title: Gaboon viper

text: The color pattern is striking in the open, but in nature, typically among dead leaves under trees, it provides a high degree of camouflage; in a well-kept cage with a suitable base of dried leaves, overlooking several fully exposed specimens completely is easy. The pattern consists of a series of pale, subrectangular blotches running down the center of the back, interspaced with dark, yellow-edged, hourglass markings. The flanks have a series of fawn or brown rhomboidal shapes, with light vertical central bars. The belly is pale with irregular brown or black blotches. The head is white or cream with a fine, dark central line, black spots on the rear corners, and a dark blue-black triangle behind and below each eye. The iris colour is cream, yellow-white, orange, or silvery.


title: Gaboon viper

text: This species can be found in Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the DR Congo, northern Angola, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, eastern Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and northeast KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Mallow "et al." (2003) also list Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Liberia in West Africa. The type locality is given as "Gabon" (Africa).


title: Gaboon viper

text: The Gaboon viper is usually found in rainforests and nearby woodlands, mainly at low altitudes, but sometimes as high as 1500 m above sea level. Spawls "et al." (2004) mention a maximum altitude of 2100 m. According to Broadley and Cock (1975), it is generally found in environments that are parallel to those occupied by its close relative, "B. arietans", which is normally found in more open country.


title: Gaboon viper

text: In Tanzania, this species is found in secondary thickets, cashew plantations, and agricultural land under bushes and in thickets. In Uganda, they are found in forests and nearby grasslands. They also do well in reclaimed forest areas - cacao plantations in West Africa and coffee plantations in East Africa. They have been found in evergreen forests in Zambia. In Zimbabwe, they only occur in areas of high rainfall along the forested escarpment in the east of the country. In general, they may also be found in swamps, as well as in still and moving waters. They are commonly found in agricultural areas near forests and on roads at night.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Primarily nocturnal, Gaboon vipers have a reputation for being slow-moving and placid. They usually hunt by ambush, often spending long periods motionless, waiting for suitable prey to pass by, though they have been known to hunt actively, mostly during the first six hours of the night. In Kumasi, Ghana, they were regularly killed by ranch hands around some stables in an open field with the forest some 500 meters away—a sign that they were hunting rats in the grassland. They are usually very tolerant snakes, even when handled, and rarely bite or hiss, unlike most vipers. However, bites by bad-tempered individuals do occur.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Locomotion is mostly rectilinear, in a sluggish "walking" motion of the ventral scales. They may writhe from side to side when alarmed, but only for short distances. Ditmars (1933) even described them as being capable of sidewinding.


title: Gaboon viper

text: If threatened, Gaboon vipers may hiss loudly as a warning, doing so in a deep and steady rhythm, slightly flattening the head at the expiration of each breath. Despite this, they are unlikely to strike unless severely provoked; however, they are one of the fastest-striking snakes in the world, so care should be taken in handling them. It is best to avoid handling them in most circumstances.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Numerous descriptions have been given of their generally unaggressive nature. Sweeney (1961) wrote they are so docile that they "can be handled as freely as any nonvenomous species", although this is absolutely not recommended. In Lane (1963), Ionides explained he would capture specimens by first touching them lightly on the top of the head with a pair of tongs to test their reactions. Hissing and anger were rarely displayed, so the tongs were usually set aside and the snakes firmly grasped by the neck with one hand and the body supported with the other as he picked them up and carried them to a box for containment. He said the snakes hardly ever struggled.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Parry (1975) described how this species has a wider range of eye movement than other snakes. Along a horizontal plane, eye movement can be maintained even if the head is rotated up or down to an angle of up to 45°. If the head is rotated 360°, one eye will tilt up and the other down, depending on the direction of rotation. Also, if one eye looks forward, the other looks back, as if both are connected to a fixed position on an axis between them. In general, the eyes often flick back and forth in a rapid and jerky manner. When asleep, no eye movement occurs and the pupils are strongly contracted. The pupils dilate suddenly and eye movement resumes when the animal awakens.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Because of their large, heavy body size, the adults have no trouble eating prey as large as fully grown rabbits. When prey happens by, they strike from any angle. They can quickly reposition their fangs if they happen to miss or strike an unsuitable area of their prey. Once they strike their prey, they hang on to it with their large fangs rather than letting it go and waiting for it to die. This behaviour is very different from that of other species of vipers. These snakes feed on a variety of birds, mammals, and amphibians such as doves, guineafowl, francolins, and many different species of rodents, including field mice and rats, as well as hares, rabbits, frogs, and toads. More unlikely prey items, such as tree monkeys, the Gambian pouched rat ("Cricetomys"), the brush-tailed porcupine ("Atherurus") and even the small royal antelope ("Neotragus") have been reported.


title: Gaboon viper

text: During peak sexual activity, males engage in combat. This starts with one male rubbing his chin along the back of the other. The second male then raises his head as high as possible. As they both do the same, their necks intertwine. When the heads are level, they turn towards each other and push. Their bodies intertwine as they switch positions. They become oblivious to everything else, continuing even after they fall off a surface or into water. Sometimes, they intertwine and squeeze so tightly that their scales stand out from the pressure. They have also been observed to strike at each other with mouths closed. Occasionally, the combatants tire and break off the fight by "mutual consent", resting for a while before resuming once more. The event is settled when one of the two succeeds in pushing the other's head to the ground and raising his own by 20–30 cm. In captivity, combat may occur four or five times a week until courtship and copulation end. Females can have 50 to 60 babies at a time. The young are born live.


title: Gaboon viper

text: Bites from this species are extremely rare, because they are seldom aggressive and their range limited to rainforest areas. Since they are sluggish and unwilling to move even when approached, the humans they bite are usually those accidentally stepping on them, and even then they may not be bitten. When a bite does occur, it should always be considered a serious medical emergency. Even an average bite from an average-sized specimen is potentially fatal. Antivenom should be administered as soon as possible to save the affected limb, or indeed the victim's life.


title: Gaboon viper

text: The snake's venom is cytotoxic and cardiotoxic. In mice, the is 0.8–5.0 mg/kg intravenously, 2.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and 5.0–6.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. Since their venom glands are enormous, each bite produces the second-largest quantity of venom of any venomous snake; this is partially because, unlike many African vipers, such as the puff adder, the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite, which enables it to inject larger amounts of venom. Yield is probably related to body weight, as opposed to milking interval. Brown (1973) gives a venom yield range of 200–1000 mg (of dried venom). A range of 200–600 mg for specimens 125–155 cm in length has also been reported. Spawls and Branch (1995) state from 5 to 7 mL (450–600 mg) of venom may be injected in a single bite.


title: Gaboon viper

text: A study by Marsh and Whaler (1984) reported a maximum yield of 9.7 mL of wet venom, which translated to 2400 mg of dried venom. They attached "alligator" clip electrodes to the angle of the open jaw of anesthetized specimens (length 133–136 cm, girth 23–25 cm, weight 1.3–3.4 kg), yielding 1.3–7.6 mL (mean 4.4 mL) of venom. Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands. The Gaboon vipers used for the study were milked between seven and 11 times over a 12-month period, during which they remained in good health and the potency of their venom remained the same.


title: Gaboon viper

text: From how sensitive monkeys were to the venom, Whaler (1971) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being, equivalent to 0.06 mL of venom, or 1/50 to 1/1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking. Marsh and Whaler (1984) wrote that 35 mg (1/30 of the average venom yield) would be enough to kill a man of . Branch (1992) suggested that 90–100 mg would be fatal in humans.


title: Gaboon viper

text: In humans, a bite from a Gaboon viper causes rapid and conspicuous swelling, intense pain, severe shock, and local blistering. Other symptoms may include uncoordinated movements, defecation, urination, swelling of the tongue and eyelids, convulsions, and unconsciousness. Blistering, bruising, and necrosis may be extensive. Sudden hypotension, heart damage, and dyspnoea may occur. The blood may become incoagulable, with internal bleeding that may lead to haematuria and haematemesis. Local tissue damage may require surgical excision and possibly amputation to any affected limb. Healing may be slow, and fatalities during the recovery period are not uncommon.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In mathematics, the harmonic mean is one of several kinds of average, and in particular, one of the Pythagorean means. It is sometimes appropriate for situations when the average rate is desired.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The harmonic mean can be expressed as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the given set of observations. As a simple example, the harmonic mean of 1, 4, and 4 is


title: Harmonic mean

text: The third formula in the above equation expresses the harmonic mean as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals.


title: Harmonic mean

text: it is more apparent that the harmonic mean is related to the arithmetic and geometric means. It is the reciprocal dual of the arithmetic mean for positive inputs:


title: Harmonic mean

text: The harmonic mean is a Schur-concave function, and dominated by the minimum of its arguments, in the sense that for any positive set of arguments, formula_6. Thus, the harmonic mean cannot be made arbitrarily large by changing some values to bigger ones (while having at least one value unchanged).


title: Harmonic mean

text: One has to take care to only use positive numbers though, since the mean fails to be concave if negative values are used.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The harmonic mean is one of the three Pythagorean means. For all "positive" data sets "containing at least one pair of nonequal values", the harmonic mean is always the least of the three means, while the arithmetic mean is always the greatest of the three and the geometric mean is always in between. (If all values in a nonempty dataset are equal, the three means are always equal to one another; e.g., the harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means of {2, 2, 2} are all 2.)


