title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: The 1987 repeal of the fairness doctrine enabled the rise of talk radio that has been described as "unfiltered" divisive and/or vicious: "In 1988, a savvy former ABC Radio executive named Ed McLaughlin signed Rush Limbaugh — then working at a little-known Sacramento station — to a nationwide syndication contract. McLaughlin offered Limbaugh to stations at an unbeatable price: free. All they had to do to carry his program was to set aside four minutes per hour for ads that McLaughlin's company sold to national sponsors. The stations got to sell the remaining commercial time to local advertisers." According to "The Washington Post", "From his earliest days on the air, Limbaugh trafficked in conspiracy theories, divisiveness, even viciousness" (e.g., "feminazis"). Prior to 1987 people using much less controversial verbiage had been taken off the air as obvious violations of the fairness doctrine.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: Two corollary rules of the doctrine, the personal attack rule and the "political editorial" rule, remained in practice until 2000. The "personal attack" rule applied whenever a person (or small group) was subject to a personal attack during a broadcast. Stations had to notify such persons (or groups) within a week of the attack, send them transcripts of what was said and offer the opportunity to respond on-the-air. The "political editorial" rule applied when a station broadcast editorials endorsing or opposing candidates for public office, and stipulated that the unendorsed candidates be notified and allowed a reasonable opportunity to respond.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ordered the FCC to justify these corollary rules in light of the decision to repeal the fairness doctrine. The FCC did not provide prompt justification so both corollary rules were repealed in October 2000.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In February 2005, U.S. Representative Louise Slaughter (D-NY) and 23 co-sponsors introduced the Fairness and Accountability in Broadcasting Act (H.R. 501) in the 1st session of the 109th Congress of 2005-2007 (when Republicans held a majority of both Houses). The bill would have shortened a station's license term from eight years to four, with the requirement that a license-holder cover important issues fairly, hold local public hearings about its coverage twice a year, and document to the FCC how it was meeting its obligations. The bill was referred to committee, but progressed no further.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In the same Congress, Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) introduced legislation "to restore the Fairness Doctrine". H.R. 3302, also known as the "Media Ownership Reform Act of 2005" or MORA, had 16 co-sponsors in Congress.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In June 2007, Senator Richard Durbin (D-Ill.) said, "It's time to reinstitute the Fairness Doctrine", an opinion shared by his Democratic colleague, Senator John Kerry (D-Mass.). However, according to Marin Cogan of "The New Republic" in late 2008:


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On June 24, 2008, U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), the Speaker of the House at the time, told reporters that her fellow Democratic representatives did not want to forbid reintroduction of the fairness doctrine, adding "the interest in my caucus is the reverse." When asked by John Gizzi of "Human Events", "Do you personally support revival of the 'Fairness Doctrine?, the Speaker replied "Yes".


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On December 15, 2008, U.S. Representative Anna Eshoo (D-Calif.) told "The Daily Post" in Palo Alto, California that she thought it should also apply to cable and satellite broadcasters, stating:


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On February 11, 2009, Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) told radio host Bill Press, "we gotta get the Fairness Doctrine back in law again." Later in response to Press's assertion that "they are just shutting down progressive talk from one city after another", Senator Harkin responded, "Exactly, and that's why we need the fairthat's why we need the Fairness Doctrine back."


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: Former President Bill Clinton has also shown support for the fairness doctrine. During a February 13, 2009, appearance on the Mario Solis Marich radio show, Clinton said:


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: Clinton cited the "blatant drumbeat" against the stimulus program from conservative talk radio, suggesting that it does not reflect economic reality.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On September 19, 2019, Representative Tulsi Gabbard (D-HI) introduced H.R. 4401 Restore the Fairness Doctrine Act of 2019 in the House of Representatives, 116th Congress. Rep. Gabbard was the only sponsor. H.R. 4401 was immediately referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on the same day. It was then referred to the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology on September 20, 2019.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: H.R. 4401 would mandate equal media discussion of key political and social topics, requiring television and radio broadcasters to give airtime to opposing sides of issues of civic interest. The summary reads: "Restore the Fairness Doctrine Act of 2019. This bill requires a broadcast radio or television licensee to provide reasonable opportunity for discussion of conflicting views on matters of public importance. The Restore the Fairness Doctrine Act would once again mandate television and radio broadcasters present both sides when discussing political or social issues, reinstituting the rule in place from 1949 to 1987 ... . Supporters argue that the doctrine allowed for a more robust public debate and affected positive political change as a result, rather than allowing only the loudest voices or deepest pockets to win."


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: The fairness doctrine has been strongly opposed by prominent conservatives and libertarians who view it as an attack on First Amendment rights and property rights. Editorials in "The Wall Street Journal" and "The Washington Times" in 2005 and 2008 said that Democratic attempts to bring back the fairness doctrine have been made largely in response to conservative talk radio.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In 1987, Edward O. Fritts, president of the National Association of Broadcasters, in applauding President Reagan's veto of a bill intended to turn the doctrine into law, said that the doctrine is an infringement on free speech and intrudes on broadcasters' journalistic judgment.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In 2007, Senator Norm Coleman (R-MN) proposed an amendment to a defense appropriations bill that forbade the FCC from "using any funds to adopt a fairness rule." It was blocked, in part on grounds that "the amendment belonged in the Commerce Committee's jurisdiction."


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In the same year, the Broadcaster Freedom Act of 2007 was proposed in the Senate by Senators Coleman with 35 co-sponsors (S.1748) and John Thune (R-SD) with 8 co-sponsors (S.1742) and in the House by Republican Representative Mike Pence (R-IN) with 208 co-sponsors (H.R. 2905). It provided:


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On August 12, 2008, FCC Commissioner Robert M. McDowell stated that the reinstitution of the fairness doctrine could be intertwined with the debate over network neutrality (a proposal to classify network operators as common carriers required to admit all Internet services, applications and devices on equal terms), presenting a potential danger that net neutrality and fairness doctrine advocates could try to expand content controls to the Internet. It could also include "government dictating content policy". The conservative Media Research Center's Culture & Media Institute argued that the three main points supporting the fairness doctrine — media scarcity, liberal viewpoints being censored at a corporate level, and public interest — are all myths.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In June 2008, Barack Obama's press secretary wrote that Obama (then a Democratic U.S. senator from Illinois and candidate for president) did not support it, stating:


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In February 2009, a White House spokesperson said that President Obama continued to oppose the revival of the doctrine.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In the 111th Congress (January 2009 to January 2011), the Broadcaster Freedom Act of 2009 (S.34, S.62, H.R.226) was introduced to block reinstatement of the doctrine. On February 26, 2009, by a vote of 87–11, the Senate added that act as an amendment to the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009 (S.160), a bill which later passed the Senate 61–37 but not the House of Representatives. The Associated Press reported that the vote on the fairness doctrine rider was "in part a response to conservative radio talk show hosts who feared that Democrats would try to revive the policy to ensure liberal opinions got equal time." The AP report went on to say that President Obama had no intention of reimposing the doctrine, but Republicans (led by Sen. Jim DeMint, R-SC) wanted more in the way of a guarantee that the doctrine would not be reimposed.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: Media reform organizations such as Free Press feel that a return to the fairness doctrine is not as important as setting stronger station ownership caps and stronger "public interest" standards enforcement (with funding from fines given to public broadcasting).


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In an August 13, 2008, telephone poll released by Rasmussen Reports, 47% of 1,000 likely voters supported a government requirement that broadcasters offer equal amounts of liberal and conservative commentary, while 39% opposed such a requirement. In the same poll, 57% opposed and 31% favored requiring Internet websites and bloggers that offer political commentary to present opposing points of view. By a margin of 71–20% the respondents agreed that it is "possible for just about any political view to be heard in today's media" (including the Internet, newspapers, cable TV and satellite radio), but only half the sample said they had followed recent news stories about the fairness doctrine closely. The margin of error was 3%, with a 95% confidence interval.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: In June 2011, the chairman and a subcommittee chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, both Republicans, said that the FCC, in response to their requests, had set a target date of August 2011 for removing the fairness doctrine and other "outdated" regulations from the FCC's rulebook.


title: FCC fairness doctrine

text: On August 22, 2011, the FCC voted to remove the rule that implemented the fairness doctrine, along with more than 80 other rules and regulations, from the "Federal Register" following an executive order by President Obama directing a "government-wide review of regulations already on the books" to eliminate unnecessary regulations.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The fifth season received widespread critical acclaim. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 41st Saturn Awards.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: This season adapts material from issues #61–77 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including the cannibalistic hunters from Terminus, Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) and Aaron (Ross Marquand), as well as the Anderson and Monroe families. Now reunited, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they search for sanctuary, but face new threats from both walkers and other (hostile) human survivors. It also marks the return of Morgan Jones (Lennie James), who was last seen in the third-season episode "Clear."


