title: Jammu

text: The city has JKSRTC city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service is also available. Local taxis are also available.


title: Jammu

text: Jammu city serves as the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move from Srinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October. Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation.


title: Jammu

text: Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. One of the most famous local Basmati rice is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, which is then processed in rice mills in Jammu. Apart from rice mills scattered all around Jammu, industrial estate at Bari Brahamna has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products right from carpets, electronic goods, electric goods.


title: Jammu

text: Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to Vaishno Devi and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces like Mubarak Mandi Palace, Purani Mandi, Rani Park, Amar Mahal, Bahu Fort, Raghunath Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city.


title: Jammu

text: As of 2011 census, the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average literacy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314. Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak Dogri.


title: Jammu

text: The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the Partition of India, 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census. During the 1947 Jammu massacres, which preceded and continued during the Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir, many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and aided and abetted by the state forces and the Maharaja Hari Singh. As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim. The displaced Muslims took refuge in the Sialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician Chaudhry Amir Hussain, economist Mahbub ul Haq, Air Marshal Asghar Khan, journalist Khalid Hasan and singer Malika Pukhraj were from Jammu. A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.


title: Jammu

text: In the 2014–2015 General Budget of India, Arun Jaitley, the Finance Minister of India, proposed an Indian Institute of Technology and an Indian Institute of Management for the division. List of some educational institutions is provided below.


title: Jammu

text: Jammu is known for its sund panjeeri, patisa, rajma with rice and Kalari cheese. Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, kulthein di dal, dal patt, maa da madra, rajma, and . Pickles typical of Jammu are made of kasrod, , mango with saunf, jimikand, , , and potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with potatoes. Jammu cuisine features various chaats, especially gol gappas, kachalu, Chole bhature, gulgule, rajma kulche and dahi palla, among various others.


title: Jammu

text: Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. As per the records approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India, out of them 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.


title: Jammu

text: Rohingyas who fled Myanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu. Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu. During the 2018 Sunjuwan attack, intelligence agencies had suspected involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack, but the involvement was not proved.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Cherlynne Theresa Thigpen (December 22, 1948 – March 12, 2003) was an American actress of stage and screen. She was known for her role as "The Chief" of ACME Crimenet in the game show "Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?" and various spinoffs, and for her role as "Luna" (The Moon) in the Playhouse Disney children's series "Bear in the Big Blue House". For her varied television work, Thigpen was nominated for six Daytime Emmy Awards. She won a Tony Award in 1997 for portraying Dr. Judith Kaufman in "An American Daughter", and also played Ella Farmer on "The District" (2000–2003).


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen was born in the Chicago suburb of Joliet, Illinois to George and Celia (Martin) Thigpen. She obtained a degree in teaching. She taught high school English briefly while studying theatre at the University of Illinois on an acting fellowship.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen moved to New York City in 1971 to begin her career as a stage actress. She had a long and prolific theater career and appeared in numerous musicals including "Godspell", "The Night That Made America Famous", "The Magic Show", "Working", "Tintypes", and "An American Daughter" (for which she won her Tony Award for her portrayal of Dr. Judith Kaufman in 1997).


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: In 1995, she served as associate artistic director of the acclaimed off-Broadway theater, Circle Repertory Company, while Austin Pendleton served as artistic director.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Her first feature film role was as Lynne in "Godspell" (1973), co-starring opposite Victor Garber and David Haskell. Thigpen also portrayed a radio DJ (shown only from the nose down) in Walter Hill's "The Warriors" (1979), and Leonna Barrett, the mother of an expelled student, in "Lean on Me" (1989), the story of American high school principal Joe Louis Clark. She had a role in the remake of "Shaft" (2000) as the mother of a murder victim, and played the Second President of the World Congress in "Bicentennial Man" (1999). Her last film, "Anger Management" (2003), starring Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson, was released a month after her death and paid tribute to her in the end credits.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen was best known to television audiences for playing "The Chief" in the PBS children's geography game show "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?", which involved education, humor, and an occasional musical performance. She also reprised her role as The Chief in the successor show "Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?". She also played Luna in the television show "Bear in the Big Blue House" and also appeared in many other television series during her career, most notably in a recurring role as Grace Keefer on the ABC daytime drama "All My Children" and a supporting role as Ella Mae Farmer, a crime analyst for the Washington, D.C., police department, on the CBS crime drama "The District". She guest-starred in episodes of "Gimme A Break!", "L.A. Law", "Law & Order", "The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd", "", "Sesame Street", and "Thirtysomething", and was a regular cast member on the short-lived NBC sketch comedy series "The News Is the News".


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: She appeared in radio skits of the Garrison Keillor program "The American Radio Company of the Air". Her voice was also heard on over 20 audio books, primarily works with socially relevant themes.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: In her association with the "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" television show, Thigpen reprised her role as The Chief in three related computer games. Two were released in 1996: "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" (a reboot of the original 1985–1992 game) and "Where in the U.S.A. Is Carmen Sandiego?" The following year, a video game counterpart to the TV series' successor show, "Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego," was released, titled "Carmen Sandiego's Great Chase Through Time". Thigpen recorded hundreds of QuickTime videos for cut-scenes in the games, and generally received praise for her performances in them; in reviewing the 1997 game, David Colker of the "Los Angeles Times" enjoyed the "on-screen presence of actress Lynne Thigpen", noting that she "brings a winning presence to her role," while Debbie Maria Leon of the "New Straits Times" wrote that "the urgency of the [confident Chief's] voice [gives] enough oomph to make [the player] go scurrying to restore history".


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen died of a cerebral hemorrhage on March 12, 2003, in her Marina del Rey, California home, outside of Los Angeles, after complaining of headaches for several days. The coroner's autopsy found "acute cardiac dysfunction, non-traumatic systemic and spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage, and hemorrhage in the brain." Thigpen was entombed at Elmhurst Cemetery in her hometown of Joliet, Illinois.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Following Thigpen's death, the remaining three episodes of the third season of "The District" killed off her character, Ella Mae Farmer. Her death also led to a three-year hiatus of "Bear in the Big Blue House"'s fourth season, and an unplanned film version of the show was put on hold. Two years after Thigpen's death, her "Bear" co-star Tara Mooney, who played the character Shadow, said in an interview with Ray D'Arcy on "Today FM": "The crew's hearts just weren't in it anymore".


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen's family and friends established a non-profit foundation, The Lynne Thigpen–Bobo Lewis Foundation, to help young actors and actresses learn to survive and succeed in New York theater and to mentor the next generation of Broadway stars.


