title: Molten salt reactor

text: Molten salts can be highly corrosive and corrosivity increases with temperature. For the primary cooling loop, a material is needed that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures and intense radiation. Experiments show that Hastelloy-N and similar alloys are suited to these tasks at operating temperatures up to about 700 °C. However, operating experience is limited. Still higher operating temperatures are desirable—at thermochemical production of hydrogen becomes possible. Materials for this temperature range have not been validated, though carbon composites, molybdenum alloys (e.g. TZM), carbides, and refractory metal based or ODS alloys might be feasible.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: A workaround suggested by a private researcher is to use the new beta-titanium Au alloys as this would also allow extreme temperature operation as well as increasing the safety margin.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Fluorine has only one stable isotope (), and does not easily become radioactive under neutron bombardment. Compared to chlorine and other halides, fluorine also absorbs fewer neutrons and slows ("moderates") neutrons better. Low-valence fluorides boil at high temperatures, though many pentafluorides and hexafluorides boil at low temperatures. They must be very hot before they break down into their constituent elements. Such molten salts are "chemically stable" when maintained well below their boiling points. Fluoride salts dissolve poorly in water, and do not form burnable hydrogen.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Chlorine has two stable isotopes ( and ), as well as a slow-decaying isotope between them which facilitates neutron absorption by .


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Chlorides permit fast breeder reactors to be constructed. Much less research has been done on reactor designs using chloride salts. Chlorine, unlike fluorine, must be purified to isolate the heavier stable isotope, , thus reducing production of sulfur tetrachloride that occurs when absorbs a neutron to become , then degrades by beta decay to .


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Lithium must be in the form of purified , because effectively captures neutrons and produces tritium. Even if pure Li is used, salts containing lithium cause significant tritium production, comparable with heavy water reactors.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Reactor salts are usually close to eutectic mixtures to reduce their melting point. A low melting point simplifies melting the salt at startup and reduces the risk of the salt freezing as it is cooled in the heat exchanger.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Due to the high "redox window" of fused fluoride salts, the redox potential of the fused salt system can be changed. Fluorine-lithium-beryllium ("FLiBe") can be used with beryllium additions to lower the redox potential and nearly eliminate corrosion. However, since beryllium is extremely toxic, special precautions must be engineered into the design to prevent its release into the environment. Many other salts can cause plumbing corrosion, especially if the reactor is hot enough to make highly reactive hydrogen.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: To date, most research has focused on FLiBe, because lithium and beryllium are reasonably effective moderators and form a eutectic salt mixture with a lower melting point than each of the constituent salts. Beryllium also performs neutron doubling, improving the neutron economy. This process occurs when the beryllium nucleus emits two neutrons after absorbing a single neutron. For the fuel carrying salts, generally 1% or 2% (by mole) of UF is added. Thorium and plutonium fluorides have also been used.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Techniques for preparing and handling molten salt were first developed at ORNL. The purpose of salt purification is to eliminate oxides, sulfur and metal impurities. Oxides could result in the deposition of solid particles in reactor operation. Sulfur must be removed because of its corrosive attack on nickel-based alloys at operational temperature. Structural metal such as chromium, nickel, and iron must be removed for corrosion control.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: A water content reduction purification stage using HF and helium sweep gas was specified to run at 400 °C. Oxide and sulfur contamination in the salt mixtures were removed using gas sparging of HF – H mixture, with the salt heated to 600 °C. Structural metal contamination in the salt mixtures were removed using hydrogen gas sparging, at 700 °C. Solid ammonium hydrofluoride was proposed as a safer alternative for oxide removal.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The possibility of online processing can be an MSR advantage. Continuous processing would reduce the inventory of fission products, control corrosion and improve neutron economy by removing fission products with high neutron absorption cross-section, especially xenon. This makes the MSR particularly suited to the neutron-poor thorium fuel cycle. Online fuel processing can introduce risks of fuel processing accidents, which can trigger release of radio isotopes.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In some thorium breeding scenarios, the intermediate product protactinium would be removed from the reactor and allowed to decay into highly pure , an attractive bomb-making material. More modern designs propose to use a lower specific power or a separate thorium breeding blanket. This dilutes the protactinium to such an extent that few protactinium atoms absorb a second neutron or, via a (n, 2n) reaction (in which an incident neutron is not absorbed but instead knocks a neutron out of the nucleus), generate . Because has a short half-life and its decay chain contains hard gamma emitters, it makes the isotopic mix of uranium less attractive for bomb-making. This benefit would come with the added expense of a larger fissile inventory or a 2-fluid design with a large quantity of blanket salt.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The necessary fuel salt reprocessing technology has been demonstrated, but only at laboratory scale. A prerequisite to full-scale commercial reactor design is the R&D to engineer an economically competitive fuel salt cleaning system.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Reprocessing refers to the chemical separation of fissionable uranium and plutonium from spent fuel. Such recovery could increase the risk of nuclear proliferation. In the United States the regulatory regime has varied dramatically across administrations.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: A systematic literature review from 2020 concludes that there is very limited information on economics and finance of MSRs, with low quality of the information and that cost estimations are uncertain.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In the specific case of the stable salt reactor (SSR) where the radioactive fuel is contained as a molten salt within fuel pins and the primary circuit is not radioactive, operating costs are likely to be lower.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: While many design variants have been proposed, there are three main categories regarding the role of molten salt:


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The use of molten salt as fuel and as coolant are independent design choices - the original circulating-fuel-salt MSRE and the more recent static-fuel-salt SSR use salt as fuel and salt as coolant; the DFR uses salt as fuel but metal as coolant; and the FHR has solid fuel but salt as coolant.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: MSRs can be burners or breeders. They can be fast or thermal or epithermal. Thermal reactors typically employ a moderator (usually graphite) to slow the neutrons down and moderate temperature. They can accept a variety of fuels (low-enriched uranium, thorium, depleted uranium, waste products) and coolants (fluoride, chloride, lithium, beryllium, mixed). Fuel cycle can be either closed or once-through. They can be monolithic or modular, large or small. The reactor can adopt a loop, modular or integral configuration. Variations include:


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) is a proposed design with the fuel dissolved in a fluoride salt coolant. The MSFR is one of the two variants of MSRs selected by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) for further development, the other being the FHR or AHTR. The MSFR is based on a fast neutron spectrum and is believed to be a long-term substitute to solid-fueled fast reactors. They have been studied for almost a decade, mainly by calculations and determination of basic physical and chemical properties in the European Union and Russian Federation. A MSFR is regarded sustainable because there are no fuel shortages. Operation of a MSFR does in theory not generate or require large amounts of transuranic (TRU) elements. When steady state is achieved in a MSFR, there is no longer a need for uranium enrichment facilities.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: MSFRs may be breeder reactors. They operate without a moderator in the core such as graphite, so graphite life-span is no longer a problem. This results in a breeder reactor with a fast neutron spectrum that operates in the Thorium fuel cycle. MSFRs contain relatively small initial inventories of U. MSFRs run on liquid fuel with no solid matter inside the core. This leads to the possibility of reaching specific power that is much higher than reactors using solid fuel. The heat produced goes directly into the heat transfer fluid. In the MSFR, a small amount of molten salt is set aside to be processed for fission product removal and then returned to the reactor. This gives MSFRs the capability of reprocessing the fuel without stopping the reactor. This is very different compared to solid-fueled reactors because they have separate facilities to produce the solid fuel and process spent nuclear fuel. The MSFR can operate using a large variety of fuel compositions due to its on-line fuel control and flexible fuel processing.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The standard MSFR would be a 3000 MWth reactor that has a total fuel salt volume of 18 m with a mean fuel temperature of 750 C. The core's shape is a compact cylinder with a height to diameter ratio of 1 where liquid fluoride fuel salt flows from the bottom to the top. The return circulation of the salt, from top to bottom, is broken up into 16 groups of pumps and heat exchangers located around the core. The fuel salt takes approximately 3 to 4 seconds to complete a full cycle. At any given time during operation, half of the total fuel salt volume is in the core and the rest is in the external fuel circuit (salt collectors, salt-bubble separators, fuel heat exchangers, pumps, salt injectors and pipes). MSFRs contain an emergency draining system that is triggered and achieved by redundant and reliable devices such as detection and opening technology. During operation, the fuel salt circulation speed can be adjusted by controlling the power of the pumps in each sector. The intermediate fluid circulation speed can be adjusted by controlling the power of the intermediate circuit pumps. The temperature of the intermediate fluid in the intermediate exchangers can be managed through the use of a double bypass. This allows the temperature of the intermediate fluid at the conversion exchanger inlet to be held constant while its temperature is increased in a controlled way at the inlet of the intermediate exchangers. The temperature of the core can be adjusted by varying the proportion of bubbles injected in the core since it reduces the salt density. As a result, it reduces the mean temperature of the fuel salt. Usually the fuel salt temperature can be brought down by 100 C using a 3% proportion of bubbles. MSFRs have two draining modes, controlled routine draining and emergency draining. During controlled routine draining, fuel salt is transferred to actively cooled storage tanks. The fuel temperature can be lowered before draining, this may slow down the process. This type of draining could be done every 1 to 5 years when the sectors are replaced. Emergency draining is done when an irregularity occurs during operation. The fuel salt can be drained directly into the emergency draining tank either by active devices or by passive means. The draining must be fast to limit the fuel salt heating in a loss of heat removal event.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR), also called advanced high temperature reactor (AHTR), is also a proposed Generation IV molten salt reactor variant regarded promising for the long-term future. The FHR/AHTR reactor uses a solid-fuel system along with a molten fluoride salt as coolant.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: One version of the Very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) under study was the liquid-salt very-high-temperature reactor (LS-VHTR). It uses liquid salt as a coolant in the primary loop, rather than a single helium loop. It relies on "TRISO" fuel dispersed in graphite. Early AHTR research focused on graphite in the form of graphite rods that would be inserted in hexagonal moderating graphite blocks, but current studies focus primarily on pebble-type fuel. The LS-VHTR can work at very high temperatures (the boiling point of most molten salt candidates is >1400 °C); low-pressure cooling that can be used to match hydrogen production facility conditions (most thermochemical cycles require temperatures in excess of 750 °C); better electric conversion efficiency than a helium-cooled VHTR operating in similar conditions; passive safety systems and better retention of fission products in the event of an accident.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Reactors containing molten thorium salt, called liquid fluoride thorium reactors (LFTR), would tap the thorium fuel cycle. Private companies from Japan, Russia, Australia and the United States, and the Chinese government, have expressed interest in developing this technology.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Advocates estimate that five hundred metric tons of thorium could supply U.S. energy needs for one year. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the largest-known U.S. thorium deposit, the Lemhi Pass district on the Montana-Idaho border, contains thorium reserves of 64,000 metric tons.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Traditionally, these reactors were known as molten salt breeder reactors (MSBRs) or thorium molten salt reactors (TMSRs), but the name LFTR was promoted as a rebrand in the early 2000s by Kirk Sorensen.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The stable salt reactor is a relatively recent concept which holds the molten salt fuel statically in traditional LWR fuel pins. Pumping of the fuel salt, and all the corrosion/deposition/maintenance/containment issues arising from circulating a highly radioactive, hot and chemically complex fluid, are no longer required. The fuel pins are immersed in a separate, non-fissionable fluoride salt which acts as primary coolant.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: MSR research started with the U.S. Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE) in support of the U.S. Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program. ARE was a 2.5 MW nuclear reactor experiment designed to attain a high energy density for use as an engine in a nuclear-powered bomber.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The project included experiments, including high temperature and engine tests collectively called the Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments: HTRE-1, HTRE-2 and HTRE-3 at the National Reactor Test Station (now Idaho National Laboratory) as well as an experimental high-temperature molten salt reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory – the ARE.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: ARE used molten fluoride salt NaF-ZrF-UF (53-41-6 mol%) as fuel, moderated by beryllium oxide (BeO). Liquid sodium was a secondary coolant.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The experiment had a peak temperature of 860 °C. It produced 100 MWh over nine days in 1954. This experiment used Inconel 600 alloy for the metal structure and piping.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: An MSR was operated at the Critical Experiments Facility of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1957. It was part of the circulating-fuel reactor program of the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company (PWAC). This was called Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Reactor-1 (PWAR-1). The experiment was run for a few weeks and at essentially zero power, although it reached criticality. The operating temperature was held constant at approximately . The PWAR-1 used NaF-ZrF-UF as the primary fuel and coolant. It was one of three critical MSRs ever built.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) took the lead in researching MSRs through the 1960s. Much of their work culminated with the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE). MSRE was a 7.4 MW test reactor simulating the neutronic "kernel" of a type of epithermal thorium molten salt breeder reactor called the liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR). The large (expensive) breeding blanket of thorium salt was omitted in favor of neutron measurements.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: MSRE's piping, core vat and structural components were made from Hastelloy-N, moderated by pyrolytic graphite. It went critical in 1965 and ran for four years. Its fuel was LiF-BeF-ZrF-UF (65-29-5-1)mol%. The graphite core moderated it. Its secondary coolant was FLiBe (2LiF-BeF). It reached temperatures as high as and achieved the equivalent of about 1.5 years of full power operation.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: From 1970 to 1976 ORNL researched during the 1970–1976 a molten salt breeder reactor (MSBR) design. Fuel was to be LiF-BeF-ThF-UF (72-16-12-0.4)mol% with graphite moderator. The secondary coolant was to be NaF-NaBF Its peak operating temperature was to be . It would follow a 4-year replacement schedule. The MSR program closed down in the early 1970s in favor of the liquid metal fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR), after which research stagnated in the United States. , ARE and MSRE remained the only molten-salt reactors ever operated.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Engel et al 1980 said the project "examine[ the conceptual feasibility of a molten-salt power reactor fueled with denatured uranium-235 (i.e. with low-enriched uranium) and operated with a minimum of chemical processing." The main design priority was proliferation resistance. Although the DMSR can theoretically be fueled partially by thorium or plutonium, fueling solely with low enriched uranium (LEU) helps maximize proliferation resistance.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Other goals of the DMSR were to minimize research and development and to maximize feasibility. The Generation IV international Forum (GIF) includes "salt processing" as a technology gap for molten salt reactors. The DMSR design theoretically requires minimal chemical processing because it is a burner rather than a breeder.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) was developing an alternative MSR design across its National Laboratories at Harwell, Culham, Risley and Winfrith. AERE opted to focus on a lead-cooled 2.5 GWe Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR) concept using a chloride. They also researched helium gas as a coolant.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The UK MSFR would have been fuelled by plutonium, a fuel considered to be 'free' by the program's research scientists, because of the UK's plutonium stockpile.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Despite their different designs, ORNL and AERE maintained contact during this period with information exchange and expert visits. Theoretical work on the concept was conducted between 1964 and 1966, while experimental work was ongoing between 1968 and 1973. The program received annual government funding of around £100,000–£200,000 (equivalent to £2m–£3m in 2005). This funding came to an end in 1974, partly due to the success of the Prototype Fast Reactor at Dounreay which was considered a priority for funding as it went critical in the same year.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In the USSR, a molten-salt reactor research program was started in the second half of the 1970s at the Kurchatov Institute. It included theoretical and experimental studies, particularly the investigation of mechanical, corrosion and radiation properties of the molten salt container materials. The main findings supported the conclusion that no physical nor technological obstacles prevented the practical implementation of MSRs.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: MSR interest resumed in the new millennium due to continuing delays in fusion power and other nuclear power programs and increasing demand for energy sources that would incur minimal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Terrestrial Energy, a Canadian-based company, is developing a DMSR design called the Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR). The IMSR is designed to be deployable as a small modular reactor (SMR). Their design currently undergoing licensing is 400MW thermal (190MW electrical). With high operating temperatures, the IMSR has applications in industrial heat markets as well as traditional power markets. The main design features include neutron moderation from graphite, fueling with low-enriched uranium and a compact and replaceable Core-unit. Decay heat is removed passively using nitrogen (with air as an emergency alternative). The latter feature permits the operational simplicity necessary for industrial deployment.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Terrestrial completed the first phase of a prelicensing review by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission in 2017, which provided a regulatory opinion that the design features are generally safe enough to eventually obtain a license to construct the reactor.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: China initiated a thorium research project in January 2011, and spent about 3 billion yuan (US$500 million) on it by 2021. A 100 MW demonstrator of the solid fuel version (TMSR-SF), based on pebble bed technology, was planned to be ready by 2024. A 10 MW pilot and a larger demonstrator of the liquid fuel (TMSR-LF) variant were targeted for 2024 and 2035, respectively. China then accelerated its program to build two 12 MW reactors underground at Wuwei research facilities by 2020, beginning with the 2 megawatt TMSR-LF1 prototype. The project sought to test new corrosion-resistant materials. In 2017, ANSTO/Shanghai Institute Of Applied Physics announced the creation of a NiMo-SiC alloy for use in MSRs.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In 2021, China stated that Wuwei prototype operation could start power generation from thorium in September, with a prototype providing energy for around 1,000 homes. It is the world's first nuclear molten salt reactor after the Oak Ridge project.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The 100 MW successor was expected to be 3 meters tall and 2.5 meters wide, capable of providing energy to 100,000 homes.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Further work on commercial reactors was announced with the target completion date of 2030. Chinese government plans to realize similar reactors in deserts and plains of western China as well as up to 30 in countries involved in China's "Belt and Road" initiative.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In 2022, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) was given approval by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment to commission an experimental thorium-powered MSR.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Copenhagen Atomics is a Danish molten salt technology company developing mass manufacturable molten salt reactors. The Copenhagen Atomics Waste Burner is a single-fluid, heavy water moderated, fluoride-based, thermal spectrum and autonomously controlled molten salt reactor. This is designed to fit inside of a leak-tight, 40-foot, stainless steel shipping container. The heavy water moderator is thermally insulated from the salt and continuously drained and cooled to below . A molten lithium-7 deuteroxide (LiOD) moderator version is also being researched. The reactor utilizes the thorium fuel cycle using separated plutonium from spent nuclear fuel as the initial fissile load for the first generation of reactors, eventually transitioning to a thorium breeder. Copenhagen Atomics is actively developing and testing valves, pumps, heat exchangers, measurement systems, salt chemistry and purification systems, and control systems and software for molten salt applications.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Seaborg Technologies is developing the core for a compact molten salt reactor (CMSR). The CMSR is a high temperature, single salt, thermal MSR designed to go critical on commercially available low enriched uranium. The CMSR design is modular, and uses proprietary NaOH moderator. The reactor core is estimated to be replaced every 12 years. During operation, the fuel will not be replaced and will burn for the entire 12-year reactor lifetime. The first version of the Seaborg core is planned to produce 250 MW power and 100 MW power. As a power plant, the CMSR will be able to deliver electricity, clean water and heating/cooling to around 200,000 households.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The CNRS project EVOL (Evaluation and viability of liquid fuel fast reactor system) project, with the objective of proposing a design of the molten salt fast reactor (MSFR), released its final report in 2014. Various MSR projects like FHR, MOSART, MSFR, and TMSR have common research and development themes.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The EVOL project will be continued by the EU-funded Safety Assessment of the Molten Salt Fast Reactor (SAMOFAR) project, in which several European research institutes and universities collaborate.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The German Institute for Solid State Nuclear Physics in Berlin has proposed the dual fluid reactor as a concept for a fast breeder lead-cooled MSR. The original MSR concept used the fluid salt to provide the fission materials and also to remove the heat. Thus it had problems with the needed flow speed. Using 2 different fluids in separate circles solves the problem.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In 2015, Indian researchers published a MSR design, as an alternative path to thorium-based reactors, according to India's three-stage nuclear power programme.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Thorcon is developing the TMSR-500 molten salt reactor for the Indonesian market. National Research and Innovation Agency, through its Research Organization for Nuclear Energy announced its renewal of interest on MSR reactor research on 29 March 2022 and planned to study and develop MSR for thorium-fueled nuclear reactors.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The Fuji Molten Salt Reactor is a 100 to 200 MW LFTR, using technology similar to the Oak Ridge project. A consortium including members from Japan, the U.S. and Russia are developing the project. The project would likely take 20 years to develop a full size reactor, but the project seems to lack funding.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In 2020, Rosatom announced plans to build a 10 MW FLiBe burner MSR. It would be fueled by plutonium from reprocessed VVER spent nuclear fuel and fluorides of minor actinides. It is expected to launch in 2031 at Mining and Chemical Combine.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The Alvin Weinberg Foundation is a British non-profit organization founded in 2011, dedicated to raising awareness about the potential of thorium energy and LFTR. It was formally launched at the House of Lords on 8 September 2011. It is named after American nuclear physicist Alvin M. Weinberg, who pioneered thorium MSR research.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: The stable salt reactor, designed by Moltex Energy, was selected as the most suitable of six MSR designs for UK implementation in a 2015 study commissioned by the UK's innovation agency, Innovate UK. UK government support has been weak, but Moltex has obtained support from New Brunswick Power for the development of a pilot plant in Point Lepreau, Canada, and financial backing from IDOM (an international engineering firm) and is currently engaged in the Canadian Vendor Design Review process.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Idaho National Laboratory designed a molten-salt-cooled, molten-salt-fuelled reactor with a prospective output of 1000 MW.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Kirk Sorensen, former NASA scientist and chief nuclear technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering, is a long-time promoter of the thorium fuel cycle, coining the term liquid fluoride thorium reactor. In 2011, Sorensen founded Flibe Energy, a company aimed at developing 20–50 MW LFTR reactor designs to power military bases. (It is easier to approve novel military designs than civilian power station designs in the US nuclear regulatory environment).


