title: The Ugly Truth

text: The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 14% based on 176 reviews, and a weighted average of 3.80/10. The website's consensus reads, "Despite the best efforts of Butler and Heigl, "The Ugly Truth" suffers from a weak script that relies on romantic comedy formula, with little charm or comedic payoff." Moviegoers, unlike many critics, thought much higher of the film. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Ugly Truth

text: "Rolling Stone" critic Peter Travers gave the film a half star out of four, stating: "There's not a genuine laugh in it [...] Toss this ugly-ass crap to the curb, along with the other multiplex garbage, and see a romance that gets it right. I'm talking "(500) Days of Summer"." "Time" named it one of the top 10 worst chick flicks.


title: The Ugly Truth

text: Critic Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two out of four stars, saying that Heigl and Butler were "pleasant" but "the movie does them in." He commented on the restaurant scene that also was a red-band clip on YouTube, saying that "Heigl makes a real effort" but that Meg Ryan's scene in "When Harry Met Sally..." was the gold standard "in this rare but never boring category". As for portraying the morning news realistically, he says "the film makes "" look like a documentary".


title: The Ugly Truth

text: Ruth McCann of "The Washington Post" called the film "indulgently glossy, refreshingly snarky and legitimately sexy".


title: The Ugly Truth

text: Kara Nesvig of the "Star Tribune" said "the dialogue is snappy and sexy, Heigl and Butler spar with zingy chemistry, and though the ending is as predictable as you'd assume, it's a sexy sort of popcorn flick". Nesvig praises Heigl saying the film "adds up to more than the sum of its clichés".


title: The Ugly Truth

text: The film opened to third place at the box office—behind "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (in its second weekend) and the newly released "G-Force"—with $27,605,576 and the highest per-screen average in the top 10. As of July 2, 2018, the film has grossed $88.9 million at the North American domestic box office and $116.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $205.2 million, becoming Katherine Heigl's second best grossing film behind "Knocked Up".


title: The Ugly Truth

text: In Great Britain and Ireland, the film topped the box office and took in £1.9 million in its opening weekend, fighting off competition from "", which entered at number two with £1.7 million.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Fanaa () is a 2006 Indian Hindi–language romantic thriller film, directed by Kunal Kohli and produced by Aditya Chopra and Yash Chopra under their banner Yash Raj Films. The film stars Aamir Khan and Kajol, with Rishi Kapoor, Kirron Kher, Tabu and Sharat Saxena in supporting roles.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Khan's first film as an anti-hero, "Fanaa" follows a tourist guide in New Delhi named Rehan Qadri, who meets a Kashmiri woman, Zooni Ali Beg. Both fall in love, but are separated by a terrorist attack that reportedly kills Rehan. It is later revealed that he was not killed, but is in fact a Kashmiri insurgent, and is the mastermind behind the attacks. 7 years later, his organization, known as the "IKF", sends him on a mission in Kashmir, where he once again, in a strange twist of fate, meets Zooni. It was Khan's first film as an anti–hero.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: "Fanaa" was one of the most expensive Bollywood films during its time of release. The film's title is derived from the Islamic Sufi term "fanaa", meaning "destroyed" in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Hindi. The film was promoted with the tagline ""Destroyed In Love..."". Khan and Kajol were romantically pairing for the first time with this film, but it marked their second collaboration after "Ishq" (1997), in which they were paired opposite Juhi Chawla and Ajay Devgn respectively. It also marked the comeback of Kajol, who was last seen in Karan Johar's "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..." (2001).


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: "Fanaa" released on 26 May 2006, and grossed over ₹1.03 billion at the box–office against a production and marketing budget of ₹300 million, thus becoming the sixth highest grossing Hindi film of 2006. The film proved to be a major commercial success, despite having been banned in the state of Gujarat due to protests against Khan for his comments criticizing the Gujarat government. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, soundtrack, cinematography, costumes, styling and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kajol's performance; however its story, screenplay and pacing received some criticism.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: At the 52nd Filmfare Awards, "Fanaa" received 4 nominations, and won 3 awards, including Best Actress (Kajol).


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Zooni Ali Beg is a blind Kashmiri woman who travels for the first time with her friends, Fatima "Fatty" Ali, Mehbooba "Bobo" Siddiqui, Rubina "Ruby" Ansari and their dance teacher Helen to New Delhi to perform in a ceremony for Republic Day. On her journey, she meets Rehan Khan, a tour guide who flirts with her. Although her friends warn Zooni about him, she falls in love. On her last night in Delhi, Rehan and Zooni spend the night together and end up making love. As Zooni is leaving the next day, Rehan comes and takes her away with him. Her parents arrive in Delhi to arrange their marriage. Zooni has a procedure done that helps get her eyesight back, but when she comes out of surgery, she finds out that Rehan was killed in a bomb blast in the city.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Malini Tyagi is a special intelligence agent brought in to assess the threat of the bomb blast, and the group responsible, an independent organization fighting for an independent Kashmir known as IKF. It is revealed that Rehan is the man who placed the bomb blast in motion, then faked his death so that Zooni wouldn't come looking for him. He admits that he loves Zooni, but also concedes that he can never see her again because of his dangerous life.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Seven years later, Rehan is on another mission for the IKF. IKF has acquired a nuclear weapon but needs to get hold of the trigger, which is in the army's possession. Rehan steals it, but Tyagi has figured out his plan and sends forces to stop him. In the ensuing shootout, Rehan is injured. He makes his way to a remote house for help. It turns out to be Zooni's house. Zooni had become pregnant after Rehan's supposed death and has given birth to and raised her and Rehan's son (also named "Rehan" by Zooni). Zooni's mother had died two years prior to Rehan's return. Zooni and her father save him, though neither recognizes him as Zooni's old lover. Though initially distant from them, Rehan develops an affection for his son and the family.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Rehan eventually reveals his true identity to them, keeping the information of his terrorism under wraps. Initially hurt, Zooni refuses to let Rehan leave her again, and the two of them get married by the arrangement of her father. Tyagi has a report published about Rehan, warning the public that he is a terrorist. Zooni's father sees this report and confronts Rehan on finding the trigger in his pocket. Rehan accidentally throws Zooni's father off a ledge, killing him. He radios the IKF from an army officer's house but kills the officer when he discovers Rehan.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Zooni finds her father's body, and Rehan lies about his death. However, Zooni later sees the news report, and finds the trigger. She takes her son and flees to the officer's house, where she radios for help. Tyagi tells her to stop Rehan. Rehan arrives the next day, and takes the trigger from Zooni, saying the IKF will kill her and their son if he doesn't. As Rehan is about to give the trigger to the leader of IKF, Rehaan's maternal grandfather, Zooni shoots him in the leg. Rehan draws his gun on her, but can't bring himself to shoot. Zooni shoots him again, this time fatally, to stop him. In the nick of time, Tyagi arrives and stops the IKF from shooting Zooni. Rehan dies in Zooni's arms.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Zooni and her son later visit the graves of her father and Rehan, who are buried next to each other. When her son asks if his father was wrong, Zooni tells him that his father did what he thought was right.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: "Fanaa" was originally planned to be shot in Kashmir before Kajol backed out due to the continuing insurgency in that region. The director chose to move the Kashmir segment to the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland, which also provides suitably snowy and mountainous terrain. It was filmed at historical locations in Delhi including the Red Fort, Jantar Mantar, Qutub Minar, Purana Qila, Rashtrapati Bhavan and Lodhi Gardens.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: The performances of the leads, Aamir Khan and Kajol, as well as their on–screen chemistry were praised.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: The music of "Fanaa" composed by Jatin–Lalit with Salim–Sulaiman providing the background score. The lyrics were penned by Prasoon Joshi. 5 songs are featured in the movie while the soundtrack contains 7 songs. This was the last film for which Jatin–Lalit composed as a duo (they split afterwards).


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Gaurav Sathe of "Planet Bollywood" gave 8 stars stating, "Jatin–Lalit's last offering doesn't give us a "DDLJ", a "K2H2" or a "K3G", but it is still a notch higher than some of the run–off–the–mill music we've been hearing as of late." According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", the album sold 17,00,000 units.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Salim–Sulaiman programmed for the first 5 songs and Dhrubajyoti Phukan programmed the song "Destroyed in Love".


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: While promoting the film in Gujarat, Aamir Khan made some comments regarding the Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi's handling of the Narmada Dam and the necessity to rehabilitate the displaced villagers. These comments were met with outrage from the Bharatiya Janata Party. The government of Gujarat demanded an apology from Khan. Khan refused to apologise, saying "I am saying exactly what the Supreme Court has said. I only asked for rehabilitation of poor farmers. I never spoke against the construction of the dam. I will not apologise for my comments on the issue." An unofficial ban of "Fanaa" was put in place for the entire state of Gujarat. Protests occurred against the film and Khan which included the burning of posters of the star in effigy. As a result, several multiplex owners stated that they could not provide security to customers. Thus, all theatre owners in Gujarat refused to screen the movie.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Producer Aditya Chopra moved a petition to the Supreme Court of India asking them to direct the Gujarat government to provide protection to all cinema halls that wanted to screen the film, but was rejected. Their response was that if a cinema was concerned for their protection they could call on the police.