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The first half of the season focuses on the group's escape from Terminus, after finding themselves in a vulnerable situation, where they learn the true motives of the Terminans, and the rescue of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. In the midst of events, part of the group travels to Washington, D.C. in search of a possible cure for the walker virus. The second half of the season focuses on the group's addition and experience in a newfound sanctuary; Alexandria Safe-Zone: a walled-off community, whose inhabitants have little experience dealing with external threats.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The fifth season features seventeen series regulars, with ten actors receiving opening credits billing; the other seven are credited as "Also starring." Michael Cudlitz, who portrays Sgt. Abraham Ford, is added in the opening sequence, after being listed as recurring in the previous season, as are Emily Kinney and Chad L. Coleman, who portray Beth Greene and Tyreese Williams, respectively, after previously being credited as "Also starring." Credited as "Also starring" are Josh McDermitt, Christian Serratos, Alanna Masterson, and Andrew J. West, who were promoted to series regulars, after being listed as recurring in the previous season, and Seth Gilliam, who joins the main cast as Father Gabriel Stokes. Kinney and Coleman's names were removed from the opening credits after episode nine; they were added back in episode thirteen for a brief flashback scene.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The series was renewed for a fifth season on October 29, 2013. The season began filming on May 5, 2014 and finished on November 22, 2014. Scott M. Gimple continued the role of showrunner, a position he held since the fourth season. In January 2015, it was announced that Ross Marquand had been cast in a series regular role, to debut during the second half of the season. It was believed Marquand would be playing Aaron, a prominent character from the comic book series. The character debuted in the tenth episode, "Them", and his role as Aaron was officially confirmed. This season also introduces prominent characters from the graphic novels, besides Aaron, including Bruce, Eric, Nicholas, Olivia, and Tobin. The season finale aired in an expanded 90-minute time slot.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The titles of the final five episodes of the season ("Remember", "Forget", "Spend", "Try", and "Conquer"), which feature the characters in the Alexandria Safe-Zone, refer to William Faulkner's novel "The Sound and the Fury", which Dale quotes from the first season episode "Vatos".


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: Scott M. Gimple remarked that the television series would be following its source material more than ever in the fifth season, with exceptions including original characters such as Daryl Dixon, and deceased characters from the comics alive in the television series and vice versa.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The fifth season adapted material from the comic books "Volume 10: What We Become", "Volume 11: Fear the Hunters", "Volume 12: Life Among Them", and "Volume 13: Too Far Gone". While the television series has remained faithful, the character of Beth Greene and her story arc have been largely made up for the television series. Despite this, the scenario in which Rick Grimes chases down a man who betrayed the group's trust was a moment from the source material, albeit with a different character.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "The Walking Dead" has received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 80 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 11 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 90% with an average rating of 6.95 out of 10 based on 32 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to a liberal dose of propulsive, bloody action and enough compelling character moments to reward longtime fans, "The Walking Dead"s fifth season continues to deliver top-notch entertainment." Brian Lowry of "Variety" gave the fifth-season premiere a positive review, saying: "After the (rather too) long and winding road to Terminus, 'The Walking Dead' opens its fifth season in spectacular fashion, a dazzling adrenaline rush filled with suspense, righteous violence and, before it's all over, genuine emotion. Imbued with cinematic touches, the only downside to this breathtaking episode is pondering what the creative brain trust can do for an encore. Still, AMC's megahit finds itself in a very good place, from the current makeup of its ever-evolving cast to the latitude it has earned to take unexpected detours. Given the hype surrounding the series, it's still impressive to see the producers deliver such a feast."


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: Several critics have felt the fifth season has been a huge improvement to its preceding seasons. Emily VanDerWerff for "Vox", wrote: "...it's not unprecedented for a series to have its best season in its fifth year, but it's definitely strange for a show to make this big of a leap this late in its run." She praised all aspects of the storytelling and conception of the fifth season, singling out the action, themes, characters, advanced storylines, newly introduced anthology character-focused episodes, and overall improvements to the material the show has always worked with.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: Similarly, writing for Grantland, Andy Greenwald praised Scott M. Gimple as showrunner, particularly noting him as an improvement to Glen Mazzara and Frank Darabont, as well as praising the increase in minorities and resulting racial diversity among the main cast. He further commented: "Gimple has also done wonders with the characters he inherited," and singled out characters such as Beth Greene and Tyreese, praising their newly established complexities and character evolution. The constantly shifting environments and surrounding threats were also noted and lauded. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" in his review of "Consumed," summarized the season as a whole, saying: "This is a large part of why The Walking Dead has gotten so good this season: The writers have found a way to exploit subtext and history in compelling, haunting ways."


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: Laura Prudom of "Variety" on her review of "Conquer" commented that "...season five represents a marked improvement over the stagnation of previous years, with the promise of Alexandria breathing new life into the series, offering our group a form of opposition that isn't inherently wrong, unlike The Governor or the Termites." She assessed it as having "arguably been "The Walking Dead's" best yet, propelled by compulsive story threads and fascinating character dynamics."


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: For the 41st Saturn Awards, the fifth season of "The Walking Dead" received seven nominations and three wins. The wins were for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln), and Best Supporting Actress on Television (Melissa McBride). The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television (Norman Reedus), Best Supporting Actress on Television (Emily Kinney), Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series (Chandler Riggs), and Best Guest Starring Role on Television (Andrew J. West).


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The season also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, the most for an individual season of the series currently, for the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, but failed to win any. The nominations were for Outstanding Prosthetic Make-up for a Series, Limited Series, Movie, or Special ("Strangers"), Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series ("Conquer"), Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role ("Conquer"), and Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Limited Series, or Movie (Monty Simons). Additionally, the season was also nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 21st and 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards for both halves of the season, respectively.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The first half of the season premiered on Fox International Channels on October 13, 2014. Episodes air a day later than in the United States. The second half debuted on February 9, 2015.


title: The Walking Dead (season 5)

text: The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1/A on August 25, 2015. Special features include "Inside "The Walking Dead"" and "The Making of "The Walking Dead"" featurettes for every episode; eight other featurettes titled, "Beth's Journey," "Bob's Journey," "Noah's Journey," "Tyreese's Journey," "A Day in the Life of Michael Cudlitz," "A Day in the Life of Josh McDermitt," and "Rotters in the Flesh"; deleted scenes; and audio commentaries with cast and crew. A special limited edition Blu-ray packaging set, featuring the "asphalt" walker, designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys, was released on December 1, 2015.


title: Tim Kang

text: Yila Timothy Kang (born March 16, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Kimball Cho in the television series "The Mentalist" and Gordon Katsumoto in the CBS/NBC reboot series "Magnum P.I."


title: Tim Kang

text: Kang was born in San Francisco, California, and is the eldest of three brothers. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Master of Fine Arts from Harvard's Institute for Advanced Theater Training at the American Repertory Theater and the Moscow Art Theatre.


title: Tim Kang

text: Kang began acting at age 26. He had been working in the finance industry at the Pacific Exchange when he passed by the American Conservatory Theater and signed up for night acting classes on a whim. In an interview with the Korea Society, he stated that he decided to switch to acting full-time when he realized that he could no longer concentrate on his day job at the exchange.


title: Tim Kang

text: Kang was a series regular on CBS's "The Mentalist" as Special Agent Kimball Cho. He appeared in "Rambo" (2008) and also on such TV shows as "The Office", "Chappelle's Show", " The Vampire Diaries" and "Monk". He returned to his theater roots for Julia Cho's new play "Aubergine", playing one of the lead characters, Ray. It premiered at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in February 2016 before touring to various theatres.


title: Tim Kang

text: In 2012, Kang launched a production company named "One Shoot Films" with its first film project focusing on child abduction and sexually abused children.


title: Tim Kang

text: Kang recurred as Ivan Hess on Marvel's "Cloak & Dagger". He is a series regular as Detective Gordon Katsumoto on the 2018 reboot of "Magnum P.I.". After four seasons led to cancellation on CBS, he is set to continue in the role following the series's pickup by NBC.


title: Tim Kang

text: Kang is a national spokesman and active supporter for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Aparshakti Khurana (born 18 November 1987) is an Indian actor, radio jockey, comedian, singer, music director, television host and a former Indian cricketer who was the captain of Haryana U-19 Cricket Team. He is the younger brother of actor Ayushmann Khurrana.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Khurrana's first Bollywood project came with the sports biopic "Dangal" (2016), which emerged as one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time and earned him several recognitions. He subsequently played many supporting roles in several other commercially successful films such as "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" (2017), "Stree" (2018), "Luka Chuppi" (2019) and "Pati Patni Aur Woh" (2019). In 2021, he acted in "Helmet", his first film as a solo lead.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Khurrana was born on 18 November 1987 in Chandigarh. His father P. Khurrana is an astrologer and an author on the subject of astrology, whereas his mother Poonam is a house wife of half-Burmese descent and an M.A. in Hindi. He completed his schooling and graduation in law from Chandigarh. He was also into sports at school and captained the Haryana U-19 cricket team. He completed his higher education in the field of Mass Communication from IIMC Delhi. He is also the younger brother of Bollywood actor Ayushmann Khurrana.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: He married Aakriti Ahuja, a businesswoman and an ISB graduate (whom he met at a dance class in Chandigarh) on 7 September 2014. In June 2021, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. The couple became parents to a baby girl on 27 August 2021, Arzoie A Khurana.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Aparshakti auditioned for MTV Roadies (Season 3, Episode 2). It was the first time, he faced the camera.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Khurana made his acting debut with Nitesh Tiwari's biographical sports drama "Dangal" (2016) which is the real story of Mahavir Singh Phogat. He is an Indian amateur Pehlwani wrestler, who trains his two daughters Geeta and Babita to become India's world class top-female wrestlers. Aamir Khan was cast as Mahavir, while Fatima Sana Shaikh and Sanya Malhotra featured as the two daughters, and Khurana played Omkar, Mahavir's nephew. The film garnered favorable reactions from critics and was highly anticipated. "Dangal" eventually proved to be the highest-grossing Indian film with over in global ticket sales, becoming Khurana's highest-grossing release ever and earning him praise along with a Screen Award for Best Male Debut and a nomination under the same category at the Filmfare Awards.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: The Shashank Khaitan directed-romantic comedy "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" (2017) was Khurana's next film release. Co-starring Alia Bhatt and Varun Dhawan, the film narrated the story of an independent young woman (Bhatt) from rural India who refuses to conform to patriarchal expectations from her chauvinistic fiancé (Dhawan). Khurana was cast as Bhushan Mishra, Bhatt's brother-in-law. "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" proved to be one of the top-grossing productions of the year, grossing over worldwide.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: In 2018, Khurana appeared in three films, the first of which was Mudassar Aziz's "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi" (a sequel to the 2016 film "Happy Bhag Jayegi"), a comedy about two girls who both are named Happy. A critical and commercial failure, it co-starred Sonakshi Sinha and Diana Penty, with Khurana playing the supporting part of Aman Wadhwa, the eloped fiancé of Happy 2 (Sinha). His next role was in Amar Kaushik's directorial debut "Stree", a horror comedy co-starring Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor, and Pankaj Tripathi. "Stree" emerged as a major commercial success with a worldwide gross revenue of , and his performance earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination at Filmfare. Khurana's final release of 2018 was the Netflix film "Rajma Chawal". Directed by Leena Yadav, it starred Rishi Kapoor, Anirudh Talwar and Amyra Dastur, and was poorly received.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Khurana took on another supporting role in Laxman Utekar's 2019 romantic comedy "Luka Chuppi", co-starring Kartik Aaryan, Kriti Sanon and Tripathi. Set in Uttar Pradesh, 'Luka Chupi' is about the story of a live-in-relationship between a headstrong woman (Rashmi, played by Kriti Sanon) and a television reporter (Guddu, played by Kartik Aaryan). His next film of the year was debutante Prashant Singh's "Jabariya Jodi", starring Sidharth Malhotra and Parineeti Chopra, which deals with the prevalence of groom kidnapping in Bihar. After doing a special appearance in his brother Ayushmann's commercially successful satire "Bala" directed by Kaushik, he played Aaryan's best friend in his last film of 2019, the comedy-drama "Pati, Patni Aur Woh" directed by Aziz, a remake of the 1978 film with the same name, which relates the life of a philandering husband who gets attractive towards his female co-worker. While "Luka Chuppi", "Bala" and "Pati Patni Aur Woh" were commercially successful, "Jabariya Jodi" performed poorly at the box office.