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Transatomic Power pursued what it termed a waste-annihilating molten salt reactor (WAMSR), intended to consume existing spent nuclear fuel, from 2011 until ceasing operation in 2018 and open-sourcing their research.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In January 2016, the United States Department of Energy announced a $80m award fund to develop Generation IV reactor designs.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: One of the two beneficiaries, Southern Company will use the funding to develop a molten chloride fast reactor (MCFR), a type of MSR developed earlier by British scientists.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: In 2021, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and Kairos Power announced a TRISO-fueled, fluoride salt-cooled 50MWt test reactor would be deployed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Also in 2021, Southern Company, in collaboration with TerraPower and the U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to build the Molten Chloride Reactor Experiment, the first fast-spectrum salt reactor at the Idaho National Laboratory.


title: Molten salt reactor

text: Abilene Christian University (ACU) has applied to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a construction licence for a 1MWt molten salt research reactor (MSRR), to be built on its campus in Abilene, Texas, as part of the Nuclear Energy eXperimental Testing (NEXT) laboratory. ACU plans for the MSRR to achieve criticality by December 2025.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The Fugitive is an American crime drama television series created by Roy Huggins and produced by QM Productions and United Artists Television. It aired on ABC from September 1963 to August 1967. David Janssen starred as Dr. Richard Kimble, a physician who is wrongfully convicted of his wife's murder and sentenced to death. En route to death row, Dr. Kimble's train derails over a switch, allowing him to escape and begin a cross-country search for the real killer, a "one-armed man" (played by Bill Raisch). At the same time, Richard Kimble is hounded by the authorities, most notably by Police Lieutenant Philip Gerard (Barry Morse).


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: "The Fugitive" aired for four seasons, with 120 51-minute episodes produced. The first three seasons were filmed in black-and-white, while the fourth and final was filmed in color.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The series was nominated for five Emmy Awards and won the Emmy for Outstanding Dramatic Series in 1966. In 2002, it was ranked number 36 on "TV Guide"s 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. "TV Guide" named the one-armed man number five in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The series premise was set up in the opening narration, but the full details about the crime were not offered in the pilot episode; at the time of the pilot, Kimble has been on the run for six months, having exhausted all of his appeals against his death sentence. While in transit, the train carrying Kimble derails, and Kimble becomes the titular "fugitive" attempting to clear his name. In the series' first season, the premise (heard over footage of Kimble handcuffed to Gerard on a train) was summarized in the opening title sequence of the pilot episode as:


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The main title narration, as read by William Conrad, was changed for the second season premiere onward through the last episode of the series:


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Viewers were not offered the full details of Kimble's plight until episode 14, "The Girl from Little Egypt". A series of flashbacks reveals the fateful night of Helen Kimble's death, and for the first time offers a glimpse of the "one-armed man".


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The show's lead, and the only character seen in all 120 episodes, was Dr. Richard David Kimble (David Janssen), based in part on the story of Sam Sheppard.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Though Dr. Richard Kimble was a respected pediatrician in the fictional small town of Stafford, Indiana, his wife Helen and he were generally known to have been having arguments prior to her death. Helen's pregnancy had ended in a stillborn birth of a son, and surgery to save her life had also rendered her infertile. The couple was devastated, but Helen refused to consider adopting children as Richard wanted.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: On the night of Helen's murder, the Kimbles had been heard, earlier the same day, arguing heatedly over this topic by their neighbors. Richard later went out for a drive to cool off; as he was driving home, he nearly hit a man with only one arm, who was fleeing from the vicinity of the Kimble house. Richard then found that Helen had been killed, but no one had seen or heard Richard go out for his drive, or seen him while he was out, and no evidence showed that the "one-armed man" Kimble saw ever existed. At his trial, Kimble was unjustly convicted of Helen's murder and sentenced to death in the electric chair.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: After the train wreck and his escape from custody, Kimble moves from town to town, always trying to remain unobtrusive and unnoticed as he evades capture and hopes to find the one-armed man. He adopts many nondescript aliases, and toils at low-paying, menial jobs (i.e. those that require no identification or security checks, and bring about little social attention). In many episodes, he comes across a damsel in distress or possibly a child in danger; he then chooses to put his anonymity at risk by aiding this deserving person. Another frequent plot device is for someone to discover Kimble's true identity and use it to manipulate him, under the threat of turning him in to the police.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Dr. Richard Kimble is smart and resourceful, and is usually able to perform well at any job he takes. (This sometimes leads to suspicion, as his educated demeanor is often very much at odds with the menial nature of the jobs he is forced to take.) He also displays considerable prowess in hand-to-hand combat. In the episode "Nemesis", he distracts, then knocks out, a forest ranger (played by Kurt Russell's father Bing), then quickly unloads the man's rifle to ensure he cannot shoot him if pursued. In the sixth episode, Kimble revealed that he had served as a doctor in the Korean War.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Kimble's family makes scattered appearances throughout the series, most notably his sister, Donna (Jacqueline Scott) and her husband, Leonard Taft (played by James Sikking, Lin McCarthy and James Anderson in different episodes; Richard Anderson played Leonard Taft in the classic two-part final episode, "The Judgment"). Kimble's family first appears in the 15th episode, "Home is the Hunted", wherein Kimble returns to his hometown after reading in his hometown newspaper that his father, Dr. John Kimble (Robert Keith), is retiring. Also introduced is Kimble's brother Ray (Andrew Prine). While Donna and John believed Kimble's innocence, Ray was unconvinced and grew to resent Richard, as their association cost Ray his job and his fiancée; however, Ray becomes convinced of Richard's innocence during his stay. Also featuring are Leonard and Donna's sons, David (Bill Mumy) and Billy (Clint Howard); despite their appearance, though, only Billy (Johnny Jensen) appears in the series' two-part finale "The Judgement" (in part two, Donna mentions temporarily moving Billy in with his brother to accommodate a visitor). Although the whole family was introduced, only Donna and her family reappeared in subsequent episodes. Ray was not mentioned again in the show, and the third-season episode "Running Scared" dealt with Kimble and Donna reuniting to grieve over their father's death.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In "The Survivors", Kimble re-establishes contact with Helen's family, the Waverlys, after learning that her father Ed (Lloyd Gough) is facing bankruptcy over medical bills for his wife Edith (Ruth White), who has developed a heart condition by obsessively clinging to Helen's memory and listening to phonograph records she made before her death. Kimble visits the family and stays with them, despite Edith's objections, and with help from Helen's sister Terry (Louise Sorel) locates a secret bank account Helen kept for emergencies. He signs the account over to Ed, saving him financially, but his safety is compromised when Edith learns that Terry believes his innocence (as does Ed, to a lesser extent) and is in love with Kimble and threatens to report him to the police. Kimble escapes the household before this can happen, after gently letting Terry down.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: David Janssen's understated portrayal skillfully captured the essence of Dr. Richard Kimble's plight. He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 1965, and was nominated in 1966. He was nominated three times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (1964, 1966, 1967).


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Dr. Richard Kimble is pursued by the relentless Stafford police detective Lt. Philip Gerard (Barry Morse), a formidably intelligent family man and dedicated public servant. Gerard directly appears in 37 episodes and also in the main title sequences of all 120 episodes; Barry Morse is also listed in the closing credits of 119 episodes. For some reason, he is not in the end credits of the season-one episode "Glass Tightrope".