title: Harmonic mean

text: Since the harmonic mean of a list of numbers tends strongly toward the least elements of the list, it tends (compared to the arithmetic mean) to mitigate the impact of large outliers and aggravate the impact of small ones.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The arithmetic mean is often mistakenly used in places calling for the harmonic mean. In the speed example below for instance, the arithmetic mean of 40 is incorrect, and too big.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The harmonic mean is related to the other Pythagorean means, as seen in the equation below. This can be seen by interpreting the denominator to be the arithmetic mean of the product of numbers "n" times but each time omitting the "j"-th term. That is, for the first term, we multiply all "n" numbers except the first; for the second, we multiply all "n" numbers except the second; and so on. The numerator, excluding the "n", which goes with the arithmetic mean, is the geometric mean to the power "n". Thus the "n"-th harmonic mean is related to the "n"-th geometric and arithmetic means. The general formula is


title: Harmonic mean

text: If a set of non-identical numbers is subjected to a mean-preserving spread — that is, two or more elements of the set are "spread apart" from each other while leaving the arithmetic mean unchanged — then the harmonic mean always decreases.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In this special case, the harmonic mean is related to the arithmetic mean formula_13 and the geometric mean formula_14 by


title: Harmonic mean

text: Since formula_16 by the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, this shows for the "n" = 2 case that "H" ≤ "G" (a property that in fact holds for all "n"). It also follows that formula_17, meaning the two numbers' geometric mean equals the geometric mean of their arithmetic and harmonic means.


title: Harmonic mean

text: For the special case of three numbers, formula_9, formula_10 and formula_20, the harmonic mean can be written


title: Harmonic mean

text: Three positive numbers "H", "G", and "A" are respectively the harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means of three positive numbers if and only if the following inequality holds


title: Harmonic mean

text: If a set of weights formula_23, ..., formula_24 is associated to the dataset formula_9, ..., formula_26, the weighted harmonic mean is defined by


title: Harmonic mean

text: In many situations involving rates and ratios, the harmonic mean provides the correct average. For instance, if a vehicle travels a certain distance "d" outbound at a speed "x" (e.g. 60 km/h) and returns the same distance at a speed "y" (e.g. 20 km/h), then its average speed is the harmonic mean of "x" and "y" (30 km/h), not the arithmetic mean (40 km/h). The total travel time is the same as if it had traveled the whole distance at that average speed. This can be proven as follows:


title: Harmonic mean

text: However, if the vehicle travels for a certain amount of "time" at a speed "x" and then the same amount of time at a speed "y", then its average speed is the arithmetic mean of "x" and "y", which in the above example is 40 km/h.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The same principle applies to more than two segments: given a series of sub-trips at different speeds, if each sub-trip covers the same "distance", then the average speed is the "harmonic" mean of all the sub-trip speeds; and if each sub-trip takes the same amount of "time", then the average speed is the "arithmetic" mean of all the sub-trip speeds. (If neither is the case, then a weighted harmonic mean or weighted arithmetic mean is needed. For the arithmetic mean, the speed of each portion of the trip is weighted by the duration of that portion, while for the harmonic mean, the corresponding weight is the distance. In both cases, the resulting formula reduces to dividing the total distance by the total time.)


title: Harmonic mean

text: However, one may avoid the use of the harmonic mean for the case of "weighting by distance". Pose the problem as finding "slowness" of the trip where "slowness" (in hours per kilometre) is the inverse of speed. When trip slowness is found, invert it so as to find the "true" average trip speed. For each trip segment i, the slowness s = 1/speed. Then take the weighted arithmetic mean of the s's weighted by their respective distances (optionally with the weights normalized so they sum to 1 by dividing them by trip length). This gives the true average slowness (in time per kilometre). It turns out that this procedure, which can be done with no knowledge of the harmonic mean, amounts to the same mathematical operations as one would use in solving this problem by using the harmonic mean. Thus it illustrates why the harmonic mean works in this case.


title: Harmonic mean

text: Similarly, if one wishes to estimate the density of an alloy given the densities of its constituent elements and their mass fractions (or, equivalently, percentages by mass), then the predicted density of the alloy (exclusive of typically minor volume changes due to atom packing effects) is the weighted harmonic mean of the individual densities, weighted by mass, rather than the weighted arithmetic mean as one might at first expect. To use the weighted arithmetic mean, the densities would have to be weighted by volume. Applying dimensional analysis to the problem while labeling the mass units by element and making sure that only like element-masses cancel makes this clear.


title: Harmonic mean

text: If one connects two electrical resistors in parallel, one having resistance "x" (e.g., 60 Ω) and one having resistance "y" (e.g., 40 Ω), then the effect is the same as if one had used two resistors with the same resistance, both equal to the harmonic mean of "x" and "y" (48 Ω): the equivalent resistance, in either case, is 24 Ω (one-half of the harmonic mean). This same principle applies to capacitors in series or to inductors in parallel.


title: Harmonic mean

text: However, if one connects the resistors in series, then the average resistance is the arithmetic mean of "x" and "y" (50 Ω), with total resistance equal to twice this, the sum of "x" and "y" (100 Ω). This principle applies to capacitors in parallel or to inductors in series.


title: Harmonic mean

text: As with the previous example, the same principle applies when more than two resistors, capacitors or inductors are connected, provided that all are in parallel or all are in series.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The "conductivity effective mass" of a semiconductor is also defined as the harmonic mean of the effective masses along the three crystallographic directions.


title: Harmonic mean

text: As for other optic equations, the thin lens equation = + can be rewritten such that the focal length "f" is one-half of the harmonic mean of the distances of the subject "u" and object "v" from the lens.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The weighted harmonic mean is the preferable method for averaging multiples, such as the price–earnings ratio (P/E). If these ratios are averaged using a weighted arithmetic mean, high data points are given greater weights than low data points. The weighted harmonic mean, on the other hand, correctly weights each data point. The simple weighted arithmetic mean when applied to non-price normalized ratios such as the P/E is biased upwards and cannot be numerically justified, since it is based on equalized earnings; just as vehicles speeds cannot be averaged for a roundtrip journey (see above).


title: Harmonic mean

text: For example, consider two firms, one with a market capitalization of $150 billion and earnings of $5 billion (P/E of 30) and one with a market capitalization of $1 billion and earnings of $1 million (P/E of 1000). Consider an index made of the two stocks, with 30% invested in the first and 70% invested in the second. We want to calculate the P/E ratio of this index.


title: Harmonic mean

text: Thus, the correct P/E of 93.46 of this index can only be found using the weighted harmonic mean, while the weighted arithmetic mean will significantly overestimate it.


title: Harmonic mean

text: For any point P on the minor arc BC of the circumcircle of an equilateral triangle ABC, with distances "q" and "t" from B and C respectively, and with the intersection of PA and BC being at a distance "y" from point P, we have that "y" is half the harmonic mean of "q" and "t".


title: Harmonic mean

text: In a right triangle with legs "a" and "b" and altitude "h" from the hypotenuse to the right angle, is half the harmonic mean of and .


title: Harmonic mean

text: Let "t" and "s" ("t" > "s") be the sides of the two inscribed squares in a right triangle with hypotenuse "c". Then equals half the harmonic mean of and .


title: Harmonic mean

text: Let a trapezoid have vertices A, B, C, and D in sequence and have parallel sides AB and CD. Let E be the intersection of the diagonals, and let F be on side DA and G be on side BC such that FEG is parallel to AB and CD. Then FG is the harmonic mean of AB and DC. (This is provable using similar triangles.)


title: Harmonic mean

text: One application of this trapezoid result is in the crossed ladders problem, where two ladders lie oppositely across an alley, each with feet at the base of one sidewall, with one leaning against a wall at height "A" and the other leaning against the opposite wall at height "B", as shown. The ladders cross at a height of "h" above the alley floor. Then "h" is half the harmonic mean of "A" and "B". This result still holds if the walls are slanted but still parallel and the "heights" "A", "B", and "h" are measured as distances from the floor along lines parallel to the walls. This can be proved easily using the area formula of a trapezoid and area addition formula.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In an ellipse, the semi-latus rectum (the distance from a focus to the ellipse along a line parallel to the minor axis) is the harmonic mean of the maximum and minimum distances of the ellipse from a focus.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In computer science, specifically information retrieval and machine learning, the harmonic mean of the precision (true positives per predicted positive) and the recall (true positives per real positive) is often used as an aggregated performance score for the evaluation of algorithms and systems: the F-score (or F-measure). This is used in information retrieval because only the positive class is of relevance, while number of negatives, in general, is large and unknown. It is thus a trade-off as to whether the correct positive predictions should be measured in relation to the number of predicted positives or the number of real positives, so it is measured versus a putative number of positives that is an arithmetic mean of the two possible denominators.


title: Harmonic mean

text: A consequence arises from basic algebra in problems where people or systems work together. As an example, if a gas-powered pump can drain a pool in 4 hours and a battery-powered pump can drain the same pool in 6 hours, then it will take both pumps , which is equal to 2.4 hours, to drain the pool together. This is one-half of the harmonic mean of 6 and 4: . That is, the appropriate average for the two types of pump is the harmonic mean, and with one pair of pumps (two pumps), it takes half this harmonic mean time, while with two pairs of pumps (four pumps) it would take a quarter of this harmonic mean time.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In hydrology, the harmonic mean is similarly used to average hydraulic conductivity values for a flow that is perpendicular to layers (e.g., geologic or soil) - flow parallel to layers uses the arithmetic mean. This apparent difference in averaging is explained by the fact that hydrology uses conductivity, which is the inverse of resistivity.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In sabermetrics, a player's Power–speed number is the harmonic mean of their home run and stolen base totals.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In population genetics, the harmonic mean is used when calculating the effects of fluctuations in the census population size on the effective population size. The harmonic mean takes into account the fact that events such as population bottleneck increase the rate genetic drift and reduce the amount of genetic variation in the population. This is a result of the fact that following a bottleneck very few individuals contribute to the gene pool limiting the genetic variation present in the population for many generations to come.


