title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: Judith Crist of "The New Yorker" praised Burstyn for "making us care about her in all her incredibilities, stripping the character to its essential warmth as a woman, concerns as a mother, dependencies as a wife, and yearnings as an individual." However, she was critical of Scorsese's direction, writing he is "putting on a camera show of his own, the handheld pursuit of the image lending an exhausting freneticism to what is melodrama enough on its own." Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" wrote: ""Alice" is thoroughly enjoyable: funny, absorbing, intelligent even when you don't believe in what's going on--when the issues it raises get all fouled up." "TV Guide" rated the film three out of four stars, calling it an "effective but uneven work" with performances that "cannot conceal the storyline's shortcomings." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" wrote the film was "a distended bore," saying it "takes a group of well-cast film players and largely wastes them on a smaller-than-life film — one of those 'little people' dramas that makes one despise little people."


title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two stars out of four, writing "[t]he characters aren't real, the situations in which they are placed aren't real, and, as a result, one cares little how the alleged relationships develop." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" positively noted Burstyn's performance as "highly charged and sympathetic", and Diane Ladd as "wonderful". However, he felt the film was "seemingly uncertain whether to be a stylized and updating revision of the romantic comedy modes of the late '30s or a rough-and-tumble piece of social realism flavored with bitter comedy." Similarly, Molly Haskell of "The Village Voice" felt the film was inconsistent in its attempt to "make a 'woman's picture' that will satisfy contemporary audiences' hunger for a heroine of some stature and significance, while at the same time allowing Scorsese to pay ironic tribute to the tear-jerkers and spunky showbiz sagas of the past and such demigoddesses as Alice Faye and Betty Grable." Overall, she felt "the fault is largely that too many cooks have been allowed to contribute their ingredients (they're called 'life moments' and the result is inorganic soup), without a guiding intelligence."


title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's consensus states: ""Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" finds Martin Scorsese wielding a somewhat gentler palette than usual, with generally absorbing results." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: The film inspired the sitcom "Alice", which was broadcast by CBS from August 1976 through July 1985. The only member of the film cast to reprise his role was Vic Tayback as Mel (though his diner was moved to Phoenix). Alfred Lutter portrayed Tommy in the pilot episode but was replaced by Philip McKeon for the series. Diane Ladd joined the show later in its run, but in a role different from that she had played in the film.


title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: Warner Home Video released the film on Region 1 DVD on August 17, 2004. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English and French and subtitles in English, French, and Spanish. Bonus features include commentary by Martin Scorsese, Ellen Burstyn, and Kris Kristofferson and "Second Chances", a background look at the making of the film.


title: Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore

text: A book chronicling the development of the film and its spin-off television series entitled "Alice: Life Behind the Counter in Mel's Greasy Spoon (A Guide to the Feature Film, the TV Series, and More)" was published by BearManor Media in September 2019.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" is a song recorded by South Korean boy band BTS, released on August 21, 2020, through Big Hit Entertainment and Sony Music Entertainment. It is the band's first song fully recorded in English. The song, written by David Stewart and Jessica Agombar and produced by Stewart, is an upbeat disco-pop song with elements of funk, soul, and bubblegum pop, and takes influence from 1970s music—it features snapping handclaps, echoing synths, and celebratory horns.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: Intended to soothe listeners during the COVID-19 pandemic, the song talks about joy and appreciation for the little things that make life valuable. Upon release, "Dynamite" received positive reviews from music critics, with praise towards its catchiness and broadly appealing retro sound. It garnered the band their first Grammy nomination, for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, making them the first Korean pop act to be nominated for one.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming the band's first number-one single in the United States and making BTS the first all-South Korean act to top the Hot 100. The song sold 265,000 downloads in its first week, marking the biggest pure sales week since Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" (2017). "Dynamite" stayed atop the Hot 100 for three total weeks. On Spotify, "Dynamite" debuted with 7.778 million streams, marking the biggest opening day for a song in 2020. Additionally, "Dynamite" peaked at number one on both the "Billboard" Global 200 and "Billboard" Global Excl. U.S. charts, topping the latter for three consecutive weeks. The song peaked within the top ten of the charts in 25 countries, including Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and topped the charts in Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea. The accompanying music video reached 1 billion views on April 12, 2021.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: Initially a standalone single, "Dynamite" was later included on BTS' fifth Korean-language album, "Be" (2020), released on November 20.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" is one of the few songs to which the members did not contribute in songwriting or production. In interviews with multiple media outlets, writers David Stewart and Jessica Agombar explained the song's creation. Through their publisher Tim Blacksmith at Stellar Songs, they learned that BTS was searching for an English language single. The duo wrote three songs over Zoom calls "at the start of lockdown." Stewart and Agombar wanted to create a song which is "energetic, fun, hopeful, positive and just like a huge ball of energy." Agombar disclosed how the song was conceived:


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" is a 1970s-influenced disco-pop song with elements of funk, soul and bubblegum pop. The song was composed in common time in the key of C minor with a tempo of 114 beats per minute. Constructed in verse-chorus form, the verses follows the chord progression Cm–Fm–Bsus–E, while the choruses follows a Dm-Gm–F sequence. BTS' vocal range span from B to D. Instrumentation was provided by Stewart, who played drums, percussion, bass guitar, synth bass, synthesizers, pads, piano, electric guitars, programmed horns and programmed strings, and Johnny Thirkell, who played live horns. The upbeat production consists of "snapping" handclaps, bounces, grooves and "infectious" beats. The track features a funky bassline accompanied by vocal harmonies, falsetto hooks and a disco rhythm that is "ready-made for the dancefloor." It utilises "layered vocals, echo-y synth, and celebratory horns" to recreate the '70s retro sound.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: The song opens with a snippet of the chorus, where Jungkook sings, "'Cause I, I, I'm in the stars tonight/ So watch me bring the fire and set the night alight." Percussion and bass is added in the next section. It further builds with Nile Rodgers-esque guitar that is later boosted by "vibrant" brass sound. The chorus is "unifying" and gains speed as the song progresses. Craig Jenkins of "Vulture" compared the horns in the chorus to that of "Neon Genesis Evangelion"s theme song, "A Cruel Angel's Thesis" (1995) and described "Dynamite" as "a vehicle expressly designed to break through the stratosphere", noting its similarity in genre to the handful of other disco-influenced songs that reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 earlier that year (namely Doja Cat's "Say So", Harry Styles' "Watermelon Sugar", and Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande's "Rain on Me"). "Pitchfork"s Noah Yoo compared the song musically to Taio Cruz's 2010 song of the same name. The last two verses of the track introduce a change in the key. Speaking about the meaning of the song in a press conference, Suga stated that "Dynamite" has a "message of confidence and happiness. It's like after you fell on the ground, you're trying to get back up again. That's what this song is like." In an interview with Zane Lowe of Apple Music, RM said the song is "made of positive vibes, energy, hope, love, the purity, everything." Lyrically, the song talks about the joy and appreciation of little things that makes life valuable. The lyrics also include several pop cultural references including, King Kong, The Rolling Stones and basketball star LeBron James. Alyssa Bailey of "Elle" interpreted the lyrics as "a much-needed burst of joy and invitation to join them, dance, and be a light, even when the world seems a little dark".