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Morse portrayed Gerard as a man duty-bound to capture Kimble. Guilt or innocence was of no consequence to Gerard, whose own beliefs have been stated as:


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In "Never Wave Goodbye Pt. I", he states again, "The "law" pronounced him guilty, not me." In "Nightmare at Northoak" and "Wife Killer", he states with certainty that the one-armed man does not exist and that Kimble is guilty; in "Corner of Hell", even after his own Kimble-like experience, he still scoffs at the existence of the one-armed man. ("Still the same fairy tale", he sneers.) He also tells Kimble, "The truth is, you're still guilty before the law."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Contributing to Gerard's obsession with re-capturing Kimble is the personal responsibility he feels for Kimble's escape, which happened while he was in Gerard's custody. As he remarks to an LA police captain in "The Judgment, Part 1", the show's penultimate episode, "I've lost a lot of things these past four years ... starting with a prisoner the state told me to guard."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Over time, Gerard also appeared to have gained some doubts as to Kimble's guilt. In one episode, when a female witness remarks that Kimble killed his wife, Gerard simply replies, "The law says he did," but with a tone of doubt audible in his voice. In the episode "Nemesis", the local sheriff (John Doucette) states, "You said he's a killer." To this, Gerard sharply replies, "The "jury" said that." Gerard's doubts are augmented after Kimble rescues Gerard in episodes such as "Never Wave Goodbye", "Corner of Hell", "Ill Wind", "The Evil Men Do", and "Stroke of Genius". "The Evil Men Do", in particular, played on the respect that develops between the two men when Gerard is pursued by former Mob hitman Arthur Brame (James Daly), who is rescued from a runaway horse by Kimble; Kimble rescues Gerard from Brame. When Kimble escapes from Gerard, the lieutenant, instead of pursuing Kimble, goes after and kills Brame. In the epilogue, Gerard explains to Brame's widow Sharon (Elizabeth Allen) that he wanted to go after both men, but that Arthur was a career killer and far more dangerous, while Kimble "has done the one murder he'd probably ever do." Gerard comes close to acknowledging Kimble's innocence when he concludes, "Until I find him, and I will, he's no real menace to anyone but himself."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In the course of the series, Gerard's family becomes entangled in Gerard's obsession with finding Kimble. In "Nemesis", Kimble unintentionally kidnaps Gerard's young son Philip, Jr. (played by 12-year-old Kurt Russell). Though as concerned as any father should be, Gerard is confident that Kimble will not do his boy any real harm. After his experience with Kimble, Philip, Jr., questions whether he is guilty, and his father openly admits that he could be wrong, though it does not change his duty. This almost inhuman dedication to his duty strains his relationship with his wife Marie (Barbara Rush) almost to the breaking point, and causes her to leave him in season three's two-part episode "Landscape with Running Figures"; her actually coming into contact with Kimble (unknowingly at first) causes an emotional collapse when she realizes who he is, with her screaming at Kimble, "It "began" with you – it'll "END" with you!" Gerard clearly does indeed love his wife when he finally chooses to go and find her over chasing Kimble. (Gerard admits to Marie, however, that he will go again when the next time comes: "He's stuck in my throat and I can't swallow him.")


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: When Gerard finally captures Kimble in part one of "The Judgment", he does not gloat over the arrest, reflecting his respect for his adversary and possibly his recollections of Kimble's past attempts to save him and help others while on the run. "I'm sorry," he says. "You just ran out of time." His decision to give Kimble 24 hours to clear himself in part two of "The Judgment" also reflects that respect and his increasing doubts of Kimble's guilt regardless of the conviction. That leads to the climactic scenes where the truth of Helen Kimble's murder emerges along with an eyewitness, family friend and war hero Lloyd Chandler, who was at the Kimble home and who witnessed Fred Johnson murder Helen Kimble on that fateful night, but was too cowardly to intervene. Ironically, as Kimble and Johnson fight atop a carnival ride, Gerard fatally shoots Johnson just before he can shoot Kimble. Gerard firmly tells Chandler, "You can keep that man (Kimble) alive -- but you won't, will you?" Gerard's comments lead Chandler to agree to testify. After Kimble is exonerated in court, Gerard meets Kimble outside the courthouse; he silently smiles and offers his hand. After hesitating, Kimble shakes it.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Parallels can be seen between Gerard's pursuit of Kimble and the pursuit of Jean Valjean by Inspector Javert in "Les Misérables", though Javert never lets go of his obsession to follow the letter of the law, and hunts down his fugitive, even killing himself when he discovers that he cannot reconcile his tenets with the mercy Valjean shows him. Gerard, though, was portrayed externally as a man like Javert, but internally as more of a thinking man who could balance justice and duty. According to some of those who worked on the show, these parallels were not coincidental. Stanford Whitmore, who wrote the pilot episode "Fear in a Desert City", says that he deliberately gave Kimble's nemesis a similar-sounding name to see if anyone would recognize the similarity between "Gerard" and "Javert". One who recognized the similarity was Morse; he pointed out the connection to Quinn Martin, who admitted that "The Fugitive" was a "sort of modern rendition of the outline of "Les Misérables"." Morse accordingly went back to the Victor Hugo novel and studied the portrayal of Javert, to find ways to make the character more complex than the "conventional 'Hollywood dick'" as whom Gerard had originally been conceived. "I've always thought that we in the arts ... are all 'shoplifters'", Morse said. "Everybody, from Shakespeare onwards and downwards ... But once you've acknowledged that ... when you set out on a shoplifting expedition, you go always to Cartier's, and never to Woolworth's!"


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: "The One-armed Man" (Bill Raisch) is a shadowy figure, seen fleeing Kimble's house by Kimble after the murder of Helen. The series revealed little about the man's personal life and never explained how or when he lost his right arm.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In the 29th episode of the first season ("Storm Center"), Helen Kimble was revealed to have been strangled. This is not the method of choice for a man with only one arm; accordingly, this detail was later retconned, with the murder having been committed due to blunt force trauma with a lamp. (In the pilot episode, "Fear in a Desert City", Kimble does state that he found his wife "beaten to death.")


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The One-armed Man was rarely seen in the series, appearing in person in only 10 episodes. He also appears in the opening credits beginning with season two, and in a photograph in the episode "The Breaking of the Habit". He is seen infrequently in the first three seasons, and has almost no actual dialogue until season four, when his character begins to take a more prominent part in the plotline.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The One-armed Man is aware that Kimble is after him, and frequently tips off the police as to Kimble's whereabouts, most notably in "Nobody Loses All The Time", when he telephones his girlfriend (Barbara Baxley) at a hospital and orders her to call the police, though Kimble risked arrest to save her life.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Like Kimble, he uses a variety of aliases and holds down various jobs while on the run. In the episode "A Clean And Quiet Town", he is credited as Steve Cramer and works as a mob-employed numbers runner. In the episode "The Ivy Maze", he poses as a college janitor and groundskeeper named Carl Stoker. He goes by the name Fred Johnson in several episodes; first in the season-two episode "Escape into Black", where he works as a dishwasher using this name. In the season-three episode "Wife Killer", reporter Barbara Webb (Janice Rule) discovers that the One-armed Man carries a wide range of identifications using various names. As Fred Johnson, he has a membership in an athletic club, and a receipt for the sale of a pint of blood; this particular receipt shows that his blood type is B negative, and that he claims his age as 47. (Raisch himself was 60 years of age when this episode was filmed.) The other identities used by the One-armed Man are not revealed in the episode, although as Barbara flips through a wallet full of identifications, she notes that he is "a man of many identities, not one of them the same."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The One-armed Man is identified as Fred Johnson in the two-part series finale, "The Judgment". He is also referred to as Johnson in "The Ivy Maze" (where he is posing as Carl Stoker), and at one point, Fritz Simpson (William Windom) addresses him as Fred. (That episode is where Kimble, Gerard, and the One-armed Man all appear in the same scene for the first time). This is the only consistent name that they have to go by, and both Gerard and Kimble refer to the One-armed Man as Fred Johnson in a few later episodes; in the series finale, Lloyd Chandler (J.D. Cannon) also refers to him as Johnson. However, when interrogated by Lt. Gerard in "The Judgment", the One-armed Man denies that Fred Johnson is his real name. While the character's real name is never definitively established, a case could be made that it is Gus Evans; as revealed in "The Judgment", that was the name that he used "before" killing Helen Kimble, when he would presumably have had no need to adopt an alias.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Bill Raisch played a bitter war veteran who starts a bar fight with Kirk Douglas' John W. Burns in the 1962 film "Lonely are the Brave." The role was a natural lead-in to his part in "The Fugitive."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In season one, episode 15, Billy Mumy and Clint Howard appear in roles as Kimble's nephews, sons of Kimble's sister Donna.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Four episodes with two parts were aired over the course of the series, all of them featuring characters in both parts. "Never Wave Goodbye" features in both parts, in addition to Gerard, Susan Oliver as Karen Christian, Robert Duvall as her brother Eric, and Lee Philips as Dr. Ray Brooks, with Karen and Richard Kimble falling in love, while Ray pines for Karen. "Angels Travel on Lonely Roads" has in both parts, in addition to Sister Veronica, Albert Salmi as Chuck Mathers, the brutish owner of a gas station who gives Kimble trouble and later tries to collect the reward money when he finds out who Kimble is; filling in for Gerard (this is the only two-parter in which Gerard does not appear) Sandy Kenyon as a local sheriff and Ken Lynch as a local plainclothes police detective. "Landscape with Running Figures" has in both parts, in addition to Lt. Gerard and Mrs. Gerard, Herschel Bernardi and Jud Taylor as two local plainclothes police officers assisting Gerard in the manhunt. The series finale, "The Judgment", has, in both parts, in addition to Gerard, Donna, Leonard, and the One-armed Man, also Diane Baker as a Kimble family friend from Stafford, Jean Carlisle, and she leaves arm-in-arm with Dr. Richard Kimble in the final scene of the series.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Only the character of Dr. Richard Kimble is present onscreen in every episode; off-screen narrator William Conrad is also heard at the beginning and end of each episode, though he was never credited, while a different voice announces the title of the episode and the names of the episode's guest stars in the opening teaser. That announcer (an uncredited Dick Wesson) also says, "The Fugitive" aloud at the end of the closing credits leading into studio sponsorships of the series ("'The Fugitive' has been brought to you by ..."). "The Untouchables", which was Martin's first series as a producer, also contained both a narrator (Walter Winchell) and an announcer (Les Lampson), as did "The New Breed", the first series QM Productions produced, with Wesson as the announcer and Art Gilmore as the narrator.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: With 120 episodes and typically two or more guest stars per episode, the series offered a massive who's who of stars from stage and screen, character actors, and up-and-coming talent. Many guest stars appeared as different characters in multiple episodes. Here is a partial list:


