title: Quantum Break

text: "Quantum Break" is set at and around Riverport, where, due to miscalculations by Paul Serene, a time travel experiment goes wrong. Doused in chronon radiation, the material that makes time travel possible, Jack Joyce and Paul Serene are granted time-based abilities; for example, both can freeze time and move at higher speeds, whilst a higher dose of chronons means Serene can see into the future to decide which choices to make in the present. Additionally, the collapse of the machine damages the structure of time, causing a "fracture" that sporadically freezes the passage of time for all without time-travel abilities or the correct equipment. Joyce and his ally, Beth Wilder, are subsequently pursued by Monarch Solutions, a corporation founded by Serene.


title: Quantum Break

text: The rules of the story stress that time cannot be changed through traveller actions as per the Novikov self-consistency principle; Paul Serene gives an example of trying to save a dead vagrant he and Jack discovered in their youth, only to startle the vagrant and cause the fall that killed him when he goes back in time. Another enforced rule is that travelers can only move between machines located at different times using the same core: as such, it is impossible for the characters to travel back before the first power-up of the core, nor would they be able to travel between different time machines as the cores would be different. The game features narration from Jack himself.


title: Quantum Break

text: Agreeing to help his best friend Paul Serene with a demonstration, Jack Joyce travels from Thailand to Riverport, USA and learns that Paul has been expanding on the physics work of Jack's estranged brother, William, and has built a time machine that works using "chronon particles." Paul activates the machine, only for it to jam shut and break as William appears. Will demands Jack and Paul stop their actions, or else "time will break." The machine becomes unstable and douses Jack and Paul in chronon radiation that gives them time-based powers. Monarch Solutions soldiers appear and steal the time machine's core. Jack and Will then meet an older Paul, who claims to have seen the "End of Time." This version of Paul refuses Will's suggestions of fixing the fracture, claiming that the end of time cannot be fixed. Paul then detonates the building, causing Will to be seemingly killed by falling debris. Jack is knocked unconscious and captured by Monarch henchmen.


title: Quantum Break

text: Escaping Monarch during a time stutter, Jack rescues either Nick or Amy, students apprehended by Monarch who agree to help him. Working off a clue with Beth Wilder, a friend of Will's working as double agent inside Monarch, Jack heads to the abandoned Bradbury Swimming Pool where he finds that Will has built his own time machine and a counter-measure to fix the fracture, called the Chronon Field Regulator (CFR). However, the time machine is inoperable. Jack suggests they kidnap Dr. Sofia Amaral, Paul's head of chronon research, in order to fix the time machine and go back in time to find the CFR. Learning she will be attending a Monarch gala, Jack surrenders to Monarch and learns that Paul was accidentally sent to the end of time in the future, only escaping by traveling in Will's machine back to its first activation in 1999. Escaping through the Monarch Labs, Jack and Beth pull Amaral out of the path of a hacked drone before it explodes. Beth escapes by the sea with Amaral while Jack steals Paul's car.


title: Quantum Break

text: Paul, revealed to be dying from "chronon syndrome," lashes out at his second-in-command Martin Hatch, as Amaral was the only one capable of administering his treatment. Now paranoid, Paul places all of his trust in either Amaral or Hatch, who claims that Amaral left willingly with Jack. Paul recognizes Beth from security footage— she was also at the end of time and attempted to kill Serene.


title: Quantum Break

text: Taking Amaral to the Bradbury Pool, Jack and Beth force her to help repair the time machine. With Will's documents noting that the CFR disappeared in 2010, Jack and Beth plot to head to 2010 and steal it, closing a causal loop. Beth steps into the machine as Amaral sabotages the computer and alerts Monarch. Leaving Amaral with Nick/Amy, Jack heads to 2010 and finds Beth, much older and disturbed. Beth explains that Amaral sent her to the end of time, where she met the younger Paul. Failing to kill him, Beth followed him back to the first activation in 1999 and stopped him from murdering Will. After directing Will to create the CFR, she has waited eleven years for Jack to arrive in 2010.


title: Quantum Break

text: Beth and Jack reach Will's workshop and find the CFR, but Paul corners Beth and shoots her when she refuses to co-operate. The CFR is accidentally activated, causing a chronon burst; the exposure throws Jack forward to 2016 again and causes Paul's chronon syndrome. Beth shuts off the CFR but is executed by Paul while Jack can only watch through time.


title: Quantum Break

text: Increasingly paranoid and ill, Paul is informed that, despite his lab being destroyed by Hatch, one damaged treatment has been recovered. Paul either decides to take it and buy time for himself and his plan or succumb to paranoia and illness. As stutters become nearly constant, Jack fights through the Monarch HQ with the guidance of either head of surveillance Charlie Wincott or Wincott's close friend Fiona Miller. Reaching Paul's lab, Jack finds and receives Wincott’s aid or fights high-level Monarch security officer Liam Burke. Acquiring the CFR, Jack learns that Paul was using it to power a "lifeboat," a small bunker where researchers could devise a solution to the end of time while protected from it. Unable to work the CFR, Jack uses Monarch's time machine (equipped with the stolen university core) to travel back to its first activation: the night of Will's death.


title: Quantum Break

text: Rushing through the University, Jack narrowly rescues Will from the falling debris. Will warns Jack he cannot simply repair the fracture then and there, as it would erase key future events and risk a time paradox. Passing a frozen Beth during a stutter, Jack reaches to unfreeze her but hesitates and leaves. Reaching the Bradbury Pool, Jack and Will travel forward in time, only to find Paul and Monarch waiting for them. Paul is intent on either retrieving the CFR or destroying it. Jack fights and kills him. Hooking the CFR into his time machine, Will asks Jack to jumpstart it with chronon energy. The CFR activates and blasts the area with chronons, which in turn restabilises but does not fully repair the damage done to the Meyers-Joyce field and also disintegrates Paul. As Will examines the CFR, burnt out from the blast, Jack has a vision of his future self-traveling to the end of time and begins exhibiting symptoms of chronon syndrome.


title: Quantum Break

text: In a flash-forward, Jack is shown approaching the frozen Beth back at the University, whispering that he'll come back for her. An epilogue shows Jack leaving an interview and being approached by Hatch, who explains everything has been simply blamed on Paul, and offers Jack a place at the renewed Monarch; Jack is shown seeing a split pathway similarly to Paul, ending before he makes a decision.


title: Quantum Break

text: "Quantum Break" was developed by Finnish developer Remedy Entertainment and published by Microsoft Studios. In 2010, the company released "Alan Wake", another title published by Microsoft. The game received high critical praise but was not a significant commercial success for either company. Remedy intended to develop a sequel to "Alan Wake" after the release of the first game, and hoped to include live action elements into the game. The concept was pitched to Microsoft, who showed no interest in publishing another "Alan Wake" game and wanted to diversify their games lineup.


title: Quantum Break

text: However, Microsoft was impressed by the idea of having a live action show within a video game, wanted to publish a game featuring interactive narrative. They hoped to partner with Remedy for a new intellectual property, in which Remedy could expand the live action part of the game; Remedy agreed. The team believed that one of the best themes that can accommodate a story with choices was time travel, as the general idea of this kind of story is to change past events. The idea of having a game about quantum physics originated from a TV episode within "Alan Wake" called "Quantum Suicide". After settling on the genre, the team pitched the project to Microsoft again and was accepted. The game was directed by Sam Lake, the writer of "Alan Wake" and Remedy's previous games, "Max Payne" and "". Greg Louden, who received an Academy Award for Visual Effects for his work in "Gravity", served as a narrative designer. Ben Ketai was the TV show's director. Pre-production of the game began in 2011; approximately 100 people worked on the game.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's story was written by a team of three full-time writers along with Lake, with a goal of making it "believable". As a result, the team drew numerous inspirations from pop culture and included various references to films like "Inception" and "Interstellar". The team was also inspired by "The Matrix", "The Terminator", "Back to the Future", "Primer", "Looper", and other films. The game's story was described as "complicated", and Louden had to create a chart for the team to keep track of the story progression. Lake described the game as Remedy's most ambitious project and the "ultimate Remedy game", since the team learnt from "Alan Wake" and attempted to refine the formula. As in "Alan Wake", the game's theme revolves around family. Lake also drew inspiration from the pacing and plot twists of TV shows, and hoped that the game's story would be unpredictable. He also reinterpreted familiar film clichés in an attempt to make dated ideas fresh again. To add dimensions, the team took inspirations from postmodern literature and included many self-references, such as a standalone TV show called "Alan Wake's Return".