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: Addressing the media, director Kunal Kohli said, "All theatre owners or exhibitors who wish to release this film can request for protection and the government should extend support. We as filmmakers request all theatre owners of Gujarat to come forward and release the film. We have earned 470 million (both domestic and overseas) in the first week and have lost approximately 6 to 70 million of business in Gujarat. However it's not about money... it is about a principle. As a democratic country where Aamir has a right to say what he feels, even the people of Gujarat, who are protesting have the right to say what they feel ... but in a democratic fashion, and not by burning posters and threatening people."


title: Fanaa (2006 film)

text: A single privately owned cinema in Jamnagar, Gujarat, screened the movie with police protection despite the threats. It ran for over a week before being withdrawn again following a self–immolation bid by a man protesting against the screening. The man, Pravin, entered the bathroom of the theatre during intermission of one of the screenings and set himself on fire. He suffered 85% burns and succumbed to his wounds nine days later.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Silverado is a 1985 American Western film produced and directed by Lawrence Kasdan, and written by Kasdan and his brother Mark. It stars Kevin Kline, Scott Glenn, Danny Glover and Kevin Costner. The supporting cast features Brian Dennehy, Rosanna Arquette, John Cleese, Jeff Goldblum, Lynne Whitfield, and Linda Hunt.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The film was produced by Columbia Pictures and Delphi III Productions, and distributed to theatres by Columbia, and by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment for home media. The original soundtrack, with a score composed by Bruce Broughton, was released by Geffen Records. On November 12, 2005, an expanded two-disc version of the score was released by the Intrada Records label.


title: Silverado (film)

text: "Silverado" premiered in the United States on July 10, 1985. Through an 11-week run, the film was shown at 1,190 theaters at its widest release, and grossed $32,192,570 at the box office. Generally met with positive critical reviews, it was nominated for Best Sound and Best Original Score at the 58th Academy Awards.


title: Silverado (film)

text: A cowboy named Emmett is ambushed by three armed men while he sleeps in an isolated shack and kills them. On a journey towards the frontier town of Silverado, he detours to another town called Turley to meet his brother, Jake. Along the way, Emmett finds a half-naked man, Paden, lying in the desert after being robbed and left to die. Paden chooses to travel with Emmett to Turley.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Arriving in town, Paden notices the man who stole his horse and saddle and buys a cheap gun to kill him. Soldiers attempt to arrest Paden until he shows that his name was on the saddle. The story is backed up by Cobb, an old friend of Paden's, who also loans him money to buy new clothes. Cobb wants to give Paden a job in Silverado, but he declines. The men run into a homesteader named Hobart, who mistakes them for two men named Baxter and Holly. The real Baxter and Holly show up to guide Hobart and his fellow settlers to Silverado. Later at a nearby saloon, Emmett and Paden witness a black cowboy, Mal, being harassed by several men and the racist saloon owner. Mal beats the men until Sheriff John Langston shows up and orders him to leave town.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Paden and Emmett are questioned by Langston and learn that Jake is set to be hanged for murder. Paden learns Emmett intends to break his brother out of jail and decides to leave. That night, Paden kills another man to get back his hat and guns, and Langston throws him in jail along with Jake. The next morning, Emmett sets fire to the town gallows while Jake and Paden break out of jail. The three men escape, pursued by Langston and his posse. Mal ambushes them, revealing himself to be a crack shot, and the lawmen abandon their pursuit. Mal reveals he is also headed to Silverado to visit his elderly parents after quitting his job as a butcher in Chicago.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The four soon encounter Hobart's wagon train. He reveals that Baxter and Holly betrayed them and ran off with their money box. Jake stays behind while the others, accompanied by a man named Conrad, retrieve the money from a gang of outlaws; Conrad is killed by a sharpshooter. With the money returned, Mal parts ways and leaves them while Emmett and Jake reunite with their sister and her family. It's revealed that Emmett spent five years in prison for killing a rancher named McKendrick after their families feuded over land rights. At the same time, Mal discovers his father, Ezra, living destitute in the hills and his ranch burned down; McKendrick's son Ethan seized their land and Mal's mother died of sickness. In town, Paden visits the saloon and meets the manager, Stella. Cobb, who turns out to be the owner, hires him as the new pit boss after revealing that he is also Silverado's sheriff.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Emmett discovers that Ethan hired the gunmen who tried to murder him. Mal also learns his sister Rae is now the mistress of notorious gambler Calvin "Slick" Stanhope. Stanhope betrays Mal, who gets beaten by Cobb's deputies and put in jail. McKendrick's men murder Ezra, assault Emmett, burn his brother-in-law's land office, and kidnap Jake and Emmett's young nephew Augie. Stella, who knows Cobb is in Ethan's pocket, reveals to Paden that she despises what the two men have done to Silverado and urges him to make things right. Rae breaks her brother out but gets wounded in the process. The four men attack Ethan's ranch, kill most of his men, and rescue Jake and Augie while Ethan flees back to town. The group splits up: Jake outsmarts and kills Cobb's right-hand man Tyree, Mal rescues Rae from Stanhope and stabs him to death with his own knife, Emmett deals with the remaining corrupt deputies and guides his horse to kick Ethan in the head, breaking his neck, and Paden faces off with Cobb in a duel, outdrawing and killing him.


title: Silverado (film)

text: After saying their goodbyes, Emmett and Jake are accompanied to the edge of town to say goodbye to their sister and her family before departing for California, their long-stated goal. Mal and his sister reconcile and decide to rebuild their family's homestead. Meanwhile, Paden has found his true calling as the new sheriff of Silverado.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The film was shot primarily on location at the Cook Ranch in New Mexico. In 1984, Lawrence and Mark Kasdan and crew were out scouting a remote area of New Mexico by helicopter, hoping to find the most suitable place to build the town of Silverado. The location manager appeared at the property of local natives Bill and Marian Cook. At that time they wanted to build only two to three structures, offering Cook a "casual number" as a location fee. "There wasn't any great motivation for me one way or another, but I said okay. It just grew from that into a big budget movie and the "Silverado" set was built," Cook recalled.


title: Silverado (film)

text: In an interview with Trailer Addict, actor Scott Glenn related how casting profoundly influences directing. In reference to different actors working together, he mentioned how he "really liked" Kevin Costner, and how he thought Kevin was "easy and comfortable" to be around. He said, "there is real magic going on with that performance." Glenn spent his time kidding around with Costner addressing him by saying, "hey movie star!" during that earlier stage in his career.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 78% based on reviews from 36 critics, with an average score of 6.8/10. The consensus reads, "Boasting rich detail and a well-told story, "Silverado" is a rare example of an '80s Hollywood Western done right." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 64% based on 14 reviews.


title: Silverado (film)

text: Critic Janet Maslin, writing in "The New York Times", said of director Kasdan, "he creates the film's most satisfying moments by communicating his own sheer enjoyment in revitalizing scenes and images that are so well-loved." Impressed, she exclaimed, ""Silverado" is a sweeping, glorious-looking western that's at least a full generation removed from the classic films it brings to mind." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" called it "sophisticated" while remarking, "This is a story, you will agree, that has been told before. What distinguishes Kasdan's telling of it is the style and energy he brings to the project." In the "San Francisco Chronicle", Peter Stack wrote that the film "delivers elaborate gun-fighting scenes, legions of galloping horses, stampeding cattle, a box canyon, covered wagons, tons of creaking leather and even a High Noonish duel." He openly mused, "How it manages to run the gamut of cowboy movie elements without getting smart-alecky is intriguing." In a mixed review, Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune", said the film was "a completely successful physical attempt at reviving the western, but its script would need a complete rewrite for it to become more than just a small step in a full-scale western revival." Another ambivalent review came from Jay Carr of "The Boston Globe". He noted that "Silverado" "plays like a big-budget regurgitation of old Westerns. What keeps it going is the generosity that flows between Kasdan and his actors. It's got benevolent energies, but not the more primal kind needed to renew the standard Western images and archetypes." In an entirely negative critique, film critic Jay Scott of "The Globe and Mail" said the all too familiar "manipulative "Star Wars"-style score is the only novelty on tap in "Silverado", which has a plot too drearily complicated and arid to summarize". Left equally unimpressed was Dave Kehr of the "Chicago Reader". Commenting on director Kasdan's style, he said his "considerable skills as a plot carpenter seem to desert him as soon as the story moves to the town of the title." As far as the supporting cast was concerned, he dryly noted, "none of them assumes enough authority to carry the moral and dramatic center of the film." Giving "Silverado" 4 out of 5 stars, author Ian Freer of "Empire", thought the film was the "kind of picture that makes you want to play cowboys the moment it is over." He exclaimed, "Whereas many of the westerns from the ‘70s try a revisionist take on the genre, "Silverado" offers a wholehearted embracing of western traditions."


title: Silverado (film)

text: The staff at "Variety" reserved praise for the film stating that the real rewards of the picture lie in its "visuals" saying, "rarely has the West appeared so alive, yet unlike what one carries in his mind's eye. Ida Random's production design is thoroughly convincing in detail." Julie Salamon writing for "The Wall Street Journal", voiced positive sentiment joyfully exclaiming that "Silverado" "looks great and moves fast. Mr. Kasdan has packed his action well against the fearsomely long, dusty stretches of Western plain." Describing some pitfalls, David Sterritt of "The Christian Science Monitor" said, "When pure storytelling takes over after an hour or so, the picture becomes less original and engaging." Sterritt however was quick to admit, "The cinematography by John Bailey is stunning," but he frustratingly noted that "Like the last movie Lawrence Kasdan gave us, "The Big Chill," it's best when the carefully chosen cast throws itself into developing characters and building their relationships." Injecting some positive opinion, the staff at "Total Film" viewed "Silverado" as a creation of the "Kasdan brothers' ebullient love letter to the horse operas of their youth", while throwing in "every Western cliché imaginable. It's not as rousing as it thinks, despite the efforts of Bruce Broughton's strident score, but looks terrific - all big skies and wide-open spaces."