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: On July 26, 2020, the band confirmed during a live stream on V Live that they would be releasing an English-language song on August 21, 2020, as the first single for their upcoming album. Discussing the song, which was one of their most heavily promoted releases thus far, the band said that "due to COVID-19, people around the world have been going through tough times and we wanted to share some positive energy with our fans". One day after the news, a website displaying seven countdowns went live, each one corresponding to a new announcement for the single. On July 31, the group shared a pre-save link for Spotify. On August 2, Big Hit revealed that the title of the song would be "Dynamite". The following day, pre-orders went live for 7-inch and cassette editions of the song, as well as the digital single and its instrumental for US customers; the physical versions sold out within an hour. The next day, the band shared a promotion schedule revealing two music video releases, three interviews with American networks and a performance at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards. EDM and acoustic remixes were released on August 24. Additional tropical and poolside remixes were released on August 28. Four new remixes of the song, "Slow Jam", "Midnight", "Retro", and "Bedroom", were released simultaneously on September 18. A special "Holiday Remix" version of the single was released on December 11 as a thank-you to fans for their support of the song and its achievements.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics upon release, with emphasis on its catchiness and broadly appealing retro sound. "The New York Times" included the song in their playlist of thirteen songs of its release week, with music critic Jon Caramanica writing that although it was "less musically adventurous than the songs that made the group a worldwide phenomenon, it relies on brightness, exuberance and relentless good cheer." He further likened its musical style to the works of Jamiroquai and Charlie Puth. Mike Wass of Idolator deemed the track "a stone-cold smash" with "one of the catchiest choruses of 2020." Yoo felt that the song "yearns to fit the Western pop music canon while also slyly sending it up." He praised the beat as "polished" and the hook as "memorable" in which "each member gets a moment to shine." He also compared the track to Bruno Mars' "Uptown Funk" (2014) and labelled it as "a self-aware pop song that's about nothing but itself." Similarly, Jenkins found the track's "cute, catchy, unassuming mass entertainment" akin to "Uptown Funk" and Katy Perry's songs from her 2010 album, "Teenage Dream". Reviewing for the "Los Angeles Times", Laura Zornosa opined that the song is "soaked in color and nostalgia" and acclaimed it for having "all the ingredients for a summer success" by fusing "the novelty of 'Old Town Road' with the international flair of 'I Like It' and 'Despacito' and all the sunny hype of 'Can't Stop the Feeling!'" She also dubbed the chorus as an "earworm" and the lyrics as "relatable." Tim Chan of "Rolling Stone" regarded it as "bright and breezy" track which he felt was "one of the poppiest songs the group has released to date" and praised the song for its sound, production, "uplifting" chorus and commercial appeal. The publication later included the song on its 2021 revised list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at number 346, and called it "a landmark, hegemony-shattering moment for the world-conquering group".


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: Patrick Hosken of MTV praised the track and wrote, "the song itself is a blockbuster, not because it's overstuffed with ideas but because it's light and airy and, crucially, feels like summer." Rhian Daly of "NME" stated the song "mines the bright, infectious sounds of disco to get its joyful energy across, sticking to the genre's tradition of serving as a form of escapism when life gets hard." Tom Breihan from "Stereogum" praised the sound and regarded the song as "classic boy-band pop." Aamina Khan of "Vogue" compared it to their previous single "Boy with Luv" (2019) and praised the pop sound calling it "a welcome summer wind-down." Robin Murray of "Clash" cited it as an "up-front return" and highlighted the "glossy" production, adding that it "showcases each member's ability, bringing it all together as a seamless whole." "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz described it as "an effervescent piece of pop" that is "filled with radio-friendly highlights." He was impressed by the "late key change" and the "sing-along bridge," and called the song "one of its biggest hits to date." P. Claire Dodson of "Teen Vogue" regarded the track as a "lighthearted, energetic pop that proves yet again the dexterity they possess with sound and aesthetic" which was "precisely for that energy" and viewed it as "a shift from the overall arc" of their previous album, "". Similarly, Marty Rosenbaum from Radio.com praised the instant appeal of the song and called it "explosive." Douglas Greenwood of "i-D" magazine also enjoyed the single and listed it as one of the best songs of its release week. Ellie Bate of "BuzzFeed" called the song "upbeat, poppy, full of rainbow colors and sweetness" and "an undeniably happy and upbeat disco track, with both lyrics and choreography paying homage to musical legends like the Rolling Stones, Michael Jackson, and Elvis Presley."


