title: Tennessee Whiskey (song)

text: Stapleton and Timberlake also performed the song at the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival and at the Man of the Woods Tour's Nashville concert. The song was nominated for ACM Song of the Year in 2017.


title: Tennessee Whiskey (song)

text: Meghan Linsey performed the song on season 8 of "The Voice" in May 2015. Her version charted on the country chart after her performance with 32,000 copies sold that week.


title: Tennessee Whiskey (song)

text: Deana Martin gave "Tennessee Whiskey" a new beat when she recorded it for her 2016 album "Swing Street". A YouTube video featuring Kris Jones at the wheel of his pickup truck, recorded by his daughter Dayla, went viral and has gained over 35 million views. It led to a performance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". In 2017, Stan Walker and Parson James released a version as a single. Australian singer Judah Kelly covered the song on his debut album, "Count On Me" (2017).


title: Tennessee Whiskey (song)

text: Artist, Keke Wyatt also covered the song in 2017 for her album of covers called "Keke Covers" where she did an R&B inspired version of the tune, carefully not to stray away from its original country vibe.


title: Tennessee Whiskey (song)

text: In March 2018, it was announced that "Tennessee Whiskey: The Musical", a play for Broadway and based on the story of Dean Dillon, is in the pre-production phase.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: Synchronicity is the fifth and final studio album by English rock band the Police, released on 17 June 1983 by A&M Records. The band's most successful release, the album includes the hit singles "Every Breath You Take", "King of Pain", "Wrapped Around Your Finger", and "Synchronicity II". The album's title and much of the material for the songs were inspired by Arthur Koestler's "The Roots of Coincidence". At the 1984 Grammy Awards the album was nominated for a total of five awards, including Album of the Year, and won three. At the time of its release and following its tour, the Police's popularity was at such a high that they were arguably, according to BBC and "The Guardian", the "biggest band in the world".


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: "Synchronicity" reached number one on both the UK Albums Chart and the US "Billboard" 200, and sold over eight million copies in the US. The album was widely acclaimed by critics. Praise centred on its cohesive merging of disparate genres and sonic experimentation. "Rolling Stone" described "each cut on "Synchronicity" [as] not simply a song but a miniature, discrete soundtrack". It has since been included in the magazine's lists of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties" and the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2009, "Synchronicity" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The album's title was inspired by Arthur Koestler's "The Roots of Coincidence". Frontman Sting was an avid reader of Koestler, and also titled the Police's prior album "Ghost in the Machine" after one of his works.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The album marked a significant reduction in the reggae influences that were a part of the band's first four records, instead featuring production-heavy textures and liberal use of synthesizers that, at times, drove entire songs ("Synchronicity I", "Wrapped Around Your Finger"). The influence of world music can also be heard in songs such as "Tea in the Sahara" and "Walking in Your Footsteps". As opposed to the band's previous effort, "Ghost In The Machine", the songs are much sparser, with less overdubbing, more akin to the trio feel and the band's aesthetic of "less is more". Sting explains:


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: As with "Ghost in the Machine", the recording for "Synchronicity" took place over a period of six weeks, at AIR Studios in Montserrat beginning in December 1982. The three band members recorded the basic tracks live in separate rooms: Stewart Copeland with his drums in the dining room (connected to the control room via video link), Sting in the control room, and guitarist Andy Summers in the actual studio. According to co-producer and engineer Hugh Padgham, this was done for two reasons: to obtain the best sound for each instrument and "for social reasons." Sting explained how this setup worked for him:


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: While tracking live, the band would do multiple takes of each song. Together, the band members and Padgham would listen through each take and select the best bits of each take. Those best bits would be edited together to make one 'master backing track', onto which they'd record overdubs (including vocals, which were often bounced down to make room for other overdubs on the 24-track).


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: During the recording of "Every Breath You Take", Sting and Copeland came to blows with each other, and Padgham nearly quit the project. The song was originally attempted with the live method, but due to many failed takes the song had to be assembled entirely from overdubs - even all the drum parts were recorded separately.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: This album also marked Sting's first time using a sequencer, which features heavily on "Walking In Your Footsteps" (said to be the first track he programmed with it) and "Synchronicity I". It was an Oberheim DSX sequencer, which Sting seemed to enjoy pushing to its limits, and he likened it to HAL in "".


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: Final overdubs and mixing were done within two weeks at Le Studio in Morin Heights from mid-January to February 1983 using an SSL console. Summers reflects on the transition from recording to mixing:


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: As recalled in an interview with "Studio Sound" magazine, Padgham described the routine during the mixing sessions: in the mornings, he would do much of the mixing work while the band were off skiing, then they would return to the studio to help fine-tune the mix and suggest a few changes - each song would have typically taken a day or so to mix. Contrary to this, however, in later interviews he recalled that due to tensions within the group, at least one member of the band would be present at the studio while the other(s) would be skiing.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The album's original cover artwork, conceived by Jeff Ayeroff and Norman Moore, consisted of a series of photographs overlaid with transparent horizontal stripes of blue, red, and yellow. The album was available in 36 variations, with different arrangements of the colour stripes and showing different photographs of the band members, taken by Duane Michals. In the most common version Sting is reading a copy of Carl Jung's "Synchronicity" on the front cover along with a superimposed negative image of the actual text of the synchronicity hypothesis. A photo on the back cover also shows a close-up, but mirrored and upside-down, image of Jung's book.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The original vinyl release was pressed on audiophile vinyl which appears black like most records, but is actually purple when held up to the light.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: "Synchronicity" was released in the United Kingdom on 17 June 1983. The album was issued on LP, CD, and cassette. "Synchronicity" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and spent two weeks at the top position. In the United States, the album topped the "Billboard" 200 in late July and ultimately spent 17 nonconsecutive weeks at number one on the chart, interrupting the dominance of Michael Jackson's "Thriller".


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The album was reissued as a remastered gold CD in 1989 by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab, and on SACD in 2003.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: Professional music critics at the time of release and afterwards have been mostly positive towards the album. Richard Cook of "NME" called "Synchronicity" "a record of real passion that is impossible to truly decipher", and felt that "although [the album] magnifies the difference between Sting and Summers and Copeland it also evolves the group into a unique state: a mega-band playing off glittering experimentation against the sounding board of a giant audience. It's the sound of a group coming apart and coming together, a widescreen drama with a fascination at a molecular level. Some of the music fuses intuitive pop genius with willfully dense orchestration so powerfully it stuns. It is occasionally sensational."


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: In "Melody Maker" Adam Sweeting was less enthusiastic, saying, "I would guess that devotees of this extremely sussed trio will find plenty to amuse them, and indeed Sting has sown all sorts of cryptic little clues and messages throughout his songs... However impressive bits of "Synchronicity" sound, I could never fall in love with a group which plans its moves so carefully and which would never do anything just for the hell of it".


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: Reviewing the 2003 reissue, "Mojo"s David Buckley stated that ""Synchronicity" [...] was already, in the time-honoured words of rock journo cliché, 'the work of a disintegrating unit', yet 20 years on it hangs together well". Although noting what he felt was a clear gap in quality between the first and second halves of the album, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine concluded that the "first-rate pop" of the second half ranks among Sting's best work, while also illustrating "that he was ready to leave the Police behind for a solo career, which is exactly what he did."


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: The track "Mother" generated controversy, with many saying it was the worst track on "Synchronicity". Andy Summers, who wrote the song, explained why it was put on the album: "We all have our family situations, and I had a pretty intense mother who was very focused on me. I was sort of 'the golden child,' and there I was, sort of fulfilling all of her dreams by being this pop star in The Police. I got a certain amount of pressure from her. It's not heavy - it was written kind of ironic, to be kind of funny, but crazy. It's inspired a little bit by Captain Beefheart. It's something that's really off-the-wall. It was very bizarre - I think it freaked the record company out. When the album came out, we had all the press in the world watching us and talking about it. The reviews came in, and that song got written about so much because it was so off-the-wall and so ballsy to do that, because the band was having so much commercial success."


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: In his review of "Synchronicity", Stephen Holden from "Rolling Stone" noted that "corrosively funny 'Mother' inverts John Lennon’s romantic maternal attachment into a grim dadaist joke."


