title: Brine shrimp

text: Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to outer space to test the impact of radiation on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S. Biosatellite 2, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 missions, and on the Russian Bion-3 (Cosmos 782), Bion-5 (Cosmos 1129), Foton 10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments.


title: Brine shrimp

text: On Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the cysts traveled to the Moon and back. Cosmic rays that passed through an egg would be detected on the photographic film in its container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as experimental controls as part of the tests. Also, as the take-off in a spacecraft involves a lot of shaking and acceleration, one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of gravity and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take-off. There were 400 eggs in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. The results showed "Artemia salina" eggs are highly sensitive to cosmic radiation; 90% of the embryo induced to develop from hit eggs died at different developmental stages.


title: To Die For

text: To Die For is a 1995 satirical black comedy film directed by Gus Van Sant, and written by Buck Henry based on the novel of the same name by Joyce Maynard, which in turn was inspired by the story of Pamela Smart. It stars Nicole Kidman, Joaquin Phoenix, and Matt Dillon, with Illeana Douglas, Wayne Knight, Casey Affleck, Kurtwood Smith, Dan Hedaya, and Alison Folland as supporting cast. Kidman was nominated for a BAFTA, and won a Golden Globe Award and a Best Actress Award at the 1st Empire Awards for her performance. Her character has been described as suffering from narcissistic personality disorder in the scientific journal "BMC Psychiatry".


title: To Die For

text: The film includes cameos by George Segal, David Cronenberg, author Maynard, and screenwriter Henry. It features original music by Danny Elfman.


title: To Die For

text: Suzanne Stone has always been obsessed with being on television, aspiring to become a world-famous broadcast journalist. She marries Larry Maretto, using his family restaurant business to keep herself financially stable, and takes a job as an assistant at WWEN, a local cable station, in hopes of climbing the network ladder. Through relentless persistence, she's eventually promoted to doing the station's evening weather report.


title: To Die For

text: When Larry starts asking her to give up her career in favor of helping out at the restaurant and starting a family with him, Suzanne immediately begins plotting to get rid of him. She manipulates the high-schooler subjects of the TV documentary she has been making, "Teens Speak Out", into doing her bidding, seducing Jimmy Emmett and coercing him and his friends, the delinquent Russell Hines and the shy Lydia Mertz, into killing Larry. With the help of Russell and Lydia, Jimmy ultimately commits the murder.


title: To Die For

text: Though Larry's death is ruled the result of a botched burglary, the police stumble across a "Teens Speak Out" clip of Suzanne at their school which points to her sexual involvement with Jimmy. The teens are arrested and connected to the crime scene. Lydia makes a deal with the police to converse with Suzanne while wearing a wire, and Suzanne unwittingly reveals her hand in the murder. However, despite this damning evidence, Suzanne argues that the police resorted to entrapment and is released on bail. All the charges against Suzanne are dropped.


title: To Die For

text: Basking in the media spotlight, however, Suzanne fabricates a story about Larry being a cocaine addict who was murdered by Jimmy and Russell, his purported dealers. Jimmy and Russell are sentenced to life in prison. Russell gets his sentence reduced while Lydia is released on probation. Meanwhile, Larry's father, Joe, realizes Suzanne was behind his son's death and uses his mafia connections to have her murdered. A hitman lures Suzanne away from her home by posing as a movie studio executive, kills her, and conceals her body beneath a frozen lake.


title: To Die For

text: Lydia tells her side of the story in a televised interview and gains national attention, becoming a celebrity. Janice, Larry's sister who always hated Suzanne, practices her figure skating on the frozen lake where Suzanne's corpse lies.


title: To Die For

text: "To Die For" is a mixture of styles, combining a traditional drama with darkly comic direct-to-camera monologues by Kidman's character, and mockumentary interviews, some tragic, with certain of the other characters in the film.


title: To Die For

text: The film and the novel it is based on were both inspired by the facts that emerged during the trial of Pamela Smart, a school media services coordinator who was imprisoned for seducing a 16-year-old student and convincing him to kill her husband.


title: To Die For

text: The role of Suzanne Stone was originally offered to Meg Ryan, who turned down the part and the $5 million salary offered. Kidman, who was later cast in the role, was paid $2 million.


title: To Die For

text: The film was screened out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. "To Die For" was very well received by critics, with Nicole Kidman's performance being especially praised. The film holds an 88% "certified fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews, where the consensus reads "Smart, funny, and thoroughly well-cast, "To Die For" takes a sharp - and sadly prescient - stab at dissecting America's obsession with celebrity." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: To Die For

text: Katherine Ramsland of Crime Library describes the film as an example of a work displaying women with antisocial personalities; Ramsland describes Suzanne as a "manipulator extraordinaire" who harms people through third parties.


title: To Die For

text: In her review in "The New York Times", Janet Maslin called the film "an irresistible black comedy and a wicked delight" and added, "[it] takes aim at tabloid ethics and hits a solid bull's-eye, with Ms. Kidman's teasingly beautiful Suzanne as the most alluring of media-mad monsters. The target is broad, but Gus Van Sant's film is too expertly sharp and funny for that to matter; instead, it shows off this director's slyness better than any of his work since "Drugstore Cowboy" ... Both Mr. Van Sant and Ms. Kidman have reinvented themselves miraculously for this occasion, which brings out the best in all concerned."


title: To Die For

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said of Kidman, "[she] brings to the role layers of meaning, intention and impulse. Telling her story in close-up – as she does throughout the film – Kidman lets you see the calculation, the wheels turning, the transparent efforts to charm that succeed in charming all the same ... her beauty and magnetism are electric. Undeniably she belongs on camera, which means it's equally undeniable that Suzanne belongs on camera. That in itself is an irony, a commentary or both."


title: To Die For

text: Writing in 2007, Emanuel Levy stated, "mean-spirited satire, told in mock-tabloid style, this film features the best performance of Nicole Kidman to date (better than "The Hours" for which she won an Oscar), as an amoral small-town girl obsessed with becoming a TV star."


title: Tom yum

text: The words "tom yam" are derived from two Thai words. "Tom" refers to the boiling process, while "yam" means 'mixed'. Tom yum is characterised by its distinct hot and sour flavours, with fragrant spices and herbs generously used in the broth. The soup is also made with fresh ingredients such as lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, galangal, lime juice, fish sauce, and crushed red chili peppers. The tom yum seasoning has been investigated as a potential functional food and a natural antimicrobial because of its kaffir lime leaf and red chili content.


title: Tom yum

text: Commercial tom yum paste is made by crushing all the herb ingredients and stir frying in oil, then adding seasoning and other preservative ingredients.The paste is bottled or packaged and sold around the world. Tom yum flavored with the paste may have different characteristics from that made with fresh herb ingredients. The soup often includes meats such as shrimp, chicken, or pork.


title: Tom yum

text: The taste of tom yum is based on sour and spicy flavors. A paste called "nam prik pao" is prepared as a base of the soup, to which water, herbs and meat are added. The "nam prik pao" is made from roasted chilies, shallots, and garlic and the ingredients are best grilled on a charcoal fire.


title: Tom yum

text: The basic ingredient of tom yum is shrimp or pork. The most popular tom yum base is river shrimp called "tom yum goong".


title: Tom yum

text: The essential ingredients of tom yum are herbs such as lemongrass, galangal, and kaffir lime leaves. Other ingredients are also important, especially Thai chilies, mushroom, coriander leaf (cilantro), tomatoes, sweet white onions, lime juice, sugar, and fish sauce. "Tom yum nam khon" is a variety with coconut milk or evaporated milk.


title: Tom yum

text: In the modern popularized versions the soup also contains mushrooms—usually straw mushrooms or oyster mushrooms. The soup is often topped with a generous sprinkling of fresh chopped cilantro (coriander leaves). Sometimes Thai chili jam ("nam phrik phao", ) is added: this gives the soup a bright orange color and makes the chili flavor more pronounced.


title: Tom yum

text: Less well known outside Thailand is "tom khlong" (ต้มโคล้ง), a spicy sour soup where the sourness does not derive from lime juice but through the use of tamarind. "Tom som" () are soups that are also very similar to "tom yum" but most often do not contain lemongrass or kaffir lime leaves. Depending on the type of "tom som", the acidity can be derived from lime juice or from the use of tamarind.


title: Tom yum

text: Tom yum, locally spelled as "tomyam", is very well-received among Malaysians since its introduction around the 1980s. The cuisine is now considered a must-have on most restaurant menus in Malaysia, especially the peninsular states. As of 2018, the popularity of Tom yum and other Thai dishes had brought employment to at least 120,000 south Thai cooks, working restaurants mainly in Selangor state and the capital city of Kuala Lumpur, and owning 5000 to 6000 Thai restaurants throughout the country.


title: WPP plc

text: WPP plc is a British multinational communications, advertising, public relations, technology, and commerce holding company headquartered in London, England. It was the world's largest advertising company, as of 2019. WPP plc owns many companies, which includes advertising, public relations, media, and market research networks such as AKQA, BCW, CMI Media Group, Essence Global, Finsbury, Grey, Hill+Knowlton Strategies, Mindshare, Ogilvy, Wavemaker, Wunderman Thompson, and VMLY&R. It is one of the "Big Four" agency companies, alongside Publicis, Interpublic Group of Companies, and Omnicom. WPP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: WPP plc

text: On 14 April 2018, Martin Sorrell retired 33 years after founding the company. Roberto Quarta is chairman. Mark Read is CEO.


title: WPP plc

text: The company was founded as Wire and Plastic Products plc to manufacture wire shopping baskets in 1971. In 1985 Martin Sorrell and Preston Rabl, searching for a listed company through which to build a worldwide marketing services company, bought a controlling stake.