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's "junction point" concept was created by Louden. There are approximately 40 variations in the game TV show, triggered by "quantum ripples", which unlock deleted scenes and give players additional insight on the story, and junction points. The player plays part of the game as Paul Serene and makes decisions as him at these points. Inspired by "Die Hard", the writers hoped that this approach would allow them to create a complex villain with depth. According to Louden, the story characters are not "black and white", and depending on the player's perspective, players will feel sympathy for the villain and feel torn when making the choices. Junction points were a tool used by Remedy to add replayability to the game, unlocking alternate content and changing the state of the world, and the gameplay segments remain identical regardless of players' choices.


title: Quantum Break

text: "Quantum Break" was described as a "transmedia action-shooter video game and television hybrid". At its core the game is an action-adventure game with a live action TV show bundled with it. According to Lake, the product was designed to be a complete package, players are encouraged to both play the game and watch the show. While the game allows players to skip the TV show completely, Remedy advise against such behaviors, as players may miss crucial details if they do not watch the show. The game features many collectibles, which serve a narrative purpose. Lake explained that once players find a collectible, they will trigger a butterfly effect, whose consequences will be shown during the show. The show also shows some objects, which can be found in the core game. Through this approach, the team hoped that they could offer an experience that is unique and personalized for all players, and increase the depth of the story. Initially, the game and the TV show were to tell drastically different stories featuring a completely different set of characters. However, Lake eventually scrapped the idea, and the game and the show echo each other more closely. Lake described the TV show as a "natural progression" for the studio, having experimented with the format with the two "Max Payne" games, which feature televisions, and "Alan Wake", which has the "Bright Falls" live action show, and "", which features live-action cutscenes. Producer Thomas Puha added that the game is "the culmination of 21 years of work". Lake added that the TV part can serve as an entry point for people who do not play video games frequently, and draw them into video gaming. To keep both parts consistent, the team also consulted a filmmaker who gave them advice regarding the game's camera styles and depth of field to allow smooth transitions between the two mediums.


title: Quantum Break

text: Lake initially thought Microsoft was not particularly enthusiastic about the idea, but had accepted the pitch mainly because of Microsoft's vision of having Xbox One as an entertainment device with rich TV features at that time. However, as the TV show was not part of Microsoft's project, the closure of Xbox Entertainment Studios did not affect the progress of the TV show production. It was created by Lifeboat Productions, who worked closely with Remedy through Skype conversation and screenplay review. Many scenes had to be shot twice due to the game's alternate content and branching nature. Three writers from Remedy also contributed to the TV show content.


title: Quantum Break

text: With Microsoft's funding, Remedy hired lots of high-profile actors, including Shawn Ashmore, Aidan Gillen, Lance Reddick and Dominic Monaghan. During the game's announcement and first gameplay reveal at Gamescom 2014, Jack Joyce was portrayed by Sean Durrie. According to Louden, they were creating the animation for Ashmore's character, and did not have sufficient time to finalize them before the event, so they used their game prototype, which has Durrie starring as the lead character, as the game's demo. The change in lead actors also prompted the studio to update and change the game cover art. Ashmore, Monaghan and Gillen were announced as the game's protagonists and antagonists a year later, and Durrie starred in the game as Nick.


title: Quantum Break

text: While developing the game, Remedy consulted Syksy Räsänen, a scientist who is a lecturer at Helsinki University and had worked at CERN. He taught them how to write the plot in such a way that it adhered to current theoretical physics and quantum physics. The development team held several brainstorming sessions, which inspired the team and helped them to fix the design of the game's time machine. The team was also inspired, when creating their own fictional "Meyer-Joyce particle" and "Meyer-Joyce field", by the Higgs boson and Higgs fields.


title: Quantum Break

text: According to Lake, they experimented with different gameplay mechanics, some of which they judged to make the game too slow or too tactical. They intended to "recapture the action spectacle" featured in their "Max Payne" series, along with several modern iterations. The game was designed to be fast-paced, but the concept of time-travel did not accommodate the elements of this kind of gameplay. As a result, the team opted to include a broader theme: time itself. They set the game in a world where time collapses, leading to various dangerous situations. According to Lake, the theme of time connected all the elements featured in the game. The setting also allowed the team to add new gameplay mechanics, such as the time manipulation powers. They created "Quantum Break" as a third-person shooter because of their past experiences with the genre and because they thought that the third-person perspective would allow them to show a strong leading character, while a purely story-oriented game would not feel like a triple A title.


title: Quantum Break

text: Louden says the team put a lot of work into the game's difficulty. They hoped that the time powers would let the player feel like a superhero, while still allowing for challenging moments. Learning from criticism of "Alan Wake", they introduced several puzzles in order to increase variety and change the pace. The puzzles also serve to remind players of their arsenal of abilities. Some of the environmental puzzles, including the rewind feature, were inspired by titles like "" and "Life Is Strange", while the stutter sequences were inspired by "Salvador Dali" and "Inception"'s dream sequence.


title: Quantum Break

text: When time stutters occur, the game's visual changes to inform players that they will encounter new enemies and obstacles. The levels in the game were designed to feature open environments to allow players to use the time manipulation powers freely and encouraging them to explore. Kyle Rowley, lead designer of the game, described them as "arenas". The stutters were also designed to convey stories: Players can inspect the non-playable characters stuck in a time stutter and learn about what happened to them when time freezes. To prevent the game from relying excessively on its cover system, the artificial intelligence (AI) of the game was designed to attack the player aggressively in order to drive the player out from cover. Time powers affect AI behaviors, and Remedy built a new system that allows the AI to search for the player character after Time Rush is used.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game utilizes a new in-house engine called the Northlight Engine. To represent the idea of "broken time" and have a detailed destruction system, the team created lots of environments which put the player character in the midst of destruction, utilizing technologies ranging from geometric distortion waves to Thinking Particles. The team also used Digital Molecular Matter, a technology developed by Pixelux that allows structures and objects to react in the game the same way they would in reality. According to Mikko Uromo, the technology allows them to "simulate complex scenarios on a scale that hasn't been possible before" and is crucial to the game's development. The team also worked significantly on the game's lighting system. It was designed to be dynamic, and the team refined it to include eyes and hair. They also created a new global illumination system for indirect lighting. The game's resolution foundation was 720p, but Remedy attempted to raise it to 1080p by using temporal reconstruction.


title: Quantum Break

text: The team spent a lot of resources in carrying out detailed motion capture, to enhance players' engagement with the story and make it easier for them to form emotional attachments to characters, and to keep the game and the TV show consistent with each other. They also hoped that use of this technology would add realism to the game and prevent players from getting distracted by the characters' unrealistic behaviors and appearances. Lake added that one of the challenges when recording motion capture is to convince the inexperienced actors, who thought that the system lacked complexity, not to overact. According to Lake, the game features a technology that creates realistic digital counterparts of the characters and records every little detail of their faces. The team initially did the recording at Los Angeles, where actors need to wear spandex suits with tracking marks and head cameras. Remedy invited the actors to Remedy's office in Helsinki, where they used their own technology to carry out extremely detailed motion capturing of facial expressions and movements in dialogue. Ashmore described the chamber for motion capturing as a "Sweat Box", as actors must remain steady, moving only their faces, in order to prevent the motion capture data from getting ruined.


title: Quantum Break

text: According to Remedy, audio drives the visual effects. The development team put a lot of effort into differentiating normal time and time stutters. When time enters a stutter, many audio effects change, with guns firing at a lower pitch, while dialogue and music began stretching. The goal for the change was to allow players to recognize the change of time state "with their eyes shut". The team wrote a reference guide, describing the sound of time stutters. They chose words including "violent" and "unpredictable", but avoided using "sci-fi" and "digital". The team also used Audiokinetic Wwise to sync audio with gameplay.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's soundtrack was composed by Petri Alanko, the composer of "Alan Wake". Alanko made use of the modular audio software Reaktor, but was not satisfied with the software's built-in instruments and decided to create his own set of custom sounds. The music in the game was described by Alanko as "meandering" and "sublime" to support the game's emotional moments, while intentionally avoiding aggressive tones. The soundtrack was inspired by albums from Tangerine Dream, Hecq, Michael Stearns and Aphex Twin, and Reznorian. He intended to add orchestral soundtrack into the game, but Microsoft rejected the idea. The music changed to an electronic style, and he used artificial instruments such as Roland synthesizers. iam8bit is set to release a vinyl limited edition of the game's soundtrack in the third quarter of 2016.


title: Quantum Break

text: In 2015, Lifeboat Productions hired John Kaefer for the soundtrack of the TV show. Kaefer and Alanko did not cooperate with each other closely as the level of interactivity between the two mediums are different. Due to the game's alternate content, he had to compose several music pieces for some scenes. As the TV show served to expand on the story and provide explanation, the music reflects the "ideas of intrigue, deception, tension, love, and loss".


title: Quantum Break

text: As Remedy encouraged YouTubers to make videos about the game and players to share their experience with others, the team introduced an audio option which allows players to turn off licensed music. This allows YouTubers to upload their videos online without having to worry about copyright infringement. The licensed music featured in the game was specially chosen by Lake, and is played at the end of each act and the credits scene.


title: Quantum Break

text: "Quantum Break" was announced on 21 May 2013. Gameplay trailers were released at major conventions, including Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013, and VGX Awards 2013. Remedy released the first gameplay demo at Microsoft's conference at Gamescom 2014, with Lake saying that the demo would make viewers "speechless". The game was originally set for release in 2015, but Microsoft held it to 2016 to avoid competition with other Xbox One exclusives including "", "Rise of the Tomb Raider", and "Forza Motorsport 6", incidentally giving Remedy more time to refine the game. At Gamescom 2016, Microsoft announced that the title would be released on 6 April 2016. The show was released separately and was not available in the game's retail edition in an effort to save disc space. As a result, both Xbox One and Windows 10 users need to stream the show. Microsoft initially considered other options, including releasing it as a standalone show or a separate Xbox Live download.


title: Quantum Break

text: Though "Quantum Break" was originally announced as an Xbox One exclusive, Microsoft announced in February 2016 that the game would be released for Windows 10 (Universal Windows Platform) as well, to launch simultaneously with the Xbox One version. Developed internally by Remedy, the PC version would only be released on Windows Store and would require DirectX 12. This created a backlash among players, who criticized Microsoft for misleading them into buying an Xbox One by not revealing the PC version's existence when the game was announced. Microsoft's Phil Spencer replied by saying that delivering a game to a broader audience "a good thing" and that it could increase the game's sales. Lake added that he was "confused" and "baffled" by the responses of the community.