title: Harmonic mean

text: When considering fuel economy in automobiles two measures are commonly used – miles per gallon (mpg), and litres per 100 km. As the dimensions of these quantities are the inverse of each other (one is distance per volume, the other volume per distance) when taking the mean value of the fuel economy of a range of cars one measure will produce the harmonic mean of the other – i.e., converting the mean value of fuel economy expressed in litres per 100 km to miles per gallon will produce the harmonic mean of the fuel economy expressed in miles per gallon. For calculating the average fuel consumption of a fleet of vehicles from the individual fuel consumptions, the harmonic mean should be used if the fleet uses miles per gallon, whereas the arithmetic mean should be used if the fleet uses litres per 100 km. In the USA the CAFE standards (the federal automobile fuel consumption standards) make use of the harmonic mean.


title: Harmonic mean

text: In chemistry and nuclear physics the average mass per particle of a mixture consisting of different species (e.g., molecules or isotopes) is given by the harmonic mean of the individual species' masses weighted by their respective mass fraction.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The harmonic mean with "α" < 1 is undefined because its defining expression is not bounded in [0, 1].


title: Harmonic mean

text: showing that for "α" = "β" the harmonic mean ranges from 0 for "α" = "β" = 1, to 1/2 for "α" = "β" → ∞.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The following are the limits with one parameter finite (non-zero) and the other parameter approaching these limits:


title: Harmonic mean

text: With the geometric mean the harmonic mean may be useful in maximum likelihood estimation in the four parameter case.


title: Harmonic mean

text: This harmonic mean with "β" < 1 is undefined because its defining expression is not bounded in [ 0, 1 ].


title: Harmonic mean

text: showing that for "α" = "β" the harmonic mean ranges from 0, for "α" = "β" = 1, to 1/2, for "α" = "β" → ∞.


title: Harmonic mean

text: The following are the limits with one parameter finite (non zero) and the other approaching these limits:


title: Harmonic mean

text: where "μ" and "σ" are the parameters of the distribution, i.e. the mean and variance of the distribution of the natural logarithm of "X".


title: Harmonic mean

text: For a random sample, the harmonic mean is calculated as above. Both the mean and the variance may be infinite (if it includes at least one term of the form 1/0).


title: Harmonic mean

text: where "m" is the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals, "x" are the variates, "n" is the population size and "E" is the expectation operator.


title: Harmonic mean

text: Assuming that the variance is not infinite and that the central limit theorem applies to the sample then using the delta method, the variance is


title: Harmonic mean

text: A jackknife method of estimating the variance is possible if the mean is known. This method is the usual 'delete 1' rather than the 'delete m' version.


title: Harmonic mean

text: Assume a random variate has a distribution "f"( "x" ). Assume also that the likelihood of a variate being chosen is proportional to its value. This is known as length based or size biased sampling.


title: Harmonic mean

text: Let "μ" be the mean of the population. Then the probability density function "f"*( "x" ) of the size biased population is


title: Harmonic mean

text: The problem of length biased sampling arises in a number of areas including textile manufacture pedigree analysis and survival analysis


title: Harmonic mean

text: Assuming that the variates ("x") are drawn from a lognormal distribution there are several possible estimators for "H":


title: Harmonic mean

text: In numerical experiments "H" is generally a superior estimator of the harmonic mean than "H". "H" produces estimates that are largely similar to "H".


title: Harmonic mean

text: The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of the harmonic mean in setting maximum toxin levels in water.


Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4, known in Japan as , is a fighting game developed by CyberConnect2 and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Steam in February 2016. It is the sixth and final installment of the " Storm" series inspired by Masashi Kishimoto's manga "Naruto". It is the sequel to the 2013 game "".


The narrative follows the young ninjas Naruto Uzumaki and Sasuke Uchiha as they participate in a world war between shinobithe Fourth Shinobi World Waragainst the terrorist organization Akatsuki and unite to defeat it. Similar to "Storm 3", the game uses regular fighting systems; however, players can switch among a team of three fighters who can assist each other. Other returning elements involve boss fights, where quick time events are required to reach hidden scenes and hack and slash areas. The expansion version is entitled "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 - Road to Boruto"; this version, under development, was compiled with three other series titles as "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Legacy" and released on in August 2017. It adds new characters from the 2015 film, "", and adult versions of the younger fighters.


The game was developed for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One over a two-year period. CyberConnect2 took advantage of the hardware's potential to incorporate more fighting mechanics and add new fighters. The game received generally-positive reviews, according to Metacritic; its narrative and graphics were praised, but critics were also divided about the length of the story and the depth of the controls. A Nintendo Switch port of "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 - Road to Boruto" was released in April 2020. Including "Road to Boruto", the game had sold 10.7 million copies by March 2022.


title: Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4

text: "Ultimate Ninja Storm 4" gameplay is similar to that of previous games in the series, in which players battle each other in 3D arenas. A returning feature, omitted since the original "Ultimate Ninja Storm", is the ability to wall-run; players can battle on the sides (walls) of each arena. A major change to the feature is the ability to have one character on the wall and the other on the field; the second player was originally also moved to the wall to keep the battle flowing and the system in check. The game has the largest number of fighters in series history. Its roster includes 106 fighters from the "Naruto" universe, including duplicates of the same characters, such as Naruto (Part 1) and Naruto (Six Paths Sage Mode). The game also includes characters from the films "" (2014) and "" (2015). There is total of over a hundred characters in the game.


text: The option to select one of three fighting types was removed; it was introduced in "", restoring the rest of the series' strongest attacks, Ultimate Jutsu and Awakenings system which enhances the fighting capabilities of fighter for a limited time. Another new feature is the ability to swap characters during battle, similar to games such as "". Awakenings and ultimate jutsus can be shared by switchable characters; players can build their meter with one character and switch to the other, using the same abilities with the other character (which shares the life bar). Also new to the series is the ability to break weapons and armor in free and boss battles with the ability to inflict elemental damage; fire can burn away clothing, but players can get rid of fire by moving quickly across the area or being attacked with water.


text: A player can initially play the main story mode about the Fourth Shinobi World War set after the events of "". which it is divided into lineal chapters involving the parallel encounters Naruto and Sasuke have until reuniting. Optional chapters focused on the supporting cast's past are also available to play. Similar to previous "Storm" games, the history mode has boss fights with quick time events and hack and slash elements. When they complete the mode, the player can travel across an open world to recreate fights from previous series installments. The DLC "Road to Boruto" also focuses on the same open world but restricted to Hidden Leaf Village with sidequests being available besides completing its main narrative.


text: The story begins with a fight to the death battle the founders of Hidden Leaf Village: Hashirama Senju and Madara Uchiha. Several years later, the Fourth Great Ninja War is fought by the allied Shinobi forces from the village where Naruto Uzumaki reveals that the villain leading Akatsuki is Obito Uchiha: the presumed-dead best friend of Naruto's mentor, Kakashi Hatake. Obito and his partner, the reanimated Madara Uchiha, awaken the legendary Ten Tails creature to defeat Shinobi forces. The rebellious Sasuke Uchiha is uncomfortable with his hatred of Hidden Leaf Village, and has the Konohagakure leaders (the Hokages) reanimated to learn about the village's origin. After realising that his late brother Itachi Uchiha and the first Hokage, Hashirama, fought to protect the village regardless of cost, Sasuke's team and the reanimated Hokage aid Naruto's group.


text: When Sasuke's forces reach Naruto's group, Obito is overpowered by Kakashi and absorbs the Tailed Beasts to become their vessel. Through their combined forces, Naruto and Sasuke defeat Obito cvbnmand remove the Beasts. However, Madara defeats the Hokages, after reviving using the weakened Obito's body controlled by Zetsu. Now using Akatsuki's Sealing Statue, he takes the creatures, including Naruto's Nine-Tailed Demon Fox, and mortally wounds Sasuke. A reformed Obito and Sakura Haruno try reviving Naruto while Kabuto Yakushi heals Sasuke. A man known as the Sage of the Six Paths, the first ninja appears in Naruto and Sasuke's dreams and passes them new powers to defeat Madara. The weakened Madara is betrayed by the true leader of Akatsuki, Zetsu, who infuses his chakra to revive Sage's mother, Kaguya Otsutsuki. With the help of Kakashi and Sakura, Naruto and Sasuke seal Kaguya; Obito dies in the battle, while trying to protect Kakashi. Following the battle, a weakened Madara makes peace with Hashirama and dies with the Hokages going back to the afterlife. Naruto and Sasuke then fight to decide the village's fate. As both suffer the loss of one arm each, Sasuke gives up realizing how his actions affected his friends. The game ends with a time skip; Naruto is the new Hokage raising his son while Sasuke returns to the village.


text: After the original story mode is completed, the game unlocks a new story mode set shortly after the war's end. The narrative focuses on Naruto, his friend Shikamaru Nara, and the Sunagakure leader Gaara. The three ninjas travel around the world with a team to complete missions and remember previous battles (which the player must win).


text: The downloadable content "Road to Boruto" is set fifteen years after the Fourth Ninja War. The adult Sasuke Uchiha battles two unknown fighters descendant from Kaguya Otsutsuki. Meanwhile, Naruto's son, Boruto Uzumaki, a young ninja, trains with Sarada Uchiha and Mitsuki under Konohamaru Sarutobi. The village is peaceful (thanks to Akatsuki's defeat), but Boruto is annoyed that his father misses Himawari Uzumaki's birthday due to having become a busy person due to his job as the Leaf's leader, the Seventh Hokage. Returning to the village, Sasuke tells Naruto about the two Otsutsuki fighters he met; he meets Boruto, and becomes his new teacher. During a ninja examination to improve rankings, Momoshiki and Kinshiki invade Konohagakure. Naruto allows himself to be kidnapped by the enemies to protect the village; Sasuke then gathers the other leaders from other villages and Boruto to rescue him. The mission is successful, and the two Otsutsukis are defeated by the combined forces of Naruto, Sasuke and Boruto. Now in peace with his father, Boruto continues doing missions, ending with a friendly spar against him.