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: The music video for "Dynamite" was preceded by a 28-second long video teaser which was published to Big Hit's official YouTube channel on August 18. The short clip showed scenes of the band in pastel-colored clothes with a sunset sky behind them, as well as them dancing to a "cheerful disco melody" in retro-styled outfits against the backdrop of a large "Disco" sign. The audio featured a "funky bass line and horns" and showcased the song's "upbeat" and "boundless" energy.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: On August 20, a live countdown started at 11:30 PM EST on Big Hit's YouTube channel, half an hour before the music video's release. When the video premiered at 12:00 AM EST, it garnered over 3 million peak concurrent viewers, surpassing previous record holder Blackpink's 1.66 million concurrents for "How You Like That" in June, and setting a new all-time record for the biggest music video premiere on the platform. It became the fastest YouTube video to reach 10 million views, after only 20 minutes of release, and the most viewed YouTube video in the first 24 hours, earning 101.1 million views and setting three new Guinness World Records. The music video is the fastest in YouTube history to cross the 200 million mark, in just four days and twelve hours after release, and the fastest by a music group to surpass 400 million views, doing so on September 26, 35 days after release. It is the fastest music video by both a group and an Asian act to achieve 500 million views—59 days after release—and the fastest by a Korean artist to cross 600 million views, doing so on November 16 in just under 27 days of its exceeding the former milestone. On December 17, "Dynamite" surpassed 700 million views, achieving the mark in under four months. It became the fastest music video by a Korean group to achieve 800–900 million views, when it crossed the former five months after release in January 2021, and the latter 40 days later. The video is BTS' fastest to reach 1 billion views—on April 12, 2021, in just under eight months—and their third, after "DNA" and "Boy with Luv". It is also the fastest by a Korean artist to do so.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: A B-side version of the music video, filmed on the same set as the original "but with different angles and a few amusing bloopers", was released on August 24 and showed "[BTS] having fun together in joyful vibes". A choreography only version of the original music video premiered during online video game Fortnites "Battle Royale" on September 25—a "BTS Dynamite Pack" featuring two emotes with moves like the band was made available for in-game purchase from September 23, two days prior to the event. This version crossed 100 million views on January 30, 2021, becoming BTS' 29th music video to do so and further extending the band's record as the Korean artist with the most music videos exceeding 100 million views.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Dynamite" debuted at number six on the Gaon Digital Chart in South Korea, with two days of tracking. The following week, it rose to the top spot, making it BTS' seventh number one in the country, and the second in 2020 after "On". The song remained at the top position for seven consecutive weeks, tying with Zico's "Any Song" for the longest running number one song on the chart. On the chart issue dated October 31, "Dynamite" regained its number one spot and remained at the top spot for a further three weeks, tallying a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks atop the chart. The song also topped the component download and streaming charts, spending 11 weeks atop the latter. "Dynamite" was the best-performing song of September and October 2020 in South Korea, based on digital sales, streaming, and background music (instrumental track) downloads. In Japan, the song debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100, peaking at number two, three weeks after. The song reached number one on "Billboard" Japan's Streaming Songs chart on the issue dated September 7, 2020, with over 10 million streams. In its 11th week, the song surpassed 100 million cumulative streams, becoming the fastest song in history to do so and only the second song by a foreign artist in Japan besides Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" (2016). The song exceeded 250,000 downloads in 2021 and was awarded platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) that February. On the UK Singles Chart, "Dynamite" debuted at number three, representing the band's most successful single in the territory, surpassing the peak of "Boy with Luv" (2019) at number 13. In January 2021, OCC reported that "Dynamite" was the 15th best-selling song of 2020 in the UK.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: In the United States, "Dynamite" debuted atop the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming BTS' first number-one single in the US and their fourth top-10 entry. The group became the first all-South Korean act in Hot 100 history to debut at number one and the first Asian act to chart a number-one song in the country since Kyu Sakamoto with "Sukiyaki" in 1963. The song sold 300,000 units in its first week, including download, vinyl and cassette physical versions. It earned 33.9 million total US on-demand streams and 11.6 million radio impressions. "Dynamite" also debuted atop the "Billboard" Digital Song Sales chart, selling 265,000 downloads—the biggest pure sales week since Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" launched with 353,000 downloads in 2017. Spurred by the "Poolside", "Tropical", EDM, acoustic remixes and instrumental version of the song, "Dynamite" sold a 182,000 units in its second week, remaining atop the Hot 100 for a second week, becoming only the 20th song, of 43 songs that have entered the chart at number one since, to debut at number one and spend its first two weeks atop the chart since a mid-90's rules change allowed songs to debut at number one; it is the first song by a group to accomplish this since Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (1998). In its fifth week on the chart, "Dynamite" returned to the top spot the Hot 100 for a third week at number-one, aided by its "Bedroom," "Midnight," "Retro" and "Slow Jam" remixes, which together accounted for 52% of the overall song sales of 153,000 copies that week. "Dynamite" entered the Pop Songs chart at number 30 on the issue dated August 29, 2020, becoming the band's sixth entry on the ranking. On the week of November 7, it reached the ninth position, becoming their first top ten on the chart, and also the highest-charting song by a Korean act, besting Psy's "Gangnam Style" (2012). In January 2021, "Billboard" announced that "Dynamite" was the number one selling single in the US of 2020, and the only song to exceed 1 million downloads. It sold a total of 1.3 million copies across all formats according to Nielsen Music's annual year-end report. The margin was so significant that it surpassed the second best-selling song, "Blinding Lights" by The Weeknd, which sold 580,000 copies, by more than a 2.2x multiple.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: Following the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards on March 14, 2021, "Billboard" reported a surge in sales of all songs performed on the show for that day. "Dynamite" sold an additional 10,500 copies—a 2,748% increase—and was the top-selling track of the night. The song returned to number one on the Digital Songs chart for that week and the next—its 15th and 16th non-consecutive weeks in the lead—with 27,880 and 26,700 copies sold respectively, tying with "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X in week 16 for the second most weeks atop the ranking. The single became BTS' fourth to achieve platinum status in the US, but their first to receive double-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), doing so on March 17. On March 29, "Dynamite" tied "Despacito"s record for the most weeks at number one on the Digital Songs chart, when it topped the issue dated April 3 for a record-extending 17th week with 43,000 copies sold. On the Hot 100 issue of the same date, the single spent its 31st consecutive week inside the top 50, tying with "Gangnam Style" as the longest-charting songs by a Korean artist there. The following week, Dynamite became both the longest-running number one on the Digital Songs chart and the longest-charting song by a Korean artist on the Hot 100 respectively, when it spent its 18th non-consecutive week atop the former, with over 37,600 copies sold and its 32nd week on the latter, on the issues dated April 10, 2021.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: With 7.778 million first-day streams globally, "Dynamite" surpassed Taylor Swift's "Cardigan" (7.742 million streams) as the biggest song debut of 2020 on Spotify. During the inaugural week of the "Billboard" Global 200 which tracks the most streamed and digitally sold songs in over 200 territories, and the "Billboard" Global Excl. U.S. which tracks the same metrics excluding the US, "Dynamite" launched at number two on both the charts, blocked from reaching the top spot by Cardi B's "WAP" and Maluma's "Hawai", respectively. The following week, the song climbed to number one on the Global Excl. U.S. chart with 67.4 million streams and 18,000 downloads sold in territories outside the US. In its third week, "Dynamite" reached number one on the Global 200 chart with 92.1 million global streams and 58,000 global downloads sold, becoming the most-streamed and most-sold song globally. The single topped the Global Excl. U.S. chart for a second consecutive week, becoming the first song to top both charts simultaneously. It spent a record four and eight weeks on top of the Global 200 and Global Excl. U.S. charts respectively.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: In March 2021, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) published its annual top-10 charts for the previous year and listed "Dynamite" as the 10th best-selling digital single of 2020 globally, having amassed 1.28 billion subscription stream equivalents worldwide in less than five months.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: BTS first performed "Dynamite" at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards on August 30, 2020. They followed that up with additional performances on the "Today Show" on September 10, "America's Got Talent" on September 16, and as the closing act at the iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 18—the band opened their four-song set with the track. BTS made their first ever appearance on NPRs Tiny Desk Concerts on September 21, also opening their three-song set with "Dynamite". During the first of the band's week-long stint on NBC's "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" that began on September 28, BTS presented a pre-recorded performance of the song that featured both Jimmy Fallon and the Roots. They performed it from Terminal 2 of Incheon International Airport for the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards in October, at the Seoul Olympic Stadium for the 2020 American Music Awards in November, and as the closer for their appearance on "MTV Unplugged" in February 2021. In March 2021, they performed "Dynamite" from the roof of a skyscraper in Seoul for the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean pop act to perform their own song at the Grammys.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, "Dynamite" garnered BTS their first-ever Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance—the band is the first K-pop act to be recognized by the Recording Academy. The song won five consecutive weekly Melon Popularity awards from September 9–28, and also achieved a record 32 music show wins in South Korea.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: To test the experimental system of the “space Internet”, Danuri (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter) successfully forwarded a number of photos taken, as well as several video files, including, BTS’ “Dynamite” from outer space to Earth at Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) on 7 November 2022.


title: Dynamite (BTS song)

text: "Billboard" magazine reported that the a cappella group Pentatonix performed a cover the song in a mash-up of "Butter" and "Dynamite" released in August 2021.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningioma, also known as meningeal tumor, is typically a slow-growing tumor that forms from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms depend on the location and occur as a result of the tumor pressing on nearby tissue. Many cases never produce symptoms. Occasionally seizures, dementia, trouble talking, vision problems, one sided weakness, or loss of bladder control may occur.


title: Meningioma

text: Risk factors include exposure to ionizing radiation such as during radiation therapy, a family history of the condition, and neurofibromatosis type 2. As of 2014 they do not appear to be related to cell phone use. They appear to be able to form from a number of different types of cells including arachnoid cells. Diagnosis is typically by medical imaging.


title: Meningioma

text: If there are no symptoms, periodic observation may be all that is required. Most cases that result in symptoms can be cured by surgery. Following complete removal fewer than 20% recur. If surgery is not possible or all the tumor cannot be removed radiosurgery may be helpful. Chemotherapy has not been found to be useful. A small percentage grow rapidly and are associated with worse outcomes.


title: Meningioma

text: About one per thousand people in the United States are currently affected. Onset is usually in adults. In this group they represent about 30% of brain tumors. Women are affected about twice as often as men. Meningiomata were reported as early as 1614 by Felix Plater.


title: Meningioma

text: Small tumors (e.g., < 2.0 cm) usually are incidental findings at autopsy without having caused symptoms. Larger tumors may cause symptoms, depending on the size and location.


title: Meningioma

text: The causes of meningiomata are not well understood. Most cases are sporadic, appearing randomly, while some are familial. Persons who have undergone radiation, especially to the scalp, are more at risk for developing meningiomata, as are those who have had a brain injury. Atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima had a higher than typical frequency of developing meningiomata, with the incidence increasing the closer that they were to the site of the explosion. Dental X-rays are correlated with an increased risk of meningioma, in particular for people who had frequent dental X-rays in the past, when the X-ray dose of a dental X-ray was higher than in the present.


title: Meningioma

text: People with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) have a 50% chance of developing one or more meningiomata.


title: Meningioma

text: The most frequent genetic mutations (~50%) involved in meningiomata are inactivation mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene (merlin) on chromosome 22q.


title: Meningioma

text: "TRAF7" mutations are present in about one-fourth of meningiomata. Mutations in the "TRAF7", "KLF4", "AKT1", and "SMO" genes are commonly expressed in benign skull-base meningiomata. Mutations in NF2 are commonly expressed in meningiomata located in the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningiomata arise from arachnoidal cap cells, most of which are near the vicinity of the venous sinuses, and this is the site of greatest prevalence for meningioma formation. Some subtypes may arise from the pial cap cells that migrate during the development together with blood vessels into the brain parenchyma. They most frequently are attached to the dura over the superior parasagittal surface of frontal and parietal lobes, along the sphenoid ridge, in the olfactory grooves, the sylvian region, superior cerebellum along the "falx cerebri", cerebellopontine angle, and the spinal cord. The tumor is usually gray, well-circumscribed, and takes on the form of the space it occupies. They usually are dome-shaped, with the base lying on the dura.


title: Meningioma

text: Other uncommon locations are the lateral ventricle, foramen magnum, and the orbit/optic nerve sheath. Meningiomata also may occur as a spinal tumor, more often in women than in men. This occurs more often in Western countries than Asian.


