title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Alive especially to political considerations, the King considered various European royal daughters as possible wives for his heir, such as Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and Louis' own cousin Marie Louise d'Orléans, daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and Princess Henrietta of England. According to various reports, Marie Louise and Louis were in love, having grown up with each other. However, Louis XIV decided to use Marie Louise to forge a link with Spain and forced her to marry the invalid Charles II of Spain, the Dauphin's own half-uncle.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Louis was engaged to his second cousin, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, when he was seven. She was a year older than Louis and, upon arriving at the French court, was described as being very unattractive. Nonetheless, she was a very cultured princess, and made initially a good impression upon her arrival as she was able to speak French fluently.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: They were married by proxy in Munich on 28 January 1680; the couple met for the first time on 7 March 1680 in Châlons-sur-Marne.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Although he was permitted at first to attend and later to participate in the "Conseil d'en haut", Louis did not play an important part in French politics. Nonetheless, as the heir to the throne, he was constantly surrounded by cabals battling for future prominence. Apart from the minor political role he played during his father's reign, Louis engaged in more leisurely pursuits and was esteemed for his magnificent collection of art at Versailles and Meudon. Louis XIV purchased Meudon for him from the widow of Louvois. The Dauphin employed Jules Hardouin Mansart and the office of the "Bâtiments du Roi", but most particularly his long-term "house designer" Jean Bérain, head of the Menus Plaisirs, to provide new decors. He lived quietly at Meudon for the remainder of his life surrounded by his two half-sisters Marie Anne de Bourbon and the Princess of Condé, both of whom he loved dearly. These three made up the main part of the "Cabal de Meudon" which opposed the Dauphin's son Louis and his Savoyard wife, the Duchess of Burgundy.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: During the War of the Grand Alliance, he was sent in 1688 to the Rhineland front. Before leaving the court, Louis was thus instructed by his father: In sending you to command my army, I am giving you an opportunity to make known your merit; go and show it to all Europe, so that when I come to die it will not be noticed that the King is dead.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: There Louis succeeded, under the tutelage of Marshal de Duras and Vauban, in taking one of the bridgeheads across the Rhine, Philippsburg, which was surrounded by marshes. Louis' courage was shown when he visited the soldiers in the inundated trenches under heavy fire to observe the progress of the siege. Montausier, his former governor, wrote to him thus:


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: I shall not compliment you on the taking of Philippsburg; you had a good army, bombs, cannons and Vauban. I shall not compliment you because you are brave. That virtue is hereditary. But I rejoice with you that you have been liberal, generous, humane, and have recognised the services of those who did well.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Louis' capture of Philippsburg prevented the large gathering Imperial army from crossing the Rhine and invading Alsace.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Louis's position in the "Conseil d'en haut" gave him an opportunity to have his voice heard in the years and crises leading up to the War of the Spanish Succession. From his mother, Louis had rights and claims to the Spanish throne. His uncle Charles II of Spain had produced no descendants and, as he lay dying, had no heir to whom he could pass the throne. The choice of a successor was essentially split between the French and Austrian claimants. In order to improve the chances of a Bourbon succession, Louis gave up his (and his eldest son's) rights in favour of his second son, Philip, Duke of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), who, as second son, was not expected to succeed to the French throne, thus keeping France and Spain separate. Moreover, in the discussions in the "Conseil d'en haut" regarding the French response to Charles II's last will and testament, which did indeed leave all Spanish possessions to Anjou, Louis persuasively argued for acceptance. He opposed those who advocated a rejection of the will and the adherence to the Partition Treaty signed with William III of England, even though that Treaty had awarded Naples, Sicily and Tuscany to him.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Louis married Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria on 7 March 1680. She was known in France as "Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire". Although the marriage was not a close one, the couple had three sons. The "Dauphine" died in 1690 and in 1695 Louis secretly married his lover Marie Émilie de Joly de Choin. His new wife did not acquire the status of Dauphine of France, and the marriage remained without surviving issue. Pregnant at the time of her marriage, de Choin gave birth to a son, who was secretly sent to the countryside; the child died aged two, in 1697, without having been publicly named.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Thus, through his two older sons Burgundy and Anjou, Louis ensured respectively the continuation of the senior Bourbon line on the throne of France and the establishment of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Besides his unnamed child with Mme de Choin, Louis had two illegitimate daughters with Françoise Pitel:


title: Louis, Grand Dauphin

text: Louis's paternal grandparents were Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria; he was descended, on his mother's side, from Philip IV of Spain and Élisabeth of France. Louis XIII and Élisabeth de Bourbon were siblings (the children of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici), as were Anne of Austria and Philip IV, who were the children of Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. That means that he had only four great grandparents instead of the usual eight, and that his double cousin parents had the same coefficient of coancestry (1/4) as if they were half-siblings.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Assetto Corsa (Italian for "Race Setup") is a sim racing video game developed by the Italian video game developer Kunos Simulazioni. It is designed with an emphasis on a realistic racing experience with support for extensive customization and moddability. The game was first released through the Steam Early Access program on 8 November 2013, and officially left Early Access as final release version on 19 December 2014.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Publisher 505 Games in partnership with Kunos Simulazioni announced on 3 June 2015 that they would bring the game to Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in 2016 and on 20 January 2016 revealed a release date of 22 April 2016. On 24 February 2016 it was announced that the console release was delayed to 3 June 2016. 505 Games and Kunos Simulazioni announced another delay and a new release date for the console versions on 6 May 2016, the game was released on consoles on 26 and 30 August 2016 in Europe and North America respectively. A second title, "Assetto Corsa Competizione" was released on 29 May 2019.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: "Assetto Corsa" is a racing simulation that attempts to offer a realistic driving experience with a variety of road and race cars through detailed physics and tyre simulation on race tracks recreated through laser-scanning technology. It supports a range of peripherals like mouse, keyboard, wheels, gamepads, triple-displays, TrackIR head tracking and VR head-mounted displays as well as Nvidia 3D Vision and professional motion systems. The software can be extended through modded third-party content.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The game allows to adjust realism settings fitting the experience of the player, ranging from artificial to "factory" or entirely disabled assists. A variety of session modes and session settings are available for offline and online play. Offline campaign, special events, custom championships, hotlap, quick race, drift, drag and race weekend sessions can be played alone or against AI. A server manager tool allows to create servers for online sessions, LAN sessions are also supported.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: When joining an offline/online session players can adjust their car through a setup interface. Depending on the car this includes gear ratios, tyre compounds, tyre pressures, fuel, suspension settings like anti-roll bars, wheel rates, ride height, packer rates, travel range, damper settings like bump stops and rebounds, heave dampers, alignment setting, drivetrain settings for differential lock and pre-load, hybrid settings, adjustments to the wings, brake bias, brake power, engine limiter, etc. Assists like traction control and ABS, turbo boost, KERS, ERS and engine brake settings and brake bias can be adjusted on the fly through hot-keys.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The in-game HUD consists of multiple "virtual desktops" that allow to manually place a wide variety of "apps" anywhere on screen, and the selection can be expanded through custom apps written in the Python language. The API allows access to the session and simulation data through external LCDs or phone apps and the simulation exports telemetry data in a compatible format for professional data analysis software.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: This is a list of all official race tracks; DLCs are marked with (*). Some of these tracks are available in different layouts (45 layouts in total).