text: "Storm 4" was originally intended to be a PlayStation 3 game, but its development was changed to the next generation of consoles to take advantage of hardware capability. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama conceived the base narrative, beginning with the fight between Hashirama Senju and Madara Uchiha, over an eight-month period. Each character took fourteen months to be developed. According to Matsuyama, the game's budget was higher than previous titles () due to the work needed on each character. Although the previous titles were released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4" was developed for next-generation consoles as a result of demands by video-game marketers. CyberConnect2 took advantage of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One hardware to enhance the title's graphics. The team developed the game's narrative to pick up where "Storm 3 Full Burst", "Storm Generations", and "Storm Revolution" left off, and included an adventure mode set after the story. Matsuyama gathered a number of developers for "Storm 4", hoping that the upgraded hardware would complement the manga, and said that its final volume inspired him to design the game.


text: Instead of keeping up with secondary characters, CyberConnect2 conceived the Leader System so players could use two independent fighters simultaneously. Matsuyama promised to return to the numbered titles' boss battles because they are popular with fans. Since the manga had finished by the time the game began development, he wanted "Storm 4" to have boss fights with visuals surpassing previous installments. Matsuyama cited one boss fight where Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno summon giant animals to combat the Ten-Tails, with Naruto's giant toad Gamakichi "surfing" through the Ten-Tails with a wooden sword. To improve game length, Matsuyama also wanted an online mode. Unique techniques, not present in the manga, were created to fit the pairings which were popular with fans.


text: Matsuyama wanted to add material from the New Generation Project, which was begun by the series when the manga ended its serialization in 2014. The team listened to suggestions by fans, based on the previous games, to make the battle system easier to work. A mechanic brought from previous games are the walls, where the player can lose a fight by falling from the ring; early in "Ultimate Ninja Storm 4" development, the staff debated implementing them in boss fights. When he saw the finished product, Matsuyama was moved by the final fight between Naruto and Sasuke. He sketched the two fighters, intending to put it on the game and promising gamers that they would enjoy the fight.


text: The hardware enabled a new mechanic in which the player character can receive assistance from another character with fire- or wood-based techniques; the details of each differ. Matsuyama noted that the implementation of running on walls was controversial among the staff; one demo focused on environmental effects, such as smoke and sand. Asked about adding Hanabi Hyuga to the cast, Matsuyama said that it would be her "The Last: Naruto the Movie" incarnation.


text: The team researched several types of animation to improve the game's quality. Bleach bypass was used, with reworked lighting to resemble anime; Matsuyama called it a playable anime. The game environment and the characters' facial animations were highly detailed, thanks to the new hardware. Effects were changed as well; a fire burns the victim's clothing, forcing the player to turn off the fire. Although the Shinobi world war is the focus of the story, Matsuyama also wanted the team to prioritize the final battle between Naruto and Sasuke. In early segments of the story, the team used animation from Studio Pierrot's "Naruto Shippuden" anime; Matsuyama said that the narrative at the beginning of the game was already well done, and the early chapters resemble anime. The team used multiple animation frames for the story mode, and Matsuyama aimed to balance the game's visuals with Pierrot's animation.


text: "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4" was announced for the PlayStation 4 in December 2014. The game was playable by the public for the first time at Gamescom 2015. Originally planned for fall 2015, it was announced in August of that year that the game would be delayed until February 2016 to make it more authentic and up-to-date. The band Kana-Boon played , its opening theme. A demo version was playable at the 2015 Jump Festa.


text: "Road to Boruto", an expansion with elements from "Boruto: Naruto the Movie", was released on February 3, 2017; Bandai Namco Entertainment decided to end the "Ultimate Ninja Storm" series with it. In the patch, new versions of Naruto and Sasuke were added to a new cast: Boruto Uzumaki, Sarada Uchiha and Mitsuki. When "Storm 4" development was finished, CyberConnect2 began work on DLC in response to the favorable response to "Boruto: Naruto the Movie". The team surveyed players about what they wanted to play in the game, and most responses involved Boruto Uzumaki's generation. Matsuyama thought that Boruto's main story would take three or four hours, and side stories were created to increase game length. Although this DLC was intended as the "Storm" series' final chapter, other DLC (side stories focused on Gaara and Shikamaru Nara) was released in March 2016. Additional DLC was "Virtual Reality", in which Boruto can fight strong bosses.


text: A patch for the PC version, giving the game a 60-FPS frame rate, was released in February 2017. A Nintendo Switch port and a Next Generations DLC pack for all platforms, with new playable characters and costumes from the "" anime series, were announced in December 2019 and released in April 2020. The pack included Kinshiki and Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki as playable characters and adult skins from other supporting characters. Matsuyama said that porting the game to Switch was Bandai's decision, rather than his, until CyberConnect2 approved it.


text: "Storm 4" sold a chart-topping 64,446 copies in Japan for the PlayStation 4, exceeding the launch sales of the first two "Storm" games but failing to reach those of "Storm 3". According to the "Siliconera" website, the lower sales may have been related to "Storm 4" release after the manga ended its serialization (unlike the previous games). A Bandai Namco press release reported in February 2016 that "Storm 4" had shipped 1,334,000 copies worldwide: 80,000 in Japan, 84,000 elsewhere in Asia, 550,000 in Europe, and 620,000 in North America. "VentureBeat" found it as one of the top-selling fighting games during its release rivaled only by Capcom's "Street Fighter V". In June 2016, TV Tokyo announced that the game had sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide. On September 12 of that year, Bandai Namco Entertainment announced that "Storm 4" had shipped two million copies.


text: The expansion "Road to Boruto" sold 9,204 units in Japan which was considered as a strong number by "Siliconera" due it being DLC. In November 2017, it was announced that the combined shipments of the original game, "Road to Boruto" and digital sales had reached three million copies. During a live stream CyberConnect2 announced that "Storm 4" including "Road to Boruto" had sold 5.8 million copies by March 2020. As of December 2021, the game has sold over 8.7 million copies worldwide.As of March 2022, the game has sold over 10.7 million copies worldwide.


text: The PlayStation 4 game has a score of 79/100 on Metacritic and the Xbox One game has a score of 80/100, indicating positive reviews. "GameSpot" praised its visuals, character designs and narrative. "HobbyConsolas" praised the narrative's multiple twists and the game's visuals. A "Destructoid" reviewer enjoyed the "extravagant" combat and visuals. He praised the story mode for explaining ambiguities from the original series (such as the origin of Kakashi's Sharingan eye technique), but felt that the cutscenes lacked balance with the shorter fights. An "IGN" reviewer criticized the game's short campaign and poor presentation in the early chapters (due to the use of frames rather than CGI scenes), but found the climax and Naruto's final fights more interesting. "GameRevolution" said that thanks to multiple storylines (most notably Sasuke Uchiha's and Obito's), the player could see the narrative from different points of view. This enriched the main story, making it enjoyable for returning fans or players new to the series. The number of cutscenes from the main campaign was also well-received.


text: About gameplay, "GameSpot" found its fighting system too simple and geared to fans of the series rather than fighting games in general. An "IGN" reviewer criticized the game's poor AI and connection problems, but enjoyed the fighting system. According to "Hardcore Gamer", it had "solid controls and an outstanding roster of characters". "The Escapist" rated the game nine out of ten, praising its gameplay and narrative. A "Hobby Consolas" reviewer praised the amount of CyberConnect2 content, citing the open world after the main campaign (since players could revisit fights from previous games); unlike "IGN", he found the AI more challenging. The reviewer also praised the new tag-team system (for adding strategy to the combat) and the detail in the fighters' clothing. A "GameRevolution" review said that despite the simple controls in the cast, each major boss fight was appealing in visuals and speed; the use of assistant characters in fights was also praised.


text: "Road to Boruto" has a 70 on Metacritic for the PlayStation 4 version, indicating "mixed or average reviews", and 77 for the Xbox One version, indicating "generally favorable reviews". "Jeaxtu" considered "Road to Boruto" a satisfying conclusion to the "Naruto" series (based on the new characters), but found it too short. "PlayStation Universe" agreed, saying that the new narrative was interesting but "Road to Boruto" was too short. An "Atomix" reviewer felt that the new adventure mode completed "Storm 4" narrative, since events from the original "Naruto" series and "Boruto: Naruto the Movie" were explained. Criticizing the lack of new gameplay, the reviewer praised the new cast and the adult versions of Naruto and Sasuke.


text: The Nintendo Switch port of the game has a score of 79 on Metacritic, indicating favorable reviews. "Eurogamer" praised the amount of game content; completing the campaign and the DLC could take 35 hours. "Nintendo Life" enjoyed the cast and the game's responsive controls, but questioned the addition of quick-time events and the presentation. "Hobby Consolas" found the controls improved and regarded its visuals as superior to the previous "Storm" games, but felt that it did not take advantage of the Switch's full capacity. A "Meristation" review said that although the Switch port retained good combat and narrative, the graphics were worse than the original and not enough characters were playable.