title: Silverado (film)

text: Richard Corliss of "Time" didn't find the picture to be compelling, stating how the film "sprays the buckshot of its four or five story lines across the screen with the abandon of a drunken galoot aiming at a barn door. Though the film interrupts its chases and shootouts to let some fine actors stare meaningfully or spit out a little sagebrush wisdom, it rarely allows them to build the camaraderie that an old cowhand like Gabby Hayes exuded with no sweat." He ultimately came to the conclusion that "Silverado" "proves it takes more than love of the western to make a good one. Maybe the dudes at K-Tell were a mite too slick for the job." Similarly, in an equally pessimistic tone, the staff at "TV Guide" described how "Lawrence Kasdan bloats the plot with dozens of side stories that, in painfully predictable detail, show how each of our heroes has a reason for being in "Silverado" and why they decide to stick their necks out. Though much of the running time is devoted to these expository passages, it's all very basic and shallow."


title: Silverado (film)

text: At the 58th Academy Awards, "Silverado" was nominated for Best Music (Original Score), and Best Sound (Donald O. Mitchell, Rick Kline, Kevin O'Connell and David M. Ronne). In 1986, the film received a nomination for the Artios Award in the category of Best Casting for a Feature Film (Drama) by the Casting Society of America.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The film premiered in cinemas on July 9, 1985 in wide release throughout the United States. During its opening weekend, "Silverado" opened in 7th place, grossing $3,522,897 at 1,168 locations. The film "Back to the Future" came in first place during that weekend grossing $10,555,133. The film's revenue increased by 3% in its second week of release, earning $3,631,204. For that particular weekend, it moved up to 5th place screening in 1,190 theaters. "Back to the Future" remained in first place grossing $10,315,305 in box office revenue. During its final release week in theaters, "Silverado" opened in a distant 11th place with $741,840 in revenue. It went on to top out domestically at $32,192,570 in total ticket sales through an 11-week theatrical run. For 1985 as a whole, "Silverado" would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 28.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The film was released on RCA CED videodisc format and VHS in December 1985 and on Criterion laserdisc in August 1991. It was rereleased on VHS video format on July 8, 1994. A collector's edition VHS featuring a remastered recording was released on June 1, 1999. The Region 1 widescreen edition was released on DVD in the United States on February 3, 2009. Special features include filmographies, the making of "Silverado", and subtitles in Chinese (Mandarin Traditional), English, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, and Thai. Additionally, a two-disc Special Edition DVD was also released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on April 5, 2005. Special features included "A Return to Silverado with Kevin Costner" featurette, "Along the Silverado Trail: A Western Historian's Commentary", Superbit presentation, "Top Western Shootouts" featurette, talent files, bonus previews, an exclusive 16-page movie scrapbook, and collectible "Silverado" playing cards.


title: Silverado (film)

text: The original motion picture soundtrack for "Silverado" was released by Geffen Records in 1985. In 1992 Intrada Records issued an expanded edition on compact disc; then on November 12, 2005, an expanded two-disc version was released by the Intrada Records music label. The score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton and mixed by Donald O. Mitchell. Gene Feldman and Erma Levin edited the music.


title: Abel

text: Abel is a Biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within Abrahamic religions. He was the younger brother of Cain, and the younger son of Adam and Eve, the first couple in Biblical history. He was a shepherd who offered his firstborn flock up to God as an offering. God accepted his offering but not his brother's. Cain then killed Abel out of jealousy.


title: Abel

text: According to the narrative in Genesis, Abel ( "Hébel", in pausa "Hā́ḇel"; "Hábel"; , "Hābēl") is Eve's second son. His name in Hebrew is composed of the same three consonants as a root meaning "breath". Julius Wellhausen has proposed that the name is independent of the root. Eberhard Schrader had previously put forward the Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect) "ablu" ("son") as a more likely etymology.


title: Abel

text: In Christianity, comparisons are sometimes made between the death of Abel and that of Jesus, the former thus seen as being the first martyr. In Jesus speaks of Abel as "righteous", and the Epistle to the Hebrews states that "The blood of sprinkling ... [speaks] better things than that of Abel" (). The blood of Jesus is interpreted as bringing mercy; but that of Abel as demanding vengeance (hence the curse and mark).


title: Abel

text: Abel is invoked in the litany for the dying in the Roman Catholic Church, and his sacrifice is mentioned in the Canon of the Mass along with those of Abraham and Melchizedek. The Alexandrian Rite commemorates him with a feast day on December 28.


title: Abel

text: According to the Coptic Book of Adam and Eve (at 2:1–15), and the Syriac Cave of Treasures, Abel's body, after many days of mourning, was placed in the "Cave of Treasures", before which Adam and Eve, and descendants, offered their prayers. In addition, the Sethite line of the Generations of Adam swear by Abel's blood to segregate themselves from the "unrighteous".


title: Abel

text: In the Book of Enoch (22:7), regarded by most Christian and Jewish traditions as extra-biblical, the soul of Abel is described as having been appointed as the chief of martyrs, crying for vengeance, for the destruction of the seed of Cain. A similar view is later shown in the Testament of Abraham (A:13 / B:11), where Abel has been raised to the position as the judge of the souls.


title: Abel

text: In Bereshit Rabbah (22:2), a discussion of Gen. 4:1 ff. has Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korcha mentioning that Cain was born with a twin sister, and Abel with two twin sisters. This is based on the principle that the otherwise superfluous accusative article "et" always conveys some additional teaching (Pesachim 22b). The "et"'s are parsed slightly differently in Yebamot 62a where the two "et"'s in Gen. 4:2 indicate Cain and his sister, and Abel and his (one) sister.


title: Abel

text: In the Apocryphon of John, a work belonging to Sethian Gnosticism, Abel is the offspring of Yaldaboath and Eve, who is placed over the elements of water and earth as Elohim, but was only given his name as a form of deception.


title: Abel

text: According to Mandaean beliefs and scriptures including the Qolastā, the Book of John and Genzā Rabbā, Abel is cognate with the angelic soteriological figure Hibil Ziwa, (, sometimes translated "Splendid Hibel"), who is spoken of as a son of Hayyi or of Manda d-Hayyi, and as a brother to Anush (Enosh) and to Sheetil (Seth), who is the son of Adam. Elsewhere, Anush is spoken of as the son of Sheetil, and Sheetil as the son of Hibil, where Hibil came to Adam and Eve as a young boy when they were still virgins, but was called their son. Hibil is an important lightworld being (uthra) who conquered the World of Darkness. As Yawar Hibil, he is one of multiple figures known as Yawar (), being so named by and after his father.


title: Abel

text: According to Shi'a Muslim belief, Abel (""Habeel"") is buried in the Nabi Habeel Mosque, located on the west mountains of Damascus, near the Zabadani Valley, overlooking the villages of the Barada river (Wadi Barada), in Syria. Shi'a are frequent visitors of this mosque for ziyarat. The mosque was built by Ottoman Wali Ahmad Pasha in 1599.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS; originally, Wi-Fi Simple Config) is a network security standard to create a secure wireless home network.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Created by Cisco and introduced in 2006, the point of the protocol is to allow home users who know little of wireless security and may be intimidated by the available security options to set up Wi-Fi Protected Access, as well as making it easy to add new devices to an existing network without entering long passphrases. Wi-Fi Protected Setup allows the owner of Wi-Fi privileges to block other users from using their household Wi-Fi. The owner can also allow people to use Wi-Fi. This can be changed by pressing the WPS button on the home router.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: A major security flaw was revealed in December 2011 that affects wireless routers with the WPS PIN feature, which most recent models have enabled by default. The flaw allows a remote attacker to recover the WPS PIN in a few hours with a brute-force attack and, with the WPS PIN, the network's WPA/WPA2 pre-shared key (PSK). Users have been urged to turn off the WPS PIN feature, although this may not be possible on some router models.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: The standard emphasizes usability and security, and allows four modes in a home network for adding a new device to the network:


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: The last two modes are usually referred to as out-of-band methods as there is a transfer of information by a channel other than the Wi-Fi channel itself. Only the first two modes are currently covered by the WPS certification. The USB method has been deprecated and is not part of the Alliance's certification testing.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Some wireless access points have a dual-function WPS button, and holding this button down for a shorter or longer time may have other functions, such as factory-reset or toggling WiFi.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Some manufacturers, such as Netgear, use a different logo and/or name for Wi-Fi Protected Setup; the Wi-Fi Alliance recommends the use of the Wi-Fi Protected Setup Identifier Mark on the hardware button for this function.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: The WPS protocol consists of a series of EAP message exchanges that are triggered by a user action, relying on an exchange of descriptive information that should precede that user's action. The descriptive information is transferred through a new Information Element (IE) that is added to the beacon, probe response, and optionally to the probe request and association request/response messages. Other than purely informative type–length–values, those IEs will also hold the possible and the currently deployed configuration methods of the device.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: After this communication of the device capabilities from both ends, the user initiates the actual protocol session. The session consists of eight messages that are followed, in the case of a successful session, by a message to indicate that the protocol is completed. The exact stream of messages may change when configuring different kinds of devices (AP or STA), or when using different physical media (wired or wireless).


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Some devices with dual-band wireless network connectivity do not allow the user to select the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band (or even a particular radio or SSID) when using Wi-Fi Protected Setup, unless the wireless access point has separate WPS button for each band or radio; however, a number of later wireless routers with multiple frequency bands and/or radios allow the establishment of a WPS session for a specific band and/or radio for connection with clients which cannot have the SSID or band (e.g., 2.4/5 GHz) explicitly selected by the user on the client for connection with WPS (e.g. pushing the 5 GHz, where supported, WPS button on the wireless router will force a client device to connect via WPS on only the 5 GHz band after a WPS session has been established by the client device which cannot explicitly allow the selection of wireless network and/or band for the WPS connection method).


