title: Tajik language

text: Tajik (Tajik: , , ), also called Tajiki Persian (Tajik: , , ) or Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks. It is closely related to neighbouring Dari with which it forms a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of the Persian language. Several scholars consider Tajik as a dialectal variety of Persian rather than a language on its own. The popularity of this conception of Tajik as a variety of Persian was such that, during the period in which Tajik intellectuals were trying to establish Tajik as a language separate from Persian, prominent intellectual Sadriddin Ayni counterargued that Tajik was not a "bastardised dialect" of Persian. The issue of whether Tajik and Persian are to be considered two dialects of a single language or two discrete languages has political sides to it.


title: Tajik language

text: By way of Early New Persian, Tajik, like Iranian Persian and Dari Persian, is a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids (550–330 BC).


title: Tajik language

text: Tajik is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan, the other being Russian<ref name="lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09"></ref> as the official interethnic language. In Afghanistan (where the Tajik minority forms the principal part of the wider Persophone population), this language is less influenced by Turkic languages, is regarded as a form of Dari, and as such, has co-official language status. The Tajik of Tajikistan has diverged from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and Iran due to political borders, geographical isolation, the standardisation process and the influence of Russian and neighbouring Turkic languages. The standard language is based on the northwestern dialects of Tajik (region of the old major city of Samarqand), which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity. Tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the Persophone world, in part due to its relative isolation in the mountains of Central Asia.


title: Tajik language

text: Up to and including the nineteenth century, speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia had no separate name for the language and simply regarded themselves as speaking "Farsi", which is the endonym for the Persian language. The term "Tajik", derived from the Persian for "foreigner", was an exonym used by Turkic speakers to refer to Persian speakers (the word Tat has a similar origin), although it has been adopted by the speakers themselves.


title: Tajik language

text: In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state (national) language, with Russian being the official language (as throughout the Union). In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word "Farsi" (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.


title: Tajik language

text: The most important cities of Central Asia—Samarkand and Bukhara—are in present-day Uzbekistan, where ethnic Tajiks comprise a majority. Today, virtually all Tajik speakers in Bukhara are bilingual in Tajik and Uzbek. This Tajik–Uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Bukharan Tajik. Tajiks are also found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Region in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. Tajik is still widely spoken in Samarkand and Bukhara today. Writing in 1996, Richard Foltz estimated that Tajiks might account for perhaps 70% of the total population of Samarqand and as much as 90% of Bukhara. Later demographical trends are not clear.


title: Tajik language

text: Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that the Tajik community comprises 5% of the nation's total population. However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms. During the Soviet "Uzbekisation" supervised by Sharof Rashidov, the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either to stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave the republic for the less-developed agricultural and mountainous Tajikistan. The "Uzbekisation" movement ended in 1924. In 1996, Richard Foltz estimated that Tajiks might make up 25%-35% of Uzbekistan's population. Later demographical trends are not clear.


title: Tajik language

text: Tajiks constitute 80% of Tajikistan's population and the language dominates in most parts of the country. Some Tajiks in Gorno-Badakhshan in southeastern Tajikistan, where the Pamir languages are the native languages of most residents, are bilingual. Tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in Northern Afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country, particularly urban areas such as Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Ghazni, and Herat. Tajiks constitute between 25% and 35% of the total population of the country. In Afghanistan, the dialects spoken by ethnic Tajiks are written using the Persian alphabet and referred to as Dari, along with the dialects of other groups in Afghanistan such as the Hazaragi and Aimaq dialects. Approximately 48%-58% of Afghan citizens are native speakers of Dari. A large Tajik-speaking diaspora exists due to the instability that has plagued Central Asia in recent years, with significant numbers of Tajiks found in Russia, Kazakhstan, and beyond. This Tajik diaspora is also the result of the poor state of the economy of Tajikistan and each year approximately one million men leave Tajikistan to gain employment in Russia.


title: Tajik language

text: The dialect used by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia is known as the Bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping. It is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, principally religious vocabulary, and historical use of the Hebrew alphabet. Despite these differences, Bukhori is readily intelligible to other Tajik speakers, particularly speakers of northern dialects.


title: Tajik language

text: A very important moment in the development of the contemporary Tajik, especially of the spoken language, is the tendency in changing its dialectal orientation. The dialects of Northern Tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard Tajik, while the Southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige. Now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the Kulob dialect, which is also used in broadcasting.


title: Tajik language

text: The table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. Local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below.