title: Quantum Break

text: Players who purchase the Xbox One version of the game would receive a digital code for the Windows 10 version. "Alan Wake", along with its two downloadable special episodes "The Signal" and "The Writer", as well as "American Nightmare", would be available for free for players who purchased the game through backward compatibility. Players who had not reached 18 years old by the game's release would get "" as their pre-order bonus instead. In January 2016, Puha revealed that the game was very close to completion, and that the team was "tired". On 21 February 2016, Remedy confirmed that the game had gone gold, indicating it was being prepared for duplication and release. Microsoft celebrated the launch with launch parties in various Microsoft stores in the US and Canada, and in Sydney. Released alongside the game was a novel titled "Quantum Break: Zero State".


title: Quantum Break

text: A standalone PC version, distributed through Steam, and the physical "Timeless Collector's Edition" (which includes a development documentary, a book detailing the game's development, a soundtrack CD, and posters) were released on 29 September 2016. Unlike the Windows 10/UWP version, it supports Windows 7 and newer on 64-bit platforms. Nordic Games, who had assisted the PC distribution of "Alan Wake", "Ori and the Blind Forest: Definitive Edition", and "State of Decay: Year-One Survival Edition", distributed the retail copies.


title: Quantum Break

text: Critical reception for "Quantum Break" was divided but generally positive, according to aggregator Metacritic, with the Xbox One version receiving better reviews than the Windows version. Critics generally praised the game's graphics, gameplay and story, but had mixed opinions regarding the game's TV show and the choices featured in the game.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's graphics received critical acclaim, with Sam Loveridge from Digital Spy proclaiming it as one of the "best-looking" video games available for the Xbox One. Critics also praised the game's detailed character models, which made the game's characters look more lively. Some critics were impressed by the game's various particle effects and destruction mechanics, especially during the stutter moments, which were described as "impressive" by Peter Brown from GameSpot, "gorgeous" by David Houghton from GamesRadar, and "eye-popping" by Tristan Ogilvie from IGN. While Matt Buchholtz from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" thought that the locations featured in the game fit the game's atmosphere, Peter Paras from Game Revolution criticized them for being too similar to each other.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's gameplay was positively reviewed, with Buchholtz describing it as one of the game's standout points. It was described as "fun", "excellent", "exhilarating", "enjoyable" and "quick", though Ogilvie, Paras and Dean Takahashi from VentureBeat considered it too easy for players, quickly becoming repetitive. Takahashi noted that the variety of time manipulation powers offered to players could be overwhelming, but as they progress, using these skills were satisfying. Loveridge further added that these powers were addictive. Tom Orry from VideoGamer.com applauded these powers for being "cool" to use, and Ben Reeves from "Game Informer" praised them for adding variety to the game. As powers can be combined to form a chain of attacks, the game was praised for giving players freedom to explore and experiment with them. Houghton complained that as most powers were available early on in the game, the development team missed the opportunity to fully "evolve" them. Critics complained that they sometimes got stuck in the cover during combat. Brown and Stephen Totilo from Kotaku thought that the gunplay system was not as refined as the powers, and that the weapons were "generic". Many critics lamented that the final boss character was too hard to defeat, leading to players' frustration. The platforming sections received mixed reviews. Orry and Arthur Gies from "Polygon" praised them for being "cool" to use and diluting the game's action, while Brown and Jeff Gerstmann from Giant Bomb described them as clumsy and ill-conceived due to the game's loose movement system.


title: Quantum Break

text: The game's story received a generally favourable reception. Brett Makedonski from Destructoid praised it for offering a very entertaining experience and engaging players from start to finish, while Takahashi thought that the narration was "ambitious". Orry further added that the story was very "complicated". The game's narrative objects were praised for providing players new insights by Buchholtz, though Houghton and Brown criticized them for breaking the flow of gameplay and containing too much significant story information. Some critics felt that as the story progressed with players' choices, it became easier to connect emotionally with the characters. The choices were thought to be important, weighty, and significant, with many claiming that they added replayability to the game, and gave more control to players. However, some critics were disappointed that the choices did not alter the outcome of the story.


title: Quantum Break

text: Andy Kelly from "PC Gamer" noted its high production value and Takahashi, Gies and Ogilvie praised the performance of the actors, with Gies singling out Gillen and Reddick as Paul Serene and Martin Hatch respectively. The perspective offered in the TV series was applauded by Houghton, Loveridge, and Ogilvie for successfully filling many gaps in the story and adding depth to the game's characters, and humanizing the game's villains according to Gies and Kelly. Paras wrote that the show was mediocre and far below the industry's standard, criticizing it for being irrelevant. Reeves felt that the show was unnecessary, since the TV characters did not show up in the main game. The show was criticized for disconnecting players from the game and suggested that the TV show could be replaced by cutscenes. Peter Brown from GameSpot criticized the show's dialogue, calling it "cheesy", and he noted that there was obvious product placement. Some critics complained the excessive reuse of props throughout the four episodes.


title: Quantum Break

text: Critics had mixed opinions regarding the overall package. Timothy J. Seppala from "Engadget" considered it "a legitimate reason to buy an Xbox One", and Loveridge and Gies thought that Remedy had set a foundation for future storytelling by blending the two mediums together, making this game a unique title. Reeves thought that the game had the best gameplay and storytelling of all other Remedy games. Totilo added that the game innovated with the TV show, and that it made the title something "extraordinary". Martin Robinson from Eurogamer concluded that the game had more style than substance, but recognized the title's uniqueness. Both Houghton and Gerstmann agreed that it was an ambitious project, however, both Gerstmann and Houghton were disappointed that the elements did not connect well enough.


title: Quantum Break

text: The PC version was poorly received due to numerous performance and stability issues, mostly on Nvidia GPUs, along with restrictions imposed by the Universal Windows Platform which prevented third-party workarounds. Remedy later announced that they were working actively to fix the issues. An updated version of the game was released to Steam five months after its initial launch, supporting Windows 7 and above, and addressing many of the earlier release's technical issues.


title: Quantum Break

text: According to Aaron Greenberg, an executive at Microsoft, the pre-order sales had exceeded their expectation, and the title has the potential to become a massive success. "Quantum Break" was the best-selling retail game in its first week of release in the UK, outselling competitor "Dirt Rally" by 139 sales. It was also the best-selling original property released by Microsoft since the release of Xbox One, outselling games like "Sunset Overdrive", "Ori and the Blind Forest" and "". However, the record was later broken by "Sea of Thieves", which was released in March 2018.


title: Quantum Break

text: During Xbox's presentation at Gamescom 2014, Microsoft Studios had reported that "Quantum Break" was slated to be one of "Xbox's new flagship franchises", placing it alongside the "Gears of War" and "Halo" series in terms of importance. In August 2016, Aaron Greenberg, general manager of marketing for Xbox, said in an interview with Windows Central that the game "sold very well, but like every movie, not every game needs a sequel, sometimes that's okay". Despite this, Shannon Loftis, head of publishing at Microsoft Global Games Publishing, reported in October 2017 that Microsoft had no plans to abandon the game's universe, saying "I think "Quantum Break" is a very good example of a world and a phenomenon where there is still a lot of story we can tell". In July 2018, after announcing his new game, which stars one of the "Quantum Break" actresses, Remedy CEO Tero Virtala said that a sequel to the game is pending approval from Microsoft, which owns the intellectual property of the game.


title: Celtic cross

text: The Celtic cross is a form of Christian cross featuring a nimbus or ring that emerged in Ireland, France and Great Britain in the Early Middle Ages. A type of ringed cross, it became widespread through its use in the stone high crosses erected across the islands, especially in regions evangelized by Irish missionaries, from the ninth through the 12th centuries.


title: Celtic cross

text: A staple of Insular art, the Celtic cross is essentially a Latin cross with a nimbus surrounding the intersection of the arms and stem. Scholars have debated its exact origins, but it is related to earlier crosses featuring rings. The form gained new popularity during the Celtic Revival of the 19th century; the name "Celtic cross" is a convention dating from that time. The shape, usually decorated with interlace and other motifs from Insular art, became popular for funerary monuments and other uses, and has remained so, spreading well beyond Ireland.


title: Celtic cross

text: Ringed crosses similar to older Continental forms appeared in Ireland and Scotland in incised stone slab artwork and artifacts like the Ardagh chalice. However, the shape achieved its greatest popularity by its use in the monumental stone high crosses, a distinctive and widespread form of Insular art. These monuments, which first appeared in the ninth century, usually (though not always) take the form of a ringed cross on a stepped or pyramidal base. The form has obvious structural advantages, reducing the length of unsupported side arms. There are a number of theories as to its origin in Ireland and Britain. Some scholars consider the ring a holdover from earlier wooden crosses, which may have required struts to support the crossarm. Others have seen it as deriving from indigenous Bronze Age art featuring a wheel or disc around a head, or from early Coptic crosses based on the ankh. However, Michael W. Herren, Shirley Ann Brown, and others believe it originates in earlier ringed crosses in Christian art. Crosses with a ring representing the celestial sphere developed from the writings of the Church Fathers. The "cosmological cross" is an important motif in Coelius Sedulius's poem "Carmen Paschale", known in Ireland by the seventh century.


title: Celtic cross

text: It is not clear where the first high crosses originated. The first examples date to about the ninth century and occur in two groups: at Ahenny in Ireland, and at Iona, an Irish monastery off the Scottish coast. The Ahenny group is generally earlier. However, it is possible that St. Johns Cross at Iona was the first high cross; Iona's influence as a center of pilgrimage may have led this cross to inspire the Ahenny group as well as other ringed crosses in Pictish stones.