title: Aparshakti Khurana

text: Khurana next starred in Remo D'Souza's dance film "Street Dancer 3D", a spin-off to the 2015 dance film "ABCD 2", starring Dhawan and Shraddha Kapoor, which was released on 24 January 2020. His first lead role came in the comedy film "Helmet" which premiered on ZEE5. Khurana stars in "Hum Do Hamare Do" with Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Sanon, released on 29 October 2021 on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Goran Ivanišević (; born 13 September 1971) is a Croatian former professional tennis player and current coach. He is the only player to win a Wimbledon singles title as a wildcard. He achieved this in 2001 while ranked world No. 125, after being runner-up at Wimbledon in 1992, 1994 and 1998. Ivanišević's career-high singles ranking was world No. 2, achieved in July 1994. He coached Marin Čilić from September 2013 to July 2016, leading Čilić to his only major title to date at the 2014 US Open. He has been coaching Novak Djokovic since 2019. Ivanišević was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2020.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Goran is the son of Srđan and Gorana (née Škaričić). As a boy, he was trained by Jelena Genčić. He turned professional in 1988 and, later that year, with Rüdiger Haas, won his first career doubles title in Frankfurt. Although he focused mostly on his singles career, he also had some success in doubles, winning nine titles and reaching a career-high ranking of 20.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 1989, as a qualifier he made the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Ivanišević made his first significant impact on the tour in 1990, knocking Boris Becker out of the first round of the French Open men's singles; he went on to reach the quarterfinals. He was also, with Petr Korda, the runner-up in the French Open men's doubles. At that year's Wimbledon, Ivanišević reached the semifinals, where he lost to Becker in four sets. Ivanišević also won his first tour singles title in 1990 at Stuttgart and helped Yugoslavia win the World Team Cup. He played in eight ties for Yugoslavia in the Davis Cup before quitting the team after the Croatian declaration of independence in 1991. Yugoslavia lost its subsequent tie against France 5–0.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević quickly became known on the tour for his strong, attacking style of play and for an extremely powerful serve. For several years, he had more aces than anyone else on the tour. He was also known for occasional on-court temper tantrums—usually directed towards himself—and the volatility of the standard of his play. Ivanišević received death threats at the 1992 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships. He went on to win the tournament.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 1992, Ivanišević surged his way into his first Wimbledon singles final, having defeated Ivan Lendl, Stefan Edberg, and Pete Sampras in succession. Ivanišević's 6–7, 7–6, 6–4, 6–2 semifinal victory over Sampras was particularly impressive, with Ivanišević serving 36 aces and not even facing a break point in the entire match. In the final, Ivanišević faced Andre Agassi and was heavily favored to win; with both players attempting to win their first Grand Slam title. Agassi eventually won 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4. In the fifth set, Ivanišević had a break point on Agassi's serve at 3–3, but failed to convert it. In the final game of the match, Ivanišević served 2 double faults to start the game, even though he had only served 5 double faults in the entire match before that. Ivanišević's ace count for the tournament (206) was the highest in Wimbledon history at the time, until Ivanišević beat his own record in 2001 with 213 aces. Ivanišević served 37 aces in the 1992 Wimbledon final against Agassi, while Agassi had 37 aces in the entire tournament. Later that summer at the Olympic Games in Barcelona, Ivanišević won bronze medals in both singles and doubles representing Croatia, a state that had only recently declared independence; he also served as flagbearer for the Croatian team at the opening ceremony. In order to earn his single bronze medal, he won four consecutive 5-sets matches, a unique feat in the open era. He also won four singles titles that year.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević reached the Wimbledon final for the second time in 1994, where he was defeated by defending-champion Pete Sampras 7–6, 7–6, 6–0. Ivanišević reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 2 in July that year.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 1995, Ivanišević won the Grand Slam Cup, beating Todd Martin in the final 7–6, 6–3, 6–4. At Wimbledon, Ivanišević again lost in the semifinals to Sampras 6–7, 6–4, 3–6, 6–4, 3–6.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 1996, Ivanišević won a career-best five singles titles in a calendar year. He reached the Grand Slam Cup final again, but this time lost to Becker in straight sets. Ivanišević also teamed with Iva Majoli to win the 1996 Hopman Cup for Croatia. That year Ivanišević also defeated Stefan Edberg to reach the semifinals of the U.S. Open, his first Grand Slam semifinal away from Wimbledon; the match was the last Grand Slam match of Edberg's career. In the semifinals, Ivanišević fell again to Sampras, in four sets; Sampras would go on to defeat Michael Chang to win his fourth U.S. Open championship.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In April 1997, Ivanišević became the only player to defeat the "king of clay", Thomas Muster, in a Davis Cup singles match on clay. Ivanišević defeated Muster, 6–7, 7–5, 6–7, 6–2, 7–5, despite Muster having won 112 of his previous 117 matches on clay going into the match. During 1997, Ivanišević also got back up to his career high ranking of world No. 2, although his ranking fell down to No. 15 by the end of the year.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 1998, Ivanišević reached his third Wimbledon final, facing Sampras once again. Ivanišević started the match well, but failed to take set points which would have given him a two-set lead, and Ivanišević eventually lost to Sampras in five sets, 7–6, 6–7, 4–6, 6–3, 2–6.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević finished runner-up in the French Open men's doubles in 1999 (with Jeff Tarango). However, for much of 1999, 2000, and 2001, he struggled with a shoulder injury and his performance and world ranking began to slide steadily.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: During his second round match at the 2000 Brighton International, Ivanišević was defaulted after he smashed all three of his rackets and had none available to complete the match. He told the Associated Press, "At least when I've finished playing tennis, they'll remember me for something...They'll say, 'There's that guy who never won Wimbledon, but he smashed all his rackets.'"


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: By the summer of 2001, Ivanišević was ranked the world No. 125. This was not sufficient to earn him an automatic place in the main draw at Wimbledon but, given his past record as a three-time runner-up, he was awarded a wildcard for entry into the singles draw. He defeated former and future world No. 1 players Carlos Moyá, Andy Roddick and Marat Safin as well as Fredrik Jonsson and Greg Rusedski to reach the semifinal, beating home favourite Tim Henman in a five set, rain-affected semifinal, setting up a match with the previous year's runner-up and former US Open champion Patrick Rafter. It was Ivanišević's first singles final since 1998. In a match lasting just over three hours, Ivanišević defeated Rafter 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7. Two months shy of his 30th birthday, Ivanišević became the lowest-ranked player and the first wildcard entry to win Wimbledon. To date, he is the only male entrant to have won a Grand Slam singles title as a wildcard. His Wimbledon success was rated sixteenth at the list of 100 Greatest Sporting Moments by a British television programme.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: On 10 July 2001, Ivanišević received a hero's welcome in his home city of Split where a crowd of over 150,000 led by local and state dignitaries greeted him at the central harbor, with a parade of boats and fireworks, topped off by Ivanišević himself taking off his clothes and jumping into the sea. Later that year he received the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: The 2001 Wimbledon title was the last of Ivanišević's career. He temporarily retired in 2002 due to shoulder surgery. He returned to tennis sparingly in the following years but, in 2004, retired after a third-round loss to Lleyton Hewitt at Wimbledon, held on the Centre Court, the scene of his greatest triumph.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević played football for the Croatian team Hajduk Split in 2001. A supporter of English team West Bromwich Albion, he became a fan after the Midland club's escape from Premiership relegation in 2005. He wore an Albion shirt whilst warming up prior to the 2006 BlackRock Masters final and finally watched his first match in December 2011, as West Bromwich Albion played Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević also participated in an exhibition match of the Croatian national team of 1998 versus the International football stars on 7 October 2002 in Zagreb. It was the last career match of Croatian midfielder and team captain Zvonimir Boban. Ivanišević scored the goal for 1–1 (the game ended 2–1 for the International stars).