title: Lynne Thigpen

text: Thigpen was posthumously nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for voicing Luna the moon in "Bear in the Big Blue House", but lost to Jeff Corwin for his eponymous wildlife reality series "The Jeff Corwin Experience". Her final film, "Anger Management", was dedicated to her memory. An elementary school in Thigpen's hometown of Joliet, Illinois, was named for her.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The CASA/IPTN CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engined transport aircraft that was jointly developed by CASA of Spain and Indonesian manufacturer IPTN. It is operated as both a regional airliner and military transport; its primary military roles include air transport and aerial surveillance.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Development of the CN-235 formally commenced in 1980 following the formation of the "Airtech International" joint venture on 17 October 1979. Its existence was publicly unveiled at the 1981 Paris Airshow. On 11 November 1983, the prototype CN-235 conducted its maiden flight; the first production aircraft followed on 19 August 1986. On 1 March 1988, the aircraft was put into regular service. Early on, the production of each aircraft was divided, 65% being performed by IPTN while the remainder was performed by CASA. The vast majority of CN-235s have been produced for military customers, several airlines have opted to buy limited numbers for regional services as well. In addition to the standard aircraft, specialised CN-235s have been configured into armed gunships and maritime patrol aircraft.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: While both the development and early production of the CN-235 had been performed as a joint effort, the partnership arrangement between CASA and IPTN was only applicable to the "Series 10" and "Series 100/110" aircraft. Some of the later versions of the CN-235 have been developed by each company independently of the other's efforts. Accordingly, both companies have produced their own derivatives of the aircraft, such as the stretched EADS CASA C-295 and the passenger-orientated Indonesian Aerospace N-245. Over 230 of all versions of CN-235 are in service, and the type has reportedly accumulated more than 500,000 flight hours. Its largest user is Turkey, which operates 59 aircraft.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The CN-235 has been conceived of during the late 1970s as a twin-turboprop powered transport capable of accommodating up to 35 passengers or various military payloads. It had been observed that there was a growing global market for such transports, while there was also a need in the domestic market. The Spanish aerospace company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) was keen to seek out international collaboration to develop this concept into a working programme, and promptly approach the newly-formed Indonesian company IPTN (later known as Indonesian Aerospace and "PT. Dirgantara Indonesia"). The company was offered an equal share in the venture along with technology transfer opportunities from CASA, and was presented as being mutually beneficial from an economic standpoint. Coincidentally, IPTN had been independently looking into possible configurations for such an aircraft prior to CASA's approach.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The presented terms being agreeable, CASA and IPTN quickly formalised the programme as a joint venture initiative; on 17 October 1979, they formed "Airtech International" to design, develop, manufacture, and market the new aircraft. Management comprised senior members of both companies, such as Airtech's president also being the president of IPTN, while its vice president was also the president of CASA. During November 1979, the first technical team visit from IPTN was made to CASA's Madrid facilities, while the first joint meeting was held in Bandung two months later. During the first half of 1980, various configurations were studied, including a stretched derivative of the CASA C-212 Aviocar, multiple clean-sheet wide-body aircraft with rectangular and circular-shaped fuselages.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The selected configuration for the aircraft featured a relatively wide fuselage for its size, complete with a rear-facing ramp suitable for all-purpose transport duties. Its main cabin facilitated a four-abreast single-aisle seating arrangement, which could accommodate up to 44 passengers in the most dense seating configuration. The design philosophy of "a big aircraft in a small plane" was practiced, leading to be equipped to suit various situations and operating conditions present in both industrialised and developing countries. This led to the pursuit of performance attributes such as good accessibility for cargo transportation, the quick and convenient conversion between cargo and passenger transport operations, along with readiness to be equipped to perform other roles such as aerial firefighting, cropdusting, and other niche roles. Many features were specifically pursued as to ensure the aircraft's value to the Indonesian market and to capture sufficient early orders there that it would allow for economies of scale to make the aircraft highly cost-competitive on the international market.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: During January 1980, preliminary design work commenced. From 1980 to 1983, the second phase of development took place, starting with the detailed design work, tools manufacturing, component production, final assembly, and cumulating in the completion of initial prototypes. The project was publicly debuted at the 1981 Paris Airshow. In addition to the display of a mock-up, sales contracts were signed and a memorandum of understanding was signed between Airtech and General Electric for the aircraft to be powered by the latter's General Electric CT7 turboprop engine.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 10 September 1983, the first pair of prototypes were officially rolled out simultaneously at Getafe and Bandung in ceremonies attended by both King Carlos I of Spain and President Suharto of Indonesia. On 11 November 1983, the first CASA-built prototype performed its maiden flight; on 30 December 1983, the first IPTN-built prototype made its first flight. Unusually, early testing had involved only minimal use of windtunnels, while it was also decided to only construct a pair of prototypes, decisions that constrained and protracted the later flight testing process. New testing facilities in Indonesia were established with the assistance of the German Aerospace Center. Amongst other aspects, the CN-235 proved to have easy handling characteristics. Extensive weight and drag-minimisation efforts were undertaken, one consequence of which was that the subsequent production aircraft were reportedly 10% lighter than the prototypes.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The third phase of development was to secure certification and to conduct the aircraft's first delivery to customers. In support of this effort, static and fatigue testing was conducted by the Serpong Laboratory for Structural Testing. By September 1984, orders for several dozen aircraft had been secured at a reported unit cost of $6m; many of these early orders for the type had originated from local customers within the two partner company's home nations.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Certification from both the Spanish and Indonesian authorities was received on 20 June 1986; the first flight of a production-standard aircraft was conducted on 19 August 1986. Type certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was granted on 3 December 1986, permitting the CN-235 to be operated in North America. The first deliveries to customers took place during 1987. On 1 March 1988, the CN-235 officially entered service.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: By May 1989, there were 133 firm orders for the CN-235, 74 had been placed by military operators while 59 were attributed to civil operators; of these, 85 had been ordered by Indonesian customers while 22 were attributable to Spanish customers alone, and the remainder to international customers. In comparison to international competitors, such as the De Havilland Canada Dash 8 and the ATR 42, it was a slightly slower aircraft but had a relatively wide body, making it favourable for moving containerised cargos and even jet engines, a task traditionally performed by much larger aircraft.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: As per the early production arrangements, roughly 65% of each aircraft was produced in Bandung, while 35% was manufactured in Getafe; this workshare arrangement was the case regardless of whether rollout occurred in Spain or Indonesia. While the airframe was fully produced locally by IPTN, the engines, control and communication systems were all produced in either Europe or the United States. The lower wages present in Indonesia have been a key factor in enabling the CN-235 to be economically produced at its relatively low purchase price.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Both CASA and IPTN were keen to further develop the CN-235, the original prototypes were quickly adapted to serve as flying test beds to support these efforts. By 1992, multiple versions had already been developed, and more were underway. These were often produced in response to specific customer requirements, such as to perform maritime reconnaissance. Development of the initial versions had been carried out jointly by the two companies. Perhaps the most significant derivative of the aircraft was launched in 1995 by CASA in the form of a stretched CN-235. This aircraft would be produced as the C-295.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Indonesia has sought greater autonomy from Airbus (whom CASA has been integrated into) in the CN-235 manufacturing process; the Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has made this objective a part of the offset conditions should the Airbus A400M Atlas strategic transport aircraft be procured for the Indonesian Air Force.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Amongst the first customers for the CN-235 was the French Air and Space Force, which had ordered an initial eight aircraft by May 1989. In April 2010, Hervé Morin, French Minister of Defence, announced the order of eight CN-235-300s from Spain. By 2015, the service had expanded its fleet to 27 aircraft. During mid-2020, a French CN-235 was amongst those assets deployed to Mauritius to assist in pollution control efforts after the MV Wakashio oil spill.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Several sizable early orders from the Indonesian armed forces made it the largest customer for the CN-235 early on. By May 1989, the Indonesian Air Force alone had ordered 32 aircraft while the Indonesian Navy had ordered 18 CN-235s, six of which in a maritime surveillance configuration. During December 2009, the Indonesian Navy ordered its first batch of three CN-235 MPAs; the first of these aircraft, based at Juanda Naval base in Surabaya, East Java, were declared operational in October 2013. In November 2016, the Indonesian Air Force also commenced operations with the latest generation of CN-235 MPAs, equipped with winglets and new electronic support apparatus.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The Spanish armed forces were also placed modest early orders for the type, by May 1989, two VIP-configured CN-235s had been ordered by the Spanish Air Force. In 2000, the Future Medium Transport Aircraft II (FATAM II) program was launched, under which a batch of nine C-295s was ordered for the Spanish Air Force to take the place of eight CN-235s that were converted from a general transport configuration into maritime patrol and search-and-rescue aircraft, while between four to six CN-235s were assigned to training operations, their reassignment having noticeably depleted the service's medium transport fleet. In December 2007, Spain ordered a pair of CN-235 MPA for the Guardia Civil, making it the first fixed-wing aircraft to be operated by the agency.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: During the early 1990s, the Irish Air Corps became interested in the type, initially opting to lease a single aircraft directly from CASA in 1992. Two years later, a pair of CN-235s configured for maritime surveillance operations were delivered to the air corps. During 2021, amid the Fall of Kabul and the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, one of the CN-235s was flown to the nation to assist with the evacuation. In 2022, Irish CN-235s have been deployed to provide humanitarian aid to, as well as evacuate wounded civilians from, Ukraine.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 configured for maritime patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions. During July 2010, a third MPA-configured aircraft was delivered. In April 2012, Colombia awarded a contract to Telephonics to replace the original radars of the two older CN-235s with the APS-143 OceanEye marine surveillance Radar.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: In April 2005, Venezuela ordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft along with ten transport planes. However, during the following year, the transaction was halted due to the refusal of the United States government to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the aircraft's avionics.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: In January 2006, Thailand came to a tentative bartering arrangement with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six of which were for the Ministry of Defence and the remaining four for the Ministry of Agriculture. An additional aircraft was ordered on 19 September 2014.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: During July 2008, the Mexican Navy announced that it would purchase six CN-235s. In November 2011, the first aircraft was accepted by the service; it was configured to conduct search and rescue, disaster relief, and drug interdiction missions. During May 2012, the final of four CN-235 MPAs was delivered to the Mexican Navy.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: In December 2008, South Korea announced that Indonesian Aerospace's bid had triumphed over four rival submissions, and thus it would order four CN-235-110 MPAs to equip the South Korean Coast Guard with; these aircraft, delivered in 2011, had a reported per unit cost of $23 million.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On behalf of the Royal Jordanian Air Force, a light gunship version of the CN-235 was developed; it was introduced to service in May 2014. Collaborators in the project included the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau of Jordan, and the U.S. defense company Orbital ATK.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Turkey has become the largest operator of the CN-235, by October 1998, it already had placed cumulative orders for 52 transport-configured aircraft, and would order an additional nine CN-235 MPAs by the end of the year. During the 2000s, a modification programme was undertaken to equip 19 Turkish Navy and coastguard aircraft with new maritime surveillance equipment supplied mainly by Thales. Throughout the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, CN-235 MPAs of the Turkish Navy heavily patrolled the Black Sea, these have repeatedly detected sea mines and aided in de-mining efforts.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: The Royal Malaysian Air Force has operated a fleet of CN-235 transports. During early 2020, it was announced that several Malaysian aircraft would be converted into a maritime surveillance configuration using financial assistance from the United States. On 17 June 2022, the Royal Malaysian Air Force receive the first of three such modified CN235-220M MSA as part of the Malaysian Maritime Security Initiative program.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Between 2010 and 2012, the Senegalese Air Force acquired two CN-235s at a reported cost of $13 million. In 2013, the service declared it planned to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties, and that it was also interested in the MPA version as well. During 2018, Senegal ordered two MPA-configured CN-235s, the first of which was received in 2021.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Although the CN-235 has been initially designed as a military transport, it has also been offered to civil operators, usually as a commercial airliner. It has not achieved substantial sales in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as the Fokker 50, ATR 42 and De Havilland Canada DHC-8. Iberia LAE, Spain's flag carrier, emerged as an early customer, opting to purchase four CN-235s from CASA to serve on its regional routes. It, and its subsidiaries Binter Canarias and Binter Mediterraneo, operated the type between 1989 and 1997, opting to procure several larger ATR 72s to replace it.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: Numerous Indonesian operators had placed early orders for the CN-235; by 1992, there were internal routes served by the type between most of the major cities in the country. The Indonesian operator Merpati Nusantara Airlines emerged as the largest civilian operator of the CN-235, at one point having 15 examples in its fleet alone. In April 1995, the company decided to proceed with a leasing arrangement to operate additional aircraft.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: During 1992, Aerolíneas Argentinas, which was a subsidiary of Iberia at that time, ordered a pair of CN-235s to be operated by its own subsidiary, Austral. In August 2006, it was reported that several CASA CN-235-10 were in service with African airlines, including two operated by Safair and one with Tiko Air. Around 2007, Asian Spirit operated a lone CN-235-220 in the Philippines.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: During 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they were in the early stages of developing a new variant of the CN-235, the "N-245", which has been specifically designed to perform civil operations and is able to carry up to 60 passengers. Alternatively also referred to as the "CN-235NG", this variant is planned to be fully launched following the completion of the Indonesian Aerospace N-219 project, at one point, it was expected to be fully certified sometime in 2019. A further derivative has been envisioned, referred to as the "N-270", it is a stretched version of the N-245 and is planned to be able to carry up to 70–90 passengers; the original timeframe for development was set between 2019 and 2024.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 18 October 1992, Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Registration PK-MNN) CN-235-10 Flight 5601 crashed on Garut, Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 19 January 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 training mission crashed near Kayseri after entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all three people on board