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The series was conceived by Roy Huggins and produced by Quinn Martin. One popular belief is that the series was based in part on the real-life story of Sam Sheppard, an Ohio doctor accused of murdering his wife. However, Huggins repeatedly denied basing the series on Sheppard.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Although convicted and imprisoned, Sheppard claimed that his wife had been murdered by a "bushy-haired man". Sheppard's brothers hired F. Lee Bailey to appeal the conviction. Bailey defended Sheppard and won an acquittal in the second trial. Coincidentally, the show's music supervisor, Ken Wilhoit, was married to Susan Hayes, who had had an intimate relationship with Sheppard prior to the murder and testified during the first trial in 1954.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The show presents a popular plot device of an innocent man on the run from the police for a murder he did not commit, while simultaneously pursuing the real killer. It had its antecedents in the Alfred Hitchcock movies "The 39 Steps", "Saboteur", and "North by Northwest." The theme of a doctor in hiding for committing a major crime had also been depicted by James Stewart as the mysterious Buttons the Clown, who never removed his makeup, in "The Greatest Show on Earth." Writer David Goodis claimed that the series was inspired by his 1946 novel "Dark Passage", about a man who escapes from prison after being wrongly convicted of killing his wife. Goodis' litigation over the issue continued for some time after his 1967 death.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The plot device of a fugitive living on the run from the authorities was loosely inspired by Victor Hugo's 1862 novel "Les Misérables". The Richard Kimble character was inspired by the novel's protagonist, Jean Valjean, an ex-convict living a life as a fugitive and having numerous aliases, as well as helping people around him. The character of Lt. Gerard, who hounds Kimble throughout the series, is also loosely inspired by a character from the same novel, a relentless police inspector named Javert, who is obsessed with capturing the fugitive.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Other shows, such as "Route 66", had employed the same anthology-like premise of wanderers finding adventure in each new place to which they came. "The Fugitive", however, answered two questions that had bedeviled many similar series – first, why the protagonist never settled down anywhere, and second, why the protagonist tried to solve these problems himself instead of calling in the police. Casting a doctor as the protagonist also provided the series a wider "range of entry" into local stories, as Kimble's medical knowledge would allow him alone to recognize essential elements of the episode (e.g., subtle medical symptoms or an abused medicine), and the commonplace doctor's ethic (e.g., to provide aid in emergencies) would naturally lead him into dangerous situations.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Pete Rugolo, who had worked on David Janssen's earlier series "Richard Diamond, Private Detective", composed the original music for "The Fugitive". (Rugolo later worked with creator Roy Huggins on "Run for Your Life" and other projects.) Tracking music was standard practice at the time, but unlike virtually all primetime scripted series of the 1960s, no episode – not even "The Judgment" – received an original score; all the original music used for the series was composed by Rugolo and recorded in London before the series was filmed. In fact, many episodes had Rugolo as the sole credited composer for the episode's scores, but only a fraction of all the music heard throughout the series was original Rugolo music. Library music (either from other classic TV shows or from stock music libraries, as was the case with "The Adventures of Superman") provided a majority of the episodes' scores. For example, Dominic Frontiere cues became common in season four; a keen listener could find oneself listening to such cues from the "Outer Limits" series during the climactic final episode of "The Fugitive." Numerous ominous, dramatic, and suspenseful cues from "The Twilight Zone" episodes such as "The Invaders", among others, are used to strong effect throughout the series. The old pop songs "I'll Never Smile Again" and "I'll Remember April" each appear several times in the series, often associated with Kimble's deceased wife, Helen.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: What little original melody was actually written and recorded was built around a fast-paced tempo representing running music. Different variations, from sad to action-oriented, would be used, with many arrangements developed for the music supervisor to select as best suited for particular scenes. Also, an original "Dragnet"-type theme was used for Lt. Gerard.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In the unreleased longer version of the show's pilot, a different (canned) music score was used in the opening and closing sequences. Also, several deleted scenes were shot, including one, with Lt. Gerard talking to Captain Carpenter, that was reshot. Quinn Martin felt it made Gerard out to be a bit deranged in his obsession. That version also listed William Conrad as the narrator in the end credits.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: "The Fugitive" premiered in the United States on September 17, 1963. Over the course of the show's four seasons, 120 episodes were produced, with the last original episode airing in the United States on August 29, 1967. The series aired Tuesdays at 10:00 pm on ABC.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The one-armed man, going by the alias Fred Johnson, is arrested after tearing up a Los Angeles strip bar. When Kimble reads about it in a newspaper, he travels to Los Angeles. Gerard has already arrived in Los Angeles, though, and is working with the local police, convinced Kimble will come to the city. Gerard is spotted by Jean Carlisle (Diane Baker), an old friend of the Kimble family's, who is working as a typist with the Los Angeles Police Department. Jean manages to reach Kimble just as the police start searching the area, and takes him to her apartment.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Gerard interrogates Johnson and begins thinking that Kimble may be telling the truth. After Kimble learns that Johnson has been arrested, he elects to turn himself in, hoping to confront Johnson. Before he can carry out his plan, Johnson is bailed out of jail by a corrupt bail bondsman, who plans to blackmail the person who supplied the bail money. The bondsman is killed by Johnson after revealing that the money came from someone in Kimble's hometown of Stafford, Indiana. With Jean's help, Kimble tries to head back home, but Gerard arrests him. The lieutenant does not express any triumph or satisfaction in making the arrest. "I'm sorry," Gerard tells him. "You just ran out of time."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Kimble informs Gerard that he found something that might lead him to the truth and believes Johnson is going to Stafford to use the information for which he killed the bail bondsman. He persuades Gerard to give him 24 hours to clear himself, agreeing to turn himself in if he fails.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Kimble's key evidence is the bail-bond slip signed by a man using the name Leonard Taft, the name of his sister Donna's husband. The man is actually the Tafts' neighbor, Stafford city planner Lloyd Chandler. Chandler learns from Donna that she had received a phone call from someone who claimed that he knew who really killed Helen Kimble, and arranged a meeting that night at an abandoned stable. Donna and Leonard dismiss the call as a prank, but Chandler keeps the meeting, arming himself. Johnson overpowers Chandler and then blackmails him for $50,000. Later, after learning from Donna about the phone call, Kimble and Gerard go to the stable, but find only an unspent cartridge dropped from Chandler's gun. Meanwhile, Jean surprises Kimble, Donna, and Len by arriving at the Taft home to re-unite with Kimble.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Chandler secretly tries to raise the money, but when his wife Betsy finds out what he is doing, he eventually cracks and tells her the whole story. He saw Johnson kill Helen, but did nothing to stop it. Johnson spotted him as he was leaving. Chandler, a war hero, was too ashamed to tell what he saw for fear of exposing his failure to intervene and save Helen's life.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: When Kimble runs out of time and is about to leave with Gerard, Donna finds a bullet hidden in one of her son's dresser drawers; Gerard identifies it as being identical to the one they found at the stable the night before. Donna mentions that the bullet must have come from Chandler, who had taken a group of boys to a shooting range the day before. Kimble and Gerard head over to the Chandler residence and learn from Betsy that he is luring Johnson to an abandoned amusement park to kill him to atone for his cowardice.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Kimble and Gerard arrive as Chandler and Johnson are engaged in a gunfight. Johnson shoots Gerard in the thigh. With Gerard's gun, Kimble chases Johnson to the top of a tower. Johnson disarms Kimble and the two wrestle. Kimble eventually beats a confession from Johnson. Johnson then grabs the loose gun, but Gerard shoots him from the ground with Chandler's rifle, and Johnson falls to his death. Kimble informs Gerard that Johnson confessed, but since nobody else heard it, the confession is worthless. Then Chandler suddenly tells Gerard and Kimble that he saw Johnson murder Helen Kimble and will testify to that effect in court.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In the final scene, an exonerated Kimble leaves the courthouse and hesitantly shakes Gerard's hand. Kimble and Jean walk off toward his new life. Narrator William Conrad states, "Tuesday, August 29th: The day the running stopped."


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: According to Ed Robertson's book "The Fugitive Recaptured" (the first book written about the series), the final episode aired in Canada on September 5, 1967, with an alternate closing narration, giving "that" date. The "Special Features" DVD states that the final episode was interrupted in some parts of the U.S. This version was also seen in some areas in syndication and was later released on VHS tape. Both versions are available on DVD.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Part two of the finale was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.7 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of "Dallas", titled "Who Done It", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of "M*A*S*H", titled "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a 77 percent share). According to producer Leonard Goldberg, the network was simply going to end the series with a regular episode without any kind of denouement, as network executives were totally oblivious to the concept that a television audience actually tuned in week after week and cared about the characters of a TV series. The timing of the broadcast was unusual: Rather than ending the regular season, the finale was held back while suspense continued through the summer reruns.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In its debut season, "The Fugitive" was 28th in the U.S. Nielsen ratings (with a 21.7 rating), and it jumped to fifth in the second season (27.9). It fell out of the top 30 during the last two seasons, but the series finale, in which Dr. Kimble's fate was shown, currently holds the third rank for the all-time highest U.S. television household share, at 72%.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: "The Fugitive" was nominated for five Emmy Awards and won the Emmy for Outstanding Dramatic Series in 1966. In 2002, it was ranked No. 36 on "TV Guide"s 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. "TV Guide" named the one-armed man No. 5 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: The show also came away with other honors. In 1965, Alan Armer, the producer of the series, received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for his work. And in a 1993 ranking, "TV Guide" named "The Fugitive" the best dramatic series of the 1960s.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: A total of 40 episodes have been released on VHS by NuVentures Video (Volumes 1–10 were later re-released with Barry Morse providing introductions to each episode, as in Volumes 11–20), with selected shows from the 40 later issued by Republic Pictures. Twelve episodes were also released on laserdisc.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: Currently, Republic Pictures and CBS Television Studios own the copyrights to the series (while CBS itself now owns distribution rights); CBS DVD (with distribution by Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment) released Season 1, Volume 1 on DVD in Region 1 in late 2007. Reviews of the first DVD set have been very positive as the show appears uncut, unedited and uncompressed, digitally transferred and re-mastered from the original negatives and restored from original magnetic soundtrack, although a disclaimer by CBS mentions some episodes are "edited from their original broadcast versions" and some music changed for home video. Incidental music was altered in at least two episodes, "Where the Action Is" and "The Garden House". There are no subtitles or alternate languages, but English closed captions are provided, and the "liner notes" consist merely of TV-Guide-style episode synopses inside the four-disc holder. Season 1, Volume 2 was released on February 26, 2008. Season 2, Volume 1 was released on June 10, 2008. Many reviews of this third DVD set were highly negative due to the replacement of the original used music tracks with the aforementioned synthesizer music (see Musical score section above for details.) Season 3, Volume 1 was released on October 27, 2009, and Season 3, Volume 2 was released on December 8, 2009, with most, but not all, of the original music intact. Season 4, volume 1 was released on November 2, 2010. This volume was the first to include any extras, including a Featurette titled "Season of Change: Composer Dominic Frontiere". Season 4, Volume 2 was released on February 15, 2011.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: On October 23, 2012, CBS released "The Fugitive: The Most Wanted Edition" on DVD in Region 1. This 34 disc set featured all 120 episodes of the series as well as bonus features, such as the unaired version of the pilot with different footage. The set was recalled due to possible music issues, but some sets were released. The set was later re-released with 5 replacement discs, so that now all original music is intact.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: On February 9, 2015, CBS Home Entertainment announced they would release a repackaged "The Fugitive: The Complete Series" on DVD at a lower price on May 5, 2015 but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: CBS' rights only cover the original series; the later productions were handled by Warner Bros. Entertainment.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In 1963, a soundtrack was issued containing the key music that Rugolo wrote and recorded for the series. In 2001, it was released on CD from Silva Screen Records. About 40 minutes in length, this CD contains mono yet hi-fidelity cuts and cues that were recorded in London.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: "The Fugitive" was part of the original lineup on the Arts & Entertainment Network (A&E), beginning in February 1984. It ran until the summer of 1994. The show also appeared on the nationwide WWOR EMI Service and briefly on Nickelodeon’s TV Land network in 2000.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: In February 2015, reruns of "The Fugitive" appeared on Decades, a new Digital TV (DTV) subchannel network co-owned by Weigel Broadcasting and CBS. "The Fugitive" was seen as part of its "Countdown to Decades", in which all four seasons of "The Fugitive" was played in sequence 24 hours a day. The two part finale was shown on Monday May 25, 2015, at 5 am and 6 am ET. Decades was available in over 45% of all US TV viewing households at that time, including markets where CBS owned & operated a DTV station. MeTV airs "The Fugitive" on late Sunday nights/Early Monday mornings at 1 AM CT (2018). From July 2020, the series is being repeated in the United Kingdom on CBS Justice.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: A feature film of the same name, based on the series, was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on August 6, 1993, starring Harrison Ford as Kimble, Tommy Lee Jones as Gerard (now named "Samuel" instead of "Philip"), and Andreas Katsulas as the one-armed man (now called Fredrick Sykes instead of Fred Johnson). The movie's success came as Hollywood was embarking on a trend of remaking old television series into features. In the film, Kimble is portrayed as a prominent Chicago vascular surgeon instead of a small town Indiana pediatrician, while Gerard is portrayed as a U.S. Marshal rather than a police lieutenant. Kimble's wife is killed in an attempt on Kimble's own life (rather than during a robbery attempt, as in the TV series) as the result of a conspiracy involving a pharmaceutical company called Devlin MacGregor, which the one-armed man is employed by.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: However, the film remained true to its source material—in particular, the notion that Kimble's kindness led him to help others even when it posed a danger to his freedom or physical safety. The film also showed Gerard pursuing his own investigation into the murder as part of his pursuit of Kimble and coming up with his own doubts as to the case. To coincide with the theatrical release, NBC aired the show's first and last episodes in the summer of 1993, and later hosted the film's broadcast television premiere in 1996. Jones received the 1993 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for six other Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It also spawned a spin-off, "U.S. Marshals", in which Jones reprised his role as Gerard. The motion picture was later developed into a parody film as well called "Wrongfully Accused", with Leslie Nielsen portraying the lead character.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: A short-lived TV series remake (CBS, October 6, 2000 – May 25, 2001) of the same name also aired, starring Tim Daly as Kimble, Mykelti Williamson as Gerard, and Stephen Lang as the one-armed man. It was filmed in various places, including Seattle, Washington. CBS cancelled the series after one season, leaving a cliffhanger unresolved.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: A spinoff that was broadcast on the Quibi platform, features Boyd Holbrook as a new fugitive, blue-collar worker Mike Ferro, who is wrongly accused of setting off a bomb on a Los Angeles subway train. He is relentlessly pursued by Detective Clay Bryce (Kiefer Sutherland), a legendary cop who is uncovering evidence that Mike may not be guilty.


title: The Fugitive (1963 TV series)

text: A 2-part TV mini-series, "Tôbôsha", was broadcast on TV Asahi which stars Ken Watanabe as Dr. Kazuki Kakurai in a plot that closely follows the 1993 film.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: In an alternate Earth, humans called "Blazers" have supernatural abilities. These Blazers can materialize weapons known as a "Device" which are made through a person's soul. At , Blazers are selected as representatives for the Seven Star Sword Art Festival, an annual tournament event held by the seven Mage Knight Academies in Japan to determine the strongest Apprentice Knight. Hagun's performance ranking in the festival is falling and the academy's director, Kurono Shinguji, is determined to find a solution to the problem. Ikki Kurogane is the academy's F-Rank Blazer and is considered "The Worst One" for his low magical abilities, but Stella Vermillion, the princess of the European country Vermillion, is one of the top A-Rank Blazers.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: On Stella's first day at Hagun Academy, she is arranged to share a room with Ikki as a transfer student of the academy. When Ikki inadvertently discovers Stella half-dressed, he is challenged to duel where the loser has to be obedient to the winner for life. She ends up losing the duel, but they agree to become roommates as Ikki's one and only merciful desire. The series follows their adventures as they train to qualify as the school's representatives for the festival.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: After winning an award for his previous light novel series "Danzai no Exceed", Riku Misora decided to write a sport-related novel in the vein of Akamitsu Awamura's "Mugen no Linkage".


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: The original release of the series was in a light novel format, which was written by Riku Misora and illustrated by Won. "Chivalry of a Failed Knight" has been published by SB Creative's GA Bunko imprint since July 16, 2013. Misora revealed that the final volume of the series is set to be released before the end of 2022. Sol Press acquired the license to the series and released the first three volumes in English on November 16, 2019. They released five volumes in total before going defunct.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: The series was adapted into a manga that was illustrated by Megumu Soramichi and printed in the monthly manga magazine "Monthly Shonen Gangan" from 2014 to 2017. It was collected in eleven "tankōbon" volumes. An anthology manga volume illustrated by various artists was published on December 13, 2014.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: An anime adaptation was announced in March 2015. Produced by Silver Link and Nexus, the series ran on AT-X from October 3 to December 19, 2015 in Japan for 12 episodes; the episodes were later released by Media Factory through six DVD and Blu-ray volumes. Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime in September 2015 for digital and home media release in North America. The series was simulcast only on Hulu though as it aired in Japan and also aired on Crunchyroll. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in North America on June 13, 2017.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: After Crunchyroll was acquired by Sony Pictures Television, the parent company of Funimation in 2021, "Chivalry of a Failed Knight", among several Sentai titles, was dropped from the service on March 31, 2022.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: The light novels have been well received. According to Japanese light novel news website LN News, the series had 1.5 million copies in print by February 2017. Oricon ranked "Chivalry of a Failed Knight" as the 29th and 17th top-selling light novel series in November 2015 and May 2016, respectively. In addition, its anime adaptation also appeared on top-selling charts.