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: In the 1983 "Rolling Stone" readers' poll, "Synchronicity" was voted "Album of the Year". It was voted the fifth best album of 1983 in "The Village Voice"s year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll. At the 1984 Grammy Awards ceremony, "Synchronicity" won the award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and was nominated for Album of the Year. "Every Breath You Take" won the awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and received a nomination for Record of the Year.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: In 1989, "Synchronicity" was ranked No. 17 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 100 best albums of the 1980s. "Pitchfork" ranked the record at No. 55 on its 2002 list of the decade's 100 best albums. In 2006, "Q" placed "Synchronicity" at No. 25 on its list of the 40 best 1980s albums. In 2016, "Paste" ranked "Synchronicity" sixth on its list of the 50 best new wave albums, and 17th on its list of the 50 best post-punk albums.


title: Synchronicity (The Police album)

text: "Synchronicity" has appeared on numerous rankings of the greatest albums of all time. In 2000, it was listed at No. 91 in the Virgin "All Time Top 1000 Albums" book. In 2003, "Synchronicity" was ranked No. 455 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time; the album also placed on updates of the list in 2012 (at No. 448) and in 2020 (at No. 159). In 2010, "Consequence" listed it as the 37th best album of all time. "Synchronicity" was ranked 50th in VH1's 2001 countdown of the "100 Greatest Albums of Rock & Roll", and 65th in Channel 4's "100 Greatest Albums" in 2005. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame compiled a list of "The Definitive 200" albums in 2007, placing "Synchronicity" at No. 119. In 2009, "Synchronicity" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2013, it placed at No. 13 in BBC Radio 2's "Top 100 Favourite Albums", a poll voted in by over 100,000 people. "Synchronicity" was included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: TAI TF-X

text: The TAI TF-X (Turkish Fighter) is a stealth twin-engine all-weather air superiority fighter in development by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and BAE Systems as its sub-contractor. The aircraft is planned to replace F-16 Fighting Falcons of the Turkish Air Force and to be exported to foreign nations. It was officially announced that the TF-X's prototype will be rolled out on 18 March 2023, and make its first flight on 29 October 2024.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 15 December 2010, Turkey's Defense Industry Executive Committee (SSIK) decided to design, develop, and manufacture a national next generation air-superiority fighter which would replace Turkey's F-16 fleet and operate with other critical assets like the F-35 Lightning II.


title: TAI TF-X

text: In 2011, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM), now known as the Presidency of Defense Industries (SSB), the procurement agency for the Turkish Armed Forces, signed an agreement with TAI for the conceptual development of basic capabilities. TAI and TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) would lead the design, entry, and development processes of the fighter jet. The studies would reveal the cost of the fighter, while investigating which mechanical and electronic systems would be employed and included, and a wider perspective of the opportunities and challenges in military aviation. Funding equivalent to US$20 million was allocated for a 2-year conceptual design phase performed by the Turkish Aerospace Industries. TAI officials have stated that conceptual design phase should be complete in late 2013, with a report being prepared and submitted to the Prime Minister for the approval of development phase budget and framework. Jane's has described the project as "extremely ambitious".


title: TAI TF-X

text: In February 2013, meetings were held with Saab upon the instruction of then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and an agreement was signed with TAI and the Swedish Saab company during the state visit of then-Turkish President Abdullah Gül to Sweden on 13 March 2013:


title: TAI TF-X

text: Later this idea was abandoned and on January 8, 2015 then-Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the TF-X program will be a completely independent domestic platform, not in partnership with Korea, Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia.


title: TAI TF-X

text: Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced on 8 January 2015, that the TF-X will be a twin-engined fighter. The Undersecretariat for Defense Industries published its 2016 Performance Report in March 2017, where it was revealed that the final decision was to continue with the twin engine FX-1 configuration.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 13 March 2015, the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) officially issued a Request for Information to Turkish companies which had the capability "to perform a genuine design, development and production activities of the first Turkish fighter aircraft to meet Turkish Armed Forces' next generation fighter requirements" signalling the official start of the program. The contract for design and development of the fighter was signed between the SSM of Ministry of Turkish National Defense and Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. on 5 August 2016. The SSM granted $1.18 bn. to Turkish Aerospace Industries to acquire necessary technologies and infrastructure for the design, testing and certification of the aircraft. In the same period, Request for Proposal was published for the engine of the aircraft, and General Electric, Eurojet and Snecma companies returned to this file. Within the scope of RFP, it was requested that engine infrastructure in Turkey would be developed and that it sho be domestic production as long as possible.


title: TAI TF-X

text: In December 2015, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) announced that it had chosen BAE Systems of the United Kingdom to assist with the design of the nation's next-generation air superiority fighter. The same day Rolls-Royce offered EJ200 engine technology transfer and joint-development of a derivative for the TF-X program. During the visit of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May to Turkey in January 2017, BAE Systems and TAI officials signed an agreement, worth about £100 million, for BAE Systems to provide engineering assistance in developing the aircraft. Following the agreement, the UK issued an open general export licence to defense companies willing to export goods, software or technology to Turkey.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 20 January 2015, ASELSAN of Turkey announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Eurojet, the manufacturer of the EJ200 engine used in the Eurofighter Typhoon. The announcement also stated that a derivative of the EJ200 will be used in the TF-X program. The two companies will additionally collaborate and co-develop engine control software systems and engine maintenance monitoring systems. Turkey's selection of the EJ200 evidenced TAI's intention to use supercruise capability. In May 2017, Rolls-Royce established a joint venture with the Kale Group of Turkey to develop and manufacture engines for the project. Another competitor is TRMotor Power Systems Inc. established in April 2017 by BMC, TAI and SSTEK. On 8 November 2018, TRMotor signed a memorandum of understanding with the Presidency of Defense Industries to develop a jet engine for the TF-X project.


title: TAI TF-X

text: While General Electric did not openly express interest in the TF-X project, its local partner Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) announced that it will participate in the engine development phase. On 11 June 2018, TEI General Manager Mahmut Faruk Akşit said that they proposed a mature engine for which they had completed a commercial proposal for the infrastructure of sub-component tests for the compressor. He emphasized the advantage of GE engines over its competitors stating that they have significant OEM support whereas the collaboration between other companies were yet to thrive. TEI committed to submit all intellectual rights to the government. In October 2018, local media reported that an unknown number of initial production fighters will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC) finalizes the local engine.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 14 March 2022 Kale & Rolls-Royce re-started the progress of developing an engine for the TF-X program, stating that the previous disputes between the companies have been resolved and that the first prototype's of the TF-X will use the F110 engine.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 5 March 2022, İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industries, in a television interview Demir said the government would now negotiate a possible engine deal with Rolls-Royce. “We had some issues [with Rolls-Royce] before,” he said. “These have been resolved. I think we are ready to work together.”


title: TAI TF-X

text: As of 31 May 2022, Rolls-Royce does not seem to engage in the development of an indigenous engine for TAI TF-X program yet as Turkey has sent Rolls-Royce a request for proposals and still waiting for the British engine maker’s assessment and reply. İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industries, said "It is imperative for us that the engine be produced in Turkey … that Turkey should possess intellectual property rights". His statement implies that the same dispute over intellectual properties of the engine which previously stalled the negotiation between Rolls-Royce and Turkey back in 2019 remained unresolved.


title: TAI TF-X

text: As of 2 June 2022, unknown number of General Electric F110 engines delivered to TEI as the first batch according to the agreement between Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) and General Electric that comprises delivery of 10 engines in total.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 2 July 2022, Defence Industry Agency published the invitation to tender for the domestic development of the engine to be used and İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industry Agency, stated that TRMotor, which is a subsidiary of TEI, has submitted its proposal and Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC), consortium by Kale Group and Rolls-Royce, will submit its offer soon.


title: TAI TF-X

text: Russian defense company Rostec at the Eurasia Air Show 2018 voiced an intention to join the TF-X program. In a surprise move, some Russian companies (United Engine Corporation) have also stated that they were ready to provide technology for the TF-X engine. Turkish defense officials confirmed that they are exploring this option and discussing potential cooperation models. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, accompanied by Russian President Vladimir Putin, were showcasing the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 stealth fighter jet at the MAKS 2019 international airshow in the Moscow region on 27 August 2019.


title: TAI TF-X

text: Development Phase-1 was expected to officially commence by the end of 2014, however, initial conditions were met and the project has officially started in late 2018.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On June 30, 2021, the Turkish Air Force made an official presentation about the TF-X program to the press. In the presentation, it was stated that Phase-1 Stage-1 had started with preliminary design works, right after T0 stage. As part of preliminary design activities, a system requirements review (SRR) is currently being carried out. By the end of 2022, system functionality review (SFR) and system requirements review (SRR) will be completed. Thus, the preliminary design activities will come to an end. The program is expected to go to the next stage by 2023 when the initial roll-out occurs with engines capable of taxiing.


title: TAI TF-X

text: Phase-1 Stage-2 involves detailed design and qualifications carried out in the 2022-2029 period. The aircraft will roll out in 2023, critical design review (CDR) activities will be carried out in 2024, the production of the first aircraft, called Block-0, will be completed in 2025 and the first flight will be accomplished in 2026. Until that date, TAI aims to manufacture 3 prototypes. The Block-1 configuration is planned to be developed until 2029. The manufacture of 10 Block-1 fighter jets is planned within the scope of Phase-2, and the aircraft will be delivered to the Turkish Air Force between 2030 and 2033. In Phase-3, between 2034 and 2040, development and mass production activities of other TF-X blocks is planned.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On November 4, 2021, the first piece of MMU was manufactured. Temel Kotil, CEO of TAI said; ""We have realized the production of the first part of our National Combat Aircraft. Every step we take for the survival project of our country is very meaningful and valuable for us. I would like to thank all my friends with whom we walked on the same path by working with enthusiasm and effort."" The other 20,000 parts of TF-X are planned to be ready by the end of 2022.


title: TAI TF-X

text: TAI's Deputy General Manager responsible for TFX Dr. Uğur Zengin, stated on February 11, 2022, that 550 parts of TF-X were in production.


title: TAI TF-X

text: On 22 Feb 2022, Temel Kotil, President and CEO of TAI gave an interview revealing that Turkey was collaborating with the Pakistan military operated National University of Science and Technology (NUST) on the project, outsourcing component design to students and researchers. However, TAI later said that there was a misunderstanding and there is no Pakistani partnership currently in the project.


title: TAI TF-X

text: The TF-X is the first 5th-generation aircraft involving digital twin technology for the design and production.