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 16 May 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control, killing all 34 people on board.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 18 May 2001, a Turkish Navy CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control after reaching an altitude of just 100 feet, killing all 4 people on board.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 29 August 2001, Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 (Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed at Málaga, Spain, killing four of the 44 passengers and crew aboard. The aircraft was scrapped.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 11 February 2013, a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south of Monrovia, Liberia, 8 km to Roberts International Airport, killing 11 people amongst them Souleymane Kelefa Diallo, Guinea army chief.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 1 August 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by the Colombian Air Force crashed in Cesar province, Colombia due to engine failure, killing 11 people.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force crashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor. Although there were no casualties amongst the occupants, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue effort.


title: CASA/IPTN CN-235

text: On 17 January 2018, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board near Isparta. All on board were killed.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The airport is the main hub of Portugal's flag carrier TAP Air Portugal, including its subsidiary TAP Express, as well as being a hub for low-cost airlines Ryanair and easyJet. It is a focus city for Azores Airlines, euroAtlantic Airways, Hi Fly and White Airways. The airport is run by ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, which was concessioned to the French group Vinci SA in February 2013.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Lisbon airport has consistently ranked dismally in customer satisfaction, with AirHelp polling it in last place amongst 132 airports in the world as of 2022. It is one of the most congested airports of Europe and one of the only major airports to have a runway directly over the city, notwithstanding plans to build a new airport elsewhere. These plans have for decades been postponed or suspended for a myriad of reasons.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The airport opened on 15 October 1942, during World War II, and initially operated in conjunction with the Cabo Ruivo Seaplane Base: seaplanes performed transatlantic flights, and passengers were transferred onto continental flights operating from the new airport. As a neutral airport it was open to both German and British airlines, and was a hub for smuggling people into, out of, and across Europe. It is widely referenced in the classic film "Casablanca", whose plot revolves around an escape attempt to Lisbon airport. As such, it was heavily monitored by both Axis and Allied spies. Although Portugal was neutral, the airport was used by allied flights en route to Gibraltar, North Africa and Cairo.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: At the end of the war the airport developed rapidly, and by 1946 was used by major airlines such as Air France, British European Airways, Iberia, KLM, Sabena, Pan Am and Trans World Airlines. By 1954 the number of passengers reached 100,000.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: A 1951–52 airport diagram shows four runways laid out at 45-degree angles: 1,350 m Runway 5, 1,024 m Runway 9, 1,203 m Runway 14, and 1,170 m Runway 18. Runways 5 and 36 were each later extended northward to a length of 1,999 m.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Major upgrades from 1959 to 1962 included a new runway capable of handling the first generation of jets, such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8. The first jet aircraft flight was an Air France Caravelle in 1960. In 1962 runway 02/20 came into use. It was 3130 m long and would allow direct transatlantic flights. The first direct flight to New York was operated by TWA with a Boeing 707, who later operated the first Boeing 747 service in 1970. When TAP ordered the 747 in 1972, five large parking bays were built, and the terminal was enlarged. A major upgrade to the buildings and facilities commenced in 1983, and the first air bridges were added in 1991.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Along with the airports in Porto, Faro, Ponta Delgada, Santa Maria, Horta, Flores, Madeira, and Porto Santo, the airport's concessions to provide support to civil aviation were conceded to ANA Aeroportos de Portugal on 18 December 1998, under provisions of decree 404/98. With this concession, ANA became responsible for the planning, development and construction of future infrastructure.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The airport is now surrounded by urban development, being one of the few airports in Europe located inside a major city. This led to a national debate on whether to keep the present location or to build a new airport; the last option was chosen. Initially, Ota, a village north of Lisbon, was chosen as one of the sites for the new airport. In 2007 an independent study coordinated by the Portuguese Industry Confederation (CIP) suggested Alcochete as an alternative location (see Alcochete Airport). A military training facility currently occupies the site, but the military agreed to abandon the location provided it could transfer its facility to a different area. A second government-contracted study led by the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) concluded in late 2007 that Alcochete was the best location.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The selection of Alcochete was announced on 10 January 2008, more than 35 years after the first capacity increase studies were initiated. The Portuguese government announced that Alcochete was the preliminary choice, to be finalised after public consultation. The location of Alcochete as the construction site of the future Lisbon Airport was confirmed by the government on 8 May 2008, but the contract was shelved as part of Portugal's cost-cutting austerity measures, and completely dismissed from Portugal's transportation strategy plans in July 2013, with investment being concentrated on expanding and further improving the existing Lisbon Airport infrastructure.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: In November 2006 the operating company ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, announced an expansion plan for some airport structures in order to respond to current passenger traffic growth trends, and full capacity use of the airport, which had been intended to respond to growth until the new airport was to be finished in 2017. This plan involved the construction of a new 2nd terminal called Terminal 2 (concluded and operational since August 2007), and expansion of Terminal 1 with new boarding gates (concluded in 2011), a large new shopping and restaurant area, new airbridges and parking positions, a more efficient use of currently existing structures, and a new underground Metro de Lisboa station inaugurated in July 2012.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Terminal 2 is used by 6 scheduled low-cost flight airlines for departures to European destinations, while Terminal 1 handles all arrivals and regular scheduled and chartered flights. In October 2010, European low-cost airline easyJet officially opened a new base at Lisbon Airport, exclusively using Terminal 2 for departures to 20 destinations. A free shuttle bus connects Terminal 1 Departures area and Terminal 2 every ten minutes.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Between 2007 and 2013, Lisbon Airport underwent several structural and equipment improvements and expansions. These included the construction of Terminal 2, lighting and baggage claim refurbishment, new cargo facilities, fuel storage, north pier and boarding lounge, north bus gate and baggage claim, enlargement of express cargo facilities, electrical refurbishments, departure lounge refurbishments and underground station and other terminal improvements all of which have been completed. As part of the definite solution for Lisbon Airport, in July 2013 a new commercial area was inaugurated in the Terminal 1 air side area with 20 new stores and spacious naturally lighted internal circulation areas. In July 2015, a significantly larger food court was introduced, catering to more tastes and delicacies.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: With the long-term concession of ANA Aeroportos de Portugal to the French group Vinci Airports the project for a new airport was postponed in July 2013, and it was decided that the existing Lisbon Airport would be further upgraded to surpass 22 million passengers annually and would remain the present solution for this major European gateway. Ryanair had predicted that it will double the number of passengers it carries from the airport in the three years from 2014.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: In January 2019, Portugal's government unveiled a 1.1-billion-euro ($1.26 billion) plan to expand Lisbon's current airport and build a second one. National airports operator ANA is footing the bill to adapt a military airfield in Montijo, by road from Lisbon. It aims to handle around 50 million passengers a year from 2022. The airports company will also pay for the expansion of the existing airport in the capital. With around 29 million passengers a year, Humberto Delgado Airport is at full capacity, having been in 2019 the busiest single-runway airport in mainland Europe.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: In February 2015, Lisbon city council unanimously agreed to propose that the name of Lisbon International Airport, known as Portela due to its geographical location, be changed to Humberto Delgado Airport. The proposal, tabled by the Socialist leadership under former Mayor António Costa, was agreed to by councillors from across party lines.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The Portuguese government under current Prime Minister António Costa, announced in February 2016 that Lisbon Portela Airport would be renamed on 15 May 2016 after Humberto Delgado, in memory of the late Portuguese air force general and famous politician. "He was an opposition figure to the dictatorship regime... and had a very important role in the field of civil aviation," Minister of Planning and Infrastructure Pedro Marques said at a press conference after the meeting of Council of Ministers, stressing that it was Humberto Delgado who presided over the foundation of Portugal's flagship airline TAP and "so it is very fair this assignment name to the airport". 2016 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Humberto Delgado, who was also known as the "Fearless General" due to his staunch opposition to Salazar's rule and his participation in the 1958 Portuguese presidential election.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Terminal 1 is the main building and features large landside and airside areas containing several shops and service facilities. It consists of two check-in halls, the older one has been converted into TAP Air Portugal's self check-in area, and the newer one housing 68 desks (37–89 and 90–106). The joint departures area features 47 gates (17 of which are equipped with jet-bridges) with 21 of them designated to non-Schengen destinations. As the airport features several more apron stands, bus boarding is often used here. Most airlines use Terminal 1, including TAP Air Portugal, its Star Alliance partners, Oneworld Alliance and, exceptionally, easyJet.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Terminal 2 is the much smaller, newest of the two terminals in the airport, used exclusively by low-cost carriers. It is located away from Terminal 1 on the southern border of the airport perimeter. It has 22 check-in desks (201–222), designated to each particular low-cost carrier, and 15 departure gates (201–215) using mainly walk boarding but also bus. There are only standard facilities, a few shops and service counters. The terminal is reachable via the free airport shuttle service from Terminal 1. The users of Terminal 2 are Ryanair, Wizz Air, Transavia, Transavia France, Vueling, Eurowings and Norwegian.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Trains to all parts of the country are available at Gare do Oriente station, the main train station in Lisbon. The airport connects to the station via metro in approximately 10 minutes. Alternatively travelers can take the bus to the station, albeit with slightly longer travel times.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Aeroporto Metro station lies at the Southern edge of the Terminal 1 arrivals area. The Aeroporto Saldanha line takes approximately 20 minutes to reach downtown Lisbon. To use the metro, passengers must purchase a 7 Colinas/Viva Viagem card, which can be topped up and used on the metro and bus network.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Carris city buses stop at the airport arrivals section, and connect to Marquis of Pombal Square, and Amoreiras. Night routes run to downtown Baixa, as well as Cais do Sodré and Gare do Oriente train stations. City buses have a maximum luggage size of 50 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm. Travelers with larger luggage must take the aerobus or airport shuttle.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Aerobuses prepared for traveling with large luggage are available at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 between 07:30 and 23:00 daily, and connect the airport with a number of major destinations in the downtown area, including the Sete Rios bus and train terminal, and Entrecampos, Cais do Sodré, and Rossio railway terminals. Buses have access for those with reduced mobility, and offer free Wi-Fi and USB chargers.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Shuttles are available to transport travelers around the airport, and to locations not serviced by aerobuses.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Lisbon city taxis are readily available 24 hours a day outside the arrival and departure areas of the airport. A trip to Lisbon city centre by taxi takes approximately 15 minutes.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: The airport is easily accessible by several major highways and main roads. ANA operates several covered and open parking areas. Valet service, car hire, and chauffeur limousine services are also available.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: Two bicycle paths connect the airport roundabout, situated 300 m south of Terminal 1 to the city's 70 km cycle infrastructure network. One path heads west along Av. do Brasil to the University of Lisbon main campus, passing through the central neighbourhoods of Alvalade, Campo Grande and Entrecampos and connecting with other paths to Telheiras, Colégio Militar, Benfica, and Monsanto Forest Park. The other bicycle path heads east from the roundabout towards Olivais, Gare do Oriente train station and Parque das Nações Expo 98 site, connecting with the riverside bicycle path Southwards along Lisbon harbour to Santa Apolónia train station, cruise ship and ferry terminals, and the historic centre, and north to the Caminho do Tejo pilgrimage trail to Fátima and Santiago de Compostela.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: TAP Air Portugal has a complex at Lisbon Airport housing many head offices and the TAP Museum Archives, where visitors can make appointments to view materials including photographs, advertising material, flight logs and manuals. The complex is in area. In 1989 TAP became the owner of the complex due to a governmental decree. TAP's head office is in Building 25. The TAP subsidiary "Serviços Portugueses de Handling, S.A." (SPdH) has its head office on the 6th floor of Building 25. "Sociedade de Gestão e Serviços, S.A." (TAPGER), another TAP subsidiary, has its head office on the 8th floor of the same building. Building 19 has the head office of Sociedade de Serviços e Engenharia Informática, S.A. (Megasis), a TAP information services subsidiary. The TAP documentation and archive is in the annex of Building 19. Building 34, on the far north side of the complex, houses the company's new data processing centre.