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanisevic was a serve and volleyer and played a fast, aggressive game suited to grass courts. He was known for his powerful and accurate left-handed serve, particularly his first serve that was clutch, and is widely considered one of the most dominant servers in the history of tennis. He often won entire games without the ball being returned.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Like many serve-and-volleyers, Ivanisevic's return game and defence was weaker due to his powerful but inconsistent groundstrokes. On the backhand side, he would often use the slice instead of hitting with top-spin and use the chip-and-charge tactic to come to the net.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević's record against players who held a top 10 ranking, with those who reached No. 1 in bold. The first number is Ivanišević's wins, the second refers to his opponent.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Right after retiring from the ATP Tour in 2004, Ivanišević started playing on the ATP Champions Tour (seniors' circuit).


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 2005, he was a member of the Croatian team for the Davis Cup final against Slovakia in Bratislava, although he did not play. Croatia won the final 3–2. Ivanišević received a winner's medal and his name was engraved on the trophy along with Mario Ančić, Ivo Karlović, Ivan Ljubičić and team captain Nikola Pilić.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In June 2006, he performed in the Calderstones Park tournament in Liverpool. In November of the same year, Ivanišević won the Merrill Lynch Tour of Champions tournament in Frankfurt, defeating John McEnroe 7–6, 7–6.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 2007, Roger Federer, seeking his 5th consecutive Wimbledon title against Rafael Nadal in the final, practiced with Ivanišević. Federer said the practice session helped him against Nadal.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: As of 2019, Ivanišević still takes part in tournaments on the seniors' circuit, and he is currently coaching Novak Djokovic.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: On 17 July, Ivanišević faced Rafter once again in an exhibition match on 2019 Croatia Open Umag. The match was held to celebrate 18th "birthday" of the famous 2001 Wimbledon final in which Ivanišević won. Ivanišević won once again 6–4, 6–4. The Croatian Open Centre Court has also been renamed in Ivanišević's honour.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Retiring in 2004 also allowed thirty-three-year-old Ivanišević to devote more attention to investing in the real estate and construction industries, which he had already been involved with since 1998, conducting his business through the Croatia-registered limited liability company called Sport Line (based out of his hometown Split). Since Ivanišević was still an active tennis player when the venture got established, most of the company's initial day-to-day business was handled by his father Srdjan. Their main activity was an ambitious undertaking – construction of "Lazarica 2", a 65-unit luxury apartment building in the Split neighbourhood of Firule, which was supposed to start in November 1998 and finish by late 2000. After many delays, the project finally completed in 2003, but dragged the company into debt due to many unsold units.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: News of Ivanišević's financial problems first appeared in the summer of 2005 after he talked about it in an interview with "Globus" newsmagazine, revealing Lazarica 2 to be a "failed project", as well as admitting to being "devoured by sharks" after hastily getting into investments that in hindsight he saw as "jumping overnight from kindergarten to university". Later that year, he also talked to the "Daily Telegraph" about losing substantial amount of money in some of his investments.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: By September 2006, after months of speculation, Ivanišević joined a group of investors—including active AC Milan footballer Dario Šimić, retired basketball player Ivica Žurić as well as businessmen Marijan Šarić, Mate Šarić, and Batheja Pramod—for a joint HRK93 million (~€12.5 million) investement into the added market capitalization of Karlovačka banka. Ivanišević, Šimić, and Žurić invested HRK19 million (~€2.5 million) each, thus each obtaining 9% ownership stake in the bank.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: Ivanišević's finances became news again in August 2010 after reports of his Sunseeker Predator 72 motor yacht being repossessed by Hypo Leasing Kroatien, a subsidiary of Hypo Alpe Adria Bank due to reportedly a full year of Ivanišević failing to meet his €12,000 monthly lease payments. Ivanišević would deny this, saying that the yacht was returned due to mechanical defect.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: On 31 January 2013, after accumulating debts of HRK5.7 million, Ivanišević's company Sport Line filed for bankruptcy settlement proceedings before the Croatian Trade Court. Among the list of entities the company reportedly owed money to is the Croatian government in the amount of HRK1.1 million.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In August 2005 Ivanišević got voted to be one of four vice-presidents of the Croatian Olympic Committee (HOO) working under president Zlatko Mateša.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: In 2013 Ivanišević began coaching compatriot Marin Čilić who won the 2014 US Open under his guidance. He split with Čilić after 2016 Wimbledon.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: On 8 August 2016, Tomáš Berdych announced via social media that Ivanišević will begin coaching him, starting at 2016 Western & Southern Open.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: As of 2019, he was coaching Milos Raonic until just before the Indian Wells Masters, when Raonic announced that he would be getting a new coach Fabrice Santoro.


title: Goran Ivanišević

text: He married Tatjana Dragović in 2009 and they had two children. They divorced in 2013. He has one child with his second wife Nives Čanović.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Patrick Monahan (born February 28, 1969) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer and sole constant member of the band Train. He has collaborated with multiple artists and recorded a solo album, "Last of Seven".


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan was born and raised in Erie, Pennsylvania, the son of Jack Monahan, a clothing store owner and musician, and Patricia Ann (née Timon) Monahan. He is the youngest of seven children in a family of Irish descent and became an uncle at five. He attended McDowell High School in Millcreek Township. Monahan attended the Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, in Edinboro, Pennsylvania.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan began his musical career singing with cover band Rogues Gallery from 1988 to 1990. The band consisted of Monahan (lead vocals, percussion), Mark Emhoff (lead guitar, vocals), Mike Imboden (bass, keyboards, vocals), John McElhenny (drums, vocals) and his brother Matt (rhythm guitar, keyboards and vocals), in his hometown of Erie, Pennsylvania. After the dissolution of the band, he left Erie in late 1993 and moved to California, where he met Rob Hotchkiss. While progressing from the SF coffeehouse circuit to the LA club scene, Monahan and Hotchkiss added Jimmy Stafford (guitar), Charlie Colin (bass), and Scott Underwood (drums) to their lineup, thus officially forming Train.


title: Pat Monahan

text: From 1994 to 2006, Monahan released four studio albums with Train. In 2002, the band earned two Grammys, one of them for the song "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)", which was written by Monahan and inspired by his late mother, who had died of cancer.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Aside from his work with Train, Monahan also sang additional vocals on the song "Shimmer" with the band Fuel in 2001. In November 2005, he appeared as a guest vocalist on VH1's "Decades Rock Live", where he covered Cyndi Lauper's hit single "Time After Time". Later, he took part in "Storytellers – The Doors: A Celebration", paying tribute to The Doors by performing "Love Me Two Times".


title: Pat Monahan

text: From 2006 to 2009, Train took a three-year hiatus. Monahan released his first solo album, "Last of Seven", on September 18, 2007, and began a nationwide tour supporting it. He followed that tour with a small, intimate acoustic tour, which inspired his "Last of Seven Acoustic" compilation, available via digital download only. His first solo single, "Her Eyes", made the top 10 of "Billboard's" Hot AC chart. The album's second single was "Two Ways to Say Goodbye".


title: Pat Monahan

text: On "Last of Seven", Monahan duets with folk rock musician Brandi Carlile, with special guest appearances by Richie Sambora and Graham Nash. Monahan worked with Guy Chambers to co-write two songs for Tina Turner's hits album, "".


title: Pat Monahan

text: In 2009, Train returned to the studio with the album "Save Me, San Francisco". That same year, Monahan and some of his fellow Train bandmates took on small acting roles in the "" episode "Second Chances". Monahan played the former homeless drug addict Sam Baker (dating Debbie Fallon (played by Kim Kardashian)) who becomes involved in a murder investigation. They performed the song "Hey, Soul Sister" from their new album, and "Calling All Angels".


title: Pat Monahan

text: Despite the success of their new album, Monahan found time to collaborate with other artists in other projects. On April 4, 2010, he performed with The Hollies at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony, as The Hollies were inducted. He sang lead vocals on the song "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". The following year, he contributed a cover of Buddy Holly's "Maybe Baby" for the tribute album, "", which was released on September 6, 2011.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan also recorded a duet with Martina McBride, singing Train's song "Marry Me". This version of the song is on McBride's eleventh studio album "Eleven", released October 11, 2011. He also performed several times with INXS during 2011; first on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and then at a concert at Chateau Ste Michelle. Monahan also appeared on the show "The Voice", where he performed "Drops of Jupiter" with contestant Vicci Martinez.


title: Pat Monahan

text: In 2013, he started a podcast called "Patcast" where he interviews different people in the music industry, and talks about his work with Train.


title: Pat Monahan

text: In 2001, Monahan appeared on the Celebrity Top of the Charts Edition of ABC's hit TV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, winning $US125,000 for Camp Ronald McDonald.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan is the voice of Driver Dan in the children's show "Driver Dan's Story Train", which debuted on Sprout on November 1, 2010. In early 2013, Monahan played the role of Neil Redding in a Season 3 episode of CBS's "Hawaii Five-0", titled "Paʻani" ("The Game"), which aired on February 18, 2013. In 2009, Monahan appeared in episode eleven of the sixth season of "", alongside Kim Kardashian. As of March 20, 2018, he is featured as a guest singer in the Broadway musical "Rocktopia."