title: WPP plc

text: During 1986, WPP became the parent company of Picquotware, a manufacturer of teapots and jugs, based in Northampton. In November 1987 a fire destroyed the Northampton factory, so production was restarted at Burntwood in Staffordshire. On 25 November 2004 WPP closed the Burntwood factory, and stopped manufacturing Picquotware; all assets were sold on 14 December 2004.


title: WPP plc

text: In the 1980s, WPP began its strategy of growth via acquisitions. In later years, WPP regularly acquired dozens of companies annually. In January 1987, the company acquired Scott Stern Associates, at the time Scotland's largest design and advertising company. In the same year (1987), the company acquired J. Walter Thompson (including JWT, Hill & Knowlton, and MRB Group) for $566m. The company listed on the NASDAQ in 1988 (and later switched its secondary listing to the NYSE). In 1989, it acquired Ogilvy Group for $864m.


title: WPP plc

text: WPP's acquisitions continued into the 1990s, when WPP bought firms in the healthcare advertising, digital-marketing, online shopping, digital media, data management, retail and corporate consultancy, and sports-marketing industries. This included the 1999 acquisition of Lambie-Nairn. In 1998, WPP formed an alliance with Asatsu-DK Inc. of Japan.


title: WPP plc

text: In May 2000, WPP agreed to acquire the United States-based Young & Rubicam Group for $5.7 billion, in what was at the time the largest ever takeover in the advertising sector. The takeover made WPP the largest advertising company in the world measured by billings and revenue, overtaking Omnicom Group and Interpublic.


title: WPP plc

text: In the 2000s, WPP Digital was created to develop the group's digital capabilities. In October 2008, WPP acquired market research firm Taylor Nelson Sofres for £1.6 billion. During 2009 WPP reduced its workforce by around 14,000 employees, or 12.3% of its then total staff numbers, in response to the onset of the 2008–2012 global recession.


title: WPP plc

text: In June 2012, WPP agreed to acquire the digital advertising agency AKQA for US$540 million. In November 2015, WPP agreed to acquire a majority stake in Essence, a global digital agency.


title: WPP plc

text: In November 2016, WPP announced it will be acquiring PEP, LLC, a project management and procurement company that oversees shopper marketing promotions for clients, in the US.


title: WPP plc

text: Many of WPP's constituent agencies use Microsoft Windows, and the organisation was among those hit by the 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine, with some staff's computer access limited to webmail only as much as ten days later.


title: WPP plc

text: In April 2018, Martin Sorrell retired after 33 years, following allegations of personal misconduct and misuse of company assets. Sorrell has denied the allegations. Chairman Roberto Quarta was temporarily named executive chairman. In September 2018, Mark Read, who was global CEO of Wunderman, was named CEO.


title: WPP plc

text: In the late 2010s, the advertising industry faced significant challenges. Changes in the industry landscape included financial pressure on global clients, in particular fast-moving consumer goods clients, companies taking work in-house, ability to directly advertise on tech platforms, and competition with consultancies. While WPP had previously outperformed other companies in the industry, its growth slowed starting in 2017 and its market value dropped in 2018. Critics said WPP needed to become "nimbler" and "leaner". At the time, many WPP agencies operated mostly independently and competed for accounts. In late 2018, Read said the company had grown "unwieldy with too much duplication". He instituted a plan to reposition WPP as a "creative transformation company" and make its offer simpler. Read emphasized the importance of technology and also merged several WPP agencies: J. Walter Thompson merged with Wunderman to create Wunderman Thompson and Y&R merged with VML to create VMLY&R. Within Read's first year as CEO, he trimmed WPP by selling more than 30 subsidiaries, including a majority stake in Kantar. By selling a majority stake of Kantar to Bain Capital, WPP is believed to have generated $3.1 billion to help pay down debt. Read also sold the original Wire and Plastic Products company that Sorrell had purchased to create his business empire.


title: WPP plc

text: The sale of 60% of Kantar was completed in December 2019. $1.9bn was used to reduce WPP's debt, and $1.2bn was returned to shareholders.


title: WPP plc

text: WPP is a large holding company involved in communications, advertising, public relations, and other businesses. It is considered the world's biggest advertising agency group. WPP focuses on communications, experience, commerce, and technology. Headquartered in London, England, WPP has approximately 130,000 employees throughout its portfolio of businesses across more than 100 countries, as of 2018.


title: WPP plc

text: WPP's notable advertising agency company holdings include Grey, Ogilvy, VMLY&R, and Wunderman Thompson. WPP's digital company holdings include AKQA. WPP's public relations and public affairs company holdings include Hill+Knowlton Strategies, BCW (Burson Cohn & Wolfe), and Ogilvy. WPP's media investment management company holdings include GroupM, Mindshare, Wavemaker and Essence. WPP's research insight and consulting companies include Kantar. Hogarth Worldwide is a WPP-owned production company. WPP's shopper marketing promotions company is PEP, LLC (formerly Promotion Execution Partners). WPP-owned brand consultancies include Superunion (a combination of Brand Union, Lambie-Nairn, and three other brand consulting businesses) and Landor.


title: WPP plc

text: In 2005 advertising agency Cohn & Wolfe (later merged into WPP) was contracted by Reckitt to operate a blog as the fictional character Barry Scott, advertising mascot for Reckitt's cleaning fluid Cillit Bang, as a viral marketing platform. In October of that year blogger Tom Coates wrote an emotional post to his own blog about his long-estranged father. Among the expressions of condolences and sympathy in the post's comment section was one from a user identifying themselves as Barry Scott, with a link back to the Cohn & Wolfe's in-character blog as Barry Scott. Offended by the apparent use of his blog comments on such a personal post as a spam advertising venue, Coates traced the comment's originating IP address through addresses owned by Young & Rubicam and back to Reckitt. Reckitt initially denied responsibility for the message, but wrote Coates an apology acknowledging the message's inappropriateness, and Cohn & Wolfe issued a statement of remorse for their misuse of the "experimental" blog which they then ceased operating.


title: WPP plc

text: The controversy and its fallout led to further discussions among the blogger community as well as the advertising industry on the ethical issues surrounding blogs being "operated" by fictional characters for the purposes of advertising without being clearly labeled as such, and the extent to which those blogs should be allowed to participate in the greater blogosphere.


title: WPP plc

text: With a number of shareholder revolts over executive pay having already happened at other public companies' AGMs earlier in the year, the media coverage of Martin Sorrell's intended £12.93m compensation package drew increasing public attention in 2012. The result was a 59.52% shareholder vote to reject the resolution.


title: WPP plc

text: It has been reported that WPP goes to great lengths to lower its own corporate tax bill. "The Guardian" reported that between 2003 and 2009 the company paid £27m in UK corporation tax, compared to what the newspaper "might expect" based on reports of the firm making 15% of its profit in the UK, of around £126m.


title: WPP plc

text: In 2012, the Indian broadcasting NDTV filed a lawsuit against Television Audience Measurement (TAM), a joint venture of the former competitors Nielsen and Kantar Media Research which for years has provided the only TV audience measurement system in India. The lawsuit alleged that viewership data were manipulated in favor of broadcasters willing to provide bribes. WPP Plc was listed among the defendants as the holding group of Kantar and IMRB.


title: WPP plc

text: WPP handles the accounts of many major oil companies. Asked by Reuters to disclose their client list, WPP refused to do so. WPP has defended its work for fossil fuel companies. Lawsuits have alleged that four of WPP's advertisement campaigns for fossil fuel companies have been misleading or entailed greenwashing.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters best known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in "The Muppet Show" in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Created by Jim Henson, the characters have been performed by numerous puppeteers, including Henson, in a variety of films and television productions within the Muppet franchise. Statler and Waldorf are named after two landmark New York City hotels, the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf-Astoria.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: The characters are known for their heckling. In "The Muppet Show", the two are always criticizing Fozzie Bear's humor, except for one occasion where Fozzie heckles them back. In contrast, they find "themselves" vastly entertaining and inevitably burst into mutual laughter at their own witticisms. It is later revealed in the "A Muppet Family Christmas" special that the two hecklers are friends with Fozzie's mother, Emily Bear. Despite constantly complaining about the show and how terrible some acts are, they always return for the following week and occupy their usual pair of seats in the balcony. Their reasons for doing so are a mystery even to them, according to one version of the "Muppet Show" theme (Waldorf: "Why do we always come here?" / Statler: "I guess we'll never know").


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: They also have a predisposition for breaking the fourth wall. Author Ben Underwood remarked on how the characters generally "blur the boundary between performer and audience", as they are "concurrently audience members and performers". Underwood points to a second season incident in which the characters see themselves watching the Muppets, with Statler skeptical, saying "No one would watch junk like that".


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: The puppets were designed by Bonnie Erickson. They were named after two historic New York City hotels, the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf-Astoria.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: In "", the pilot episode of "The Muppet Show", Statler and Waldorf were performed by Jerry Nelson and Jim Henson, respectively. Nelson was unavailable for the first few weeks of production on "The Muppet Show". As a result, Richard Hunt took on the role of Statler. Hunt and Henson would continue to perform the two characters until Henson's death in 1990. To portray the characters, Hunt and Henson shared very close space, often for hours at a time.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Beginning with "The Muppet Christmas Carol" (1992), Statler and Waldorf were performed by Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz, respectively. When Jerry Nelson left the Muppets, citing health reasons, Muppeteer Steve Whitmire took over as Statler. The two were occasionally performed by Drew Massey (Statler) and Victor Yerrid (Waldorf) in 2005 and 2006, most notably in the web series "". Kevin Clash filled in for Goelz as Waldorf in a few episodes of "Muppets Tonight".