title: Lisbon Airport

text: ANA Aeroportos de Portugal has its head office in Building 120. Portugália has its head office in Building 70. The TAP catering subsidiary, Catering de Portugal, S.A. (CATERINGPOR), has its head office in Building 59. Cuidados Integrados de Saúde, S.A. (UCS) is based out of Building 35.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Have I Got News for You (HIGNFY) is a British television panel show, produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC, which premiered on 28 September 1990. The programme, loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show "The News Quiz", focuses on two teams, one always captained by Ian Hislop and one by Paul Merton, each plus a guest panelist, answering questions on various news stories on the week prior to an episode's broadcast. However, the programme's format focuses more on the topical discussions on the subject of the news stories related to questions, and the satirical humour derived from these by the teams. This style of presentation had a profound impact on panel shows in British TV comedy, making it one of the genre's key standard-bearers.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: The programme aired on BBC Two for its first ten years, before moving to BBC One in 2000 for later series. In 2003, extended episodes titled Have I Got a Little Bit More News for You, later simply Have I Got a Bit More News for You, with additional content began broadcasting the following Saturday on BBC Two, later moved to Monday on BBC One and returned to BBC Two in 2021. Subsequent repeats are named Have I Got Old News for You or Have I Got a Bit More Old News for You.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Until 2002, "Have I Got News for You" was hosted by Angus Deayton, who was sacked following several scandals about his private life in national newspapers. Since then, the programme has been hosted by a different celebrity each week; many of them add their own comedy.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: The programme gained recognition for its performance on British television and comedy, receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards and the 2016 BAFTA Television Award for Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: "Have I Got News for You" was initially conceived as a pilot for the BBC called "John Lloyd's Newsround". The BBC had commissioned Hat Trick Productions to make a television show which was like a more topical version of Hat Trick's "Whose Line Is It Anyway?" (developed by "Mock the Week" creators Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson), but it was decided that the show would follow a template more in keeping with Radio 4's "The News Quiz". Hat Trick hired a producer with a track record in radio comedy, John Lloyd, and filmed a pilot with a title which aped long-running Children's BBC programme "John Craven's Newsround".


title: Have I Got News for You

text: After filming the pilot, John Lloyd decided not to proceed as chairman, and the job fell to comedian Angus Deayton, after try-outs with future "News Quiz" host Sandi Toksvig and a pre-fame Chris Evans in the main role. The team captains, "Private Eye" editor Ian Hislop, and comedian Paul Merton, returned from the pilot.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Since its first broadcast in October 1990, the BBC has commissioned two series each year, the number of episodes being divided between the Spring series, broadcast from April to June, and the Autumn series, shown from October to December. The Autumn series takes a week's break to make room for the Children in Need special. For the first ten years of its existence, the programme was shown on BBC Two. Hislop has been the longest-serving member of the three on the programme since its premiere. He has not missed a single episode. Merton took a break during the 11th series in 1996, saying he had become "very tired" of the show and thought it had become "stuck in a rut". In his absence, his role was assigned to celebrity guests, with Merton himself returning as a guest on Hislop's team. Merton returned for the following series as team captain, deeming that his absence had given the programme the "shot in the arm" it needed and that it had been "better ever since".