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan made an appearance singing his hit song from 2009, "Hey Soul Sister", as well as a new Train song "Mai Tais" Feat. Skylar Grey on Season 2, Episode 8 "He Came By Night" of CBS's Magnum PI, which aired on November 15, 2019. Monahan has also appeared on musical mystery game show "I Can See Your Voice" as a guest panelist.


title: Pat Monahan

text: In 2021, Monahan starred in "Christmas In Tahoe", a Hallmark Channel film based on Train's album of the same name, and was also executive producer for the movie.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan has been married twice. He met his first wife, teacher Ginean Rapp, at a bar called Sherlock's when he was playing in a cover band called Rogues Gallery. They married in August 1990 and have two children together: Patrick and Emelia. During their marriage, they lived in Fairview Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania; and Petaluma, California. Monahan and Rapp divorced in 2006.


title: Pat Monahan

text: Monahan met his second wife, Amber Peterson, during a show on May 14, 2004. They have two children together: Autumn and Rock Richard. They reside in Issaquah, Washington.


title: Aleph

text: Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician , Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Arabic ʾ , Persian ʾalef ا, and North Arabian 𐪑. It also appears as South Arabian 𐩱 and Ge'ez .


title: Aleph

text: These letters are believed to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph depicting an ox's head to describe the initial sound of "*ʾalp", the West Semitic word for ox (compare Biblical Hebrew "ʾelef", "ox"). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the Greek alpha (), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А.


title: Aleph

text: Phonetically, "aleph" originally represented the onset of a vowel at the glottis. In Semitic languages, this functions as a prosthetic weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the "aleph" is an absence of a true consonant, a glottal stop (). In Arabic, the "alif" represents the glottal stop pronunciation when it is the initial letter of a word. In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an "aleph" as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, hamza in Arabic and mappiq in Tiberian Hebrew. In later Semitic languages, "aleph" could sometimes function as a "mater lectionis" indicating the presence of a vowel elsewhere (usually long). When this practice began is the subject of some controversy, though it had become well established by the late stage of Old Aramaic (ca. 200 BCE). Aleph is often transliterated as , based on the Greek "spiritus lenis" ; for example, in the transliteration of the letter name itself, "".


title: Aleph

text: The name "aleph" is derived from the West Semitic word for "ox" (as in the Biblical Hebrew word Eleph (אֶלֶף) 'ox'), and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph that may have been based on an Egyptian hieroglyph, which depicts an ox's head. F1


title: Aleph

text: In Modern Standard Arabic, the word literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root , from which the verb ألِف means 'to be acquainted with; to be on intimate terms with'. In modern Hebrew, the same root (alef-lamed-peh) gives "me’ulaf", the passive participle of the verb "le’alef", meaning 'trained' (when referring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals); the IDF rank of aluf, taken from an Edomite title of nobility, is also cognate.


title: Aleph

text: The Egyptian "vulture" hieroglyph (Gardiner G1), by convention pronounced ) is also referred to as "aleph", on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop, although some recent suggestions tend towards an alveolar approximant () sound instead. Despite the name it does not correspond to an aleph in cognate Semitic words, where the single "reed" hieroglyph is found instead.


title: Aleph

text: The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in Unicode (as of version 5.1, in the Latin Extended-D range) encoded at U+A722 Ꜣ and U+A723 ꜣ . A fallback representation is the numeral "3", or the Middle English character "ȝ" Yogh; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.


title: Aleph

text: The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew in typography for convenience, but the actual graphic form varied significantly over the long history and wide geographic extent of the language. Maraqten identifies three different aleph traditions in East Arabian coins: a lapidary Aramaic form that realizes it as a combination of a V-shape and a straight stroke attached to the apex, much like a Latin K; a cursive Aramaic form he calls the "elaborated X-form", essentially the same tradition as the Hebrew reflex; and an extremely cursive form of two crossed oblique lines, much like a simple Latin X.


title: Aleph

text: In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter either represents a glottal stop () or indicates a hiatus (the separation of two adjacent vowels into distinct syllables, with no intervening consonant). It is sometimes silent (word-finally always, word-medially sometimes: "he", "main", "head", "first"). The pronunciation varies in different Jewish ethnic divisions.


title: Aleph

text: In gematria, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 1000 (e.g. in numbers would be the Hebrew date 1754, not to be confused with 1754 CE).


title: Aleph

text: Aleph, along with ayin, resh, he and heth, cannot receive a dagesh. (However, there are few very rare examples of the Masoretes adding a dagesh or mappiq to an aleph or resh. The verses of the Hebrew Bible for which an aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are Genesis 43:26, Leviticus 23:17, Job 33:21 and Ezra 8:18.)


title: Aleph

text: Aleph is sometimes used as a mater lectionis to denote a vowel, usually . That use is more common in words of Aramaic and Arabic origin, in foreign names, and some other borrowed words.


title: Aleph

text: Aleph is the subject of a midrash that praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In Hebrew, the Bible begins with the second letter of the alphabet, bet.) In the story, aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the Ten Commandments. (In Hebrew, the first word is , which starts with an aleph.)


title: Aleph

text: In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter aleph is king over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the chest in the soul.


title: Aleph

text: Aleph is also the first letter of the Hebrew word "emet" (), which means "truth". In Jewish mythology, it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the golem that ultimately gave it life.


title: Aleph

text: Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's mystical name in Exodus, I Am who I Am (in Hebrew, Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh ), and aleph is an important part of mystical amulets and formulas.


title: Aleph

text: Aleph, in Jewish mysticism, represents the oneness of God. The letter can be seen as being composed of an upper yud, a lower yud, and a vav leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav ("hook") connects the two realms.


title: Aleph

text: Jewish mysticism relates aleph to the element of air, and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth .


title: Aleph

text: In Yiddish, aleph is used for several orthographic purposes in native words, usually with different diacritical marks borrowed from Hebrew niqqud:


title: Aleph

text: In the Syriac alphabet, the first letter is , , alap (in eastern dialects) or olaph (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel, but some words beginning with "i" or "u" do not need its help, and sometimes, an initial alap/olaph is elided. For example, when the Syriac first-person singular pronoun is in enclitic positions, it is pronounced "no/na" (again west/east), rather than the full form "eno/ana". The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels "o/a" or "e". In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a glottal stop between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes it a palatal approximant), a long "i/e" (less commonly "o/a") or is silent.


title: Aleph

text: In the Ancient South Arabian alphabet, 𐩱 appears as the seventeenth letter of the South Arabian abjad. The letter is used to render a glottal stop .


title: Aleph

text: In the Ge'ez alphabet, ʾälef አ appears as the thirteenth letter of its abjad. This letter is also used to render a glottal stop .


title: Aleph

text: Written as or 𐪑, spelled as or 𐪑𐪁𐪐 and transliterated as ', it is the first letter in Arabic and North Arabian. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek alpha and Latin A, it is descended from Phoenician , from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite ' "ox".


title: Aleph

text: The Arabic letter was used to render either a long or a glottal stop . That led to orthographical confusion and to the introduction of the additional letter ' . Hamza is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases, it appears on a carrier, either a ' (), a dotless "" (), or an alif.


title: Aleph

text: The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is '. It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-', below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel.


title: Aleph

text: A second type of hamza, ' () whose diacritic is normally omitted outside of sacred texts, occurs only as the initial letter of the definite article and in some related cases. It differs from ' in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Alif is always the carrier.


title: Aleph

text: The ' is a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel. Essentially, it is the same as a sequence: (final ) , for example in ' 'last'.


title: Aleph

text: "It has become standard for a "hamza" followed by a long ā to be written as two "alifs", one vertical and one horizontal." (the "horizontal" alif being the "maddah" sign).


title: Aleph

text: The ى ('limited/restricted alif', '), commonly known in Egypt as ' (, 'flexible alif'), looks like a dotless (final ) and may appear only at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular "alif", it represents the same sound , often realized as a short vowel. When it is written, ' is indistinguishable from final Persian "ye" or Arabic ' as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere.


title: Aleph

text: The letter is transliterated as in Kazakh, representing the vowel /ə/. "" is transliterated as in ALA-LC, in DIN 31635, in ISO 233-2, and in ISO 233.


title: Aleph

text: In Arabic, "alif maqsurah" is not used initially or medially, and it is not joinable initially or medially in any font. However, the letter is used initially and medially in the Uyghur Arabic alphabet and the Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet, representing the vowel /ɯ/: ().


title: Aleph

text: As a numeral, alif stands for the number one. It may be modified as follows to represent other numbers.


title: Aleph

text: In set theory, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the aleph numbers, which represent the cardinality of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician Georg Cantor. In older mathematics books, the letter aleph is often printed upside down by accident, partly because a Monotype matrix for aleph was mistakenly constructed the wrong way up.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Japanese mythology is a collection of traditional stories, folktales, and beliefs that emerged in the islands of the Japanese archipelago. Shinto and Buddhist traditions are the cornerstones of Japanese mythology. The history of thousands of years of contact with Korea, Ainu, and Okinawan myths are also key influences in Japanese mythology.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Japanese myths are tied to the topography of the archipelago as well as agriculturally-based folk religion, and the Shinto pantheon holds countless "kami" (Japanese for "god(s)" or "spirits"). This article will discuss cosmogony, important deities, modern interpretations, cultural significance, and the influence of these myths.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Two important sources for Japanese myths as they are recognized today are the "Kojiki" and the "Nihon Shoki". The "Kojiki", or "Record of Ancient Matters," is the oldest surviving account of Japan's myths, legends, and history. Additionally, the "Shintōshū" describes the origins of Japanese deities from a Buddhist perspective.


title: Japanese mythology

text: One notable feature of Japanese mythology is its explanation of the origin of the Imperial Family, which has been used historically to assign godhood to the imperial line.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Note that Japanese is not transliterated consistently across all sources (see spelling of proper nouns).


title: Japanese mythology

text: Japanese myths are passed down through oral tradition, through literary sources (including traditional art), and through archaeological sources. For much of Japan's history, communities were mostly isolated, which allowed for local legends and myths to grow around unique features of the geographic location where the people who told the stories lived.


title: Japanese mythology

text: The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, completed in A.D. 712 and A.D. 720 respectively, had the two most referenced and oldest sources of Japanese mythology and pre-history. Written in the Eighth century, under the Yamato state, the two collections relate the cosmogony and mythic origins of the Japanese archipelago, its people, and the imperial family. It is based on the records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki that the imperial family claims direct descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu and her grandson Ninigi.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Emperor Temmu enlisted the help of Hiyeda no Are who committed to memory the history of Japan as it was recorded in two collections that are thought by historians to have existed before the Kojiki and Nihongi. Under Empress Gemmei's rule, Hideya no Are's memory of the history of the Japanese archipelago and its mythological origins were recorded in spite of Emperor Temmu's death before its completion. As a result of Hideya no Are's account, the Kojiki was finally completed, transcribed in kanji characters, during Empress Genshō's time as sovereign. The Yamato state also produced "fudoki" and "Man'yōshū," two more of the oldest surviving texts that relate the historical and mythical origins of Japan's people, culture, and the imperial family.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Motoori Norinaga, an Edo-period Japanese scholar, interpreted Kojiki and his commentary, annotations, and use of alternate sources to supplement his interpretations are studied by scholars today because of their influence on the current understanding of Japanese myths.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Archaeologists studying the history of the Japanese Archipelago separate the prehistoric history into three eras based on attributes of the discoveries associated with each era. The Jōmun period marks the first cases of pottery found on the archipelago, followed by the Yayoi period and the Kofun period. The Yayoi district of Tokyo, Japan is the namesake of the Yayoi period because archaeologists discovered pottery associated with the time period there.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Contact with Korean civilization in the latter part of the Yayoi period influenced the culture of the Japanese Archipelago greatly, as evidenced by the discovery of artifacts that archaeologists associate with various cultural streams from Korea, and northeast Asia. Finally, Kofun period artifacts, ranging from A.D. 250 to A.D. 600, are the archaeological sources of what historians know about the Yamato kingdom — the same Yamato state that was responsible for the two most prominent literary sources of Japanese myth, the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Japan's creation narrative can be divided into the birth of the deities (Kamiumi) and the birth of the land (Kuniumi). The birth of the deities begins with the appearance of the first generation of gods who appeared out of the primordial oil, a trio of gods who produced the next seven generations of gods. Izanagi and Izanami were eventually born, siblings, and using a naginata decorated with jewels, named Ame-no-nuhoko ("Heavenly Jeweled Spear") that was gifted to them. Izanagi created the first islands of the Japanese Archipelago by dipping the Naginata into the primordial waters. Historians have interpreted the myth of Izanagi's creation of the first Japanese Island Onogoro as an early example of phallocentrism in Japanese mythology.The earliest creation myths of Japanese mythology generally involve topics such as death, decay, loss, infanticide, and contamination. The creation myths place great importance on purification, ceremonial order, and the masculine. For example, the first child born to Izanagi and Izanami after they attempt a union ceremony is born with no limbs or bones, and the parents discard the child by sending him to sea in a boat. When Izanagi and Izanami ask the older gods why their child was born without bones or limbs, they are told it was because they did not conduct the ceremony properly and that the male must always speak before the female. Once they follow the directions of the older gods correctly, they produce many children, many of whom are the islands of the Japanese Archipelago. Among their children are the Ōyashima, or the nine great islands of Japan — Awaji, Iyo, Oki, Tsukushi, Iki, Tsushima, Sado, and Yamato. The last child that Izanami produces is a fire god, Kagutsuchi (incarnation of fire), whose flames kill her; and Izanagi murders the child in grief-driven anger. The child's corpse creates even more gods. Izanami was then buried on Mount Hiba, at the border of the old provinces of Izumo and Hoki, near modern-day Yasugi of Shimane Prefecture.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Scholars of Japanese mythology have noted the incestuous themes of the creation myth as represented in the Kojiki, and the first scholar to write about Izanagi and Izanami as siblings was Oka Masao. Izanami is referred to in the Kojiki as Izanagi's "imo" (meaning both wife or little sister in Japanese) and other scholars dispute that the pair were siblings. Hattori Asake, another scholar, argued that Oka was correct because he drew evidence from another myth about humans who had incestuous relations because of a great flood wiping out the rest of the human population. Essentially, Hattori said the myth Oka used as evidence was too different to be the origin of the Izanagi and Izanami myth. In the Man'yōshū, Izanami is also referred to as "imo" by the compiler, suggesting that the compiler believed that Izanami was Izanagi's sister. While scholars disagree about the nature of Izanami and Izanagi's relationships, the gods Amaterasu and Susanoo, children of Izanagi, were sibling gods who created children together in a contest preceding Susanoo's desecration of Amaterasu's home which leads to her hiding in a cave. A unique aspect of Japanese mythology is its inclusion of graphic details, with disgusting and horrific images that are considered to be taboo in modern Japanese society, which has many cultural practices associated with purification and cleanliness.


title: Japanese mythology

text: After Izanami's death, the myth of Izanagi's efforts to rescue her from Yomi, an underworld described in Japanese mythology, explains the origins of the cycle of birth and death. After killing their child Kagutsuchi, Izanagi was still grief-stricken, so he undertook the task of finding a way to bring Izanami back from the dead. After finally locating her, he disobeyed her order to not look at her while she went to ask permission to leave Yomi. He used his hair to create a flame, and when he gazed at Izanami's rotting, maggot-filled flesh he fled in fear and disgust. Izanami felt betrayed and tried to capture him, but he escaped by creating obstacles for Izanami's horde of shikome including using peaches to threaten them. The myth of Izanagi's journey into Yomi features many themes of food, he creates grapes to distract the shikome who stop to eat them, granting him time to escape. The peaches he uses to scare the shikome off are then blessed, and peaches appear in many other Japanese myths, especially the tale of Momotarō the peach boy.


title: Japanese mythology

text: The origins of the Sun and the Moon are accounted for in Japanese mythology through the myth of Izanagi's return from Yomi. After spending so much time in Yomi, Izanagi cleansed himself with a purification ceremony. As Izanagi cleansed himself, the water and robes that fell from his body created many more gods. Purification rituals still function as important traditions in Japan today, from shoe etiquette in households to sumo wrestling purification ceremonies. Amaterasu, the Sun goddess and divine ancestor of the first Emperor Jimmu, was born from Izanagi's eye. The Moon god and Susanoo the storm god were born at the same time as Amaterasu, when Izanagi washed his face.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Myths related the Sun, the Moon, and the Storm kami are full of strife and conflict. The Sun goddess and her sibling the moon god's interpersonal conflicts explain, in Japanese myth, why the Sun and the Moon do not stay in the sky at the same time — their distaste for one another keeps them both turning away from the other. Meanwhile, the sun goddess and the storm god Susanoo's conflicts were intense and bloody. Various accounts of Susanoo's temper tantrum in Amaterasu's home depict a variety of disgusting and brutal behaviors (everything from smearing his feces across her home's walls to skinning her favorite horse alive and throwing it at her maid and killing the maid) but it is usually, in depictions of this particular myth, Susanoo's behavior that scares Amaterasu into hiding in a cave. It would take the combined efforts of many other kami, and the erotic dance of a particular goddess named Ame no Uzume, to lure Amaterasu from the cave again. Ame no Uzume exposed herself while dancing and created such commotion that Amaterasu peeked out from her cave. The myth of Amaterasu's entering and emerging from a cave is depicted in one of the most iconic images of Japanese mythology which is shown to the right.


title: Japanese mythology

text: The sun goddess Amaterasu's importance in Japanese mythology is two-fold. She is the sun, and one of Izanagi's most beloved of children, as well as the ancestor of the Japanese imperial line, according to legend. Her status as a sun goddess had political ramifications for the imperial family, and the Yamato state most likely benefited from the myth when dealing with Korean influences because Korea also had myths of sun god ancestors for the Korean imperial family.


title: Japanese mythology

text: The tale of first Emperor Jimmu is considered the origin of the Imperial family. Emperor Jimmu is considered to be the human descendant of Amaterasu the Sun goddess. His ascension to the throne marked the "Transition from Age of the Gods to Human Age". After taking control of Yamato province, he established the imperial throne and acceded in the year of kanototori (conventionally dated to 660 B.C.). At the end of the seventh century, the Imperial court finally moved from where Emperor Jimmu was said to have founded it in Yamato.


title: Japanese mythology

text: The importance of this myth in particular is that it establishes the origins, and the power, of the Japanese imperial family as divine. Although some scholars believe that the myths found in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki are meant to give authority to the imperial family, others suggest that the myths in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki are unique accounts meant to give authority to the mythic histories in themselves. The Nihon Shoki and Kojiki have varying accounts of the mythic history of Japan, and there are differences in the details of the origins of the imperial family between the two texts. The Yamato Dynasty still has a role as a public symbol of the state and people, according to the current constitution of Japan.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Japanese gods and goddesses, called kami, are uniquely numerous (there are at least eight million) and varied in power and stature. They are usually descendants from the original trio of gods that were born from nothing in the primordial oil that was the world before the kami began to shape it. There are easily as many kami in Japanese myth as there are distinct natural features, and most kami are associated with natural phenomena. Kami can take many shapes and forms, some look almost human in depictions found by archaeologists; meanwhile, other kami look like hybrids of humans and creatures, or may not look human at all. One example of a kami who looks almost human in depictions is the ruler of the Seas Ryujin. On the other hand, kami like Ningi and Amaterasu are often depicted as human in their forms.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Shinto originated in Japan, and the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki tell the tales of the Shinto pantheon's origins. It is important to note that Shintoism is still practiced today in Japan. In Shinto belief, kami has multiple meanings and could also be translated as "spirit" and all objects in nature have a kami according to this system. Myths often tell stories of particular, local deities and kami; for example, the kami of a mountain or a nearby lake. Most kami take their origins from Shinto beliefs, but the influence of Buddhism also affected the pantheon. Contact with other cultures usually had some influence on Japanese myth. In the fourteenth century, Christianity found its way to Japan through St. Francis Xavier and there was also contact with westerners. However, during the Tokugawa shogunate Christians were executed in Japan. Twenty Christians were crucified before that while Toyotomi Hideyoshi was consolidating his power after the assassination of Oda Nobunaga. Christianity was banned in Japan until well into the nineteenth century.


title: Japanese mythology

text: As in other cultures, Japanese mythology accounts for not only the actions of supernatural beings but also the adventures and lives of folk heroes. There are many Japanese heroes that are associated with specific locations in Japan, and others that are more well-known across the archipelago. Some heroes are thought to have been real people, such as the Forty-seven rōnin, but their legacy has been transformed into great folktales that depict the historical figures as more gifted, powerful, or knowledgeable than the average person. The heroic adventures of these heroes range from acts of kindness and devotion, such as the myth of Shita-kiri Suzume, to battling frightful enemies, as in the tale of Momotaro.


title: Japanese mythology

text: Themes that appear in the folklore concerning heroes are moral lessons, or stories that function as parables. The tale of Shita-kiri Suzume, for example, warns of the dangers of greed, avarice, and jealousy through the example of an old couple's experiences with a fairy who disguised herself as a sparrow to test the old man. The influence of "Bushido" is noticeable in the behavior of heroes, and heroes often were also warriors. Momotaro, born from a peach for a childless couple to raise, is a mythic hero who embodied courage and dutifulness as he went on a journey to defeat "oni" who were kidnapping, raping, and pillaging his home island. The tale of Momotaro also shares in the themes of violence, sexual violence, and deities or demons devouring humans. Stories of sexual violence are common in the Buddhist text "Nihon ryōiki", while stories of people being devoured by mountain deities are found as if they are historical accounts in the fudoki. In Japanese folklore, heroes like Momotaro rescue women from violent "kami" and "oni". Although the exploits of heroes are well known, Japanese mythology also featured heroines. Ototachibana, the wife of Yamato Takeru, threw herself into the sea to save her husband's ship and quell the wrath of the storm that threatened them. Yamato Takeru, once safe, built a tomb for her and his mourning utterance for his wife caused Eastern Honshu to be called Adzuma.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Tickets to My Downfall is the fifth studio album by American musician Machine Gun Kelly. A departure from his established rap sound, the album is a more guitar-driven pop-punk album. It was released through Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records on September 25, 2020. The album was a commercial success, debuting atop the US "Billboard" 200, his first to do so. It was met with positive reviews from critics, and went on to be his first album to be certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: "Tickets to My Downfall" was preceded by the release of the singles: "Bloody Valentine", "Concert for Aliens" and "My Ex's Best Friend".


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Machine Gun Kelly, birth name Colson Baker, had released four studio albums through the 2010s. While his first four studio albums had been hip hop/rap styled, by the end of the decade, Baker started moving into a rock music direction. In 2019, Baker appeared in the film "The Dirt", a biographic film about the band Mötley Crüe where he played drummer Tommy Lee. The same year, Baker released his fourth studio album, "Hotel Diablo", which ended with the track "I Think I'm Okay", a more rock-leaning song collaboration with Yungblud and Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker. It was released as a single and became very popular, hitting number 8 on the year-end "Billboard" US Hot Rock Songs and ended up being certified platinum in the US.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Baker, wishing to explore the sound further, booked a day in recording studio to work with Barker, to record what would become the song "Bloody Valentine". The session was so powerful to Baker that he asked Barker to set aside two months for them to collaborate on an entire studio album, to which Barker obliged. For much of the rest of the year, Baker would refer to working on the album informally referred to as "the untitled pop punk project". Along with Baker on vocals and guitar, the entire album would feature Barker on drums and as a producer.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Prior to the recording of the album, Baker expressed a wish for the album to include features from Bert McCracken of the Used and Chris Fronzak from Attila. The album went on to feature collaborations with Halsey on the track "Forget Me Too", Blackbear on the track "My Ex's Best Friend", Trippie Redd on the track "All I Know", and Iann Dior on "Nothing Inside", as well as McCracken and Yungblud on "Body Bag", from the album's deluxe edition. Other collaborations in the studio included Goody Grace, Mod Sun, Young Thug, and another collaboration with Yungblud. "Body Bag", features heavy similarities to Fall Out Boy’s 2005 single "Dance, Dance", which require clearance from the band for use, which was given by Pete Wentz and Patrick Stump just a day prior to release. Baker also noted that the album originally concluded with a track titled "Times of My Life", but that he couldn't get authorization to publish the song from Tom Petty's estate, who felt the hook was too similar to a song of Petty's. A year after the release, Baker noted that Corey Taylor of Slipknot had recorded some vocals for an unidentified track, but Baker wasn't happy with how it turned out and it didn't make the album. Conversely, Taylor argued that he passed on the song himself, stating he was not happy with the song ideas he was presented with on the track "Can't Look Back".


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Contrary to the hip-hop style of Baker's first four studio albums, "Tickets to My Downfall" was designed by Baker to be a pop punk album. Baker created a more guitar-driven and live instrument sound in hopes of inspiring a younger generation to learn guitar. He wished to use the sound to branch out to a larger demographic as well, and succeeded, with Baker noting that his own father liked his music for the first time in his career. Tracks "Bloody Valentine" and "Concert for Aliens" were both described as "pop punk", while "My Ex's Best Friend" was described as having a more modern take on the genre, not quite "the same 'classic' pop punk vibe". The album's delay to September 2020 was something Baker felt worked out in the end, as he noted that the album has a summery, good-times vibe that he felt people could appreciate in enduring the COVID-19 lockdowns.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Baker used a metaphor related to the Goodyear Blimp to explain the meaning of the album title, stating:


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The album was originally expected to release in early 2020 after Baker's repeated teasers in late 2019 and early 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic would delay album release plans. Baker used the time in lockdown to record a series of live-streamed performances, titled "LockdownSessions", including a rendition of Paramore's "Misery Business", something that caught the attention of music publications due to Hayley Williams's own denouncement of the song's lyrics earlier in the year. Baker also live-streamed a cover version of Rihanna’s "Love on the Brain" at the request of Marilyn Manson. Both songs became bonus tracks for a Target store special edition of the album.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The album's first formal single, "Bloody Valentine" was released on May 1, 2020. As of early August, the song had over 30 million YouTube views. At the time of the release, Baker announced that the album had been delayed to summer 2020. A second single, "Concert for Aliens", was debuted on the nationally televised broadcast of "Good Morning America", and later released on August 5, 2020. A music video was released a week later, which involved the band performing in front of a large crowd of aliens. A third single, "My Ex's Best Friend" featuring Blackbear, was released on August 7, 2020, and has peaked at number 20 on the US "Billboard" all-format Hot 100 chart.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: On September 7, the album's tracklist and cover art were released. However, later in the day, it was found that the album artwork - a sketch of a man falling down - unbeknownst to Baker, was closely modeled after a photograph that they did not have the legal rights to use, causing Baker to apologize and announce that a new album cover would be created. He later noted he had signed thousands of copies of the album with the outdated album artwork.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The album was released on September 25, 2020, and a livestream of a live performance of the entire album was performed on October 1, 2020. In September 29, a deluxe edition of the album, dubbed the "Sold Out" edition, was released, featuring four new songs, the band's "Misery Business" cover, and an acoustic rendition of "Bloody Valentine". Concurrently, a music video for the track "Drunk Face" was also released.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The release of a movie based on the album was first announced by Baker on November 22, 2020. The film, titled "Downfalls High" was premiered at 6pm PST on January 15, 2021, through Facebook.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The film stars Chase Hudson as Fenix, a quiet high schooler and Sydney Sweeney as the school's popular girl, Scarlett, as they navigate the beginnings of their romantic relationship. It begins following Fenix, as he is in a psychiatric hospital, before cutting to a news report that states that a student at Downfalls High School, whose music had recently gained success, had cut his ear off at graduation. It then flashes back to eight months prior, as Fenix can be seen getting bullied by a jock (Jaden Hossler). Scarlett soon leaves her popular friends to spend time with Fenix, his friend Jimmy (Jimmy Bennett) and Jimmy's girlfriend (Caroline Miner Smith), who had already dropped out of school. Scarlett soon buys Fenix a guitar and is revealed to be pregnant, before being involved in a car accident that kills her, without Fenix knowing about her pregnancy. Through his grieving, Fenix forms the band Pink Switchblade using the guitar, with Jimmy and Jimmy's friend (Landon Barker). After the band's first performance, Scarlett's best friend Tiffany (Maggie Lindemann) romantically pursues Fenix, however he turns her away. Fenix soon discovers Scarlett's pregnancy and decides to chop his ear off at his graduation as an act of despair.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Directed by Baker and Derek Smith, it was filmed in four days during the COVID-19 pandemic. The film also includes appearances from Iann Dior, Omer Fedi, Trippie Redd and Blackbear.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: When Smith originally pitched casting Hudson as the film's protagonist, Baker had reservations due to his lack of a background in acting. In an interview with Metro, Smith stated that the main reason for this casting choice was that he wanted to style Hudson's clothing, stating "My first stipulation to working on any project within the last three years was that I can style it. I can’t tell you how fucking much I hate style when I look at TV and I see people literally dressing horribly".