title: TAI TF-X

text: In June 2021, the Turkish Air Force, in a presentation made to the press, announced its requirements for minimum capabilities of the TF-X:


title: TAI TF-X

text: Hüseyin Yağcı, TAI's chief engineer on the TF-X program, has stated that all three conceptual designs thus far feature a design optimized for low radar cross-sectional density, internal weapons bays, and the ability to supercruise, features associated with fifth-generation fighter jets.


title: TAI TF-X

text: TAI's Advanced Carbon Composites fuselage facility, which was commissioned to produce fuselages for Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter (F-35) program, has been tasked with developing an Advanced Carbon Composite fuselage for the TF-X. The Turkish Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) has also issued a tender for the development of a new lighter carbon composite thermoplastic for the TF-X fuselage.


title: TAI TF-X

text: ASELSAN is currently developing an advanced active electronically scanned array radar which will use gallium nitride (GaN) technology for the TF-X program.


title: TAI TF-X

text: The TF-X will be integrated from the cockpit to accompanying UAVs (most likely the TAI Anka) through encrypted datalink connections. The aircraft will likely use upgraded variants of Aselsan's own radar warning receiver (RWR), missile warning system (MWS), laser warning system (LWS), chaff and flare management, dispensing system and digital radio frequency memory (DRFM)-based jamming system, which are already deployed with the other air platforms.


title: TAI TF-X

text: Prototypes will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until the TAEC engine, a joint venture between the Turkish KALE & British Rolls Royce, is completed and ready. Ismail Demir also stated that besides these two engines, an alternative engine is found from an undisclosed nation.


title: TAI TF-X

text: TAI announced that a double-seat variant will be developed for the TF-X. The aim is to use the MUM-T (Manned Unmanned Teaming) capability of the TF-X with maximum efficiency. With the additional seat, the pilot in the back will be able to coordinate and manage drones like the Bayraktar Kizilelma & Bayraktar TB2


title: Time in India

text: The Republic of India uses only one time zone (even though it spans across two geographical time zones) across the whole nation and all its territories, called Indian Standard Time (IST), which equates to , i.e. five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). India does not currently observe daylight saving time (DST or summer time).


title: Time in India

text: The official time signal is given by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory. The IANA time zone database contains only one zone pertaining to India, namely "Asia/Kolkata". The date and time notation in India shows some peculiarities.


title: Time in India

text: The 4th century CE astronomical treatise Surya Siddhanta postulated a spherical earth. The book described the thousands years old customs of the prime meridian, or zero longitude, as passing through "Avanti", the ancient name for the historic city of Ujjain, and "Rohitaka", the ancient name for Rohtak (), a city near the Kurukshetra.


title: Time in India

text: The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain, and was divided into smaller time units in the following manner:


title: Time in India

text: Taking a day to be 24 hours, the smallest time unit, "prāṇa", or one respiratory cycle, equals 4 seconds, a value consistent with the "normal breathing frequency" of 15 breaths/min used in modern medical research. The Surya Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain. Despite these early advances, standard time was not widely used outside astronomy. For most of India's history, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the Hindu calendar in both lunar and solar units. For example, the Jantar Mantar observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in Jaipur in 1733 contains large sundials, up to 90 ft (27 m) high, which were used to accurately determine the local time.


title: Time in India

text: In 1802 Madras Time was set up by John Goldingham and this was later used widely by the railways in India. Local time zones were also set up in the important cities of Bombay and Calcutta and as Madras time was intermediate to these, it was one of the early contenders for an Indian standard time zone. Though British India did not officially adopt the standard time zones until 1905, when the meridian passing east of Allahabad at 82.5° E longitude was picked as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country (). Indian Standard Time came into force on 1 January 1906, and also applied to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). However, Calcutta Time was officially maintained as a separate time zone until 1948 and Bombay Time until 1955.


title: Time in India

text: In 1925, time synchronisation began to be relayed through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organisations that needed to know the precise time. This continued until the 1940s, when time signals began to be broadcast using the radio by the government. Briefly during World War II, clocks under Indian Standard Time were advanced by one hour, referred to as War Time. This provision lasted from September 1, 1942, to October 15, 1945.


title: Time in India

text: After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Mumbai and Kolkata retained their own local time for a few more years. In 2014 Assamese politicians proposed following a daylight-saving schedule that would be ahead of IST by an hour, but as of March 2020 it has not been approved by the central government.


title: Time in India

text: Older time zones, not in use any more since introduction of standardised same time zone across India, were:


title: Time in India

text: India and the Indian subcontinent observed ""daylight saving (DST)"" during the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, daylight saving was briefly used to reduce civilian energy consumption.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including archaea, bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animals. It is the primary "intracellular iron-storage protein" in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping iron in a soluble and non-toxic form. In humans, it acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is found in most tissues as a cytosolic protein, but small amounts are secreted into the serum where it functions as an iron carrier. Plasma ferritin is also an indirect marker of the total amount of iron stored in the body; hence, serum ferritin is used as a diagnostic test for iron-deficiency anemia. Aggregated ferritin transforms into a toxic form of iron called hemosiderin.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits forming a hollow nanocage with multiple metal–protein interactions. Ferritin that is not combined with iron is called apoferritin.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin genes are highly conserved between species. All vertebrate ferritin genes have three introns and four exons. In human ferritin, introns are present between amino acid residues 14 and 15, 34 and 35, and 82 and 83; in addition, there are one to two hundred untranslated bases at either end of the combined exons. The tyrosine residue at amino acid position 27 is thought to be associated with biomineralization.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is a hollow globular protein of mass 474 kDa and comprising 24 subunits. Typically it has internal and external diameters of about 8 and 12 nm, respectively. The nature of these subunits varies by class of organism:


title: Ferritin

text: All the aforementioned ferritins are similar, in terms of their primary sequence, with the vertebrate H-type. In "E. coli", a 20% similarity to human H-ferritin is observed.


title: Ferritin

text: Some ferritin complexes in vertebrates are hetero-oligomers of two highly related gene products with slightly different physiological properties. The ratio of the two homologous proteins in the complex depends on the relative expression levels of the two genes.


title: Ferritin

text: Inside the ferritin shell, iron ions form crystallites together with phosphate and hydroxide ions. The resulting particle is similar to ferrihydrite. Each ferritin complex can store about 4500 iron (Fe) ions.


title: Ferritin

text: A human mitochondrial ferritin, MtF, was found to express as a pro-protein. When a mitochondrion takes it up, it processes it into a mature protein similar to the ferritins found in the cytoplasm, which it assembles to form functional ferritin shells. Unlike other human ferritins, it appears to have no introns in its genetic code. An X-ray diffraction study has revealed that its diameter is 1.70 angstroms (0.17 nm), it contains 182 residues, and is 67% helical. The mitochondrial ferritin's Ramachandran plot shows its structure to be mainly alpha helical with a low prevalence of beta sheets.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is present in every cell type. It serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. The function and structure of the expressed ferritin protein varies in different cell types. This is controlled primarily by the amount and stability of messenger RNA (mRNA), but also by changes in how the mRNA is stored and how efficiently it is transcribed. One major trigger for the production of many ferritins is the mere presence of iron; an exception is the yolk ferritin of "Lymnaea sp.", which lacks an iron-responsive unit.


title: Ferritin

text: Free iron is toxic to cells as it acts as a catalyst in the formation of free radicals from reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction. Hence vertebrates have an elaborate set of protective mechanisms to bind iron in various tissue compartments. Within cells, iron is stored in a protein complex as ferritin or the related complex hemosiderin. Apoferritin binds to free ferrous iron and stores it in the ferric state. As ferritin accumulates within cells of the reticuloendothelial system, protein aggregates are formed as hemosiderin. Iron in ferritin or hemosiderin can be extracted for release by the RE cells, although hemosiderin is less readily available. Under steady-state conditions, the level of ferritin in the blood serum correlates with total body stores of iron; thus, the serum ferritin FR5Rl is the most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores.


title: Ferritin

text: Because iron is an important mineral in mineralization, ferritin is employed in the shells of organisms such as molluscs to control the concentration and distribution of iron, thus sculpting shell morphology and colouration. It also plays a role in the haemolymph of the polyplacophora, where it serves to rapidly transport iron to the mineralizing radula.


title: Ferritin

text: Iron is released from ferritin for use by ferritin degradation, which is performed mainly by lysosomes.


title: Ferritin

text: Vertebrate ferritin consists of two or three subunits which are named based on their molecular weight: L "light", H "heavy", and M "middle" subunits. The M subunit has only been reported in bullfrogs. In bacteria and archaea, ferritin consists of one subunit type. H and M subunits of eukaryotic ferritin and all subunits of bacterial and archaeal ferritin are H-type and have ferroxidase activity, which is the conversion of iron from the ferrous (Fe) to ferric (Fe) forms. This limits the deleterious reaction which occurs between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide known as the Fenton reaction which produces the highly damaging hydroxyl radical. The ferroxidase activity occurs at a diiron binding site in the middle of each H-type subunits. After oxidation of Fe(II), the Fe(III) product stays metastably in the ferroxidase center and is displaced by Fe(II), a mechanism that appears to be common among ferritins of all three kingdoms of life. The light chain of ferritin has no ferroxidase activity but may be responsible for the electron transfer across the protein cage.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin concentrations increase drastically in the presence of an infection or cancer. Endotoxins are an up-regulator of the gene coding for ferritin, thus causing the concentration of ferritin to rise. By contrast, organisms such as "Pseudomonas", although possessing endotoxin, cause plasma ferritin levels to drop significantly within the first 48 hours of infection. Thus, the iron stores of the infected body are denied to the infective agent, impeding its metabolism.