title: Have I Got News for You

text: By 2000, the BBC made a decision to relocate its late evening news bulletin from nine o'clock to ten o'clock, after ITV moved their long-running ten o'clock bulletin to eleven o'clock. The resulting move caused a gap in its schedule that needed filling; "Have I Got News for You" was moved to BBC One and given access to a broader audience in October that year. In 2002, Deayton was caught using illegal drugs and soliciting sex with a prostitute – a fact that he was ridiculed for on the programme, after it became headlines – putting his private life under scrutiny by news media outlets. Further scandal effectively forced the BBC to terminate Deayton's contract with them two episodes into the programme's 24th series.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: At short notice, Merton hosted the first episode after Deayton's departure, with a series of guest hosts appearing for the remainder of the series, including Anne Robinson, Boris Johnson, and Jeremy Clarkson. Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton, having a different guest host each week proved successful, with average audience figures increasing from 6 million to 7 million, leading to it becoming a permanent feature in the programme's format in June 2003.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Between 1990 and its spring season in 2018, the programme was recorded at The London Studios, the former home of London Weekend Television; it briefly was recorded at BBC Television Centre for a 2001 Election special, the Friday after the elections were completed. Since the 2018 autumn series, recording is conducted at Elstree Studios, although the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom in 2020 impacted production of series during that time. The spring series saw Hislop, Merton, and the celebrities for each episode filming episodes virtually from their own homes, against a superimposed CGI recreation of the studio. In contrast, the 2020 autumn, 2021 spring, and 2021 autumn series were filmed at Riverside Studios in London under safety measures to prevent the spread of infection, which included socially distancing panellists and host with screens while on set. Initially audience numbers were reduced – half those attending each recording being allowed in the studio, and the other half watching the recording in the studio's cinema – but upon the British government implementing a second lockdown, all remaining episodes in the series were recorded with a virtual audience.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Episodes are usually set to around 30 minutes in length, and are edited from the footage taken from a longer recording session by those involved the day before an episode is broadcast. The time frame given is used to allow the programme to retain the topical elements that an episode will feature, while allowing for any potentially defamatory material to be cut by the BBC's team of lawyers to avoid legal issues. The focus on each episode is on four panellists – the show's two regulars, and two guests – split between two teams, answering questions related to topical items in the news that occurred within the previous week, but the format often forgoes this aspect and the scoring system in favour of the panellists' witty exchanges, jokes, and satirical discussions on the question's relevant news item.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Each episode consists of a general format that is largely unchanged since the programme first premiered. All begin with an introduction by the host, who gives out a set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories that are often accompanied with a video clip from news programmes or general public recordings to provide the joke, followed by introductions of the episode's guest panellists. After this, the episode focuses on four rounds that generally follow the same arrangement:


title: Have I Got News for You

text: After the rounds are completed, the host then gives out the scores, denoting which team is the winner. If time permits, the episode may feature a bonus round called the "Caption Competition", in which panellists are given a single or two pictures to make amusing captions to. The episode always concludes with the host making an additional set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories, accompanied by a picture to provide the joke; in rare cases, a video clip is used.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: A repeat with a running time of 40 minutes, titled "Have I Got a Bit More News for You", is often aired on the weekend, and features additional content cut from the original episode, and can often include scenes and outtakes made during the show before the opening credits or after the ending credits.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: The format of "Have I Got News for You" is derived from the comedy that can be generated by each guest that participates in the programme, whether as a panellist or host. Although the show features a variety of comedians, it has also included politicians, television personalities, actors and news media personalities, several of whom have appeared more than once. As of 16 October 2020, Alexander Armstrong had appeared most often, mainly as guest host and also as a panellist, while Andy Hamilton had appeared most often as a guest panellist.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: On rare occasions the programme has had a participant cancel or otherwise be unable to appear. Production staff try to find a replacement, but this is not easy at short notice. For an episode in 1993, nobody could find a suitable replacement for Roy Hattersley (then an MP, having recently stepped down as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party) after he cancelled at the last minute. He was replaced by a tub of lard. The programme compared Hattersley and the tub of lard, and claimed "they possessed the same qualities and were liable to give similar performances".


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Accounts vary as to how much panellists are paid to appear on the show. Jacob Rees-Mogg Parliamentary register of interests showed him earning £1500 for a claimed four hours work, while Nick Clegg was paid £15,000 to host an episode.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: Throughout its broadcast history, "Have I Got News for You" has drawn considerable criticism from guests, politicians and viewers about its content, sometimes ending in court.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: The series has seen many releases on VHS and DVD, mainly consisting of straight-to-video compilations from other seasons. They were all released by Hat Trick through Video Collection International/2Entertain, under license from the BBC.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: During the late 1990s, the website haveigotnewsforyou.com, run in association with Freeserve, featured interactive versions of the show's games, including the missing words round and the caption competition, offering prizes.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: "Have I Got News for You" started broadcasting a video podcast, "The Inevitable Internet Spin-off", on 13 April 2007. It was initially planned to run for six series, from series 33 to 38, taking it to the end of 2009.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: From the beginning of Series 37, a new internet feature, "Have I Got News for You, News... for You", was introduced. A short programme featuring typical opening and closing sequences (without the presence of a live audience) as well as other short sketches, it has so far been presented by Alexander Armstrong, and run fortnightly, bridging the gap between series 37 and 38.


title: Have I Got News for You

text: On 1 October 2009, the last "webisode" episode was made available via both the BBC iPlayer and YouTube.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: On 27 March 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, a Yugoslav Army unit (the 3rd Battalion of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade, which was under the leadership of Colonel Zoltán Dani) shot down an F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft of the United States Air Force by firing a S-125 Neva/Pechora surface-to-air missile. The pilot ejected safely and was rescued by U.S. Air Force PJs conducting search and rescue.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: The F-117, which entered service with the U.S. Air Force in 1983, was cutting-edge equipment, and the first operational aircraft to be designed using stealth technology; by comparison, the Yugoslav air defenses were considered relatively obsolete.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: In 2020, an F-117A pilot, during an interview in which he also reminded all that the F-117A was "low observable, not invisible", stated that his wingman's F-117A had been damaged by a Yugoslav surface-to-air missile some time after the 27 March incident, but that it managed to return to base. Some reports suggest that this second incident was also committed by the 3rd battery of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade, the same SAM battery that shot down the first F-117.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: On 27 March 1999, the 3rd Battalion of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade of the Army of Yugoslavia, under the command of Lt. Colonel (later Colonel) Zoltán Dani, downed F-117 Air Force serial number "82-0806", callsign "Vega 31".


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: The Army of Yugoslavia unit was equipped with a Yugoslav version of the Soviet Isayev S-125 "Neva" missile system (NATO reporting name, "SA-3 "Goa"").


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: At about 8:15p.m. local time, with a range of about several missiles were launched. According to Lieutenant Colonel Đorđe Aničić, who was identified in 2009 as the soldier who fired the missiles, they detected the F-117 at a range of about 23 km operating their equipment for no more than 17 seconds to avoid being locked on to by NATO anti-air suppression.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: The F-117, callsign ""Vega-31"", was being flown by Lt. Col. Darrell Patrick "Dale" Zelko (born 1 January 1960), an Operation Desert Storm veteran. He observed the two missiles punch through the low cloud cover and head straight for his aircraft. The first passed over him, close enough to cause buffeting, but did not detonate. The second missile detonated nearby, its shrapnel and shockwave causing significant damage to the aircraft and causing it to tumble out of control. The explosion was large enough to be seen from a KC-135 Stratotanker flying over Bosnia.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: Zelko was subject to intense g-forces as the aircraft tumbled and had great difficulty in assuming the correct posture for ejecting. After his parachute deployed, he used his survival radio to issue a mayday call and was able to contact the KC-135 that had seen him be shot down. Zelko used his survival radio while still descending although this was contrary to his training. He reasoned the altitude would give his signal the best possible range and was also sure he would be quickly taken prisoner by Yugoslav forces on the ground and wanted to confirm he was unhurt before this happened.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: Zelko landed in a field south of Ruma and around a mile south of a four-lane highway, European route E70. He quickly concealed himself in a drainage ditch that he had identified as a hole-up site while descending. There, he felt the shock waves of bombs dropped by NATO B-2 bombers on targets on the outskirts of Belgrade. Zelko landed around a mile from his aircraft's crash site, and an intensive search of the area was carried out by the Yugoslav soldiers, policemen, and local villagers. At one point, searchers came within a few hundred meters of the ditch he was hiding in. Zelko was rescued approximately eight hours later by a U.S. Air Force combat search and rescue team flying in a Sikorsky MH-53 helicopter in the early hours of the next morning. According to Zelko, he would later learn that he had been minutes away from being captured. He was initially misidentified in press reports, as the name "Capt Ken 'Wiz' Dwelle" was painted on the aircraft's canopy. The lost F-117 carried the name "Something Wicked" and had previously flown 39 sorties during the Persian Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: On 2 May 1999, the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade also shot down a USAF F-16 fighter piloted by future Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force David L. Goldfein.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: Photographs show that the aircraft struck the ground at low speed in an inverted position, and that the airframe remained relatively intact. The United States did not attempt to destroy the wreckage, surprising analysts and pilots. The F-117 was based on 1970s technology, the military had revealed its existence in 1988, and the aircraft often appeared at air shows. General Bruce A. Carlson stated that if Serbia gave the wreckage to Russia, the result would be minimal.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: Some pieces of the F-117's wreckage are preserved at the Serbian Museum of Aviation in Belgrade. A small rubber part of the plane was shown as "a souvenir" to Western journalists by Serbian warlord Arkan during the NATO air campaign. The USAF retired its F-117s in 2008.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: Zoltán Dani, now running a bakery, and Dale Zelko, now retired from the U.S. Air Force, met in 2011. They have since developed a friendship.


title: 1999 F-117A shootdown

text: In 2020, an F-117A pilot claimed that his wingman's F-117A had been damaged by a Yugoslav surface-to-air missile after the 27 March 1999 incident, but it managed to return to base. This incident remains classified and only some details were revealed.


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a high frequency photon after an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. If it results in a decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of the photon (which may be an X-ray or gamma ray photon), it is called the Compton effect. Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the recoiling electron. Inverse Compton scattering occurs when a charged particle transfers part of its energy to a photon.


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton scattering is an example of elastic scattering of light by a free charged particle, where the wavelength of the scattered light is different from that of the incident radiation. In Compton's original experiment (see Fig. 1), the energy of the X ray photon (≈17 keV) was significantly larger than the binding energy of the atomic electron, so the electrons could be treated as being free after scattering. The amount by which the light's wavelength changes is called the Compton shift. Although nucleus Compton scattering exists, Compton scattering usually refers to the interaction involving only the electrons of an atom. The Compton effect was observed by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923 at Washington University in St. Louis and further verified by his graduate student Y. H. Woo in the years following. Compton earned the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.


title: Compton scattering

text: The effect is significant because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon. Thomson scattering, the classical theory of an electromagnetic wave scattered by charged particles, cannot explain shifts in wavelength at low intensity: classically, light of sufficient intensity for the electric field to accelerate a charged particle to a relativistic speed will cause radiation-pressure recoil and an associated Doppler shift of the scattered light, but the effect would become arbitrarily small at sufficiently low light intensities "regardless of wavelength". Thus, if we are to explain low-intensity Compton scattering, light must behave as if it consists of particles. Or the assumption that the electron can be treated as free is invalid resulting in the effectively infinite electron mass equal to the nuclear mass (see e.g. the comment below on elastic scattering of X-rays being from that effect). Compton's experiment convinced physicists that light can be treated as a stream of particle-like objects (quanta called photons), whose energy is proportional to the light wave's frequency.


title: Compton scattering

text: As shown in Fig. 2, the interaction between an electron and a photon results in the electron being given part of the energy (making it recoil), and a photon of the remaining energy being emitted in a different direction from the original, so that the overall momentum of the system is also conserved. If the scattered photon still has enough energy, the process may be repeated. In this scenario, the electron is treated as free or loosely bound. Experimental verification of momentum conservation in individual Compton scattering processes by Bothe and Geiger as well as by Compton and Simon has been important in disproving the BKS theory.


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton scattering is one of four competing processes when photons interact with matter. At energies of a few eV to a few keV, corresponding to visible light through soft X-rays, a photon can be completely absorbed and its energy can eject an electron from its host atom, a process known as the photoelectric effect. High-energy photons of and above may bombard the nucleus and cause an electron and a positron to be formed, a process called pair production; even-higher-energy photons (beyond a threshold energy of at least , depending on the nuclei involved), can eject a nucleon or alpha particle from the nucleus in a process called photodisintegration. Compton scattering is the most important interaction in the intervening energy region, at photon energies greater than those typical of the photoelectric effect but less than the pair-production threshold.


title: Compton scattering

text: By the early 20th century, research into the interaction of X-rays with matter was well under way. It was observed that when X-rays of a known wavelength interact with atoms, the X-rays are scattered through an angle formula_1 and emerge at a different wavelength related to formula_1. Although classical electromagnetism predicted that the wavelength of scattered rays should be equal to the initial wavelength, multiple experiments had found that the wavelength of the scattered rays was longer (corresponding to lower energy) than the initial wavelength.


title: Compton scattering

text: In 1923, Compton published a paper in the "Physical Review" that explained the X-ray shift by attributing particle-like momentum to light quanta (Einstein had proposed light quanta in 1905 in explaining the photo-electric effect, but Compton did not build on Einstein's work). The energy of light quanta depends only on the frequency of the light. In his paper, Compton derived the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X-rays by assuming that each scattered X-ray photon interacted with only one electron. His paper concludes by reporting on experiments which verified his derived relation:


title: Compton scattering

text: The quantity is known as the Compton wavelength of the electron; it is equal to . The wavelength shift is at least zero (for ) and at most twice the Compton wavelength of the electron (for ).


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton found that some X-rays experienced no wavelength shift despite being scattered through large angles; in each of these cases the photon failed to eject an electron. Thus the magnitude of the shift is related not to the Compton wavelength of the electron, but to the Compton wavelength of the entire atom, which can be upwards of 10000 times smaller. This is known as "coherent" scattering off the entire atom since the atom remains intact, gaining no internal excitation.


title: Compton scattering

text: In Compton's original experiments the wavelength shift given above was the directly-measurable observable. In modern experiments it is conventional to measure the energies, not the wavelengths, of the scattered photons. For a given incident energy formula_10, the outgoing final-state photon energy, formula_11, is given by


title: Compton scattering

text: A photon with wavelength collides with an electron in an atom, which is treated as being at rest. The collision causes the electron to recoil, and a new photon ' with wavelength ' emerges at angle from the photon's incoming path. Let ' denote the electron after the collision. Compton allowed for the possibility that the interaction would sometimes accelerate the electron to speeds sufficiently close to the velocity of light as to require the application of Einstein's special relativity theory to properly describe its energy and momentum.


title: Compton scattering

text: At the conclusion of Compton's 1923 paper, he reported results of experiments confirming the predictions of his scattering formula, thus supporting the assumption that photons carry momentum as well as quantized energy. At the start of his derivation, he had postulated an expression for the momentum of a photon from equating Einstein's already established mass-energy relationship of formula_13 to the quantized photon energies of formula_14, which Einstein had separately postulated. If formula_15, the equivalent photon mass must be formula_16. The photon's momentum is then simply this effective mass times the photon's frame-invariant velocity . For a photon, its momentum formula_17, and thus can be substituted for for all photon momentum terms which arise in course of the derivation below. The derivation which appears in Compton's paper is more terse, but follows the same logic in the same sequence as the following derivation.


title: Compton scattering

text: The conservation of energy formula_18 merely equates the sum of energies before and after scattering.


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton postulated that photons carry momentum; thus from the conservation of momentum, the momenta of the particles should be similarly related by


title: Compton scattering

text: Before the scattering event, the electron is treated as sufficiently close to being at rest that its total energy consists entirely of the mass-energy equivalence of its (rest) mass formula_24,


title: Compton scattering

text: After scattering, the possibility that the electron might be accelerated to a significant fraction of the speed of light, requires that its total energy be represented using the relativistic energy–momentum relation


title: Compton scattering

text: Equation (1) relates the various energies associated with the collision. The electron's momentum change involves a relativistic change in the energy of the electron, so it is not simply related to the change in energy occurring in classical physics. The change of the magnitude of the momentum of the photon is not just related to the change of its energy; it also involves a change in direction.


title: Compton scattering

text: After replacing the photon momentum terms with formula_35, we get a second expression for the magnitude of the momentum of the scattered electron,


title: Compton scattering

text: It can further be seen that the angle of the outgoing electron with the direction of the incoming photon is specified by


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton scattering is of prime importance to radiobiology, as it is the most probable interaction of gamma rays and high energy X-rays with atoms in living beings and is applied in radiation therapy.


title: Compton scattering

text: Compton scattering is an important effect in gamma spectroscopy which gives rise to the Compton edge, as it is possible for the gamma rays to scatter out of the detectors used. Compton suppression is used to detect stray scatter gamma rays to counteract this effect.


title: Compton scattering

text: Magnetic Compton scattering is an extension of the previously mentioned technique which involves the magnetisation of a crystal sample hit with high energy, circularly polarised photons. By measuring the scattered photons' energy and reversing the magnetisation of the sample, two different Compton profiles are generated (one for spin up momenta and one for spin down momenta). Taking the difference between these two profiles gives the magnetic Compton profile (MCP), given by formula_39 - a one-dimensional projection of the electron spin density.


title: Compton scattering

text: where formula_41 is the number of spin-unpaired electrons in the system, formula_42 and formula_43 are the three-dimensional electron momentum distributions for the majority spin and minority spin electrons respectively.


title: Compton scattering

text: Since this scattering process is incoherent (there is no phase relationship between the scattered photons), the MCP is representative of the bulk properties of the sample and is a probe of the ground state. This means that the MCP is ideal for comparison with theoretical techniques such as density functional theory.


title: Compton scattering

text: The area under the MCP is directly proportional to the spin moment of the system and so, when combined with total moment measurements methods (such as SQUID magnetometry), can be used to isolate both the spin and orbital contributions to the total moment of a system.


title: Compton scattering

text: Inverse Compton scattering is important in astrophysics. In X-ray astronomy, the accretion disk surrounding a black hole is presumed to produce a thermal spectrum. The lower energy photons produced from this spectrum are scattered to higher energies by relativistic electrons in the surrounding corona. This is surmised to cause the power law component in the X-ray spectra (0.2–10 keV) of accreting black holes.


title: Compton scattering

text: The effect is also observed when photons from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) move through the hot gas surrounding a galaxy cluster. The CMB photons are scattered to higher energies by the electrons in this gas, resulting in the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect. Observations of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect provide a nearly redshift-independent means of detecting galaxy clusters.


title: Compton scattering

text: This Compton backscattering produces high energy photons in the MeV to GeV range subsequently used for nuclear physics experiments.


title: Compton scattering

text: Non-linear inverse Compton scattering (NICS) is the scattering of multiple low-energy photons, given by an intense electromagnetic field, in a high-energy photon (X-ray or gamma ray) during the interaction with a charged particle, such as an electron. It is also called non-linear Compton scattering and multiphoton Compton scattering. It is the non-linear version of inverse Compton scattering in which the conditions for multiphoton absorption by the charged particle are reached due to a very intense electromagnetic field, for example the one produced by a laser.