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: In December 2011, researcher Stefan Viehböck reported a design and implementation flaw that makes brute-force attacks against PIN-based WPS feasible to be performed on WPS-enabled Wi-Fi networks. A successful attack on WPS allows unauthorized parties to gain access to the network, and the only effective workaround is to disable WPS. The vulnerability centers around the acknowledgement messages sent between the registrar and enrollee when attempting to validate a PIN, which is an eight-digit number used to add new WPA enrollees to the network. Since the last digit is a checksum of the previous digits, there are seven unknown digits in each PIN, yielding 10 = 10,000,000 possible combinations.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: When an enrollee attempts to gain access using a PIN, the registrar reports the validity of the first and second halves of the PIN separately. Since the first half of the pin consists of four digits (10,000 possibilities) and the second half has only three active digits (1000 possibilities), at most 11,000 guesses are needed before the PIN is recovered. This is a reduction by three orders of magnitude from the number of PINs that would be required to be tested. As a result, an attack can be completed in under four hours. The ease or difficulty of exploiting this flaw is implementation-dependent, as Wi-Fi router manufacturers could defend against such attacks by slowing or disabling the WPS feature after several failed PIN validation attempts.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: A young developer based out of a small town in eastern New Mexico created a tool that exploits this vulnerability to prove that the attack is feasible. The tool was then purchased by Tactical Network Solutions in Maryland for 1.5 million dollars. They state that they have known about the vulnerability since early 2011 and had been using it.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: In some devices, disabling WPS in the user interface does not result in the feature actually being disabled, and the device remains vulnerable to this attack. Firmware updates have been released for some of these devices allowing WPS to be disabled completely. Vendors could also patch the vulnerability by adding a lock-down period if the Wi-Fi access point detects a brute-force attack in progress, which disables the PIN method for long enough to make the attack impractical.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: In the summer of 2014, Dominique Bongard discovered what he called the "Pixie Dust" attack. This attack works only on the default WPS implementation of several wireless chip makers, including Ralink, MediaTek, Realtek and Broadcom. The attack focuses on a lack of randomization when generating the E-S1 and E-S2 "secret" nonces. Knowing these two nonces, the PIN can be recovered within a couple of minutes. A tool called "pixiewps" has been developed and a new version of Reaver has been developed to automate the process.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: Since both the client and access point (enrollee and registrar, respectively) need to prove they know the PIN to make sure the client is not connecting to a rogue AP, the attacker already has two hashes that contain each half of the PIN, and all they need is to brute-force the actual PIN. The access point sends two hashes, E-Hash1 and E-Hash2, to the client, proving that it also knows the PIN. E-Hash1 and E-Hash2 are hashes of (E-S1 | PSK1 | PKe | PKr) and (E-S2 | PSK2 | PKe | PKr), respectively. The hashing function is HMAC-SHA-256 and uses the "authkey" that is the key used to hash the data.


title: Wi-Fi Protected Setup

text: All WPS methods are vulnerable to usage by an unauthorized user if the wireless access point is not kept in a secure area. Many wireless access points have security information (if it is factory-secured) and the WPS PIN printed on them; this PIN is also often found in the configuration menus of the wireless access point. If this PIN cannot be changed or disabled, the only remedy is to get a firmware update to enable the PIN to be changed, or to replace the wireless access point.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Nanci Caroline Griffith (July 6, 1953 – August 13, 2021) was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter. She appeared many times on the PBS music program "Austin City Limits" starting in 1985 (season 10). In 1994 she won a Grammy Award for the album "Other Voices, Other Rooms."


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith toured with various other artists, including Buddy Holly's band, the Crickets; John Prine; Iris DeMent; Suzy Bogguss; Judy Collins and The Everly Brothers. Griffith recorded duets with many artists, among them Emmylou Harris, Mary Black, John Prine, Don McLean, Jimmy Buffett, Dolores Keane, Willie Nelson, Adam Duritz (singer of Counting Crows), the Chieftains, John Stewart; and Darius Rucker (lead singer of Hootie & the Blowfish). Griffith had a backing band which she referred to as the Blue Moon Orchestra.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Nanci Griffith, the youngest of three siblings, was born in Seguin, Texas, but raised in Austin, the place her family moved to shortly after her birth. Nanci's mother Ruelene was a real estate agent and amateur actress, her father, Marlin Griffith, was a graphic artist and barbershop quartet singer.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Nanci Griffith began her career as a singer performing in a local coffeehouse, aged 12. Her father took her to see Townes Van Zandt as a teenager. At the age of 14, she did her first professional gig at the Red Lion Cabaret in downtown Austin. Nanci's debut album, "There’s a Light Beyond These Woods", was released in 1978, with a cover designed by her father.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Her career spanned a variety of musical genres, predominantly country, folk, and what she termed "folkabilly." Griffith won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album in 1994 for her 1993 recording, "Other Voices, Other Rooms." This album features Griffith covering the songs of artists who were her major influences. One of her better-known songs is "From a Distance," which was written and composed by Julie Gold, although Bette Midler's version achieved greater commercial success. Similarly, other artists have occasionally achieved greater success than Griffith herself with songs that she wrote or co-wrote. For example, Kathy Mattea had a country music top five hit with a 1986 cover of Griffith's "Love at the Five and Dime" and Suzy Bogguss had one of her largest hits with Griffith's and Tom Russell's "Outbound Plane".


title: Nanci Griffith

text: In 1994, Griffith teamed up with Jimmy Webb to contribute the song "If These Old Walls Could Speak" to the AIDS benefit album "Red Hot + Country" produced by the Red Hot Organization. Griffith was a survivor of breast cancer which was diagnosed in 1996, and thyroid cancer in 1998.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: I was struck by how perfect everything was about her singing, her playing, her talking. I realized from the get-go that this was someone who was a complete professional. Obviously she had worked a long time to get to be that good.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith toured with various other artists, including Buddy Holly's band, the Crickets; John Prine; Iris DeMent; Suzy Bogguss; and Judy Collins. Griffith recorded duets with many artists, among them Emmylou Harris, Mary Black, John Prine, Don McLean, Jimmy Buffett, Dolores Keane, Willie Nelson, Adam Duritz (singer of Counting Crows), the Chieftains, musician John Stewart; and Darius Rucker (lead singer of "Hootie & the Blowfish"). She also contributed background vocals on many other recordings.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith suffered from severe writer's block after 2004, lasting until the 2009 release of her "The Loving Kind" album, which contained nine selections that she had written and composed either entirely by herself or as collaborations.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: After several months of limited touring in 2011, Griffith's bandmates the Kennedys (Pete & Maura Kennedy) packed up their professional Manhattan recording studio and relocated it to Nashville, where they installed it in Griffith's home. At this location, with her backing group, including Pete & Maura Kennedy and Pat McInerney, she co-produced her album "Intersection" over the course of the summer. The album included several new original songs and was released in April 2012 on Proper Records.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith won the 1994 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album for "Other Voices, Other Rooms." She was inducted into Austin Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Griffith was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by the World Folk Music Association in 1995. In 2008, the Americana Music Association awarded her its Lifetime Americana Trailblazer Award. Lyle Lovett, who contributed backing vocals to her third album, "Once in a Very Blue Moon", had won it before her. In 2010, Griffith received a Lifetime Achievement Award at BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Association's Hall of Fame in February 2022 at the Paramount Theatre in Austin.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith referred to her backing band as the Blue Moon Orchestra. With regard to the chosen stage name, she wrote:


title: Nanci Griffith

text: The title selection of the "Once in a Very Blue Moon" album reached number 85 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart in 1986.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith's high school boyfriend, John, died in a motorcycle accident after taking her to the senior prom, and subsequently inspired many of her songs. She was married to singer-songwriter Eric Taylor from 1976 to 1982. In the early 1990s, she was engaged to singer-songwriter Tom Kimmel.


title: Nanci Griffith

text: Griffith died in Nashville on August 13, 2021, at the age of 68. The cause of death was not reported.


title: Pogona

text: Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing six lizard species which are often known by the common name bearded dragons. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and gain weight for a number of reasons, most often as a result of stress, or if they feel threatened.<ref name="https://beardeddragontank.com/8-reasons-for-your-bearded-dragons-black-beard"></ref> They are a semi-arboreal species, spending significant amounts of time on branches, in bushes, and near human habitation. "Pogona" species bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons. Their diet consists primarily of insects, vegetation, and occasionally small rodents. They are found throughout much of Australia and inhabit a wide range of environments, such as deserts, shrublands and "Eucalyptus" woodlands.


title: Pogona

text: The genus "Pogona" is in the subfamily Amphibolurinae of the lizard family Agamidae. Bearded dragons are characterized by their broad, triangular heads, flattened bodies, and rows and clusters of spiny scales covering their entire bodies. When threatened, bearded dragons will puff up their bodies and beards to ward off predators and make their somewhat dull spikes more dangerous. Bearded dragons display a hand-waving gesture to show submission (most often when acknowledging another bearded dragon's territory), and a head-bobbing display to show dominance between dragons. Some have the ability to slightly change colour during rivalry challenges between males, in response to ambient temperature changes such as turning black to absorb heat, and other stimuli. Males grow up to long, and females up to .


title: Pogona

text: Bearded dragons originate from deserts and other dry areas in Australia, with the various species occupying slightly overlapping areas of the landmass. They live in the arid and subtropical woodlands, scrublands, savannas, shore areas, and into the great interior deserts. Their range extends throughout the interior of the eastern states to the eastern half of South Australia and southeastern Northern Territory. They are considered to be semi-arboreal and will quite readily climb and bask at height. This is also linked to dominance behavior and competition for territory/basking areas. They can be found on fallen/broken trees, rocky outcrops and bushes when basking.