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Kunos Simulazioni built "Assetto Corsa" on the experience acquired with the development of "netKar Pro" and "Ferrari Virtual Academy". The studio acquired practical knowledge working closely to real motorsport as their R&D office is located on Vallelunga Circuit, Italy. The game includes renditions of international circuits (surveyed using both traditional and laser scanning technology) as well as many cars from global car brands, ranging from everyday road cars to racing prototypes and historic vehicles.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: "Assetto Corsa" started development in 2010 with a driving school project for Automobile Club d'Italia. In 2011, Kunos moved to developing the game in Unity engine, however, due to constraints of external integrability i.e. not being modding friendly, and due to long loading times, they decided to leave it be and at the end of 2011 built a new engine completely in-house from the ground up instead.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The game is coded in multiple programming languages. C++ is used for the simulation part and Go for the multiplayer server. The user interface and launcher core is coded in C#, but the interface frontend in HTML to allow users to create interface modifications. Python can be used for developing plugins for retrieving simulation data in real time. APIs used are DirectX 11 for graphics, FMOD for sound and ODE for collision detection and rigid body physics.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The "Assetto Corsa Technology Preview" was a playable benchmark that was released on 22 February 2013. It offered one car, Lotus Elise SC, and one track, Autodromo dell'Umbria in Magione, Italy, as well as two playing modes, free practice and time attack. The preview's main purpose was to allow users to get their first taste of the engine, test it, and report feedback. The preview required the player to own a "netKar Pro" license.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Assetto Corsa was greenlit on Steam Greenlight on 13 June 2013. The game was released through Steam's Early Access program on 8 November 2013. This service allows developers to release a functional but yet incomplete product, such as beta versions, to allow users to buy the title and help provide funding, testing and feedback towards the final production. Through the Early Access programme the game received updates roughly every two weeks, adding new and improving existing content and features.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The Release Candidate, a feature complete version of the game, was released on 15 October 2014. The final version, following general bugfixing and performance optimizations, was released on 19 December 2014. The game continues to receive free updates, new features and paid DLC with additional content such as new cars and tracks.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: In May 2015, the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version of the game was announced. It is published by 505 Games and was released after delays on 26 and 30 August 2016 in Europe and North America respectively. Marco Massarutto, co-founder and executive manager of Kunos Simulazioni, states that the physics model of the console version is identical to the PC version and the rendering and physics engines had to be rebuilt to better utilise multi-threading—the performance targets for the PlayStation 4 are 1080p, 60FPS, with the Xbox One "matching the PS4 as closely as possible". The console version of the game received an entirely new UI optimised for use with a gamepad.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: On February 14, 2018, a new release called Ultimate Edition, containing all previously available DLC, was announced for consoles. This edition was then released on April 20, 2018.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: In August 2021, a mobile port of the game was announced. It was officially released for iOS devices (iPhone and iPad) on August 31 and it was entrusted to Digital Tales.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Since release out of the Steam Early Access program the game content of the PC version has been expanded with several free updates. The later released console versions receive the same content with a slightly different release schedule. On 24 December 2014, shortly after the game's release, patch 1.0.1 brought the Ruf brand to the game in form of the 1987 CTR Yellowbird.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Patch 1.2 on 31 July 2015 saw the introduction of Circuit Park Zandvoort, and added the Alfa Romeo MiTo QV, Audi Sport Quattro, Lamborghini Miura P400 SV, Nissan R35 GT-R NISMO and Toyota GT86 to the game.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: With patch 1.5 on 31 March 2016 a major free update was released for the game, bringing a new fictional USA-themed location named Black Cat County, available in 3 layouts, two additional Nürburgring layouts, an additional Nürburgring Nordschleife endurance layout, the Vallelunga classic layout, new drag strip distances, a graphical rework of most existing circuits in the game, as well as the introduction of the Abarth 595 SS (including variants), Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray and the 2015 Ford Mustang.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The "Dream Pack 1" downloadable content (DLC) was released on 11 March 2015, adding a number of new car licences to the game: Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti, Alfa Romeo 4C, Alfa Romeo GTA, BMW M235i Racing, Chevrolet Corvette C7.R, McLaren F1 GTR, McLaren P1, Mercedes 190E Evo II, Sauber-Mercedes C9 and Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3. It also introduces the laserscanned Nürburgring Nordschleife in three different layouts that took over two years to make.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The "Red Pack" DLC was released on 14 July 2016, introducing the Maserati brand and the laserscanned Red Bull Ring in GP and National layouts to the game, containing seven cars like the Ferrari 488 GT3, Ferrari F138, Ferrari SF15-T, Lamborghini LP 750-4 Aventador SV, the classic GP six-/twelve-cylinder Maserati 250F and 250F T2 monoposto and the Maserati GranTurismo MC GT4. The introduction of modern Formula 1 extends the simulated hybrid systems in the game with the complex Energy Recovery Systems (ERS) utilised in modern F1.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: On 25 October 2016 Kunos released the "Porsche Pack Volume 1" DLC. It introduces the Porsche brand to the game together with seven new cars: the , the 1974 911 Carrera RSR 3.0, the 2015 911 Carrera S, 917/30 Spyder, 918 Spyder Weissach, 935/78 "Moby Dick" and Cayman GT4 Clubsport.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The "Ferrari 70th Anniversary Celebration Pack" DLC, released on 19 September 2017, added seven new Ferrari cars: the 250 GTO, 288 GTO, 312/67, 330 P4,


title: Assetto Corsa

text: 812 Superfast and the F2004, as well as a community-voted seventh car from Ferrari's history. After receiving over 30000 votes in total the result of the poll to be included in the DLC is the 2017 Ferrari SF70H with 15.39% of the votes.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Preliminary VR support for the Oculus Rift Development Kit 1 was first added in 2013 and support was updated throughout the game's Early Access period.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Work on Oculus support ceased after support for Development Kit 2, with Kunos Simulazioni citing increased difficulty in keeping the latest Oculus SDK's supported while production priorities are focused on updates for the PC version and preparation for the console release, promising "to support VR—and not necessarily only the Oculus Rift—when we will be able to take the time and resources required." In an official community poll on the official support forums (registration required), open from 2 to 9 April 2016, "VR support" reached first place with 25% of a total of 4801 votes.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: With the 1.6 update released on 18 May 2016 the development studio implemented pre-Alpha support for the Oculus Rift SDK 1.3, enabling support for the consumer version of the Oculus VR HMD. Thanks to a workaround using the software "ReVive" this version of the simulator also works with the HTC Vive—official support for the device was confirmed to release at a later date. On 22 March 2017 patch 1.13 added the beta implementation of Vive support through OpenVR.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Assetto Corsa supports many different VR headsets utilizing Oculus runtime or Open VR. Including but not limited to Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest, Oculus Quest 2, HTC Vive, Valve Index and many more.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The game was designed to support extensive modification and creation of additional cars and tracks by users themselves. A special WYSIWYG editor, bundled with the game, enables importing of 3D models (in FBX file format) and allows artists to assign properties and material shaders to objects, with an emphasis on ease of use. The editor exports a single game model file and does not allow opening of, or addition of objects to, an already exported file. The game also supports addition of third party widgets and plugins written in Python, C++ and C#, for uses such as telemetry or interface enhancements.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Thanks to these features and to the success of the game, a vast and ever-growing library of mods is available. The developers Kunos Simulazioni decided to recognize the quality work and dedication of the modding community by implementing a number of mods as officially released content and hire its creators on commission or full-time basis.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: On 10 April 2015 Kunos Simulazioni announced a partnership with RSeat Ltd. and France Simulateur SARL and the release of an "Assetto Corsa"-branded full simulation rig named "RSeat RS1 Assetto Corsa Special Edition", supporting a wide range of peripherals and capable of being upgraded with full motion systems. The Steam version of Assetto Corsa is included in this package.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: "Assetto Corsa" (PC) received mostly positive reviews. It received "generally positive" reviews from critics. The PC version received an aggregated score of 85/100 rating on Metacritic, with the PS4 version receiving 73/100.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Eurogamer.net, in its January 2015 PC review, writes that "Kunos' solution is simple, elegant and—if there's any common sense knocking around other developers—surely a standard for all driving games that follow in its wake" and concludes that ""Assetto Corsa"'s laser focus on the driving experience works wonders—and when it comes to replicating that simple, brilliant pleasure, there's no other game right now that does it better"; it awarded the game a score of 9/10 and a silver 'Recommended' label. Eurogamer.net's Italian sister-website Eurogamer.it reviewed the game earlier on 16 October 2014 and awarded it the same score of 9/10.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Motorsport.com's Justin Sutton writes that ""Assetto Corsa" is a beautiful game, the result of laser-scanning accuracy and precision, with good sound, AI that needs improving, and a multiplayer community that could really benefit from more clean racers. The mods available for the sim, however, take it to the next level", concluding: "If you're looking for a good sim to enter the sim-racing community with, "Assetto Corsa" is a fantastic choice that will provide an incredible number of cars and tracks for a one-time payment."


title: Assetto Corsa

text: On 15 May 2015 Rock, Paper, Shotgun's Tim Stone put "Assetto Corsa" on place five of its "The 25 Best Simulation Games Ever Made" list. The game has been regularly featured in the website's simulation and wargame-focused The Flare Path section.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: In its 2015 review of the PC version, British automobile magazine "Evo" highlights "Assetto Corsa"'s physics, writing that "some aspects that other games barely touch on, such as tyre deformation and accurate friction models, are impressively accurate", and concludes: "What "Assetto Corsa" neatly demonstrates is the variety available in the racing simulation game market, and also developers’ different interpretations of the term ‘simulation’. [...] While lacking in vehicle and circuits right now, Assetto Corsa is one of the best simulations we’ve tried". However, in September 2016, "The PlayStation Official Magazine" said "as an actual racing game, it's rather sedate, feature-light and often unfairly difficult."


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Declaring 2015 as "Year of the racing game", British automobile magazine TopGear's Mike Channell writes: "Released at the tail end of 2014, "Assetto Corsa" is a spectacularly tactile PC sim that offers up a garage full of cars that will tug at your very loins". In a preview of the upcoming console version in January 2016, TopGear writes that ""Assetto Corsa" might not have the same storied history as "Forza" or "Gran Turismo", but it's established its brilliance on PC already and as with just about everything built by Italians it's forged with all-consuming passion."


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Previewing the game for the upcoming console release RedBull.com's, Curtis Moldrich states that "although we didn't get a chance to play the game with a controller, with a steering wheel at least, "Assetto Corsa" is a revolution. By embracing reality and modelling it perfectly, "Assetto Corsa" actually makes for a more entertaining game. Throw in super-realistic sound, solid AI and smooth graphics, and "Assetto Corsa" could well be the benchmark that "Gran Turismo Sport", "Project CARS 2" and "Forza 7" will have to beat." In contrast, GamesMaster said that it is "lacking in most areas compared to its rivals."


title: Assetto Corsa

text: As of May 2016 the game is ranked among the most played racing sims on the Steam platform. There are more than 900 active multiplayer servers for "Assetto Corsa" and the game is used by several leagues around the world. On racedepartment.com, more than 9000 modifications have been published for the title until October 2018.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: Kunos Simulazioni has stated since game release that, due to engine limitations and due to the small size of the software developer, the game would not support features such as wet weather conditions, rain, night racing, or multi-class racing compatible AI. According to simulation engineer James Dover, the game does deliver in terms of graphics, but he reckons its physics engine "lacks seriousness". As of May 2016, various updates to the game solved or improve upon many of the listed issues like AI, netcode, physics and single player AI pitstops, and the game continues being updated in all areas with regular cadence.


title: Assetto Corsa

text: The game reached number 8 in the UK sales chart. It got to number 3 in Australia and number 5 in New Zealand. The game has sold a total of 1.4 million copies.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: 24 horas (English: "24 hours") is the brand that identifies the gathering and broadcasting of news in the Chilean public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile. It started as an informative programme of the same television network on 1 October 1990. Then in 2009 it became a television channel called Canal 24 horas.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: It has four different editions: "24 AM" (mornings), "24 Tarde " (midday), "24 Horas central" (evening) and "Medianoche" (late night). That national news bulletins are broadcast by TVN, Canal 24 horas and TV Chile.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: Its first edition was broadcast on October 1, 1990, led by Cecilia Serrano and Bernardo de la Maza on the "Edición Central". Gradually, the editions of the newscast gained ground in the ratings on rival Canal 13, overtaking the latter in the mid-1990s. On October 10, 2001, coinciding with the première of the soap opera "Amores de Mercado" ("Market's Loves"), which preceded the news, the Central Edition scored 42.2 rating points between 21:00 and 21:56, a figure that hasn't been matched since.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: On March 8, 2004, it changed its image to match the new logo of TVN. There were other major changes that year; the old presenters, Bernardo de la Maza, Cecilia Serrano, were replaced with Amaro Gomez-Pablos and Consuelo Saavedra. This move was criticized.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: Between 1999 and 2002, it had a fifth edition entitled "Edición Vespertina de 24 Horas" ("24 Horas Evening Edition"), which aired at 18:00. It was hosted by Consuelo Saavedra, Mónica Rincón, María Isabel Toloza, and later by journalist María Jesús Sáinz.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: In 2002, the newsletter closed the signal transmitted by the Santiago Metro, called MetroTV. In 2005, she returned to the United States, the journalist Consuelo Saavedra and assumes the leadership of the main news with Amaro Gómez-Pablos. One of the highlights of the news was its live coverage of the Iraq War and especially the fall of Saddam Hussein, featuring Santiago Pavlovic, Rafael Cavada and cinematographer Alejandro Leal.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: In October 2007, 24 Horas started a channel on YouTube, making Televisión Nacional de Chile the first television station in the country with an official presence on the site.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: On August 1, 2008, VTR announced that by the end of the year it will air "TVN 24 Horas", a 24-hour news channel which rivals the local branch U.S. news network CNN Chile (which premiered on December 4). The new channel launched in March 2009, becoming the second uninterrupted news channel in the country after CNN Chile, which was launched in December 2008. It was launched with the objective of becoming the definitive news source in the country. Air time is divided into different thematic segments, covering economic, international, sports, local issues, entertainment and technology, and it broadcasts the three main news programs of TVN. For its international content, it has an alliance with the US MSNBC.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: After its inauguration, the channel's first long-term coverage was the aftermath of the 2010 Chilean earthquake in the south-central zone of Chile from February 2010.


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: The first edition under this name aired on March 12, 2019, and is currently presented by Carla Zunino and Valentina Reyes. Before 2019 it was called "Tu Mañana, 24 horas", "24 Horas en la mañana", "Edición Matinal" and "Primera Edición".


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: The first edition under this name aired on March 8, 2004, and is currently presented by Patricia Venegas. Between 2004 and 2017 it was called "Edición Uno" "Segunda Edición”, and “24 Horas al Dia”


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: The first edition under this name aired on March 8, 2004, and is currently presented by Ivan Nuñez and Constanza Santa María. Before 2004 it was called "Edición Central".


title: 24 horas (Chilean TV program)

text: The first edition under this name aired on 1996, and is currently presented by Matías del Río and Marco Flemming Ayala. Before 1996 it was called "Edición Dos" (1990-1992) and "Edición Nocturna".


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: The UCLA Bruins men's basketball program represents the University of California, Los Angeles in the sport of men's basketball as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Established in 1919, the program has won a record 11 NCAA titles. Coach John Wooden led the Bruins to 10 national titles in 12 seasons, from 1964 to 1975, including seven straight from 1967 to 1973. UCLA went undefeated a record four times (1964, 1967, 1972, and 1973). Coach Jim Harrick led the team to another NCAA title in 1995. Former coach Ben Howland led UCLA to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008. As a member of the AAWU, Pacific-8 and then Pacific-10, UCLA set an NCAA Division I record with 13 consecutive regular season conference titles between 1967 and 1979 which stood until passed by Kansas in 2018. UCLA is scheduled to join the Big Ten Conference in 2024.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In 1919, Fred Cozens became the first head coach of the UCLA basketball and football teams. Cozens coached the basketball team for two seasons, finishing with an overall record of 21–4. Caddy Works was the head coach of the Bruins from 1921 to 1939, guiding them to a 173–159 record. Works was a lawyer by profession and coached the team only during the evenings. According to UCLA player and future Olympian Frank Lubin, Works was "more of an honorary coach" with little basketball knowledge. Wilbur Johns was the UCLA basketball head coach from 1939 to 1948, guiding the Bruins to a 93–120 record.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: From 1948 to 1975, John Wooden, nicknamed the "Wizard of Westwood", served as UCLA's head coach. He won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period, including a run of seven in a row that shattered the previous record of only two consecutive titles; to this day, no other team has won more than two straight titles. Within this period, his teams won a men's basketball-record 88 consecutive games.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Prior to Wooden's arrival, UCLA had only won two conference championships in the previous 18 years. In his first season, Wooden guided a UCLA team that had finished with a 12–13 record the previous year to a 22–7 record—then the most wins in a season in program history—and the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) Southern Division championship. In his second season, Wooden led the Bruins to a 24–7 record and the PCC championship. The Bruins would win the division title in each of the next two seasons and the conference title in the latter season. Up to that time, UCLA had won only two division titles since the PCC began divisional play, and it had not won a conference title of any kind since winning the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in 1927.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In 1955–56, Wooden guided the Bruins to their first undefeated PCC conference title and a 17-game winning streak that only came to an end in the 1956 NCAA Tournament at the hands of a University of San Francisco team that featured Bill Russell. However, UCLA was unable to maintain this level of performance over the immediate ensuing seasons, finding itself unable to return to the NCAA Tournament as the Pete Newell-coached California teams took control of the conference at the end of the decade. Also hampering the fortunes of Wooden's team during that time period was a probation imposed on all UCLA sports in the aftermath of a scandal involving illegal payments made to players on the school's football team, along with USC, Cal and Stanford, resulting in the dismantling of the PCC conference.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: By 1962 the probation was no longer in place and Wooden had returned the Bruins to the top of their conference (now the Pac-12 Conference). This time, however, they would take the next step, and go on to unleash a run of dominance unparalleled in the history of college sports. A narrow loss due largely to a controversial foul call in the semifinal of the 1962 NCAA Tournament convinced Wooden that his Bruins were ready to contend for national championships. Two seasons later, the final piece of the puzzle fell into place when assistant coach Jerry Norman persuaded Wooden that the team's small-sized players and fast-paced offense would be complemented by the adoption of a zone press defense. The result was a dramatic increase in scoring, giving UCLA a powerhouse team led by Walt Hazzard and Gail Goodrich that went undefeated on its way to the school's first basketball national championship.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Wooden's team repeated as national champions the following season before the squad fell briefly in 1966 when it finished second in the conference to Oregon State. UCLA was ineligible to play in the NCAA tournament that year because in those days only conference champions went to the tournament. However, the Bruins' incarnation returned with a vengeance in 1967 with the arrival of sophomore All-America and MVP Lew Alcindor. The team reclaimed not only the conference title but the national crown with an undefeated season.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In January 1968, UCLA took its 47-game winning streak to the Astrodome in Houston, where Alcindor squared off against Elvin Hayes in the Game of the Century, which was the nation's first nationally televised regular season college basketball game. Houston upset UCLA 71–69 behind Hayes' 39 points. In a post-game interview, Wooden stated, "We have to start over." They did, and went undefeated the rest of the year, avenging Houston 101–69 in the semi-final rematch of the NCAA tournament en route to the national championship. Hayes, who had been averaging 37.7 points per game, was held to only 10 points. Wooden credited Norman for devising the diamond-and-one defense that contained the Houston center.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: The emergence of the Bruins under Wooden vastly increased the program's popularity. Since 1932, the Bruins had played at the Men's Gym. It normally seated 2,400, but had been limited to 1,500 since 1955 by order of the city fire marshal. This forced games to be moved to Pan Pacific Auditorium, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and other venues around Los Angeles when larger crowds were expected—an increasing inconvenience since the Bruins' first national title. At Wooden's urging, a much larger on-campus facility was built in time for the 1965–66 season, the nearly 13,000 seat Pauley Pavilion, .


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Wooden coached his final game in Pauley Pavilion on March 1, 1975, when UCLA trounced Stanford 93–59. Four weeks later, following a 75–74 overtime victory over Louisville in the 1975 NCAA Tournament semifinal game, Wooden announced that he would retire at age 64 immediately after the championship game. His legendary coaching career concluded triumphantly, as his team responded with a win over Kentucky to claim Wooden's first career coaching victory over the Wildcats and his unprecedented 10th national championship in a twelve-year span.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: During his tenure with the Bruins, Wooden became known as the "Wizard of Westwood", although he personally disdained the nickname. He gained lasting fame at UCLA by winning 620 games in 27 seasons and 10 NCAA titles during his last 12 seasons, which included seven in a row from 1967 to 1973. His UCLA teams also had a then-record winning streak of 88 games and four perfect 30–0 seasons. They also won 38 straight games in NCAA Tournaments and 98 straight home game wins at Pauley Pavilion. Wooden was named NCAA College Basketball's "Coach of the Year" in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973. In 1967, he was named the Henry Iba Award USBWA College Basketball Coach of the Year. In 1972, he shared "Sports Illustrated" magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award with Billie Jean King. He was named to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973, becoming the first to be honored as both a player and a coach.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: From 1975 to 1977, Gene Bartow served as the head coach of UCLA. He guided them to a 52–9 record, including a berth in the 1976 Final Four. He coached the 1977 College Player of the Year, Marques Johnson.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Gary Cunningham became the head coach at UCLA in 1977. He coached two seasons, winning the Pacific-8 and Pacific-10 conference championships and leading UCLA to a #2 ranking in the final polls both seasons.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Larry Brown then moved on to coach UCLA from 1979 to 1981, leading his freshman-dominated 1979–80 team to the NCAA title game before falling to Louisville, 59–54. However, that runner-up finish was later vacated by the NCAA after two players were found to be ineligible. This was one of the few times a Final Four squad had its record vacated (Villanova had its runner-up finish vacated in 1971 because Howard Porter had signed a pro contract).


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Larry Farmer was the head coach of UCLA from 1981 to 1984, guiding them to a 61–23 () record. He had recruited Earvin "Magic" Johnson to come play at UCLA, but then told Johnson (was drafted into the NBA in 1979) to hold off on a visit as he was more interested in Albert King. Farmer signed neither King nor Johnson, and neither recruit played for UCLA.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In 1984, Walt Hazzard was named the UCLA basketball coach 20 years after he was an All-America when UCLA won its first national championship. He coached for four seasons, winning 77 out of 125 games. The 1984–1985 UCLA Bruin basketball team won the NIT championship. The 1986–1987 UCLA Bruin basketball team won both the Pac-10 regular season championship as well as the inaugural Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In 1988, Jim Harrick returned to UCLA (he had spent two years as an assistant coach from 1978 to 1979) to assume head coaching duties after the firing of Walt Hazzard. During the recruiting period before his first season, he recruited Don MacLean, the most significant recruit to commit to UCLA in several years. McLean's arrival helped start a revival of the basketball program. Within four years, the Bruins were in the Elite Eight--"officially" their deepest advance in the tournament in 13 years, and only the second time they had gone that far since Wooden's departure.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: During the 1994–1995 season, he led UCLA to a 32–1 record (a loss to California was subsequently forfeited to the Bruins) and the school's eleventh national championship, its first since the 1974–75 season. The 31 actual wins would stand as a school record until the 2005–06 season. In 1996, Harrick's Bruins were upset in the first round by Princeton. Shortly before the 1996 season, UCLA fired Harrick for lying about who attended a recruiting dinner. At the time, Harrick was the second-winningest coach in school history and the only coach to achieve a National Championship at UCLA post John Wooden to date.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: On the departure of assistants Mark Gottfried and Lorenzo Romar for head coaching jobs shortly after the 1995 NCAA Championship season, Steve Lavin, as the assistant with the longest tenure at UCLA, was selected as interim head coach.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Later that season on February 11, 1997, with the Bruins tied for first place in the Pac-10 with an 8–3 record, UCLA removed the "interim" tag from Lavin's title and formally named him as its 11th head coach. The Bruins then won their next 11 games en route to the Pac-10 title, before being eliminated by the Minnesota Gophers in the NCAA Midwest Regional Final. In seven seasons as head coach Lavin's record was 12–4 in games involving overtime. Additionally Lavin's Bruins had a 10–4 record against the rival USC Trojans. During the period 1997–2002, Lavin's Bruins compiled nine consecutive overtime victories. These included victories over Arizona, Cincinnati (2002 NCAA second round double overtime victory over No. 1 West Region seed), Kentucky, and Stanford (then ranked No 1). The Stanford win was sealed by a last second jumper by star sophomore guard JaRon Rush.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: At UCLA from 1996 to 2003, Lavin compiled a record of 145–78. As both an assistant and head coach, Lavin participated in 13 consecutive NCAA tournament appearances (1990–2002), while working at Purdue and UCLA. During Lavin's tenure as a head coach, he was one of only two coaches in the country to lead his team to five NCAA "Sweet 16s" in six years (1997, 1998, 2000–2002), the other coach being Duke's Mike Krzyzewski. Lavin guided UCLA to six consecutive seasons of 20 or more wins, as well as six consecutive NCAA tournament appearances.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Lavin signed seven McDonald's High School All-Americans. Seven of Lavin's former Bruin recruits became roster members of NBA teams: Trevor Ariza, Matt Barnes, Baron Davis, Dan Gadzuric, Ryan Hollins, Jason Kapono, and Earl Watson.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: During Lavin's tenure as head coach, the Bruins qualified for six consecutive NCAA Tournaments (1997–2002). Lavin's record in the first and second rounds of the NCAA tournament is 10–1. His winning percentage (90.9%) in the first two rounds is second only to Dean Smith in NCAA Tournament history. However, Lavin also coached the Bruins to their only loss in an NCAA tournament game played in the State of California (a 2002 loss to Missouri in San Jose).


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In seven seasons as head coach Lavin's record was 12–4 in games involving overtime. The Bruins defeated the No. 1 team in the country in four consecutive collegiate seasons: Stanford in 2000 and 2001, Kansas in 2002 and Arizona in 2003.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Despite some success under the watch of Steve Lavin, the program wanted to regain its position in the college basketball upper echelon. Even the success in the NCAA tournament belied the fact that UCLA had earned no better than a number 4 seed with the exception of the 1997 season. The 2002–03 season turned out to be the back-breaker for Lavin as the Bruins stumbled to a 10–19 record and a 6–12 record in the conference. It was the first losing season for UCLA in over five decades. Lavin was dismissed following the season.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA looked to find a coach that could move the Bruins back to the elite ranks of the Pac-10 and the country. Ben Howland's success at the University of Pittsburgh and his southern California roots made him an attractive candidate. In 2003, he left Pitt and accepted the head coaching duties at UCLA.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Howland remedied this disappointment in his recruiting efforts. Howland produced a top tier recruiting class from athletes in southern California that fit his Big East style. Behind Lavin hold-over Dijon Thompson and Howland recruits Jordan Farmar and Arron Afflalo, UCLA produced a winning season for the first time in three years and returned to the tournament, where they lost in the first round.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Starting the 2005–06 season with the majority of the roster made over in Howland's image and with the Lavin hold-overs (e.g., Ryan Hollins and Cedric Bozeman), the Bruins produced an excellent campaign. They finished the regular season 24–6, winning the Pac-10 Conference title. They then roared through the Pac-10 tournament, winning each game by double digits en route to only the second Pac-10 tournament championship in school history. The momentum continued into the NCAA tournament as the second-seeded Bruins defeated Gonzaga in the Sweet Sixteen. They then upset top-seeded Memphis to reach the school's first Final Four in 11 years. The run ended in the championship game against Florida, whose imposing front-line proved to be a matchup problem for the Bruins.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Howland continued his success at UCLA the following year. The Bruins finished undefeated at home for the first time in 22 years, winning the Pac-10 conference title. However they lost in their first Pac-10 tournament game and were seeded second in the NCAA Tournament West Region. After a close second-round win over Indiana, Howland led the Bruins to a win over his former team, Pitt in the Sweet Sixteen. The Bruins then again upset the top seed in the West Region, Kansas, and reached the second of UCLA's first consecutive Final Fours since the John Wooden era, only to lose again to Florida in the national semifinal.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: At the start of the 2007–08 season, expectations for UCLA were the highest ever with the arrival of Kevin Love, one of the best low-post prospects in the high school class of 2007. Combined with the emergence of Russell Westbrook and Darren Collison in the back-court, the Bruins won their 3rd consecutive Pac-10 conference title, and their second Pac-10 tournament title in three years. They received their first No. 1 seed in the NCAA tournament since 1995, and once again reached the Final Four, where they faced another top seed, the Memphis Tigers. Memphis got the better of the Bruins, who returned to Westwood without a championship once again.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: However, the Bruins program under Howland began to struggle in subsequent seasons. After 2008, UCLA did not advance past the first weekend of the NCAA tourney, and did not qualify for the tournament in 2010 and 2012. With a 77–73 victory over Penn on December 10, 2011; Howland passed Jim Harrick for second on UCLA's all-time wins list behind John Wooden. Nonetheless, questions about how Howland was running the program began to come into focus. In February 2012, a "Sports Illustrated" article portrayed UCLA player Reeves Nelson as a bully on and off the court, who at times intentionally tried to injure his teammates. According to the article, Howland looked the other way and did not discipline Nelson for over two years. From 2008—the Bruins' last Final Four appearance—through 2012, at least 11 players left the UCLA program.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Although the 2012–2013 Bruins won the Pac-12 regular season championship, they quickly bowed out in the first round of the NCAA tournament. On March 25, 2013, three days after being eliminated by 11th seed Minnesota, UCLA fired Howland.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: On March 30, 2013, Steve Alford signed a seven-year, $18.2-million contract to become the head coach of UCLA, replacing the fired Ben Howland. In his first year as head coach Alford led UCLA to a Pac-12 tournament championship, a feat not accomplished since 2008. The team later went on to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as a 4 seed in the South regional before losing to the 1 seed Florida.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: In his second year, the team was controversially chosen to participate in the 2015 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as an 11 seed in the South Region, where they upset the 6 seed SMU on a game-winning goaltending call. The Bruins went on to defeat the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers before losing to Gonzaga in the Sweet Sixteen.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: After a disappointing third season in which UCLA suffered their fourth losing record since 1948, the team rebounded in the following season, going 31-5 before falling to Kentucky, again in the Sweet Sixteen, considered an underachievement given the talent level and overall record of the team. Freshman point guard Lonzo Ball, as well as the program in general, garnered national media attention for the outspoken behavior of his father LaVar Ball.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Prior to the beginning of the 2017–18 season, the team travelled to China to participate in the annual Pac-12 China Game. On November 6 in Hangzhou, during a block of free time allotted to the players, freshmen LiAngelo Ball, Cody Riley and Jalen Hill shoplifted sunglasses from a Louis Vuitton department store. They were placed under house arrest by local police the next day and required to hand over their passports. The controversy garnered immense attention due to the reputation of LiAngelo as a member of the Ball family and received significant media coverage. President Donald Trump, who was concurrently visiting China, reportedly asked General Secretary Xi Jinping to pardon the three men, and they were released back to the United States shortly after, although Ball's family questioned if the President's request was a direct reason for the release. Xi himself later reportedly denied that Trump had asked him about pardoning the UCLA players and that the General Secretary had nothing to do with their release. The players were placed on suspension from basketball activities, and were eventually suspended for the entirety of the season on December 22. LaVar Ball maintained that his son had not deserved suspension; LiAngelo Ball withdrew from UCLA and signed with a sports agent, making him ineligible for further NCAA competition.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA finished the regular season in a three-way tie for third (tied with Utah and Stanford) in the Pac-12 (21–10, 11–7), disappointingly falling to St. Bonaventure in the NCAA First Four Play-in Round. Junior guard Aaron Holiday was named to the First-team All-Pac-12 and the Pac-12 All Defensive Team, the first player to do so in the Alford era. Holiday was drafted 23 by the Indiana Pacers in the First Round of the 2018 NBA Draft.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA started the 2018–19 season ranked No. 21 in the AP Poll and won seven of its first nine games. However, they concluded non-conference play with four consecutive losses, including back-to-back home losses to mid-major teams Belmont and Liberty. The 73–58 loss to Liberty on December 29 was UCLA's most lopsided home loss in Alford's tenure. Two days after that loss, UCLA announced that Alford had been fired and that assistant coach Murry Bartow would serve as interim head coach for the remainder of the season. They failed to qualify for the NCAA Tournament, and ended the decade without a Final Four appearance for the first time since the 1950s.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: On April 9, 2019, UCLA announced the hiring of Mick Cronin as the program's 14th head coach. He was named Pac-12 Coach of the Year in his first season in 2019–20. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Pac-12 Tournament and NCAA Tournament were cancelled. The following season in 2020–21, the Bruins opened the NCAA Tournament in the First Four, advancing to the Final Four after defeating No. 1 seed Michigan. No. 11 seed UCLA became the second First Four team to reach the Final Four, the school's first national semifinal since 2008, which had also been their last trip to the Elite Eight.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: The men's basketball team played in the 2,400 seat Men's Gym from 1932 to 1965. They also played at other venues around Los Angeles, including the Pan-Pacific Auditorium and Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, when larger crowds were expected for games.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Following UCLA's second championship in 1965, the idea of constructing a new arena to accommodate increased interest in the team was proposed. In 1965, Pauley Pavilion, named for oil magnate Ed Pauley, was built on campus and has been the home of the Bruins basketball programs since that time. During the 2011–12 season, Pauley Pavilion underwent a complete, $136 million renovation, both inside and out, earning it the nickname of "New Pauley." A new attendance record was set on March 2, 2013, when 13,727 fans watched the Bruins defeating the Arizona Wildcats 74–69.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: The Mo Ostin Basketball Center south of the Los Angeles Tennis Center and close to Pauley Pavilion, the basketball team's home court was completed in 2017 to serve as a practice facility and hub for the basketball team. On December 14, 2015, Russell Westbrook had donated a "significant" sum to the construction of the center, for which the facility's court was named in his honor. Westbrook's former teammate, Kevin Love, matched his contribution on September 20, 2016, for which the strength and conditioning center was named after him.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: The team has had 12 head coaches in its history, and they have won 11 NCAA Championships, the most of any school. John Wooden won 10 national championships between 1964 and 1975, and Jim Harrick won the other in 1995. The "New York Times" wrote that Wooden "made UCLA the most successful team in college basketball." After Wooden retired, the four coaches that succeeded him resigned, and the following three—Harrick included—were fired. The average tenure of those coaches after Wooden was four years. Former coach Ben Howland led the Bruins to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: When John Wooden became the coach, UCLA turned into a national basketball powerhouse. UCLA has won 11 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournaments and has dominated the conference, winning two games for every one that USC won. As of the 2013–2014 season, UCLA has won or shared the conference title 31 times, and USC has won or shared the title 7 times. There have been a number of significant games in this rivalry.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA had a basketball rivalry with Notre Dame that started when Digger Phelps was the Notre Dame coach and John Wooden was the UCLA coach. UCLA and Notre Dame played a home-and-home meeting for several seasons, which is otherwise uncommon outside conference play. This rivalry existed from the desire of the Notre Dame athletic department to schedule the top schools for intersectional competition. UCLA and Notre Dame played 42 times between 1966 and 1995, and the height of the rivalry was when Notre Dame ended UCLA's consecutive-game winning streak at 88 on January 19, 1974. UCLA also broke a 60-game Notre Dame winning streak in South Bend. Previous UCLA head coach Ben Howland scheduled Notre Dame four times: in 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009. After Notre Dame's victory on December 14, 2019, UCLA leads the all-time series 29–21.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Since the mid-1980s, UCLA has also had a basketball rivalry with Arizona under coach Lute Olson, as the two schools competed for the Pac-10 Championship every year. Since 1985 the two teams have combined to win 21 out of the 29 conference titles. The UCLA–Arizona basketball rivalry still is seen as the match up of the two premier teams in the conference. Also, the performance of the two schools influences the national opinion of the conference.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: Six former UCLA Bruins went on to be named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Reggie Miller, Gail Goodrich, Jamaal Wilkes, Bill Walton and Don Barksdale. Barksdale was also notable as the first player to break many color barriers, including being the first African American to be named an NCAA All-American and NBA All-Star, and the first to be selected to the US Olympic basketball team.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: All 14 players who have played on three NCAA Division I Championship basketball teams are from UCLA: Abdul-Jabbar, Sidney Wicks, Curtis Rowe, Lynn Shackelford, Larry Farmer, Henry Bibby, Steve Patterson, Kenny Heitz, Jon Chapman, John Ecker, Andy Hill, Terry Schofield, Bill Sweek, and Larry Hollyfield.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA became the first school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year with Gary Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor (now Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: UCLA has produced the most NBA Most Valuable Player Award winners, six of them by Abdul-Jabbar, one to Walton, who was Abdul-Jabbar's successor, and one to Russell Westbrook. , 99 former UCLA players have played in the NBA.


title: UCLA Bruins men's basketball

text: At the 2015 NBA All-Star Game and the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, former Bruins Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder was the MVP and Zach LaVine of the Minnesota Timberwolves was the winner of the Slam Dunk Contest.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic, capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. The bacteria are mesophilic and grow best at temperatures between 35 and 37℃.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic when he incorrectly described "Haemophilus influenzae" as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria retain the name "influenza". "H. influenzae" is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children, including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections. Treatment consists of antibiotics, however "H. influenzae" is often resistant to the penicillin family but augmentin can be used in mild cases. The recommended form of prevention is a series of the Hib vaccine and boosters, which are most often given under the age of 5, and sometimes in conjunction with other vaccines in the form of the DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: In 1930, two major categories of "H. influenzae" were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. The six generally recognized types of encapsulated "H. influenzae" are: a, b, c, d, e, and f. "H. Influenzae" type b, also known as Hib, is the most common form, recognizable by its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule, and found mostly in children. Types a, e, and f have been isolated infrequently, while types d and c are rarely isolated. Unencapsulated strains have a greater number of isolates and genetic diversity than the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes; however, they can be classified by multilocus sequence typing. NTHi strains are considered to be part of the normal human flora in the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitals, and conjunctivae (mucous membranes of the eye).


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. Influenzae" is a small Gram-negative bacterium, approximately 0.3 micrometer to 1 micrometer. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, "H. influenzae" has a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. Some types of "H. influenzae" contain a polysaccharide capsule around the outer membrane to aid in protection and colonization. The bacteria are pleomorphic, meaning the shape of the bacterium is variable, however it is typically coccobacillus or rod-shaped. "H. Influenzae" contains pili, which are specialized to adhere to the human nasopharynx. The "H. Influenzae" pili, unlike those of "E. coli," resist unwinding, allowing for stronger adhesion to resist expulsion when coughing or sneezing. A minority of non-typeable, or unencapsulated, "H. influenzae" employ a variety of attachment techniques, such as pili, adhesins, or Hia and Hap proteins. Though the bacteria possess pili, they are not used for traditional movement or motility, and the bacterium is still considered to be non-motile.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The cell wall of "H. influenzae" bacterium contains various proteins, referred to as autotransporters, for adherence and colony formation. "H. influenzae" prefers to bind to mucus linings or non-ciliated epithelial cells, which is facilitated by Hap𝘴 autotransporters in the cell wall binding with unknown receptors within the epithelium. The Hap𝘴 autotransporters also facilitate the formation of microcolonies of the bacteria. These microcolonies are likely responsible for the formation of various biofilms within the body, such as those which are responsible for middle ear or lung infections.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) contain penicillin binding domains are involved in peptidoglycan metabolism, which makes up the cell wall, to give bacterial cells rigidity. Beta-lactams are used in antibiotics that bind to PBPs, in order to target peptidoglycan synthesis. Some isolates of "H. Influenzae" have contained modified PBPs that resist beta-lactam action by producing beta-lactamases. This resistance is likely due to a N526K mutation, or R517H substitution in conjunction with another unknown mutation. The R517H substitution alone did not have a lower affinity for penicillin, and therefore cannot cause resistance alone. Beta-lactamase emergence in the 1970s caused the therapy for severe cases of "H. influenzae" to be changed from ampicillin to cephalosporins, however further resistance to cephalosporins has occurred due to changes in the transpeptidase domain of penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3).


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Clinical features may include initial symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection mimicking a viral infection, usually associated with low-grade fevers. This may progress to the lower respiratory tract within a few days, with features often resembling those of wheezy bronchitis. Sputum may be difficult to expectorate and is often grey or creamy in color. The cough may persist for weeks without appropriate treatment. Many cases are diagnosed after presenting chest infections that do not respond to penicillins or first-generation cephalosporins. A chest X-ray can identify alveolar consolidation.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Clinical diagnosis of "H. influenzae" is typically performed by bacterial culture or latex particle agglutinations. Diagnosis is considered confirmed when the organism is isolated from a sterile body site. In this respect, "H. influenzae" cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or sputum would not indicate "H. influenzae" disease, because these sites are colonized in disease-free individuals. However, "H. influenzae" isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood would indicate "H. influenzae" infection.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Bacterial culture of "H. influenzae" is performed on agar plates, the preferable one being chocolate agar, with added X (hemin) and V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) factors at 37 °C in a CO-enriched incubator. The ideal CO concentration for the culture is ~5%. Blood agar growth is only achieved as a satellite phenomenon around other bacteria. Colonies of "H. influenzae" appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey, or transparent colonies.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Gram stained and microscopic observation of a specimen of "H. influenzae" will show Gram-negative coccobacillus. The cultured organism can be further characterized using catalase and oxidase tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological testing is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between "H. influenzae" b and nonencapsulated species.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Although highly specific, bacterial culture of "H. influenzae" lacks sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible. Recent work has shown that "H.influenzae" uses a highly specialized spectrum of nutrients where lactate is a preferred carbon source.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" will grow in the hemolytic zone of "Staphylococcus aureus" on blood agar plates; the hemolysis of cells by "S. aureus" releases factor V which is needed for its growth. "H. influenzae" will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of "S. aureus" due to the lack of nutrients such as factor V in these areas.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The latex particle agglutination test (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect "H. influenzae" than is culture. Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being much quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity testing is not possible with LAT alone, so a parallel culture is necessary.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests, and are highly specific. These PCR tests can be used for capsular typing of encapsulated "H. influenzae" strains.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" is generally found within and upon the human body, but can also live on various dry, hard surfaces for up to 12 days.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Most strains of "H. influenzae" are opportunistic pathogens; that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection, reduced immune function or chronically inflamed tissues, e.g. from allergies) create an opportunity. They infect the host by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The pathogenesis of "H. influenzae" infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the nonimmune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive; however, they can produce an inflammatory response in humans, which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection but does not prevent infection with NTHi strains.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "Haemophilus influenzae" can cause respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, otitis media, epiglottitis (swelling in the throat), eye infections and bloodstream infection, meningitis. It can also cause cellulitis (skin infection) and infectious arthritis (inflammation of the joint).


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Naturally acquired disease caused by "H. influenzae" seems to occur in humans only. In healthy children under the age of 5, "H. influenzae" type b was responsible for more than 80% of aggressive infections, before the introduction of the [Hib] vaccine. In infants and young children, "H. influenzae" type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis and acute bacterial meningitis. On occasion, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis. It is one cause of neonatal infection.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Due to routine use of the Hib vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children. However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated "H. influenzae" strains are unaffected by the Hib vaccine and cause ear infections (otitis media), eye infections (conjunctivitis), and sinusitis in children, and are associated with pneumonia.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Many microbes colonize within a host organism. Colonization occurs when a microorganism continues to multiply within the host, without interaction, causing no visible signs of illness or infection. "Haemophilus influenzae" colonizes differently in adults than it does young children. Because this bacterium colonizes more rapidly in young children, they are capable of carrying more than one strain of the same bacterium. Once in the adult stage of life, a human is likely to only be carrying one strain as this bacterium does not colonize as aggressively in adults. Nearly all infants will undergo colonization of this bacteria within their first year of life.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Some strains of "Haemophilus influenzae" produce beta-lactamases, and are also able to modify its penicillin-binding proteins, so the bacteria have gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone delivered directly into the bloodstream are the elected antibiotics, and, for the less severe cases, an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones are preferred. (Fluoroquinolone-resistant "Haemophilus influenzae" have been observed.)


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Macrolides and fluoroquinolones have activity against non-typeable "H. influenzae" and could be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics. However, macrolide resistance has also been observed.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The serious complications of HiB are brain damage, hearing loss, and even death. This is commonly associated with HiB but however the Hi non-typable doesn't often cause serious conditions but it has more risks to a chronic infection because it has the ability to change its surface antigens. Chronic infections are usually not as serious than acute infections.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: There are a few other possible diseases and conditions that can arise from the "Haemophilus influenzae" depending on the areas that they exist in within the human body. This bacterium can exist in the nasal passages (especially the nasopharynx), the ear canal, and the lungs. The bacterium's presence in these areas can lead to some conditions such as otitis media (which is the inflammation of the middle ear), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, which causes decreased air flow to the lungs, epiglotitis (which is the swelling of the epiglottis) and asthma which can become severe.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" uses the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, which is anabolic rather than catabolic. The citric acid cycle is incomplete and lacks several enzymes that are found in a fully functioning cycle. This partially functional cycle is not unique to the "H. influenzae". The enzymes missing from the TCA cycle are citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. "Haemophilus influenzae" has been found in both aerobic, and anaerobic environments, as well as environments with different pH's.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Effective vaccines for "Haemophilus influenzae" Type B have been available since the early 1990s, and are recommended for children under age 5 and asplenic patients. The World Health Organization recommends a pentavalent vaccine, combining vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Hib. There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Hib vaccines cost about seven times the total cost of vaccines against measles, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Consequently, whereas 92% of the populations of developed countries were vaccinated against Hib as of 2003, vaccination coverage was 42% for developing countries, and only 8% for least-developed countries.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The Hib vaccines do not provide cross-protection to any other "Haemophilus influenzae" serotypes like Hia, Hic, Hid, Hie or Hif.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: An oral vaccination has been developed for non-typeable "Haemophilus influenzae" (NTHi) for patients with chronic bronchitis but it has not shown to be effective in reducing the number and severity of COPD exacerbations. However, there is no effective vaccine for the other types of capsulated Haemophilus inflenzae or Haemophilus inflenzae nontypeable.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Completed by Craig Venter and his team at The Institute for Genomic Research, now part of the J. Craig Venter Institute. "Haemophilus" was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The sequencing method used was whole-genome shotgun, which was completed and published in "Science" in 1995.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: The genome of strain Rd KW20 consists of 1,830,138 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1604 protein-coding genes, 117 pseudogenes, 57 tRNA genes, and 23 other RNA genes. About 90% of the genes have homologs in "E. coli," another gamma-proteobacterium. In fact, the similarity between genes of the two species ranges from 18% to 98% protein sequence identity, with the majority sharing 40-80% of their amino acids (with an average of 59%).


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Conjugative plasmids (DNA molecules that are capable of horizontal transfer between different species of bacteria) can frequently be found in "H. influenzae". It is common that the F+ plasmid of a competent "Escherichia coli" bacterium conjugates into the "H. influenzae" bacterium, which then allows the plasmid to transfer among "H. influenzae" strands via conjugation.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: Unencapsulated "H. influenzae" is often observed in the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Neutrophils are also observed in large numbers in sputum from patients with COPD. The neutrophils phagocytize "H. influenzae", thereby activating an oxidative respiratory burst. However instead of killing the bacteria the neutrophils are themselves killed (though such an oxidative burst likely causes DNA damage in the "H. influenzae" cells). Dearth of killing the bacteria appears to explain the persistence of infection in COPD.


title: Haemophilus influenzae

text: "H. influenzae" mutants defective in the "rec1" gene (a homolog of "recA") are very sensitive to killing by the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide. This finding suggests that "rec1" expression is important for "H. influenzae" survival under conditions of oxidative stress. Since it is a homolog of "recA", "rec1" likely plays a key role in recombinational repair of DNA damage. Thus "H. influenzae" may protect its genome against the reactive oxygen species produced by the host's phagocytic cells through recombinational repair of oxidative DNA damages. Recombinational repair of a damaged site of a chromosome requires, in addition to "rec1", a second homologous undamaged DNA molecule. Individual "H. influenzae" cells are capable of taking up homologous DNA from other cells by the process of transformation. Transformation in "H. influenzae" involves at least 15 gene products, and is likely an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the resident chromosome.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Adam David Lallana ( ; born 10 May 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for club Brighton & Hove Albion.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana began his youth career with AFC Bournemouth before transferring to Southampton in 2000, where he developed in their academy and became a professional in 2006. After a brief loan back to Bournemouth, he broke into Southampton's first team as they earned two consecutive promotions to rise from League One to the Premier League, and became captain in 2012. After two seasons in the top flight and an international breakthrough, he joined Liverpool for a reported £25 million in July 2014. He appeared in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final and was part of the squad that won the competition the following season, as well as lifting the 2019–20 Premier League trophy.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Since his senior international debut in 2013, Lallana has made 34 appearances for England, scoring 3 goals, representing his country at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, but moved to the Iford area of Bournemouth, Dorset, when he was five years old. He attended Corpus Christi School followed by St Peter's Catholic School. As a child, Lallana supported Everton, like his father. He is of Spanish descent; his paternal grandfather is from Madrid.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana was a member of the AFC Bournemouth Centre of Excellence, where he was spotted by a talent scout from Southampton. He joined the Premier League club's academy as a 12-year-old in September 2000. Southampton paid £3,000 compensation to Bournemouth with further payments of £5,000 and £10,000 when he signed scholarship and professional contracts respectively.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana was involved in Southampton's FA Youth Cup squads of and 2005–06, when they reached the final and semi-final respectively.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana joined the first team squad in July 2006, making his debut on 23 August 2006, in a 5–2 victory over Yeovil Town, in the League Cup. On 31 October 2006 he signed a new contract to keep him at Southampton until December 2009. On 9 October 2007 he joined Bournemouth on loan for one month. On 28 April 2008, Lallana scored his first professional goal for Southampton against West Bromwich Albion in a crucial Championship match, with a well-placed finish into the bottom left corner.


title: Adam Lallana

text: He became a regular in the first team at the start of the 2008–09 season. On 29 August 2008, he signed a new three-year contract with Southampton.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 28 March 2010, he scored as Southampton beat Carlisle United 4–1 in the 2010 Football League Trophy Final. He finished the 2009–10 season with a total of twenty goals in all competitions, netting his 20th on the final day of the season against Southend United. This made him the first Southampton midfielder to score twenty goals in a season since Matt Le Tissier's 30 in the 1994–95 season.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 7 January 2011, Lallana signed a new contract with Southampton which would expire in the summer of 2015. He was named in the League One PFA Team of the Year after scoring 11 goals in the 2010–11 season as Southampton won promotion from League One, finishing three points behind winners Brighton & Hove Albion.


title: Adam Lallana

text: He then scored on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, a 3–1 victory over Leeds United at St Mary's Stadium which broke a 12-year hoodoo of Southampton not winning on the opening day and secured a record-breaking seventh consecutive league win. He then scored twice in a 5–2 victory at Ipswich Town. His 150th start for the club came in a 1–1 draw at south coast rivals Portsmouth. His tenth goal of the season came in a 4–0 victory over Derby County. He then scored two goals in a 2–0 victory over Barnsley. He was nominated for the Southampton Player of the Year award but lost out to teammate Rickie Lambert. Along with Lambert and Kelvin Davis, he was one of three Southampton players named in the Championship PFA Team of the Year for the 2011–12 season. He scored on the final day of the campaign to finish with 13 goals, 11 of which came in the league, as Southampton clinched a second consecutive promotion.


title: Adam Lallana

text: He made his first Premier League appearance on the opening day of the 2012–13 season, setting up a goal and wearing the captain's armband in a 3–2 defeat against 2011–12 champions Manchester City. He scored his first Premier League goal in a 4–1 defeat away to West Ham United. His second goal of the season came on 25 November, as he opened the scoring in a 2–0 home win against Newcastle United. The 50th goal of his career came in a 2–0 victory at Reading. On 11 April 2013, Lallana signed a new five-year contract with Southampton.


title: Adam Lallana

text: In Southampton's 4–1 Premier League victory over Hull City on 9 November 2013, Lallana started with the ball 30 yards from goal and dribbled his way past five players into the left-hand side of the 18-yard box, before slotting it past Hull goalkeeper Steve Harper. On 18 April 2014, he was shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, losing to Liverpool striker Luis Suárez. On 27 April 2014, he was named alongside teammate Luke Shaw in the PFA Team of the Year. On 6 May, he was voted both the Southampton Players' Player and Fans' Player of the year, while his solo goal against Hull City won the club's goal of the season award.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Lallana was subject to interest from Premier League runners-up Liverpool. After prolonged negotiation, Southampton accepted a reported £25 million bid and Lallana joined the Merseyside club on 1 July 2014. Following England's return from the World Cup, Lallana signed for Liverpool, and was handed the number 20 shirt, the number he wore during his time at Southampton. Bournemouth, Lallana's youth team, had originally included a 25% sell-on-clause in his contract when he joined Southampton, but only received £4 million after agreeing to a reduced fee with Southampton.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 25 July, Liverpool confirmed that Lallana had injured his knee while training with the club in Boston, Massachusetts during pre-season and would be out for six weeks. He therefore missed the start of the Premier League season, which began against former club Southampton. He made his debut in Liverpool's fourth match on 13 September, starting and being substituted for Raheem Sterling after 61 minutes in a 1–0 home defeat to Aston Villa. On 4 October he scored his first goal for the club, opening a 2–1 home win against West Bromwich Albion seconds before half time. Lallana scored his second goal for Liverpool on 2 December during Liverpool's 3–1 win at Leicester City. On 29 December, he continued his fine form and scored two goals in a 4–1 win against Swansea City at Anfield. On 14 February, Lallana scored the winning goal in a FA Cup Fifth Round match against Crystal Palace. On 19 April 2015, Lallana was selected in the Football Manager Team of the Decade at the Football League Awards.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 17 September 2015, Lallana scored the opening goal in the new UEFA Europa League season opening group stage away match against Bordeaux at the Stade Chaban-Delmas, a match Liverpool went on to draw 1–1. On 1 October, Lallana scored in a second match in a row against Sion in the Europa League but the match ended in a 1–1 draw. On 23 January 2016, he came on as a second-half substitute and scored an injury-time winner in Liverpool's 5–4 away win at Norwich City. On 28 February 2016, Lallana came on as a second-half substitute and missed in the penalty shoot-out against Manchester City, resulting in Liverpool's defeat in the 2016 League Cup Final. On 3 March 2016, he scored and assisted in Liverpool's 3–0 home win against Manchester City. On 23 April, he scored Liverpool's second goal against Newcastle United, which took the Reds to a 2–0 half-time lead, but the match ended with a 2–2 draw. On 5 May, he scored the third goal in Liverpool's second-leg win over Spanish team Villarreal in the Europa League semi-finals, with the Reds advancing to the final with a 3–1 aggregate win.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 14 August 2016, during the opening match against Arsenal, Lallana scored Liverpool's second goal, which took the Reds to a 2–1 lead, with the match eventually ending in a 4–3 win for Liverpool. He was absent for parts of October and November due to reoccurring groin injuries. On 22 February 2017, Lallana signed a new long-term contract with Liverpool, keeping him at the club until 2020. On 21 May 2017, on the final day of the season, Lallana scored Liverpool's third goal in their 3–0 win over Middlesbrough, which secured a top-four finish for the Reds and qualification to the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League. Lallana ended the season with 42 appearances and 11 goals.


title: Adam Lallana

text: In August 2017, Lallana suffered a long-term injury during the Audi Cup final against Atlético Madrid, which would keep him out until mid-November. His first appearance of the season was on 17 November, in Liverpool's 1–1 draw with Chelsea, coming on as an 89th minute substitute for Philippe Coutinho. On 31 March, during a match against Crystal Palace, Lallana came on as a substitute in the 65th minute, but only several minutes after playing, he suffered another injury, which kept him out for "a number of weeks". He returned to the squad on 13 May, on the final day of the Premier League season, coming on as a substitute for Sadio Mané in the 74th minute, playing against Brighton & Hove Albion. Liverpool won the match 4–0, which was enough to secure a top-four finish and a place in the 2018–19 Champions League, as finishing in fourth place now meant that clubs in the Premier League will automatically qualify for the group stage, rather than qualifying initially for the play-off round.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 26 May, during the 2018 Champions League Final against Real Madrid, Lallana came on as a substitute in the 31st minute for Mohamed Salah, who had left the field in tears after suffering an injury, following a duel with Sergio Ramos. Liverpool would go on to lose the final 3–1. Lallana made only 13 appearances in the 2017–18 season, without scoring. The following season Lallana again only made occasional appearances, again making just 13 league appearances with no goals. He was however on the bench for the 2019 Champions League Final which Liverpool won 2–0, his first major honour with Liverpool.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 20 October 2019, Lallana came off the bench and equalised for Liverpool against Manchester United at Old Trafford in the 85th minute, his first goal in over two years, earning his side a 1–1 draw and helping them remain unbeaten in the league.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 9 June 2020, Lallana signed a short-term contract extension with Liverpool, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2019–20 season which had been interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 25 June 2020, Liverpool clinched the 2019–20 Premier League title, marking their first league title in 30 years. Lallana left the club at the end of the season with his contract set to expire, ending his six-year stay at the club.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana signed for Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion on 27 July 2020 on a three-year contract on a free transfer. He made his debut on the opening day of the 2020–21 season starting in the 3–1 home loss against Chelsea but later going off injured. Lallana came on as a substitute against his previous club and defending champions Liverpool on 28 November, but was quickly subbed back off due to injury in the 1–1 home draw. On 3 February 2021, he made his first Anfield appearance since leaving Liverpool, where he came on as a substitute to help the Seagulls claim their first league win at Anfield since 1982. Lallana scored his first goal for Brighton, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 home loss to Leicester City on 6 March. On 18 May, Lallana came on as a substitute with Brighton 2–0 down against champions Manchester City; Lallana helped inspire a Brighton comeback as the Seagulls won 3–2 in front of returning home fans for their first win over the Sky Blues since 1989.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana assisted Leandro Trossard's equaliser away at Liverpool on 30 October 2021, where "The Seagulls" came from 2–0 down to draw 2–2, in Lallana's second Anfield appearance since leaving and first in front of fans due to Coronavirus restrictions. After the final whistle there were touching scenes as he finally got to say goodbye to the Liverpool fans where they chanted his name after he went over to applaud them. He captained Brighton for the first time on Boxing Day with the absence of Lewis Dunk, guiding "Albion" to a 2–0 home win over Brentford. With the further absence of Dunk, Lallana captained the side again three days later at Chelsea, with Danny Welbeck earning a 90+1st minute equaliser, finishing 1–1.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Following the departure of manager Graham Potter to Chelsea, Lallana assisted interim manager Andrew Crofts as first-team coach. He scored his second goal for Brighton 20 months after his first, opening the scoreline in the eventual 3–2 away victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers. He set up Kaoru Mitoma's first "Albion" goal to put Brighton back level in the game.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana played for England under-18s, scoring on his debut against Slovenia, 18 months after undergoing an operation to correct an irregular heartbeat. He also played once each for England under-19s and England under-21s. On 10 September 2012, Lallana was called up to the senior England squad for the first time for the 2014 World Cup qualifying match against Ukraine although he was not selected for the match itself.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 7 November 2013, along with Southampton teammates Rickie Lambert and Jay Rodriguez, he was called up to the England team. Lallana won his first cap for England on 15 November by starting a friendly match against Chile at Wembley Stadium. Although England lost 2–0, Lallana's performance received generally favourable reviews. He also started in England's defeat against Germany four days later. He gained his third cap in a 1–0 friendly win against Denmark on 5 March 2014, coming on as a substitute for Jack Wilshere and crossing for Daniel Sturridge to head in the only goal of the match.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 12 May 2014, Lallana was named in the 23-man England squad for the FIFA World Cup. He made his competitive debut on 14 June in the first group match against Italy, coming on for the last 10 minutes in place of Sturridge who had scored England's goal in the 1–2 defeat.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana scored his first goal for England on 4 September 2016 in a 2018 World Cup qualification match away to Slovakia at the Anton Malatinský Stadium. It came during stoppage time and proved to be England's winning goal. He scored his second England goal on 11 November 2016 in a 2018 World Cup qualification match against Scotland. The score ended 3–0 to England, with Gary Cahill and Liverpool teammate Daniel Sturridge scoring the other goals.


title: Adam Lallana

text: On 30 January 2017, Lallana was named the England Player of the Year for 2016 after his performances for the national team.


title: Adam Lallana

text: Lallana married his fiancée Emily Jubb on 24 December 2013. The couple, who had been dating for seven years, were due to marry on 14 June 2014, which coincided with England's opening World Cup match with Italy. They wed at Poole Register Office in Dorset. Together, they have two sons, born in 2012 and 2015.


title: Adam Lallana

text: In 2014, Lallana was signed as a French Connection model, to promote their Autumn/Winter collection. He revealed his fashion photo shoot at an interview with "Esquire" magazine.


title: Mosaic

text: A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface. Mosaics are often used as floor and wall decoration, and were particularly popular in the Ancient Roman world.


title: Mosaic

text: Mosaic today includes not just murals and pavements, but also artwork, hobby crafts, and industrial and construction forms.


title: Mosaic

text: Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practice the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.


title: Mosaic

text: Figurative mosaic, but mostly without human figures, was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Such mosaics went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century, except for geometrical patterns in techniques such as zellij, which remain popular in many areas.


title: Mosaic

text: Modern mosaics are made by artists and craftspeople around the world. Many materials other than traditional stone, ceramic tesserae, enameled and stained glass may be employed, including shells, beads, charms, chains, gears, coins, and pieces of costume jewelry.


title: Mosaic

text: Traditional mosaics are made of cut small cubes of roughly square pieces of stone or hand made glass enamel of different colours, known as tesserae. Some of the earliest mosaics were made of natural pebbles, originally used to reinforce floors.


title: Mosaic

text: Mosaic skinning (covering objects with mosaic glass) is done with thin enameled glass and opaque stained glass. Modern mosaic art is made from any material in any size ranging from carved stone, bottle caps, and found objects.


title: Mosaic

text: The earliest known examples of mosaics made of different materials were found at a temple building in Abra, Mesopotamia, and are dated to the second half of 3rd millennium BC. They consist of pieces of colored stones, shells and ivory. Excavations at Susa and Chogha Zanbil show evidence of the first glazed tiles, dating from around 1500 BC. However, mosaic patterns were not used until the times of Sassanid Empire and Roman influence.


title: Mosaic

text: Bronze Age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.


title: Mosaic

text: Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl.


title: Mosaic

text: Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos.


title: Mosaic

text: Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in places such as Carthage, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia.


title: Mosaic

text: There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: "opus vermiculatum" used tiny "tesserae", typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny "tesserae" allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called "emblemata" were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was "opus tessellatum", using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.


title: Mosaic

text: In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the "Domus Aurea", built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.


title: Mosaic

text: The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics "in situ" in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large "villa rustica", which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the "Circus Scene", the 64m long "Great Hunting Scene", the "Little Hunt", the "Labours of Hercules" and the famous "Bikini Girls", showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted are an Orpheus mosaic, "Alexander the Great's Hunt" and the "Four Seasons".