title: Celtic cross

text: A variety of crosses bear inscriptions in ogham, an early medieval Irish alphabet. Standing crosses in Ireland and areas under Irish influence tend to be shorter and more massive than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents, which have mostly lost their headpieces. Irish examples with a head in cross form include the Cross of Kells, Ardboe High Cross, the crosses at Monasterboice, the Cross of the Scriptures, Clonmacnoise and those in Scotland at Iona and the Kildalton Cross, which may be the earliest to survive in good condition. Surviving, free-standing crosses are in Cornwall, including St Piran's cross at Perranporth, and Wales. Other stone crosses are found in the former Northumbria and Scotland, and further south in England, where they merge with the similar Anglo-Saxon cross making tradition, in the Ruthwell Cross for example. Most examples in Britain were destroyed during the Protestant Reformation. By about A.D. 1200 the initial wave of cross building came to an end in Ireland.


title: Celtic cross

text: Popular legend in Ireland says that the Christian cross was introduced by Saint Patrick or possibly Saint Declan, though there are no examples from this early period. It has often been claimed that Patrick combined the symbol of Christianity with the sun cross to give pagan followers an idea of the importance of the cross. By linking it with the idea of the life-giving properties of the sun, these two ideas were linked to appeal to pagans. Other interpretations claim that placing the cross on top of the circle represents Christ's supremacy over the pagan sun.


title: Celtic cross

text: The Celtic Revival of the mid-19th century led to an increased use and creation of Celtic crosses in Ireland. In 1853, casts of several historical high crosses were exhibited at the Dublin Industrial Exhibition. In 1857, Henry O'Neill published "Illustrations of the Most Interesting of the Sculptured Crosses of Ancient Ireland". These two events stimulated interest in the Celtic cross as a symbol for a renewed sense of heritage within Ireland.


title: Celtic cross

text: New versions of the high cross were designed for fashionable cemetery monuments in Victorian Dublin in the 1860s. From Dublin, the revival spread to the rest of the country and beyond. Since the Celtic Revival, the ringed cross became an emblem of Celtic identity, in addition to its more traditional religious symbolism.


title: Celtic cross

text: Modern interest in the symbol increased because of Alexander and Euphemia Ritchie. The two worked on the island of Iona in Scotland from 1899 to 1940 and popularised use of the Celtic cross in jewelry. Using the Celtic cross in fashion is still popular today.


title: Celtic cross

text: Since its revival in the 1850s, the Celtic cross has been used extensively as grave markers. Straying from medieval usage, when the symbol was typically used for a public monument. The Celtic cross now appears in various retail items. Both the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Northern Ireland national football team have used versions of the Celtic cross in their logos and advertising. The Church in Wales since 1954 have used a flag with a Celtic cross in the centre.


title: Celtic cross

text: A version of the Celtic cross is used as a symbol by white nationalists and white supremacists. It was used by Nazis in Norway in the 1930s and 1940s, and more recently it has been used by neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and other white supremacist groups. In general, white nationalists use a version of the symbol with a square cross as opposed to the traditional elongated cross. This symbol forms part of the logo of Stormfront. This use is a type of cultural appropriation.


title: Celtic cross

text: White supremacist use of the long and short Celtic cross represents only a small minority of the symbol's use. The symbol in both forms is used by non-extremists in contexts such as Christianity, neo-Paganism, and Irish patriotism. The vast majority of uses of the Celtic cross are not associated with white supremacists.


title: Celtic cross

text: There is no formal code point in Unicode for this symbol, though other symbols representing the Celtic cross are included. Symbols designed for other purposes, such as may be considered as alternatives.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Loyola Marymount University (LMU) is a private Jesuit and Marymount research university in Los Angeles, California. It is located on the west side of the city near Playa Vista. LMU is the parent school to Loyola Law School, which is located in downtown Los Angeles.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU offers 55 major and 59 minor undergraduate degrees and programs across six undergraduate colleges. The Graduate Division offers 47 master's degree programs, one education doctorate, one doctorate in juridical science, a Juris Doctor and 13 credential programs.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU's sports teams are called the Lions and compete at the NCAA Division I level as members of the West Coast Conference in 20 sports.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Loyola Marymount University is the product of a merger between Loyola College, founded in 1917, and Marymount College, founded in 1932, with its roots in Marymount School which was founded in 1923.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The present university is the product of the first institution of higher learning in Southern California, St. Vincent's College, which was founded and run by the Vincentians until 1911.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1865, the Vincentian Fathers were commissioned by Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi to found St. Vincent's College for Boys in Los Angeles. Father John Asmuth was the first President Rector. Classes were held for two years in the Lugo Adobe on the east side of the Plaza while a new building was being finished. The historic home, aptly donated by Don Vicente Lugo, was one of few two-story adobes then in town. The house stood in the empty lot across Alameda Street between the Plaza and Union Station (near Olvera Street).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Later, the brick building was replaced with a larger one in stone. The 7th Street property, now called St. Vincent's Place, took up the block bounded by Fort (Broadway), 6th, Hill, and 7th streets. When St. Vincent's later moved to a new campus, the old building became US Army Headquarters, and in 1907, the large Bullock's department store was built and operated here until 1983. In 1869, St. Vincent's was accredited by the state.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1887, the college moved to a new, more majestic campus—bounded by Grand Avenue, Washington Boulevard, Hope Street, and 18th—which would have a chapel, residence hall, cottages, and a traditional brick-and-ivy complex housing classrooms and lecture halls. Like the second college building by Pershing Square, the new retained a tall, central tower topped with St. Vincent's trademark mansard roof.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: While the campus underwent many expansions, the athletic program grew, and the Catholic Collegiates competed against Occidental's Presbyterians and USC's Methodists. St. Vincent's athletes were also recruited into professional sports. During this era, from St. Vincent's College graduated many alumni who would become famous in the history of Los Angeles, among whom were Isidore Dockweiler, Eugene Biscailuz and Leo Carrillo.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1911, the Vincentians, who had led the college since its founding the century before, were replaced with the Jesuits, who quickly moved the college to a larger property. As planning began on developing a 20th-century university, enrollment was folded into a new college, briefly called "Los Angeles College" that would soon evolve into Loyola. The old campus became St. Vincent's School. In 1922, St. Vincent's campus was sold. Over time, the historic buildings of old St. Vincent's College have been torn down and replaced by, for example, the Grand Olympic Auditorium (1924) and large, open parking lots.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: When the Vincentians pulled out of educational ministry in Los Angeles in 1911, Bishop Thomas Conaty asked the Jesuits to come to Los Angeles and take over St. Vincent's College. Not wishing to assume any of the college's debt, the Jesuits instead founded Los Angeles College in 1911. They simultaneously opened their high school division (Loyola High School) and folded the board, faculty, and students of St. Vincent's College into Los Angeles College at a new location made up of several bungalows at Avenue 52, Highland Park, Los Angeles.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Father Richard A. Gleeson was the first Jesuit President but the board of the college was initially composed of Vincentian Fathers. Rapid growth prompted the Jesuits to seek a new campus on Venice Boulevard in 1917; with this move, the name of the school was changed back to St. Vincent's College. However, in 1918 the name was once again changed to Loyola College of Los Angeles.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Graduate instruction began in 1920 with the foundation of a separate law school. Though instruction at the undergraduate level remained exclusive to male students, women were admitted to the law school. The law school was the second in Los Angeles to admit Jewish students. (USC's law school had done so at least since 1910.)