title: Ferritin

text: The concentration of ferritin has been shown to increase in response to stresses such as anoxia; this implies that it is an acute phase protein.


title: Ferritin

text: Mitochondrial ferritin has many roles pertaining to molecular function. It participates in ferroxidase activity, binding, iron ion binding, oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding, metal ion binding as well as transition metal binding. Within the realm of biological processes it participates in oxidation-reduction, iron ion transport across membranes and cellular iron ion homeostasis.


title: Ferritin

text: In some snails, the protein component of the egg yolk is primarily ferritin; this is a different ferritin, with a different genetic sequence, from the somatic ferritin. It is produced in the midgut glands and secreted into the haemolymph, whence it is transported to the eggs.


title: Ferritin

text: In vertebrates, ferritin is usually found within cells, although it is also present in smaller quantities in the plasma.


title: Ferritin

text: Serum ferritin levels are measured in medical laboratories as part of the iron studies workup for iron-deficiency anemia. The ferritin levels measured usually have a direct correlation with the total amount of iron stored in the body. However, ferritin levels may be artificially high in cases of anemia of chronic disease, where ferritin is elevated in its capacity as an inflammatory acute phase protein and not as a marker for iron overload.


title: Ferritin

text: A normal ferritin blood level, referred to as the reference interval is determined by many testing laboratories. The ranges for ferritin can vary between laboratories but typical ranges would be between 30 and 300 ng/mL (=μg/L) for males, and 30–160 ng/mL (=μg/L) for females. A value less than 50 is considered as iron deficiency.


title: Ferritin

text: If the ferritin level is low, there is a risk for lack of iron, which could lead to anemia or iron deficiency without anemia.


title: Ferritin

text: In the setting of anemia, low serum ferritin is the most specific lab finding for iron-deficiency anemia. However it is less sensitive, since its levels are increased in the blood by infection or any type of chronic inflammation, and these conditions may convert what would otherwise be a low level of ferritin from lack of iron, into a value in the normal range. For this reason, low ferritin levels carry more information than those in the normal range.


title: Ferritin

text: Low serum ferritin levels are seen in some patients with restless legs syndrome, not necessarily related to anemia, but perhaps due to low iron stores short of anemia.


title: Ferritin

text: A "falsely low" blood ferritin (equivalent to a false positive test) is very uncommon, but can result from a hook effect of the measuring tools in extreme cases.


title: Ferritin

text: Vegetarianism is not a cause of low serum ferritin levels, according to the American Dietetic Association's position in 2009: "Incidence of iron-deficiency anemia among vegetarians is similar to that of non-vegetarians. Although vegetarian adults have lower iron stores than non-vegetarians, their serum ferritin levels are usually within the normal range."


title: Ferritin

text: If ferritin is high, there is iron in excess or else there is an acute inflammatory reaction in which ferritin is mobilized without iron excess. For example, ferritins may be high in infection without signaling body iron overload.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is also used as a marker for iron overload disorders, such as hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis. Adult-onset Still's disease, some porphyrias, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome are diseases in which the ferritin level may be abnormally raised.


title: Ferritin

text: As ferritin is also an acute-phase reactant, it is often elevated in the course of disease. A normal C-reactive protein can be used to exclude elevated ferritin caused by acute phase reactions.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin has been shown to be elevated in some cases of COVID-19 and may correlate with worse clinical outcome.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin and IL-6 are considered to be possible immunological biomarkers for severe and fatal cases of COVID-19. Ferritin and C-reactive protein may be possible screening tools for early diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cases of COVID-19.


title: Ferritin

text: According to a study of anorexia nervosa patients, ferritin can be elevated during periods of acute malnourishment, perhaps due to iron going into storage as intravascular volume and thus the number of red blood cells falls.


title: Ferritin

text: Another study suggests that due to the catabolic nature of anorexia nervosa, isoferritins may be released. Furthermore, ferritin has significant non-storage roles within the body, such as protection from oxidative damage. The rise of these isoferritins may contribute to an overall increase in ferritin concentration. The measurement of ferritin through immunoassay or immunoturbidimeteric methods may also be picking up these isoferritins thus not a true reflection of iron storage status.


title: Ferritin

text: Studies reveal that a transferrin saturation (serum iron concentration ÷ total iron binding capacity) over 60 percent in men and over 50 percent in women identified the presence of an abnormality in iron metabolism (hereditary hemochromatosis, heterozygotes, and homozygotes) with approximately 95 percent accuracy. This finding helps in the early diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis, especially while serum ferritin still remains low. The retained iron in hereditary hemochromatosis is primarily deposited in parenchymal cells, with reticuloendothelial cell accumulation occurring very late in the disease. This is in contrast to transfusional iron overload in which iron deposition occurs first in the reticuloendothelial cells and then in parenchymal cells. This explains why ferritin levels remain relative low in hereditary hemochromatosis, while transferrin saturation is high.


title: Ferritin

text: Hematological abnormalities often associate with chronic liver diseases. Both iron overload and iron deficient anemia have been reported in patients with liver cirrhosis. The former is mainly due to reduced hepcidin level caused by the decreased synthetic capacity of the liver, while the latter is due to acute and chronic bleeding caused by portal hypertension. Inflammation is also present in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. As a consequence, elevated hepatic and serum ferritin levels are consistently reported in chronic liver diseases.


title: Ferritin

text: Studies showed association between high serum ferritin levels and increased risk of short-term mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. An other study found association between high serum ferritin levels and increased risk of long-term mortality in compensated and stable decompensated cirrhotic patients. The same study demonstrated that increased serum ferritin levels could predict the development of bacterial infection in stable decompensated cirrhotic patients, while in compensated cirrhotic patients the appearance of the very first acute decompensation episode showed higher incidence in patients with low serum ferritin levels. This latter finding was explaind by the association between chronic bleeding and increased portal pressure.


title: Ferritin

text: Ferritin is used in materials science as a precursor in making iron nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth by chemical vapor deposition.


title: Ferritin

text: Cavities formed by ferritin and mini-ferritins (Dps) proteins have been successfully used as the reaction chamber for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Protein shells served as a template to restrain particle growth and as a coating to prevent coagulation/aggregation between NPs. Using various sizes of protein shells, various sizes of NPs can be easily synthesized for chemical, physical and bio-medical applications.


title: Ferritin

text: Experimental COVID-19 vaccines have been produced that display the spike protein's receptor binding domain on the surface of ferritin nanoparticles.


title: Ferritin

text: The primary sequence of ferritin is MTTASTSQVR QNYHQDSEAA INRQINLELY ASYVYLSMSY YFDRDDVALK NFAKYFLHQS HEEREHAEKL MKLQNQRGGR IFLQDIKKPD CDDWESGLNA MECALHLEKN VNQSLLEFPS PISPSPSCWH HYTTNRPQPQ HHLLRPRRRK RPHSIPTPIL IFRSP.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The Ford Ranger (T6) is a range of mid-size pickup trucks manufactured and sold by Ford Motor Company since 2011. Consolidating worldwide production of the Ranger onto a single model range, the model line replaced the 1998–2012 Ranger marketed in North America and South America and the Mazda-derived Ranger sold in Asia-Pacific, Europe and several Latin American markets.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Based on the T6 platform, this series of Ranger was designed and engineered by Ford of Australia. Though developed for sales worldwide, the Ranger T6 was initially not marketed for sale in the United States and Canada (with Ford instead concentrating its resources on turbocharged versions of the F-150 at the time). For 2019, the Ranger T6 was released for sale in North America, slotted between the F-150 and the later Maverick (released in 2022).


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In late 2021, the second generation of the Ranger T6 was revealed for 2022 production, adopting a revised T6 platform known as "T6.2" with a modernized body design.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: First unveiled at the Australian International Motor Show in Sydney in October 2010, production of the first-generation T6-based Ranger commenced in mid-2011. During development, the first-generation T6-based Ranger is codenamed "P375", and also known by the "PX" model code in Australia. It is considered the third-generation Ranger in most international markets, and the fourth-generation Ranger in North America.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Similar to its 2006–2011 predecessor, the P375 Ranger is produced in three body styles worldwide. A two-door (single-cab) is standard, with a cargo capacity of . A cargo capacity of is offered with a four-door extended cab (SuperCab in North America), or a four-door crew cab (SuperCrew in North America). Along with the standard pickup truck, the Ranger is also offered as a chassis cab, effectively taking the place of the Ford Falcon cab-chassis in Australia.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: All four-door Rangers have the same ground clearance, whether two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive; two-door versions are offered with a "Hi-Rider" option in two-wheel drive configuration, giving them the same ground clearance as 4x4 versions. Hi-Rider versions (including the Wildtrak) have water-fording clearance of , while standard-height Rangers have clearance of . The Ranger T6 has a rated towing capacity of ; versions with the 2.2-litre "Duratorq" diesel have a payload capacity of .