text: The final fight between Sasuke and Naruto was considered one of the Pierrot staff's greatest challenges, and it took a month to adapt it from the manga. Pierrot received assistance from CyberConnect2 in the making of it. Although Matsuyama received a number of requests in 2019 from fans to develop another "Storm" game, he said that it was the final game of the series. He said that Bandai Visual would decide if a new series of games, focused on Boruto Uzumaki, should be developed.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: Lovesick (formerly known as Scrotal Recall) is a British sitcom created by Tom Edge which was first broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2014 and stars Johnny Flynn, Antonia Thomas, Daniel Ings, Hannah Britland and Joshua McGuire. After the show was originally aired on Channel 4, it was made available by Netflix, who then commissioned a second season globally on 17 November 2016, where it was billed as a Netflix Original. The show was renewed for a third season, which was released exclusively on Netflix on 1 January 2018.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: The show revolves around a group of university friends sharing a house in the West End of Glasgow and their romantic lives. After Dylan Witter (Flynn) is diagnosed with chlamydia, he attempts to contact all of his previous sexual partners to inform them of his diagnosis. Dylan lives with best friends Luke Curran (Ings) and Evie Douglas (Thomas), the latter of whom previously harboured a secret crush on Dylan, but has since moved on, recently becoming engaged. The majority of each episode is told through flashback, showing Dylan's encounters with a number of women, as well as the changes his friends go through.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: The third season, released in January 2018, focuses more on Dylan, Evie and Luke's relationships with each other, and Angus's (McGuire) own personal problems.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: The first series was made available on Netflix in the United States in April 2015 and was billed as a "Netflix Original". The show found enough success on the site that Netflix went on to commission a second series of 8 episodes, without Channel 4's involvement. The second series debuted globally on the streaming network in November 2016.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: After its transfer from Channel 4 to Netflix, the show was renamed from "Scrotal Recall" to "Lovesick". Antonia Thomas noted that while the former name technically made sense, it completely mis-sold the tone of the show. Thomas admitted to being pleased with the name change, and noted that the second series would continue to follow the same format as the first, but would go more in-depth.


title: Lovesick (TV series)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an average score of 97%, based on 27 total reviews among the three seasons. "Paste" magazine said "This honest approach is refreshing in a world of sitcoms focusing on wealthy lads and ladies moving from their college dorms straight into Manhattan lofts and prosperous careers. "Lovesick" is all about keeping it real."


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: The Boys in the Band is a 2020 American drama film directed by Joe Mantello, based on the 1968 play of the same name by Mart Crowley, who also wrote the screenplay alongside Ned Martel. Crowley had previously adapted "The Boys in the Band" for a 1970 film version directed by William Friedkin and starring the original 1968 Off-Broadway cast. The film stars the full roster of players from the play's 2018 Broadway revival, comprising a cast of exclusively openly-gay actors, such as Jim Parsons, Zachary Quinto, Matt Bomer, Andrew Rannells, Charlie Carver, Robin de Jesús, Brian Hutchison, Michael Benjamin Washington, and Tuc Watkins.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: In 1968, Michael arrives at his apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in preparation for Harold's birthday party. Michael receives a call from his friend Donald, who will be arriving early due to a canceled psychiatrist appointment. When Donald arrives, Michael pities his own aging and debt-riddled lifestyle. Alan, Michael's old roommate from Georgetown, calls Michael in tears saying he has something urgent to tell Michael in person. Michael invites Alan to the party and warns all his guests that Alan is heterosexual and doesn't know about Michael's homosexuality.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: As the sun sets, Emory arrives with lovers Hank and Larry, whose relationship is on the rocks. Bernard arrives with a stack of books for Donald before he too settles into the party atmosphere. Alan calls Michael from a phone booth, informing him that he isn't coming to the party after all and will instead meet Michael the following day for lunch. Larry and Bernard dance to "Heat Wave" as Emory and Michael join in.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Despite his earlier conversation with Michael, Alan arrives at the party and finds Michael and his friends dancing. He bonds with Hank, who he mistakes as being straight, and shows discomfort towards Emory's flamboyant behavior. Michael takes Alan to his bedroom to discuss Alan's urgent conversation, but Alan dodges his questions.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: A hustler, called "Cowboy" arrives earlier than Emory expected and mistakes Michael for Harold, kissing him on the lips. Alan descends from the upstairs bathroom and announces he's leaving. Emory chides him for being a closeted homosexual which results in Alan punching Emory and calling him a "faggot." Harold arrives high on marijuana and accepts Cowboy's gift of a passionate kiss.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Michael begins to drink and smoke despite having quit 5 weeks prior. He and Harold trade vicious insults as Hank helps a vomiting Alan in Michael's bathroom. Emory brings out Harold's birthday cake and presents. After opening them on the terrace, a thunderstorm forces everyone inside.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Alan tries to leave again but is stopped by Michael, who informs everyone that they are playing a party game: everyone must use the telephone to call the one person they truly believe they have loved. Michael creates a points system based on how far each one can get in their conversations with their true loves. Bernard calls the son of his mother's employer, with whom he had a sexual encounter as a teenager. After his call goes awry, he only earns 2 points.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Emory solemnly calls a dentist he had a crush on in high school but his call ends abruptly, earning him 3 points. Hank calls his answering service at home and leaves a message for Larry, earning him 7 points. Larry loudly disagrees with Hank about the insistence of monogamy in their relationship, leading Michael to deduce that Donald and Larry have had sex in the past. Larry uses the kitchen phone to call Hank in the living room. His tearful declaration of love earns him 10 points. Hank and Larry go upstairs to Michael's room.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Michael angrily confronts Alan about his closeted relationship in college with a boy named Justin. Alan makes a phone call to who Michael believes is Justin, but turns out to be Alan's wife Fran. Alan tells her he loves her and is coming home to Washington. He earns 10 points and leaves as Michael stands defeated.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Harold informs Michael that no matter what Michael does, he will always be a homosexual, just like the rest of them. He departs, taking Cowboy and his presents with him. Emory leaves with a distraught Bernard, promising to sober him up on the way home. Michael laments over the group's treatment of each other, wishing "if we could just not hate ourselves so much." He tells Donald that he never learned what Alan wanted to confide in him.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: As midnight nears, Michael attends Mass at St. Malachy's. Donald reads "The Golden Notebook" on Michael's couch, despite his earlier insistence he would not be spending the night. Harold and Cowboy ride in a taxi to Harold's home, Emory and Bernard sit at a late night diner enjoying coffee and buttered toast, Hank and Larry have sex in Michael's bedroom, and Alan sits at a bar drinking alone. Michael exits Mass; his walk turns into a run as he heads down the street.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: On April 18, 2019, Ryan Murphy announced that the play "The Boys in the Band" would be adapted for Netflix, as part of his US$300 million deal with the streaming platform. Murphy had previously revived the play for Broadway in 2018 and confirmed the director of the revival, Joe Mantello, would direct the film. David Stone and Ned Martel were announced as producers alongside Murphy. It was also confirmed that the entire cast of the 2018 Broadway revival would reprise their roles for the film, making the film have a cast of entirely openly gay actors.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: The play contains two uses of the racist slur "nigger", spoken by Parsons' character Michael, as well as other homophobic and antisemitic slurs, which the film adaption retains. Parsons stated that "none of those words were ever uttered by me without a severe amount of trepidation and a sick feeling in your stomach going into it", but were important to "make the audience feel the discomfort of the marginalization of the gay community at the time". Matt Bomer said, of performing the play on-stage, that "I heard a guttural gasp the first time one of these slurs was used that I remembered and realized how powerful they really are".


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: "I do not believe the erasure of things that make us uncomfortable is progress ... My responsibility is to the story. And the story is: This the cost of oppression, it allows you to act in a way that is inhumane. And I felt in order to be honest to that, that you’re true to that, that it was essential that we keep it.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: On the same day the film was available for streaming, a 30-minute mini-documentary was also released directed by Joel Kazuo Knoernschild with Mart Crowley reflecting on the legacy of the story.


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics' consensus reads: ""The Boys in the Band" brings the classic stage play back to the screen with a well-acted adaptation containing surprising — and poignant — modern relevance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" praised the performances, saying "What holds the movie together, apart from Quinto's dreamy geek mystique and delectable delivery of every line, is the tormented passion that Jim Parsons brings to it." David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review and wrote: ""The Boys in the Band" in many ways is dated and formulaic. But it's also very much alive, an invaluable record of the destructive force of societal rejection, even in a bastion of liberal acceptance like New York City. Despite its flaws, this consistently engaging film provides a vital window for young queer audiences into the difficult lives of their forebears."