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1928, the undergraduate division of Loyola relocated, under then-President Joseph A. Sullivan, S.J., to the present Westchester campus and achieved university status in 1930, becoming Loyola University of Los Angeles. Loyola Law School did not move with the rest of the university, but moved later to another location just west of downtown Los Angeles.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: World War II had a significant impact on Loyola University. As enrollment began to drop, Father Edward Whelan, president at the time, brokered a deal with the US Army to form an officer training program for both Army and Navy officers. The contract allowed the university to remain open during the war and enrollment hit all-time highs as a result of returning veterans taking advantage of the G.I. Bill in the mid-to-late 1940s. Additionally, Father Whelan recognized the grave injustice of the Japanese internment camps during World War II. At Loyola, he hired and housed many Japanese Americans returning to Los Angeles after their release from the camps.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1949, Father Charles Cassassa was named president and began one of the most consequential presidencies in the university's history. His work included the formation of a graduate division on the Westchester campus in June 1950, graduate work having formed an integral part of the Teacher Education Program during the preceding two years, expanding campus infrastructure. He then established the Institute of Human Relations to promote improved racial relations in business and in government. Future Mayor of Los Angeles Tom Bradley attended the first year-long program held by the Institute of Human Relations and remained lifelong friends with Father Cassassa.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Father Cassassa also continued Father Whelan's legacy of combating racial injustice. In 1950, he forced the school's football team to forfeit an away game against Texas Western since the school's rules prevented African-American players, such as Loyola's Bill English, to play on their field. During the Cassassa era, the law school moved to its current campus, designed by Frank Gehry, in 1964. Loyola University also continued as an all-male school until its merger with Marymount College in 1973. There were, however, several notable exceptions.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The first exception occurred during the summer months, when the Loyola faculty offered classes for religious women (Catholic nuns) seeking undergraduate degrees. Many sisters from across Los Angeles and Orange County acquired their undergraduate degrees from Loyola. Additionally, women were admitted to several of Loyola's graduate programs prior to the affiliation and merger with Marymount College. Furthermore, there were several female students admitted to Marymount College who later matriculated into Loyola University during the two schools' five-year affiliation prior to 1973, primarily into Engineering and Business majors which Marymount did not offer.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In separate though parallel developments, the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary began teaching local young women in 1923. Having been invited by Bishop John Cantwell, seven sisters of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary, under the leadership of Mother Cecilia Rafter, formed what was first an elementary school and, shortly thereafter, a high school. Within ten years, so many young women wished to continue their education with the Marymount sisters beyond high school that Marymount Junior College opened as an all-women's school on the Westwood campus of Marymount High School in 1933.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Mother Gertrude Cain was the first president of the junior college and guided its development into a four-year college in 1948, assuming the name Marymount College of Los Angeles. In 1960, having outgrown its shared Westwood campus, Marymount College moved both its two-year program and its four-year program to the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwestern Los Angeles. The Palos Verdes campus became Marymount California University.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1967 Sister Raymunde McKay, the president of Marymount College, extended an invitation to Sister Mary Felix Montgomery, General Superior of the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Orange, to merge Marymount College with St. Joseph College of Orange, a four-year liberal arts college for women religious run by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Orange, which Sister Montgomery accepted. St. Joseph College was originally formed as St. Joseph Teacher's College, a junior college affiliated with The Catholic University of America in 1953. In 1959 it was incorporated as an autonomous, four-year institution and assumed the St. Joseph College name.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 1968 Marymount and St. Joseph's Colleges merged under the Marymount name with an agreement that the traditions and heritage of both the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange would be carried in the Marymount name. As part of the Marymount College Agreement, Marymount College was administered "co-equally" by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange as members of both communities partnered in the governing, staffing, and teaching of Marymount College.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Subsequently, St. Joseph College of Orange was renamed Marymount College of Orange. During the academic year, it remained a college for women religious seeking their baccalaureate degrees; college courses were offered to men and women during the summers at the Orange campus. The same year, Marymount College began its affiliation with Loyola University, moving its four-year program at the Palos Verdes campus to the Westchester campus of Loyola University. Marymount College then operated on three campuses: Palos Verdes retained its two-year program, Orange remained a campus for religious women in Orange County, and Westchester was a campus for both lay and religious women.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: By the mid-1960s, Loyola University of Los Angeles had unsuccessfully petitioned the Archbishop of Los Angeles, Cardinal James Francis McIntyre, to allow coeducation at Loyola for several years. In 1967, however, Sister McKay, President of Marymount College, received permission from Cardinal McIntyre to begin affiliation with Loyola University on Loyola's Westchester campus. Sister McKay and Father Charles Cassassa, President of Loyola University, held a joint press conference to announce the affiliation.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The affiliation of Marymount College and Loyola University began in 1968 when Marymount's four-year program moved to Loyola's Westchester campus; this arrangement (two independent schools on one campus) continued for five years. In 1970, the Student Governments of Loyola University (ASLU—Associated Students of Loyola University) and Marymount College (ASMC—Associated Students of Marymount College) joined to form the Associated Students of Loyola and Marymount (ASLM).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: After five years of sharing faculties and facilities, Loyola University and Marymount College merged and assumed the name Loyola Marymount University in 1973. Through this union, the expanded university maintained the century-old mission of Catholic higher education in Los Angeles and incorporated the educational traditions of the Jesuits, Marymount sisters, and Orange sisters into one institution. At this time, ASLM became known as the Associated Students of Loyola Marymount University (ASLMU).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Father Donald Merrifield, who became president of Loyola University in 1969, continued as the university's president. The academic vice president of Marymount College, Sister Renee Harrangue, became the provost. During Father Merrifield's tenure as president thirteen new buildings were constructed on Loyola Marymount's main campus. Father Merrifield oversaw the expansion of Loyola Law School's campus in Pico-Union, near downtown Los Angeles. Merrifield and the university commissioned architect Frank Gehry to design the new campus, which was needed to accommodate increased enrollment.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Merrifield also implemented a number of programs to increase minority enrollment, such as financial aid packages and scholarships, and added African American and Latino studies programs. He stepped down as president of Loyola Marymount in 1984, but remained the university's chancellor until 2002.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Marymount College's four-year program subsequently separated from its two-year program. The Marymount two-year program remained incorporated as a separate institution and received accreditation in 1971 as the independently run Marymount College, Palos Verdes, which is currently operates in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. In 2010, Marymount College, Palos Verdes received accreditation as a four-year institution.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: With the merger of Loyola University and Marymount College in 1973, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange joined the Society of Jesus and the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary as one of the sponsoring religious communities of Loyola Marymount University. Marymount College of Orange was renamed the Orange Campus of Loyola Marymount University. The Orange Campus offered continuing education and summer courses to men and women through the 1980s.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 2007, the university reestablished its presence in Orange County, California when the Theological Studies Department began offering a two-year master's program in Pastoral Theology in Orange, California. The first cohort graduated in the Spring of 2009, and three additional cohorts completed a three-year master's degree in Pastoral Theology until the cohort program ended in 2018. The classes were held in the Marywood offices of the Diocese of Orange and then at the Diocese's Christ Cathedral campus, both not far from the now defunct Orange Campus of Loyola Marymount University.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: On March 1, 2010, Loyola Marymount President, Father Robert B. Lawton, announced his retirement as head of the university, effective at the end of the academic year in May 2010. Lawton cited health problems, including a slow recovery from a 2009 back surgery, as the main reason for his departure. He had served as president for eleven years, beginning his tenure in 1999.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: David W. Burcham, a 1984 graduate of Loyola Law School became the first lay president in the school's history. Burcham held the office for five years, from 2010 to 2015. Burcham, who presided over LMU's centennial in 2011, opted not to stay on after his term ended. The LMU board of trustees elected Timothy Law Snyder, as the 16th president and he took office on June 1, 2015.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU is located on the Del Rey Hills in the Westchester neighborhood of Los Angeles. It overlooks the former site of Hughes Aircraft. The original were donated to the university by Harry Culver. Xavier Hall, named for St. Francis Xavier, and St. Robert's Hall, named after St. Robert Bellarmine, a cardinal and Doctor of the Church, were the first two buildings to be built on the current Westchester Campus. Following their completion in 1929, Xavier Hall housed both the Jesuit Faculty and the students at the time while St. Robert's Hall served as the academic and administrative building.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Sacred Heart Chapel and the Regents Bell Tower were the next non-residential structures to be built on the campus (1953–55). The Malone Student Center, named after Lorenzo M. Malone, an alumnus of the university and former dean of students and treasurer of the university, was completed in 1958 and renovated in 1996. LMU now houses 36 academic, athletic, administrative, and event facilities as well as twelve on-campus residence halls and six on-campus apartment complexes. The campus houses four large open grass areas not reserved exclusively for athletic play.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The university's acquisition of University Hall in 2000 brought the campus a new entrance as well as much-needed office and classroom space. University Hall was originally constructed for Hughes Aircraft as their world headquarters. It was then sold to the university.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU acquired the building in January 2000 from Raytheon, which bought Hughes Aircraft. LMU completed the interior remodel in April 2001. The building, which houses the university's Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts, is constructed of steel and concrete and is divided into seven structures above ground.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 2022"The Princeton Review" ranked LMU as having the fourth-most beautiful campus in America. CampusSqueeze college e-zine ranked LMU as having the third-most beautiful campus in America. In 2022