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The model is produced across several facilities worldwide. First produced by the AutoAlliance (and also later Ford Thailand Manufacturing) facilities in Rayong, Thailand, production is also conducted in Argentina and South Africa, while CKD assembly are conducted in Nigeria and Vietnam. North American production is sourced from the Michigan Assembly Plant in Wayne, Michigan.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: As of 2022, the Argentine version contains 46% locally-made parts. 70% of its production is exported.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The model is also used as the basis for the second-generation Mazda BT-50 and the second-generation Ford Everest. The 2014–2021 Troller T4 off-road vehicle is also derived from the T6 platform shared with the Ranger.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In 2015, the P375 Ranger underwent a major mid-cycle redesign (codenamed "PX MkII" in Australia), with the front fascia adopting elements of Ford Kinetic Design. In place of the rectangular three-bar grille, the Ranger adopted a slightly oval grille with a single center bar, allowing further differentiation between the Ranger and the mechanically similar Everest, the Interior was also completely overhauled with the rear of the vehicle remaining largely unchanged.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In 2019, the P375 Ranger underwent a second, minor redesign (codenamed "PX MkIII" in Australia), with its exterior appearance being largely the same as the PXII with a few minor cosmetic changes to the front of the vehicle. Some mechanical changes were made such as a new front end suspension setup and the option to spec the XLT & Wildtrak trims with the 2.0-litre engine from the Ranger Raptor. The interior remained largely unchanged with upgrades to safety features and a new infotainment system based on the Ford SYNC 3 operating system.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The global Ranger follows traditional Ford truck trim level nomenclature, offering XL, XLS, and XLT trim levels. Based on its four-wheel drive versions, Ford offers the Ranger Sport, Ranger FX4, Ranger Wildtrak and the Ranger Wildtrak X, with model-specific exteriors. The North American version of the Ranger shares similar nomenclature, with XL, XLT, and Lariat; the FX4 is offered as an option package for 4x4 vehicles. The Tremor trim level was introduced in North America in 2020.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In certain global markets, including Australia and UK, Ford released the Ranger Wildtrak as a special edition of the Ranger. Based on the four-wheel drive crew-cab, the Wildtrak was equipped with a 3.2-litre "Duratorq" diesel engine with a manual or automatic transmission. To visually distinguish the model, the Wildtrak was equipped with a model-specific grille (painted dark grey), model-specific 18-inch wheels, and other exterior and interior trim. Marketed in a colour exclusive to the trim (Pride Orange), the Wildtrak was also offered in several other colours.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Unveiled in Thailand in February 2018, the Ranger Raptor is a high-performance truck optimized for off-road driving similar to the larger F-150 Raptor. Marking the debut of the 210 hp 2.0-litre "EcoBlue" bi-turbo diesel engine in the Ranger paired to a 10-speed automatic transmission, the Raptor is equipped with standard four-wheel drive and upgraded chassis and suspension. As with the F-150 Raptor, the grille of the Ranger Raptor replaces the Ford blue oval logo with "FORD" in block letters. In October 2018, Ford confirmed that the first-generation Ranger Raptor would not be available in North America, citing that the Ranger Raptor was designed specifically for markets where the F-150 Raptor is not available.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The first-generation T6-based Ranger is equipped with six airbags (seven in Europe). Along with dual front and side airbags, the Ranger is equipped with curtain airbags; European versions are equipped with a driver-side knee airbag. Along with standard anti-lock brakes, the Ranger is equipped with emergency brake assist. The twin-piston by front brake rotors are joined by by rear drums (on two-wheel drive Rangers) and by rear drums (on Hi-Rider and all 4x4 Rangers). The Latin American Ranger is equipped with rear drum brakes.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Australian-market XLT and WildTrak variants have the optional Tech Pack which includes adaptive cruise control, lane keeping aid, lane departure warning, automatic high beams, front windscreen mounted camera and a radar placed on in the front right side of the grille.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The Ranger in its most basic Latin American configuration with 3 airbags and no ESC received 3 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for infants from Latin NCAP in 2016 (one level above from 2010-2015).


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The Ranger in its most basic Latin American configuration with 3 airbags received 4 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for infants from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In January 2021, the Ford Ranger Double Cab 2.0 EcoBlue 213 Wildtrak auto was named Pick-up of the Year by British magazine "What Car?". "What Car?" awarded the Ranger five stars out of five in its review of the vehicle.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: For its 2011 launch, the first-generation T6-based Ranger replaced previous generations of the Ranger worldwide, consolidating designs developed by Ford and Mazda. A notable exception included the United States and Canada, as Ford exited the compact truck segment entirely. During the early 2010s, Ford concentrated its light truck design resources in North America on its F-Series trucks, with its redesign for 2015 including an aluminum-intensive body and introducing direct-injection and turbocharged engines in an effort to improve fuel economy.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: After an eight-year market hiatus, Ford introduced the fourth-generation Ranger for the United States or Canada for the 2019 model year at the 2018 North American International Auto Show, marking the first Ford entry into the mid-size pickup truck segment. As the first mid-size Ranger sold in North America, the Ranger underwent several design modifications to accommodate US crash standards along with the increase of its payload, with the introduction of fully-boxed frame rails. All versions of the Ranger sold in the United States and Canada have a wheelbase, regardless of cab or drivetrain configuration. Production started on 29 October 2018.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The North American-market Ranger is sold in four-door SuperCab and four-door SuperCrew configurations. While externally similar to its global counterpart, the Ranger features a number of exterior design changes. The front fascia was redesigned with a frame-mounted steel bumper. At the minor expense of frontal aerodynamics, the sturdier front bumper was designed to better comply with American crash standards.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: To better market the vehicle towards private buyers in North America, the Ranger was given a distinct hood design and grilles related to trim level. Additional trim included color-contrasting fender molding and fender grilles, in line with the F-Series trucks. The "RANGER"-embossed tailgate was modified; in the interest of aerodynamics, a spoiler was added. Unlike the F-Series, usage of aluminum in the body is minor, with only an aluminum hood and tailgate.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: While offered in both rear-wheel drive and part-time four-wheel drive, all Rangers in North America are produced using the "HiRider" chassis of the Ranger 4x4. Ford did not introduce the Ranger Raptor and the Ranger Wildtrak in North America. Ford has no current plans to market a two-door Ranger in North America.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: To comply with American safety mandates, a rear view safety camera is standard. Several sizes of interior touchscreens are offered, depending on trim packages ordered. To increase interior storage, waterproof storage compartments were added under the rear seats.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: For the North American market, the Ranger is produced with a single powertrain: a 2.3-liter "EcoBoost" inline-four paired with 10-speed "10R80" automatic transmission. For increased fuel economy, the engine includes direct fuel injection, four valves per cylinder, and a twin-scroll turbocharger.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The fourth-generation Ranger shares the traditional trim levels used by Ford light trucks in North America, with base-trim XL, mid-level XLT, and top-trim Lariat. To supplement each trim level, Chrome, Sport, and FX option packages are offered for all three trim levels.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: There are several different appearance packages available for each trim level. The base XL trim offers the STX Appearance Package, while the mid-level XLT and range-topping Lariat trims offer two different appearance packages: either the Sport Appearance Package and the Chrome Appearance Package. An FX-4 Off-Road Package is available on all 4x4-equipped models, adding features such as side pickup box FX-4 Off-Road decals, an off-road suspension package, and on/off-road tires.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: An off-road focused trim package called the Tremor was unveiled in September 2020 for the 2021 model year. Reserved for the XLT or Lariat trims with 4x4 and the SuperCrew chassis, the Tremor off-road package offers updated suspension tuned for off-road use with FOX Dampers, a terrain management system with trail control, 17" painted aluminum wheels with 17" off-road all-terrain tires, bash plates with skid plates for the radiator, EPAS, transfer case and fuel tank, tow hooks, updated LED cluster data, custom seats with Tremor logs, 6 upfitter switches mounted top center console and optional side and hood graphics.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The second-generation T6-based Ranger (fourth-generation Ranger worldwide and fifth-generation Ranger in North America) debuted in November 2021. Codenamed "P703" during development, it continued to be developed by Ford Australia with heavy inputs from Asian, American, African and European subsidiaries of Ford. It has been produced starting from the second quarter of 2022 in Thailand and South Africa for more than 100 global markets.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Dubbed the "T6.2", the vehicle is not completely reengineered with the use of the same basic body shapes and dimensions, door and glass apertures, most chassis hardpoints, along with many engine and transmission options. However, most parts are not directly interchangeable with the previous Ranger, according to Ian Foston, chief platform engineer for T6.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The P703 Ranger features an upgraded chassis, an added wheelbase and wider tracks of each, and an all-new suspension which has been placed further outboard. The change allows for more room for spring/damper articulation, which improves ride and handling capabilities regardless of load, and 4x4 off-road capability due to greater wheel travel. The engine bay is also wholly reworked with hydroformed structure to allow for the fitment of the V6 engine, a "Power Stroke" 3.0-litre turbodiesel unit which is first introduced for the 2018 F-150 but heavily modified for Ranger. The vehicle also introduced a wider bed, allowing for a standard pallet (1.2 m x 0.8 m) to fit.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The model shares its underpinnings with the third-generation Ford Everest and the second-generation Volkswagen Amarok. As part of Ford-VW global alliance cooperation agreement, Volkswagen has been involved with the development of the P703 Ranger since 2017.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The second-generation Ranger Raptor was unveiled in February 2022. It is powered by a EcoBoost 3.0 TT V6 petrol engine from the Bronco Raptor paired with a 10R60 automatic transmission. Power outputs are rated at for the Australian market while the output for European market is limited to to meet EU emissions standards. The 2.0-litre EcoBlue biturbo diesel engine from the previous generation will carry over. Ford CEO Jim Farley confirmed that the second-generation Ranger Raptor will be sold in the United States and Canada starting in 2023.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The T6 Ranger is used as the basis for the Ford Everest since its second generation. Unveiled in November 2014, the Everest visibly shared body panels with the T6 Ranger including the front hood, front doors and front fenders. The Everest is developed and adapted by Ford Australia.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The sixth-generation Ford Bronco shares its chassis (in modified form) and 2.3-litre "EcoBoost" engine with the North American version of the Ranger T6. A mid-size SUV, the Bronco is offered as a two-door and four-door convertible.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: Developed in tandem with the first-generation T6-based Ranger, the second-generation Mazda BT-50 is mechanically identical to the Ranger, using the 2.2-litre and 3.2-litre "Duratorq" diesel engines (as the rebranded "MZ-CD" engines). In the reverse of its predecessors, the second-generation BT-50 was developed by Ford. As the BT-50 was styled using the work of a separate design team, the two vehicles share almost no common body panels, with the exception of the roof stamping and the window glass.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In 2020, Mazda released a third-generation BT-50 derived from the Isuzu D-Max, marking the first time in 50 years that neither Ford nor Mazda have shared a compact pickup body.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: The Troller T4 is an off-road vehicle that was produced in Brazil by Ford subsidiary Troller Veículos Especiais S/A. Designed with a similar body and chassis layout as the Jeep Wrangler and Land Rover, the T4 was produced from 2004 to 2021. Following the purchase of Troller by Ford, the T4 underwent a design upgrade in 2014, adopting a shorter-wheelbase version of the Ranger T6 frame.