title: Pogona

text: Bearded dragons go through a type of hibernation called brumation. Brumation is like hibernation where reptiles go months without eating but they sporadically drink water. Reptiles go dormant in the hottest temperatures, but it differs from brumation during cooler temperatures. When temperatures are extreme, there is a very small range between temperatures that the reptile's bodies can stay active and where their body cannot tolerate the extreme heat and they die. Bearded dragons go through brumation when the temperature goes below 15.5–21 °C (60–70 °F) during the night and 24–26.5 °C (75–80 °F) during the day for eight to ten hours. When the climate is too hot they will often burrow underground. They will also form more permanent burrows or covered hiding places to use as protection from the climate changes at night and predation.


title: Pogona

text: Adult bearded dragons are very territorial. As they grow, they establish territories in which displays of aggression and appeasement form a normal part of their social interactions. A dominant male will adopt a dominant stance and sometimes ready himself for a fight to attack a male aggressor to defend territory, food sources, or in competition for a female. Any male approaching without displaying submissive behavior will be seen as a challenge for


title: Pogona

text: territory. Aggressive males have even been known to attack females who do not display submissive gestures in return.


title: Pogona

text: Correspondingly, adult male bearded dragons can bite more forcefully than adult females and this difference is associated with greater head dimensions.


title: Pogona

text: The bearded dragon comes in many different colors. The beard itself is used for mating and aggression displays, as well as heat management. It forms part of a range of gestures and signals through which the dragons have basic levels of communication. Both sexes have a beard, but males display more frequently, especially in courtship rituals. Females also display their beard as a sign of aggression. The beard darkens, sometimes turning jet black, and inflates during the display. The bearded dragon may also open its mouth and gape in addition to inflating its beard to appear more intimidating. Extreme behavior such as hissing can be observed when threatened with a predator, inflating the body and tilting towards the threat in defense. Bearded dragons have relatively strong jaws but will often only attack as a last resort when threatened outside of competition with their own species.


title: Pogona

text: Head bobbing is another behavior seen in both females and males; they quickly move their heads up and down, often darkening and flaring their beard. Changes in the pace of head bobbing are thought to be a form of communication. Males head bob to impress females, and a male will often have to demonstrate his dominance when attempting to mate before the female will concede. Smaller males will often respond to larger male's heads bobbing by arm-waving, which is a submissive sign. Females will also arm wave to avoid aggression, often in response to a male's head bobbing. Female bearded dragons have been seen lowering themselves towards the ground and intermittently arm-waving whilst moving away from a dominant male in an attempt to either appease or escape.


title: Pogona

text: The bearded dragon has also been shown to perceive illusion, specifically the "Delboeuf illusion". In an experiment at the University of Padova, bearded dragons were presented with two different-sized plates with the same amount of food. The bearded dragons chose the smaller plate more often than they chose the larger one, showing that they were able to perceive the illusion and interpret that a larger plate does not always mean more food. This is the first evidence of this behavior being shown in a reptile species.


title: Pogona

text: When brumation comes to an end the male bearded dragon goes out to find a mate. A courtship ritual occurs where the male starts bobbing his head, waving his arms, and stomping his feet in front of the female. The male chases the female and will bite the back of her neck and hold on while he gets in position to copulate.


title: Pogona

text: During the breeding period, female bearded dragons can store sperm in the oviductal crypts. This allows the female bearded dragon to lay a clutch of 11–30 eggs twice from one mating.


title: Pogona

text: Bearded dragons exhibit temperature sex determination. This means that while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to experience sex reversal and express a female phenotype. This produces a bearded dragon that is a female but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above 31 degrees Celsius can cause sex reversal, and the likelihood of sex reversal has a positive correlation with temperature up until 36 degrees Celsius. Incubation temperatures below 31 degrees Celsius cannot trigger sex reversal. Surprisingly, female bearded dragons with a male genotype do not have many differences from genotypic females. According to one study done on bite force, male bearded dragons have a higher bite force than genotypic females, and sex reversed females. However, there was no difference between genotypic females and sex reversed females.


title: Pogona

text: During the development of an embryo, abnormalities may result in birth defects. These abnormalities might be caused by chromosomal disorders, chemicals, or other genetic or environmental factors.


title: Pogona

text: "Nota bene": A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described under a different binomial.


title: Pogona

text: The central bearded dragon is the most common species in captivity, as well as one of the most popular pet reptiles, with some smaller species such as "Pogona henrylawsoni" being used as substitutes where there is less housing space available.


title: Pogona

text: Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons are a species that have gained much popularity as an exotic pet. This popularity has been sustained, even after Australia banned the sale of its wildlife as pets in the 1960s. Generally, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Male bearded dragons are usually housed alone, as they will fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about from head to tail, weigh and live for about 10 to 15 years and longer with good care. They have been known to live up to about 15 years in captivity, and the current world record is 18 years.


title: Pogona

text: Through selective breeding, there are many different versions of the central bearded dragon; these are referred to as "morphs". There are a few main genetic traits, including "hypomelanism" and "translucent", which refer to traits physically displayed by the dragon. Bearded dragons with hypomelanism (or hypos) tend to have lighter and more vibrant coloration. Translucents (or trans) have a less opaque quality to their skin, making their colors seem stronger, and have black eyes. There are also "leatherbacks" (reduced scale texture to give a smoother skin), "silkbacks" (softer outer skin) and "German giants" (larger than average). Silkbacks in particular require special care as they have far more delicate skin, and as such, require different UV and humidity requirements. They also tend to live shorter lifespans.


title: Pogona

text: Juvenile and baby bearded dragon diets consist mainly of insects, and they require substantial amounts of protein. A juvenile bearded dragon eats insects three times a day on average. After a few feedings, the dragon's usual appetite can be determined. Crickets and dubia roaches are the most popular insects fed to bearded dragons, but they can also be fed other insects such as black soldier fly larvae, spiders, locusts, superworms, silkworms, butterworms, fruit flies, grasshoppers, mealworms and hornworms. Bearded dragons also eat increasing amounts of plant-based food as they grow; adults should have a diet consisting primarily of plant matter, the most important of which are leafy greens. Spring greens, endive, kale, rocket, Chinese leaf, and watercress are all suitable vegetables, as are butternut squash, pea shoots, bell peppers, and many other plants. It is important to check before feeding something new to a bearded dragon, as some things can be toxic to them or will act to bind calcium in their diet, preventing them from being able to absorb calcium. This diet is also seasonal, meaning that it changes with the availability of live prey in the wild. Studies of wild "Pogona vitticeps" have shown that termites comprise over 60% of the stomach contents of those studied. Bearded dragons, like many reptiles, are opportunistic and will binge feed on live food sources where available, preferring live prey over plant matter. Bearded dragons also require supplements to stay healthy, including calcium, vitamin D, and a multivitamin. These supplements are typically powdered and are administered by dusting their food with them.


title: Pogona

text: Although bearded dragons are fairly resilient to illness, improper care can potentially fatally hurt a bearded dragon. Some health issues that bearded dragons may have include metabolic bone disease, adenovirus, impaction, polarisation, dystocia, Yellow Fungus Disease and parasites. The majority of health issues bearded dragons face in captivity are due to poor diet and inadequate heat and lighting.


title: Pogona

text: Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the most common health problem of bearded dragons. A main attribute of MBD is the weakening of the skeletal structure and possible deformation. It occurs in bearded dragons due to malnutrition or the use of improper lighting, meaning they are unable to properly assimilate calcium from their diet or there isn't enough in their diet. Most bearded dragons in captivity will be fed supplementation and all will need a UVB light to enable them to properly use calcium in their diet. Typical foods that bearded dragons eat, including kale, mustard greens, and collard greens, are high in calcium and should be eaten daily along with other leafy greens and vegetables to have a well-balanced diet. Bearded dragons require UVB lights to process calcium in their diet. Without processing this calcium, their bodies will use calcium from their bones, therefore weakening them. Symptoms seen in bearded dragons with MBD include bumps in the legs, twitches or tremors, bumps along the spine or tail, a swollen bottom jaw, and jerky movements.


title: Pogona

text: Hypocalcemia occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the bearded dragon's blood. Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. Hypocalcemia is most often seen in young bearded dragons, as they are slightly more fragile than adults. Maintaining a diet that consists of enough calcium is crucial to avoiding hypocalcemia as well as metabolic bone disease.


title: Pogona

text: Impaction occurs often in bearded dragons when they are fed food that is too big for them. Bearded dragons will try to eat worms or crickets that are too big for them, but this can be extremely harmful. Food should not be bigger than the space between their eyes for a young dragon. Older dragons can generally cope with larger insects but not oversized prey. If a dragon eats food that is too big for it, pressure will be put on its spinal cord during digestion. This pressure can lead to impaction which can lead to death.


title: Pogona

text: In bearded dragons, respiratory infection (RI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs. Respiratory infection is a common disease that every beardie experiences at least once in their life. Bearded dragons develop a respiratory infection due to a number of reasons such as incorrect lighting and temperature, high humidity, prolonged psychological stress, and poor captive conditions.


title: Pogona

text: Atadenovirus (ADV), also referred to as adenovirus, is a viral disease that can be deadly. ADV can be spread between reptiles through contact alone. Most juvenile ADV-positive bearded dragons do not live past 90 days. While ADV-positive adults will live longer, they eventually contract liver diseases. Common symptoms of ADV-positive bearded dragons include stunted growth and slow weight gain. Because of their compromised immune systems, ADV-positive bearded dragons may be infected with intestinal parasites.


title: Pogona

text: Bearded dragons require UVB to enable vitamin D synthesis and to prevent illnesses like metabolic bone disease. Vitamin D is essential to calcium absorption, with calcium playing a major role in various critical biological functions. Bearded dragons also require UVA, which stimulates feeding, breeding, basking and overall health. They also require a basking heat source, most commonly a light-emitting source, to provide a basking area. Heat and UV are both vital to the bearded dragons' biological function.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: In the United States, there have been several controversies involving the misunderstanding of the word niggardly, an adjective meaning "stingy" or "miserly", because of its phonetic similarity to "nigger", an ethnic slur used against black people. The two words are etymologically unrelated. "Niggardly", arising in the Middle Ages, long predates "nigger", which arose in the 18th century.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: "Niggardly" (noun: "niggard") is an adjective meaning 'stingy' or 'miserly'. "Niggard" (14th C) is derived from the Middle English word , which is probably derived from Old Norse and Old English . The word "niggle", which in modern usage means to give excessive attention to minor details, probably shares an etymology with "niggardly".