title: Meningioma

text: Histologically, meningioma cells are relatively uniform, with a tendency to encircle one another, forming whorls and psammoma bodies (laminated calcific concretions). As such, they also have a tendency to calcify and are highly vascularized.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningiomata often are considered benign tumors that can be removed by surgery, but most recurrent meningiomata correspond to histologic benign tumors. The metabolic phenotype of these benign recurrent meningiomata indicated an aggressive metabolism resembling that observed for atypical meningioma.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningiomata are visualized readily with contrast CT, MRI with gadolinium, and arteriography, all attributed to the fact that meningiomata are extra-axial and vascularized. CSF protein levels are usually found to be elevated when lumbar puncture is used to obtain spinal fluid. On T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI, they may show a typical dural tail sign absent in some rare forms of meningiomas.


title: Meningioma

text: Although the majority of meningiomata are benign, they may have malignant presentations. Classification of meningiomata are based upon the WHO classification system.


title: Meningioma

text: In a 2008 review of the latter two categories, atypical and anaplastic-meningioma cases, the mean overall survival for atypical meningiomata was found to be 11.9 years vs. 3.3 years for anaplastic meningiomata. Mean relapse-free survival for atypical meningiomata was 11.5 years vs. 2.7 years for anaplastic meningiomata.


title: Meningioma

text: Malignant anaplastic meningioma is aggressive. Although anaplastic meningioma has higher chances of distant metastasis than the other two types, the overall incidence of meningioma metastasis is only 0.18%; which is considered rare. Even if, by general rule, neoplasms of the nervous system (brain tumors) cannot metastasize into the body because of the blood–brain barrier, anaplastic meningioma can. Although they are inside the cerebral cavity, they are located on the bloodside of the BBB, because meningiomata tend to be connected to blood vessels. Thus, cancerized cells can escape into the bloodstream, which is why meningiomata, when they metastasize, often turn up around the lungs.


title: Meningioma

text: Anaplastic meningioma and hemangiopericytoma are difficult to distinguish, even by pathological means, as they look similar, especially, if the first occurrence is a meningeal tumor, and both tumors occur in the same types of tissue.


title: Meningioma

text: Although usually benign a "petro-clival" menigioma is typically fatal without treatment due to its location. Until the 1970s no treatment was available for this type of meningioma; however, since that time a range of surgical and radiological treatments have evolved. Nevertheless, the treatment of this type of meningioma remains a challenge with relatively frequent poor outcomes.


title: Meningioma

text: The risk of meningioma can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight, and by avoiding unnecessary dental x-rays.


title: Meningioma

text: Observation with close imaging follow-up may be used in select cases if a meningioma is small and asymptomatic. In a retrospective study on 43 patients, 63% of patients were found to have no growth on follow-up, and the 37% found to have growth at an average of 4 mm / year. In this study, younger patients were found to have tumors that were more likely to have grown on repeat imaging; thus are poorer candidates for observation. In another study, clinical outcomes were compared for 213 patients undergoing surgery vs. 351 patients under watchful observation. Only 6% of the conservatively treated patients developed symptoms later, while among the surgically treated patients, 5.6% developed persistent morbid condition, and 9.4% developed surgery-related morbid condition.


title: Meningioma

text: Observation is not recommended in tumors already causing symptoms. Furthermore, close follow-up with imaging is required with an observation strategy to rule out an enlarging tumor.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningiomata usually can be surgically resected (removed) and result in a permanent cure if the tumor is superficial on the dural surface and easily accessible. Transarterial embolization has become a standard preoperative procedure in the preoperative management. If invasion of the adjacent bone occurs, total removal is nearly impossible. It is rare for benign meningiomata to become malignant.


title: Meningioma

text: The probability of a tumor recurring or growing after surgery may be estimated by comparing the tumor's WHO (World Health Organization) grade and by the extent of surgery by the Simpson Criteria.


title: Meningioma

text: Radiation therapy may include photon-beam or proton-beam treatment, or fractionated external beam radiation. Radiosurgery may be used in lieu of surgery in small tumors located away from critical structures. Fractionated external-beam radiation also can be used as primary treatment for tumors that are surgically unresectable or, for patients who are inoperable for medical reasons.


title: Meningioma

text: Radiation therapy often is considered for WHO grade I meningiomata after subtotal (incomplete) tumor resections. The clinical decision to irradiate after a subtotal resection is somewhat controversial, as no class I randomized, controlled trials exist on the subject. Numerous retrospective studies, however, have suggested strongly that the addition of postoperative radiation to incomplete resections improves both progression-free survival (i.e. prevents tumor recurrence) and improves overall survival.


title: Meningioma

text: In the case of a grade III meningioma, the current standard of care involves postoperative radiation treatment regardless of the degree of surgical resection. This is due to the proportionally higher rate of local recurrence for these higher-grade tumors. Grade II tumors may behave variably and there is no standard of whether to give radiotherapy following a gross total resection. Subtotally resected grade II tumors should be radiated.


title: Meningioma

text: Likely, current chemotherapies are not effective. Antiprogestin agents have been used, but with variable results. A 2007 study of whether hydroxyurea has the capacity to shrink unresectable or recurrent meningiomata is being further evaluated.


title: Meningioma

text: Many individuals have meningiomata, but remain asymptomatic, so the meningiomata are discovered during an autopsy. One to two percent of all autopsies reveal meningiomata that were unknown to the individuals during their lifetime, since there were never any symptoms. In the 1970s, tumors causing symptoms were discovered in 2 out of 100,000 people, while tumors discovered without causing symptoms occurred in 5.7 out of 100,000, for a total incidence of 7.7/100,000. With the advent of modern sophisticated imaging systems such as CT scans, the discovery of asymptomatic meningiomata has tripled.


title: Meningioma

text: Meningiomata are more likely to appear in women than men, though when they appear in men, they are more likely to be malignant. Meningiomata may appear at any age, but most commonly are noticed in men and women age 50 or older, with meningiomata becoming more likely with age. They have been observed in all cultures, Western and Eastern, in roughly the same statistical frequency as other possible brain tumors.


title: Meningioma

text: The neoplasms currently referred to as meningiomata were referred to with a wide range of names in older medical literature, depending on the source. Various descriptors included "fungoid tumors", "fungus of the dura mater", "epithelioma", "psammoma", "dural sarcoma", "dural endothelioma", "fibrosarcoma", "angioendothelioma", "arachnoidal fibroboastoma", "endotheliosis of the meninges", "meningeal fibroblastoma", "meningoblastoma", "mesothelioma of the meninges", "sarcoma of the dura", and others.


title: Meningioma

text: The modern term of "meningioma" was used first by Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) in 1922, to describe a set of tumors that occur throughout the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord), but have various commonalities. Charles Oberling then separated these into subtypes based on cell structure and, over the years, several other researchers have defined dozens of different subtypes as well. In 1979, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified seven subtypes, upgraded in 2000 to a classification system with nine low-grade variants (grade I tumors) and three variants each of grade II and grade III meningiomata. The most common subtypes are Meningotheliomatous (63%), transitional or mixed-type (19%), fibrous (13%), and psammomatous (2%).


title: Meningioma

text: The earliest evidence of a probable meningioma is from a skull approximately 365,000 years old, which was found in Germany. Other probable examples have been discovered in other continents around the world, including North and South America, and Africa.


title: Meningioma

text: The earliest written record of what was probably a meningioma is from the 1600s, when Felix Plater (1536–1614) of the University of Basel performed an autopsy on Sir Caspar Bonecurtius. Surgery for removal of meningiomata was first attempted in the sixteenth century, but the first known successful surgery for removal of a meningioma of the convexity (parasagittal) was performed in 1770 by Anoine Luis. The first documented successful removal of a skull base meningioma was performed in 1835 by Zanobi Pecchioli, Professor of Surgery at the University of Siena. Other notable meningioma researchers have been William Macewen (1848–1924), and William W. Keen (1837–1932).


