title: Haley Reinhart

text: On May 28, 2011, Reinhart and the other "American Idol" top 4 performed at the opening of the new Microsoft Store at Lenox Square Mall in Atlanta, Georgia. On June 2, 2011, Reinhart was interviewed on "Live with Regis and Kelly". She performed "House of The Rising Sun" on the show. On June 17, 2011, TVLine released an interview between Reinhart and Michael Slezak. They discussed her life before "Idol", her "cannon fodder" edit on the show, her unfair treatment by the judges, her unique song choices that became known as "some of the best on "Idol" ever", and her future. Slezak crowned her TVLine's favorite Season 10 contestant and thanked her for "kicking ass" and being "a risk-taker and awesome". In less than a week, it garnered more responses than any other article on the site. Reinhart, along with the rest of the Top 11, toured the country as a part of the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2011, which ended on September 10, 2011. Reinhart, along with fellow contestants Scotty McCreery, Lauren Alaina, and James Durbin, released a Walmart Exclusive EP with her highlights from season 10 on American Idol. The tracks feature some of her popular performances such as "House of the Rising Sun" and "Bennie and the Jets" as well as a previously unreleased recording of "You Oughta Know". Reinhart's EP debuted at number 37 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 14,000.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On July 26, 2011, it was confirmed that Reinhart signed to 19/Interscope Records. On August 16, 2011, Reinhart was an artist featured in the Huffington Post's article titled "15 New, Young Artists on the Rise". Reinhart spent 2011 and early 2012 working on her debut album, which she described as R&B/soul music with jazzy influences. For her debut album "Listen Up!", Reinhart stated that she wanted to have an "organic" feel to it, stating, "I want it to be real and I want it to have substance. Depth on different levels is so important to me...I want people to be able to run away with my melodies and get lost in them and take the lyrics and be able to relate to them." She wrote or co-wrote the majority of the tracks on the album. Later, Reinhart and Casey Abrams recorded a holiday song, a cover of "Baby, It's Cold Outside", which was released on November 21, 2011. The official video was released on November 15, 2011. The "Idol" duo performed "Baby, It's Cold Outside" and The Beatles's "All My Loving" in The Magnificent Mile Lights Festival and on Windy City Live in Chicago. Additionally, she performed an acoustic version of "Wild Horses" with Slash and Myles Kennedy on February 18, 2012, at the Power of Love Gala for Muhammad Ali.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: The first single of her debut album, "Free", was produced by Busbee and released on March 20, 2012. To promote the single, she performed "Free" and two other songs from her album, "Wasted Tears" and "Hit the Ground Running" at various venues. The promotional events included a release concert at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood and a TV guest spot on the "Blue Ivy" episode of "90210". She also performed the single at the National Cherry Blossom Festival Parade in May 2012. The single reached number 104 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 26 on the Adult Top 40. "Free" achieved some success in the Philippines, as well. Reinhart's debut album "Listen Up!" was released on May 22, 2012 and debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200, with 20,000 copies sold. "Listen Up!" was highly praised by critics for its retro sound and neo-soul, funk, and jazz influences. As of 2016, "Listen Up!" has sold 77,000 copies. "Free" was used as the goodbye anthem for the ninth season of "So You Think You Can Dance", while "Undone" was featured in "Step Up Revolution" and sung by Rachel Hale in the Hollywood Rounds on the twelfth season of "American Idol." In June 2012, Reinhart participated in the Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game, which aired after the 2012 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby. During the same month, she was also featured on a duet of "Hit the Road Jack" on Casey Abrams' self-titled debut album. On August 3, 2012, Reinhart performed songs from her debut album backed by her family on instrumentation and backup vocals at the 2012 Lollapalooza festival, becoming the first "American Idol" contestant to achieve the feat. In October 2012, she performed several jazz songs at Carnegie Hall with Irvin Mayfield. At the end of 2012, Reinhart was dropped from Interscope Records, supposedly due to poor album sales and chart performance; however, the official reason remains undisclosed.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In January 2013, Reinhart was the Critics' Choice performer on the second episode of the NBC series "Real Music Live". She performed "Oh My!" and then later joined the announcers for an interview in which she detailed how her life had changed since her run on "Idol". Later in 2013, Reinhart traveled to Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia and held a mini promotional concert for the twelfth season of "American Idol." In Jakarta, Reinhart was a musical guest on the X Factor Indonesia singing "Bennie and the Jets". During the same year, Reinhart also attended an Ole song writing camp to write for Roc Nation artists at Westlake Studios. One of the songs she wrote, "Love Not War", was leaked online in May 2014. A song Reinhart originally co-wrote for "Listen Up!", "Get Yourself Together", was recorded by "The Voice" finalist Christina Grimmie for her 2013 album, "With Love."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart announced that work had begun on an EP in 2013. Reinhart began an Indiegogo campaign in February 2014 to fund a music video for her new single, "Show Me Your Moves". In April, her song "Listen", later included in her second studio album, was used for a Showtime miniseries called "Years of Living Dangerously." The Indiegogo campaign to fund the release of her music video became fully funded during the same month. The video was filmed in the Mojave Desert in May 2014 over the span of 18 hours with the help of a 40-person production team. The single and video were released on July 30, 2014. The music video was written and directed by choreographer Danni Gutierrez, and produced and filmed by Avi Cohen from White Revolver Productions. Throughout 2014, Reinhart performed several small-scale gigs in support for her EP, debuting several original songs in her performances at Room 5 Lounge in Los Angeles. She was joined on several occasions by Casey Abrams, as well as well-known songwriters Dylan Chambers and BC Jean, who provided back-up instrumentation and vocals during her performances. In October 2014, Reinhart signed a deal with independent management company Ole, where they gained worldwide co-publishing rights to her existing and future work and also agreed to provide financial support for the recording of an EP. On November 13, 2014, Reinhart performed with Irvin Mayfield and the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra at the House of Blues in New Orleans, where she provided vocals for jazz versions of classic rock songs from Led Zeppelin, Nirvana and Queen.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In January 2015, Reinhart performed a comedy routine in Los Angeles at IO West Comedy Club for Mo Collins's improv show "Mo and Tell". She recalled a horrifying airplane experience as she attempted to leave Los Angeles and fly back to Chicago to visit her family for Christmas the December prior. She also served as the opening musical act for Bill Burr's comedy show at Largo in Los Angeles during the same year. Reinhart collaborated with Casey Abrams again in 2015 for his music video, "Great Bright Morning", as well as for the songs "Cougartown" and "Never Knew What Love Can Do", which were featured on Abram's EP titled "Tales from the Gingerbread House" that was released on January 29, 2016.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Throughout 2015, Reinhart collaborated with Postmodern Jukebox, which produces vintage-styled covers of recent pop songs. Her initial video with the band was a cover video of Tove Lo's "Habits". Two months later, a cover of Meghan Trainor's "All About That Bass" was released, in which Reinhart sang alongside fellow vocalists Morgan James and Ariana Savalas. In April, Reinhart and Postmodern Jukebox released a cover of Radiohead's "Creep", which obtained critical acclaim and stayed at the number one position on the Billboard Digital Jazz Songs chart for several weeks. It spent 58 consecutive weeks on Billboard's Jazz digital charts. The cover was also included in "People"'s list of "The 9 Best Viral Cover Videos of 2015". As of November 2021, this cover has over 100,000,000 views and is the most-watched video on the channel. In May 2015, Postmodern Jukebox released Reinhart's fourth cover with the band, "Lovefool", which received critical acclaim. In July, Reinhart was featured in her fifth collaboration with Scott Bradlee, a Marilyn Monroe-style cover of Britney Spears's hit song "Oops!... I Did It Again". Her sixth collaboration came in August with a New Orleans-style cover of The White Stripes's iconic song "Seven Nation Army". Reinhart's final collaboration within this PMJ sequence was a duet with Puddles Pity Party performing the Tears for Fears classic "Mad World". Reinhart toured with the group throughout North America, Europe, and Australia for several months, starting in the summer of 2015.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Before going on tour, Reinhart recorded the tracks for a six-song EP titled "Better" at Westlake Recording Studios, which was subsequently delayed and expanded into an LP. On June 17, 2015, Reinhart partnered with Dave Damiani's No Vacancy Orchestra to kick off the "Jazz Wednesdays" Concert Series in Laguna Beach, California. She performed traditional jazz pieces such as Etta James's "At Last", as well as jazzy interpretations of modern classics like Amy Winehouse's "You Know I'm No Good". On July 4, Reinhart performed her cover of "Creep" on the Josh Wolf Show with Postmodern Jukebox. Later in July, she opened for The Rigs at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, California, performing covers as well as original material from "Better". In early August, Reinhart and Abrams performed as the main stage act at the "Jazz in the Pines" festival in Idyllwild, California. They collaborated on cover songs as well as on original compositions from each singer's respective discography. On November 30, 2015, Reinhart joined Josh Wolf, this time as a guest on the ninth episode of his Fairly Normal Podcast, where she discussed her life and her current projects.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In late 2015, Reinhart gained widespread recognition when her cover of "Can't Help Falling in Love" was used in an Extra Gum commercial. titled "The Story of Sarah & Juan", the advertisement first began circulating on Facebook before a full version of the song was released separately through YouTube. In total, the single has sold 200,000 units and has been streamed more than 200,000,000 times on Spotify, reaching the number one spot on the streaming service's Global Viral chart. Meanwhile, as of January 2017, the video has amassed 20,000,000 views on YouTube and 92,000,000 views on Facebook. The song was certified Gold on February 17, 2017, by the Recording Industry Association of America, indicating 1,000,000 units sold. Additionally, the video was a candidate in the YouTube Ads of the Year contest for 2015, and it won for the category "TheYoutubeAd That Gives You Feels". Reinhart was credited with "bringing the classic back to the Adult Contemporary Chart" when the single debuted at number 25 on the Billboard AC chart dated January 16, 2016.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: With this debut, her cover became the seventh version of the song to chart on the AC since Elvis Presley's original release in 1962, and the first version to chart since UB40's reggae interpretation in 1993. Of the cover, Reinhart expressed: "I wanted to make it sound as if I was talking to or whispering to a loved one next to me, that kind of vibe." For the song, Reinhart was recognized with a 2016 Women in Sync Award for "Best Artist-Sync Tie-In". The Women in Sync Awards is an annual event organized by SyncSummit to recognize the "excellence of the work done by women in the fields of music, visual media, interactive media, advertising and brands." Reinhart also won a Silver Lion alongside Wrigley Company at the 2016 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity in the entertainment category of "Cross Channel Brand Experience" for the placement of her song in the commercial. On September 28, 2016, Reinhart's cover won gold at the Clio Awards for "Best Use of Music" in the "Short Form Film" category.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart continued to expand her catalog and her notability in the concluding months of the year. On October 26, 2015, Reinhart paid tribute to Billie Holiday at Philadelphia Music Alliance's Walk of Fame Gala by singing her rendition of "God Bless the Child" alongside The Roots and Erykah Badu. Dionne Warwick presented Holliday with a posthumous award prior to Reinhart's performance. Jimmy Fallon hosted the sold-out event, which honored The Roots and several other local music legends who were inductees into the 2015 Walk of Fame.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart recorded a Christmas song titled "Santa, I Just Want You" for the opening credits of the Hallmark Channel original movie "Crown for Christmas", which aired on November 27, 2015. The song was written by the film's director, Alex Zamm, and his writing partner Alex Geringas. It also appeared on the duo's Christmas EP, "Holiday-o-Rama, Vol. 1 (Christmas Collection)". Finally, Reinhart made her voice acting debut in the first season of the Netflix animated comedy-drama television series "F Is for Family", in which she starred as a young boy named Bill Murphy, a fictional depiction of Bill Burr as a child. The series premiered on December 18, 2015, to a generally positive critical reception. Specifically, Reinhart's character has been praised for providing a true focal point for the series and for the humor conveyed during his frequent inappropriate and awkward experiences. Matt Fowler of IGN opined that Reinhart's Bill Murphy provides the series' best laughs. Reinhart also contributed a cover of "O Holy Night" for the sixth episode of the series titled "O Holy Moly Night".


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In January 2016, Reinhart was featured alongside fellow season ten "Idol" alum Jacob Lusk and season 14 alum Adanna Duru in the "Orchestra of People" video for Casey Abrams's song "Never Knew What Love Can Do". It was announced on February 5, 2016, that Reinhart would be returning to "American Idol" for its Farewell Season. She was featured on the February 18 episode mentoring as well as singing duets with two contestants from the season's Top 24 semi-finalists. In an interview with Juliette Miranda of "The Unwritable Rant" podcast, Reinhart expressed the possibility of a radio promotion tour for "Can't Help Falling in Love" to open up the song to a wider audience, due to its viral success and its positive performance on the AC charts. In mid-February 2016, radio promotion concert events were announced, with several 2016 dates released for preliminary venues located throughout the United States. Reinhart performed at The Hard Rock Cafe in Denver on February 17 for Mix 100. She performed at Mix 96.9's Broken Hearts Ball concert event in Scottsdale, Arizona on February 19 and at the Acoustic Cafe for 96.5 Tic FM in Hartford, Connecticut on March 14. In March 2016, Reinhart signed a deal with talent agency ICM Partners, maintaining her previous contract with Ole, as well.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart was a featured performer for Pet-A-Palooza at Sunset Park in Las Vegas on April 9, 2016. The event was sponsored by Mix 94.1 radio station out of Henderson, Nevada. On April 13, she sang the National Anthem at the Los Angeles Dodgers game. Additionally, on April 11, she officially confirmed the second season of "F is for Family" and announced that she would be reprising her role as Bill Murphy. A song co-written by Reinhart, titled "All You Gotta Do", as well as its Spanish-language equivalent, "Sólo dime tu", was recorded by Argentine singer Martina Stoessel for her debut solo album, "Tini", released April 29, 2016. Reinhart performed with Dave Damiani and the No Vacancy Orchestra at Dante Theater in Atlantic City, New Jersey on July 22 and 23 as part of a tribute to Amy Winehouse and other female soul singers. She returned for her second year as a headlining performer with Casey Abrams at the Jazz in the Pines Festival in Idyllwild, California. The two performed on August 21, 2016. On September 3, 2016, Reinhart headlined the Buffalo Grove Days Festival in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, alongside her parents' band, Midnight. A song co-written by Reinhart titled "Let Yourself Be Beautiful" was recorded by Dutch singer Jennie Lena for her EP titled "Acoustic Sessions", released December 2, 2016.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In early 2016, Reinhart confirmed that she would be collaborating with Postmodern Jukebox again; she joined them for several London dates on their 2016 tour. Additionally, she professed her wishes of working with the band on new material. Subsequently, on June 16, 2016, Reinhart's eighth collaboration with the musical collective was released, a cover of Soundgarden's 1994 single "Black Hole Sun". "Bloody Disgusting" highlighted the release of the video and noted that "there is a wonderful mystery in this version that nods to the original while making it 100% its own."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Although initially conveyed as an EP, Reinhart expanded "Better" into a full-length LP, which served as her second studio album. The album was released on April 29, 2016. It includes some tracks that were written as demos several years ago, as well as some newer tracks, including her cover of "Can't Help Falling in Love". She described "Better" as a "sultry" mix of funk and rock with a soulful foundation that is crafted to inspire self-confidence and independence in young women, especially through the title track and lead single, "Better". She had already filmed a video for "Better" but delayed its release due to conflicting projects and being presented with several offers from record labels. She did not sign with a label to release the album independently and "make sure things were right." However, she professed the possibility of signing with a label in the future. The lead single "Better" was released on April 8, and its associated music video, directed by Casey Curry, premiered through Billboard on April 27. "Better" debuted at number 22 on Billboard's Independent Albums chart dated May 21, 2016 and sold 7,500 units in its first two weeks of release.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In a January interview with "Michigan Avenue Magazine", Reinhart expressed her intentions of launching a 2016 summer tour to promote the release of "Better". In an interview with "Popdust" in March 2016, she elaborated further, expressing plans to launch her summer tour in May or June, with proposed US dates in Seattle and Florida as well as international shows in the UK, where she believed her music would resonate especially well. On March 28, 2016, Reinhart officially confirmed her first US summer solo tour, which consisted of 17 dates throughout the month of June. Her pianist, Jacob Luttrell, served as the tour's opening act. On May 25, 2016, Reinhart announced a European leg for her headlining tour, which consisted of an additional 16 dates throughout September and October. On September 9, 2016, it was announced that the European leg of Reinhart's Better Tour would be postponed until spring of 2017, with some dates rescheduled for May and June and many others cancelled due to rescheduling conflicts.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart confirmed in September 2016 that she would be in the studio recording new music before her European Tour in May 2017.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On January 4, 2017, Reinhart announced via social media that production had begun on her third studio album. The album was produced by Reinhart and John Burk, President of Concord Records. Mike Merritt and Mike Shapiro provided backing instrumentation for the album alongside Postmodern Jukebox's Scott Bradlee, who played piano, and Reinhart's father, Harry, who once again provided guitar. The album, titled "What's That Sound?", was released September 22, 2017 through Concord Records and features 11 covers of 1960s classics with 3 original songs. Reinhart described the project as an homage to songs and bands that influenced her childhood and her career. The album's lead single, "Baby It's You" was released June 16, 2017 alongside the official music video. The album's first promotional single, "The Letter", was released in a special video preview on July 13, 2017. The album's second single "For What It's Worth" was released through an exclusive lyric video premiere on August 10, 2017, preceding a wide release on August 11, 2017. "Let's Start", one of three original tracks on the album, was released on September 15, 2017, simultaneously with the song's music video. The album debuted at 67 on Billboard's Top Album Sales chart, for the week dated October 14, 2017. In support of the album, Reinhart embarked on an 18-show fall tour throughout the US, commencing October 22, 2017 and concluding November 18.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Also in 2017, Reinhart reprised her voice role as Bill Murphy in the second season of "F is for Family", which was released May 30, 2017 and contains ten episodes. She was upped to a series regular for the second season. Following the success of Reinhart's Extra Gum commercial, she partnered with Walmart for their "Good Times" commercial in late 2017, for which she provided a cover of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life". Reinhart was a featured collaborator on Irvin Mayfield and Kermit Ruffins's album "A Beautiful World", released October 13, 2017. She sings on the track "Don't Worry, Be Happy" alongside Jason Marsalis, Cyril Neville, and Glen David Andrews, and is the main vocalist on the title track "Beautiful World [for Imani]". She also provides uncredited vocals on the song "Mystic" and backing vocals throughout the album.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart expressed interest in taking acting and improv classes after the conclusion of her fall 2017 tour, indicating her desire to try new things and expand beyond her voice role in "F is for Family." She also expressed her desire to put out a 1970s-inspired record, a jazz record, or to continue to release original material.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On May 31, 2018, Refinery29 exclusively debuted the music video for Reinhart's single "Last Kiss Goodbye" before its official release on June 1, 2018. Reinhart described the bossa nova-inspired, low-fi pop song as having a raw, stripped down, summery feel that allows her to "move into [her] own light as an artist." Reinhart expressed uncertainty as to whether the single would be a stand-alone release or if it would be included as part of her fourth studio album. The single charted at number 15 on Billboard's Jazz Digital Songs chart. On July 7, 2018, Reinhart was an opening performer for headlining act Steven Tyler at the 31st Annual Ribfest in Naperville, Illinois. On September 23, she debuted new, original tracks during her performance at the "Live in the Vineyard East" concert event which was held at the Blue Ridge Estate Vineyard and Winery.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart joined jazz pianist Jeff Goldblum as a featured singer on his debut album of jazz standards, "The Capitol Studios Sessions", which was released November 9, 2018. She features on the tracks "My Baby Just Cares for Me" and "Gee Baby (Ain't I Good to You)". "My Baby Just Cares for Me" was released as the album's second single, accompanied by a music video released on September 25, which features Goldblum and Reinhart performing the song live. On October 22, 2018, Reinhart presented the Man of Style Award to Goldblum at the 2018 InStyle Awards at the Getty Center in Los Angeles. She sang "Happy Birthday" to him on stage before she gave him the award. The pair performed "My Baby Just Cares for Me" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on November 8 to promote the album's release.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart teamed up with Dutch EDM duo Vicetone on their single "Something Strange", which was released alongside its video on November 2, 2018. The song is described as an upbeat, pop-centric track, with a strong Avicii influence. The single reached a peak at number 23 on Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart.<ref name="Dance/Mix"></ref> Reinhart reprised her starring role as Bill Murphy in the third season of "F is for Family", released on November 30, 2018. Additionally, she sang the National Anthem before the SDCCU Holiday Bowl at SDCCU Stadium in San Diego on December 31, 2018.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On September 14, 2018, Reinhart released "Don't Know How to Love You", the lead single from her self-produced fourth studio album, "Lo-Fi Soul", which was released independently on March 27, 2019. The title track, "Lo-Fi Soul", was released as the album's second single on February 8, 2019, with the official music video, composed of home footage, debuting on February 15 exclusively through AltPress. The third single, "Honey, There's the Door" was released with its official music video on March 8, 2019. On April 11, 2019, Reinhart released a music video for the album track "Shook", which was filmed in LA's RagDoll Pink Palace. The opening track "Deep Water" was released as the album's fourth official single on July 29, the same day the song was serviced to US AAA radio. The single's official music video, filmed almost exclusively underwater, was directed by Naomi Christie. In support of the album, Reinhart embarked on the Lo-Fi Soul Tour, starting in April 2019 and running for 18 shows. She extended the tour with additional shows on the east coast starting in mid-October, including her first headlining show in Toronto. The tour was extended further, with 12 dates being scheduled throughout Europe in the spring of 2020. All 2020 tour dates were delayed and eventually cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Also in 2019, Reinhart partnered with Mazda for a Mazda3 advertisement campaign titled "Dream Bigger", in which she sings a featured cover of "Dreams" by The Cranberries. The commercial debuted during the NCAA championship game on April 8, 2019. Reinhart released a full-length version of the song on May 10. Following the release of this cover, Reinhart released "Bulletproof" on June 14, 2019, a 3-track EP featuring covers of "Bulletproof", "It Ain't Over 'Till It's Over", and "You Send Me". On June 29, Reinhart headlined the fifth annual "Rock the Runway" concert at Chicago Executive Airport in Wheeling, and on August 29, she joined Michael Feinstein at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois. On October 31, 2019, Reinhart released "Santa Baby", her first solo holiday cover song, followed by "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" on November 9 and "The Christmas Song" on November 18.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On December 25, 2020, Reinhart made her film acting debut in Robert Rodriguez's science fiction superhero film "We Can Be Heroes". The film, which follows the children of superheroes during an alien invasion, features an ensemble cast including Priyanka Chopra and Christian Slater and was released via Netflix.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart released her first live single, titled "Change", on January 3, 2020. The song was recorded at Mercury Lounge in New York City during her 2019 east coast tour. On April 21, 2020, another single was released, a studio cover of Janis Joplin's "Piece of My Heart", which she had previously performed live on "American Idol" in 2011. Reinhart is currently in the process of writing and recording a new EP, which has no tentative title or release date.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart will return as a regular cast member for the fourth season of "F is for Family", which will be released June 12, 2020. She is also scheduled to perform at ABC 7 Chicago's Virtual Pride event, which will take place June 20 and 21.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart's style has been noted for its infusion of mainstream pop with elements of retro-pop and traditional jazz. Her performances on "Idol" were often critically praised for their jazzy and bluesy elements built upon a Joplin-esque rock foundation. Reinhart's debut album was also distinguished for its fusion of various musical genres, such as pop, R&B, rock and roll, and soul into a combination that has been described as "timeless and irresistibly fresh". Reinhart has crafted her music to reflect "that raw musicianship that means so much to me." Of her first album she describes "it wasn't about trying so hard; it was all about pure feeling and energy. To me that's the important stuff. That's what I want to bring back into music today." Jason Scott of "Popdust" noted Reinhart for the "slinky way she delivers a lyric... an unfettered, daring confidence masked with a wink and a smile." In a review for "Better", he also opined that "her framework has always been the jazz standards of the '30s and '40s with a lacquered coat of '60s disco, with a bit of soul painted on for equal measure." Zach Dionne for Fuse described Reinhart as a "soulful, jazzy, altogether genre-defying singer-songwriter." Of Reinhart's style, "Atwood Magazine" noted "from the bluesy rocker-chick during her "Idol" era to her more pop-driven Motown vibe in her first album "Listen Up!" to her current jazz-funk fusion sound on her latest album "Better", Reinhart has proven time and time again that she is no jack-of-all-trades, but the master and supreme innovator of each one."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart's neo soul and R&B sounds have been compared to those of her modern contemporaries like Adele, Duffy, and Amy Winehouse, while her retro pop, disco, and jazz sounds have been equated to Nancy Sinatra, Diana Ross and the Supremes, Aretha Franklin, and other Motown artists. "Atwood Magazine" further attributed Reinhart "with the wild side of Janis Joplin, the class of Ella Fitzgerald, and the cutting-edge influence of Etta James, which proves that there is nothing she can't do."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart is vocally a light lyric soprano and her range spans three octaves. Reinhart's voice has been praised for its identifiable rasp and growl, which she is able to control for extended periods of time without suffering any vocal degradation. She has been noted for her ability to easily transition from gentle vibratos and whispers in her lower register to "guttural bellows" in her belting register. Reinhart's voice has also received praise for its "smoky", sultry quality and resonant sound. She has been recognized further for the versatility of her voice and for the effective use of her falsetto.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart has been lauded for her scatting techniques reminiscent of Fitzgerald, as well as for her yodeling. Her frequent call and response sessions during her live performances have also received particular praise. Reinhart's early vocal training came from her mother, and she has never been trained professionally. Growing up, she learned her scatting and call-and-response techniques from her father, who would scat and then make her repeat the sounds back to him.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart is heavily inspired by various musical genres, including rock and roll, funk, pop, jazz, blues, and even African percussion, due to her parents' eclectic musical tastes while she was growing up. They were fans of rock legends such as Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix as well as more traditional pioneering jazz artists. More specifically, she cites The Beatles and band members Paul McCartney and John Lennon as her greatest musical influences. She states that "people always want me to say a female name", and further explains that such an action would not be reality for her and that saying so would be disingenuous. She admires the singers' ability to have smooth, bluesy voices at some points and raw, gritty, visceral voices at others. Due to her parents' influences, she also grew up idolizing such artists as Sarah Vaughan, Heart, and Tony Bennett. When she was young, she also helped her mother learn songs by Billie Holiday. She explains, "I got a really good ear from just shedding out different tunes and learning different genres." Her album "Better" was heavily inspired by retro funk band Sly and the Family Stone.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart recalls, as a child, watching Kelly Clarkson win the first season of "Idol" and becoming subsequently interested in participating in the process. Throughout her time on "Idol", the judges consistently compared Reinhart vocally and stylistically to Janis Joplin. This comparison often influenced Reinhart's decision to infuse rock elements into many of her performances, including "House of the Rising Sun" and "You and I". Some of her modern artistic influences during and following her time on the show include Christina Aguilera, Corinne Bailey Rae, Esperanza Spalding, and Janelle Monáe. She respects and admires them for remaining true to their craft and not selling out to the mainstream industry.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: She draws acting influences from Lucille Ball, Ann-Margret, and Nancy Sinatra, whom she admires for their audacity, femininity, and beauty. She also prefers surrealist cinema and admires films such as "Big Fish", "Pleasantville", and "American Beauty".


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart is best friends with tenth season alum Casey Abrams, and the pair consider themselves musical soulmates. On "Idol", they often helped each other remain calm and fed off each other's musical energy while performing duets. Since then, they have collaborated on numerous occasions for album and single releases and frequently perform with each other at live venues, notably at Room 5 lounge in Los Angeles. Reinhart has also remained close with the other contestants from her season.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart became the first "Idol" contestant to perform on stage with a parent during the show when her father played guitar for her performance of "What Is and What Should Never Be".


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On July 8, 2017, Reinhart was arrested for battery after allegedly punching a bouncer. Reinhart's lawyer, Dina LaPolt, says of the incident that Reinhart was assaulted by bouncers at Lamplighter Inn in Palatine, Illinois without provocation and forcefully removed from the establishment while a friend in her party was violently beaten, sustaining multiple injuries. Following a leaked TMZ video from during the incident, a July 17, 2017 press release revealed Reinhart's friend, Alan Chislof, had been restrained, choked, and beaten by several men working as bouncers for Lamplighter Inn. He sustained a concussion, a cut above his left eye requiring stitches, and broken blood vessels in his eyes due to the incident. Chislof also revealed that the group had not flipped over a table as claimed by the bouncers; instead, Reinhart had touched a rope separating the table area and the dancefloor, which angered the guards and caused them to escort her out aggressively. Reinhart's attorney denies that Reinhart struck anyone during the incident. On July 20, 2017, it was revealed that Lamplighter bouncer Adam Sobanski had been charged with two counts of aggravated battery after his role in the incident. Sobanski appeared in court on August 11, 2017, where he was indicted on two counts of aggravated battery. Reinhart was found guilty on a battery charge on February 26, 2018, and ordered to pay a $500 fine, $139 in court costs, and has the possibility of getting the conviction cleared from her record after a two-year probation period if she has no further criminal violations. On May 2, 2018, Sobanski pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of misdemeanor battery and was sentenced to probation, anger management counseling, and 60 days in the Cook County Sheriff's Work Alternative Program as a substitute for jail time.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Shortly after her stint on "American Idol," Reinhart participated in VH1's Do Something Awards. She had already been working with Habitat for Humanity and Starkey Hearing Foundation, and she attended the Do Something Awards to become involved with charities that help fight domestic violence and bullying. Reinhart explains "I've been the counselor to a lot of my friends growing up, so helping people comes naturally to me. That's what all of us are meant to do: send out good vibes, good messages and help out." On December 5, 2011, Reinhart performed at the 4th Annual Holiday Tree Lighting at L.A. Live. The event served as a fundraiser to help end hunger and homelessness locally and to support health care services for the needy.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: Reinhart's 2012 performance with Slash and Myles Kennedy at the Keep Memory Alive "Power of Love" Gala helped raise funds for the Cleveland Clinic's Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health and the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky. Additionally, Reinhart was a headlining performer at the Girls Who Rock concert in New York City, an annual charity concert that supports girls and education on a global scale. Also in 2012, Reinhart partnered with Tip Cup to collect money for MusiCares, a foundation that aims to support musicians during times of financial trouble. She disguised herself and performed a few songs at Chelsea Market, while passersby donated money to a cup set in front of her. At the end of the stunt, she revealed her true identity and true intentions to the fans. In September 2012, Reinhart signed a golf ball for Magnificent Moments's "Tartan Art on the Avenue" fundraiser, held at the 39th Ryder Cup in Chicago. Reinhart's golf ball and balls signed by several other notable celebrities were auctioned off to raise money for Ronald McDonald House Charities and the Illinois PGA Foundation.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: During the same month, she performed an acoustic set at the Girl Scout Cookie Classic to honor the organization's 100th anniversary. After her performances, Reinhart offered personal advice to the group and then invited girl scouts on stage to discuss community involvement and benefit projects within the organization. The following year, Reinhart performed her cover of "Bennie and the Jets" at Muhammad Ali's Celebrity Fight Night XIX, an event benefiting the Muhammad Ali Parkinson's Center at Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: In 2015, Reinhart joined her father for a concert at the Chicago Auto Show First Look Charity Event, held in February. Additionally, in mid-December she performed for the children at UC Davis Children's Hospital in Sacramento, California, with the help of Casey Abrams, before joining radio DJ Kory for Mix 96's "Mix Cares For Kids" Radiothon, which was held inside of the hospital. As part of her 2016 radio promotion tour for "Can't Help Falling in Love", Reinhart performed with The Band Perry at Revolution Hall on February 20, 2016, for The Buzz's concert in support of the Children's Cancer Association. She also performed for a special Mix Lounge live event at the Boston Flower & Garden Show Preview Party on March 15, 2016. All proceeds were donated to the Genesis Foundation for Children. Also in March, Reinhart performed at Dell Children's Medical Center during SXSW as part of the "West of the Fest" venue. The show was sponsored by the Children's Cancer Association and aimed to "infuse the hospital environment with the healing power of music."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On April 30, 2016, Reinhart held a "Better" benefit concert at Durty Nellie's Pub in Palatine, Illinois for the development of multimedia sexual abuse prevention curriculum for the PAVE and Erin's Law organizations. Her concert was held in conjunction with The Empowerment Summit, which provided professional presentations on topics including sexual abuse and mental health. Of the show, Reinhart stated:


title: Haley Reinhart

text: "the new album is going to be released the day before, so it's going to be a big homecoming on lots of levels. I'm also going to have my parents' band backing me up for that show, which is going to be great. And the cause itself is something I've really wanted to put energy and time into since I was a young girl. Plus, April happens to be Sexual Assault awareness month. I'm just happy to be a part of it."


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On January 28, 2017, Reinhart served as a celebrity guest judge alongside Casey Abrams, Clark Beckham, and Anthony Federov for an "American Idol"-style benefit concert titled "Rally Idol", which featured performances by six children affected by childhood cancer. Produced by television production technology students at the Chattahoochee Technical College, all proceeds from the event went to the Rally Foundation, which works to find cures and treatments for childhood cancers. On October 7, 2017, Reinhart performed at the 4th Annual Pongo Environmental Awards in West Pasadena, California. The event honored environmental achievement in film, science, conservation, and technology, and celebrated Orang Utan Republik Foundation's (OURF) tenth anniversary as well as their mission to save critically endangered Orangutans and their habitat.


title: Haley Reinhart

text: On September 29, 2018, Reinhart sang at PAVE's benefit concert at the Patio Theater in Portage Park, Chicago. A limited meet and greet was offered for attendees who participated in a fundraising contest, with funds once again benefiting sexual assault awareness and prevention education. Some proceeds from the concert also benefited Seleh Freedom, an organization that fights human trafficking. On January 16, 2020, Reinhart performed at the Hotel Café as part of a fundraising event in support of the Bushfires in Australia. On January 23, Reinhart performed with Robby Krieger and John Densmore at the Homeward Bound charity concert, with benefits supporting efforts to fight homelessness throughout California.


title: Potala Palace

text: The Potala Palace is a "dzong" fortress in Lhasa, Tibet. It was the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a World Heritage Site since 1994.


title: Potala Palace

text: The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site, built by Songtsen Gampo in 637.


title: Potala Palace

text: The building measures east-west and north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging thick, and thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than in total above the valley floor.


title: Potala Palace

text: Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain () of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.


title: Potala Palace

text: The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by Songtsen Gampo on the Red Hill. The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave. Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete. The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649. Construction lasted until 1694, some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.


title: Potala Palace

text: The new palace got its name from a hill on Cape Comorin at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" ("Tse Potala"), or most commonly as "the Peak".


title: Potala Palace

text: The palace was moderately damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959, when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows. Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the People's Liberation Army, he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala." It also escaped damage during the Cultural Revolution in 1966 through the personal intervention of Zhou Enlai, who was then the Premier of the People's Republic of China. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".The Potala Palace was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere. The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).


title: Potala Palace

text: The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day. Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage. Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning. Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.


title: Potala Palace

text: in February 2022 Tibetan pop star Tsewang Norbu set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The Foreign Ministry of China has disputed this.


title: Potala Palace

text: Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.


title: Potala Palace

text: The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.


title: Potala Palace

text: The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of Tara and Sakyamuni during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.


title: Potala Palace

text: The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show "Good Morning America" and newspaper "USA Today" as one of the "New Seven Wonders".


title: Potala Palace

text: The nine-storey Leh Palace in Leh, Ladakh, India built by King Sengge Namgyal (c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.


title: Potala Palace

text: Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or "rdo-rings", an interior stone pillar or "doring nangma", which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or "doring chima", which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.


title: Potala Palace

text: The "doring chima" dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later", and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.


title: Potala Palace

text: The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in 763 during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: , he is the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies and the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University in Massachusetts.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett is a member of the editorial board for "The Rutherford Journal" and a co-founder of The Clergy Project.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: A vocal atheist and secularist, Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Daniel Clement Dennett III was born on March 28, 1942, in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Ruth Marjorie (née Leck; 1903–1971) and Daniel Clement Dennett Jr. (1910–1947). Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father, who had a PhD in Islamic Studies from Harvard University, was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut. His mother, an English major at Carleton College, went for a master's degree at the University of Minnesota before becoming an English teacher at the American Community School in Beirut. In 1947, his father was killed in a plane crash in Ethiopia. Shortly after, his mother took him back to Massachusetts. Dennett's sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett. Dennett says that he was first introduced to the notion of philosophy while attending summer camp at age 11, when a camp counselor said to him, "You know what you are, Daniel? You're a philosopher."


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1959, and spent one year at Wesleyan University before receiving his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy at Harvard University in 1963. At Harvard University he was a student of W. V. Quine. In 1965, he received his Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy at the University of Oxford, where he studied under Gilbert Ryle and was a member of Hertford College. His dissertation was entitled "The Mind and the Brain: Introspective Description in the Light of Neurological Findings; Intentionality".


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett taught at the University of California, Irvine, from 1965 to 1971, before moving to Tufts University, where he settled in for many decades, aside from periods visiting at Harvard University and several other schools.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett describes himself as "an autodidact—or, more properly, the beneficiary of hundreds of hours of informal tutorials on all the fields that interest me, from some of the world's leading scientists".


title: Daniel Dennett

text: He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism. He was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association. In 2006, Dennett received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In February 2010, he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In 2012, he was awarded the Erasmus Prize, an annual award for a person who has made an exceptional contribution to European culture, society or social science, "for his ability to translate the cultural significance of science and technology to a broad audience."


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In 2018, he was awarded an honorary degree by Radboud University, located in Nijmegen, Netherlands, for his contributions to and influence on cross-disciplinary science.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: While he is a confirmed compatibilist on free will, in "On Giving Libertarians What They Say They Want"—chapter 15 of his 1978 book "Brainstorms"—Dennett articulated the case for a two-stage model of decision making in contrast to libertarian views.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: While other philosophers have developed two-stage models, including William James, Henri Poincaré, Arthur Compton, and Henry Margenau, Dennett defends this model for the following reasons:


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Leading libertarian philosophers such as Robert Kane have rejected Dennett's model, specifically that random chance is directly involved in a decision, on the basis that they believe this eliminates the agent's motives and reasons, character and values, and feelings and desires. They claim that, if chance is the primary cause of decisions, then agents cannot be liable for resultant actions. Kane says:


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett has remarked in several places (such as "Self-portrait", in "Brainchildren") that his overall philosophical project has remained largely the same since his time at Oxford. He is primarily concerned with providing a philosophy of mind that is grounded in empirical research. In his original dissertation, "Content and Consciousness", he broke up the problem of explaining the mind into the need for a theory of content and for a theory of consciousness. His approach to this project has also stayed true to this distinction. Just as "Content and Consciousness" has a bipartite structure, he similarly divided "Brainstorms" into two sections. He would later collect several essays on content in "The Intentional Stance" and synthesize his views on consciousness into a unified theory in "Consciousness Explained". These volumes respectively form the most extensive development of his views.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In chapter 5 of "Consciousness Explained" Dennett describes his multiple drafts model of consciousness. He states that, "all varieties of perception—indeed all varieties of thought or mental activity—are accomplished in the brain by parallel, multitrack processes of interpretation and elaboration of sensory inputs. Information entering the nervous system is under continuous 'editorial revision.'" (p. 111). Later he asserts, "These yield, over the course of time, something "rather like" a narrative stream or sequence, which can be thought of as subject to continual editing by many processes distributed around the brain, ..." (p. 135, emphasis in the original).


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In this work, Dennett's interest in the ability of evolution to explain some of the content-producing features of consciousness is already apparent, and this has since become an integral part of his program. He states his view is materialist and scientific, and he presents an argument against qualia; he argues that the concept of qualia is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: However, this view is rejected by neuroscientists Gerald Edelman, Antonio Damasio, Vilayanur Ramachandran, Giulio Tononi, and Rodolfo Llinás, all of whom state that qualia exist and that the desire to eliminate them is based on an erroneous interpretation on the part of some philosophers regarding what constitutes science.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett's strategy mirrors his teacher Ryle's approach of redefining first person phenomena in third person terms, and denying the coherence of the concepts which this approach struggles with.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In "Consciousness Explained", he affirms "I am a sort of 'teleofunctionalist', of course, perhaps the original teleofunctionalist". He goes on to say, "I am ready to come out of the closet as some sort of verificationist" (pp. 460–61).


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds ("Kinds of Minds"), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world ("Freedom Evolves").


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett sees evolution by natural selection as an algorithmic process (though he spells out that algorithms as simple as long division often incorporate a significant degree of randomness). This idea is in conflict with the evolutionary philosophy of paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who preferred to stress the "pluralism" of evolution (i.e., its dependence on many crucial factors, of which natural selection is only one).


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins. In "Darwin's Dangerous Idea", Dennett showed himself even more willing than Dawkins to defend adaptationism in print, devoting an entire chapter to a criticism of the ideas of Gould. This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker. Gould argued that Dennett overstated his claims and misrepresented Gould's, to reinforce what Gould describes as Dennett's "Darwinian fundamentalism".


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett's theories have had a significant influence on the work of evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett is a vocal atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, and a member of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In "Darwin's Dangerous Idea", Dennett writes that evolution can account for the origin of morality. He rejects, however, the idea that morality being natural to us implies that we should take a skeptical position regarding ethics, noting that what is fallacious in the naturalistic fallacy is not to support values per se, but rather to "rush" from facts to values.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: In his 2006 book, "", Dennett attempts to account for religious belief naturalistically, explaining possible evolutionary reasons for the phenomenon of religious adherence.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: He has been doing research into clerics who are secretly atheists and how they rationalize their works. He found what he called a "don't ask, don't tell" conspiracy because believers did not want to hear of loss of faith. That made unbelieving preachers feel isolated but they did not want to lose their jobs and sometimes their church-supplied lodgings and generally consoled themselves that they were doing good in their pastoral roles by providing comfort and required ritual. The research, with Linda LaScola, was further extended to include other denominations and non-Christian clerics. The research and stories Dennett and LaScola accumulated during this project were published in their 2013 co-authored book, "Caught in the Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind".


title: Daniel Dennett

text: He has also written about and advocated the notion of memetics as a philosophically useful tool, most recently in his "Brains, Computers, and Minds", a three-part presentation through Harvard's MBB 2009 Distinguished Lecture Series.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett has been critical of postmodernism, having said: Postmodernism, the school of "thought" that proclaimed "There are no truths, only interpretations" has largely played itself out in absurdity, but it has left behind a generation of academics in the humanities disabled by their distrust of the very idea of truth and their disrespect for evidence, settling for "conversations" in which nobody is wrong and nothing can be confirmed, only asserted with whatever style you can muster.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett adopted and somewhat redefined the term "deepity", originally coined by Miriam Weizenbaum. Dennett used "deepity" for a statement that is apparently profound, but is actually trivial on one level and meaningless on another. Generally, a deepity has two (or more) meanings: one that is true but trivial, and another that sounds profound and would be important if true, but is actually false or meaningless. Examples are "Que será será!", "Beauty is only skin deep!", "The power of intention can transform your life." The term many times.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: While approving of the increase in efficiency that humans reap by using resources such as expert systems in medicine or GPS in navigation, Dennett sees a danger in machines performing an ever-increasing proportion of basic tasks in perception, memory, and algorithmic computation because people may tend to anthropomorphize such systems and attribute intellectual powers to them that they do not possess. He believes the relevant danger from artificial intelligence (AI) is that people will misunderstand the nature of basically "parasitic" AI systems, rather than employing them constructively to challenge and develop the human user's powers of comprehension.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: As given in his most recent book, "From Bacteria to Bach and Back", Dennett's views are contrary to those of Nick Bostrom. Although acknowledging that it is "possible in principle" to create AI with human-like comprehension and agency, Dennett maintains that the difficulties of any such "strong AI" project would be orders of magnitude greater than those raising concerns have realized. According to Dennett, the prospect of superintelligence (AI massively exceeding the cognitive performance of humans in all domains) is at least 50 years away, and of far less pressing significance than other problems the world faces.


title: Daniel Dennett

text: Dennett married Susan Bell in 1962. They live in North Andover, Massachusetts, and have a daughter, a son, and five grandchildren.


title: Punnett square

text: The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. The Punnett square is a tabular summary of possible combinations of maternal alleles with paternal alleles. These tables can be used to examine the genotypical outcome probabilities of the offspring of a single trait (allele), or when crossing multiple traits from the parents. The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance. It is important to understand the terms "heterozygous", "homozygous", "double heterozygote" (or homozygote), "dominant allele" and "recessive allele" when using the Punnett square method. For multiple traits, using the "forked-line method" is typically much easier than the Punnett square. Phenotypes may be predicted with at least better-than-chance accuracy using a Punnett square, but the phenotype that may appear in the presence of a given genotype can in some instances be influenced by many other factors, as when polygenic inheritance and/or epigenetics are at work.


title: Punnett square

text: Zygosity refers to the grade of similarity between the alleles that determine one specific trait in an organism. In its simplest form, a pair of alleles can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity, with "homo" relating to "same" while "zygous" pertains to a zygote, is seen when a combination of either two dominant or two recessive alleles code for the same trait. Recessive are always lowercase letters. For example, using 'A' as the representative character for each allele, a homozygous dominant pair's genotype would be depicted as 'AA', while homozygous recessive is shown as 'aa'. Heterozygosity, with "hetero" associated with "different", can only be 'Aa' (the capital letter is always presented first by convention). The phenotype of a homozygous dominant pair is 'A', or dominant, while the opposite is true for homozygous recessive. Heterozygous pairs always have a dominant phenotype. To a lesser degree, hemizygosity and nullizygosity can also be seen in gene pairs.


title: Punnett square

text: "Mono-" means "one"; this cross indicates that the examination of a single trait. This could mean (for example) eye color. Each genetic locus is always represented by two letters. So in the case of eye color, say "B = Brown eyes" and "b = green eyes".


title: Punnett square

text: In this example, both parents have the genotype "Bb". For the example of eye color, this would mean they both have brown eyes. They can produce gametes that contain either the "B" or the "b" allele. (It is conventional in genetics to use capital letters to indicate dominant alleles and lower-case letters to indicate recessive alleles.) The probability of an individual offspring's having the genotype "BB" is 25%, "Bb" is 50%, and "bb" is 25%. The ratio of the phenotypes is 3:1, typical for a monohybrid cross. When assessing phenotype from this, "3" of the offspring have "Brown" eyes and only one offspring has "green" eyes. (3 are "B?" and 1 is "bb")


title: Punnett square

text: The way in which the "B" and "b" alleles interact with each other to affect the appearance of the offspring depends on how the gene products (proteins) interact (see Mendelian inheritance). This can include lethal effects and epistasis (where one allele masks another, regardless of dominant or recessive status).


title: Punnett square

text: More complicated crosses can be made by looking at two or more genes. The Punnett square works, however, only if the genes are independent of each other, which means that having a particular allele of gene "A" does not alter the probability of possessing an allele of gene "B". This is equivalent to stating that the genes are not linked, so that the two genes do not tend to sort together during meiosis.


title: Punnett square

text: The following example illustrates a dihybrid cross between two double-heterozygote pea plants. "R" represents the dominant allele for shape (round), while "r" represents the recessive allele (wrinkled). "A" represents the dominant allele for color (yellow), while "a" represents the recessive allele (green). If each plant has the genotype "RrAa", and since the alleles for shape and color genes are independent, then they can produce four types of gametes with all possible combinations: "RA", "Ra", "rA", and "ra".


title: Punnett square

text: Since dominant traits mask recessive traits (assuming no epistasis), there are nine combinations that have the phenotype round yellow, three that are round green, three that are wrinkled yellow, and one that is wrinkled green. The ratio 9:3:3:1 is the expected outcome when crossing two double-heterozygous parents with unlinked genes. Any other ratio indicates that something else has occurred (such as lethal alleles, epistasis, linked genes, etc)


title: Punnett square

text: The forked-line method (also known as the tree method and the branching system) can also solve dihybrid and multi-hybrid crosses. A problem is converted to a series of monohybrid crosses, and the results are combined in a tree. However, a tree produces the same result as a Punnett square in less time and with more clarity. The example below assesses another double-heterozygote cross using RrYy x RrYy. As stated above, the phenotypic ratio is expected to be 9:3:3:1 if crossing unlinked genes from two double-heterozygotes. The genotypic ratio was obtained in the diagram below, this diagram will have more branches than if only analyzing for phenotypic ratio.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca ( , ) is a city and "comune" in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca is known as one of the Italian's "Città d'arte" (Arts town), thanks to its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D. and the Guinigi Tower, a tower that dates from the 1300s.


title: Lucca

text: The city is also the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.


title: Lucca

text: By the Romans, Lucca was known as "Luca". From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred wood" (Latin: "lucus"), "to cut" (Latin: "lucare") and "luminous space" ("leuk", a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas.


title: Lucca

text: The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the Etruscans, having also traces of an probable earlier Ligurian presence (called "Luk" meaning "marsh", which has already been speculated as a possible origin for the city's name), dating from 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans, that the area took on the appearance of a real town, obtaining the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC, and transformed into a town hall in 89 BC.


title: Lucca

text: The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino. Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa.


title: Lucca

text: At the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate.


title: Lucca

text: Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards, it was the capital of a duchy, known as "Ducato di Tuscia", which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo, during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742.


title: Lucca

text: Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto-Ashkenazic Jewry).


title: Lucca

text: Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as and Saint Fridianus, the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena, the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.


title: Lucca

text: The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Lucca

text: In 1057 Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew Anselm II, a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.


title: Lucca

text: During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli.


title: Lucca

text: After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante’s "Divine Comedy" includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.


title: Lucca

text: In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph "capitano del popolo" (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another "condottiero", Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florence's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli's third famous book on political rule.


title: Lucca

text: Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar.


title: Lucca

text: In 1408, Lucca hosted a convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word "Libertas" on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.


title: Lucca

text: Between 1799 and 1800 it was contended by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon, who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca".


title: Lucca

text: From 1815 to 1847 it was a Bourbon-Parma duchy. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain, who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, the second wife of Napoleon. In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815), upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma, while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861.


title: Lucca

text: In 1942, during World War II, a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito, in the municipality of Capannori, about from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. ("prigionieri di guerra") 60, and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice. During the Italian Social Republic, as a puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners, foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp. In June 1944 the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini ("La Bohème" and "Madama Butterfly"), Nicolao Dorati, Francesco Geminiani, Gioseffo Guami, Luigi Boccherini, and Alfredo Catalani. It is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte. Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca, a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ("Grandes écoles").


title: Lucca

text: Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton, Placebo, Massive Attack, Roger Waters, Tracy Chapman, and Santana at the Piazza Napoleone.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics, movies, games and related subjects.


title: Lucca

text: Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia, an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art.


title: Lucca

text: Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in the West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble.


title: Lucca

text: The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even as the city expanded and modernized, unusual for cities in the region. Initially built as a defensive rampart, once the walls lost their military importance they became a pedestrian promenade, the Passeggiata delle Mura Urbane, a street atop the walls linking the bastions. It passes through the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani, and San Donato; and over the gates (Porte): San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a different tree species than the others.


title: Lucca

text: The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi ("vide" Guglielmo Marconi), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini, Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento ("vide" Risorgimento), and Viale Giosuè Carducci.


title: Lucca

text: The town includes a number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, site of ancient Roman amphitheater; but also Piazzale Verdi; Piazza Napoleone; and Piazza San Michele.


title: Lucca

text: There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica-form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles


title: Lucca

text: Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, a selective graduate and doctoral school which is part of the Italian superior graduate school system. Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus, and the former Renaissance-style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library.


title: Lucca

text: Association Football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil, thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned the game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905, or simply Lucchese, play in Serie C, the third tier of Italian football, having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays their home games at Stadio Porta Elisa, just outside the northeast wall of the city.


title: Lucca

text: Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici, also known as CLAP, was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage the local public transport.


title: Lucca

text: In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for the management of the TPL throughout the Region.


title: Secret Invasion

text: "Secret Invasion" is a comic book crossover storyline that ran through a self-titled eight-issue limited series and several tie-in books published by Marvel Comics from April through December 2008. The story involves a subversive, long-term invasion of Earth by the Skrulls, a group of alien shapeshifters who have secretly replaced many superheroes in the Marvel Universe with impostors over a period of years, prior to the overt invasion. Marvel's promotional tagline for the event was "Who do you trust?".


title: Secret Invasion

text: A six-episode television miniseries based on the storyline and produced by Marvel Studios as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is scheduled to be released in 2023 on Disney+.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Writer Brian Michael Bendis stated in interviews that the motivation for the invasion is the destruction of the Skrull Empire in the 2007 "Annihilation" storyline. Bendis said the Skrulls believe Earth "is religiously and rightfully theirs," and that there are hints as to the plot placed in the limited series "Secret War" and the title "New Avengers" from the first issue. The limited series concluded the plot and was, according to Bendis, "a hell of an end."


title: Secret Invasion

text: In November 2007, several ongoing titles and mini-series were branded as tie-ins to the main "Secret Invasion" storyline, with the tagline: "Secret Invasion: The Infiltration". In addition to the core story, the Avengers titles provided additional plot material and acted as a link between titles. Other Marvel titles also featured variant covers with the characters depicted as Skrulls. Bendis stated that the series would not deal with the origins of the invasion, but is conceived from the following perspective: "If there's a character on the team who's a Skrull, we will rewind from when they got on that team, or from before they got on that team, so when they are infiltrated, how they became who they became and the effects of their actions from their 'point of view' is shown."


title: Secret Invasion

text: The Marvel website featured two online-exclusive e-comics for the event, titled "Secret Invasion Prologue" (a seven-page comic that reveals the replacement of a previously unknown Skrull agent) and "Secret Invasion: Home Invasion" (a MySpace video blog featuring a young teenager named Kinsey Walden and her fears regarding her brother's strange behavior), supported by comic pages by writer Ivan Brandon and artist Nick Postic.


title: Secret Invasion

text: After the Kree–Skrull War the Earth superheroes Iron Man, Mister Fantastic, Namor, Black Bolt, Professor Charles Xavier and Doctor Strange join as a group called the Illuminati to secretly confront the Skrulls. They attack the Skrull Empire, and warn that any future invasion attempts of Earth would mean further reprisals; however, they are all captured and intensely studied before escaping.


title: Secret Invasion

text: An eventual successor to the Skrull throne, Princess Veranke, claims that a prophecy foretold the annihilation of the Skrull homeworld. The current Emperor, Dorrek, exiles her to a prison world for inciting religious extremism. After the destruction of the Skrull Throneworld by the cosmic entity Galactus, Veranke becomes Empress by lineage, and guides an invasion of Earth, armed with the knowledge of superhumans gained from having studied the Illuminati. The Skrulls capture several superhumans and infiltrate Earth's defenses, with Veranke herself posing as heroine Spider-Woman. Veranke is inconvenienced when there is a breakout of supervillains at the Raft prison, which forces her to join the New Avengers team.


title: Secret Invasion

text: After the Civil War, Elektra, the leader of the ninja group the Hand, is revealed to be a Skrull named Pagon after dying in battle with the New Avengers. Veranke takes the corpse to Tony Stark (who, at the time, led the pro-registration Mighty Avengers) to sow distrust among the superhero community. She joins the Mighty Avengers, claiming it will throw the Skrulls off balance. Posing as agents of spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D., the Skrulls attempt to mine the metal vibranium in the Savage Land and battle the New Avengers before being killed. The Illuminati battle an impostor posing as Black Bolt and two new Super-Skrulls, possessing all-new powers.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Additionally, the Avengers are attacked by Skrulls posing as heroes in the Savage Land, and Reed Richards is wounded by the Skrull Criti Noll (who was posing as Henry Pym) seconds after determining a way to identify the shape shifters.