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: "Nigger", a racial slur widely considered to be offensive, derives from the Spanish word , meaning 'black', and the French word . Both and (and therefore also and "nigger") ultimately come from , the accusative case singular masculine and neuter form of the Latin masculine adjective , meaning 'black' or 'dark'. The first recorded use of "nigger" dates to 1574, and its first recorded derogatory use to 1775. Plays on the similarity of the two words date back at least a century, one example being a piece of sheet music from 1900.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: On January 15, 1999, David Howard, an aide to the mayor of Washington, D.C., Anthony A. Williams, used "niggardly" in reference to a budget. This apparently upset one of his black colleagues, who misinterpreted it as a racial slur and lodged a complaint. As a result, on January 25, Howard tendered his resignation, and Williams accepted it. However, after public pressure, an internal review into the matter was brought about, and the mayor offered Howard the chance to return to his position as Office of the Public Advocate on February 4. Howard refused but accepted another position with the mayor instead, insisting that he did not feel victimized by the incident. On the contrary, Howard felt that he had learned from the situation. "I used to think it would be great if we could all be colorblind; that's naïve, especially for a white person, because a white person can't afford to be colorblind. They don't have to think about race every day. An African American does."


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: It had been speculated that this incident inspired Philip Roth's novel "The Human Stain", though Roth has stated that his source was an incident in the career of sociologist and professor Melvin Tumin.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: The Howard incident led to a national debate in the U.S., in the context of racial sensitivity and political correctness, on whether use of "niggardly" should be avoided. As James Poniewozik wrote in "Salon", the controversy was "an issue that opinion-makers right, left and center could universally agree on." He wrote that "the defenders of the dictionary" were "legion, and still queued up six abreast". Julian Bond, then chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, deplored the offense that had been taken at Howard's use of the word. "You hate to think you have to censor your language to meet other people's lack of understanding", he said. Bond also said, "Seems to me the mayor has been niggardly in his judgment on the issue" and that as a nation the US has a "hair-trigger sensibility" on race that can be tripped by both real and false grievances.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: Shortly after the Washington incident, another controversy erupted over the use of the word at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. At a February 1999 meeting of the Faculty Senate, Amelia Rideau, a junior English major and vice chairwoman of the Black Student Union told the group how a professor teaching Chaucer had used the word "niggardly". She later said she was unaware of the related Washington, D.C., controversy that had come to light the week before. She said the professor continued to use the word even after she told him that she was offended. "I was in tears, shaking," she told the faculty. "It's not up to the rest of the class to decide whether my feelings are valid."


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: The student's plea, offered as evidence in support of the school's speech code, instead struck an unintended chord helping to destroy it. "Many 'abolitionists', as they now were called, believe that [the student's] speech, widely reported, was the turning point," according to an article in "Reason" magazine. An editorial in the "Wisconsin State Journal" addressed the student who complained, saying: "Thank you [...] for clarifying precisely why the UW–Madison does not need an academic speech code. [...] Speech codes have a chilling effect on academic freedom and they reinforce defensiveness among students who ought to be more open to learning."


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: In late January or early February 2002, a white fourth-grade teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, was formally reprimanded for teaching the word and told to attend sensitivity training. The teacher, Stephanie Bell, said she used "niggardly" during a discussion about literary characters. Parent Akwana Walker, who is black, protested the use of the word, saying it offended her.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: Bell's teacher's association, the North Carolina Association of Educators, told her not to speak about the situation, so her son spoke to the newspaper, saying that his mother received a letter from the school principal stating that the teacher used poor judgment and instructing her to send an apology to the parents of her students, which was done. The principal's letter also criticized the teacher for lacking sensitivity. The daughter of the complaining parent was moved to another classroom.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: Norm Shearin, the deputy superintendent of schools for the district, said the teacher made a bad decision by teaching the word because it was inappropriate for that grade level.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: In early 2009, Dennis Boaz, a history teacher, sued the administrators of the Mendocino County Office of Education for defamation. Boaz, who was bargaining for Ukiah schoolteachers, wrote a letter saying that the "tenor of the negotiation tactics of the district office has become increasingly negative and niggardly." The response was a memo from one defendant of the lawsuit that implied that Boaz was racist, and a letter cosigned by the other defendant and nine other individuals in the Mendocino County school system stating that Boaz's comments were "racially charged and show a complete lack of respect and integrity toward Dr. Nash, Ukiah Unified District Superintendent," who is a black woman.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: In 1995, London-based magazine "The Economist" used the word "niggardly" in an article about the impact of computers and productivity: "During the 1980s, when service industries consumed about 85% of the $1 trillion invested in I.T. in the United States, productivity growth averaged a niggardly 0.8% a year." "The Economist" later pointed out with amusement that it received a letter from a reader in Boston who thought the word "niggardly" was inappropriate. "Why do we get such letters only from America?" the British magazine commented.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: At some point before the Washington, D.C., incident (of early 1999), "The Dallas Morning News" had banned the use of the word after its use in a restaurant review had raised complaints.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: On March 31, 2010, a billboard appeared along the frontage of California State Route 99 in Acampo, California, that referred to Barack Obama, the first black President of the United States, as "niggardly". The sign was placed among several billboards advertising a local coffee shop that was going out of business that week. The restaurant's owner stated that they were unaware of the Obama sign until contacted by a local news station. The sign was removed shortly after news reports about it appeared on local television stations.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: In November 2011, a Broward County drug counsellor was fired and another suspended for an incident in which the word "niggardly" was used. A substance-abuse client filed a complaint saying a counsellor called him "niggardly dumb" in a June meeting with two workers at a county rehab center. In an investigative report, the county's professional standards office found the workers, who are both white, engaged in "unprofessional, unethical and discriminatory" behavior.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: The public controversies caused some commentators to speculate that "niggardly" would be used more often, both in its correct sense and as fodder for humor, as a racist code word by euphemism similar to a minced oath, or both.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: "The word's new lease of life is probably among manufacturers and retailers of sophomoric humor," wrote John Derbyshire, a conservative commentator, in 2002. "I bet that even as I write, some adolescent boys, in the stairwell of some high school somewhere in America, are accusing each other of being niggardly, and sniggering at their own outrageous wit. I bet ... Wait a minute. 'Sniggering'? Oh, my God. ..." Derbyshire wrote that although he loved to use words that are sometimes considered obscure, he would not use the word among black people, especially among less-educated black people, out of politeness and to avoid causing someone to feel uncomfortable, regardless of any non-racial meanings he would intend.


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: Shortly after the Washington, D.C., incident, James Poniewozik wrote in his column at "Slate" online magazine that some were already using "niggardly" in a way that made their motives ambiguous. He quoted a posting by a user from a reader forum on the website of "The New York Times", "who just happened to use 'niggardly'—linguistically correctly" in commenting on two witnesses to a Congressional investigation:


title: Controversies about the word niggardly

text: "You can't say [the commenter]—white, black or Klingon for all I know—had racist motives. And you can't exactly not say it," Poniewozik wrote. He expected a number of "pinheads" to be asking "black waitresses not to be 'niggardly' with the coffee". But there would be a different reaction in polite company, especially in racially diverse company, so the word would probably be thought of only when people think of racial epithets. "In theory, you, I and the columnist next door will defend to the death our right to say 'niggardly.' But in practice, will we use it?"


title: Wii Sports

text: Wii Sports is a 2006 sports simulation video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console. The 1.0 (pre-release) version of the game was released in North America along with the Wii on November 19, 2006, and the 1.1 version was released in Japan, Australia, and Europe the following month. Nintendo then changed to selling the 1.1 version in North America a couple months later. It was included as a pack-in game with the console in all territories except Japan, making it the first sports game included with the launch of a Nintendo system since "Mario's Tennis" for the Virtual Boy in 1995. The game is available on its own as part of the Nintendo Selects collection of games.


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports" is a collection of five sports simulations, which have been designed to demonstrate the motion-sensing capabilities of the Wii Remote. The five sports included are tennis, baseball, bowling, golf and boxing. Players use the Wii Remote to mimic actions performed in real-life sports, such as swinging a tennis racket. The rules for each game are simplified to make them more accessible to new players. The game also features training and fitness modes that monitor players' progress in the sports.


title: Wii Sports

text: The game was well-received by critics and audiences. It also received a number of awards, and sold over 82 million copies by the end of 2017, becoming the best selling single-platform game of all time and fourth best overall. The title also bears the distinction of being the best-selling Nintendo video game of all time. It has been featured on television in Wii commercials, news reports, and other programming. The game has become a popular means for social gatherings and competitions among players of varying ages.


title: Wii Sports

text: In 2009, the sequel, "Wii Sports Resort", was released. A high-definition remake of "Wii Sports" titled "Wii Sports Club" was released in 2013 for the Wii U. Another sequel, "Nintendo Switch Sports", was released for the Nintendo Switch in 2022.


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports" consists of five separate sports games—tennis, baseball, bowling, golf, and boxing—accessed from the main menu. The games use the motion sensor capabilities of the Wii Remote to control the player's dominant arm and/or the appropriate sports equipment it wields. Boxing utilizes both Wii Remote and Nunchuk gestures to control both of the player's arms. The player moves the remote in a similar manner to how the separate games are played in real life; for example, holding and swinging the Wii Remote like a golf club, baseball bat, tennis racket or bowling ball. Some aspects of the gameplay are computer controlled. In tennis, player movement is controlled by the game's AI, while the swinging of the racket is controlled by the player. Baseball consists of batting and pitching, with all of the fielding and baserunning handled by the computer. Due to their turn-based nature, golf and bowling support hotseat multiplayer and can be played with just one Wii Remote that can be shared among players.


title: Wii Sports

text: The in-game Players are taken from the Wii's Mii Channel, which allows the user to create a Mii (a customized avatar) that can be imported into games that support the feature. "Wii Sports" is the first Wii title to use this feature. Miis saved on the Wii will appear in the crowd during bowling games and as members of human-controlled teams in baseball. The non-player characters in the game were also created using the Mii Channel toolset. Miis created on one Wii can be transferred onto the internal memory of a Wii Remote for use on another Wii with different save data.


title: Wii Sports

text: After a game, a player is awarded or penalized skill points based on performance relative to the computer's skill level, though some games do not calculate points during multiplayer sessions. The game keeps track of these points by charting them on a graph, as well as increasing the size of the crowd in Tennis and Boxing single-player modes. After obtaining 1000 skill points in a sport, a player is awarded a "pro" level, along with a cosmetic feature for their Mii in Bowling and Boxing. A Mii newly turned pro will receive a message on the Wii Message Board notifying them. "Wii Sports" also features a fitness test that calculates a player's fitness age (ranging from 20 to 80 years old, 20 being the best possible). The test gauges the player's performance in three randomly chosen challenges in each test from the training mode that have been played at least once, and can only be taken once a day per Mii. Calculating the fitness age takes into account a player's balance, speed, and stamina. Fitness age results are graphed over one, two, or three months, with daily results posted on the Wii Message Board. The challenges from the fitness test are taken from another mode in "Wii Sports", the training mode. The training mode allows players to practice three challenges for each sport. In these challenges, players can earn medals by reaching certain scores. Medals range from bronze to platinum, bronze being the easiest, and platinum being the hardest.


title: Wii Sports

text: Katsuya Eguchi, who managed Software Development Group 2 at Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, produced "Wii Sports". With the Wii, Nintendo desired to reach people who had not played video games before. To do this they needed software that allowed both long time and first time players to interact together in a fun way. Nintendo also wanted players to use the system daily and intended the game to be the console's flagship title to help accomplish this. "Wii Sports" was designed as a simple introductory line meant to offer something for both gamers and non-gamers. Sports were chosen as the theme because of the widespread familiarity with them. Rather than feature professional athletes or have realistic graphics, the game was designed to be simple so that anyone could play. Gameplay like running towards a ball in tennis was excluded to maintain simplicity. At one point in development, Super Mario characters were used, but were removed from the game because of feedback from players who preferred Miis. The game supports a and progressive scan, runs at 60 frames per second, and makes use of the Wii Remote's accelerometer to interpret the player's motion. Motion-sensing actions, like pitching and hitting, were prioritized to make them as realistic as possible. Because Nintendo did not expect players to purchase the Wii solely to play "Wii Sports", they bundled the game with the console; Nintendo believed players would be more likely to play "Wii Sports" through this distribution method. They also felt players that enjoyed the game would increase its popularity by word of mouth.


title: Wii Sports

text: Before the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) Media and Business Summit of 2006, the first sport in the game was announced as "Wii Sports: Tennis". It was later announced, at Nintendo's press conference prior to E3 2006, it would be part of a sports package. Satoru Iwata introduced this package as "Wii Sports", and stated it would include tennis, golf, and baseball. The game was featured as both a video demonstration and an on-stage playable demo. The demo featured Iwata and Reggie Fils-Aime in a doubles tennis match against Shigeru Miyamoto and Scott Dyer, a contest winner. The other sports titles were on display at E3 and shared a similar naming convention to the tennis game such as, "Wii Sports: Baseball", "Wii Sports: Golf", and "Wii Sports: Airplane". At the time, baseball only featured a batting simulation. The airplane title was similar to "Pilotwings" and required the player to maneuver an airplane through rings within a time frame. It was not included in the final game, but was later incorporated into "Wii Sports Resort". At the Nintendo World event on September 14, 2006, Reggie Fils-Aime confirmed the game's five playable sports and announced that "Wii Sports" would be included free with every Wii console, although Miyamoto initially objected to doing so strongly on the grounds that Nintendo does not usually give away well-made games for free and suggested "Wii Play" instead, which Fils-Aime did not believe would provide a complete entry-level experience for the system.


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. GameTrailers called it a good complement to the Wii console and referred to all five games as a "nice total package". They commented that the games provided enough gameplay for long time gamers without making it inaccessible to novices. GameTrailers stated, however, that the lack of a tournament mode was a detractor, and did not recommend paying for the game if it did not come bundled with the system. "GamePro" also commented that the free addition of the game with the Wii was a positive. Matt Casamassina of IGN called it a "successful showpiece for Nintendo's new hardware" and enjoyed the ability to import Miis. GameSpot editor Ryan Davis complimented the multiplayer aspect and the fitness test. Reviewers praised the game's controls and ease of use. Casamassina referred to the controls as "revolutionary" and described them as intuitive. "GamePro" echoed similar comments, praising the ease of play and realistic motion controls, while Davis commented that the motion controls were sometimes erratic. Common criticism focused on the graphics and lack of depth in the separate games. Casamassina stated that the game "comes up short in depth and visuals", and called the graphics "generic" and "archaic". Other reviewers said the graphics were on par with Nintendo's older gaming systems, the GameCube and Nintendo 64. Davis criticized the oversimplified nature of the games, and GamePro stated that the separate games offered less depth than regular console sports games. "Nintendo Power" listed "Wii Sports" along with its sequel, "Wii Sports Resort", as two of the greatest multiplayer experiences in Nintendo's history, stating that everyone from young children to grandparents can enjoy the games. The magazine praised the grouping of sports and the game's longevity. In 2009, "Official Nintendo Magazine" said the game was "Responsible for the biggest turn-around the console wars has ever seen", placing it 21st on a list of the greatest Nintendo games. In 2019, the game was ranked 28th on "The Guardian" newspaper's The 50 Best Video Games of the 21st Century list.


title: Wii Sports

text: The separate games garnered their own reception among critics. Casamassina called bowling, tennis, and baseball "fun and addictive", while Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer said baseball, golf, and boxing were lacking in gameplay depth when compared to tennis and bowling. "PC Magazine" columnist John C. Dvorak, an avid bowler, praised the realistic physics used in bowling and stated, "Nintendo did a stupendous job of coding." He complimented the addition of physical activity to video gaming but complained that long-term use caused his wrist and shoulder to become sore. Casamassina ranked bowling as the best experience of the five. Before its release, IGN's Craig Harris commented on an exploit allowing easy strikes in the bowling game that removed the challenge and replays value. After the release, he stated that the exploit was not fixed. GameTrailers called golf the most in-depth, but criticized the lack of multiple courses and unpredictable controls when trying to slice or hook a shot. "GamePro" said golf offered the most content and was the best looking of every game, but commented that its controls were the most difficult to use. GameTrailers called tennis the most accessible and easy to play, but criticized the difficulty of putting spin on a shot. Casamassina stated that tennis was one of the more enjoyable games, but the lack of movement control was a detractor. GameTrailers called baseball the most "worthless" because of the luck factor associated with the computer-controlled fielding. They called boxing the best workout on "Wii Sports", but criticized the difficult timing needed to punch properly. Casamassina criticized boxing for being "like a chore" and ranked it as the worst experience of the five sports.


title: Wii Sports

text: By the end of 2007, "Wii Sports" was the best-selling Wii game. In Japan, where the game was not included with the Wii console, the game sold 176,167 copies in the first two days of release, a record for a seventh generation console game in Japan. By February 2007, it had sold over a million copies. In early May 2007, game-industry research firm Media Create placed "Wii Sports" third in their list of top-20 games in Japan. It was the best-selling game of 2007 in Japan with 1,911,520 copies sold. It was the tenth best-selling game in Japan in 2008, selling 841,736 copies in that year. The game sold 45.71 million copies—including bundled copies—worldwide by March 2009. By January 2011, worldwide sales were reported at 75.66 million, which increased to 82.90 million by March 2021.


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports"s debut at 2006 E3 garnered it several awards. At the event, it won the Game Critics Award for "Best Sports Game". 1UP.com listed it as the "Best Wii Game" and "Most Original Game" in their "Best of E3 2006" feature. Following its release, "Wii Sports" received multiple awards from various organizations, websites, and magazines. IGN awarded it "Best Sports Game of 2006" and second best game of 2006. "Time" magazine listed the game as the number one game of 2006 in their list of "Top 10 Video Games of 2006". "Wii Sports" won "Famitsu"s 2006 "Innovation Award". "Electronic Gaming Monthly" awarded it "Best Multiplayer Experience" in their 2006 "1Up Network Awards". At the 2007 Interactive Achievement Awards, "Wii Sports" won "Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering", "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design", and "Outstanding Innovation in Gaming". In 2007, the game won the "Innovation Award" and "Best Game Design" at the Game Developers Choice Awards, and won "Grand Prize" in the entertainment division of the Japan Media Arts Festival. At the 2007 British Academy Video Games Awards, "Wii Sports" won six out of seven award nominations: Sports, Innovation, Gameplay, Multiplayer, Casual, and Strategy and Simulation. "The New York Times" named "Wii Sports" as the Game of the Year, while Gamasutra proclaimed it as the most important game of 2006. In 2010, the game was included as one of the titles in the book "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die". The game was additionally nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, but it lost to "Just Dance 4".


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports", a major factor in the Wii's worldwide success, was the first game among a number of core Wii games being developed at the same time, with the same philosophy; other games were released as "Wii Play", "Wii Fit", and "Wii Music". A direct sequel to "Wii Sports", titled "Wii Sports Resort", was released in 2009. The game, along with "Wii Fit", has been credited with attracting more casual, female, and elderly gamers. It has also been cited as a game that can provide a bonding experience among family members, and as a means of exercising and losing weight when played regularly. A study involving 13- to 15‑year-old teenagers was conducted by the Liverpool John Moores University and concluded that players used 2% more energy than by playing on other consoles. They stated that it was no substitute for playing a real sport, but could contribute to weight management. "Wii Sports" has been used to aid in the physical therapy of a boxer at the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital in Canada, stroke victims in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Raleigh, North Carolina, and injured soldiers in Prescott, Arizona; Washington, D.C.; and Landstuhl, Germany. "Wired" included the game in its list of "The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade" at #8, for its role in popularizing motion controls and having a major impact on the "videogame landscape." In 2019, "GameSpot" named it one of the most influential games of the 21st century, citing its accessibility, broad appeal, and long-term impact on console development at Nintendo and other game hardware designers.


title: Wii Sports

text: After the Wii's release, players began incurring injuries while playing "Wii Sports", among other games, when they accidentally hit other players or objects while swinging the Wii Remote. This string of accidents, and others related to players throwing the Wii Remote while playing "Wii Sports", prompted Nintendo president Satoru Iwata to develop a campaign to reduce such incidents. In regard to the issue, Nintendo spokesman Yasuhiro Minagawa commented, "People tended to get a bit excited, especially while playing the game, and in some cases the remote would come loose from their hands." Nintendo responded by offering replacement Wii Remote wrist straps that were almost twice as thick. Other injuries include muscle, tendon, and ligament injuries from excess playing of simulated sports on the Wii—dubbed "Wii-itis".


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports" has become a popular means for social gatherings and competitions. Residents at senior centers and retirement homes have formed leagues using "Wii Sports" bowling. After its Australian release, Nintendo and Myer, an Australian department store chain, held a "Wii Sports" tennis tournament in January 2007 in Melbourne, Australia. The winners competed against professional tennis players Pat Cash and Mark Woodforde, and were awarded new Wiis. An unofficial "Wii Sports" tennis tournament titled "Wiimbledon" was held in the Brooklyn, New York bar Barcade on June 23, 2007. It featured 128 competitors, many of whom were dressed in costumes.


title: Wii Sports

text: "Wii Sports" has been featured on television multiple times. It was seen in commercials for the Wii console, and in news features on ABC and NBC. The game has appeared on various comedy shows. An episode of "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" featured host Conan O'Brien competing against his guest, tennis star Serena Williams, in a match of "Wii Sports" tennis. On an episode of the "Rick Mercer Report", former Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien beat Rick Mercer in a game of "Wii Sports" boxing. The boxing game also appeared on an episode of "The Colbert Report" where a clip featured Mii versions of Stephen Colbert and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi boxing. At the 80th Academy Awards Show, host Jon Stewart and Jamia Simone Nash were caught playing "Wii Sports" tennis on one of the event's gigantic projection screens after a commercial break as part of a joke. "Wii Sports" has also been featured in mainstream movies such as "Tropic Thunder", "" and in commercials for products such as Kellogg's Smart Start.


title: Wii Sports

text: A sequel, "Wii Sports Resort", was first revealed at Nintendo's E3 2008 presentation. Development moved forward after the extent of the Wii MotionPlus was realized, though the idea for a sequel existed sooner. The game features 12 sports, (2 from the original) including swordplay, wakeboarding, Frisbee, archery, basketball, table tennis, golf, bowling, power cruising, canoeing, cycling, and air sports (parachuting and piloting). The game was first released in South Korea on June 24, 2009 and in Japan on June 25, 2009 before releasing in other markets in July 2009. As of March 2020, the game has sold over 30 million units, and is a fan-favorite for kids all across the globe.


title: Wii Sports

text: On September 18, 2013, Nintendo announced "Wii Sports Club" for the Wii U Nintendo eShop. The game features the five games of "Wii Sports" remade in high-definition graphics, with support for the Wii MotionPlus (similar to "Wii Sports Resort") and online multiplayer. The game uses a "Club" system, in which players are registered to regional or national clubs, communicating with each other via Miiverse, and compete against other clubs for rankings. After a 24-hour free trial period, players can purchase a day pass to access all of the games, or purchase full access to the individual games. Tennis and Bowling were first released on October 30, 2013, golf was first released on December 18, 2013 and Baseball and Boxing were first released at the end of June 2014. A retail version of "Wii Sports Club" was released in July 2014.


title: Wii Sports

text: On February 9, 2022, during a Nintendo Direct presentation, it was announced that a sequel titled "Nintendo Switch Sports" will be released for the Nintendo Switch on April 29, 2022. It features some of the sports from "Wii Sports" and "Wii Sports Resort" such as Bowling, Tennis, and Chambara (a type of Swordplay) with some new additions like soccer, volleyball, and badminton.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: The Constitution Party, formerly the U.S. Taxpayers' Party until 1999, is a political party in the United States that promotes a religious conservative view of the principles and intents of the United States Constitution. The party platform is based on originalist interpretations of the Constitution and shaped by principles which it believes were set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Constitution and the Bible.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: The party was founded by Howard Phillips, a conservative activist, after President George H. W. Bush violated his pledge of "". During the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections, the party sought to give its presidential nomination to prominent politicians including Pat Buchanan and Ross Perot, but was unsuccessful and instead selected Phillips as its presidential nominee in three successive elections. Michael Peroutka was given the presidential nomination in 2004, followed by Chuck Baldwin in 2008 (although he faced opposition from multiple state affiliates), Virgil Goode in 2012, Darrell Castle in 2016, and Don Blankenship in 2020.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: In 2000, Rick Jore became the first member of the party to hold a seat in a state legislature. He was subsequently defeated in the 2000, 2002 and 2004 elections, but was later elected to a state legislature in 2006, the first Constitution Party candidate to do so. In 2002, Greg Moeller became the first member of the party to win a partisan election. The Constitution parties of Minnesota and Colorado have both achieved major party status once.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: , the Constitution Party has 20 members who have been elected to city council seats and other municipal offices across the United States. In terms of registered members, the party ranks fifth among national parties in the United States.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: During the 1988 presidential election Republican nominee George H. W. Bush stated "" at the 1988 Republican National Convention. However, Bush violated that pledge during his presidency. Following the breaking of the no new taxes pledge Howard Phillips announced that he would form a third political party called the U.S. Taxpayers' Party.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: Phillips formed his new party through the U.S. Taxpayers Alliance, an organization he had founded and which had affiliates in twenty-five states, using its mailing list to announce the formation of a new party. Phillips also attempted to create a coalition with state affiliates of the American Party, but was rejected. The party was accepted into the Coalition for Free and Open Elections alongside the Freedom Socialist Party. The party launched its first petition drive when Jack Perry started a campaign to appear on the 1991 United States special election ballot in Pennsylvania.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: From January 25 to 26, 1997, the national committee of the U.S. Taxpayers' Party convened in Miami, Florida. During their meeting it was proposed to change the name of the party to either "Constitutional" or "Independent American", but the vote was tied 27 to 27 so U.S. Taxpayers' was retained as the party's name. In March 1999, another name change was proposed, with American Independent, American Heritage, Constitutional, Independent American, and American Constitution as possible names, but it was unsuccessful. On September 3, 1999, the national convention of the U.S. Taxpayers' Party was held and during it the name of the party was successfully changed to Constitution. Every state affiliate of the party, except for Nevada and California, changed their names except for in Michigan where the Michigan Secretary of State denied the request. The party is still called the U.S. Taxpayers' Party in Michigan as of 2022.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: In 1998, Patricia Becker, the U.S. Taxpayer's nominee for Minnesota state auditor, received over 5% of the popular vote giving the U.S Taxpayers' Party major party status in Minnesota. The party would later hold caucuses during the 2000 presidential election.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: Members of the party sought to give its presidential nomination to Ross Perot or Pat Buchanan during the 1992 presidential election, but were unsuccessful. In January 1992, Phillips was selected to serve as a tentative presidential candidate for the party until a more prominent candidate wanted the party's presidential nomination. Albion W. Knight Jr. was later selected to serve as the party's tentative vice-presidential nominee.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: On April 15, Phillips announced that he would run for the presidency. Phillips accepted the U.S. Taxpayers' Party's presidential nomination at its national convention in New Orleans, Louisiana, which was held from September 4 to 5. In the general election Phillips and Knight placed seventh with 43,400 votes.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: Following the 1992 presidential election the U.S. Taxpayers' Party's had ballot qualified state affiliates in California, New Mexico, and South Carolina.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: In 1996, Phillips sent a memo to conservative Christian leaders including James Dobson, the head of Focus on the Family, stating that anti-abortion candidates like Pat Buchanan, Alan Keyes, or Bob Dornan were unlikely to become the Republican presidential nominee and that they should instead support an anti-abortion third party candidate.


title: Constitution Party (United States)

text: Phillips supported giving the presidential nomination of the U.S. Taxpayers' Party to Buchanan. Tom Staley, Buchanan's campaign chairman in northern Texas, stated that Buchanan would consider accepting the party's nomination if it had ballot access in all fifty states. Phillips was given the party's presidential nomination again at its national convention in San Diego, California, on August 17, 1996, and Herbert Titus was selected to serve as the vice-presidential nominee. In the general election Phillips and Titus placed sixth with 184,820 votes.