title: Meningioma

text: Improvements in meningioma research and treatment over the last century have occurred in terms of the surgical techniques for removal of the tumor, and related improvements in anesthesia, antiseptic methods, techniques to control blood loss, better ability to determine which tumors are and are not operable, and to effectively differentiate between the different meningioma subtypes.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Coronary thrombosis is defined as the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart. This blood clot may then restrict blood flow within the heart, leading to heart tissue damage, or a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Coronary thrombosis is most commonly caused as a downstream effect of atherosclerosis, a buildup of cholesterol and fats in the artery walls. The smaller vessel diameter allows less blood to flow and facilitates progression to a myocardial infarction. Leading risk factors for coronary thrombosis are high LDL cholesterol, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: A coronary thrombus is asymptomatic until it causes significant obstruction, leading to various forms of angina or eventually a myocardial infarction. Common warning symptoms are crushing chest pain, shortness of breath, and upper body discomfort.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction are sometimes used as synonyms, although this is technically inaccurate as the thrombosis refers to the blocking of blood vessels with a thrombus, while myocardial infarction refers to heart tissue death due to the consequent loss of blood flow to the heart. Due to extensive collateral circulation, a coronary thrombus does not necessarily cause tissue death and may be asymptomatic.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: The formation of coronary thrombosis generally follows the same mechanism as other blood clots in the body, the coagulation cascade. Also applicable is the Virchow's triad of blood stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulable state. Atherosclerosis contributes to coronary thrombosis formation by facilitating blood stasis as well as causing local endothelial injury.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Due to the large number of cases of myocardial infarction leading to death and disease in the world, there has been extensive study towards the generation of clots specifically in the coronary arteries. Some areas of focus:


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Postmortem examiners may look for Lines of Zahn, to determine whether blood clotted in the heart vessels before or after death.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Management of symptomatic coronary thrombosis follows established treatment algorithms for myocardial infarction.Treatment options include:


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: To address the possibility of identifying and treating asymptomatic coronary artery disease to prevent development of coronary thrombosis, the COURAGE trial was published in 2018. It determined that preemptive treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) did not lead to a difference in death or myocardial infarction over a 15-year period.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: There are numerous treatments currently being studied for management and prevention of coronary thrombosis. Statin drugs, in addition to their primary cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of action, have been studied to target a number of pathways that may decrease coronary inflammation and subsequent thrombosis.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Another realm of potential treatments in early stages of adoption is in therapeutic use of contrast ultrasound on thrombus dissolution.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a thrombus (blood clot) inside a blood vessel, leading to obstruction of blood flow within the circulatory system. Coronary thrombosis refers to the formation and presence of thrombi in the coronary arteries of the heart. Note that the heart does not contain veins, but rather coronary sinuses that serve the purpose of returning de-oxygenated blood from the heart muscle.


title: Coronary thrombosis

text: A thrombus is a type of embolism, a more general term for any material that partially or fully blocks a blood vessel. An atheroembolism, or cholesterol embolism, is when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures and becomes an embolism.Atherosclerosis is the progressive thickening of blood vessels and plaque formation that eventually can lead to coronary artery disease (CAD).


title: .243 Winchester

text: The .243 Winchester (6×52mm) is a popular sporting rifle cartridge. Developed as a versatile short action cartridge to hunt both medium game and small game alike, it "took whitetail hunting by storm" when introduced in 1955, and remains one of the most popular whitetail deer cartridges. It is also commonly used for harvesting blacktail deer, pronghorns and mule deer with heavier rounds, and is equally suited to varmint hunting with lighter rounds. The .243 is based on a necked down .308 Winchester, introduced only three years earlier. Expanding monolithic copper bullets of approximately 80 to 85 grains or traditional lead rounds of 90 to 105 grains with controlled expansion designs are best suited for hunting medium game, while lighter rounds are intended for varmints.


title: .243 Winchester

text: In at least ten U.S. states and the United Kingdom, the .243 or similar cartridges are the smallest bore cartridges that are legal for hunting deer; this has been revised in the UK to allow Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer to be taken with .22 (5.56mm) chambered weapons. The cartridge can be extremely accurate to and beyond, but may not retain enough terminal energy to reliably drop medium game at that distance. Highly experienced hunters use the .243 Winchester to routinely drop bucks up to , while less experienced hunters can be just as capable with the .243 because of its very low recoil yet high velocity. Besides hunting applications, the cartridge is popular with target and metallic silhouette shooters for those same recoil and velocity properties, with superb accuracy.


title: .243 Winchester

text: The .243 Winchester has regularly made the top five of rankings for "Best Whitetail Deer Hunting Cartridges" from sources such as "Field and Stream" and "Outdoor Life", and its widespread popularity (called the "whitetail hunter's favorite" by the Browning Arms Company and "American favorite" by "American Rifleman") assures chamberings in newly manufactured offerings of not only bolt-action rifles, but also semiautomatic rifles (e.g., Browning BAR and AR-10 platforms), lever action rifles (e.g., Henry Long Ranger and Browning BLR), and even pump action rifles (e.g., Remington 7600). "Gun Digest" estimates that (as of the end of 2018) the .243 Winchester is the second-most popular of all hunting rifle chamberings (after the long action .30-06). Commentators such as popular ammunition author Chuck Hawks have opined that the .243 Winchester (as a "6mm NATO" round) should replace the 5.56×45mm NATO (.223 Remington) for most United States Armed Forces use cases but not until the 2020 release of the 6mm ARC did a .243 caliber cartridge find limited adoption by the US Armed Forces.


title: .243 Winchester

text: Well-regarded "Field and Stream" editor and Harvard-educated technical gun enthusiast Warren Page began experimenting with wildcatting a .243 caliber (6.2mm) round in the 1940s sometime after the 6mm Lee Navy was discontinued. When the .308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, Page started necking down the .308 design into a new .243 wildcat cartridge. After Page's hunting success with and much writing about this new version, Winchester developed a factory loaded .243 soon thereafter. It was first introduced in 1955 for the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action and Model 88 lever-action sporting rifles and quickly gained popularity among sportsmen worldwide.


title: .243 Winchester

text: It was a ground-breaking development with at first only two factory loads, combining a versatile and effective combination of 80-grain bullets optimized for high-velocity, long-range performance for varmint hunters (e.g., groundhogs, coyotes, prairie dogs) and 100-grain bullets suitable for game up to the size of deer and pronghorn antelope. Its predecessor in the Winchester lineup, the very similar .257 Roberts, could have easily been selected to accomplish the same tasks, but was not available factory loaded with either lighter, varmint-weight bullets or pointed, long range spitzer (pointed) bullets, so it never achieved the popularity of the newer round.


title: .243 Winchester

text: Remington also saw the 6 mm (.243 in) family as suitable for this dual-purpose use and introduced their version, the .244 Remington, in the same year (1955) based upon the .257 Roberts necked down to accept .243 bullets up to 90 grains in weight. The Winchester round remains available today whereas the .244 Remington, later renamed the 6mm Remington with the introduction of 100-grain bullets, is far less popular even though it can push all bullet weights slightly faster with maximum loads due to the larger capacity case. The fact that the .243 Win was originally offered in a 1 in 10 inch rifling twist rate, a rate better able to stabilize heavier, 100- and 105-grain bullets, versus the .244 Remington's 1 in 12 inch twist (hence the 90-grain factory offering) was also a factor in their popularity.


title: .243 Winchester

text: Since the enactment of the Deer Act 1963 in the United Kingdom, which stipulates a minimum bullet diameter of .240 inches, together with minimum levels of muzzle velocity and bullet energy, the .243 has long been perceived as the entry-level caliber for legal deer-stalking. Firearms that would normally be chambered in .308 Winchester/7.62×51mm NATO are sometimes available in .243 in countries–such as Spain–whose regulations restrict or forbid private ownership of so-called military calibers (restricted to bolt action-repeating rifles). No military is known to currently designate this round for service.


title: .243 Winchester

text: In a non-sporting context, bolt-action rifles chambered for the .243 were utilized by the Los Angeles Police Department's special weapons and tactics (SWAT) unit during its early years. A specialist 115-grain projectile can move up to 3,150 fps from a 28-inch barrel, or over 3,000 fps from a 26-inch barrel.