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU has a large solar electric rooftop array that generates 868,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, providing 6% of the annual campus electrical needs. The university purchased another 6 percent of its electrical energy through Renewable Energy Credits.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: There are three LEED-certified buildings on campus, including the William H. Hannon Library. All new and renovated roofing projects include installation of a highly reflective white membrane cool roof.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Student sustainability jobs are available in the recycling program. Loyola Marymount earned a grade of a "B−" on the College Sustainability Report Card 2010, published by the Sustainable Endowments Institute.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In addition to being the parent school of Loyola Law School in downtown Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount is the home to six colleges and schools. LMU offers an Air Force ROTC program, an Honors Program in which the students have a different core curriculum, and several year-long, semester, and summer study abroad programs across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Admission to LMU is competitive. Students from every U.S. state attend LMU.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: For Fall 2022, LMU received over 20,000 freshman applications—admitting 38% and enrolling a class of 1,710 first year students. Members of the Class of 2022 earned an average high school GPA of 3.90 with the middle 50% scoring between 1290 and 1420 on the SAT.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts includes twenty-five undergraduate programs of study as well as five graduate programs. It embodies the wider university goals of liberal education, which is the heart of the university's core curriculum for all undergraduates. The college is named for Saint Robert Bellarmine.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The College of Communication and Fine Arts offers majors in Art History, Communication Studies, Dance, Music, Studio Arts, and Theatre Arts as well as a graduate program in Marital and Family Therapy. Students are able to choose a specific emphasis within the studio art (STAR) major such as drawing, painting, photography, art education, sculpture, and multimedia.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: There are beginning (lower division) and advanced (upper division) courses offered in the STAR department that explore fine art practices in two-dimensional design, ceramics, typography, visual thinking, and graphic design. The current dean of the College of Communication and Fine Arts is Bryant Alexander.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Department of Music includes two choruses. The 100-voice Concert Choir presents music for mixed voices. The smaller, more advanced Consort Singers presents varying styles of choral music and frequently appears in the Los Angeles area as the ambassador group for the university.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Beth Henley teaches playwriting in the Theatre Department. Colin Hanks transferred to LMU from the acting program and Chapman University. Linda Cardellini and Busy Philipps are also alumni from the Theatre Department. Many of the faculty in the department are currently working in the industry.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The College of Business Administration teaches effective principles and practice of business through foundation building, undergraduate programs, and flexible graduate programs for advancing professionals. It is home to eight undergraduate programs of study as well as an MBA program for graduate studies.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Frank R. Seaver College of Science and Engineering sees its purpose to be the education of principled leaders. It contains thirteen undergraduate programs of study as well as six graduate programs. Graduate programs are offered in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, in environmental science, in computer science, in systems engineering, and in dual program called systems engineering and leadership (SE+MBA).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Undergraduate students experience close interactions with the faculty as a result of small class sizes. Students conduct sophisticated state-of-the-art research by working very closely with their professors and they participate in various undergraduate student research conferences and student design competitions.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The School of Education at Loyola Marymount has four undergraduate and nine graduate programs of study including a Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.). Many students seeking a credential in Elementary Education major in the Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts' Liberal Studies program, which is designed to educate one in the various arts and letters they will be teaching children.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The School of Film and Television was established in 2003 by consolidating LMU's programs in film and television. Admission to the undergraduate program is competitive, with 19% of applicants admitted to the program. It is the seventh highest ranked film program in America, according to "The Hollywood Reporter" and the fifth highest ranked program, according to College Factual ("USA Today"). In 2018, it opened a 35,000 square foot facility, primarily for graduate film students. The Playa Vista campus includes three greenscreen studios, eight Avid editing rooms and a Foley stage. In the Spring of 2020, dean Peggy Rajski broke ground on the Howard B. Fitzpatrick Pavilion, a 25,000-square-foot structure equipped with a screening theater, a camera-teaching stage and a motion-capture workspace, which is due to open in the Fall of 2021. Unlike some other film programs, LMU film students own the intellectual property rights to the films they create while they are in college.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The School of Film and Television offers bachelor's degrees in Film and Television Production, Screenwriting, Animation, and Recording Arts along with a minor in Film Studies and also Master's programs in Writing and Producing for Television, Film and Television Production, and Feature Film Screenwriting. A range of advanced facilities and equipment are available to students, including two soundstages, advanced editing labs, a fully equipped theater, and top-of-the-line camera equipment including five RED One Cameras.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The School of Film and Television also offers a wide range of internship opportunities through more than 400 partner companies.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Notable alumni from LMU's film school include Barbara Broccoli, producer of James Bond films since 1990, James Wong, Brian Helgeland, writer/director of the Jackie Robinson biopic "42", Francis Lawrence, director of three of "The Hunger Games" films, and David Mirkin, an executive producer and showrunner for "The Simpsons".


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Loyola Law School's Frank Gehry-designed campus is in the Pico-Union neighborhood west of downtown Los Angeles and is separate from the Westchester main university campus.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Including its day and evening J.D. programs, Loyola was the first California law school with a pro bono graduation requirement, under which students perform 40 hours of pro bono work.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The governing body of the university is the school's independent board of trustees, headed by a chairman. The university's executive officer is the president. Prior to 2009, a prerequisite to serve as the university's president was membership in the Society of Jesus; however, the board of trustees voted to allow educators not a part of the Jesuit Order to become president. These changes were made at the recommendation of the American Assistancy of Jesuits, the collective body of Jesuits in the United States in response to the declining number of Jesuits as well as those prepared to serve as the president of a major university. See a list of past presidents.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The president is assisted by the chancellor, assistant to the president, director internal audit, the vice president for mission and ministry (under whose direction the Office of Campus Ministry and the Center for Ignatian Spirituality operates) and the vice president for intercultural affairs. The executive vice president & provost reports directly to the president and oversees all campus operations.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The university cabinet consists of: the president, executive vice president & provost, senior vice president & chief academic officer (under whose direction the deans of the Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts, College of Business Administration, College of Communication and Fine Arts, Seaver College of Science and Engineering, School of Education, School of Film and Television, and University Libraries operate), senior vice president for administration, senior vice president & chief financial officer, senior vice president for student affairs, senior vice president for university relations, and senior vice president Fritz B. Burns Dean of Loyola Law School.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Jesuit Community is headed by a rector (appointed by the Superior General of the Society of Jesus); the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary are led by local coordinator who report to the provincial superior of the Western American Province; and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange are led by a local superior who reports to the general superior of their congregation. Each of the three sponsoring religious communities is represented on the board of trustees.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU is sponsored primarily by three religious orders that have long been associated with education, the Society of Jesus, the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary, and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange. However, other religious orders such as the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Carmelites) and the Sisters of Saint Louis have members employed on campus.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Jesuit Community of LMU is the largest in the California Province of the Society of Jesus. The campus's Jesuits were housed in Xavier Hall until the recent completion of the new Jesuit Community Complex. LMU is home to 51 Jesuits (2006–2007 academic school year) holding various positions in administrative, staff, and faculty positions throughout the university. Even though there are a lot of Jesuits on the campus, the majority of them are not involved with school.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary also house several religious sisters adjacent campus. From 1968 until 1999 the sisters lived on campus in the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center. In 1999, they donated the building to the university and moved into residential houses off campus. The Western American provincial center, which had been in the Leavey center, was moved to Montebello. The Marymount Sisters sponsor the Marymount Institute for Faith, Culture, and the Arts which attempts to preserve the transformative educational tradition of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary and promotes a dialogue between faith and culture as expressed in fine, performing, literary and communication arts.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Like the Jesuits and Marymount Sisters, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange play a great role in preserving the Catholic identity of the school. Several sisters of the order reside adjacent to the campus, working in administrative, staff, and faculty roles.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Loyola Marymount's Office of Campus Ministry is a component to the promotion of the university's mission and identity. Founded in 1911 as the University Chaplain, this division became known as Campus Ministry in 1973 with a stipulation that the Director would be a Jesuit. By 1986 this requirement was waived when Sr. Margaret Mary Dolan, R.S.H.M. became the director. Dolan, an alumna of Marymount College's class of 1958, received her Master's from LMU in 1974 and also served the university as a campus minister, director of alumni relations, residence hall minister, and alumni chaplain since 1973.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 2008, as part of the university's Centennial Capital Campaign, it was announced that an $8 million fundraising goal was set to endow the office as the "Peg Dolan, RSHM Campus Ministry Center" in honor of Dolan's contributions to the university. The same year, the university asked her to address the class of 2008 at the undergraduate commencement exercises and she was awarded an honorary doctorate. At the dedication ceremony in September 2008, over 700 alumni returned to campus to honor her legacy at the university. When Dolan died in 2009, more than 1,000 people returned to campus for two days of liturgies celebrating her life.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Located at the north end of the university, Sacred Heart Chapel is the main worship space on campus. A basilica-style church, Sacred Heart has two side altars and the Mary chapel, which is located behind the crucifix, in addition to the main chapel space. The chapel is lined by tall stained-glass windows. Each window bears the seal of one of the 28 other Jesuit universities in the United States; additionally, following the 1973 merger, edged glass window of the other four Marymount colleges and universities in the United States were added.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The Academy of Catholic Thought and Imagination (ACTI) at Loyola Marymount University is a hub for scholarship, interdisciplinary research, pedagogy, and outreach on LMU's campus and in the southwest United States. ACTI sponsors and co-sponsors events, supports interdisciplinary dialogue within the university, and publishes academic work promoting its mission. Founded in April 2014 and Directed by Dr. Brian Treanor, ACTI has been sponsoring and organizing events since April 2015.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Founded in 1991, the Marymount Institute encourages interdisciplinary and intercultural scholarly and artistic activity in the form of research, publication, exhibits, performances, conferences, seminars, and lectures.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: 2008 saw the opening of the Marymount Institute Press. Itself an imprint of Tsehai Publishers and Distributors, the MIP was founded by the Ethiopian-born journalist, publisher, and social activist, Elias Wondimu, and already has two publications to its credit: "Panim el Panim: Facing Genesis, Visual Midrash" and "A Journey into Love: Meditating with Piers Plowman".