title: Ford Ranger (T6)

text: In 2021, Ford Brasil ended local vehicle production, ultimately closing down operations of its Troller subsidiary.


title: Flora Saini

text: Flora Saini, also known by her screen name Asha Saini, is an Indian actress and model. She predominantly works in Tollywood, and also appeared in a number of Kannada, Tamil and Hindi films. Since her debut in "Prema Kosam" (1999), she has acted in over 50 films and co-starred with noted actors like Rajinikanth, Balakrishna, Siddhant, Sudeep, Shivarajkumar, Vijaykanth, Prabhu, Karthik, Jagapati Babu and Rajasekhar.


title: Flora Saini

text: Born in Chandigarh to an army officer, Flora began her schooling in Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir. She continued her education in the Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan, Delhi. Her family then moved to Kolkata, where she started pursuing a modeling career. She participated in the Miss Kolkata beauty pageant.


title: Flora Saini

text: Flora made her acting debut in the 1999 Telugu film "Prema Kosam". The producer of the film rechristened her as Asha Saini; some years later she would adopt a new screen name, Mayuri, as per the advice of an astrologer, before eventually reverting to her original name.


title: Flora Saini

text: The actress subsequently played supporting roles in more than a dozen Telugu-language films in the next three years. She appeared in the film "Narasimha Naidu" (2002), which went on to become highly successful. It was for some time the most notable film in her filmography, and it led to her being referred to as "Lux Papa" thereafter. In 2002, Flora made her first Hindi-language film, starring in the T. P. Aggarwal-produced "Bharat Bhagya Vidhata". Her second Hindi film, "Love in Nepal" (2004), also produced by Agarwal, saw her paired with popular playback singer Sonu Nigam.


title: Flora Saini

text: Flora has appeared in several Kannada-language films, too, including "Giri", starring Srinagara Kitty, and "Nammannna", starring Sudeep.


title: Flora Saini

text: In March 2008, she was arrested in Chennai for supposedly having forged visa documents, and was subsequently banned from the Tamil film industry. She claimed innocence, and the ban was lifted a couple of weeks later.


title: Flora Saini

text: Three films in which Flora Saini stars – the Telugu-language "Broker", and two Kannada-language films, "Vismaya Pramaya" and "Vah Re Vah" – were released on 31 December 2010, a rare occurrence that secured her an entry in the Limca Book of Records for the most film releases on one day. In 2010, Flora Saini was honoured with the Uttarakhand Ratna Award. She has also received The Great Daughter of Soil Award in Mauritius for her anti-poverty work there.


title: Flora Saini

text: She is last seen in a web-series called "Gandii Baat" season 2 with Anveshi Jain, where she played a lead role. Recently, Saini was seen in many web series and notably worked in "Mayanagari-City of Dreams of Hotstar."


title: Flora Saini

text: In 2015, Flora Saini played the role of "Muskan" in starring Gurmeet Ram Rahim. She played the role of a daughter with Jayshree Soni as "Kasam" and Olexandra Semen as "Alice".


title: Flora Saini

text: In October 2019 Flora Saini made her debut in Bengali web series through Dupur Thakurpo hoichoi web series. It was the 3rd season of the series and she played the iconinc role of Phulwa boudi.


title: Italian Navy

text: The Italian Navy (; abbreviated as MM) is the navy of the Italian Republic. It is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and was formed in 1946 from what remained of the "Regia Marina" (Royal Navy) after World War II. , the Italian Navy had a strength of 30,923 active personnel, with approximately 184 vessels in service, including minor auxiliary vessels. It is considered a multiregional and a blue-water navy.


title: Italian Navy

text: The "Regia Marina" was formed on 17 March 1861, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. The Italian Navy assumed its present name after the Italian monarchy was abolished following a popular referendum held on 2 June 1946.


title: Italian Navy

text: At the end of its five years involvement in World War II, Italy was a devastated nation. After the end of hostilities, the "Regia Marina" – which at the beginning of the war was the fourth largest navy in the world, with a mix of modernised and new battleships – started a long and complex rebuilding process. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943, left the Regia Marina in a poor condition, with much of its infrastructure and bases unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state, which was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels. The vessels that remained were:


title: Italian Navy

text: The peace treaty signed on 10 February 1947 in Paris was onerous for Regia Marina. Apart from territorial and material losses, also the following restrictions were imposed:


title: Italian Navy

text: The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Greece, Yugoslavia and Albania as war compensation:


title: Italian Navy

text: Great changes in the international political situation, which were developing into the Cold War, convinced the United Kingdom and United States to discontinue the transfer of Italy's capital ships as war reparations. Some had already been dismantled in La Spezia between 1948 and 1955, including the aircraft carrier . However, the Soviet Union demanded the surrender of the battleship "Giulio Cesare" and other naval units designated for transfer. The cruisers "Attilio Regolo" and "Scipione Africano" became the French "Chateaurenault" and "Guichen", while "" became the Greek "Elli". After break up and/or transfers, only a small part of the fleet remained to be recommissioned into the Marina. As Western attention turned to the Soviets and the Mediterranean Sea, Italian seas became one of the main sites of confrontation between the two superpowers, contributing to the re-emergence of Italy's naval importance thanks to her strategic geographical position.


title: Italian Navy

text: With the new elections in 1946, the Kingdom of Italy became a republic, and the Regia Marina took the name of "Marina Militare" (). As the Marshall Plan began to rebuild Italy and Europe was rapidly being divided into two geopolitically antagonistic blocs, Italy began talks with the United States to guarantee adequate security considerations. The US government in Washington wished to keep its own installations on the Italian Peninsula and relaxed the Treaty restrictions by including Italy in the Mutual Defense Assistance Programme (MDAP). On 4 April 1949, Italy joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, in order for the navy to contribute actively in the organization, the Treaty restrictions were definitively repealed by the end of 1951, with the consent of all of Western nations.


title: Italian Navy

text: Within NATO, the Italian Navy was assigned combat control of the Adriatic Sea and Strait of Otranto, as well as the defence of the naval routes through the Tyrrhenian Sea. To ensure these tasks a (Study on the development of the Italian Navy with reference to the Atlantic Pact) was undertaken, which researched the structures and the methods for the development of the navy.


title: Italian Navy

text: The ensign of the Italian Navy is the flag of Italy bearing the coat of arms of the Italian Navy. The shield's quarters refer to the four Medieval Italian Maritime Republics:


title: Italian Navy

text: The coat of arms is surmounted by a golden crown, which distinguishes military vessels from those of the merchant navy.


title: Italian Navy

text: The crown, , was proposed in 1939 as a conjectural link to the Roman navy by Admiral Domenico Cavagnari, then a member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations in the Fascist government. In the proposal, Adm. Cavagnari wrote that "in order to recall the common origin [of the Navy] from the Roman mariners, the Insignia will be surmounted by the towered Crown with , the emblem of honour and valour the Roman Senate awarded to the leaders of naval victories, conquerors of lands and cities across the seas".


title: Italian Navy

text: A further difference is that St. Mark's lion, symbolising the Republic of Venice, does not hold the gospel in its paw (as it does on the civil ensign, where the book is open at the words "", meaning "peace to you, Mark, my evangelist") and is wielding a sword instead: such an image is consistent with the pictorial tradition from Venetian history, in which the book is shown open during peacetime and closed during wartime.


title: Italian Navy

text: In 2012 the Navy began a restructuring process that will see a 21% decrease in personnel by 2025. A new structure was implemented in January 2014.


title: Italian Navy

text: The Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard () is the coast guard of Italy and is part of the Italian Navy under the control of the Ministry of Infrastructures and Transports. In Italy, it is commonly known as simply the "Guardia costiera". The Coast Guard has approximately 11 000 staff.


title: Italian Navy

text: Command of the Italian Fleet (ships, submarines and amphibious forces) and Naval aviation falls under the Commander in Chief Naval Fleet.