title: .243 Winchester

text: P. O. Ackley created an improved version of this cartridge called the .243 Winchester Improved (Ackley). Like other improved cartridges, this created a steeper shoulder and blew the sides out, giving about 10% more powder capacity, and some small improvement in velocity.


title: .243 Winchester

text: Performance-wise, the .243 Winchester closely matches the 6mm Creedmoor but the .243 Win has more bullet and casing options, as well as more factory loadings and firearm options available. The .243 Win also has slightly more powder room, while the 6mm Creedmoor is usually loaded to slightly higher pressures.


title: .243 Winchester

text: With very little recoil, even less than that of the .30-30 Winchester cartridge introduced sixty years earlier, the .243 brought higher chamber pressures, larger powder volumes, and sharply tipped bullets, which all combine to lend the .243 more muzzle energy and far greater downrange energy than the .30-30 is able to achieve. The .243 Winchester has also been found to shoot flatter and more accurately than the 7mm-08 Remington out to 500 yards, with less recoil yet also less terminal energy.


title: .243 Winchester

text: The recoil has been measured to be so light that it "can be shot by anyone that can handle a rifle." Among popular small-bore rifle ammunition the .243 does have approximately three times the recoil factor of the .223 Remington and twice the recoil factor of the .22-250 Remington, but only half the recoil factor of the more powerful long action .25-06 Remington (without muzzle brakes). As the .223 and .22-250 are not recommended for deer hunting, the .243 has the lowest recoil factor among small bore deer hunting cartridges.


title: .243 Winchester

text: Lack of overpenetration on medium game has traditionally been perceived either as a problem (lack of exit wounds and blood trails) or as a feature ("uses up all the energy in the deer") of traditional lead .243 cartridges versus larger and heavier rounds, but monolithic copper .243 ammunition weighing as little as negates this characteristic and causes adequate penetration and blood trails through even larger-bodied medium game like wild hogs.


title: .243 Winchester

text: The .243 produces a velocity of per second from factory-loaded expanding monolithic copper projectiles weighing fired from a barrel. Other variations of commercially loaded .243 ammunition are available with bullet weights ranging from 55 grains (3.6 g) up to 115 grains (6.8 g). Twist rate of the barrel can sometimes be a factor in deciding which bullets to use, 1:10 being the most popular as it is sufficient to stabilize up to 100 gr bullets. However, for very low drag-profile or bullets heavier than 100 gr, a 1:8 or 1:7 (for 115 gr VLD bullets) is necessary.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Pan Indian film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with Telugu cinema as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets. The movement gained popularity since 2015, post the success of "". The term Pan-Indian film is used for a film that is simultaneously released in multiple languages like Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, and Hindi with an aim to maximize the target audience and increase the revenues. Such films make an attempt to appeal to the audiences across the country, cutting across the linguistic and cultural barriers.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Indian cinema is composed of various language film industries. A film made in a language was usually remade in other languages. Dubbing of a film into other language is not a regular practice in Indian cinema. Few films such as "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", "Enthiran", etc. were dubbed in other Indian languages and were released along with their original versions, but only in Telugu, Hindi and Tamil.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: According to "The Times of India," the first pan-Indian film from Kannada cinema is Dr. Rajkumar-starrer "Mahishasura Mardini" released in 1959. It was dubbed and released in seven other languages. But, no other film was released in more than four languages, since then.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Since 2010s, dubbing and telecasting of South Indian films (primarily Telugu and Tamil) in Hindi became a regular practice by which films from Telugu cinema and Tamil cinema gained popularity nationwide. Majority of the films were dubbed after few weeks or months of the original version release. Similarly, Hindi films were frequently dubbed in Telugu and Tamil languages, but didn't gain as much popularity as Telugu/Tamil films received, except a few like "Dangal" (2016), "" (2016). Over the time, Kannada and Malayalam films were also being dubbed.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Maniratnam's Roja, Bombay and Dil Se and his recent reached the hook and corner of the country considering him as 1st Pan-Indian film director. After few years two ss rajamouli films "" (2015) and "" (2017), changed the face of Indian cinema. The film was released in various languages across the world. Filmmakers started a new film movement, that is, rather than remaking the same film in various languages, they are dubbing the same film in various languages. Srivatsan S of "The Hindu" wrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Kannada film "" (2018) directed by Prashanth Neel also released in five languages, thereby becoming the first major Pan-Indian film from Kannada cinema. Success of other films like "2.0" (2018), "Saaho" (2019), "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy" (2019) made Pan-Indian films widespread to other major Indian film industries. "" (2021) is the first major Pan-Indian film from Malayalam cinema.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Following the success of the Telugu films "" (2021) and "RRR" (2022), Rahul Devulapalli of "The Week" identified "Content, marketing, [and] indulgent overseas audience" have led to the rise of pan-Indian films from Telugu cinema.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Pan-Indian films also employ actors from different language industry to increase their visibility and bring a universal appeal. In an interview with "Film Companion", filmmaker Karan Johar said: "Pan-India is a phenomenon we cannot diminish or dilute."


title: Pan-Indian film

text: In an interview with "Deadline Hollywood", actor N. T. Rama Rao Jr. expressed his disapproval for the term: "I hate referring to it as 'pan-Indian', it sounds like a frying pan. We just mean it is a film that can travel into all the Indian languages". Speaking with "PTI", Dulquer Salmaan said: "The word pan-India really irks me. I just don't like hearing it. I love that there is so much exchange of talent happening in cinema, it's great, but we are one country. I don't think anyone says pan-America." Prabhas, who played the protagonist of "Baahubali" series, opined that the industry should make "Indian" films instead of "pan-Indian" films. Actor Siddharth echoed the same. He felt the term pan-Indian was a "very disrespectful word" as its use was limited to non-Hindi films. Writer-actor Adivi Sesh felt that "the word is somewhat abused," and used like a euphemism for dubbed film.


title: Pan-Indian film

text: Tracking portal Box Office India stated that the term "pan India" means nothing in Hindi film circuits and it is only Hollywood films that cater to all of India. Bharti Dubey and Hemachandra Ethamukkala of "The Times of India" stated that the pan-Indian films have mostly been action films and criticised the perceived violence in such films. Writing for "The Swaddle", Rohitha Naraharisetty feels pan-Indian films glorify toxic masculinity and the "angry young man" archetype, while suffering from underdeveloped and heavily objectified female characters.


title: HMAC

text: In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it may be used to simultaneously verify both the data integrity and authenticity of a message.


title: HMAC

text: HMAC can provide authentication using a shared secret instead of using digital signatures with asymmetric cryptography. It trades off the need for a complex public key infrastructure by delegating the key exchange to the communicating parties, who are responsible for establishing and using a trusted channel to agree on the key prior to communication.


title: HMAC

text: Any cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-2 or SHA-3, may be used in the calculation of an HMAC; the resulting MAC algorithm is termed HMAC-X, where X is the hash function used (e.g. HMAC-SHA256 or HMAC-SHA3-512). The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the cryptographic strength of the underlying hash function, the size of its hash output, and the size and quality of the key.


title: HMAC

text: HMAC uses two passes of hash computation. Before either pass, the secret key is used to derive two keys – inner and outer. Next, the first pass of the hash algorithm produces an internal hash derived from the message and the inner key. The second pass produces the final HMAC code derived from the inner hash result and the outer key. Thus the algorithm provides better immunity against length extension attacks.


title: HMAC

text: An iterative hash function (one that uses the Merkle–Damgård construction) breaks up a message into blocks of a fixed size and iterates over them with a compression function. For example, SHA-256 operates on 512-bit blocks. The size of the output of HMAC is the same as that of the underlying hash function (e.g., 256 and 512 bits in the case of SHA-256 and SHA3-512, respectively), although it can be truncated if desired.


title: HMAC

text: HMAC does not encrypt the message. Instead, the message (encrypted or not) must be sent alongside the HMAC hash. Parties with the secret key will hash the message again themselves, and if it is authentic, the received and computed hashes will match.