title: Secret Invasion

text: After several battles between Earth's heroes and the Skrulls in Manhattan and the Savage Land, Mr. Fantastic manages to develop a device that can detect the aliens. Criminal kingpin the Hood aids the heroes, deciding "no more Earth is bad for business." Veranke regroups with her forces in New York City in a final battle against the combined Avengers, now aided by Nick Fury and his new Commandos, Thor, Daredevil, Ka-Zar, and super teams such as the Young Avengers and the Thunderbolts.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Veranke is wounded by the Avenger Hawkeye. Criti Noll activates a booby trap placed on the heroine Wasp, although the blast is contained by Thor at the cost of her life. Veranke is then shot and killed by Norman Osborn (using a weapon he created with intelligence stolen from Deadpool). The last remnants of the Skrull armada are destroyed, with Iron Man locating the missing heroes. S.H.I.E.L.D. is dissolved by executive order of the President of the United States while a last Skrull (posing as the Avengers' butler Edwin Jarvis) flees with the child of hero Jessica Jones and Luke Cage. This Skrull is killed by Bullseye shortly after returning the child. Norman Osborn is placed in charge of S.H.I.E.L.D's replacement, H.A.M.M.E.R., and forms a secret group consisting of himself, Emma Frost, Namor, Doctor Doom, The Hood and Loki which commences the "Dark Reign" storyline.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Additionally, several variants of the Super-Skrull appear, utilizing the powers of Archangel, Captain America, Iron Man, Doctor Octopus, Electro, Sandman and the Illuminati, among others.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Also, several Skrulls are seen impersonating such pop culture figures as George W. Bush, Stephen Colbert, Tom Cruise, and Eric Cartman from "South Park".


title: Secret Invasion

text: According to Comic Book Roundup, the core series has an average score of 6.9 out of 10, based off 79 critic reviews.


title: Secret Invasion

text: Issue #1 was not very well received despite critics noting its "strong introduction to the story, good pacing, and "slick" art style", although some concerns were raised over Bendis' dialogue. Sales estimates suggested that around 250,200 copies were sold, more than twice as much as the second highest seller. The "Secret Invasion: The Infiltration" collected volume also topped the trade paperback chart, with an estimated 7,247 sales. The second issue kept the top slot, with estimated sales dropping to 200,344.


title: Secret Invasion

text: The following issues were released with "The Infiltration" banner prior to the launch of the "Secret Invasion" series:


title: Secret Invasion

text: From November 2022 forward, Marvel released a new Secret Invasion title composed of five issue miniseries that serves as a spiritual sequel to the original event and sees new hints from the Skrulls to invade again Earth that will force Maria Hill to put out an alert in the intelligence community to prove that they are ready for another Skrull invasion. After dealing with the various Nick Fury imposters, she alerts the Avengers and assures them that it is unlikely that they have been infiltrated, unfortunately she is wrong. While the world's most clandestine forces move in silence to quell the situation before it gets out of hand, Earth's Mightiest Heroes have been left wondering who among them might be an alien infiltrator. Thankfully, Maria Hill is quick to move on to the ranks of Earth's Mightiest Heroes for immediate blood testing. Though her methods are certainly intrusive, to say the least, the Avengers all acquiesce to her demands for a blood sample. This leads to Black Widow being uncovered as a Skrull, which when coupled with the lack of any other failed tests, is enough to calm the rest of the heroes' nerves for the time being. And, in the case of Tony Stark, it is enough to assure him that his fellow Skrulls' plans are going exactly as intended. Upon returning to his lab, Stark is met by another version of himself while revealing the blood bag taped to his arm which he used to pass Hill's test. This is more than enough to make it perfectly clear that Stark has been replaced without anyone else realizing it. It also sets the stage for the latest Skrull invasion to do untold amounts of damage before anyone can stop him, assuming no one figures out the truth anytime soon.


title: Secret Invasion

text: The first story asks what would happen if the Skrulls won the Secret Invasion and solved mankind's challenges such as freedom. Here, the Skrulls are celebrating their anniversary of taking over Earth. Some humans have been converted into Skrulls. The Avengers Alliance of Freedom (led by Captain America II and consisting of Black Panther, Blue Marvel, Human Torch, a heavily alcoholic Iron Man, Khn'nr, Ms. Marvel, Night Thrasher II, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman II, Storm, Thing, Thor, and Wolverine) are considered terrorists to the rest of the world. The Skrull's broadcast is interrupted by a pirate footage of Captain America stating that Earth is really under occupation. Queen Veranke's consort Norman Osborn tells her that it would be best to crush the Avengers Alliance of Freedom in Wakanda where they are currently hiding. Wolverine has brought one last remaining sample of the modified Legacy Virus to use against the Skrulls. Veranke appears before the United Nations and gets approval to invade Wakanda and take down the Avengers Alliance of Freedom. As soon as the virus is ready, the Skrull forces attack Wakanda. The Avengers leap into action to repel them. When the cannon meant to release the vaccine is destroyed, Thor uses his powers to spread it across the globe. But instead of doing what was expected, every Skrull and converted humans perishes. The culprit is in fact Norman Osborn. He explains that this was all an elaborate ruse to get what he wants. Due to Iron Man's alcoholism, Spider-Man helped him infiltrate Wakanda to help them but he did not expect that Norman Osborn would cross the line. Osborn admits that he did create a cure for the virus, so that he could survive and get back at the Skrulls for using him. Enraged, Captain America beheads Osborn with his shield. The Avengers surrender to the UN forces sent to arrest them. Meanwhile, far up on the Moon, Uatu the Watcher can only lament how this alternate Earth turned out.


title: Secret Invasion

text: The second story asks what would happen if the Secret Invasion remained secret. Norman Osborn is shown wondering what would happen if he was in charge of national security. Already on this Earth, Captain America has been pardoned for his role in the Civil War and is seen shaking hands with the Red Skull. Hours later, Norman Osborn and the Thunderbolts are dispatched to investigate a situation in the Savage Land. They infiltrate a mysterious structure full of duplicates of superhumans. The Thunderbolts attempt to fight through, only for them all to be massacred and Osborn captured. He is brought before Veranke/Spider-Woman. She tells him a little story about how a priest stood up to her and told her that she would die by the hands of Norman Osborn himself. Therefore, the Skrulls had to integrate themselves into human society and eventually fade away. She claims that the prophet became Osborn himself. Though Norman Osborn tries to deny it, Veranke insists that he is and asks that he kiss her true face. Instead, Norman Osborn commits suicide, and reverts him to his Skrull form.


title: Dick Powell

text: Richard Ewing Powell (November 14, 1904 – January 2, 1963) was an American actor, musician, producer, director, and studio head. Though he came to stardom as a musical comedy performer, he showed versatility, and successfully transformed into a hardboiled leading man, starring in projects of a more dramatic nature. He was the first actor to portray private detective Philip Marlowe on screen.


title: Dick Powell

text: Powell was born the middle of three sons of mother Sally Rowena in Mountain View, the seat of Stone County in northern Arkansas. His brothers were Luther (the eldest) and Howard (the youngest). The family moved the boys to Little Rock in 1914, where Powell sang in church choirs and with local orchestras, and started his own band. Powell attended the former Little Rock College, before he started his entertainment career as a singer with the Royal Peacock Band, which toured throughout the Midwest.


title: Dick Powell

text: During this time, he married Mildred Maund, a model, but she found being married to an entertainer not to her liking. After a final trip to Cuba together, Mildred moved to Hemphill, Texas, and the couple divorced in 1932. Later, Powell joined the Charlie Davis Orchestra, based in Indianapolis. He recorded a number of records with Davis and on his own, for the Vocalion label in the late 1920s.


title: Dick Powell

text: Powell moved to Pittsburgh, where he found great local success as the master of ceremonies at the Enright Theater and the Stanley Theater.


title: Dick Powell

text: In April 1930, Warner Bros. bought Brunswick Records, which at that time owned Vocalion. Warner Bros. was sufficiently impressed by Powell's singing and stage presence to offer him a film contract in 1932. He made his film debut as a singing bandleader in "Blessed Event".


title: Dick Powell

text: He was borrowed by Fox Film to support Will Rogers in "Too Busy to Work" (1932). He was a boyish crooner, the sort of role in which he specialized for the next few years. Back at Warner Bros., he supported George Arliss in "The King's Vacation", then was in "42nd Street" (both 1933), playing the love interest for Ruby Keeler. The film was a massive hit.


title: Dick Powell

text: Warner Bros. (WB) got him to basically repeat the role in "Gold Diggers of 1933", another big success. So, too, was "Footlight Parade" (also 1933), with Keeler and James Cagney.


title: Dick Powell

text: Powell was upped to star for "College Coach" (1933), then went back to more ensemble pieces including "42nd Street", "Convention City" (both 1933), "Wonder Bar", "Twenty Million Sweethearts", and "Dames" (all 1934).