title: Italian Navy

text: Today's Italian Navy is a modern navy with ships of every type. The fleet is in continuous evolution, and as of today oceangoing fleet units include: 2 light aircraft carriers, 3 amphibious assault ships, 4 destroyers, 11 frigates and 8 attack submarines. Patrol and littoral warfare units include: 10 offshore patrol vessels, 10 mine countermeasure vessels, 4 coastal patrol boats, and a varied fleet of auxiliary ships are also in service.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The men's major golf championships, commonly known as the major championships, and often referred to simply as the majors, are the most prestigious tournaments in golf. Historically, the national open and amateur championships of Great Britain and the United States were regarded as the majors. With the rise of professional golf in the middle of the twentieth century, the majors came to refer to the most prestigious professional tournaments.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: In modern men's professional golf, there are four globally recognised major championships. Since 2019, the order of competition dates are as follows:


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The majors originally consisted of two British tournaments, The Open Championship and The Amateur Championship, and two American tournaments, the U.S. Open and the U.S. Amateur. With the introduction of the Masters Tournament in 1934, and the rise of professional golf in the late 1940s and 1950s, the term "major championships" eventually came to describe the Masters, the U.S. Open, the Open Championship, and the PGA Championship. It is difficult to determine when the definition changed to include the current four tournaments, although many trace it to Arnold Palmer's 1960 season. After winning the Masters and the U.S. Open to start the season, he remarked that if he could win the Open Championship and PGA Championship to finish the season, he would complete "a grand slam of his own" to rival Bobby Jones's 1930 feat. Until that time, many U.S. players such as Byron Nelson also considered the Western Open and the North and South Open as two of golf's "majors", and the British PGA Matchplay Championship was as important to British and Commonwealth professionals as the PGA Championship was to Americans.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: During the 1950s, the short-lived World Championship of Golf was viewed as a "major" by its competitors, as its first prize was worth almost ten times any other event in the game, and it was the first event whose finale was televised live on U.S. television. The oldest of the majors is The Open Championship, commonly referred to as the "British Open" outside the United Kingdom. Dominated by American champions in the 1920s and 1930s, the comparative explosion in the riches available on the U.S. Tour from the 1940s onwards meant that the lengthy overseas trip needed to qualify and compete in the event became increasingly prohibitive for the leading American professionals. Their regular participation dwindled after the war years. Ben Hogan entered just once in 1953 and won, but never returned. Sam Snead won in 1946 but lost money on the trip (first prize was $600) and did not return until 1962.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Golf writer Dan Jenkins, who was often seen as the world authority on majors since he had attended more (200+) than anyone else, once noted that "the pros didn't talk much about majors back then. I think it was Herbert Warren Wind who starting using the term. He said golfers had to be judged by the major tournaments they won, but it's not like there was any set number of major tournaments."


title: Men's major golf championships

text: In 1960, Arnold Palmer entered The Open Championship in an attempt to emulate Hogan's 1953 feat of winning on his first visit. Though a runner-up by a stroke in his first attempt, Palmer returned and won the next two in 1961 and 1962. Scheduling difficulties persisted with the PGA Championship, but more Americans began competing in the 1960s, restoring the event's prestige (and with it the prize money that once made it an attractive prospect to other American pros). The advent of transatlantic jet travel helped to boost American participation in The Open. A discussion between Palmer and Pittsburgh golf writer Bob Drum led to the concept of the modern Grand Slam of Golf.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: In August 2017, after the previous year's edition was scheduled earlier due to golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the PGA of America announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to late-May beginning in 2019, in between the Masters and U.S. Open. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move the Players Championship back to March the same year; as a result, the Players and the four majors will still be played across five consecutive months.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Alongside the biennial Ryder Cup team competition, the majors are golf's most important events. Elite players from all over the world participate in them, and the reputations of the greatest players in golf history are largely based on the number and variety of major championship victories they accumulate. The top prizes are not actually the largest in golf, being surpassed by The Players Championship, three of the four World Golf Championships events (the HSBC Champions, promoted to WGC status in 2009, has a top prize comparable to that of the majors), and some other invitational events. However, winning a major boosts a player's career far more than winning any other tournament. If he is already a leading player, he will probably receive large bonuses from his sponsors and may be able to negotiate better contracts. If he is an unknown, he will immediately be signed up. Perhaps more importantly, he will receive an exemption from the need to annually re-qualify for a tour card on his home tour, thus giving a tournament golfer some security in an unstable profession. Currently, both the PGA Tour and European Tour give a five-year exemption to all major winners and they receive the highest priority in those rankings.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Independent organizations, and not the PGA Tour, operate each of the majors; The Players Championship is the tour's most important event. Three of the four majors take place in the United States. The Masters is played at the same course, Augusta National Golf Club, every year, while the other three rotate courses (the Open Championship, however, is always played on a links course). Each of the majors has a distinct history, and they are run by four separate golf organizations, but their special status is recognized worldwide. Major championship winners receive the maximum possible allocation of 100 points from the Official World Golf Ranking, which is endorsed by all of the main tours, and major championship prize money is official on the three richest regular (i.e. under-50) golf tours, the PGA Tour, European Tour and Japan Golf Tour.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The Players historically has offered a prize pool as large as or larger than the majors, because the PGA Tour wants its most important event to be as attractive. Although the majors are considered prestigious due to their history and traditions, besides The Players there are still other non-"major" tournaments which prominently feature top players competing for purses meeting or exceeding those of the four traditional majors, such as the European Tour's DP World Tour Championship, Dubai, and World Golf Championships. With its large prize fund of any golf event and role as PGA Tour's flagship tournament, The Players is frequently considered to be an unofficial "fifth major" by players and critics. After the announcement that the Evian Masters would be recognized as the fifth women's major by the LPGA Tour, players objected to the concept of having a fifth men's major, owing to the long-standing traditions that the existing four have established.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Because each major was developed and is run by a different organization, each has characteristics that sets it apart. These involve the character of the courses used, the composition of the field, and other idiosyncrasies.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: In the United Kingdom, historically all four majors were broadcast on free to air TV. ITV has not broadcast live golf for many years. The BBC used to be the exclusive TV home of the Masters Tournament, U.S. Open and the Open Championship. By the early years of the first decade of the 21st century, only the Masters and Open Championship were broadcast live on the BBC. From 2011 onwards Sky Sports has exclusive live coverage of the first two days of the Masters, with the weekend rounds shared with the BBC. The U.S. Open is shown exclusively on Sky Sports. Beginning in 2016, Sky Sports also became the exclusive broadcaster of the Open Championship; the BBC elected to forego the final year of its contract. The BBC continues to hold rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Sky also held rights to the PGA Championship, but in July 2017, it was reported that the PGA of America had declined to renew its contract, seeking a different media model for the tournament in the United Kingdom. The 2017 tournament was aired by the BBC (via BBC Red Button, with the conclusion of coverage on BBC Two) and streamed by GiveMeSport (via Facebook Live). Eleven Sports UK & Ireland acquired the event for 2018, as one of the first events covered by the newly launched streaming service.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: As none of the majors fall under the direct jurisdiction of tours, broadcast rights for these events are negotiated separately with each sanctioning body. However, as of 2020, network television coverage of all four tournaments is split equally between the PGA Tour's two main television partners, CBS and NBC.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The Masters operates under one-year contracts; CBS has been the main TV partner every year since 1956, with ESPN broadcasting CBS-produced coverage of the first and second rounds since 2008 (replacing USA Network, which had shown the event since the early 1980s).


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Beginning in 1966, ABC obtained the broadcast rights for the other three majors and held them for a quarter century. The PGA Championship moved to CBS in 1991 and the U.S. Open returned to NBC in 1995. ABC retained The Open Championship as its sole major, but moved its live coverage on the weekend to sister cable network ESPN in 2010. In June 2015, it was announced that NBC and Golf Channel would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12-year deal. While the NBC deal was originally to take effect in 2017, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, so the NBC contract took effect beginning in 2016 instead.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: As of 2020, NBC and Golf Channel hold broadcast rights to the U.S. Open and other USGA events, replacing Fox Sports — which had assumed the rights in 2015 under a 12-year contract, but withdrew and sold the remainder of the rights to NBC in June 2020.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: As of 2020, CBS and ESPN hold the broadcast rights to the PGA Championship, under a new contract that replaces TNT as the tournament's cable partner.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: In November 2021, NBC announced that early round and early-weekend coverage of the U.S. Open and the Open Championship would move from Golf Channel to USA Network beginning in 2022.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The aggregate scoring records for each major are tabulated below, listed in order of when the majors are scheduled annually.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The scoring records to par for each major are tabulated below, listed in order of when the majors are scheduled annually.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Major championships have been won by a margin of nine strokes or greater on eight occasions. On a further eight occasions, majors have been won by a margin of eight strokes; they include the 2012 PGA Championship, which was played over the Ocean Course at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, for which Rory McIlroy holds the PGA Championship record.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: The record for a single round in a major championship is 62 which was recorded by South African golfer Branden Grace in the third round of the 2017 Open Championship.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: These are consecutive because there was no The Open Championship in 1871 and no PGA Championship in 1917 and 1918.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: It was rare, before the early 1960s, for the leading players from around the world to have the opportunity to compete in all four of the 'modern' majors in one season, because of the different qualifying criteria used in each at the time, the costs of traveling to compete (in an era when tournament prize money was very low, and only the champion himself would earn the chance of ongoing endorsements), and on occasion even the conflicting scheduling of the Open and PGA Championships. In 1937, the U.S. Ryder Cup side all competed in The Open Championship, but of those who finished in the top ten of that event, only Ed Dudley could claim a "top ten" finish in all four of the majors in 1937, if his defeat in the last-16 round of that year's PGA Championship (then at matchplay) was considered a "joint 9th" position.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Following 1960, when Arnold Palmer's narrowly failed bid to add the Open Championship to his Masters and U.S. Open titles (and thus emulate Hogan's 1953 "triple crown") helped to establish the concept of the modern professional "Grand Slam", it has become commonplace for the leading players to be invited to, and indeed compete in, all four majors each year. Even so, those who have recorded top-ten finishes in all four, in a single year, remains a small and select group.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: On 14 of the 28 occasions the feat has been achieved, the player in question did not win a major that year – indeed, three of the players (Dudley, Sanders and Barber) failed to win a major championship in their careers (although Barber would go on to win five senior majors), and Fowler has also yet to win one.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Note: The order in which the majors were contested varied between 1895 and 1953. Before 1916, the PGA Championship did not exist; Before 1934, the Masters did not exist. From 1954 through 2018, the order of the majors was Masters, U.S. Open, Open Championship, PGA except in 1971, when the PGA was played before the Masters. From 2019, the order has been Masters, PGA, U.S. Open, Open Championship.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: For the purposes of this section a runner-up is defined as someone who either (i) tied for the lead after 72 holes (or 36 holes in the case of the early championships) but lost the playoff or (ii) finished alone or in a tie for second place. In a few instances players have been involved in a playoff for the win or for second place prize money and have ended up taking the third prize (e.g. 1870 Open Championship, 1966 Masters Tournament). For match play PGA Championships up to 1957 the runner-up is the losing finalist.