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: In 2017, Whitmire departed from the "Muppets" franchise, including the part of Statler, after being unwillingly dismissed from the part of Kermit the Frog in October 2016. While Matt Vogel was announced for the replacement for Kermit, Peter Linz had already replaced Whitmire as the voice of Statler in advertisements.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Statler and Waldorf also appeared (as adults) in the Saturday morning animated television series "Muppet Babies". Both characters were voiced by Dave Coulier.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: In "The Muppet Christmas Carol", they played the ghosts of Jacob and Robert Marley. Whereas the novel "A Christmas Carol" features only a Jacob Marley, creating a Robert allowed for including the two Muppets, and possibly also references Bob Marley. When Ebenezer Scrooge, played by Michael Caine, accuses them of always criticizing him, they reply "We were always "heckling" you." In "Muppet Treasure Island", they were the figureheads of the "Hispaniola". Statler complains about being stuck on the front of the ship, to which Waldorf replies it is better than being in the audience.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: In the 1996 series "Muppets Tonight", based on a television rather than theatre show, Statler and Waldorf were shown watching the show at an assisted living facility, still making disparaging remarks. The duo are featured characters at Disney's "Muppet*Vision 3D" at Disney's Hollywood Studios as audio-animatronic Muppets helping Bean Bunny escape the theater and, of course, heckling the show. They also make a cameo appearance in Pixar's 2008 short film "Presto", where they can be seen in their theater box.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: "The Muppet Newsflash: A Jim Henson News Blog" announced on September 17, 2009, that Statler and Waldorf would release a book titled "From the Balcony" in 2010. However, the book was never released.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Statler and Waldorf appear in featured roles in "The Muppets" film. They are shown in Kermit's old office where they inform evil oil baron, Tex Richman, that the only thing that could stop his purchase of The Muppet Theater would be Kermit raising $10 million. They appear during one scene of the 2014 sequel "Muppets Most Wanted". When the Muppets arrive in Berlin to perform at a run-down cabaret theater, marked by a sign reading "Die Muppets" ("The Muppets" in German), the two joke as to whether this is an early review or a suggestion. This scene is presented in the "Statler and Waldorf Cut" of the film in its home video release.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: They appear as audience members in "The Muppets" TV series. The episode "Pig Out" features a B-plot focusing on Statler without Waldorf. They also appear on "Muppets Now".


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: "Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony" is a multi-award–winning web show which ran biweekly on Movies.com from June 2005 until September 2006. The series spawned more than 35 episodes and featured many Muppet characters, both well-known classics and newly created characters. The two elderly curmudgeons would discuss upcoming films, watch the latest movie trailers and share the week's "" from their theater box.


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: In "The Guardian", Hadley Freeman wrote "Not even celebrity guest Milton Berle could compete with their sharp banter. My heroes". In 2014, "Esquire"s Nick Schager named them one of The 10 Most Entertaining Fictional Critics, writing "the funniest Muppets characters have always been Statler and Waldorf". In 2015, "The Huffington Post" identified Statler and Waldorf as popular Muppets, and said to the fans who love them above others, "You know the best way to cope with life's difficulties is by laughing at someone else's expense".


title: Statler and Waldorf

text: Commentators sometimes make comparisons between people and Statler and Waldorf in attention to, or preoccupation with, details, "loud" opinion, or "cantankerous" personality. In 2012, "Der Spiegel" described the United Kingdom as "at best spectators in the gallery, like Statler and Waldorf", within Europe, drawing the ire of British media.


title: La Roux

text: La Roux ( ) is an English synthpop act formed in 2008 by singer Elly Jackson and record producer Ben Langmaid. The act's debut album "La Roux" (2009) was a critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy Award and producing hit singles such as "In for the Kill" and "Bulletproof". Recording of a follow-up album was marred by unsuccessful collaborations, the cancellation of two planned release dates, and reported conflict between the duo.


title: La Roux

text: Langmaid ultimately left the group in 2012, and Jackson released a second album, "Trouble in Paradise", in 2014, maintaining the former duo's name as her stage persona. The album was a critical, but not a commercial success, and La Roux subsequently parted ways with Polydor Records. She released her third album, "Supervision", independently in 2020.


title: La Roux

text: Elly Jackson and Ben Langmaid were introduced by a mutual friend in 2006. Initially, they performed largely acoustic music under the moniker Automan due to Elly's great admiration of acts like Nick Drake and Joni Mitchell. Their style later shifted to electronic music and the name was changed to La Roux which referred to both the act and Jackson's stage persona; the name alludes to the singer's red hair and tomboyish appearance, mingling the masculine ("le roux") and feminine ("la rousse") French terms.


title: La Roux

text: La Roux's debut single, "Quicksand", was released by French independent record label Kitsuné in December 2008 to minor chart success. The duo then signed to Polydor Records in order to release an album. The second single, "In for the Kill", was released on 16 March 2009 and subsequently remixed by two prominent dubstep producers, Skream and Skrillex. "In for the Kill" debuted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart on 22 March 2009, peaking at number 2 four weeks later. "Bulletproof", their third single, was released on 21 June 2009 and debuted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and went on to sell over 2 million copies in the United States. The band's debut album, "La Roux", was released on 26 June 2009 to generally favourable reviews. It peaked at number 2 in the UK and number 70 on the "Billboard" 200, among others. The fourth single, "I'm Not Your Toy", was released on 29 September 2009 and reached number 27 on the UK chart. "As If by Magic" and "Tigerlily" were mooted as next singles, but the release plans were later cancelled.


title: La Roux

text: In order to promote "La Roux", the band was the supporting act on Lily Allen's UK tour of March 2009. La Roux then headlined the "NME" Radar Tour alongside Magistrates and Heartbreak, performed at the Glastonbury and Reading and Leeds festivals as well as London's Scala. In July and August 2009, La Roux toured North America. The eight-city tour included performances at Osheaga Festival, All Points West Music & Arts Festival and Lollapalooza. The group returned to North America for a seven-date tour in October. Their two Australian dates sold out within minutes forcing an upgrade in venues. In November, the duo embarked on an eleven-date UK and Ireland tour. La Roux gained fifth position on the BBC Sound of 2009 poll. "The Guardian" website featured La Roux on the New Band of the Day column, having previously featured them as one of the Best New Acts of 2009. The album has been nominated for a Mercury Prize, and was eventually certified platinum in the UK and Ireland, and gold in Australia.


title: La Roux

text: Sales of "In for the Kill" spiked 600 percent when Skream's "Let's Get Ravey" remix of the song appeared on the HBO show "Entourage" in August 2010. A remix EP of the song was released in tandem with the November US tour. In October, a new music video for the song was released, shot at New York's landmark Hotel Chelsea. Also in 2010, Jackson contributed vocals to Kanye West's album "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" and to West and Jay-Z's collaborative album "Watch the Throne", on the track "That's My Bitch". She also performed on Chromeo's third album "Business Casual", providing chorus vocals for the track "Hot Mess" which was released as a single in early 2011. In February 2011, at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards, La Roux won the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album for their self-titled debut album and "In for the Kill" was nominated for Best Dance Recording.


title: La Roux

text: In a January 2012 interview, the second La Roux album was described as "a lot cheekier" and "sexier". The material, which the duo had been working on intermittently for over two years, was said to draw more on acoustic sounds and instruments. It had been reported that La Roux were writing the second album with an indie rock band whose members are friends of Jackson. Langmaid left La Roux at some point later in 2012, although his departure was officially confirmed two years later.


title: La Roux

text: La Roux started a low-key comeback tour on 28 March 2013 in Brighton during which she premiered four new songs. Early reactions to the new material were positive. In April 2014, La Roux announced that her second studio album, "Trouble in Paradise", would be released in the UK on 21 July. It was preceded by the song "Let Me Down Gently", which premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 12 May, and the first official single "Uptight Downtown", released on 28 May 2014. The latter was a moderate success in the UK, peaking at number 63. On 9 June, "Tropical Chancer" was released as another promotional single. During the promotions for the album, Jackson revealed that she and Langmaid had parted ways, and she was now the sole member of La Roux. Langmaid responded that he was "truly saddened" by the split. "Trouble in Paradise" met with favourable critical reception, but did not repeat the commercial success of the predecessor, peaking at number 6 in the UK, where it stayed on the chart for only four weeks, and failing to enter the top 10 anywhere else. "Kiss and Not Tell", released as a single on 20 October 2014, failed to make an impact on the charts.


title: La Roux

text: La Roux toured North America in July 2014, including two opening shows for New Order in San Francisco and Los Angeles. She then continued the tour alternating between Europe and North America, before embarking on the Australian leg at the end of the year. In early 2015, the tour proceeded to South America. La Roux then performed additional dates in Europe, including Croatia's INmusic Festival, UK's Glastonbury, and Germany's Melt! Festival. Her touring band consisted of four musicians, including keyboardist and backing vocalist Mickey O'Brien. Jackson provided joint lead vocals for the tracks "Tutti Frutti" and "People on the High Line", along with backing vocals on "Plastic", for New Order's album "Music Complete", released in September 2015. She also filmed a cameo appearance for the film "", released the following year, in which she performed "Sexotheque" and "Uptight Downtown". In 2016, La Roux's live lineup comprised Seye Adelekan, Olugbenga Adelekan from Metronomy and Jay Sharrock from Miles Kane's band. During that time, La Roux was recording new music, but decided to scrap the entire material in 2017.


title: La Roux

text: In 2018, La Roux provided vocals for Whyte Horses' "The Best of It". The following year, she featured on their cover of "Mr. Natural" and provided background vocals for Tyler, the Creator's track "Thank You" on his album "Igor". In the meantime, she composed and recorded material for her third studio album, "Supervision", which was her first recorded entirely as a solo act. It was released on 7 February 2020 through Jackson's own independent label Supercolour Records. The album was preceded by the singles "International Woman of Leisure" on 31 October 2019, "Gullible Fool" on 5 December 2019, and "Automatic Driver" on 23 January 2020. None of the singles made impact on the charts and the album met with mixed to positive reviews upon its release. Commercially, the record achieved only moderate success, reaching number 20 in the UK and number 85 in Germany. La Roux announced a concert tour in Europe in February and North America in March 2020 to support "Supervision", having recruited new touring musicians. The American leg of the tour was postponed until November and eventually cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: La Roux

text: La Roux featured on Boulevards' single "Too Far" and CASisDEAD's single and video "Park Assist". In 2021, she released a cover of Gang of Four's "Damaged Goods" which was included in the compilation "The Problem of Leisure: A Celebration of Andy Gill & Gang of Four". She also appeared in the Sky Arts documentary "Blitzed: The 80's Blitz Kids' Story" in which she discussed the cultural effects of the New Romantic movement on younger performers like herself.


title: La Roux

text: Elly Jackson's first interest was in folk music. She was particularly interested in Carole King and Nick Drake whose music she discovered in her parents' record collection. Jackson's early musical material consisted of folk ditties influenced by Joni Mitchell. Her taste in music changed during her mid-teens when she became involved in the rave scene. She lists Gerry Rafferty, Madonna, Prince, Depeche Mode, Eurythmics, Jenny Wilson, and The Knife as her influences. She made her performing debut at the Half Moon Pub in Herne Hill, London, at the age of 17.


title: La Roux

text: In July 2010, La Roux curated and mixed a volume of "Sidetracked", a compilation series from Renaissance that allows artists from the electronic field free rein to showcase their musical interests. The eclectic mix featured the likes of Japan, Heaven 17, Joyce Sims, Fever Ray (lead singer of The Knife), Doris Troy, Tears for Fears, Gerry Rafferty and many more of her influences. It also includes an exclusive recording of The Rolling Stones' "Under My Thumb", a cover La Roux had been featuring in her then-recent live sets.


title: La Roux

text: Jackson is unhappy with what she perceives as a "normality" fashion trend among a majority of today's musical acts. Her androgynous clothing and hair style has been compared to the 1980s group A Flock of Seagulls. Jackson strongly opposes stylists who try to make her appearance more classically feminine.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Aaron Joseph Neville (born January 24, 1941) is a retired American R&B and soul singer. He has had four platinum albums and four Top 10 hits in the United States, including three that reached number one on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. "Tell It Like It Is", from 1966, also reached the top position on the Soul chart for five weeks.


title: Aaron Neville

text: He has also recorded with his brothers Art, Charles and Cyril as the Neville Brothers and is the father of singer/keyboards player Ivan Neville. Neville is of mixed African-American, Caucasian, and Native American (Choctaw) heritage.


title: Aaron Neville

text: The first of his singles that was given airplay outside of New Orleans was "Over You" (Minit, 1960). Neville's first major hit single was "Tell It Like It Is", released on a small New Orleans label, Par-Lo, co-owned by local musician/arranger George Davis, a friend from school, and band-leader Lee Diamond. The song topped "Billboard"s R&B chart for five weeks in 1967 and also reached on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (behind "I'm a Believer" by the Monkees). It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. It was not the label's only release, as some sources claim. At least five other Par-Lo singles, three of them by Neville himself, are known to exist.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville released his first solo album since the late 1960s in 1986 with the independent release "Orchid in The Storm". In 1989, Neville teamed up with Linda Ronstadt on the album "Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind" which included four duets by the pair. Amongst them were the No. 1 Grammy-winning hits "Don't Know Much" and "All My Life". "Don't Know Much" reached No. 2 on the Hot 100, and was certified Gold for selling a million copies, while the album was certified Triple Platinum for US sales of more than three million.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Following the success of "Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind", Ronstadt produced his 1991 album "Warm Your Heart" including the hit single "Everybody Plays the Fool", a cover of the 1972 Main Ingredient song, which reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and another duet with Ronstadt "Close Your Eyes". "Warm Your Heart" was certified platinum in 1997 for more than a million sales in the U.S.


title: Aaron Neville

text: During 1993 and 1994, Neville expanded his repertoire as a recording artist and ventured into making country music. In 1993, Neville released the platinum-selling "The Grand Tour" on A&M Records with lead single "Don't Take Away My Heaven" reaching No. 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart (where previous hits "Don't Know Much", "All My Life", and "Everybody Plays the Fool" all reached number one). The follow-up single "The Grand Tour", a cover of country music legend George Jones' 1974 hit, peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard country singles chart, and was highly acclaimed by fans and critics, resulting in a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards in 1994. He followed the album up with another platinum seller "Aaron Neville's Soulful Christmas."


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville's next country music project involved appearing on 1994's "Rhythm, Country and Blues", an album of duets featuring R&B and Country artists performing renditions of classic country and R&B songs. Neville recorded a version of "I Fall to Pieces", a major crossover hit for Patsy Cline originally released in 1961, with Trisha Yearwood that resulted in Neville and Yearwood winning the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards. As a result, Neville became one of the only African American recording artists to win a Grammy within the Country genre.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In April 1994, Neville appeared on Sesame Street to sing the song "I Don't Want to Live on the Moon" as a duet with Ernie.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Aaron's 1995 R&B flavored release, "The Tattooed Heart", featuring covers of classics by Bill Withers and Kris Kristofferson went gold, while 1997's pop-orientated "...To Make Me Who I Am" included songwriting contributions from contemporary hitmakers Babyface and Diane Warren as well as two new duets with Ronstadt, including a cover of "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face". This was followed by a 2000 gospel album "Devotion" which topped the US gospel album chart, and his 2003 debut for Verve Records entitled "Nature Boy: The Standards Album" which topped the US jazz album chart. The album saw Neville covering selections from the Great American Songbook, including another Ronstadt duet "The Very Thought of You".


title: Aaron Neville

text: In August 2005, his home in Eastern New Orleans was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina; he evacuated to Memphis, Tennessee, before the hurricane hit. He initially went to Austin temporarily visiting his friend Clifford Antone, then moved to Nashville, Tennessee, after the storm. and, failing to return to the city by early 2008, caused the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival to temporarily change its tradition of having the Neville Brothers close the festival. However, the Neville Brothers, including Aaron, returned for the 2008 Jazzfest, which returned to its traditional seven-day format for the first time since Katrina. He then decided to move back to the New Orleans area, namely the North Shore city of Covington. Neville performed Randy Newman's "Louisiana 1927" during NBC's "A Concert for Hurricane Relief" on September 2, 2005.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville signed to SonyBMG's new Burgundy Records label in late 2005 and recorded an album of songs by Otis Redding, Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, Sam Cooke and others for "Bring It On Home...The Soul Classics", released on September 19, 2006. The album, produced by Stewart Levine, features collaborations between Neville and Chaka Khan, Mavis Staples, Chris Botti, David Sanborn, Art Neville, and others. The album's first single was a remake of The Impressions' 1963 classic "It's All Right".


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville's career has included work for television, movies and sporting events. Neville sang the US national anthem in the movie "The Fan" starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes. He also sang the anthem at the WWF's SummerSlam 1993 and at WCW's Spring Stampede 1994. Neville sang the theme music to the children's TV series Fisher-Price "Little People". He also sang a new version of "Cotton", for Cotton Incorporated which was introduced during the 1992 Summer Olympics. In 1988 he recorded "Mickey Mouse March" for "", one of Various Artists. In 2006, Neville performed a rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner", alongside Aretha Franklin and Dr. John on keyboards at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan. In addition, Neville (along with brothers Art and Cyril) did background vocals for the songs "Great Heart", "Bring Back the Magic", "Homemade Music", "My Barracuda", and "Smart Woman (in a Real Short Skirt)" on Jimmy Buffett's "Hot Water," released in 1988.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville is interviewed on screen and appears in performance footage with the Neville Brothers in the 2005 documentary film "Make It Funky!", which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. The Nevilles perform "Fire on the Bayou" in the film.


title: Aaron Neville

text: On October 27, 2006, Neville made a guest appearance on an episode of the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". He sang "Stand by Me" and "Ain't No Sunshine", from his album, "Bring It On Home ... The Soul Classics". In 2008 he released "Gold", which includes a double album of his hits.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In 2008 Neville's song Christmas Prayer was featured on ER (TV Series). In ER (season 15) episode The High Holiday.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In 2009, Neville, along with the Mt. Zion Mass Choir, released a version of the song "A Change Is Gonna Come" on the compilation album "".


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville was the featured artist for the 100th Anniversary Celebration of the University of Memphis Centennial Concert September 30, 2011, at the Cannon Center for the Performing Arts.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In January 2013, paying tribute to the songs of his youth, Blue Note Records released Neville's "My True Story," a collection of 12 doo-wop tunes, produced by Don Was and Keith Richards, with backing by musicians such as Benmont Tench and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In May 2021, the 80-year old Neville announced his retirement from touring, but said he may still record albums or perform occasionally for special events or festivals.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville is from New Orleans, Louisiana. He has mixed African-American, Caucasian, and Native American (Choctaw) heritage. His uncle, George "Big Chief Jolly" Landry, was lead singer of the Mardi Gras Indian group the Wild Tchoupitoulas.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville got his facial tattoo (of a sword) when he was 16 years old. Speaking to "Billboard" in 2019, he recalled that "My dad made me scrub it with Brillo Pads and Octagon Soap. The skin came off, but the tattoo stayed. But some years later, I had an album out called "The Tattooed Heart" [in 1995], and we were doing a special thing in a tattoo parlor, so I let them go over it and outline it - freshen it up."


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville married Joel (pronounced Jo-EL ) Roux Neville (1941–2007) on January 10, 1959. Together they had four children Ernestine, Ivan, Aaron "Fred", and Jason Neville.


title: Aaron Neville

text: In 2008, during a "People" magazine photo shoot, Neville met photographer Sarah A. Friedman, who had been hired to take a portrait of the Neville Brothers. Neville and Friedman were married on November 13, 2010, in New York City at the restaurant Eleven Madison Park.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville's oldest son, Ivan, is also a musician and released an album, "If My Ancestors Could See Me Now", in 1988 which yielded a Top 40 hit with "Not Just Another Girl". Ivan has also performed with Spin Doctors, the Rolling Stones and Bonnie Raitt, and played keyboards for Keith Richards on his first solo tour. Ivan then assembled his own band (Ivan Neville's Dumpstaphunk) which tours and frequently appears in New Orleans.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville's third son, Jason, is a vocalist and rap artist who has performed with his father and with the Neville Brothers, notably at the 2009 New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.


title: Aaron Neville

text: Neville is Catholic, with a devotion to St. Jude, to whom he has credited his success and survival. He wears a St. Jude Medal as a left earring.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Hindustan Ambassador is an automobile manufactured by Hindustan Motors of India from 1957 to 2014, with improvements and changes over its production lifetime. The Ambassador was based on the Morris Oxford series III model, first made by Morris Motors Limited at Cowley, Oxford in the United Kingdom from 1956 to 1959.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Despite its British origins, the Ambassador was considered as a definitive Indian car and was fondly called the "King of Indian roads". The automobile was manufactured by Hindustan Motors at its Uttarpara plant near Kolkata, West Bengal.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador was basically the same Morris Oxford Series - III, launched by Morris, then a part of British Motor Corporation. In 1956 it sold the rights and tooling to Hindustan Motors as it had done for its previous Series - I and Series - II models which were sold by Hindustan Motors as Hindustan 14 and Landmaster. The Series -III model itself was a derivative of the Morris Oxford Series - II model which was developed prior to the Austin and Morris merger.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The car was quite spacious due to its semi-monocoque design which was quite an advancement in the early 1950s in vehicle engineering. The car was designed by Alec Issigonis whose other designs were the Mini and Morris Minor. The Ambassador replaced the Hindustan Landmaster, which was quite similar, and the larger Hindustan Deluxe.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Hindustan Motors Limited (HM), part of the Birla group was India's pioneering car manufacturing company and later a flagship company of the C.K. Birla Group. The company was established just before Indian independence, in 1942 by B.M. Birla. They began operations in a small assembly plant in Port Okha near Gujarat by assembling the then Morris 10 as the Hindustan 10.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In the mid-1950s, they planned to upgrade their then existing Hindustan models based on the Morris Oxford Series Il ("Hindustan Landmaster"), they eventually acquired rights for the new Morris Oxford Series III. The car initially came with a side-valve engine but was later improved to an overhead-valve engine. Also the car at that point was quite an innovation with a fully enclosed monocoque chassis, which is why it was spacious inside.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Morris MO Series models (the earlier one and its next model with a new front grille) were by 1949 introduced, as the Hindustan 14. The production continued till 1954, after which the Landmaster based on the Morris Oxford Series II was introduced, with the same 1476 cc side valve engine, drawn from the earlier Hindustan 14. The same engine was used for the older Ambassadors Mark I from 1958 till 1960.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The political influence of the Birla family helped ensure that the Ambassador was one of the few cars that were in production following the 1954 government policy of promoting indigenous Automobile industry. It dominated the market for several decades, mostly due to bribery, its spacious size and ruggedness compared to its rivals like the Premier Padmini and Standard 10. By the early 1980s, the comparatively expensive Ambassador's low fuel economy and poor quality began to hinder sales. It still represented more than two thirds of Indian car production, but wait lists were down to 12 months while the Premier Padmini had a wait list nearly five years long. The Ambassador remained dominant in the official and company sectors, while also popular as a taxi, but private motorists gradually abandoned the "Amby" in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Production of Hindustan Ambassador at its plants outside the cities of Kolkata and Chennai ended owing to weak demand and financing problems. Prior to the cancellation, the company had sold 2,200 Ambassadors in the financial year which ended in March 2014, only a tenth of the sales the Ambassador reached in the mid-eighties.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 2022, HM confirmed that the company was working with the French Auto maker Peugeot to bring back Ambassador in its new design whose work was already in advanced stages. Earlier in 2017 Hindustan Motors had sold the Ambassador brand to the French auto manufacturer Peugeot for Rs 80 crore.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The car was briefly imported to the United Kingdom in 1992 (as the Fullbore Mark 10). The cars were retrofitted with a heater and seat belts in order to comply with European safety legislation, but only a tiny number were ever sold, and the importer went into liquidation.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador remained in continuous production from its inception, with very few improvements or changes.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 1948, Hindustan Motors shifted its assembly plant from Port Okha in Gujarat to Uttarpara/Hindmotor in West Bengal's Hooghly district and strengthened its manufacturing capacity in the automobile segment.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The 1954 Morris Oxford series II in India was licence-built at Uttarpara, (Hooghly district), West Bengal, three years after its debut in England and labelled as the 1957 Hindustan Landmaster.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Engaged in the manufacture of the Ambassador, Contessa and utility vehicles like the Trekker, Porter and Pushpak, the plant hardly introduced any innovations or improvements. Hindustan Motors was the only manufacturing facility in the world to manufacture parts for the obsolete Bedford trucks.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Sale of Ambassador taxis has been outlawed since 1 April 2011, a year after BS IV emission standards were rolled out in 11 Indian cities, including Kolkata.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In later years, Hindustan Motors fitted the cars with a cleaner diesel engine in order to comply with new emission rules, allowing it to resume taxi service in Kolkata, one of the cities in which the vehicle had been banned.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 1957, Hindustan Motors, to further earlier collaboration with Morris Motors, who by then had become British Motor Corporation after merger with Austin Motors, entered into an agreement to manufacture 1956 Morris Oxford series III in India. All the tooling was transferred to Uttarpara plant in India. The car was rebadged as Ambassador (later called Mark 1) was launched in mid-1957 and the early model Morris Oxford series II derived Hindustan Landmaster was discontinued. The new model included deep headlamp cowls and small rear wing "tail fins". The dashboard and steering wheel were completely redesigned. The Landmaster's flat-plane two-spoke steering wheel gave way to a dished steering wheel with three spokes made-up of four wires per spoke, for the Ambassador. Also a new, dimpled bonnet made its debut. These models had an Austin Motors derived 1476 cc side-valve petrol engine. In 1959 the side-valve engine was replaced by a 1489 cc, 55 bhp overhead-valve BMC B-series petrol engine.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In January 1962, the Ambassador underwent a frontal facelift with a closely chequered grille more reminiscent of the Morris Mini. The interior had a redesigned dashboard and instrument cluster. The early models have sun mica sheet but it was replaced by wood grain coated plywood and aluminium bezel in later models (1968 onwards). This model was named as Ambassador Mark II, and the early version quickly got dubbed as Mark I in the market, while it was never officially christened such in its production days.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The mid-sixties model again had minor changes to the tail lamp with integrated lens for indicator and brake lamp and the tall ornamented bumper stopper from the Mark I was redesigned with a smaller chrome metal stopper keep with the times. This model was sold until mid-1975 and eventually was replaced by the Mark III model. Being one of the ubiquitous early models of Ambassador numerous older versions can be found in restoration, garages and in numerous Indian movies of that era. In its final years in 1975 it had no competition other than the Premier Padmini and its smaller rival the Standard Gazel.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 1975, the Mark 3 version was launched with another frontal facelift. The front grille had horizontal louvres giving it a modern feel and a round profile indicator lamp now isolated from the grille. At the rear a more modern looking number plate bezel replaced the early design which was commonly used by many other British cars as well. The interior now had a new dashboard with 3 standard instruments mounted on a black recessed mesh again moving away from the early coated wooden base with aluminium strip design. By 1978, the Mark 3 was available in its Standard and Deluxe versions. The Deluxe version had a newer dashboard with four meters plus the speedometer. Just before the launch of the Mark 4, the Mark 3s had their front windscreen wiper configuration changed, with a common direction sweep for both wipers. This configuration was prevalent in the new Ambassadors till the end. This has a short span of less than 3 years in production before being replaced with a Mark - IV model in 1977.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 1977 and 1978, the Ambassador Mark 3 was available with a 1760 cc version of the Morris 1.5-litre inline-four, specifically to have enough power to propel a full air conditioning system. This option continued to be available as a Mark IV, but very few were sold and it was discontinued in 1979.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In 1979, the Ambassador's front underwent a major facelift departing from the flatter design of the 1950s which was retained till its end in 2014. The front grille was much smaller in height with a larger chequered grille and square park lamps. Now separate amber indicator lamps were incorporated on the semi front lip spoiler below the bumper which was mounted higher up. This model was named as the Mark IV. In addition to the existing petrol version, a diesel variant was launched in 1980, powered by a 1489 cc, 37 bhp BMC B-series diesel engine. It was the first diesel car in India and was well received by the Indians, although it was initially only available as a taxi or for government usage, as the Indian government restricted private ownership of diesel automobiles. It was, at the time, the most expensive car built in India, at a 25 percent markup over a petrol Mark 4.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Mark IV was the last of the Mark cars. For a short period the cars were available as Deluxe and later it was renamed Ambassador Nova. The Ambassador of 1990 (except for the front cowl area) was virtually identical to the 1956 original, with most changes being light and cosmetic. The changes were mainly the front styling and minor changes to the dashboard. This technological stagnation was mainly because of the protectionist policies being pursued by the Indian government at the time, and there was little incentive on the part of Indian companies to innovate. During that time, the newly Hindustan Contessa started getting produced, intended to replace the Ambassador, however, the Ambassador proved to be more popular, and so surpassed the Contessa in production.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The car celebrated the Golden Jubilee of its production in 2008 (1958–2008). The Ambassador has emerged as the car mass-produced for the longest period, with minimal design changes, on the same assembly line (Uttarpara, West Bengal, India) in the whole world until 2014.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: It was during the Mark IV's model run that India launched a controlled economic liberalisation in the mid-1980s which allowed many Japanese companies to establish joint ventures in India. Maruti Suzuki launched its Maruti 800 in the then non-existing small car category. The then existing manufacturers Standard Motors, Premier Automobiles and Hindustan Motors were licensed for larger category cars. The Ambassador still remained the principal family car of choice in the middle segment in spite being a pre-modern design with dated styling. The company also earmarked for a major upgrade for its mechanical and power plant systems, creating a model later launched as Nova.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador Nova was launched in 1990 in two variants—a 55 bhp petrol-powered Deluxe version and a 37 bhp diesel-powered Diesel DX version. The Ambassador Nova received a newly designed steering wheel, new steering column, better brakes and electricals. The brake pedal was now top-hinged, while the earlier central instrumentation flanked by two glove compartments was replaced by a more conventional setup with a single glovebox. It also had some cosmetic changes which included a new radiator grille, while retaining the square turn signals of the earlier Mark IV.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In an attempt to increase its appeal, in 1992 another version became available. Dubbed the Ambassador 1800 ISZ, this model featured a 75 bhp 1817 cc Isuzu inline-four engine and a five-speed manual gearbox with a floor shift. This also had the benefit of allowing the option of bucket seats, as opposed to the earlier bench seats. Also, the entire dashboard was redesigned. Instrumentation panels were shifted from the centre of the dashboard to the right, behind the steering wheel. Seat belts became standard.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Isuzu 1817 cc engine that was used in its luxury model HM Contessa 1.8 GL that produced a power of 88 bhp was slightly detuned for the new Ambassador. The same power plant was available since 1985, for the special order armour plated, VIP models. By the early 1990s, this 1817 cc/ 75 bhp (at 5000 rpm), OHC, Isuzu engine, that had four in-line cylinders and a max torque of 13.8 Kgm at 3000 rpm, was available as an option, in all the Ambassadors commonly available for sale and this very reliable modern Japanese engine proved to be a success that would last its entire production run.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: This model gained the "Classic" moniker at the 1998 Delhi Motor Show, and Ambassador Classics have since been available with the gamut of 1.5 to 2.0-liter petrol, CNG, and diesel engines installed across the Ambassador lineup. The 1500 diesel engine, the main seller for Hindustan, did not pass Bharat IV emissions and as of 2011 it was no longer allowed to be sold in 13 of India's major cities. This meant the end of the Classic range, as it eliminated most of the taxi market.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador Grand was launched in 2003 and as per the manufacturer, the new version had 137 changes compared to its predecessor. The changes included a switch to body coloured wrap around bumpers, camel coloured interiors, fabric seats, remote shift gear lever, moulded roof and door trims, Salisbury axle, bigger rear wheel drums, improved suspension with anti roll bar and Metlon bushes, central door lock, factory fitted music system and an optional sun roof. The acoustic insulation of the Ambassador Grand was developed by of France. The Grand version of Ambassador was available only in 2.0L and 1.8L engines at first and later in 2007 the 1.5L model was added to the line.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Avigo model launched in 2004 was the most radical revision of the venerated Ambassador, a part of a brand revitalisation kicked off in the middle of 2003. The change of name, a break from the Ambassador marque, indicated a different marketing strategy. The Avigo was launched in the summer of 2004. The revitalized lineup consisted of the Ambassador Classic of mid-2003, the Ambassador Grand of late 2003, and the aforementioned Avigo, with the exterior designed by Manvindra Singh. However, the most overpowering influence on the front bonnet has been that of the original Landmaster series (also based on Morris Oxford). The main panels at the rear remained the same but the tail lamp and name plate bezels were redesigned. In interior the Avigo, however, has much more classic-touch internals. The entire dashboard console was redesigned with a classic retro theme reminiscent of the early models with central mounted meter new clusters (like the Mark IV models). Seats were specially built for this model with dual tone beige coloured scheme and wood-grain interiors. A factory fitted 6CD Kenwood audio system and new air-conditioning system was installed. The car was priced higher than the existing models.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: This new model was launched in 2013, to match the BS IV standards of the metropolitan cities with the 1.5-liter diesel. This version was developed with the aid of Austria's Magna Steyr. The new car looks just like an Ambassador Grand and has the same overall dimensions as that of the BS III Ambassadors, although power had climbed to . The steering wheel was the two-spoke affair first seen in the Nova. In 2013, left-hand drive versions were still built in small numbers for export, to tertiary markets like Nigeria.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Many local customisers offer stretched versions. One such manufacturer was Parikh, whose effort was called the Harsh.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: Car designer Dilip Chhabria created a concept inspired by the Ambassador version, the Ambierod. This car was not manufactured by Hindustan Motors nor was it based on the ambassador. Several styling cues, however, have been borrowed from the Ambassador.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In the early 1990s, the old Austin-designed B-Series OHV straight-4 BMC 1.5L petrol engine was replaced in favour of an Isuzu 1.8 litre engine and became the fastest production car in India, beating Fiats, and the Maruti Suzuki cars at that time. The engines currently available are the 1500 DSL (1.5L 37 bhp diesel engine), 1800 ISZ (1.8 L 75 bhp MPFI petrol engine), 2000 DSZ (2.0 L 50 bhp Isuzu diesel engine) and 2000 DSZ Turbo (2.0 L 75 bhp turbocharged intercooled Isuzu diesel engine.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: In the late 1970s a limited batch of Mark III Ambassadors were produced with 1,760 cc engines. They were fitted with Constant Velocity SU side-draft carburettors of an earlier era instead of the more common indigenous variable velocity Solex down-draft units. The engine blocks of these cars had "1760" etched on them instead of the usual "1500". These were probably produced to handle the extra load of the piston-driven air conditioner compressors available in those days. The trim (metal beading) of these cars were a throwback to the sixties because they were chrome plated instead of aluminium.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador was claimed to be the best taxi in the world by "Top Gear" in Episode 2 of their 20th Series.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: An article by Hormazd Sorabjee entitled "An Epitaph for India's "Appalling" National Car" appeared in a July 2014 issue of BBC Magazine.


title: Hindustan Ambassador

text: The Ambassador has attained a legendary status in India after being out of production since 2013. Landmaster and Mark 1 models are witnessing a resurgence in value and enthusiasts are restoring them to their former glory all over India. Original petrol engined cars are rare and they are the most sought after. Very few cars are still used as taxis and even less as daily drivers. Ambassador is touted as a future classic by many automobile journalists. Having produced over 900,000 during its incredible life span of over 50 years, a few thousand are still plying on Indian roads. It is arguably the most followed classic car in India.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The Piri Reis map is a world map compiled in 1513 by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis. Approximately one third of the map survives; it shows the western coasts of Europe and North Africa and the coast of Brazil with reasonable accuracy. Various Atlantic islands, including the Azores and Canary Islands, are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia and possibly Japan.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The map's historical importance lies in its demonstration of the extent of exploration of the New World by approximately 1510, and in its claim to have used a map made by Christopher Columbus, otherwise lost, as a source. Piri also stated that he had used ten Arab sources and four Indian maps sourced from the Portuguese. More recently, the map has been the focus of claims for the pre-modern exploration of the Antarctic coast.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The Piri Reis map is in the Library of the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, but is not usually on public display.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The map is the extant western third of a world map drawn on gazelle-skin parchment approximately 87 cm × 63 cm. The surviving portion primarily details the western coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America. The map was signed by Piri Reis, an Ottoman-Turkish admiral, geographer and cartographer, and dated to the month of Muharram in the Islamic year 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD. It was presented to Ottoman Sultan Selim I in 1517. In the map's legend, Piri inscribed that the map was based on about twenty charts and mappae mundi. According to Piri, these maps included eight Ptolemaic maps, an Arabic map of India, four newly drawn Portuguese maps from Sindh, and a map by Christopher Columbus of the western lands. From Inscription 6 on the map:


title: Piri Reis map

text: From eight Jaferyas of that kind and one Arabic map of Hind [India], and from four newly drawn Portuguese maps which show the countries of Sind [now in modern day Pakistan<nowiki>]</nowiki>, Hind and Çin [China] geometrically drawn, and also from a map drawn by Qulūnbū [Columbus] in the western region, I have extracted it. By reducing all these maps to one scale this final form was arrived at, so that this map of these lands is regarded by seamen as accurate and as reliable as the accuracy and reliability of the Seven Seas on the aforesaid maps."


title: Piri Reis map

text: There is some scholarly debate over whether the 20 charts and mappae mundi in Piri's inscriptions includes the eight Ptolemaic maps, the four Portuguese maps, the Arabic map and the Columbus map. From one perspective, the number of charts and mappae mundi used by Piri equals 20, while in the other, it could mean a total of 34. Some have claimed that the source maps were found in the ancient Library of Alexandria, based on Piri's allusions to Alexander the Great, the founder of Alexandria, Ptolemy I, who ruled Alexandria in the 4th century BC, and Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek geographer and cartographer who lived in Alexandria during the 2nd century AD. Gregory McIntosh states "Arab writers often confused Claudius Ptolemy, the geographer of the second century C.E., with Ptolemy I, one of Alexander's generals... Piri Reis has undoubtedly made the same error, resulting in his believing the charts and maps were from the time of Ptolemy I instead of Claudius Ptolemy."


title: Piri Reis map

text: The map was discovered serendipitously on 9 October 1929, through the philological work of the German theologian Gustav Adolf Deissmann (1866–1937). He had been commissioned by the Turkish Ministry of Education to catalogue the Topkapı Palace library's non-Islamic items. At Deissmann's request to search the palace for old maps and charts, the director Halil Edhem (1861–1938) managed to find some disregarded bundles of material, which he handed over to Deissmann. Realizing that the map might be a unique find, Deissmann showed it to the orientalist Paul Kahle, who identified it as a map drawn by Piri Reis. The discovery caused an international sensation, as it represented the only then known copy of a world map of Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), and was the only 16th-century map that showed South America in its proper longitudinal position in relation to Africa. Geographers had spent several centuries unsuccessfully searching for a "lost map of Columbus" that was supposedly drawn while he was in the West Indies.


title: Piri Reis map

text: After reading about the map's discovery in "The Illustrated London News", United States Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson contacted the United States Ambassador to Turkey Charles H. Sherrill and requested that an investigation be launched to find the Columbus source map, which he believed might have been in Turkey. In turn, the Turkish government complied with Stimson's request, but they were unsuccessful in locating any of the source maps.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The map was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 million lira banknote of 1999–2005, and of the new 10 lira banknote of 2005–2009.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The map is a portolan chart, as shown by the four compass roses (two large and two small) from which lines of bearing radiate. Some analyses assert that the map is an azimuthal equidistant projection centered on Cairo, but a 1998 analysis by Steven Dutch of the University of Wisconsin Green Bay shows a better fit with a point near the intersection of the present-day prime meridian and the equator. There are extensive notes in Ottoman Turkish around the edges of the map, as well as some interior detail which is mostly inaccurate and fanciful.


title: Piri Reis map

text: The accuracy of the Piri Reis map is mixed. The Iberian peninsula and the coast of Africa, well known to cartographers of the time, are depicted accurately. The Azores, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands are portrayed more or less accurately but not drawn to proper scale. The northern portion of the South American coast is also rendered fairly accurately and positioned correctly across from Africa. Much of the Caribbean also is mapped fairly accurately, perhaps reflecting Christopher Columbus's recent maps of the region. The area representing North America bears little resemblance to the actual coastline except for one projection which might portray Newfoundland. An island nearby labeled "Antilia" might be Nova Scotia since a note there refers to the legendary voyages of Saint Brendan. Greenland is not shown on the map.


title: Piri Reis map

text: Although there are frequent claims of the Piri Reis map's extreme accuracy, McIntosh, in comparing it to several other portolan-style maps of the era, found that:


title: Piri Reis map

text: The Piri Reis map is not the most accurate map of the sixteenth century, as has been claimed, there being many, many world maps produced in the remaining eighty-seven years of that century that far surpass it in accuracy. The Ribeiro maps of the 1520s and 1530s, the Ortelius map of 1570, and the Wright-Molyneux map of 1599 ('the best map of the sixteenth century') are only a few better-known examples.


title: Piri Reis map

text: Piri Reis shared Duarte Pacheco Pereira’s concept of the Ocean being surrounded by the continents. An inscription in the Atlantic on the map says that it had been thought to have no limits and that its other side was darkness but that since the voyages of Columbus and of the Portuguese to India it was realized that it was surrounded by coasts, like a lake.


title: Piri Reis map

text: There are two major discrepancies from known coastlines: the North American coast mentioned above, and the southern portion of the South American coast. On the Piri Reis map, the latter is shown bending off sharply to the east starting around present-day Rio de Janeiro. Another interpretation of this territory has been to identify this section with the Queen Maud Land coast of Antarctica. This claim is generally traced to Arlington H. Mallery, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist who was a supporter of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact hypotheses. Though his assertions were not well received by scholars, they were revived in Charles Hapgood's 1966 book "Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings". This book proposed a theory of global exploration by a pre-classical undiscovered civilisation based on his analysis of this and other ancient and late-medieval maps. More notoriously, these claims were repeated in Erich von Däniken's "Chariots of the Gods?" (which attributed the knowledge of the coast to extraterrestrials) and Gavin Menzies's "" (which attributed it to supposed Chinese voyages), both of which were roundly denounced by mainstream scholars.


title: Piri Reis map

text: An analysis of these claims was published by Gregory McIntosh, a historian of cartography, who examined the map in depth in his book "The Piri Reis Map of 1513" (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2000). He was able to find sources for much of the map in Columbus's writings. Certain peculiarities (such as the appearance of the Virgin Islands in two locations) he attributed to the use of multiple maps as sources; others (such as the errors in North American geography) he traced to the continued confusion of the area with East Asia. As far as the accuracy of depiction of the supposed Antarctic coast is concerned, there are two conspicuous errors. First, it is shown hundreds of kilometres north of its proper location; second, the Drake Passage is completely missing, with the Antarctic Peninsula presumably conflated with the Western Patagonian coast. The identification of this area of the map with the frigid Antarctic coast is also difficult to reconcile with the notes on the map which describe the region as having a warm climate.


title: Piri Reis map

text: Maps of the period generally depicted a large continent named "Terra Australis Incognita" of highly variable shape and extent. This land was posited by Ptolemy as a counterbalance to the extensive continental areas in the northern hemisphere. Marcus Tullius Cicero used the term "cingulus australis" ("southern zone") in referring to the Antipodes in "Somnium Scipionis" ("Dream of Scipio"). Due to a lack of exploration and various misunderstandings, its existence was not fully abandoned until circumnavigation of the area during the second voyage of James Cook in the 1770s showed that if it existed, it was much smaller than imagined previously. The first confirmed landing on Antarctica was only during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition in 1820, and the coastline of Queen Maud Land did not see significant exploration before Norwegian expeditions began in 1891. In 1513, Cape Horn had not yet been discovered, and indeed Ferdinand Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation was not to set sail for another six years. It is unclear whether the mapmaker saw South America itself as part of the unknown southern lands (as shown in the Miller Atlas), or whether (as Dutch thought) he drew what was then known of the coast with substantial distortion. Dutch holds that there is no reason to believe that the map is the product of genuine knowledge of the Antarctic coast.


title: Oh My Girl

text: Oh My Girl (, also stylized as OH MY GIRL and OMG) is a South Korean girl group formed by WM Entertainment. The group is composed of six members: Hyojung, Mimi, YooA, Seunghee, Yubin and Arin. Originally an eight-piece group, JinE left the group in October 2017 due to health issues, and Jiho left in May 2022. Oh My Girl debuted on April 20, 2015, with an eponymous extended play.


title: Oh My Girl

text: Oh My Girl was publicized as the sister group of label-mate group B1A4. On March 26, 2015, teaser images of the eight members were released as well as their concept images. On April 20, the group released their first extended play, "Oh My Girl", which included the single "Cupid". They held their debut showcase the same day. They first performed the single on SBS MTV's "The Show" on April 21.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On June 21, the group announced that they were currently preparing a new album. Their second EP, "Closer", was released on October 8. The single of the same name was performed on Mnet's "M Countdown" on October 7.


title: Oh My Girl

text: Oh My Girl's third EP, "Pink Ocean", was released on March 28, 2016, with the title track "Liar Liar", and a pre-released single "Step by Step". On the same day, Oh My Girl announced their official fandom name, "Miracle", at their comeback showcase for "Pink Ocean" and also on the group's V-app. The group promoted "Liar Liar" and "Step by Step", a B-side written by B1A4's Jinyoung, on their comeback stages and at guerrilla concerts in Hongdae and Sinchon.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On May 26, 2016, the group released the reissue of "Pink Ocean", titled "Windy Day" with two new songs, "Windy Day" and "Stupid in Love", along with the Chinese version of "Liar Liar" (which was released in "Pink Ocean" exclusively on online streaming services in China). On August 1, they released a special summer single album containing four remake songs, including Papaya's "Listen to My Word (A-ing)" featuring Skull and Haha. The album was the group's first to top the Gaon weekly charts.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On August 20 and 21, the group held their first solo concert titled "Summer Fairy Tales" at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall in Seoul, South Korea. Tickets were available to purchase on July 22 and were sold out within three minutes, breaking the record for the fastest sold-out concert for a rookie group.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On August 25, WM Entertainment released a statement announcing JinE's hiatus from the group's activities while she received treatment for anorexia nervosa.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On March 13, WM Entertainment announced on Oh My Girl's fancafe that their next album is scheduled to be released in April. JinE will not be taking part in upcoming album promotions and activities in favor of continued treatment and recovery. WM has also stated that JinE's health has improved since last year, and WM is focusing on long-term treatment for JinE. Oh My Girl's fourth EP, "Coloring Book", was released on April 3, along with the title track of the same name. During Oh My Girl's Comeback Showcase, it was revealed that the pink dolphin in the Coloring Book MV, was made in reference to JinE.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On October 30, WM Entertainment confirmed that due to continued health issues, JinE's contract with the company had been terminated and that she had officially left the group.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On December 23, 2017, WM Entertainment announced Oh My Girl's comeback on January 9, with their fifth EP "Secret Garden". The group held a mini concert titled "Oh My Girl's Secret Garden". Tickets were available to purchase on December 28 and were sold out within two minutes for 3,000 tickets, proved their popularity by completely selling out concert since last year. The six-day sold-out concert held beginning January February 22 to 26 at the Shinsegae Mesa Hall in Seoul, South Korea. On January 23, 2018, the group won their first music show trophy on "The Show" and the second trophy on "Show Champion" on January 24, 2018, with "Secret Garden".


title: Oh My Girl

text: It was announced that the group would release a pop-up album titled "Oh My Girl Banhana - Banana Allergy Monkey" on April 2. The title track "Banana Allergy Monkey" is sung by the group's sub-unit Oh My Girl Banhana, which consists of Hyojung, Yubin and Arin.


title: Oh My Girl

text: In June, the group signed a recording deal with Ariola Japan, a Sony Music Japan label. The Banhana sub-unit debuted in August 2018 with a Japanese version of the "Banana Allergy Monkey" EP.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On August 24, WM Entertainment confirmed that the group will make a Korean comeback. Oh My Girl's sixth EP, "Remember Me", was released on September 10, along with the title track of the same name. The group's second concert titled "Fall Fairy Tales" was held on October 20 & 21.


title: Oh My Girl

text: Oh My Girl started the year with their first Japan Debut Commemoration Live Tour, on January 4–6, 2019 in Fukuoka, Osaka and Tokyo. On January 9, the group released their debut Japanese album, as a whole group. "Oh My Girl Japan Debut Album" debuted at number 1 on the Oricon Daily Album Chart on January 8, 2019, selling 9,383 physical copies. The album charted at number 2 on Oricon Weekly Album Chart sold 15,910 units. It topped on Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales, which sold 20,041 units, and peaked at number 4 on Billboard Japan Hot Albums.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On May 8, they released their first Korean studio album, "The Fifth Season", alongside its lead single, "The Fifth Season (SSFWL)".


title: Oh My Girl

text: On July 3, the group released their second Japanese album, "Oh My Girl Japan 2nd Album". The album, "Fall In Love" a reissue of their first album, "The Fifth Season", was released on August 5 along with the music video for the lead single "Bungee (Fall In Love)".


title: Oh My Girl

text: In August 2019, it was confirmed that the group would be participating in "Queendom". In the first round, they performed "Secret Garden" and finished in third place. Then in the second round the group covered "Destiny" by Lovelyz, finishing in first place, this cover was later released as a single on September 20, 2019. In the third round they performed a remix of their song "Twilight", finishing in first place again. This was also released as a single. On October 25, 2019, the group released a single titled "Guerilla" as a part of the "Queendom Final Comeback". In the final episode, they finished 1st runner-up for the whole program.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On October 1, 2019, the group announced on their Japanese website that they would be releasing their third Japanese album "Eternally" on January 8, 2020. Then, on October 30, 2019, the Japanese version of Bungee was released to signify the first single off of "Eternally". In November, the group revealed the tracklist for "Eternally", stating that the album would consist of four new Japanese songs: "Eternally", "Precious Moment", "Fly to the Sky", and "Polaris". Along with this, it was stated that the album would contain the newly released finale single from "Queendom", Guerilla. Like their previous two Japanese albums, the group allowed their Japanese fan clubs to decide the remaining tracks on the album based on popularity. On December 25, 2019, the group released their third Japanese album, "Eternally", digitally on music platforms globally, two weeks ahead of its January 8, 2020 physical release. Outside of Japan, this digital release includes the first five tracks of the album. Locally, the digital release included the first eight tracks, which includes the original Korean language versions for "Bungee (Fall in Love)", "Guerilla" and "Love O'Clock".


title: Oh My Girl

text: On April 13, WM Entertainment confirmed that the group would make a comeback on April 27, with Jiho returning from her hiatus. Subsequently, the group released a teaser announcing that their return will be with their seventh EP "Nonstop" with a game-themed concept. The EP and the music video for the lead single "Nonstop" were released on April 27. Both the single and B-side track "Dolphin" became the group's highest-charting releases at the time, peaking at second and ninth on the weekly Gaon Digital Chart, respectively.


title: Oh My Girl

text: According to Oh My Girl's Japanese Website, following certain milestones met on the LINE MUSIC app, Oh My Girl would have releases for three consecutive months. The first release was the Japanese version of "Nonstop" and was released digitally across multiple platforms on June 29. About a month after, the second release, a Japanese single, Lemonade, released digitally on July 27. The third release, a Japanese single, Tear Rain, was released digitally on all music platforms on August 24, 2020


title: Oh My Girl

text: On August 16, Oh My Girl released a collaboration single with Pororo the Little Penguin with the title "Supadupa" and also a version of the original soundtrack of Pororo's "Barabam"


title: Oh My Girl

text: Oh My Girl also teased a collaboration with Keanu Silva and Mougleta on August 21. The collaboration single "Rocket Ride" was released on August 28.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On September 23, Oh My Girl announced on their Japanese website that they will be releasing their first Japanese single "Etoile / Nonstop Japanese ver." on November 25. The single contains the previous three digital releases that were revealed over the past three months: Nonstop (Japanese ver.), Lemonade, and Tear Rain, along with the new single Etoile, which was released digitally on music platforms on October 8, 2020. There will be four versions of the single, each will contain a different instrumental track. There will also be a special "Anime Edition" that will contain an English Version of Etoile. On October 15, the Korean version of Etoile was released digitally on all music platforms.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On April 16, 2021, WM Entertainment announced that Oh My Girl would return with a new album in early May. Their eighth EP "Dear OhMyGirl" was released on May 10, alongside the lead single "Dun Dun Dance". The single peaked atop the Gaon Digital Chart, becoming the group's first chart-topper.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On July 14, Oh My Girl announced their second Japanese single "Dun Dun Dance Japanese ver.", which was released on September 22.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On December 23, Oh My Girl released the promotional single "Shark" through Universe Music for the mobile application, Universe.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On January 19, 2022, WM Entertainment announced that Binnie will be changing her stage name to Yubin.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On February 24, Oh My Girl announced they would be releasing their Japanese compilation album, "Oh My Girl Best", on March 30.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On March 7, WM Entertainment announced that Oh My Girl would be releasing their second Korean studio album, "Real Love", on March 28, alongside the lead single of the same name.


title: Oh My Girl

text: On May 9, it was reported that Jiho had decided not to renew her contract with WM Entertainment and become a free agent. This was later confirmed, stating that she would also leave the group, and Oh My Girl would reorganize as six members.


title: Oh My Girl

text: Girl Scouts Korea appointed Oh My Girl as the ninth promotional ambassadors of the Girl Scouts Korea. The appointment ceremony was held at the Girl Scouts Korea Federation Hall in Anguk-dong, Seoul.


title: Tropical savanna climate

text: Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw (for a dry winter) and As (for a dry summer). The driest month has less than of precipitation and also less than formula_1mm of precipitation.


title: Tropical savanna climate

text: This latter fact is in a direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate, whose driest month sees less than of precipitation but has "more" than formula_1 of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less overall rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s).


title: Tropical savanna climate

text: In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands due to its dryness, rather than thick jungle. It is this widespread occurrence of tall, coarse grass (called savanna) which has led to Aw and As climates often being referred to as the tropical savanna. However, there is some doubt whether tropical grasslands are climatically induced. Additionally, pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule.


title: Tropical savanna climate

text: Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands, in sections of North America and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco scriver delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. ), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive < total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon, are the Orinoco river Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.


title: Tropical savanna climate

text: Sometimes "As" is used in place of "Aw" if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days. This may also be due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off summer precipitation in a tropical area. This is the case in East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya, Somalia), Sri Lanka (Trincomalee) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil (from São Luís through Natal to Maceió), for instance. The difference between 'summer' and 'winter' in such tropical locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an "As" and "Aw" climate is a quibble. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of reduction of or lack of convection, which in turn is due to the meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the entire course of the year, based on which hemisphere the location sits.


title: Taxila

text: Taxila or Takshashila (; ; ; ; ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located in the Taxila Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, it lies approximately northwest of the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area and is just south of the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great gained control of the city without a battle, as it was immediately surrendered to him by Omphis.


title: Taxila

text: Old Taxila was an important city of ancient India, situated on the eastern shore of the Indus River—the pivotal junction of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia; it was founded around 1000 BCE. Some ruins at Taxila date to the time of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, followed successively by the Maurya Empire, the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Indo-Scythians, and the Kushan Empire. Owing to its strategic location, Taxila has changed hands many times over the centuries, with many polities vying for its control. When the great ancient trade routes connecting these regions ceased to be important, the city sank into insignificance and was finally destroyed in the 5th century by the invading Hunas. In mid-19th century British India, ancient Taxila's ruins were rediscovered by British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham. In 1980, UNESCO designated Taxila as a World Heritage Site.


title: Taxila

text: By some accounts, the University of ancient Taxila is considered to be one of the earliest universities in the world. Other scholars do not consider it to have been a university in the modern sense, in that the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in the city. In a 2010 report, the Global Heritage Fund identified Taxila as one of 12 worldwide sites that were "on the verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management, development pressure, looting, and armed conflict as primary threats. However, significant preservation efforts have since been carried out by the Pakistani government, which has resulted in the site's recategorization as "well-preserved" by different international publications. Because of the extensive preservation efforts and upkeep, Taxila is one of Punjab's popular tourist spots, attracting up to one million tourists every year.


title: Taxila

text: In ancient times, Taxila was known as in Sanskrit (per IAST) and as in Pali. The city's Sanskrit name translates to "City of Cut Stone" or "Rock of Taksha" in reference to a story in the "Ramayana" that states that the city was founded by Bharata, the younger brother of the Hindu deity Rama, and named in honour of Bharata's son, Taksha.


title: Taxila

text: The city's modern name, however, is derived from the ancient Greek rendering noted in Ptolemy's "Geography". The Greek-language transcription of "Taxila" became universally favoured over time, and both the Sanskrit and Pali names fell out of use.


title: Taxila

text: Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited the city via the Silk Road, had given its name's meaning as "cut-off head". With the help of a "Jataka", he had interpreted it to be the place where Buddha—in his previous birth as "Pusa" or "Chandaprabha"—cut off his head to feed a hungry lion. This tradition still persists with the area in front of Sirkap (also meaning "cut-off head"), which was known in the 19th century as "Babur Khana" ('House of Tiger'), alluding to the place where Buddha offered his head. In addition, a hill range to south of the Taxila Valley is called "Margala" ().


title: Taxila

text: In Vedic texts such as the Shatapatha Brahmana, it is mentioned that the Vedic philosopher Uddalaka Aruni (c. 7th century BCE) had travelled to the region of Gandhara. In later Buddhist texts, the Jatakas, it is specified that Taxila was the city where Aruni and his son Shvetaketu each had received their education.


title: Taxila

text: One of the earliest mentions of Taxila is in Pāṇini's , a Sanskrit grammar treatise dated to the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.