title: Compton scattering

text: Non-linear inverse Compton scattering is an interesting phenomenon for all applications requiring high-energy photons since NICS is capable of producing photons with energy comparable to the charged particle rest energy and higher. As a consequence NICS photons can be used to trigger other phenomena such as pair production, Compton scattering, nuclear reactions, and can be used to probe non-linear quantum effects and non-linear QED.


title: Shake Shack

text: Shake Shack is an American fast casual restaurant chain based in New York City. It started out as a hot dog cart inside Madison Square Park in 2001, and its popularity steadily grew. In 2004, it received a permit to open a permanent kiosk within the park,<ref name="inc/201505/welch/meyer"></ref> expanding its menu from New York–style hot dogs to one with hamburgers, hot dogs, fries and its namesake milkshakes.


title: Shake Shack

text: Since its founding, it has been one of the fastest-growing food chains, eventually becoming a public company filing for an initial public offering of stock in late 2014. The offering priced on January 29, 2015; the initial price of its shares was at $21, immediately rising by 123% to $47 on their first day of trading.


title: Shake Shack

text: In 2000, New York City began the rebuilding of Madison Square Park, which had fallen into a state of disrepair and misuse. As part of the redevelopment, restaurateur Danny Meyer helped spearhead the creation of the Madison Square Park Conservancy to help redevelop it. One of the first things the Conservancy did in its goal to improve the park was to host an art exhibit called "I <3 Taxi" inside of the park to raise awareness of the renewal effort. Meyer's Director of Operations, Randy Garutti, established a hot dog cart which was run out of the kitchen of Eleven Madison Park, one of Meyer's Union Square Hospitality Group (USHG) operations. Over time, the cart became extremely successful, and remained in operation for nearly three years.


title: Shake Shack

text: In 2004, the city began taking bids to operate a new kiosk-style restaurant within the park; Meyer outlined his idea for the space, and opened the first Shake Shack in July 2004. From its beginning the restaurant was not designed to be a chain; it was intended to be a single shop location designed specifically for New York City. However, as the original location's sales continued to grow, the group realized that there was a market for expansion.


title: Shake Shack

text: Since its opening, Shake Shack has grown to be the largest part of the USHG's portfolio. Its average store revenue of million is more than twice that of McDonald's average store revenue within the United States. Its popularity is such that in the summer at its original location, the wait in line for service can stretch to over an hour, especially on weekends when the weather is pleasant. A webcam on the restaurant's web page shows the current line in real time.


title: Shake Shack

text: In June 2010, Shake Shack opened its first restaurant outside of New York City at the Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach's South Beach neighborhood. In April 2017 the location completed a month-long renovation that added 586 square feet of space, bringing its seating capacity to 106.


title: Shake Shack

text: On July 12, 2010, Shake Shack restaurants were opened in the Theater District and the Upper East Side. The Upper East Side location's opening was significant because it "lifted" East 86th Street, an urban shopping district which had fallen on hard times; the location had been vacant, and even when occupied, it was described by a neighbor as "never anything good there...dingy and dilapidated...almost an eyesore."


title: Shake Shack

text: In July 2011, it was announced that Shake Shack had reached a deal with the MTA to open a location in the lower level of Grand Central Terminal. This project was delayed because the tenant occupying the space Shake Shack was to take over, Mexican eatery Zócalo, refused to vacate after the expiration of their lease and filed suit, arguing that the "bidding process (for retail space in Grand Central) is corrupted." The suit was dismissed and Zócalo appealed. In October 2012 Zócalo filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In early May 2013, Zócalo vacated the space, and the new outlet opened for business on October 5, 2013.


title: Shake Shack

text: By August 2014, Shake Shack outlets had begun operating in California, Connecticut, Delaware, Washington, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia, in addition to the New York locations. That month, reports surfaced that the company was preparing to go public with an IPO and was discussing an underwriting with a number of investment banks, including J.P. Morgan, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs.


title: Shake Shack

text: On January 29, 2015, Shake Shack priced its IPO at $21 per share. On the morning of January 30, 2015, it began trading on the NYSE at $47 per share under the ticker symbol SHAK. In April 2015, shares hit prices of $72, and hit a high of about $90 in May 2015. In its IPO filing, the company stated that it planned to expand its domestic footprint to 450 company-operated stores. While no end date was given for that expansion, the company indicated its intention to open at least 10 restaurants each fiscal year, though it later amended that target to 12 a year and then again later in 2016 to 14 stores a year, a goal that would result in a total of 450 stores in approximately 25 years. Later that May, Shake Shack filed for a trademark for the term "chicken shack" leading to speculation that the company would serve chicken sandwiches. The company temporarily introduced chicken sandwiches to its Brooklyn on July 7, 2015. In January 2016, Shake Shack introduced chicken sandwiches across locations in the United States, having previously started serving them at all Brooklyn Shake Shack locations.


title: Shake Shack

text: On August 31, 2016, Shake Shack announced it would begin room service at the Chicago Athletic Association Hotel, the first hotel in America to offer in-room Shake Shack.


title: Shake Shack

text: In November 2016, the first Houston, Texas, location opened inside the Galleria; by March 2017, another opened inside Minute Maid Park in Downtown Houston, with another to open there in August 2019, the 5th overall in the city. The city's 3rd opened at Rice Village in March 2018. By December, the city's 4th opened in Montrose district. In mid-December 2016, Delaware opened its very first in Newark. In February 2017, the first Michigan location was opened in downtown Detroit. A second Michigan location in Troy opened on October 25, 2017. On May 10, 2017, Shake Shack opened their first Kentucky location at The Summit at Fritz Farm in Lexington. That June, the company announced a location would open in Charlotte, North Carolina, in late 2017, becoming the first Shake Shack in the Carolinas. California's 5 locations were all in L.A. County, until the 6th had opened in San Diego on October 20, 2017 at Westfield UTC. The other San Diego location opened in Mission Valley in late 2017, as did a South Bay location in El Segundo in October.


title: Shake Shack

text: On June 7, 2018, Shake Shack opened their first Ohio location inside Orange Village in East Cleveland, Ohio. More Cleveland area locations would open soon after including an outlet inside the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport main concourse.


title: Shake Shack

text: On October 10, 2018, Shake Shack announced that it will officially start operations in Singapore at Jewel Changi Airport in 2019. As of 2021, there are eight locations in the city-state.


title: Shake Shack

text: On June 27, 2019, Shake Shack opened in Mexico City]at Paseo de la Reforma, one of Mexico's busiest streets. The opening was so popular that on opening day, people had it wait in line for about two hours. The restaurant chain is expected to open 30 locations in Mexico by 2029, beginning with the next location in the south of Mexico City in Coapa.


title: Shake Shack

text: On August 3, 2019, Utah's first location opened in the suburb of Sandy and was built into a 90-year-old historic elementary and high school.


title: Shake Shack

text: On April 16, 2021, the first Shake Shack in Oregon opened in Beaverton. A second restaurant is scheduled to open in downtown Portland in 2022.


title: Shake Shack

text: On January 10, 2022, Shake Shack and South Korean food conglomerate SPC Group announced they would launch 10 Shake Shacks in Malaysia in the next 10 years, with the first store due to open in 2023.


title: Shake Shack

text: In April 2020, Shake Shack applied for funding through the Paycheck Protection Program due to lost business during the COVID-19 pandemic. It received $10 million. Shake Shack was criticised for utilizing a loophole in the program which allowed it to qualify for monetary aid meant to help small businesses. The company operates 189 locations in the U.S., but only employs around 45 persons at each restaurant. Shake Shack CEO Randy Garutti then said it would return the $10 million so that "restaurants who need it most can get it now." In July, it was revealed that Shack Shake founder Danny Meyer's Union Square Hospitality Group took a total of between $11 and $27 million in PPP funding. Meyer was unapologetic about receiving the relief funds, despite the fact that the firm employs a total of 2,300 employees. When the Shake Shack relief funding was revealed, he had earlier appeared on at least one podcast stating that its acceptance of PPP funding was irresponsible.


title: Shake Shack

text: Shake Shack has frequently been the headlining restaurant at The Infatuation's EEEEEATSCON food festival in Santa Monica, California and Forest Hills, New York. Culinary Director Mark Rosati is known for creating exclusive burger and shake collaborations local restaurants for the festival. In 2018 he collaborated with Brooklyn's Emily restaurant to create a Shack-style burger topped with American cheese, a special “Emmy” sauce and caramelized onions. The burger was so popular that tickets for the event sold out one week in advance, and it was described as a "mash-up of pizza and burger flavors" and "transcendent". In 2019 he collaborated with Petit Trois in Santa Monica and Uncle Boons in Forest Hills.


title: Shake Shack

text: Shake Shack's shakes have been reviewed as "some of the best in the industry". It also sells chicken burgers, fries, hot dogs, frozen custards, and beer and wine. In each new location, the beverage menu is customized to the local flavors of the city in which it operates. Their most famous product is the ShackBurger. Available in single or double, it contains a beef patty, American cheese, lettuce, tomato and a proprietary sauce known as Shack Sauce.


title: Shake Shack

text: In June 2020, employees of a Shake Shack restaurant in Lower Manhattan were falsely accused of poisoning two police officers with bleach after they reported that their shakes had a strange taste. The accusations originated online from the Detectives' Endowment Association and the Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York and were widely shared on social media before being reported by numerous media outlets. A police investigation found no criminality on the part of the Shake Shack workers and the restaurant was cleared of wrongdoing. Shake Shack later stated that the strange taste of the drinks may have been caused by faulty cleaning of a milkshake machine.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Jack Kent Cooke (October 25, 1912 – April 6, 1997) was a Canadian-American businessman in broadcasting and professional sports. Starting in sales, Cooke was very successful, eventually becoming a partner in a network of radio stations and newspapers in Canada. After failing at starting a major league baseball team in Toronto and being turned down to own a television station in Toronto, Cooke moved to the United States and built a business empire in broadcasting and professional sports franchises. Cooke was the owner of the Washington Redskins (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings (NHL), the Los Angeles Wolves (United Soccer) and Toronto Maple Leafs (IL). He also developed The Forum in Inglewood, California, and FedExField (named Jack Kent Cooke Stadium when it opened, months after his death) near Landover, Maryland.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Cooke moved with his family to The Beaches area of Toronto in 1921, where he attended Malvern Collegiate Institute.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: At age 14, Cooke got a job selling encyclopedias door to door. At the end of his first day, he took home over $20 to his mother, and later claimed, "I think that was the proudest moment of my life." He later became a runner on the floor of the Toronto Stock Exchange. He was selling soap in Northern Ontario for Colgate-Palmolive in 1936 when he met Roy Thomson, who hired Cooke to run radio station CJCS in Stratford, Ontario. The two became partners in 1941, buying radio stations and newspapers in Ontario and Quebec.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: With the financial backing of J. P. Bickell, Cooke purchased CKCL (under Toronto Broadcasting Co.) in 1945, changing the call letters to CKEY. He also continued to work with Thomson, and the two acquired the Canadian edition of "Liberty" magazine in 1948, naming it "New Liberty". The following year, Thomson sold his half of the magazine to Cooke.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1951, Cooke ventured into sports, acquiring the minor league Toronto Maple Leafs baseball club. He transformed the games from straight athletic contests into complete entertainment packages, with a long list of special promotions and celebrity appearances. With his focus on entertainment, Cooke was compared to St. Louis Browns owner Bill Veeck. Five months after becoming owner, Cooke presented a 48-page booklet to all the teams in the league, outlining his promotional strategies. He was named minor league executive of the year by "The Sporting News" in 1952. That same year, Cooke purchased Consolidated Press, publisher of "Saturday Night" magazine. He made an unsuccessful bid for "The Globe and Mail" newspaper in 1955.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: While owning the Maple Leafs baseball team, Cooke set his sights on bringing Major League Baseball to Toronto. He tried to purchase the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Athletics, and Detroit Tigers when they came up for sale, and in 1959 he became one of the founding team owners in the Continental League, a proposed third major league for professional baseball. The league disbanded a year later without ever playing a game. Cooke still hoped to get an American League expansion team in Toronto, but the city's lack of a major league venue became an impasse. Cooke sold the Maple Leafs in 1964. Before that, he had watched several team practices and observed Sparky Anderson, noting the player's leadership qualities and ability to teach younger players from all backgrounds. Cooke encouraged Anderson to pursue a career in managing, offering him the post for the Leafs. In 1964, Anderson accepted the offer. Cooke was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1960, Cooke lost a bid to obtain a licence for the first privately-owned TV station in Toronto. There had been nine bids in a highly competitive process, and the licence was awarded to a consortium of Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting and the Telegram Corporation, which launched CFTO-TV.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Within weeks of being turned down for the Toronto TV licence, Cooke applied for U.S. citizenship. With the support of United States House Congressman Francis E. Walter (D-PA), Cooke quickly became a citizen when both houses of Congress and President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a waiver of the usual five-year waiting period. He sold CKEY at the end of 1960 and Consolidated Press in 1961.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: At the time, Canada and the U.S. both had laws prohibiting foreign control of radio and TV stations. Cooke had entered the U.S. broadcasting industry in August 1959 by acquiring Pasadena, California radio station KRLA 1110 (now KRDC) through his brother, Donald Cooke, a U.S. citizen.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Cooke formed American Cablevision in the 1960s and acquired several cable television companies. He acquired majority ownership of TelePrompTer cable TV, and sold it in the late 1970s for $646 million. In 1979, he bought the Chrysler Building in New York City, one of the world's most renowned skyscrapers. In 1985, Cooke bought the "Los Angeles Daily News" for $176 million. A year later, he acquired another cable TV company. He sold the cable systems in 1989.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1961, Cooke purchased a 25% interest in the Washington Redskins after team owner and founder George Preston Marshall became incapacitated by a stroke; Cooke became majority owner in 1974 and sole owner in 1985.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: While he was owner of the Redskins, the team won three Super Bowls under head coach Joe Gibbs (in 1982, 1987, and 1991), the franchise's first championships since the 1940s.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1997, Cooke completed a stadium deal near Landover, Maryland, for a new home for his team. This community was named Raljon—a name devised by Cooke by combining the names of his sons Ralph and John. Shortly afterward, Cooke died of cardiac arrest. The stadium, still in use by the franchise to this day, was posthumously named Jack Kent Cooke Stadium. In 1999, under subsequent ownership, the stadium's name was changed to FedExField (the Raljon name was discontinued at the same time).


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In his will, Cooke left the team and the stadium to his foundation with instructions to sell it. Cooke's son John tried to put in a competitive bid to keep the team in the family, but the franchise instead was sold to a consortium led by local businessman Daniel Snyder for a record-setting $800 million.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In September 1965, Cooke purchased the Los Angeles Lakers for $5 million ($ in current dollar terms) from Bob Short. Under Cooke's ownership the Lakers moved from the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena to The Forum and changed their colors from Royal and Light Blue to the current Purple (which he referred to as "Forum Blue") and Gold.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: The Lakers during Cooke's ownership reached seven NBA Finals and won the 1972 NBA Finals. In 1979, Cooke sold both the Lakers and the Los Angeles Kings.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: As a Canadian, Cooke particularly enjoyed ice hockey, and he was determined to bring the National Hockey League (NHL) to Los Angeles. In 1966, the NHL announced it intended to sell six new franchises, and Cooke prepared a bid. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, which operated the Sports Arena, supported a competing bid headed by Los Angeles Rams owner Dan Reeves, and advised Cooke that if he won the franchise he would not be allowed to use that facility. In response, Cooke threatened to build a new arena in the Los Angeles suburb of Inglewood. Nearly 30 years later Cooke told the "Los Angeles Times" sportswriter Steve Springer that he recalled "one official representing the commission laughing at him" (Springer's words) when Cooke warned he would build in Inglewood. Cooke won the franchise, and paid $2 million for the new Los Angeles NHL club, which he called the "Kings." Springer: "Cooke went to Inglewood and built the Forum. Good-bye, Lakers. Good-bye, Kings." The Kings played their first game on October 14, 1967—at the Long Beach Arena, while construction was being completed at Cooke's new arena.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Cooke claimed The Forum would be "the most beautiful arena in the world." It opened December 30, 1967, to rave reviews. Cooke was soon calling it "The Fabulous Forum." The Kings struggled both on the ice and at the gate, however. Cooke had been told that there were more than 300,000 former Canadians living within a three-hour drive of Los Angeles, and remarked, "Now I know why they left Canada: They hate hockey!"


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1979, Cooke sold the Forum, the Kings, and the Lakers to Dr. Jerry Buss for a then-record $67.5 million ($ in current dollar terms); half of the payment was in cash and half was in real estate, with part of Buss's payment including the Chrysler Building.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1967, Cooke was a founder of the United Soccer Association and owned the Los Angeles Wolves team, which became a charter NASL team the following year.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: In 1971, Cooke was a financial backer of the first Muhammad Ali vs Joe Frazier boxing match, held at Madison Square Garden and won by Frazier.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: A lover of horses and a fan of Thoroughbred horse racing, Cooke owned Kent Farms, a estate in Middleburg, Virginia, not far from Washington, D.C. In December 1984 he purchased the historic Elmendorf Farm in Lexington, Kentucky from the estate of Maxwell Gluck. He bred and raced a number of successful horses, notably Flying Continental, sired by Flying Paster, whose wins included the 1990 Jockey Club Gold Cup.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Cooke was married five times, however his last two marriages were to the same woman, Marlene Ramallo Chalmers. He was married to Chalmers at the time of his death.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: Cooke's first marriage, his longest, lasted 45 years. He and Barbara Jean Carnegie married in 1934, divorcing in 1979. In the legal action, Carnegie was awarded what was then the largest divorce settlement in history — $42 million ($ in current dollar terms). The presiding judge during the bench trial was Joseph Wapner, who later became famous as the judge on television's "The People's Court". Cooke and Carnegie had two sons: John Kent Cooke and Ralph Kent Cooke.


title: Jack Kent Cooke

text: On October 31, 1980, Cooke married Jeanne Maxwell Williams, a sculptor from Las Vegas. The marriage lasted 10 months. It ended with a $1 million ($ in current dollar terms) divorce settlement.