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Along with his record 18 major victories, Jack Nicklaus also holds the record for most runner-up finishes in major championships, with 19, including a record 7 at the Open Championship. He is also the only golfer with multiple runner-up finishes in all four majors. Phil Mickelson has the second most with 11 runner-up finishes after the 2016 Open Championship, which includes a record 6 runner-up finishes at the U.S. Open, the one major he has never won. Arnold Palmer had 10 second places, including three in the major he never won, the PGA Championship. There have been three golfers with 8 runner-up finishes – Sam Snead, Greg Norman and Tom Watson. Norman shares the distinction of having lost playoffs in each of the four majors with Craig Wood (who lost the 1934 PGA final – at match play – on the second extra hole).


title: Men's major golf championships

text: Lee Westwood holds the record for the most major championship appearances without a victory, with 91 starts.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language historical action drama film based on the life of Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. It is directed by Krish Jagarlamudi and Kangana Ranaut from a screenplay written by V. Vijayendra Prasad. Produced by Zee Studios, the film stars Ranaut in the title role. The film was based on a true story of Rani Lakshmi Bai.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: "Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi" was released on 3700 screens in 50 countries worldwide on 25 January 2019. The film performed well internationally and in India in its theatrical run. The film broke the record of highest single-day earner for a female-driven film in India previously held by Ranaut's own "". and the highest first weekend collections for a female driven film in India. The film also became the highest Indian opener in Japan in January 2020. It is one of the highest grossing women centric films in India.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The film opened to positive critical response. It was selected for the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival. Ranaut's portrayal of Rani Lakshmi Bai garnered widespread critical acclaim winning her the National Film Award for Best Actress at the 67th National Film Awards.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: In 1828, Manikarnika is born in the ghats of Varanasi. She is raised by her father, Moropanth and Peshwa Bajirao II in Bithoor. She is a favourite of the Peshwa and he has brought her up with lot of love. One day Dixit Ji of Jhansi spots her facing a ferocious tiger fearlessly. Impressed, he asks Peshwa for her hand in marriage with Maharaja of the Maratha ruled princely state of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao. Dixit Ji is aware that the British is eyeing Jhansi and wants to annexe the kingdom at any cost. He realises that her brave persona would play a crucial role in giving a tough fight to the British. The marriage takes place and as per the tradition the king gives her a new name – ‘Laxmibai’. All these developments upset Gangadhar's brother Sadashiv Rao. He is friendly with the British and wants to usurp the throne by hook or by crook. Laxmibai, after a few years, gives birth to Damodar and she is unable to contain her happiness. Her joy however is short-lived as Sadashiv surreptitiously poisons Damodar. Gangadhar, at the same time, falls ill too. Knowing that his death is near, he and Laxmibai decide to adopt a son who will rule Jhansi in future. Much to Sadashiv's dismay, his son is not adopted and instead, ‘Anand Rao’ , the son of a courtier, is named the heir. He was renamed as Laxmibai instinctively calls him Damodar Rao. Gangadhar passes away and the British attempt to annexe the throne. However, Laxmibai surprises everyone as she decides to take over the reins. She proclaims herself as the queen of Jhansi and challenges the British openly. When the British force her to vacate the palace, she walks gracefully into the village and is welcomed and greeted by a massive parade of villagers led by Jhalkaribai. She continues to live among the civilians quietly strategizing to reclaim the throne.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The rebellions from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 reaches Jhansi where the revolutionaries led by Sangram Singh kills General Gordon and his officers; They further attempt to kill their children and wife but their attempts are thwarted by Laxmibai. She plans to conquer the throne of Jhansi back while Sangram Singh and his men join the rebellion in Delhi. The East India Company requests the British government to appoint Sir Hugh Rose to salvage the situation and remove Laxmibai from the throne permanently. Knowing very well that she will soon be attacked again, Laxmibai begins training her own army and especially women to fight. Laxmibai assembles a army of 20,000 troops and Pathans join her later in 1858. During the siege of Jhansi, Laxmibai valiantly steps into the battlefield to destroy the British cannons strategically placed in front of a temple. The strong fort walls keep Laxmibai and her army steady until Sadashiv Rao divulges secrets about the fort to the British who finally break the siege and manage to storm the keep, resulting in the death of ‘Gaus-Baba’. Jhalkaribai despite discovering that she is pregnant acts as a decoy pretending to be the queen due to her striking resemblance to Laxmibai. She manages distract the British army so that Laxmibai along with Damodar could escape the castle safely. Jhalkaribai sacrifices herself in a major gunpowder explosion killing numerous British officers along with her. Laxmibai escapes to Kalpi to reunite with Tatya Tope and other allies. She captures the princely state of Gwalior and motivates the troops to participate in the war. With a heavy heart, Laxmibai leaves Damodar and leads an attack on the British. Laxmibai bravely sets out to attack the huge British army but then faces a certain defeat. Laxmibai gets shot by one of the British soldiers, while taking her last breath she looks at Hugh Rose and immolates herself in a fire to avoid being captured and humiliated by the British. After Laxmibai's death, Jhansi is surrendered to the British Government in 1860 on behalf of Damodar Rao. Damodar Rao although survived, but lived a life suffering from prolonged illness and dire poverty, dying at the age of 58 in 1903. General Hugh Rose wrote about Rani Laxmibai's bravery and courage in his autobiography that ‘‘She was the most dangerous of all rebel leaders, best and bravest of all, the only man among mutineers’’.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The outdoor locations of the film were Jaipur, Jodhpur, Alsisar (Jhunjhunu) & Bikaner in Rajasthan and Narmada Ghat, Ahilya Fort in Madhya Pradesh. Besides these, the film was shot at studios in Hyderabad & Mumbai.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: Sukant Panigrahy, Sriram Iyengar and Sujeet Sawant are production designers of the film. Sujeet and Sriram have also done production designing for "Bajirao Mastani".


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: Principal photography was completed in October 2018. By that time, only 10 days of filming work remained. Krish intended to do that minimal patch work and then move on to direct "". However, Sonu Sood was replaced by Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub, forcing the team to reshoot all of Sood's scenes. As Krish was busy directing "N. T. R.", Ranaut took over, making her directorial debut. Both Krish and Ranaut received directorial credit.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and lyrics written by Prasoon Joshi. The film's score was composed by Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The first poster was released on 15 August 2018. Theatrical posters of the film were released in 2 languages for simultaneous release of the film in Tamil and Telugu with Hindi version on 4 January 2019.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: Its official music launch took place on 9 January. The video song from "Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi" titled "Vijayi Bhava" was made available for public viewing on the same day. Short video teasers of dialogues and prominent scenes of the film were posted on facebook page of Zee Studios for viewers.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The film is certified U/A (Parental Guidance for children below the age of 12 years) by CBFC of India and the film was released on 25 January 2019. Its runtime is 148 minutes. "Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi" was released on 3700 screens in 50 countries worldwide in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu on 25 January 2019. While the original was in Hindi, the Tamil and the Telugu versions were dubbed from the Hindi version.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: A special screening of the film was organised by Zee Entertainment for Ram Nath Kovind, the President of India, at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre on 18 January in presence of Kangana Ranaut and her team before release of the film on 25 January 2019. After watching the film. the President felicitated the cast and crew of the film.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: The film was selected for the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival. The film was also screened at the Kashi Indian International Film Festival, Itanagar International Film Festival, and at the Indian embassy, Lebanon under Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav event.


title: Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi

text: "Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi" received generally positive reviews from the film critics, who noted the film to be too long but Ranaut's performance received widespread critical acclaim. On the Indian film review aggregator website The Review Monk, the film received an average score of 6/10 based on 28 reviews and 70% critics being in the favor. The film holds a score of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews.