away

text: In Ireland in 1892, Joseph Donnelly's family home is burned down by his landlord Daniel Christie's men because of unpaid rent. Joseph tries killing Daniel, but he injures himself in the process and is nursed back to health by Nora, Daniel's wife, and her daughter, Shannon. Shannon plans to run away from home and travel to America, as there is land being given away for free there, taking Joseph with her as her servant.


title: Far and Away

text: Together on a ship bound for America, Shannon meets Mr. McGuire, who tells her and Joseph about free land being given away in Oklahoma. Shannon divulges that her collection of silver spoons will cover all expenses to get them to Oklahoma, and McGuire offers to help her find a shop to sell them to once they arrive. Upon arriving, McGuire is shot, and Shannon loses her spoons. Mike Kelly, a Boston ward boss, finds Joseph and Shannon jobs and a room to rent. Joseph becomes a regular in bare-knuckle boxing matches at Boss Kelly's club to make extra cash.


title: Far and Away

text: Joseph discovers that Shannon has gone to Kelly's club to dance burlesque. The Irish men surrounding the couple beg him to fight for $200, which would get them to Oklahoma. Joseph agrees and is winning until he notices one of his backers groping Shannon. Joseph pushes through the crowd to free her, but is pushed back into the ring where he is defeated by a sucker punch. Joseph returns to their room to find Kelly and his thugs taking the money he and Shannon saved, and Joseph and Shannon are thrown out into the streets, homeless.


title: Far and Away

text: Cold and famished, the pair stay in a seemingly abandoned house. The owners of the house return and chase them away, shooting Shannon in the back. Joseph, knowing the Christies are looking for her in Boston, brings Shannon to the home where they're staying. Deciding Shannon will be better cared for by them, Joseph leaves, despite his obvious feelings for her. Joseph heads west to the Ozarks, and finds work laying train track. He sees a wagon train out the door of his boxcar. Knowing it is headed for the Oklahoma land rush, Joseph abandons the railroad and joins the wagon train, arriving in time for the Land Run of 1893.


title: Far and Away

text: Joseph finds Shannon, Chase, and the Christies already in Oklahoma. Chase, having seen Joseph talking to Shannon, threatens to kill him if he goes near Shannon again. Joseph outpaces everybody and catches up with Shannon and Chase. Joseph is ready to plant his claim flag, but Chase rushes on horseback at Joseph. A fight breaks out, with Joseph being crushed by the horse. Shannon runs to his side and rejects Chase when he questions her actions. Joseph professes his love for Shannon and dies in her arms, but comes back to life fully revived when Shannon reciprocates Joseph's love. They both drive the land stake into the ground and claim their prize land together.


title: Far and Away

text: The film was shot in Montana for business reasons, but the Oklahoma Historical Society was involved in its production. Imagine Production Co. toured the areas around Montana for a week. They visited different areas before selecting Billings, Montana. Ron Howard, whose film "Backdraft" was in the stages of being released in theatres at the time, arrived in Billings to begin groundwork for the film. One site outside of town was a ranch, which was going to be used to film the Oklahoma Land Rush scene. Working titles for the film included "The Irish Story" and "An Irish Story".


title: Far and Away

text: Principal photography began in Montana on May 28, 1991. After several weeks of preparation, the cast and crew filmed the Oklahoma Land Rush scene on July 7, 1991. Eight hundred riders and extras, nine hundred horses, mule, oxen, and two hundred wagons were used on a quarter mile wide set. Nine cameras were used to film the action sequences. During the filming of the scene four people broke bones and one horse died. Cruise's boxing match was filmed at the Billings Depot. Local area residents were used as extras for the sequence. American Humane reported that "The production company not only met American Humane's Guidelines, but went that extra mile to ensure both the physical and mental well-being of the animals."


title: Far and Away

text: After filming wrapped in Billings, the cast and crew traveled to Dublin, Ireland, to complete filming. Ardmore Studios in Wicklow was used to film interior sequences, and the streets of Boston were filmed in Dublin city.


title: Far and Away

text: It was the first film shot in Panavision Super 70 and the first film to be shot in 70mm in a decade since "Tron" (1982). The Arriflex 765 camera was also used, as the camera was capable of 100 frames per second which was used for slow-motion shots during the Oklahoma land rush scene.


title: Far and Away

text: The music to "Far and Away" was composed and conducted by John Williams. The score, a mixture of traditional Irish instrumentation and conventional orchestra, prominently featured performances by the Irish musical group The Chieftains and a revision of the song "Book of Days" composed and performed by Enya. The soundtrack was released 26 May 1992 through MCA Records and features 19 tracks of music at a running time just over 67 minutes. Selections from the soundtrack have been featured in the trailers for various films including "Rudy" (1993), "Getting Even with Dad" (1994), "Circle of Friends" (1995), "Treasure Planet" (2002) and "Charlotte's Web" (2006).


title: Far and Away

text: La-La Land Records released a remastered 2-CD set in March 2020 as a limited edition of 3500. This release includes alternate cues as well as previously unreleased score components.


title: Far and Away

text: The film was originally released on VHS and laserdisc with it then released in the United States on DVD in May 1998 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment with subtitles in English, Spanish and French. It was first released as a Blu-ray disc and HD download package on March 4, 2014 with one extra feature, a theatrical trailer.


title: Far and Away

text: The film, which cost $60 million to make, earned $13 million in its first weekend at the box office and stumbled at the box office making only $58 million in the United States and Canada. It was the third highest-grossing film in Ireland with a gross of £0.8 million. It grossed $79 million internationally for a worldwide total of $137 million.


title: Far and Away

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 50% based on reviews from 36 critics. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Handsome and simplistic, "Far and Away" has the beauty of an American epic without the breadth."


title: Far and Away

text: On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Far and Away

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" called it "handsomely mounted and amiably performed but leisurely and without much dramatic urgency."


title: Far and Away

text: Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" wrote: ""Far and Away"... is the director's attempt to step into the cinematic shoes of directors John Ford and David Lean. And, certainly, he's stepped into something with this sprawling, old-fashioned melodrama."


title: Far and Away

text: Writer Tony Parsons called it "a stinker of a picture...which was far and away the worst film I have ever seen."


title: Far and Away

text: The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song for the song "Book of Days".


title: Far and Away

text: For its airing on ABC in March 1995, the network had reinstated 35 minutes of deleted scenes to fit two hour blocks in two days.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ashley Joanna "Ash" Williams is a fictional character and the protagonist of the "Evil Dead" franchise. Created by Sam Raimi, he is portrayed by Bruce Campbell and is the only character to appear in each entry of the series, including a post-credits cameo in the soft reboot film. Throughout the series, Ash faces off against "Deadites", evil creatures possessed by the ancient evil of the Kandarian Demon. Ash, since his debut, has been considered a cultural icon and an iconic horror hero. In 2008, Ash was selected by "Empire" magazine as the 24th greatest movie character of all time, and in 2013, was voted by "Empire" as the greatest horror movie character ever.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash and his girlfriend Linda, sister Cheryl, and friends Scott and Shelly stay at a log cabin in the woods, where they find the ""Naturom Demonto"" (renamed or possibly translated to "Necronomicon Ex-Mortis" in the sequels), a Sumerian "Book of the Dead", along with a tape recorder. The tape is a recording made by the cabin's owner Professor Knowby, who was translating a passage of the book. By playing the tape, the group unknowingly awaken the Kandarian Demon (the titular "Evil Dead") which can possess the living. They are possessed and killed one by one, until only Ash remains. He finally destroys the Book of the Dead by throwing it in the fireplace, and in doing so causes the possessed bodies of Scott and Cheryl to rapidly decay and "die". The film ends with Ash being suddenly attacked by the evil force (originally intended to portray his death).


title: Ash Williams

text: In an alternate recap of the previous film, only Ash and Linda are shown on the trip to the cabin. Picking up from the ending of the first film, Ash is carried off by the demonic force and briefly possessed, released from the spirit by the light of dawn and falling unconscious. Attempting to leave, Ash finds the only bridge out completely destroyed and is forced to spend another night in the cabin. As the evil force toys with Ash's mind, his right hand becomes possessed and he cuts it off at the wrist with his chainsaw.


title: Ash Williams

text: Later, the cabin owner's daughter, Annie Knowby, and three others arrive to discover what became of Professor Knowby. Despite banding together in an attempt to survive, the others are killed off leaving only Ash and Annie. To better fight the deadites, Ash affixes the chainsaw in place of his right hand and wields a "boomstick" to match. Annie reads passages from the "Necronomicon", first to force the Kandarian Demon to manifest physically, and then opening a space-time vortex to banish the now-corporeal demonic spirit. However, Annie is stabbed by Ash's possessed disembodied hand; succumbing to her wound, she is unable to close the vortex after the entity is sucked away. Ash is sucked into the vortex after the entity and sent back in time to 1300 AD Europe. After saving a group of knights from an attacking deadite, he is hailed as the hero "who has come from the sky"; Ash can only scream in anguish at his situation.


title: Ash Williams

text: After being accidentally transported to medieval Europe, Ash must retrieve the "Necronomicon" so he can return home. Using his knowledge of modern technology, Ash constructs a mechanical prosthetic hand out of a gauntlet from a suit of armor. Bungling the magic words that will allow him to safely retrieve it, Ash unleashes an army of the dead led by his monstrous doppelganger "Bad Ash". After leading the medieval soldiers to victory, Ash is given a potion that will allow him to sleep until his own time. Back in the present, Ash returns to his job as a sales clerk at S-Mart; when the store is attacked by a deadite, he kills it and is again hailed as a hero.


title: Ash Williams

text: In the original ending, a distracted Ash drinks one drop too many from the potion, awakening instead in post-apocalyptic London. The film then cuts to black as his insane laughter is heard.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash makes an appearance in a post-credits scene, in which he says his signature catchphrase, "Groovy".


title: Ash Williams

text: In 2015, an older Ash appears as the main character in "Ash vs Evil Dead", a horror comedy series for Starz. In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Campbell stated, "Ash has survivor's guilt. You could have a heyday with his PTSD. He's a war vet. He doesn't want to talk about it, and he'll lie about that stump on his hand to impress the ladies. This is a guy who's got some issues. He's emotionally stunted. But he's the guy you want in the foxhole next to you."


title: Ash Williams

text: In an attempt to impress a date, Ash accidentally releases the Kandarian Demon by reading from the "Necronomicon" while intoxicated. His former coworkers Pablo Bolivar and Kelly Maxwell join forces with him after their encounters with the Evil Dead. Ash eventually discovers that the key to dispelling the evil is returning the book to the cabin and bury it within its grounds.


title: Ash Williams

text: At the cabin, the group is confronted by Ruby, an ancient being and the original author of Necronomicon. Ruby offers Ash a compromise: if he allows her to release her demonic children as well as lord over them, then she will not only spare Pablo and Kelly but also fulfill his dream of living a normal life with his friends in Jacksonville, Florida. Ash accepts, delighting in the idea of finally living a normal quiet life. As the trio drive off, a radio broadcast reveals mysterious sinkholes are erupting across the country.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash's partying in Jacksonville is cut short when deadites show up. Declaring that Ruby has sent them, one calls him "Ashy Slashy". It is revealed that, after escaping from the cabin Ash had returned home, only for no one to believe him about the deadites. Instead believing that Ash had killed his sister and friends, they gave him the nickname "Ashy Slashy" and drove him out of town. Returning to Elk Grove to search for Ruby, Ash is reunited with his estranged father Brock who disowned him after Cheryl's death.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ruby reveals that her children have betrayed her and attempted to take possession of the book themselves in order to summon a demon known as Baal; Ash and his friends form an alliance with Ruby to retrieve the Necronomicon and send the demon spawn back to hell. Reclaiming the book and throwing it into a portal to hell, the group unknowingly allows Baal to enter the mortal world.


title: Ash Williams

text: After awakening in an asylum, Ash is confronted by a doctor (Baal in disguise) who tries to convince Ash that there were no demons but merely "delusions". As time goes on Ash appears to succumb to Baal's attempts, obeying commands to capture his former allies. However, it is revealed that Ash was merely playing along in order to gather the group to return Baal to hell; they succeed but Pablo is killed in the process.


title: Ash Williams

text: Recalling previous adventures via time travel, Ash theorizes that it may be possible to bring Pablo back from the dead by going back in time to the cabin and preventing his younger self from ever finding the "Necronomicon". Taken back into the past by Ruby, the group is confronted by Baal and a younger Ruby; when Ash finally defeats Baal the cabin is set ablaze and sinks into the depths of hell. The trio return to the present and the citizens of Elk Grove throw a parade in Ash's honor. In a grateful speech, Ash declares that he wants to stay in Elk Grove and defend the town if evil ever returns. A post credits scene reveals the Necronomicon on the cabin grounds, left behind by Ash.


title: Ash Williams

text: After the Necronomicon is once again found and read, the Evil Dead makes a return to Elk Grove. Ash reunites with former lover Candace Barr, and learns he has a daughter, Brandy. Ash, Pablo, and Kelly unite against the younger Ruby who plans to kill Ash and turn his long-lost daughter against him. Also introduced are the Knights of Sumeria, an ancient order dedicated to defeating the evil that worship Ash and his destiny to save mankind.


title: Ash Williams

text: Entering through a dimensional rift, the Dark Ones take revenge on Ruby for imprisoning them millennia ago and reclaim the Necronomicon. With the Dark Ones now in the mortal realm, evil dead are summoned worldwide and a massive creature, Kandar the Destroyer, is unleashed. In Elk Grove, while military forces evacuate citizens, Ash decides to stay behind in order to finally fulfill his destiny of defeating the evil. After saying a heartfelt goodbye to his friends and daughter, Ash commandeers an abandoned tank and fires the Kandarian dagger into the head of Kandar, destroying the evil and saving the world.


title: Ash Williams

text: Awakening from a coma in the far distant, technologically advanced future, Ash is told that his friends are still alive but that the Dark Ones are on the move. The series ends with Ash saying his iconic line "Groovy" as he embarks on another quest to save the world.


title: Ash Williams

text: In the 2000s, Bruce Campbell voiced Ash in a trilogy of video games. The first was "" released in 2000 on PlayStation, Dreamcast, and Windows. This game continues after "Army of Darkness". Ash is dating Jenny, a fellow S-Mart employee. After she convinces him to return to the cabin to face his fears, his severed hand replays the tape and sets the evil loose again. The second game, "", released in 2003 on Xbox and PlayStation 2. In this game Ash mentions Jenny died in a bus accident previous to this game. Ash watches TV in a bar in Dearborn, Michigan, where a local TV show, "Mysteries of the Occult," reads the passages from the "Necronomicon" setting the evil loose and possessing most of the town. The game also features time-travel, including colonial times and the civil war era. The third and final game was "," released in 2005 on Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Windows. This game plays through an alternate history: instead of being sucked into the vortex at the end of "Evil Dead II", Ash has been placed in a mental institution for the criminally insane. His doctor has gone mad and, having obtained the "Necronomicon", releases the deadites once again.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash appears in Telltale Games' "Poker Night 2". The player participates in a poker tournament against Williams, Sam from "Sam & Max", Claptrap from "Borderlands", and Brock Samson from "The Venture Bros".


title: Ash Williams

text: There is a special conversation in the game where if the player chooses to play in an Evil Dead-inspired room, GLaDOS (the games' dealer) will reveal that Ash is actually Brock's ancestor through time travel as Ash had slept with a woman whose family line Brock is a member of some time during his adventure in "Army of Darkness". In another conversation between him and Brock, it is revealed that the store Ash previously worked for, S-Mart, is confirmed to exist in the Venture Bros. universe.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash Williams also makes an unofficial appearance as a player character in the run-and-gun platform game "Broforce". In keeping with the game's naming convention, he is referred to as "Ash Brolliams". His weapon is a shotgun whose bullets shoot in three directions, and his melee and special is where he slices and dices enemies with his chainsaw hand.


title: Ash Williams

text: A leak in the perk selection screen revealed that Ash would be making an appearance in "Dead by Daylight". He was later officially announced with a trailer on March 28, and released on April 2.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash has been announced as a playable character in the upcoming "", appearing alongside characters and locations from throughout the franchise. Williams is portrayed in all of his incarnations throughout the series.


title: Ash Williams

text: In 1992, Dark Horse Comics released a three-issue adaptation of "Army of Darkness", adapted by John Bolton from Sam and Ivan Raimi's original script.


title: Ash Williams

text: In 2004, Dynamite Entertainment acquired the rights to produce comics based on the "Army of Darkness" film, featuring Ash as the main character, starting with a four-issue miniseries titled "Army of Darkness: Ashes 2 Ashes" released in the fall of 2004. This miniseries later received two sequels ("Army of Darkness: Shop 'Till You Drop Dead" and "Army of Darkness vs. Re-Animator", both released in 2005) which eventually turned into an ongoing series, and later more crossovers (most notably "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness" and "Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash" from 2007). These comics featured a version of Ash from a world where the events of the "Evil Dead" films didn't take place until the early 21st century, which was later designated by Marvel Comics as "Earth-818793" as part of their multiverse numbering system. In 2013, Dynamite announced a reboot of their "Army of Darkness" line titled ""Ash And The Army of Darkness"", which featured a new version of Ash Williams, one who chose to stay in the Middle Ages following an unexpected return to that time period. This rebooted series ran for eight issues, but was followed-up by two miniseries, "Army of Darkness: Ash Gets Hitched", and "Army of Darkness" Volume 4 (better known as "Ash In Space") in 2014. Dynamite returned to their original "Earth-818793" version of Ash with 2016's "Army of Darkness: Furious Road" miniseries, but have since gone on to publish more crossovers with other licensed titles that are independent of this continuity (such as "KISS/Army of Darkness" and "Vampirella/Army of Darkness"). In 2019, Dynamite launched the crossover miniseries, "Army of Darkness/Bubba Ho-Tep", seeing Ash team up with another Bruce Campbell character, Elvis.


title: Ash Williams

text: In 2016, Space Goat Publishing released "Evil Dead 2: Beyond Dead By Dawn", a three-issue series that, much like Dynamite's "Army of Darkness" books, took the liberty of stating that the events of the first two "Evil Dead" films took place in the 21st century. The series (and its several sequels and one-shot follow-ups) features a simulacrum clone of Ash Williams as the main character, which was created from the original Ash's right hand by Annie Knowby.


title: Ash Williams

text: Shortly before the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election and the launch of the second season of "Ash vs. Evil Dead", Starz and Bruce Campbell, as Ash Williams, recorded an "Ash4President" bid for presidency in 2016, complete with its own website for the faux campaign, promising to "Make America groovy again".


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash appears non-canonically in the pornographic parody film "Evil Head" from 2012; in the parody, he is portrayed by Tommy Pistol, who won the 'Best Actor' award for the role at the 2014 AVN Award Show.


title: Ash Williams

text: The character was featured at "Halloween Horror Nights" in 2009 and 2017, the latter at both the Florida and Hollywood events.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash Williams is one of many action heroes parodied in Broforce as a playable character called Ash Brolliams. As a playable character, he fights with a gun that launches bullets in three different waves. His melee attack and special is where he slices and dices his enemies with his chainsaw hand.


title: Ash Williams

text: According to Sam Raimi, Ash's name is a reference to his originally intended fate at the end of "The Evil Dead", stating "that's all that was going to be left of him in the end." Campbell, however, suggested the name was short for "Ashley"; the character is also referred to as "Ashley" by his sister Cheryl in the original "Evil Dead". When creating "Army of Darkness", Raimi toyed with giving him the full name "Ashley J. Williams", which was later used by video games and comics involving the character. Campbell later confirmed in "Cinefantastique" that the full name was official. The "Ash vs. Evil Dead" episode "Unfinished Business" also reveals that his middle name is Joanna (the "Army of Darkness" comics had given his middle name as "James" after his grandfather, a fictitious member of the Untouchables).


title: Ash Williams

text: Bruce Campbell has stated Ash is incompetent at everything except fighting the Evil Dead. Campbell also added that Ash is "a bad slow thinker and a good fast thinker". He knows some degree of hand-to-hand combat techniques, and shows prowess with a variety of weapons in various situations. His main strength seems to be his ingenuity: although he is repeatedly noted in the audio commentaries for "The Evil Dead" and "Evil Dead II" for his stupidity and ignorance, he has from the second film on been shown creating such things ranging from his chainsaw bracket and shotgun harness, gunpowder from mainly referencing its elemental makeup in a chemistry book, a fully functional prosthetic hand from a metal gauntlet, and the short-lived "Deathcoaster".


title: Ash Williams

text: His invention and ingenuity are further expanded on in the games: in "", he creates fully functional weapons such as a flamethrower and a harpoon gun from spare parts that are merely laying about; and in "", the inventiveness seems to run in Ash's family, as his blacksmith ancestor in the Colonial Dearborn level is quickly able to make a flamethrower and a Gatling gun from spare parts Ash finds for him, when Ash says those things "haven't even been invented yet". In the 1992 comic adaptation of "Army of Darkness" written by Sam and Ivan Raimi, Ash says that he has a degree in engineering from Michigan State University.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash's personality and state of mind change drastically throughout the franchise. In "The Evil Dead" and the beginning of "Evil Dead II", he is something of a laid-back everyman, but by the middle of "Evil Dead II" and into "Army of Darkness", he has grown into a much braver person, and becomes the voice of encouragement and confidence in Arthur's castle. It is at this point that Ash becomes known for his one-liners, and his personality takes on a more cynical, embittered tone. Raimi has said that he feels Ash's personality transformation in "Darkness" was very out of character.


title: Ash Williams

text: In "The Evil Dead", Ash is portrayed as being incapable of dealing with the events around him. Over the course of the film, Ash gradually overcomes his fears and manages to fight off his possessed friends. He is shown to take his predicament very seriously in the first film, rather than in a comedic manner, as in the subsequent films. "Evil Dead II" portrays Ash as a braver character. Campbell commented that in the film Ash is more than capable at fighting off monsters. The character gradually became more of an antihero within "Evil Dead II" and its sequel, "Army of Darkness." Ash's most defining characteristic is the chainsaw attached to his right arm, placed after cutting off his possessed hand in "Evil Dead II".


title: Ash Williams

text: Since "Army of Darkness", Ash has been portrayed consistently as in Bruce Campbell's words "a guy who doesn't know anything, a big talker". Ash rarely takes situations seriously and is very incompetent as a hero or protagonist; He's often causing the conflict that drives the story forward rather than solving it while having a selfish, self-serving attitude towards others at the same time. In "Ash vs. Evil Dead", many of his neighbors call him an "asshole" and complain about his narcissistic cocky attitude while his boss frequently hounds him for making up excuses for getting out of work. At the same time, Ash has been portrayed as a womanizer and in the television series has been show to flat out lie and invent sympathetic anecdotes to sleep with women at local bars. "Ash vs. Evil Dead" reveals that his father Brock Williams was often overly competitive with him as a child and it seems that many of Ash's traits have originated from his father's behavior. Despite his immature conceited attitude, Ash has been shown to have a softer, more heroic side. In "Army of Darkness" he chooses to stay behind and help the people of Arthur's castle fight the deadite army despite having nothing to gain from doing so. Over the course of the television series, Ash bonds with Pablo and Kelly, at one point calling Kelly the "daughter he never had." He also shows regret and remorse when he's forced to kill his elderly neighbor when she's becomes possessed and tries to kill him.


title: Ash Williams

text: By the time of "Ash vs. Evil Dead", decades after the original films, Ash has aged considerably; he now wears dentures, a "man girdle", and dyes his hair. According to Bruce Campbell, "we're milking the age thing now. He was the wrong guy thirty-five years ago, and now he's really the wrong guy for the job and that made it an interesting character to play". Campbell and Raimi have stated that Ash also wears adult diapers; early drafts of the script depicted Ash's struggle with incontinence, which Raimi joked to producers was a "marketing opportunity" for Depend product placement. Campbell expressed hope that Ash's incontinence would feature in future episodes, as it made him "more normal" and relatable to the audience; a package of adult diapers eventually do appear onscreen in season two's "Home", in the trunk of Ash's car.


title: Ash Williams

text: In the films, Ash has fought with several demonic depictions of himself, referred to in "Army of Darkness" as "Bad Ash", and also as "Evil Ash" by fans. The first illusion was in "Evil Dead II", where Ash experiences a hallucination wherein his reflection torments him over dismembering his girlfriend Linda with a chainsaw, and proceeds to choke him, only for Ash to realize he is choking himself. The second appearance was as a clone in "Army of Darkness", becoming "Bad Ash". Ash seemingly kills his clone and buries him, but "Bad Ash" is revived after Ash incorrectly recites the "Necronomicon" incantations. Bad Ash later leads the Army to Arthur's castle to retrieve the "Necronomicon", even corrupting Ash's then-love interest Sheila. He battles "Good Ash" for the "Necronomicon", gets burnt with a torch, and continues fighting as a skeleton. Finally, Ash cuts off Bad Ash's right hand and catapults him into the sky on a lit sack of gunpowder, which then explodes.


title: Ash Williams

text: A new version of Bad Ash appears in the TV series "Ash vs Evil Dead", spawned from Ash's dismembered hand from "Evil Dead II". While essentially the same character, it has more in common with Ash in terms of personality, and even sharing old injuries and ailments which Ash uses to his advantage during their fight. Rather than being overtly evil and openly hostile, it is more subtle and comes across as a psychopath, being friendly and flirty towards Amanda at first but becomes unstable and aggressive when she rejects him. It appears in the third season of the show; born as an infant (but demonstrating superhuman abilities), it soon grows to again resemble the adult Ash. In contrast to the independence of other incarnations, this one is noticeably subservient to its creator, Ruby.


title: Ash Williams

text: Ash ranked eleventh on UGO.com's Top 100 Heroes of All Time list, describing him as "an egomaniacal, complaining, misogynistic goon", but also the best "demon and zombie killer ever to be portrayed on the silver screen". They additionally praised the character for his humility at the conclusion of "Army of Darkness", in returning to his own time. "Empire" ranked him the 24th Greatest Movie Character on their list of 100, calling him a "truly iconic horror hero", and a "delirious, delicious, dimwitted" parody of action heroes. He was also ranked number 77 on Fandomania's list of the "100 Greatest Fictional Characters".


title: Ash Williams

text: The "Evil Dead" films and the character of Ash influenced many 1990s first-person shooters such as "Doom", "Duke Nukem 3D", and "Blood". Duke Nukem quotes so many lines from Ash that Bruce Campbell stated that he was angered by not being paid for them.


title: Ash Williams

text: Another notable video game character influenced by Ash is Alisa Bosconovitch. Speaking on Alisa's creation, "Tekken" project director and chief producer Katsuhiro Harada explained, "Alisa was something we created based on internal staff feedback. We really wanted a character with chainsaws on her arms [...] I'm a huge fan of Sam Raimi's "Evil Dead"."


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Mathew David Ryan (born 8 April 1992) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Danish club F.C. Copenhagen and captains the Australia national team.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Born in Sydney, Ryan played youth football for Marconi Stallions, Blacktown City and Central Coast Mariners. He made his senior debut for Blacktown before moving to the Mariners' senior squad in 2010. In 2013, Ryan moved to Club Brugge, where he played for two years before joining Valencia.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: He made his senior international debut in 2012, and has since established himself as Australia's first-choice goalkeeper, effectively succeeding his childhood idol Mark Schwarzer. He played at the 2014 and 2018 World Cups as well as the 2015 and 2019 Asian Cups, winning the Best Goalkeeper award at the 2015 tournament which his country won on home soil.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was born in Plumpton, New South Wales and attended Westfields Sports High School. He took up football at the age of four and played youth football for Blacktown City and Central Coast Mariners before making his senior debut with Blacktown City. After moving to Central Coast Mariners in 2010, Ryan moved to Club Brugge in 2013.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan played for the Central Coast Mariners youth team in the 2009–10 season, and after several call-ups to the senior team, he was given a 3-year senior contract. Despite starting the 2010–11 A-League as the Mariners' substitute keeper, an anterior cruciate ligament injury to first-choice Jess Vanstrattan saw Ryan elevated into the starting eleven. Ryan made his A-League debut for the Mariners on 28 August 2010 in a 1–1 draw against Sydney FC, but fumbled a cross which allowed Rhyan Grant to score Sydney's goal. While coach Graham Arnold was happy with Ryan's debut, there was competition between Ryan and newly-signed Paul Henderson for the regular starting spot. Over the next several months Ryan retained his spot in the starting lineup and earned significant plaudits, including the A-League Young Player of the Month award for December 2010. The Mariners season ended with a penalty shootout loss to Brisbane Roar in the 2011 A-League Grand Final, however, Ryan was awarded the Joe Marston Medal for man of the match in that game. He was also named A-League Young Footballer of the Year for 2010–11.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: In October 2011, Ryan was named 2011 Male U20 Player of the Year at the FFA Australian Football Awards. He continued to put in a number of strong performances in the 2011–12 A-League, including a man of the match performance in a 1–0 win over Melbourne Heart on 17 January 2012 after pulling off a number of saves. This contributed to Ryan being named A-League Young Player of the Month for January 2012. The Mariners won the 2011–12 Premiership following a win over Wellington Phoenix in the final round of the regular season. However, they were eliminated in the Preliminary Final against Perth Glory on penalties, despite Ryan scoring his penalty in the shootout. In April 2012, Ryan was named A-League Young Footballer of the Year for the second successive season and A-League Goalkeeper of the Year. He was also awarded the Mariners Medal for club player of the season, and named in the PFA's A-League Team of the Season. He was also awarded the Harry Kewell Medal for the outstanding Australian under-23-year-old player in June 2012.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was again central to the Mariners' 2012–13 A-League season. In November 2012, he was again awarded FFA Male U20 Player of the Year. On 2 March 2012, Ryan took a penalty in a match against Western Sydney Wanderers which was saved by Ante Covic; the Wanderers won the match 1–0 to move above the Mariners on the A-League table. Coach Graham Arnold revealed after the game that Ryan had been practising penalty-taking in the lead-up to that match following a number of missed penalties from other players in the side. The Mariners were victorious in the 2013 A-League Grand Final over the Wanderers, their first win in their four A-League Grand Finals played, with Ryan dedicating the win to the three previous Mariners teams to have lost at that stage.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: It was confirmed on 30 May 2013 that Ryan had completed a move to Belgian Pro League side Club Brugge for an undisclosed fee, despite his contract at Central Coast Mariners expiring the following day. On 27 July 2013 Ryan made his debut for Brugge in the first game of the season at home to Sporting Charleroi and kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 win. In a match against K.A.A. Gent on 23 December 2013 Ryan saved a penalty in the 67th minute that would have resulted in game being level at 2–2. Brugge went on to win the game 3–1 and reports after the match confirmed that Ryan had been offered a new lucrative deal with the club involving a substantial pay increase and contract extension. On 26 November 2014, it was announced that Ryan had agreed to terms with Club Brugge, to extend his contract until 2018.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: After a string of fantastic performances, it was reported that European giants Liverpool had sent scouts to the 2015 AFC Asian Cup to watch the goalkeeper. On 22 March 2015, Ryan won the Belgian Cup after keeping the post and helping Club Brugge to a 2–1 victory over Anderlect in the final.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: On 21 July 2015, Ryan signed a six-year deal with La Liga side Valencia CF. He was expected to assume the starting goalkeeper role, at least in the medium term, with regular starter Diego Alves out with an anterior cruciate ligament injury. He made his unofficial debut in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven on 25 July 2015. On 22 August 2015, Ryan made his La Liga debut in Valencia's opening game of the season, keeping a clean sheet in a scoreless draw with Rayo Vallecano. His run in the starting side extended until September, when he sustained a meniscus tear in a draw with Deportivo La Coruña, forcing him to have surgery and miss over a month of football. A series of good performances from his replacement, Jaume Domènech, led to suggestions that Ryan would not return to the starting side after his return from injury. Indeed, it was not until late November that Ryan was re-promoted to the starting side for a game against Sevilla. Ryan continued to be rotated with Jaume and the returning Alves for the remainder of the season, eventually making 21 appearances for Valencia in all competitions.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was back in Valencia's starting lineup for the opening matches of the 2016–17 La Liga, with Alves rumored to be seeking an overseas move. However, Alves stayed at Valencia and Ryan subsequently lost his starting position. By January 2017, a number of clubs were interested in Ryan.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: On 30 January 2017, Ryan returned to Belgium after he was loaned to Racing Genk. He entered the starting squad straight away, playing his first match in a 1–0 loss to Oostende in the Belgian Cup on 31 January 2017. Ryan stated in April 2017 that he was not planning to stay in Belgium after the season and would instead return to Valencia. Ryan played a number of games for Genk in multiple competitions, with the side reaching the quarterfinals of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, and the final of the Belgian Europa League playoff.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: On 16 June 2017, it was announced that Ryan would sign for newly-promoted Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion on 1 July 2017 on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He cited the prospect of playing in the Premier League as a main reason for the transfer. Ryan made his debut for Brighton & Hove Albion on 12 August 2017 against Manchester City in a 2–0 defeat. Ryan was in goal for Brighton's first ever Premier League win which came at home against West Brom on 9 September 2017. Ryan played in every single minute of the league in the 2017–18 season keeping 10 clean sheets, one of which coming in a 1–0 home win over Manchester United on 4 May 2018 in which secured Premier League status for the Sussex club.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan kept his first clean sheet of the 2018–19 season in a 1–0 home win over West Ham on the 8th league game of the season. He made two more clean sheets in the next two games, one in a 1–0 away win against Newcastle United and the other in a 1–0 home win against Wolves. In late December and the best part of January Ryan left Brighton for international duty representing Australia in the Asian Cup. His first game back came in a 4–2 away defeat to Fulham on 29 January. He made his FA Cup debut in an eventful match away to Millwall on 17 March. It finished 2–2 with Brighton winning 5–4 on penalties.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was told by Brighton manager Graham Potter in December 2020 that teammate Robert Sánchez would be given an extended run as goalkeeper in the Premier League for the rest of the 2020–21 season and that Ryan would be free to leave in January should the right offer come along.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: On 22 January 2021, he joined Arsenal on loan until the end of the season. He was given the number 33 jersey, formerly worn by Matt Macey and Petr Čech at the club. On 6 February, Ryan made his debut for Arsenal covering for suspended Bernd Leno in a 1–0 away loss at Aston Villa. It was more than two months until Ryan's next appearance with Leno being dropped to the bench. Ryan was beaten when Gabriel conceded a penalty with Josh Maja converting from the spot in an eventual 1–1 home draw against a struggling Fulham on 18 April. Ryan played a role in Arsenal's equaliser after going up for a corner. Ryan kept his first "Gunners" clean sheet in his first win in an Arsenal shirt in a 2–0 away victory at Newcastle United on 2 May, again being chosen over Leno for the second time in four matches.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan joined La Liga side Real Sociedad on undisclosed terms on 12 July 2021. He made his debut on 23 September, helping Sociedad to a 3–2 away win over Granada.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Despite not having featured for the side previously, Ryan's strong form in the 2010–11 A-League led to suggestions he would be called up for the Australian under-20 team for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in mid-2011. However, he missed the tournament after suffering a serious knee injury.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was first called up for the Australian under-23 side in November 2011. He made his debut for the side in a scoreless draw with Iraq on 22 November 2011. The Olyroos failed to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan received his first call-up to the Socceroos squad for a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Saudi Arabia in February 2012. Later that year, he was selected in the squad for the second preliminary round of the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup. He made his senior international debut in a 1–1 draw with North Korea on 5 December 2012.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: In November 2013, longtime Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer announced his international retirement following the appointment of new coach Ange Postecoglou, leaving Ryan as one of the contenders to be the new first-choice keeper. Postecoglou identified Ryan and fellow young keeper Mitch Langerak as two of the main candidates for the role.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Ryan was selected in May 2014 in the Australian squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He played in all three of Australia's games as they were eliminated in the group stage after losses to the Netherlands, Chile and Spain. Ryan's own performances in the tournament were mixed, and he described the matches as a "massive learning curve" for himself.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: Months later, Ryan was selected for the Australian 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad, to be played in Australia in early 2015. He put in a number of strong performances throughout the tournament as Australia conceded just two goals in reaching the Final against South Korea. Australia claimed their first AFC Asian Cup title after winning 2–1 in extra time. Ryan was named the official Best Goalkeeper for the tournament.


title: Mathew Ryan

text: On 15 October 2019, Mathew Ryan captained Australia for the first time, becoming the 62nd player to captain Australia in a 7-1 win over Chinese Taipei. During this game Ryan also became Australia's 2nd most capped Goalkeeper with 58 caps, surpassing Zeljko Kalac.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: On the night of September 19, 2008, a Learjet 60 business jet (registration operating for Global Exec Aviation crashed during take-off from Columbia Metropolitan Airport in South Carolina.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: Four of the six people on board died in the crash. The survivors, musician Travis Barker and disc jockey Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein, were critically injured. The jet had been due to fly Barker, Goldstein, and their entourage to Van Nuys, California, after their TRV$DJAM band's performance at a concert in Five Points.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: The aircraft involved was a Learjet 60 that had first flown in 2006, receiving its airworthiness certificate on December 14. It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW305A turbofan engines and had 108.5 flight hours with 123 take off and landing cycles.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: The captain was Sarah Lemmon, 31, of Anaheim Hills, California and the first officer was James Bland, 52, of Carlsbad, California. Both pilots had joined Global Exec Aviation the same year of the accident.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: Captain Lemmon had 3,140 flight hours, but only 35 of them were on the Learjet 60, and just eight of them were as a captain of that aircraft. An instructor described her as having "excellent" crew resource management. However, she had received several notices of disapprovals during her training.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: First Officer Bland had 8,200 flight hours with 300 of them on the Learjet 60. The director of Global Exec Aviation, who had flown with both crew members of the accident flight, described Bland as "not overly assertive."


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: Just before midnight, the plane was heading down the runway for takeoff when the occupants heard a loud bang. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, air traffic controllers saw sparks emanating from the plane. The pilots told the control tower that a tire had blown out and they would be aborting the take-off. Barker and Goldstein stated that the aircraft felt "out of control" and was swaying back and forth.


title: 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash

text: The aircraft overran the runway end, crashed through the airport boundary fence, crossed South Carolina Highway 302, and came to rest on an embankment, bursting into flames. It took firefighters more than an hour to get the fire under control.