title: Chivalry of a Failed Knight

text: Anime News Network had six of their editors review the first episode of the anime adaptation: Lynzee Loveridge compared the series to "The Asterisk War" and while she considered the "Chivalry" characters to be more likeable, she was critical of the blended in CG artwork and considered Stella's becoming Ikki's servant to be "cringe-worthy"; Nick Creamer expressed criticism towards the episode and called it a "concentrated capsule of hoary clichés"; Hope Chapman called the episode's plot "soul-suckingly lame" and considered "Asterisk" as a much nicer series; Rebecca Silverman wrote that the first episode's plot was already done by "Asterisk" and "Lance N' Masques" and while she praises Stella for some initial character development, she says this gets lost with her ""tsundere" ranting"; and Zac Bertschy said that the anime is "a total waste of [the viewer's] time, but it serves a purpose, however unintentional.". The sixth reviewer, Theron Martin, agreed that "formulaic and generic" wouldn't be wrong ways to describe the story and he also praised Stella's underlying motivations. Martin concluded that while the series has potential, it needs to find "fresher angles" to stand out from other similar storylines. Silverman reviewed the anime's future episodes; she called the final episode "a triumphant one in terms of Ikki's battle against his own insecurities, his place at school, and his relationship with Stella", and would later go on to say that she was "pretty happy with this ending and [she] wouldn't be sad if another season materialized somewhere along the way."


title: Duke Nukem

text: Duke Nukem is a video game series named for its main character, Duke Nukem. Created by the company Apogee Software Ltd. (now 3D Realms) as a series of video games for personal computers, the series expanded to games released for various consoles by third-party developers. The first two games in the main series were 2D platformers, while the later games have been a mix of first-person and third-person shooters.


title: Duke Nukem

text: During 2010 the rights of the series were acquired by Gearbox Software, who completed the development of "Duke Nukem Forever" and released it on 10 June 2011 in Europe and Australia and on 14 June 2011 in North America. The franchise generated over $1 billion in revenue by 2001.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The first three games in the series were developed by Apogee Software, which in 1996 rebranded as 3D Realms. The original game, "Duke Nukem", was released in 1991. It is a two-dimensional platform game for the IBM PC and features 320×200, 16-color EGA graphics with vertical and horizontal scrolling. The original game has three episodes, the first distributed as shareware. When Apogee learned that the name "Duke Nukem" might have already been trademarked for the Duke Nukem character from the television series "Captain Planet and the Planeteers", they changed it to "Duke Nukum" for the 2.0 revision. The name was later determined not to be trademarked, so the spelling "Duke Nukem" was restored for "Duke Nukem II" and all successive Duke games.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The sequel, "Duke Nukem II", is more than four times larger and took advantage of 256-color Video Graphics Array (VGA) graphics, Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music, and digitized sound. While the game uses three different 16-color palettes, only 16 colors are actually used onscreen at once.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The third game of the series is the first-person shooter (FPS) "Duke Nukem 3D", released in 1996. Like most FPS games of the day, "Duke Nukem 3D" features three-dimensional environments with two-dimensional sprites standing in for weapons, enemies, and breakable background objects. "Duke Nukem 3D" was released for MS-DOS, Mac OS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, game.com, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Nintendo 64, and later re-released during 2008 for Xbox Live Arcade, and for iOS and Nokia N900 during 2009. "Duke Nukem 3D" has more than a dozen expansion packs.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The most recent installment in the main video game series, "Duke Nukem Forever", was delayed for more than a decade after the initial announcement during April 1997, leading to its being named as a piece of vaporware. Initial development had begun at 3D Realms, but in 2009, 3D Realms was forced to lay off many of its staff, and development of "Duke Nukem Forever" stalled. Take-Two Interactive, which was to publish the game, sued 3D Realms for failing to deliver, which was settled in 2010. Gearbox Software had close contact with many of the laid off 3D Realms staff and quietly hired them to continue its development as Triptych Games. 3D Realms sold the rights to "Duke Nukem" to Gearbox in 2010. The game was officially released on June 10, 2011.


title: Duke Nukem

text: One of the first projects to be announced after the success of "Duke Nukem 3D" was a return to "Duke Nukem"s 2D side-scrolling, platforming format for a game named "Duke Nukem 4Ever". The project was directed by Keith Schuler, main designer and programmer for the games "Paganitzu" and "Realms of Chaos", and a level designer for the Plutonium PAK.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The 2D "4Ever" was planned to combine many of the new concepts of "Duke Nukem 3D" with the old-style play of the first two games of the series. Duke's look, personality and armory from the recent shooter would be matched with run and gun platforming, with a few new objects, including a cloaking device and five-piece weapon named the "heavy barrel", added in. Players would face off against Dr. Proton's minions, the Protonite cyborgs, along with other level-specific grunt enemies. Each episode would end with a boss fight, with the last one fought against Proton himself. Development on "Duke Nukem 4Ever" stalled during the middle of 1996 when Keith Schuler was reassigned to work on maps for the "Duke Nukem 3D" expansion pack. The game's cancellation wasn't publicly announced until 1997, at a time when 3D Realms had decided to reuse the name for their sequel to "Duke Nukem 3D". After cancellation, the game became a new game named "Ravager", and that project was then sold to developer named Inner Circle Creations, which renamed it and released the title as "Alien Rampage" during 1996.


title: Duke Nukem

text: "Duke Nukem: Endangered Species" was announced during January 2001. It was designed to be a hunting game where the player could hunt everything from dinosaurs to snakes, using an improved version of the engine used in the "Carnivores" series. The game was cancelled during December of that year. The company that had been developing the game, Ukraine-based developer Action Forms, later developed its own game, "" (originally titled "Vivisector: Creatures of Doctor Moreau") instead.


title: Duke Nukem

text: A PlayStation 2 game named "Duke Nukem D-Day" (also known as "Duke Nukem: Man of Valor"), was announced during 1999. It was renowned for having had one of the longest development cycles of any title of the PlayStation 2's considerable history. Long-rumored to implement the same technology that powered the PC version of "Unreal", the game sometimes erroneously referred to as "Duke Nukem Forever PS2" (this console title was not to be a part of the PC game and, instead, was a new creation by developer n-Space), consistently struggled with delays, often putting in question its status as an active or cancelled game. The project was finally abandoned during 2003.


title: Duke Nukem

text: When "Duke Nukem Trilogy" was announced during 2008, it was intended for release on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable (PSP). Each game in the series was to have two versions that shared the same story – the Nintendo DS game was a side-scrolling affair, while the PSP version was to be a third-person shooter not unlike . The PSP version was said to be the more adult-oriented of the two games.


title: Duke Nukem

text: A remake of "Duke Nukem 3D" called "", was in development by Interceptor Entertainment, however Gearbox Software would only grant Interceptor a private licence; unable to obtain a commercial licence Interceptor abandoned the project.


title: Duke Nukem

text: Interceptor was working on a top-down action role-playing game called "Duke Nukem: Mass Destruction" for the PlayStation 4 and PC; however, due to a lawsuit by Gearbox, the main character was changed and the game was renamed "Bombshell".


title: Duke Nukem

text: "Duke Nukem Begins" was a cancelled game in development at Gearbox from 2007 to 2009; reporting first came in late 2011 that Gearbox Software planned to reboot the "Duke Nukem" franchise once "" was complete and out the door. The existence of the game was revealed during lawsuits between 3D Realms and Take-Two Interactive, the title was intended to be an origin story, illustrating how Duke became the person he is in chronologically later games. Development on the title began within two months of the October 2007 agreement, with the intention of a mid-2010 release. However, development was cancelled in 2009, around the same time that 3D Realms had asserted ownership of the "Duke Nukem" intellectual property over Gearbox. Legal wrangling between developer 3D Realms and publisher Take-Two Interactive over the non-delivery of "Duke Nukem Forever" after 3D Realms dismissed all development staff during 2009, revealed that the two companies had agreed on the production of a console-targeted "Duke" game during October 2007. 3D Realms accepted the deal in exchange for a $2.5 million advance on royalties in order to continue to fund development of "Duke Nukem Forever". Gearbox Software was later revealed to be the developer of the game. However, no further details emerged and the game was quietly cancelled. Pre-release footage from the game was revealed in 2021 from one of the animators on the project.


title: Duke Nukem

text: In 2015, Gearbox CEO Randy Pitchford stated the company had done early concept work on a new "Duke Nukem" game. However, in 2017 a Gearbox employee stated the company had no interest in returning to the franchise.


title: Duke Nukem

text: Several "Duke Nukem" games contained popular tracks from well known bands, and a greatest hits album titled "Duke Nukem: Music to Score By" was released in 1999.


title: Duke Nukem

text: During the late 1990s, it was announced that film producer Lawrence Kasanoff was working on a "Duke Nukem" movie. The plot was to feature aliens invading Duke's favorite strip club. Kasanoff's "Duke Nukem" film did not advance past the pre-production phase for numerous reasons, primarily funding problems.


title: Duke Nukem

text: Plans were announced during 2001 for a live action "Duke Nukem" movie to be produced by Kasanoff's company Threshold Entertainment, however the movie was never produced.


title: Duke Nukem

text: During 2008, "Max Payne" producer Scott Faye revealed to IGN.com that he was planning to produce "Duke Nukem" as a movie. Faye, who runs production company Depth Entertainment, said he hoped to complement these with "a Duke movie scenario that will compel a studio to finance a feature version ... Certainly, there's a large audience that knows and loves this character. We're expanding Duke's 'storyverse' in a very significant major way without abandoning or negating any element that's being used to introduce Duke to the next-gen platforms."


title: Duke Nukem

text: During an interview with Game Slice in 2017, Gearbox Software CEO Randy Pitchford hinted that there is work being done on a "Duke Nukem" film.


title: Duke Nukem

text: In March 2018, it was announced that John Cena will star in a "Duke Nukem" movie for Paramount Pictures & Platinum Dunes. However, in January 2019 Duke Nukem voice actor Jon St. John stated that no movie was in development. In a press statement announcing Embracer Group's acquisition of Gearbox Software, however, production of the film was reconfirmed.


title: Duke Nukem

text: Legendary Entertainment announced in June 2022 they had acquired the rights to make a "Duke Nukem" film from Gearbox. The film is helmed by the team behind "Cobra Kai", Josh Heald, Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg for Counterbalance Entertainment and Jean Julien Baronnet from Marla Studio.


title: Duke Nukem

text: A four issue mini-series titled "Duke Nukem: Glorious Bastard" was released during July 2011 by IDW. The story features Duke Nukem traveling back in time to the Second World War, to help the Allies defeat the Nazis and aliens. A special pack-in comic was also created for the Balls of Steel edition of Duke Nukem Forever. The Glorious Bastard series and the pack-in comic were eventually reprinted together in trade paperback format.


title: Duke Nukem

text: Duke Nukem was a short-lived toy set from defunct toy company ReSaurus. Primarily emphasizing "Duke Nukem 3D", the set featured three versions of Duke (with a fourth "Internet only" Duke that came with a CD-ROM and freezethrower accessory), the Pigcop, Octabrain, and Battlelord. The toys were prone to breakage (Duke's legs were held on by a thin plastic rod which was easy to snap and the Octabrain had numerous fragile points). More toys were planned to coincide with the release of "Duke Nukem Forever", however the game's delay halted production of the toys, and ReSaurus eventually went out of business. At Toyfair 2011, NECA revealed a new series of "Duke Nukem Forever" action figures with more details and articulation than the previous series from 1997.


title: Duke Nukem

text: During 2012, Sideshow Collectibles announced a new collectible statue based on Duke Nukem as he appeared in "Duke Nukem Forever". The statue was released during April 2013.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The series has been generally popular since its inception. "Duke Nukem" and "Duke Nukem II", along with "Commander Keen", helped make the side-scrolling platformer genre popular on the personal computer, as games like "Super Mario Bros." had for video game consoles.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The games progressed from the shareware niche and into the mainstream gamer audience with "Duke Nukem 3D", which was also part of video game controversy. The game, like others such as "", was one of the first titles considered comparable to "Doom". The Build engine program used for "Duke Nukem 3D" has also become one of the most popular programs used by developers. "Duke Nukem 3D" was controversial because of its depictions of human sexuality, pornography, obscenities, graphic violence, recreational drug use, and other risqué topics. This caused the game to be banned in Brazil and, in other countries, the sale of the game was strictly regulated against purchase by minors. Despite this, "Duke Nukem 3D" was a commercial and critical success for 3D Realms.


title: Duke Nukem

text: The development of "Duke Nukem Forever" was delayed from 1997 until it was finally released on June 10, 2011. The exceedingly long wait had caused a number of jokes related to its development timeline. The video game media and the public in general have routinely suggested several names instead of "Forever", calling it: "Never", "(Taking) Forever", "Whenever", "ForNever", "Neverever", and "If Ever". Fans speculated that the game's initials, "DNF", also stand for Did Not Finish, a common sporting term. Due to Duke Nukem games featuring many popular culture references, a joke on the "development hell" of Duke Nukem Forever's production was included in the title itself, where Duke is playing it himself within the game, and when asked if it was any good, comments, "After 12 fucking years, it should be!" The game has also won a wide variety of "vaporware awards".


title: Duke Nukem

text: Although anticipation was great, "Duke Nukem Forever" received negative reviews upon release from critics, with most of the criticism directed towards the game's clunky controls on consoles, shooting mechanics, and overall aging and dated design. The PR company responsible for the game's publicity, The Redner Group, reacted to these reviews in a statement on the corporation's Twitter account. This comment appeared to threaten to withdraw access to review copies for future titles for reviewers who had been very critical of the game. Manager of the PR company Jim Redner later apologized for and retracted this comment, and the original Twitter post has been deleted. Despite the apologies, Publisher 2K Games has officially stopped "The Redner Group" from representing its products.


title: Duke Nukem

text: "", a spin-off from the main franchise released during 2002, generally received positive reviews in the video game press, with rankings around 7/10 and 80 out of 100. The game, however, did not sell as well as hoped, and its developer Sunstorm Interactive is no longer in existence. "Duke Nukem Advance", which was also released during 2002 for the Game Boy Advance, did receive favorable reviews. "", which was released the same year as "Duke Nukem Forever" and was developed for the Nintendo DS, received a negative reception.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: George Washington Vanderbilt II (November 14, 1862 – March 6, 1914) was an art collector and member of the prominent Vanderbilt family, which amassed a huge fortune through steamboats, railroads, and various business enterprises. He commissioned the construction of a 250-room mansion, the largest privately owned home in the United States, which he named Biltmore Estate.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: George W. Vanderbilt was the youngest child of William Henry Vanderbilt and Maria Louisa Kissam. Though there is no evidence to suggest that he referred to himself using a numerical suffix, various sources have called him both George Washington Vanderbilt II and III. The Biltmore recognizes him as George W. Vanderbilt III, because he had two uncles by that name, the first of whom died at the age of four.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: As the youngest of William's children, George was said to be his father's favorite and his constant companion. Relatives described him as slender, dark-haired, and pale-complexioned. Shy and introverted, his interests ran to philosophy, books, and the collection of paintings in his father's large art gallery. He acquired a private library of more than twenty thousand volumes. In addition to frequent visits to Paris, France, where several Vanderbilts kept homes, George Vanderbilt traveled extensively and became fluent in several foreign languages.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: His father owned elegant mansions in New York City and Newport, and an country estate on Long Island. When William died in 1885 of a stroke, he left a fortune of approximately $200 million, the bulk of which was split between his two elder sons, Cornelius Vanderbilt II and William K. Vanderbilt. George W. Vanderbilt had inherited $2 million from his grandfather and received another million dollars on his 21st birthday from his father. Upon his father's death, he inherited $5 million more, as well as the income from a $5 million trust fund.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: He ran the family farm at New Dorp and Woodland Beach, now the neighborhood of Midland Beach, on Staten Island, New York, where he was born, then lived with his mother in Manhattan until his own townhouse at 9 West 53rd Street was completed in 1887. The Vanderbilt family business was operated by his elder brothers. This left him time for intellectual pursuits. In 1891, he joined the New York Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The next year Vanderbilt gifted his private gallery on 58th Street in Manhattan to the American Fine Arts Society. During the early 1900s, the Vanderbilts developed a pair of residences at 645 and 647 Fifth Avenue. George was the first owner of number 647.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: Living in one or another of his family residences well into adulthood, Vanderbilt decided to construct his own country mansion and estate in 1888. For this purpose, he acquired 125,000 acres of woodland in North Carolina, employing the architect Richard Morris Hunt to design a limestone house modeled on the Chateau de Blois and other chateaux of the Loire Valley. With up to four acres of floor space, this is believed to be the largest domestic dwelling ever constructed in the United States.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: At Biltmore, Vanderbilt led the life of a country gentleman. Having a great interest in horticulture and agriscience, he oversaw experiments in scientific farming, animal bloodline breeding, and silviculture (forestry). His goal was to run Biltmore as a self-sustaining estate. In 1892, Frederick Law Olmsted suggested that Vanderbilt hire Gifford Pinchot to manage the forests on the estate. According to Pinchot, who went on to be the first Chief of the United States Forest Service, Biltmore was the first professionally managed forest in the U.S. It was also the site of the Biltmore School of Forestry, the first such school in North America, established in 1898 by Dr. Carl A. Schenck.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: Vanderbilt was known for his generosity toward his employees at Biltmore. Every year, he held a Christmas celebration for their children, complete with decorated tree and presents for each child, even those who could not make it to the party. He also paid all the expenses of the Cathedral of All Souls, an Episcopal cathedral he'd built and was a parishioner of, located directly across from the Biltmore Estate's main gate in Biltmore Village (the model village he had built for those who had worked to build the Estate or were employed on the Estate), so that the church's weekly collection could go directly to charity and outreach.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: On June 1, 1898, Vanderbilt married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser (January 17, 1873 – December 21, 1958) at the American Cathedral in Paris, France. George and Edith had one daughter together, Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt (August 22, 1900 - February 7, 1976).


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: In 1912, George and Edith booked passage on the doomed "Titanic," but they changed their plans at the last minute via telephone, instead sailing on her sister ship, the "Olympic." The "Olympic" left port before "Titanic", and the Vanderbilts arrived in New York before the sinking. Accounts vary, but it has been suggested that a family member (reportedly his wife's well-travelled sister) warned the pair from travelling on "Titanic", saying, "so many things can go wrong on a maiden voyage". According to Vanderbilt family history, George's mother had a premonition about "Titanic" and advised George from boarding. It's possible both warnings were acknowledged and heeded. In any case, Edith, in a letter to her friend Emily Ford Skeel (sister of Paul Leicester Ford), explained: "For no reason whatsoever we decided to sail on the "Olympic" and had only 18 hours to get ready in. We were homesick, and simply felt we must get home, and changed our ship, as I say, at the Eleventh hour!" Unfortunately, however, a servant to the Vanderbilts, Frederick Wheeler, perished aboard "Titanic" in second class, as, due to the close timing of their switch, the Vanderbilts were forced to leave most of their luggage aboard "Titanic", and so Wheeler retained his ticket to travel with it.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: He died due to complications following an appendectomy in Washington, D.C. on March 6, 1914. He was interred in the Vanderbilt family mausoleum at the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp in Staten Island, New York.


title: George Washington Vanderbilt II

text: After his death, Vanderbilt's widow sold approximately of the Biltmore property to the United States Forest Service at $5 an acre, fulfilling her husband's wishes to create the core of Pisgah National Forest. She sold additional land as finances demanded; today, about remain. Edith Dresser Vanderbilt later married Peter Goelet Gerry (1879–1957), a United States Senator from Rhode Island.