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Athletic teams at Loyola Marymount are known as Lions; the school's primary athletic affiliation is with the West Coast Conference. While LMU has had success in several sports, it is probably best remembered for its men's basketball teams between 1985 and 1990, with Paul Westhead as coach and for the death of star player Hank Gathers (#44), who collapsed during the second round of the WCC tournament on March 4, 1990, and for his friendship with teammate Bo Kimble (#30). Their jerseys have been retired at LMU.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Especially well-remembered was the 1990 team, led by Gathers and Kimble until tragedy struck in the WCC tournament. Gathers collapsed during a game and died due to a previously diagnosed heart condition. Playing for their fallen teammate, the Lions advanced to the Elite Eight (regional final) of the NCAA tournament before falling to eventual champions UNLV.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Former Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim pitcher C. J. Wilson attended and pitched at Loyola Marymount in 2001. LMU Softball holds many records. It owns more titles than any other PCSC (Pacific Coast Softball Conference) team, with three in 2003, 2005, and 2007. In 2007, Tiffany Pagano and LMU beat UCLA 4–2 in the Los Angeles regional in the NCAA Tournament, to mark their first win over the Bruins, and the first time that UCLA had not won a regional and advanced to the Women's College World Series.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: ASLMU, The Associated Students of Loyola Marymount University, is the functioning student government. The government body is composed of an Executive Branch, composed of the Management Team and Cabinet Departments; a Legislative Branch, composed of the Senate; and a Judicial Branch, composed of the Judicial Committee. The only elected positions are those of the President, Vice President and the Senate. Unlike the senators, the President and Vice President have a limited term of two years.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The "Los Angeles Loyolan" newspaper has been published for 100 years. It was originally titled "The Cinder" for the cinders kicked up by the trains passing the downtown campus of St. Vincent's College. In 2007, "The Loyolan" moved from its long-standing weekly Wednesday publication schedule to a twice a week—Monday and Thursday—schedule. As of 2020, publication is completely digital.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The paper is supported by its advertising department, which has historically paid from 80% to 100% of the cost of publication. Its regular sections include News, Opinion, Sports, Social Justice, and Life+Arts. Special sections include Business, Travel, Cartoon and the parody section, named The Bluff after LMU's distinctive landmark.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In August 2013, the student staff of the "Loyolan" took the publication to a digital-focused format, publishing stories and video segments online daily.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: This transition will take place over a three-year period in which the staff will focus on mobile, social media and the web. As part of this digital focus, the "Loyolan" announced that beginning in the spring semester of 2015 there will only be one print edition published per week.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: Over the years, the Loyola University Los Angeles yearbook was known by several titles, including the Lair Annual. After the merger the university began publishing the annual "Tower Yearbook" which is financed through a mandatory annual student yearbook fee (collected along with tuition).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The student-run yearbook at Loyola Marymount University was named "Best in Show" at the 85th Annual National College Media Conference in St. Louis, Mo. on October 30. "The Tower" took first place in the "Yearbook 300-Plus" category among other prestigious colleges from around the nation.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: In 2016, the National Scholastic Press Association awarded the Tower yearbook the Pacemaker Award. SEEK, the winning issue was headed by Mali McGuire the editor-in-chief for the year. The 2015-16 yearbook was also awarded the Gold Crown by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: KXLU (88.9 FM) is an FM radio station broadcasting out of Loyola Marymount University in southwest Los Angeles, California. It was first on the air in 1957, and recently celebrated its 60th anniversary. It is a non-commercial college radio station that plays many styles of music broadly classified under rock, specialty, fine arts, and Latin jazz.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: ROAR Studios is the newest student media on-campus. It provides a forum for student produced programming to be broadcast both via the on-campus cable TV system and, eventually, via the Public-access television cable TV system(s).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: ROAR Studios is the only TV station made for, and run by, students on the LMU campus. The station provides student produced programming every two weeks, with its primetime block from 10:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. every night.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: CSA also oversees LMU's student service organizations. The ten service organizations work to help the university and surrounding community of Los Angeles. The members of these organizations make themselves available for on-campus service as well as on-going commitments to serve at specific non-profit agencies in Southern California. Each organization has a moderator and a chaplain (though in some of the organizations the same priest or woman religious serves as both moderator and chaplain).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: CSA coordinates communication between the leadership of these organizations, the Service Organization Council. CSA also coordinates the distribution of the On-Campus Service Requests.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The organizations and their respective dates of founding are Crimson Circle (1929), Belles (1960), Gryphon Circle (1968), Ignatians (1981), Sursum Corda (1992), Marians (2003), Magis (2003), Creare (2009), Espérer (2012), and Agapé (2017).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU EMS is the on-campus emergency medical services program, consisting of volunteer full-time undergraduate students who are nationally certified EMTs. The organization is 1 of 27 active members of the National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation (NCEMSF) and the first collegiate EMS group on the West Coast, founded in 1986. LMU EMS responds to between 300-500 medical calls on the LMU Westchester campus during the academic year, whenever the campus health clinic is closed, which establishes 24/7 medical coverage of the campus during the school year, serving more than 10,000 work hours annually. As a non-transporting agency, LMU EMS works with the Los Angeles Fire Department for transportation of patients to local emergency departments. LMU EMS was honored as the smallest school to win NCEMSF’s Organization of the Year award and Debbie Wilson, the program’s founder, was also the first woman to win NCEMSF’s Collegiate EMS Advisor of the Year award. The program has also won nine university-wide awards, and four national awards.


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU is also home to a number of campus Greek organizations. The campus fraternities associated with the North American Interfraternity Council (NIC) are Alpha Delta Gamma (1952), Sigma Chi (1991), Sigma Phi Epsilon (1996), Sigma Lambda Beta (1999), Lambda Chi Alpha (2002), Beta Theta Pi (2005), Delta Sigma Phi (2012), and Phi Delta Theta (2014).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: The campus sororities that are part of the National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) Affiliates are Alpha Phi (1976), Delta Gamma (1981), Delta Zeta (1986), Kappa Alpha Theta (1999), Pi Beta Phi (2002), and Alpha Chi Omega (2014).


title: Loyola Marymount University

text: LMU also has multi-cultural Greek organizations including Sigma Lambda Gamma (2000), and chapters from the National Pan-Hellenic Council include Alpha Kappa Alpha (2011), Delta Sigma Theta (2000), Kappa Alpha Psi, and Sigma Gamma Rho (2006).


title: Nick Chubb

text: Nicholas Jamaal Chubb (born December 27, 1995) is an American football running back for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Browns in the second round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb attended Cedartown High School in Cedartown, Georgia, where he was a two-sport star for the Bulldogs’ football and track teams. In football, he led the state of Georgia in rushing yards with 2,721 with 38 touchdowns as a junior. As a senior, he had 2,690 yards and 41 touchdowns. He finished his high school career with 6,983 rushing yards and 102 rushing touchdowns.


title: Nick Chubb

text: As a standout track & field athlete, Chubb competed from 2011 to 2015 in events ranging from the 100-meters to the shot put. At the 2013 4A Sectionals, he took fifth place in the long jump event with a leap of 6.85 meters (22 ft, 4 in). At the 2014 4A Sectionals, he won the shot put event, recording a top-throw of 17.05 meters (55 ft, 8in), and earned second-place finishes in both the 100-meter dash, with a time of 10.69 seconds (setting a school record) and the 200-meter dash, with a time of 21.83 seconds. He captured the state title in the shot put at the 2014 Class AAAA with a throw of 16.77 meters (55 ft).


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb was ranked by both Rivals.com and Scout.com as a four-star recruit. In June 2013, he committed to the University of Georgia to play college football under head coach Mark Richt.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb entered his true freshman season as a backup to starter and future NFL running back Todd Gurley. After Gurley was suspended, Chubb took over as the starter. In his first start, he rushed for 143 yards on 38 carries at Missouri. The next game, he rushed for 202 yards and two touchdowns on 30 carries against Arkansas. In the 2014 Belk Bowl against Louisville, Chubb broke the bowl game record with 266 rushing yards and was named the Belk Bowl MVP. Chubb finished his freshman season with 1,547 rushing yards, good for second in the SEC, despite starting just eight games.


title: Nick Chubb

text: At the Alabama game on October 3, 2015, he tied Herschel Walker's record of 13 consecutive 100-yard games. However, on October 10, 2015, Chubb suffered a "grotesque" knee injury against Tennessee, preventing him from surpassing the record. Due to that injury, he missed the rest of the 2015 season but returned for the 2016 season under new head coach Kirby Smart.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb returned in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game, rushing for 222 yards and two touchdowns in a victory over #22 North Carolina. After two modest performances in narrow victories, Chubb sprained his ankle against Ole Miss and was used sparingly over the next five games. Georgia went 1–4 in that period, the sole victory coming over South Carolina behind Chubb's 121 yards and two touchdowns (along with Sony Michel's 133 yards). Chubb split carries with Michel for the remaining four games of the regular season, but had 100+ yards in two anyway, and ended 2016 with 142 yards and a game-sealing touchdown over TCU in the Liberty Bowl. He also passed former backfield partner Todd Gurley for second all-time in school rush yards. Chubb also passed Kevin Faulk and Darren McFadden to become second in all-time SEC rushing yards, trailing only fellow bulldog Herschel Walker—who was voted the greatest college football player of all time by FBS coaches—in this category.


title: Nick Chubb

text: It was thought that Chubb would enter the 2017 NFL Draft, but he decided to return in 2017 for his senior season with the Bulldogs. During his senior campaign, Chubb split carries with Sony Michel, but still managed to amass 1,345 yards on 223 carries (6.0 average) with 15 touchdowns. The two led Georgia to a 12–1 record and an SEC title. In a double-overtime victory over Oklahoma in the Rose Bowl in the College Football Playoff semifinal, Chubb had 145 yards on 14 carries, including a 50-yard touchdown just after halftime and a game-tying 2-yard run in the last minute of regulation. (Previously that season, Chubb eclipsed 125 yards and two touchdowns three other times: against Samford, Vanderbilt, and Kentucky.) In the national championship game, Alabama's suffocating defense held Chubb to just 25 yards on 18 carries in the 26–23 overtime loss.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the second round with the 35th overall pick in the 2018 NFL Draft. He was the fourth running back to be selected that year.


title: Nick Chubb

text: On June 4, 2018, Chubb signed a four-year rookie deal worth about $7.4 million. The contract included a $3.4 million signing bonus.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Playing behind veterans Carlos Hyde and Duke Johnson, he made his NFL debut in a season-opening 21–21 tie with the Pittsburgh Steelers where he had three carries for 21 yards. With just four carries for 20 yards in the next two games, Chubb made the most of his three carries in a Week 4 45–42 overtime loss to the Oakland Raiders with touchdowns of 63 and 41 yards. Chubb was the fourth player in NFL history to break 100 rushing yards on three or fewer carries. On October 19, after the Browns traded Carlos Hyde to the Jacksonville Jaguars, Chubb was named the full-time starter. On November 11, Chubb broke off a 92-yard rushing touchdown to help the Browns secure a 28–16 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. Chubb's run was the longest rushing touchdown in Browns franchise history. He finished the game with 20 carries for 176 yards and one touchdown to go along with three receptions for 33 yards and the first receiving touchdown of his career.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb finished his rookie year with 192 carries for 996 rushing yards and eight touchdowns (third among rookies in both categories to Saquon Barkley and Phillip Lindsay) along with 20 receptions for 149 receiving yards and two touchdowns.


title: Nick Chubb

text: During Week 2 against the New York Jets, Chubb rushed 18 times for 62 yards and his first rushing touchdown of the season in the 23–3 victory. Two weeks later against the Baltimore Ravens, he ran for 165 rushing yards and a career high three touchdowns in the 40–25 victory. Chubb was named AFC Offensive Player Of The Week. During Week 6 against the Seattle Seahawks, he rushed 20 times for 122 yards and two touchdowns in the 32–28 loss, moving to second in the league in rushing. After a Week 7 bye, Chubb had 131 yards but two lost fumbles in a 27–13 loss to the New England Patriots in Week 8. During Week 12 against the Miami Dolphins, he rushed 21 times for 106 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for 58 yards in the 41–24 win. Chubb's 92 rushing yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 11 were enough to move him past Christian McCaffrey for the league lead. During Week 14, Chubb had his sixth 100-yard game with 106 yards (99 of them in the second half) in the 27–19 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals, he finished with 127 rushing yards and a 33-yard touchdown in the 24–38 loss. He earned his first Pro Bowl nomination for his 2019 season.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb finished his second season with 1,494 rushing yards and eight touchdowns along with 36 receptions for 278 yards. His 1,494 rushing yards were the second-highest behind Derrick Henry, who rushed for 1,540 yards. He was ranked 36th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Nick Chubb

text: In Week 2 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Chubb recorded 22 carries for 124 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 35–30 victory on "Thursday Night Football". During Week 3 against the Washington Football Team, Chubb finished with 108 rushing yards and two touchdowns as the Browns won 34–20. In Week 4 against the Dallas Cowboys, Chubb suffered an MCL injury. The Browns placed him on injured reserve on October 5, 2020. Chubb was activated from injured reserve on November 14, 2020. In Week 10 against the Houston Texans, in his first game back from injury, Chubb recorded 19 carries for 126 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown, and sealed the win for the Browns with a 59-yard run late in the fourth quarter.


title: Nick Chubb

text: In Week 11 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Chubb recorded 20 carries for 114 rushing yards during the 22–17 win. In Week 12, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 19 carries for 144 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 27–25 victory. In Week 14, against the Baltimore Ravens, he had 17 carries for 82 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 47–42 loss on "Monday Night Football". In Week 17, Nick Chubb eclipsed 1,000 yards for the season and became the first Browns running back to run for a touchdown of 40 yards or more against the Pittsburgh Steelers since Jim Brown in 1958. He earned a second Pro Bowl nomination for his performance in the 2020 season. He finished the 2020 season with 1,067 rushing yards and 12 rushing touchdowns.


title: Nick Chubb

text: In the against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Chubb totaled 145 yards on 22 touches, including a 40-yard touchdown catch in the fourth quarter that broke the game open and stopped any chances of a Steelers comeback. The Browns would go on to win 48–37. He was ranked 26th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Nick Chubb

text: On July 31, 2021, Chubb signed a three-year, $36.6 million contract extension with the Browns. He scored two touchdowns in the Browns' season-opening loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. In Week 5, against the Los Angeles Chargers, he had 21 carries for 161 yards and a touchdown in the 47–42 loss. After missing two games, he had 14 carries for 137 rushing yards and two touchdowns in a 41–16 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. Chubb tested positive for COVID-19 and was out the following game against the Patriots. He returned the following week and had 22 carries for 130 yards in a 13–10 victory over Detroit. In Week 16, against the Green Bay Packers, he had 184 scrimmage yards in the 24–22 loss.


title: Nick Chubb

text: On December 20, 2021, Chubb was one of five Cleveland Browns players selected to the NFL Pro Bowl. Chubb finished the 2021 season with 1,259 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns to go along with 20 receptions for 174 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. Chubb finished second in the NFL in rushing yards. He was ranked 33rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb started the 2022 season strong with 22 carries for 141 rushing yards in a 26–24 win over the Carolina Panthers. The following week, he had three rushing touchdowns in a 31–30 loss to the New York Jets. Chubb scored a late touchdown to give the Browns a 13-point lead, but a series of miscues by the Browns led to the eventual comeback by the Jets. In Week 3, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Chubb had 23 carries for 113 rushing yards and a touchdown in the 29–17 win. In Week 4, against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 19 carries for 118 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 23–20 loss. In Week 5, against the Los Angeles Chargers, he had 17 carries for 134 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 30–28 loss.


title: Nick Chubb

text: Chubb is named for his great-grandfather, one of eight brothers who founded Chubbtown, Georgia, a settlement of free blacks which endured through the American Civil War. His older brothers Henry played cornerback for Troy University and Zach played defensive back for Air Force. His father Henry played at Valdosta State, and his uncle Aaron was a linebacker for Georgia. Cousin Bradley Chubb plays for the Miami Dolphins, while another cousin Brandon Chubb was an undrafted free-agent signing who has been on multiple NFL rosters.


title: Roman Egypt

text: Egypt ( ; ) was a subdivision of the Roman Empire from Rome's invasion of the Ptolemaic Egyptian Kingdom after the battle of Alexandria in 30 BC to its loss by the Byzantine Empire to the Islamic conquests in AD 641. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai, and was bordered by the provinces of Crete and Cyrenaica to the west and Judea, later Arabia Petraea, to the East. Egypt came to serve as a major producer of grain for the empire and had a highly developed urban economy. Aegyptus was by far the wealthiest Eastern Roman province, and by far the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italy. The population of Roman Egypt is unknown, although estimates vary from . Alexandria, its capital, was the largest port and second largest city of the Roman Empire.


title: Roman Egypt

text: After the Assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, the Ptolemaic Kingdom (), which had ruled Egypt since the Wars of Alexander the Great brought an end to Achaemenid Egypt (the Thirty-first Dynasty), took the side of Mark Antony in the last war of the Roman Republic, against the eventual victor Octavian, who as Augustus became the first Roman emperor in 27 BC, having defeated Mark Antony and the pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, at the naval Battle of Actium. After the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra, the Roman Republic annexed the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Augustus and many subsequent emperors ruled Egypt as the Roman pharaohs. The Ptolemaic institutions were dismantled, and though some bureaucratic elements were maintained the government administration was wholly reformed along with the social structure. The Graeco-Egyptian legal system of the Hellenistic period continued in use, but within the bounds of Roman law. The tetradrachm coinage minted at the Ptolemaic capital of Alexandria continued to be the currency of an increasingly monetized economy, but its value was made equal to the Roman "denarius." The priesthoods of the Ancient Egyptian deities and Hellenistic religions of Egypt kept most of their temples and privileges, and in turn the priests also served the Roman imperial cult of the deified emperors and their families.


title: Roman Egypt

text: From the 1st century BC, the Roman governor of Egypt was appointed by the emperor for a multi-year term and given the rank of prefect (). Both the governor and the major officials were of equestrian rank (rather than of senatorial rank). Three Roman legions garrisoned Egypt in the early Roman imperial period, with the garrison later reduced to two, alongside "auxilia" formations of the Roman army. Augustus introduced land reforms that enabled wider entitlement to private ownership of land (previously rare under the Ptolemaic cleruchy system of allotments under royal ownership) and the local administration reformed into a Roman liturgical system, in which land-owners were required to serve in local government. The status of Egypt's cities were increased, particularly the major towns of each "nome" (administrative region), known as a "mētropolis" (). The "mētropoleis" were governed by magistrates drawn from the liturgy system; these magistrates, as in other Roman cities, practised euergetism and built public buildings. In 200/201, the emperor Septimius Severus () allowed to each metropolis, and to the city of Alexandria, a "boulē" (a Hellenistic town council).


title: Roman Egypt

text: The Antonine Plague struck in the latter 2nd century, but Roman Egypt recovered by the 3rd century. Having escaped much of the Crisis of the Third Century, Roman Egypt fell under the control of the breakaway Palmyrene Empire after the invasion of Egypt by Zenobia in 269. The emperor Aurelian () successfully besieged Alexandria and recovered Egypt, as did Diocletian () in his 297–298 campaign against the usurpers Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus.


title: Roman Egypt

text: The inhabitants of Roman Egypt were divided by social class along ethnic and cultural lines. Roman citizens and citizens of Alexandria were exempted from the poll tax paid by the other inhabitants, the "Egyptians", and had other defined legal distinctions. Egyptians legally resident in the metropolis of the "nomoi" paid a reduced poll tax and had more privileges than other Egyptians, and within these "mētropoleis" there were the Hellenic socio-political élite, who as an urban, land-owning aristocracy dominated Egypt by the 2nd and throughout the 3rd centuries through their large private estates. Most inhabitants were peasants, many working as tenant-farmers for high rents in kind, cultivating sacred land belonging to temples or public land formerly belonging to the Egyptian monarchy. The division between the rural life of the villages, where the Egyptian language was spoken, and the metropolis, where the citizens spoke Koine Greek and frequented the Hellenistic "gymnasia", was the most significant cultural division in Roman Egypt, and was not dissolved by the "Constitutio Antoniniana" of 212, which made all free Egyptians Roman citizens. There was considerable social mobility however, accompanying mass urbanization, and participation in the monetized economy and literacy in Greek by the peasant population was widespread.