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Much of the clothes worn by actors throughout the film were a part of Smith and Baker's then-unreleased clothing line "No Safety". Many were also the pair's own personal clothing.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The film was generally well received and gained over 16 million views in its first weekend. "NME" rated the film 4/5 stars, stating "In a world of content for content's sake – films have often been used by artists try and extend the lifespan of an album – "Downfalls High" feels driven by purpose". Whereas, "Exclaim!" rated it 4/10 and described it as "a 50-minute cringefest that rings hollow."


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Baker announced via social media that he would be going on tour in further promotion on the album during the Fall of 2021 in the Tickets to My Downfall U.S. Tour, joined by Caroles Daughter, Jxdn, and Kenny Hoopla. The tour dates were only announced in North America due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the album will continue to be promoted internationally in the Summer of 2022 via the higher profile Mainstream Sellout Tour. In addition, He also announced he would be joining the Kings of Leon and Black Pumas at the three-day NFL Draft from Apr. 29 to May 1 in 2021.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The album received positive reviews from critics, who praised Kelly's successful transition from hip-hop to pop-punk. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "Tickets to My Downfall" received an average score of 72 based on 6 reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews". "Wall of Sound" praised the album, citing Barker's drumming, production and concluding that "What the album lacks in lyrical substance though, is made up for with the abundance of infectious pop melodies and catchy rock choruses." "Kerrang!" was similarly positive, praising the album for being "...a slick sideways hop from what you might be expecting from Machine Gun Kelly, it's done excellently. It celebrates everything great about pop-punk without feeling cookie-cutter or third division", and disagreed with "Wall of Sound"s assessment of the lyrics, praising them for its "open-diary honesty that fills the whole album, confessional and unflinching". In a much more critical review, "Sputnikmusic" claimed the album was a "completely egregious copy-paste of Blink 182’s glory day sound" and the "pop-punk equivalent to Greta Van Fleet's soulless imitations of Led Zeppelin".


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Baker took home the award for Top Rock Album at the 2021 Billboard Music Awards and at the iHeartRadio Music Awards for the Alternate-Rock Album of the Year. "Tickets to My Downfall" did not receive any nominations from the Academy for the Grammy Awards, fans showed their support for the album over Twitter following a tweet from Baker, as fans and Baker argued that the album should have been included in the nominations list. This follows further backlash from the public directed towards the Grammy's as notable artists such as Halsey, The Weeknd, Fiona Apple, and BTS were not included in the nomination list, with the "#Scammys" trending on Twitter.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: Numerous critics and publications listed "Tickets to My Downfall" in their year-end ranking of the best albums of 2020.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: "Tickets to My Downfall" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 all-format albums chart, moving 126,000 album equivalent units in its first week. It became his first number one album, tripling the opening numbers for his prior album, "Hotel Diablo" in 2019, and made it the first rock album to top the chart in just over a year, since Tool's album "Fear Inoculum" in September 2019. It became the fifth longest charting album on "Billboard's" Top Rock Albums history after spending thirteen weeks in the number one spot. The album was confirmed to have just sold over 200,000 copies in pure album sales, as of April 8, 2022. The album received a Platinum certification in the United States RIAA after a year with 1 million units sold.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: In Australia, the album debuted and peaked at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart for the chart dated 5 October 2020, held off from the number one position by Joji's "Nectar". The following week, the album fell three positions to number five.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: In Canada, the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart for the chart dated 10 October 2020. The album was confirmed to have sold over 49,000 units by 13 July 2021. The album received a platinum certification that year indicating over 60,000 units sold.


title: Tickets to My Downfall

text: The popularity of the album began a pop punk revival in the 2020s. "The Evening Standard" credited the album as "bridg[ing] the gap" between the modern pop punk scene and the mainstream interest that developed from the emo rap scene.


title: Working Title Films

text: Working Title Films is a British film studio that produces motion pictures and television programs and is a subsidiary of Universal Pictures, a division of NBCUniversal, which is itself a division of Comcast. The company was founded by Tim Bevan and Sarah Radclyffe in 1983. It produces feature films and several television productions. Bevan and Eric Fellner are now the co-chairmen of the company.


title: Working Title Films

text: Working Title Films was co founded by producers Tim Bevan and Sarah Radclyffe in 1983. Radclyffe left in 1992, PolyGram became the company's corporate backer, and Eric Fellner, a fellow independent film producer, joined the company.


title: Working Title Films

text: The company produced a variety of films for PolyGram's London based production company, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment. An Anglo-Dutch film studio, PolyGram Films became a major Hollywood competitor. In 1998, Seagram sold the bulk of its library of PolyGram films released up until 31 March 1996 to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Working Title Films

text: In 1999, PolyGram was sold to the Seagram company and merged with MCA Music Entertainment, to form Universal Music Group. PolyGram Films was sold and folded into Universal Pictures in 1999. Although contractually allowed to produce any film with a budget of up to $35 million, on a practical basis, Bevan and Fellner consult with studio executives at Working Title's parent company NBCUniversal.


title: Working Title Films

text: Working Title is headquartered in London, and has an office in Los Angeles, which is headed by producer Liza Chasin. More recently, the production company renewed its first look deal with Universal Pictures.


title: Working Title Films

text: In 1999, Bevan and Fellner launched a subsidiary company named Working Title 2 Productions, commonly known as WT. The company is an independent film production arm run by Natascha Wharton, and has produced films that include "Billy Elliot", "Shaun of the Dead" and "The Calcium Kid".


title: Working Title Films

text: Working Title has been active in television production since the beginning of the 1990s. In February 2010, Working Title officially launched its television division as a joint venture with parent company NBCUniversal, itself owned by Comcast. Since then, they have produced content for both British and American television. Notable productions and co productions developed by Working Title Television (WTTV) include NBC's "About a Boy", and Showtime's "The Tudors".


title: Working Title Films

text: In 1991, Working Title was involved in a bid for the London Weekend ITV licence. Working Title, Mentorn, Palace and PolyGram wanted to take over from London Weekend Television and broadcast to London under the name London Independent Broadcasting. In the event LWT retained its licence; London Independent Broadcasting's proposals were deemed by the Independent Television Commission, which was overseeing the bid process, to fail the quality threshold.


title: NAND gate

text: In digital electronics, a NAND gate (NOT-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. A NAND gate is made using transistors and junction diodes. By De Morgan's laws, a two-input NAND gate's logic may be expressed as =+, making a NAND gate equivalent to inverters followed by an OR gate.


title: NAND gate

text: The NAND gate is significant because any boolean function can be implemented by using a combination of NAND gates. This property is called functional completeness. It shares this property with the NOR gate. Digital systems employing certain logic circuits take advantage of NAND's functional completeness.


title: NAND gate

text: One way of expressing A NAND B is formula_1, where the symbol formula_2 signifies AND and the bar signifies the negation of the expression under it: in essence, simply formula_3.


title: NAND gate

text: NAND gates with two or more inputs are available as integrated circuits in transistor-transistor logic, CMOS, and other logic families.


title: NAND gate

text: There are three symbols for NAND gates: the MIL/ANSI symbol, the IEC symbol and the deprecated DIN symbol sometimes found on old schematics. For more information see logic gate symbols. The ANSI symbol for the NAND gate is a standard AND gate with an inversion bubble connected.


title: NAND gate

text: The standard, 4000 series, CMOS IC is the 4011, which includes four independent, two-input, NAND gates.


title: NAND gate

text: These devices are available from most semiconductor manufacturers such as Fairchild Semiconductor, Philips or Texas Instruments. These are usually available in both through-hole DIL and SOIC format. Datasheets are readily available in most datasheet databases.


title: NAND gate

text: The NAND gate has the property of functional completeness, which it shares with the NOR gate. That is, any other logic function (AND, OR, etc.) can be implemented using only NAND gates. An entire processor can be created using NAND gates alone. In TTL ICs using multiple-emitter transistors, it also requires fewer transistors than a NOR gate.


title: NAND gate

text: As NOR gates are also functionally complete, if no specific NAND gates are available, one can be made from NOR gates using NOR logic.


title: Spectral density

text: The power spectrum formula_1 of a time series formula_2 describes the distribution of power into frequency components composing that signal. According to Fourier analysis, any physical signal can be decomposed into a number of discrete frequencies, or a spectrum of frequencies over a continuous range. The statistical average of a certain signal or sort of signal (including noise) as analyzed in terms of its frequency content, is called its spectrum.


title: Spectral density

text: When the energy of the signal is concentrated around a finite time interval, especially if its total energy is finite, one may compute the energy spectral density. More commonly used is the power spectral density (or simply power spectrum), which applies to signals existing over "all" time, or over a time period large enough (especially in relation to the duration of a measurement) that it could as well have been over an infinite time interval. The power spectral density (PSD) then refers to the spectral energy distribution that would be found per unit time, since the total energy of such a signal over all time would generally be infinite. Summation or integration of the spectral components yields the total power (for a physical process) or variance (in a statistical process), identical to what would be obtained by integrating formula_3 over the time domain, as dictated by Parseval's theorem.