title: HMAC

text: The definition and analysis of the HMAC construction was first published in 1996 in a paper by Mihir Bellare, Ran Canetti, and Hugo Krawczyk, and they also wrote RFC 2104 in 1997. The 1996 paper also defined a nested variant called NMAC (Nested MAC). FIPS PUB 198 generalizes and standardizes the use of HMACs. HMAC is used within the IPsec, SSH and TLS protocols and for JSON Web Tokens.


title: HMAC

text: The following pseudocode demonstrates how HMAC may be implemented. The block size is 512 bits (64 bytes) when using one of the following hash functions: SHA-1, MD5, RIPEMD-128.


title: HMAC

text: The design of the HMAC specification was motivated by the existence of attacks on more trivial mechanisms for combining a key with a hash function. For example, one might assume the same security that HMAC provides could be achieved with MAC = H("key" ∥ "message"). However, this method suffers from a serious flaw: with most hash functions, it is easy to append data to the message without knowing the key and obtain another valid MAC ("length-extension attack"). The alternative, appending the key using MAC = H("message" ∥ "key"), suffers from the problem that an attacker who can find a collision in the (unkeyed) hash function has a collision in the MAC (as two messages m1 and m2 yielding the same hash will provide the same start condition to the hash function before the appended key is hashed, hence the final hash will be the same). Using MAC = H("key" ∥ "message" ∥ "key") is better, but various security papers have suggested vulnerabilities with this approach, even when two different keys are used.


title: HMAC

text: No known extension attacks have been found against the current HMAC specification which is defined as H("key" ∥ H("key" ∥ "message")) because the outer application of the hash function masks the intermediate result of the internal hash. The values of "ipad" and "opad" are not critical to the security of the algorithm, but were defined in such a way to have a large Hamming distance from each other and so the inner and outer keys will have fewer bits in common. The security reduction of HMAC does require them to be different in at least one bit.


title: HMAC

text: The Keccak hash function, that was selected by NIST as the SHA-3 competition winner, doesn't need this nested approach and can be used to generate a MAC by simply prepending the key to the message, as it is not susceptible to length-extension attacks.


title: HMAC

text: The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the size of the secret key that is used and the security of the underlying hash function used. It has been proven that the security of an HMAC construction is directly related to security properties of the hash function used. The most common attack against HMACs is brute force to uncover the secret key. HMACs are substantially less affected by collisions than their underlying hashing algorithms alone. In particular, Mihir Bellare proved that HMAC is a PRF under the sole assumption that the compression function is a PRF. Therefore, HMAC-MD5 does not suffer from the same weaknesses that have been found in MD5.


title: HMAC

text: RFC 2104 requires that "keys longer than "B" bytes are first hashed using "H"" which leads to a confusing pseudo-collision: if the key is longer than the hash block size (e.g. 64 bytes for SHA-1), then codice_1 is computed as codice_2This property is sometimes raised as a possible weakness of HMAC in password-hashing scenarios: it has been demonstrated that it's possible to find a long ASCII string and a random value whose hash will be also an ASCII string, and both values will produce the same HMAC output.


title: HMAC

text: In 2006, Jongsung Kim, Alex Biryukov, Bart Preneel, and Seokhie Hong showed how to distinguish HMAC with reduced versions of MD5 and SHA-1 or full versions of HAVAL, MD4, and SHA-0 from a random function or HMAC with a random function. Differential distinguishers allow an attacker to devise a forgery attack on HMAC. Furthermore, differential and rectangle distinguishers can lead to second-preimage attacks. HMAC with the full version of MD4 can be forged with this knowledge. These attacks do not contradict the security proof of HMAC, but provide insight into HMAC based on existing cryptographic hash functions.


title: HMAC

text: In 2009, Xiaoyun Wang et al. presented a distinguishing attack on HMAC-MD5 without using related keys. It can distinguish an instantiation of HMAC with MD5 from an instantiation with a random function with 2 queries with probability 0.87.


title: HMAC

text: In 2011 an informational RFC 6151 was published to summarize security considerations in MD5 and HMAC-MD5. For HMAC-MD5 the RFC summarizes that – although the security of the MD5 hash function itself is severely compromised – the currently known ""attacks on HMAC-MD5 do not seem to indicate a practical vulnerability when used as a message authentication code"", but it also adds that ""for a new protocol design, a ciphersuite with HMAC-MD5 should not be included"".


title: HMAC

text: In May 2011, RFC 6234 was published detailing the abstract theory and source code for SHA-based HMACs.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The Kurdish–Turkish conflict is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups who have either demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan, or attempted to secure autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (Kurdish: "Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê"). Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict has spread to many regions, most of the conflict has taken place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponds with southeastern Turkey. The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan has resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan has led to similar activity there. The conflict has cost the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It has also affected tourism in Turkey.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s. The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority. However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians. Both sides were accused of numerous human rights abuses during the conflict. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses. Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torture, forced displacements, destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians. Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK. On the other hand, the PKK has faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking. The organization is historically to blame for the burning of schools and killing of teachers who they accused of "destroying Kurdish identity", attacks on hospitals which resulted in the death of doctors and nurses, and allegedly the kidnapping of foreign tourists for ransom.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a Turkish commando and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara. The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared an unilateral ceasefire. Fighting resumed the same year. In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: On 25 July 2015, the conflict resumed when the Turkish Air Force bombed PKK positions in Iraq, in the midst of tensions arising from Turkish involvement in the Rojava–Islamist conflict in Syria. With the resumption of violence, hundreds of Kurdish civilians have been killed by both sides and numerous human rights violations have occurred, including torture, rape, and widespread destruction of property. Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In 1977, a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the "Revolutionaries of Kurdistan" also included Ali Haydar Kaytan, Cemil Bayik, Haki Karer and Kemal Pir. The group decided in 1974 to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to Urfa, Kemal Pir to Mus, Haki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to Tunceli. They then started student organisations that contacted local workers and farmers to raise awareness about Kurdish rights.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate these political activities. The assembly included 100 people from different backgrounds and several representatives of other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Öcalan travelled to Mount Ararat, Erzurum, Tunceli, Elazig, Antep, and other cities to make the public aware of the group's activities. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 March 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the Nationalist Movement Party's Grey Wolves. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil Çavgun on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large protest meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this congress, the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK organised and armed members to protect itself, thus becoming more involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980). During this time, the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 Alevi Kurds in the town of Kahramanmaraş on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the Maraş Massacre. In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to Syria and Lebanon where he made contacts with Syrian and Palestinian leaders. After the Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations, during which at least 191 people were killed and half a million were imprisoned, most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, Mahsum Korkmaz, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkish Kurdistan to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerrilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. However, many PKK leaders were arrested in Turkey and sent to Diyarbakir Prison. Because of the treatment of the prisoners, the prison became the site of much political protest. (See also Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody.)