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: In a mixed review, Odie Henderson of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2 stars out of 4, writing "Even though it’s a period piece, it’s still designed to evoke the same feelings in the current gay or bisexual viewer and to start the same important conversations about who we are and what we feel... I prefer, and recommend, the original, but I’m on the fence about this one. Your mileage may vary."


title: The Boys in the Band (2020 film)

text: "The Boys in the Band" was awarded The Film Award at the ninth annual Virgin Atlantic Attitude Awards. It also was awarded the 2021 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film (Limited Release).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Dodge Caravan (and the long-wheelbase Dodge Grand Caravan) is a series of minivans that was manufactured by Chrysler from the 1984 to 2020 model years. The Dodge version of the Chrysler minivans, the Caravan was marketed as both a passenger van and a cargo van (the only version of the model line offered in the latter configuration). For 1987, a long-wheelbase Dodge Grand Caravan was introduced (becoming the sole version of the model line from 2008 onward). Produced in five generations across 36 model years, Dodge Caravan is the second longest-lived Dodge nameplate (exceeded only by the Dodge Charger).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Initially marketed as the Dodge counterpart of the Plymouth Voyager, the Caravan was later slotted between the Voyager and the Chrysler Town & Country, eventually serving as the lowest-price Chrysler minivan, slotted below the Chrysler Pacifica. Sold primarily in the United States and Canada, the Dodge Caravan was also marketed in Europe and other international markets under the Chrysler brand (as either the Chrysler Voyager and Chrysler Caravan). In North America, a rebranded version of the model line was sold by Volkswagen from 2009 to 2014 as the Volkswagen Routan. Ram Trucks sold a cargo-only version of the model line as the Ram C/V Tradesman.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: After the 2020 model year, the Dodge Grand Caravan was discontinued, ending production on August 21, 2020. For 2021 production, the Chrysler division revived the Grand Caravan for its namesake division, using it for a Canadian-market version of the Chrysler Pacifica (an identical vehicle was marketed as the Chrysler Voyager in the United States).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For its entire production run, the Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan was manufactured by Chrysler Canada (now FCA Canada) at its Windsor Assembly facility (Windsor, Ontario). From 1987 until 2007, the model line was also manufactured by Chrysler at its Saint Louis Assembly facility (Fenton, Missouri). Since their introduction in late 1983, over 14.6 million Chrysler minivans have been sold worldwide (including export versions and versions sold through rebranding).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: At the end of 1977, Chrysler commenced development on what would become the Chrysler minivans. Alongside the ability to park within a standard-height garage, designers sought to develop a vehicle with a low floor and car-like NVH levels. While front-wheel drive was sought out for the design, rear-wheel drive was still considered an alternative for cost reasons. Following the move of both Hal Sperlich and Lee Iacocca from Ford to Chrysler in late 1978, the Chrysler minivan design (codenamed T-115 at the time) adopted front-wheel drive.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: While the Dodge Caravan (and Plymouth Voyager) shared no chassis underpinnings with the K-cars, the two model lines retained mechanical commonality, sharing engines and transmissions.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Originally slated for introduction as a 1982 model, the Dodge Caravan was introduced alongside the Plymouth Voyager in November 1983 for the 1984 model year.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Interior trim, controls, and instrumentation were borrowed from the Chrysler K platform, and with the lower floor made possible by the front-wheel-drive platform, the Caravan featured car-like ease of entry. Three trim levels were available: base, SE, and LE. The Caravan, along with the Plymouth Voyager, are considered to be the first mass-produced vehicles to have dedicated built-in cup holders.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Base vans came equipped for five passengers in two rows of seating. The LE came with seven passengers standard in three rows of seating. The base van had two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front, a three-person bench seat in the second row. The seven-passenger came with two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front, a two-person bench seat in the second row, and a three-person bench seat in the back row. The two bench seats in the rear were independently removable, and the large three-person bench could also be installed in the second-row location via a second set of attachment points on the van's floor, ordinarily hidden with snap-in plastic covers. This configuration allowed for conventional five-person seating with a sizable cargo area in the rear. The latching mechanisms for the benches were easy to operate although removing and replacing the seats typically required two adults. A front low-back 60/40 split-bench, accommodating a third front passenger in the middle, was offered in the SE trim level in 1985 only, allowing for a maximum of eight passengers. This configuration was subsequently dropped. Base model curb weight 2,910 lbs.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Safety features consisted of 3-point seat belts for the front two passengers, with simple lap belts for the rear five. Seats on base models and cloth-trimmed SEs had no headrests, which were not mandated due to the van's "light truck" legal status. However, the two front seats were equipped with non-adjustable headrests on the LE model and in conjunction with vinyl upholstery on the SE. Side-impact reinforcements were mandated and were at all seating positions front and rear. Neither airbags nor anti-lock braking systems were available.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Access to the rear rows of seating was by a large passenger-side sliding door enabling easy access in confined situations, e.g., parking. Because only one sliding door was offered, the smaller second-row bench seat was shifted to the driver's side of the van, facilitating passenger access to the 3rd-row seat. To facilitate variable cargo storage behind the rear seat, the seat could be adjusted forward in two increments, the first of which removed roughly of legroom from the back row passengers, and the second of which would push the bench all the way to the back of the second row, making the seats unusable. The seatback of the rear bench could also be folded forward, providing a flat cargo shelf. The smaller 2nd-row bench was not adjustable, nor foldable; it could only be removed entirely.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Cargo access to the rear was via a hatchback, similar to the one on the K platform station wagons. The hatch was hinged at the top and held open by gas struts.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: A long-wheelbase variant, marketed as the Grand Caravan, was introduced in May 1987. It allowed more cargo space behind the rear seat.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: A cargo version of the Caravan, called the Mini Ram Van, was also introduced for 1984, with a flat-floored cargo space four feet tall and with four feet between the wheel wells. The load capacity was . It was renamed the Caravan C/V for 1989 and was then discontinued after 1995. It was initially available with a short wheelbase; a long-wheelbase variant was introduced alongside the Grand Caravan.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Unique to the Caravan C/V was the option of a traditional hatch door in the back or the optional swing-out bi-parting doors (with or without windows), similar to those of more traditional cargo vans. These doors were made of fiberglass. Also based on the Mini Ram and C/V were aftermarket conversion vans sold through official Chrysler dealers and from the conversion companies themselves.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Both a 3-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission and a 5-speed manual were available with all inline-four engines, including the turbocharged 2.5-liter (this was a rare combination). The Plymouth Voyager, which was a rebadged version of the Caravan, was also available with a manual transmission. The Chrysler Town & Country, released in 1990, which was a more luxurious repackaged version of the Caravan, had no manual transmission option. Manual transmissions were not available on V6 models of the passenger Caravan, but were an option on the Mini Ram Van and Caravan C/V's long-wheelbase models with a 3.0 L V6.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The V6 engines were only offered with the venerable fully hydraulically operated TorqueFlite, until the computer-controlled Ultradrive 4-speed automatic became available in 1989. The Ultradrive offered better fuel economy and responsiveness, particularly when paired with the inline-four engine. However, it suffered from reliability problems, usually stemming from what is known as "gear hunt" or "shift busyness", resulting in premature wear of the internal clutches. It also required an uncommon type of automatic transmission fluid and is not clearly labeled as such, leading many owners to use the more common Dexron II rather than the specified "Mopar ATF+3", resulting in transmission damage and eventual failure. Early model transmissions would eventually be retrofitted or replaced with the updated versions by dealers under warranty.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For the first three years of production, two engines were offered in the Caravan – both inline-four engines with 2-barrel carburetors. The base 2.2 L was borrowed from the Chrysler K-cars, and produced horsepower. The higher performance fuel-injected version of the 2.2 L engine later offered in the K-cars was never offered in the Caravan, and the 2-bbl version would remain the base power plant until mid-1987. Alongside the 2.2 L, an optional Mitsubishi 2.6 L engine was available, producing horsepower.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In mid-1987, the base 2.2 L I4 was replaced with a fuel-injected 2.5 L I4, which produced , while the Mitsubishi "G54B" I4 was replaced with the new fuel-injected 3.0 L Mitsubishi V6 producing in March of that year.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Shortly thereafter in model year 1989, a more powerful engine became optional, with a turbocharged version of the base 2.5 L producing . Revisions to the Mitsubishi V6 upped its output to that same year, and in 1990 a new 3.3 L V6 was added to the option list. The V6 engines became popular as sales of the 2.5 L turbo dwindled and it was dropped at the end of the year. In these years, the ES model debuted (short-wheelbase only) to highlight the new engines, the turbo 2.5 L in particular. The ES was introduced to the long-wheelbase Grand Caravan for 1991 and continued throughout 2003 before it was discontinued and replaced with the SXT.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For the 1991 model year, the second-generation Dodge Caravan was released. Intended as an extensive revision of the first generation, while the chassis underpinnings were carried over and updated, the only shared body panels were the front doors and the sliding door. To match the Ford Aerostar and General Motors APV minivans, designers sought to improve the exterior aerodynamics and the handling of the model line. To enhance safety, anti-lock brakes and all-wheel drive were introduced as options; as a first in the segment, a driver-side airbag became an option in 1991 (a first in the segment).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The model line again came in two lengths, with the long-wheelbase Grand Caravan making its return; the C/V cargo van also was part of the model line. The Caravan was further distinguished from the Voyager; along with different grilles and headlamp units, the Caravan received less chrome trim (limited to the grille and the Chrysler Pentastar hood ornament). Shedding its connection to the K-cars, the Caravan received its own dashboard design (though shared with the Voyager, the Caravan received its own steering wheel). On all but the base-trim Caravan, seven-passenger trim was standard. In addition to the two rear bench seats, the second generation introduced the option of middle-row bucket seats; in 1992, Chrysler introduced integrated child safety seats, an innovation in the segment.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For the 1994 model year, the Caravan underwent a mid-cycle revision as part of a body upgrade to meet 1998 federal safety standards. Though the exterior saw only minor changes to the bumpers and lower body side trim, the interior underwent larger changes, receiving new seats and door panels. Coinciding with the addition of a passenger-side airbag, the dashboard was redesigned. Following its declining popularity, the woodgrain trim option was discontinued in favor of monochromatic and two-tone exterior designs.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: To commemorate the tenth year of production, Dodge offered the "10th Anniversary Edition" option package for 1994. Available on SE/LE trims of the Caravan and Grand Caravan, the 10th Anniversary Edition was an appearance package, combining a two-tone exterior (a light-gray lower body with selected upper body colors) with a gold front fender badge.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: With the exception of the discontinued 150 hp 2.5 L turbocharged I4, the second-generation Caravan carried over its powertrain line from the 1990 Dodge Caravan. Shifting its powertrain commonality from the Dodge Aries to that of the larger Dodge Dynasty, a 2.5 L I4 was the standard engine, with a 3.0 L V6 and 3.3 L V6 as options. In 1994, the Caravan received a 3.8 L V6 (shared with the Chrysler Imperial/Fifth Avenue) as an option.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In 1991, Dodge introduced a second-row bench seat integrating two child booster seats on 1992 models. These seats continued as an available option through Generation V until they were discontinued in 2010.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The third-generation Chrysler minivans were available in long- and short–wheelbase models; three- and four-door configurations; and eight different powertrains, including electric and compressed natural gas; on a single, flexible platform.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In development for nearly 5 years from early 1990 (full development from 1991) to December 26, 1994 (final design by Don Renkert was approved on September 23, 1991, and frozen in May 1992), the 1996 model was introduced at the 1995 North American International Auto Show using the Chrysler S platform. It included a number of innovations, including a driver's side sliding door (optional initially, to become standard equipment later), a first for Chrysler and a non-compact minivan for the United States and Canada. With Generation III, Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as "Easy Out Roller Seats". A conventional door handle and lock was added to the rear hatch, eliminating the confusing pop-and-lift maneuver which had been required on earlier models.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Base models of the Caravan were offered in most states with either a 2.4 L four-cylinder or the 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 engine, except in several northeastern states, where the Mitsubishi did not meet emissions standards. In those areas, the 3.3 L engine was offered as the V6 option from 1997 through 2000.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 1996 Caravan, along with the Plymouth Voyager and the Chrysler Town & Country won the North American Car of the Year award. The Caravan itself won "Motor Trend" magazine's Car of the Year 1996 and appeared on the Car and Driver Ten Best for 1996 and 1997. 1999 also saw the addition of a one-year only 15th anniversary "Platinum Edition", to mark Caravan's 15th year of production. This package was offered on various trim levels, and included Platinum Metallic paint, and fender badges. The 2000 model year offered packages that included the "2000+" and "Millennium" package; however, these were little more than unique fender badges on vans with popular equipment.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: During the 1996 model year, running changes saw the elimination of the plastic intake manifold cover from the 3.8L engine and redesigned interior door panels. Changes for the 1997 model year were minor, adding traction control as an option or standard equipment, depending on trim level, along with the reintroduction of optional all-wheel drive. The Caravan received more minor updates in 1997 for the 1998 model year. These changes came in the form of new colors, new wheels for trims above SE, new interior fabric, optional heated seats, and automatic headlights on higher trim levels. In the calendar year 1998, the Caravan's HVAC vents on the driver's side and center of the dashboard were updated to have a more conventional design. Later that year, the 1999 Caravan received new front styling on all trims above SE, while the Sport and ES models received even sportier styling. The ES model was the first minivan to receive the "AutoStick" transmission and 17-inch wheels. A cargo net between the driver and front passenger seats was added. Color-keyed door and lift-gate handles were made standard on SE models, in addition to a new keyless entry remote. Base and SE models had options for a spoiler as well as color-keyed bumpers and trim (grey or color molded bumpers and trim were standard). The driver's side sliding door became standard. Chrysler had updates of the Plymouth Voyager in 1996 for the 1997 model year and the Chrysler Town & Country in 1997 for the 1998 model year, prior to the 1998–2007 DaimlerChrysler era; it was the only exterior update of the NS Dodge Caravan.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In 1999, Dodge introduced the Caravan EPIC, a fully electric minivan. The EPIC was powered by 28 12-volt NiMH batteries and was capable of traveling up to on a single charge. The EPIC was sold as a fleet-only lease vehicle. Production of the EPIC was discontinued in 2001. Only a few hundred of these vehicles were produced and sold. After the leases expired they were returned and crushed. Approximately 10 vans remain in private hands today.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 1996–2000 Dodge Grand Caravan received a "Marginal" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 40 mph offset test. The structural performance and restraints were graded "Acceptable", but the foot injuries were very high.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In the NHTSA crash tests, it received 4 stars for the driver and front passenger in the frontal-impact. In the side-impact test, it received 5 stars for the driver, and 3 stars for the rear occupant, and resulted in a fuel leak that could cause a fire hazard.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Other plans for this generation included three minivan concepts to be made in the Windsor Assembly, the Dodge Caravan R/T, Voyager XG, and the Chrysler Pacifica 1999 concept. The Caravan R/T (originally ESS) was to include the most powerful engine ever for a minivan, rated at . It had large air intakes and driving lights in the front bumper, a brushed aluminum instrument panel, racing-style pedals, and black and white rubber flooring. The Voyager XG was more rugged, featured a diesel engine and manual transmission, and included many outdoor amenities, such as a built-in ice pack. The Chrysler Pacifica, based on the Town & Country, was more luxurious, had power leather seats and footrests, overhead bins and lighting, an LHS grille, and roof-long skylights. The Pacifica actually did come to be in 2004, based on the fifth-generation Caravan, except that it became a crossover SUV rather than a minivan; the nameplate was eventually applied to a minivan in 2016.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In 1995, Dodge introduced a system of seats to simplify installation, removal, and re-positioning, marketed as "Easy-Out Roller Seats". When installed, the seats are latched to floor-mounted strikers. When unlatched, eight rollers lift each seat, allowing it to be rolled fore and aft. Tracks have locator depressions for rollers, to simplify installation. Ergonomic levers at the seatbacks release the floor latches single-handedly, without tools, and raise the seats onto the rollers in a single motion. Additionally, seatbacks were designed to fold forward. Seat roller tracks are permanently attached to the floor and seat stanchions are aligned, facilitating the longitudinal rolling of the seats. Bench seat stanchions were moved inboard to reduce bending stress in the seat frames, allowing them to be lighter.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: When configured as two and three-person benches (available through Generation IV), the Easy Out Roller Seats could be unwieldy. Beginning in 2000, second and third-row seats became available in a 'quad' configuration – bucket or captain chairs in the second row and a third-row three-person 50/50 split "bench" – with each section weighing under . The Easy-out system remained in use through Generation V – where certain models featured a two-person bench "and" the under-floor compartments from the "Stow'n Go" system.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: All the rebadged nameplate variants of the Chrysler minivans use the Easy Out Roller Seats on their second-row seating, where not the Stow and Go system.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Unveiled at the 2000 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) on Monday, January 10, 2000, the redesigned 2001 Dodge Caravan and 2001 Chrysler Town & Country were released for sale in August 2000. The release was part of a promotional tie-in with Nabisco, which unveiled their new "Mini Oreos" inside the van during the unveiling. The first vans rolled off the line at the Windsor Assembly Plant on July 24. The fourth generation vans were available in the trim levels; "SE", "Sport", "SXT", "AWD Sports", "base" model, "AWD Choice", "eL", "C/V", "ES", "EX", "AWD Wagon", and "SXT All-Wheel-Drive".


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In development from February 1996 to December 1999, the Generation IV minivans were based on the Chrysler RS platform and featured a larger body frame with modified headlights and taillights. Design work was done by Brandon Faurote from January 1997 and reached production approval in 1998.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In addition to other detailed changes, power sliding doors and a power hatch became available as options. The Mitsubishi 3.0 L V6, which no longer met emissions standards in California and the northeastern U.S., was discontinued, and a more powerful 3.8 L engine, based on the 3.3 L, became available. All Wheel Drive continued to be offered on high-end models. Other innovative available features included remote-operated sliding doors and a rear hatch, which could be opened and closed at the push of a button, either inside the vehicle or with the keyless entry fob.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In the 2002 model year, DaimlerChrysler stopped using the "DODGE" badges on the front doors, like with all Dodge vehicles.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In 2003, the Caravan C/V and Grand Caravan C/V returned after having been discontinued in 1995. The C/V featured the option of deleted side windows (replaced by composite panels), optional rear seats, a cargo floor made of plastic material similar to pickup truck bedliners, rubber flooring in lieu of carpeting, and a normal hatch at the rear. Minor changes were made to the Grand Caravan ES including many of the features included in Option Group 29S becoming standard, the 17-inch Titan chrome wheels no longer being an option replaced with standard 16-inch chrome wheels, and the disappearance of the AutoStick Transmission option. This year also saw the appearance of an optional factory-installed rear-seat DVD system with a single-disc player mounted below the HVAC controls.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 2004 model year offered an exclusive one year only "Anniversary Edition" package to mark Caravan's 20th year in production. This package was offered on higher-level SXT models and included chrome wheels, body-color moldings, special interior accents, as well as a unique fender badge.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 2005 model year came very early, starting production in January 2004. Changes for 2005 included a revised grille, new foglight fascia, and a system of in-floor folding second and third-row seats, marketed as "Stow 'n Go seating".


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Production of this generation continued in China from 2008, when the Taiwanese Chrysler Town & Country production line was relocated there, until late 2010 when the fifth generation Chrysler Voyager was introduced to the Chinese market. The Caravan was subsequently replaced by the Journey, although a page for the Caravan still exists on the Dodge China site. The Chinese Caravan was produced alongside the Town & Country, now using the Grand Voyager nameplate, by Soueast, and did not share any aesthetic components with the North American Caravan aside from the wheels. Instead, the Chinese Caravan was identical to the Taiwanese Town & Country, aside from the lack of chrome trim on the exterior door panels, and used a modified version of the Town & Country front bumper with a Dodge grille. Chinese vans were equipped with Mitsubishi 6G72 engines and came in three trim levels: Classic, SXT, and Luxury.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 2001 model of this version earned a "Poor" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 40 mph offset test. It did protect its occupants reasonably well, and the dummy movement was well controlled, however, a fuel leak occurred. Chrysler corrected this problem starting with the 2002 models, moving it up to an "Acceptable" rating.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The 2006 model year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side-impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an "Acceptable" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures, and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In 2004, Dodge introduced a system of second- and third-row seating that folded completely into under-floor compartments. It was marketed as "Stow 'N Go" and was available exclusively on long-wheelbase models.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In a development program costing $400 million, engineers initially used an Erector Set to visualize the complex interaction of the design and redesigned under-floor components. The system included the spare tire well, fuel tank, exhaust system, parking brake cables, rear climate control lines, and rear suspension but precluded all-wheel drive (AWD).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The system, in turn, creates a combined volume of of under-floor storage when second-row seats are deployed. With both rows folded, the vans have a flat-load floor and a maximum cargo volume of .


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Stow 'n Go system received the Popular Science Magazine's "Best of What's New" for 2005 award, and was never offered on the Volkswagen Routan, the rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For the model year 2011, Chrysler revised the system, rebranding it as "Super Stow 'n Go". New pivoting head restraints with taller seatbacks and a revised folding mechanism (marketed as "single action") improved stowage ease – with the head restraints folding on themselves automatically and the entire seat automatically folding down to a position just over its floor recess.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The fifth-generation Dodge minivan had debuted at the 2007 North American International Auto Show with exterior styling by Ralph Gilles. Beginning with Generation V in the model year 2008, Chrysler only made the long-wheelbase Grand Caravan. With the discontinuation of the short-wheelbase Caravan, Dodge offered the Journey on nearly an identical wheelbase and as a crossover rather than a minivan. Although the SWB model, which had accounted for half of all sales in Canada, cost approximately $2,000 less and offered a four-cylinder engine option with improved fuel economy, Chrysler executives stated the SWB Caravan was discontinued to accommodate new features offered in the Grand Caravan, consistent with the demands of the majority of the minivan market.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: A new six-speed automatic transmission became standard with the 3.8 L V6 and the new 4.0 L V6. The four-speed automatic transmission is standard with the 3.3 L Flex-Fuel V6. This generation of Grand Caravan and its Town & Country counterpart were not available with an all-wheel-drive system. The previously unavailable Electronic Stability Control was made standard on this generation.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as "Swivel'n Go" seating, the MyGIG entertainment system (a stereo with a built-in hard drive for recording, storing, and playing music), second and third-row video screens, powered second-row windows, standard side curtain airbags, and dashboard-mounted transmission controls. The gear shift lever moved to the instrument panel, the location used by competitors.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The market shifted briefly away from minivans and SUVs with the gasoline price spikes of the earlier part of 2008. This trend began to reverse itself in the fall of 2008. During 2009 and 2010 the Dodge Grand Caravan continued to be the top-selling minivan in Canada, with over 60% of the market's monthly sales.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: "Automotive News" reported that, from January to October in 2010, Dodge sold about a third of its 2010 Grand Caravans to rental fleets. The relatively high rental fleet sales depressed used vehicles' resale value: as the number of returned ex-rental 2010 Grand Caravan to the market jumped fourfold between July to October, prices of used 2009 and 2010 Dodge minivans dropped by as much as 20%.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Dodge Grand Caravan was discontinued after the 2020 model year because of "regulatory reasons". It was reported that the cost of updating the vehicle to meet new federal safety regulations is so high that it would eliminate its low price advantage.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Both the 3.8 L and 4.0 L engines were paired with Chrysler's 62TE 6-speed automatic transmission with variable line pressure (VLP) technology (See Ultradrive#62TE).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: In Canada (2008–2010) the 3.3 L was the standard engine across the range, combined with the 4-speed 41TE automatic transmission. The 4.0 L engine and the six-speed combination was available as an option on only the top of the range SXT models. In 2011 the six-speed transmission was specified as standard on the Town & Country.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Dodge introduced a seating system for 2008, marketed as "Swivel 'n Go". In the seating system, two full-size second row seats swivel to face the third row. A detachable table can be placed between the second and third-row seats. The Swivel 'n Go seating system includes the third-row seating from the Stow 'n Go system. The system is offered on the Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country, but not the Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: These Swivel 'n Go Seats are manufactured by Intier, a division of Magna. The tracks, risers, and swivel mechanisms are assembled by Camslide, a division of Intier. The swivel mechanism was designed by and is produced by Toyo Seat. The swivel mechanism includes bumpers that stabilize the seat while in the lock position. When rotated the seat comes off these bumpers to allow easy rotation. The seat is not meant to be left in an unlocked position or swiveled with the occupant in it, although this will not damage the swivel mechanism.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For 2009, standard Stow 'n Go seats were added that folded flat into the rear area floor to create more cargo room, while the Swivel 'n Go seats turned 180 degrees to face the third row. The available SXT trim now included new technology options. New for 2009 was an optional "sport" suspension system as well as a blind-spot warning system and "Cross Path Detection" with sensors to warn of cars or other obstacles when backing out of a parking space.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Chrysler minivans became the only domestic brand minivans as GM and Ford replaced their slow-selling models with three-row crossover SUVs.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Changes for the 2010 Dodge Grand Caravans included new active head restraints for the driver and front passenger on all models, three-zone manual climate controls for the Grand Caravan SE, and a new 3.16 final drive ratio for models equipped with the 4.0-liter engine.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Grand Caravan underwent a mid-cycle refresh for the 2011 model year, which included major changes in both styling and functionality. The suspension was heavily re-tuned, with both Dodge and Chrysler minivans gaining a larger front sway bar and new rear sway bar, increased rear roll center height, adjusted spring rates, a new steering gear, a revised front static camber setting, and lowered ride height. This improved handling.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: All three of the former engine choices were replaced by the new Pentastar 3.6-liter V6 with 6-speed automatic transmission, now the sole powertrain choice for all models. Interior trim was restyled on both vans, in addition to major exterior revisions highlighted by the new "double-crosshair" grille on the Grand Caravan. The Grand Caravan no longer had its own distinct headlight assemblies and now shared a common design with the Town & Country.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Other changes included extra sound insulation, acoustic glass, new seats, softer-touch surfaces, new LED ambient lighting and center console, and halogen projector headlamps with LED accents. The Chrysler models were adjusted so that instead of competing against equivalent Dodge trim levels, they were above Dodge in trim and features.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For 2012, a new, basic style trim called "AVP" was introduced, while some features previously unavailable for "SE" (like touch navigation panel) become available as options (The "SE" now also received a floor console, similar to the one available for "SXT"). The same year, the front logo design was changed gaining the two slanted rectangles in red to match the rest of the Dodge lineup. For 2013, the American Value Package "AVP" trim manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) was reduced by $1,000 from the year before.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Grand Caravan added a class-exclusive feature with an optional Blu-Ray DVD player while the base "AVP" model was described by Autotrader.com editors as having a "shockingly low MSRP" giving buyers "incredible utility" in their vehicle.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: For the 2014 model year, three new packages are introduced: American Value Package (US), Canada Value Package (Canada), Blacktop package (US only), and the 30th Anniversary Edition. They are all different sets of the SE and SXT trims and include new luxury features for the same price. The Grand Caravan AVP also gained easy-clean floor mats that came with the optional second-row Stow'n Go seats (standard on SE, SXT, and R/T).


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The "Blacktop Package", based on SE and SXT, came equipped with 17-inch polished aluminum wheels with gloss black pockets, a gloss black grille, black headlamp bezels, an all-black interior including headliner, door panels and console, unique black cloth seats and door trim panels with silver accent stitching, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with silver accent stitching and a leather shift knob, choice of 6 body colors (Granite Crystal, Billet Silver, Brilliant Black, Maximum Steel, Redline Red, Bright White). SXT models also include fog lamps.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The "SE 30th Anniversary Edition", based on the SE trim, came equipped with 17-inch satin carbon aluminum wheels, body-color heated exterior mirrors, 30th Anniversary badging on the front fenders, silver accent stitching and piano black accents throughout, black cloth seats, a black leather-wrapped steering wheel, black leather-wrapped shift knob, black headliner and overhead console, bright heating and air conditioning trim bezels, power second- and third-row windows, and 30th Anniversary logo on the key fob


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The "SXT 30th Anniversary Edition", based on the SXT trim, was packaged with 17-inch polished aluminum wheels with satin carbon pockets, bright chrome roof rack, bright window trim moldings, fog lamps, automatic headlamps, and special 30th Anniversary badging, Black Torino leatherette seats with premium suede inserts and silver accent stitching, power 10-way driver's seat, piano black accent trim bezels, and bright chrome accents throughout.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Both 30th Anniversary Editions included an available special body color, Granite Crystal Pearl Coat, a customized gauge cluster with 30th Anniversary badging, as well as the UConnect Handsfree Group (SiriusXM Satellite Radio with a one-year subscription, Bluetooth streaming audio and voice command and an auto-dimming rear view mirror). The vehicles arrived at dealerships at Q3 2013.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Also new for the 2014 model year, the Grand Caravan R/T gained standard auto headlamps with black bezels and the Security Group featuring remote start and security alarm.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The Grand Caravan was not changed for the 2015 model year except for content features added to SE Plus and SXT Plus trims. The SE Plus package included black leather upholstery, power windows for the second-row seats, and Chrysler's Uconnect voice command with Bluetooth sound system.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: The new Chrysler Pacifica was unveiled on January 11, 2016, and getting all the attention, but the Dodge Grand Caravan continued to be marketed as a budget minivan alternative.


title: Dodge Caravan

text: A small 2017 model year update was applied to SE, SE Plus, SXT, and GT (replacing the R/T) models. The 6.5-inch Touchscreen (Radio 430 and 430 NAV) became standard equipment with rear-view cameras on all models. (Navigation is standard on GT and optional on SXT.) The GT model also included monochromatic exterior and premium leather interior with red accent stitching


title: Dodge Caravan

text: Sales of the Grand Caravan began in Mexico during this model year, positioned as the most accessible minivan in its class. Three models available in the Mexican market were SE, SXT and SXT Plus.