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doğan burned himself to death on March 21, 1982, in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on May 17. On July 14, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison. Kemal Pir died on September 7, M. Hayri Durmuş on the 12th, Akif Yılmaz on the 15th, and Ali Çiçek on the 17th. On April 13, 1984, a 75-day hunger strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: On 25 October 1986, the third Congress was held in Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. Issues raised included lack of discipline, growing internal criticism, and splinter groups within the organization. This had led the organisation to execute some internal critics, especially ex-members who had joined Tekosin, a rival Marxist–Leninist organization. Öcalan strongly criticized the leaders responsible for the guerrilla forces during the early 1980s and threatened others with the death penalty, if they joined rival groups or refused to obey orders. The PKK's military defeats meant they were no closer to their primary goal of an independent Kurdistan. Cooperation with criminals and dictators had tarnished the organization's image. During the Congress, the leaders decided to advance the armed struggle, increase the number of fighters, and dissolve the HRK, which was replaced by the Kurdistan Popular Liberation Army (ARGK). A newly established Mahsum Korkmaz Academy, a politico-military academy, replaced the Helve Camp, and a new military conscription policy was approved, which obliged every family to send someone to the guerrilla forces.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The decisions that were taken during the third Congress transformed the PKK from a Leninist organization into one in which power was more concentrated, as Öcalan accrued more Önderlik (leadership). Some of the reasons why Öcalan took power from the other leaders, such as Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Duran Kalkan, were growing internal conflict and the organization's inability to stop it. According to Michael Gunter, Öcalan, even before this time, had already carried out a purge of many rival PKK members, who were tortured and forced to confess they were traitors before being executed. Ibrahim Halik, Mehmet Ali Cetiner, Mehmet Result Altinok, Saime Askin, Ayten Yildirim and Sabahattin Ali were some of the victims. Later in 2006, Öcalan denied these accusations and stated in his book that both Mahsum Korkmaz, the first supreme military commander of the PKK, and Engin Sincer, a high-ranking commander, likely died as a result of internal conflicts and described the perpetrators as "gangs". Leaked reports, however, revealed the authoritarian personality of Öcalan, who had brutally suppressed dissent and purged opponents since the early 1980s. According to David L. Philips, up to sixty PKK members were executed in 1986, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who he believes was murdered on 28 March 1986. Between the 1980 and 1990, the organization targeted defectors, assassinating two of them in Sweden, two in the Netherlands, three in Germany and one in Denmark.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In 1990, during the fourth Congress, the PKK ended its unpopular conscription policy. The organization's attempts to take into the account the demands and criticism of its support base had helped it to increase its popularity. According to Stanton, the PKK's improved relationship with its civilian base likely created incentives for the government to engage in state terrorism against some of its Kurdish citizens. The PKK was rarely able to prevent this.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: The PKK launched its insurgency against the Turkish state on 15 August 1984 with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During these attacks, one Turkish Gendarmerie soldier was killed and seven soldiers, two policemen and three civilians injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in Siirt, two days later.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the PKK, after the 1991 Gulf War changed the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself. In February 1991, during the presidency of Özal, the prohibition of Kurdish music was ended.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In 1992, however, Turkey, backed by the United States and the Peshmerga of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), launched Operation Northern Iraq, a cross-border operation between 9 October and 1 November against the PKK, using more than 300,000 troops. Thousands of local Peshmerga, with the support of more than 20,000 Turkish troops who had crossed the Iraqi border, attacked 10,000 PKK guerrillas. Despite heavy casualties, the PKK managed to maintain its presence in Iraqi Kurdistan, and a ceasefire agreement was reached between the PKK and KRG. In 1993, Özal returned to working on a peace plan with the former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eşref Bitlis.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: Negotiations led to a unilateral cease-fire by the PKK on 17 March 1993. Accompanied by Jalal Talabani at a press conference in Barelias, Lebanon, Öcalan stated that the PKK no longer sought a separate state, but peace, dialogue, and free political action for Kurds in Turkey within the framework of a democratic state. Süleyman Demirel, the prime minister of Turkey at the time, refused to negotiate with the PKK, but also stated that forced Turkification was the wrong approach towards the Kurds. Several Kurdish politicians supported the ceasefire, and Kemal Burkay and Ahmet Türk of the People's Labor Party (HEP) were also present at the press conference.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A Turkish army attack on the PKK on 19 May 1993 in Kulp brought the ceasefire to an end. Five days later, the PKK carried out the Çewlik massacre. Former PKK commander turned whistleblower Şemdin Sakık has said that the massacre had been allowed to go ahead by the Turkish military, and was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans. On the 8 June 1993, Öcalan announced the end of the PKK ceasefire.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all violent means to solve the Kurdish question), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned. Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison), along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: To counter the PKK, the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and punish local people supporting the PKK, the military carried out deforestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several villages were obliterated from the air. While some were destroyed or evacuated, other villages agreed to join the side of the government. The state offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the Village Guards, to prevent the PKK from operating in these villages. Villages which refused to cooperate were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians. Turkish armed forces reported that on 26 May 1994, the Turkish Air Force targeted the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants by bombing North Iraq, and killing 79 militants. During Newroz (the Kurdish New Year) in March 1995, the Turkish military launched its largest military operation against the PKK in Iraq. A force of 35,000 troops invaded Iraqi Kurdistan, assisted by tanks and F-16 jets. The Turkish army occupied several towns in which they searched for and seized Kurdish rebels.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In December 1995, the PKK announced a second unilateral ceasefire, ahead of the general elections on 24 December 1995. This was aimed at giving the new Turkish government time to articulate a way of resolving the conflict. During the ceasefire, civil society groups organized several peace initiatives in support of a solution to the conflict. But in May 1996, there was an attempt to assassinate Abdullah Öcalan in Damascus, and in June of the same year the Turkish military began to pursue the PKK into Iraqi Kurdistan. The PKK announced the end of the unilateral ceasefire on 16 August 1996, stating that it was still ready for peace negotiations as a political solution.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: A turning point in the conflict came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats from the Turkish government against Syria, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to Russia, then to Italy and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. After leaving the embassy on 15 February 1999 for the airport, he was kidnapped in a joint MİT-CIA operation and brought to Turkey, which resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide. Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in his capture. Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999 the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from Turkish Kurdistan, set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war. After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002, the PKK changed its name to "KADEK" (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation. In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: "KONGRA-GEL" (Kurdistan Peoples Congress).


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government, which claimed that the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period. The PKK argues that all of its military activity during this period was defensive, as the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases, including in Northern Iraq. Despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities. For example, the Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK) tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation. The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders dissatisfied with the cease-fire. The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the Turkish Hezbollah (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000. During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: After the AK Party came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again. The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle forcing reformist leaders such as Kani Yilmaz, Nizamettin Tas and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother Osman Öcalan to leave the organisation. The three major traditionalist leaders, Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Bahoz Erdal formed the new leadership committee of the organisation. The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful. This came as the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003 and its leader Murat Bozlak was imprisoned.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL changed its name back to PKK. Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements accepted this, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK. The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the Kurdistan Communities Union, a pan-Kurdish umbrella organisation which includes the PKK. Ex-DEP member Zübeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: Through the cease-fire years 2000–2003, some 711 people were killed, according to the Turkish government. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In September 2003, the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, but waited until mid-2004 before going on the offensive again. In June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed the Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces. The government claimed that in that same month, some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan. The PKK, now lacking Syrian government support and the manpower they had in the 1990s, took up new tactics. It reduced the size of its field units from 15 to 20 fighters to teams of 6–8, and avoided direct confrontations, relying more on the use of landmines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics. Another change in PKK tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark. Violence increased throughout 2004 and 2005 during which the PKK was blamed for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005, including the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing (which killed five), although the PKK denied responsibility.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots because of "local anger over high unemployment, poverty and Ankara's reluctance to grant more autonomy to the mainly Kurdish region". The army closed the roads to Diyarbakır Airport and shut down many schools and businesses. In August, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell", launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in Adana, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in Marmaris and one in Antalya targeting the tourist industry and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin. These bombings were condemned by the PKK, which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006, which lessened the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes continued due to Turkish military operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006. 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, Kani Yilmaz, in February, in Iraq.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6 and injured 121 people. The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing. On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in Tunceli killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base. Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee. On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three, which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s. In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory. Then on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in Dağlıca, Yüksekova, manned by a 1950 strong infantry battalion. The outpost was overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 8 Turkish soldiers. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan, taking the 8 captive soldiers with them. The Turkish military claimed to have killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK and no corpses of PKK militants were produced by the Turkish military. The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008 and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007. Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive. According to the Turkish military around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK, over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens. Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards. On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK denied any involvement. On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the October 2007 clashes in Hakkari erupted as the PKK attacked the Aktutun border post in Şemdinli in the Hakkâri Province, at night. 15 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 23 PKK fighters were said to be killed during the fighting. On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6, and on 19 March 2009 local elections were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) won a majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace. The following day the Turkish authorities arrested 53 Kurdish politicians of the Democratic Society Party (DTP). In September Turkey's Erdoğan-government launched the Kurdish initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PKK fighters. But the plans for the Kurdish initiative where heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism. A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party. This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities. On 7 December the PKK launched an ambush in Reşadiye which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers. On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities, starting with a missile attack on a navy base in İskenderun, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers. On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.


title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text: Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed. The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met. Turkish authorities claimed they had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK fighters by 14 July. By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of over 100 security forces, which exceeded the entire 2009 toll. On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period. Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.