title: Tajik language

text: In northern and Uzbek dialects, classical has chain shifted forward in the mouth to . In central and southern dialects, classical has chain shifted upward and merged into .


title: Tajik language

text: The open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid-back , , and . It is analogous to standard Persian "â" (long "a").


title: Tajik language

text: The vowel ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ usually represents a stressed /i/ at the end of a word. However not all instances of ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ are stressed because the second person singular suffix -ӣ is unstressed.


title: Tajik language

text: The Tajik language contains 24 consonants, 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing: [б/п] [в/ф] [д/т] [з/с] [ж/ш] [ҷ/ч] [г/к] [ғ/х]. The table below lists the consonant phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription.


title: Tajik language

text: Word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun-like words. Examples of where stress does not fall on the last syllable are adverbs like: бале ("bale", meaning "yes") and зеро ("zero", meaning "because"). Stress also does not fall on enclitics, nor on the marker of the direct object.


title: Tajik language

text: The word order of Tajiki Persian is subject–object–verb. Tajik Persian grammar is similar to the classical Persian grammar (and the grammar of modern varieties such as Iranian Persian). The most notable difference between classical Persian grammar and Tajik Persian grammar is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language. In Tajik, the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle, from the verb истодан, "istodan", 'to stand' and a cliticised form of the verb -acт, "-ast", 'to be'.


title: Tajik language

text: In Iranian Persian, the present progressive form consists of the verb دار, "dār", 'to have' followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense, the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense.


title: Tajik language

text: Two forms of number exist in Tajik, singular and plural. The plural is marked by either the suffix -ҳо, "-ho" or -он, "-on" (with contextual variants -ён, "-yon" and -гон, "-gon"), although Arabic loan words may use Arabic forms. There is no definite article, but the indefinite article exists in the form of the number "one" як, "yak" and -е, "-e", the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix. When a noun is used as a direct object, it is marked by the suffix -ро, "-ro", e.g. Рустамро задам ("Rustam-ro zadam"), "I hit Rustam". This direct object suffix is added to the word after any plural suffixes. The form -ро can be literary or formal. In older forms of the Persian language, -ро could indicate both direct and indirect objects and some phrases used in modern Persian and Tajik have maintained this suffix on indirect objects, as seen in the following example: (Худоро шукр, "Xudo-ro šukr" - "Thank God"). Modern Persian does not use the direct object marker as a suffix on the noun, but rather, as a stand-alone morpheme.


title: Tajik language

text: Tajik is conservative in its vocabulary, retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in Iran and Afghanistan, such as арзиз ("arziz"), meaning "tin" and фарбеҳ ("farbeh"), meaning "fat". Most modern loan words in Tajik come from Russian as a result of the position of Tajikistan within the Soviet Union. The vast majority of these Russian loanwords which have entered the Tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics, technology and government, where most of the concepts and vocabulary of these fields have been borrowed from the Russian language. The introduction of Russian loanwords into the Tajik language was largely justified under the Soviet policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to Russian for the achievement of a Communist state. Vocabulary also comes from the geographically close Uzbek language and, as is usual in Islamic countries, from Arabic. Since the late 1980s, an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents, using either old terms that had fallen out of use or coined terminology (including from Iranian Persian). Many of the coined terms for modern items such as гармкунак ("garmkunak"), meaning 'heater' and чангкашак ("čangkašak"), meaning 'vacuum cleaner' differ from their Afghan and Iranian equivalents, adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between Tajik and other forms of Persian.


title: Tajik language

text: In the table below, Persian refers to the standard language of Iran, which differs somewhat from the Dari Persian of Afghanistan. Two other Iranian languages, Pashto and Kurdish (Kurmanji), have also been included for comparative purposes.


title: Tajik language

text: In Tajikistan and other countries of the former Soviet Union, Tajik Persian is currently written in Cyrillic script, although it was written in the Latin script beginning in 1928 and the Arabic alphabet prior to 1928. In the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, the use of the Latin script was later replaced in 1939 by the Cyrillic script. The Tajik alphabet added six additional letters to the Cyrillic script inventory and these additional letters are distinguished in the Tajik orthography by the use of diacritics.


title: Tajik language

text: According to many scholars, the New Persian language (which subsequently evolved into the Persian forms spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan) developed in Transoxiana and Khorasan, in what are today parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. While the New Persian language was descended primarily from Middle Persian, it also incorporated substantial elements of other Iranian languages of ancient Central Asia, such as Sogdian.


title: Tajik language

text: Following the Arab conquest of Iran and most of Central Asia in the 8th century AD, Arabic for a time became the court language and Persian and other Iranian languages were relegated to the private sphere. In the 9th century AD, following the rise of the Samanids, whose state was centered around the cities of Bukhoro (Buxoro), Samarqand and Herat and covered much of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, New Persian emerged as the court language and swiftly displaced Arabic. Arabic influence continued to show itself in the form of the Perso-Arabic script used to write the language (replaced in Tajik by Latin and then Cyrillic in the 20th century) and a large number of Arabic loanwords.


title: Tajik language

text: New Persian became the lingua franca of Central Asia for centuries, although it eventually lost ground to the Chaghatai language in much of its former domains as a growing number of Turkic tribes moved into the region from the east. Since the 16th century AD, Tajik has come under increasing pressure from neighbouring Turkic languages. Once spoken in areas of Turkmenistan, such as Merv, Tajik is today virtually non-existent in that country. Uzbek has also largely replaced Tajik in most areas of modern Uzbekistan – the Russian Empire in particular implemented Turkification among Tajiks in Ferghana and Samarqand, replacing the dominant language in those areas with Uzbek. Nevertheless, Tajik persisted in pockets, notably in Samarqand, Bukhoro and Surxondaryo Region, as well as in much of what is today Tajikistan.


title: Tajik language

text: The creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union in 1929 helped to safeguard the future of Tajik, as it became an official language of the republic alongside Russian. Still, substantial numbers of Tajik-speakers remained outside the borders of the republic, mostly in the neighbouring Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, which created a source of tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks. Neither Samarqand nor Bukhoro was included in the nascent Tajik S.S.R., despite their immense historical importance in Tajik history. After the creation of the Tajik SSR, a large number of ethnic Tajiks from the Uzbek SSR migrated there, particularly to the region of the capital, Dushanbe, exercising a substantial influence in the republic's political, cultural and economic life. The influence of this influx of ethnic Tajik immigrants from the Uzbek SSR is most prominently manifested in the fact that literary Tajik is based on their northwestern dialects of the language, rather than the central dialects that are spoken by the natives in the Dushanbe region and adjacent areas.


title: Tajik language

text: After the fall of the Soviet Union and Tajikistan's independence in 1991, the government of Tajikistan has made substantial efforts to promote the use of Tajik in all spheres of public and private life. Tajik is gaining ground among the once-Russified upper classes and continues its role as the vernacular of the majority of the country's population. There has been a rise in the number of Tajik publications. Increasing contact with media from Iran and Afghanistan, after decades of isolation under the Soviets, is also having an effect on the development of the language.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: The Flatwoods monster (also known as the Braxton County monster, Braxie, or the Phantom of Flatwoods), in West Virginia folklore, is an entity reported to have been sighted in the town of Flatwoods in Braxton County, West Virginia, United States, on September 12, 1952, after a bright object crossed the night sky. Over 50 years later, some investigators have stated that they believe the light was a meteor and the creature was a barn owl perched in a tree, with shadows making it appear to be a large humanoid.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: At 7:15 p.m., on September 12, 1952, two brothers, Edward and Fred May, and their friend Tommy Hyer, said that they saw a bright object cross the sky and land on the property of local farmer G. Bailey Fisher. The boys went to the home of Kathleen May, where they told their story. May, accompanied by the three boys, local children Neil Nunley and Ronnie Shaver, and West Virginia National Guardsman Eugene Lemon, went to the Fisher farm in an effort to locate whatever it was that the boys had said they had seen. The group reached the top of a hill, where Nunley said they saw a pulsing red light. Lemon said he aimed a flashlight in that direction and momentarily saw a tall "man-like figure with a round, red face surrounded by a pointed, hood-like shape".


title: Flatwoods monster

text: Descriptions varied. In an article for "Fate Magazine" based on his tape-recorded interviews, UFO writer Gray Barker described the figure as approximately tall, with a round blood-red face, a large pointed "hood-like shape" around the face, eye-like shapes which emitted greenish-orange light, and a dark black or green body. May described the figure as having "small, claw-like hands", clothing-like folds, and "a head that resembled the ace of spades". According to the story, when the figure made a hissing sound and "glided toward the group", Lemon screamed and dropped his flashlight, causing the group to run away.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: The group said they had smelled a "pungent mist" and some later said they were nauseated. The local sheriff and a deputy had been investigating reports of a crashed aircraft in the area. They searched the site of the reported monster but "saw, heard and smelled nothing". According to Barker's account, the next day, A. Lee Stewart Jr. of the "Braxton Democrat" claimed to have discovered "skid marks" in the field and an "odd, gummy deposit" which were subsequently attributed by UFO enthusiast groups as evidence of a "saucer" landing.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: According to former news editor Holt Byrne, "newspaper stories were carried throughout the country, radio broadcasts were carried on large networks, and hundreds of phone calls were received from all parts of the country". The national press services rated the story "No. 11 for the year". A minister from Brooklyn came to question the May family. A Pittsburgh paper sent a special reporter. UFO and Fortean writers like Gray Barker and Ivan T. Sanderson arrived to investigate.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: After investigating the case in 2000, Joe Nickell of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry concluded that the bright light in the sky reported by the witnesses on September 12 was most likely a meteor, that the pulsating red light was likely an aircraft navigation or hazard beacon, and that the creature described by witnesses closely resembled an owl. Nickell suggested that witnesses' perceptions were distorted by their heightened state of anxiety. Nickell's conclusions are shared by a number of other investigators, including those of the Air Force.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: The night of the September 12 sighting, a meteor had been observed across three states—Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. According to Nickell, three flashing red aircraft beacons were also visible from the area of the sightings, which could account for descriptions of a pulsating red light and red tint on the face of the supposed monster.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: Nickell concluded that the shape, movement, and sounds reported by witnesses were also consistent with the silhouette, flight pattern, and call of a startled barn owl perched on a tree limb, leading researchers to conclude that foliage beneath the owl may have created the illusion of the lower portions of the creature (described as being a pleated green skirt). Researchers also concluded that the witnesses' inability to agree on whether the creature had arms, combined with May's report of it having "small, claw-like hands" which "extended in front of it", also matched the description of a barn owl with its talons gripping a tree branch.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: According to skeptic Ryan Haupt, even though local boy Max Lockard admitted he had driven around the site "hoping to see something" in his Chevy truck, "paranormal investigators concluded that the tracks, oily residue, and bits of a rubbery substance must have been left by the creature and not the truck". Haupt explains nausea reported by some of the witnesses as a symptom "consistent with hysteria and over-exertion".


title: Flatwoods monster

text: Officials in Flatwood erected a welcome sign which designated the town as "Home of the Green Monster". The town also commemorates the legend in its annual "Flatwoods Days" festival.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: Located in the town of Sutton, the Braxton County seat, is the Flatwoods Monster Museum, which is dedicated to the legend. The Braxton County Convention and Visitor's Bureau also built a series of five tall chairs in the shape of the monster to serve as landmarks and visitor attractions. The Bureau rewards visitors who photograph all five chairs with "Free Braxie" stickers.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: In 2013, West Virginian rock singer Argyle Goolsby released a song called "The Being", which referenced the Flatwoods monster.


title: Flatwoods monster

text: The legend of the Flatwoods monster has also inspired media beyond West Virginia. The video games "Fallout 76" and "Everybody's Golf 4" each contain references to the legend. The creature was the subject of a 2018 documentary, "The Flatwoods Monster: A Legacy of Fear", produced by Small Town Monsters, an indie production company documenting unusual events throughout America. In television, the second episode of the 2019 History Channel series "Project Blue Book" titled "The Flatwoods Monster" is based on the Flatwoods incident.


title: 2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The 2019–20 season was Liverpool Football Club's 128th season in existence and the club's 58th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. Liverpool also competed in the FA Cup, EFL Cup, FA Community Shield, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. The season was suspended from 5 April to 17 June due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Having finished second in the 2018–19 Premier League, Liverpool contested the 2019 FA Community Shield against domestic treble winners Manchester City, losing 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. As winners of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, they contested the 2019 UEFA Super Cup against Chelsea, winning 5–4 on penalties after a 2–2 draw. The victory was Liverpool's fourth in the annual contest; only Barcelona and A.C. Milan have more wins, with five titles apiece.


title: 2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2019–20 EFL Cup by Aston Villa after fielding a vastly inexperienced side, managed by Liverpool under-23 manager Neil Critchley, while the first-team squad participated in the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup in Qatar under Klopp. Having finished as runners-up on three previous occasions, Liverpool won their first world title after defeating Brazilian club Flamengo 1–0 in the final after extra time, making them the first English side to win the international treble of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. Liverpool were unsuccessful in their defence of the UEFA Champions League, exiting the competition in the round of 16 following a 4–2 aggregate defeat across two legs after extra time to Atlético Madrid.


title: 2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season

text: On 25 June, Liverpool clinched their nineteenth league title – the first since 1989–90 and the first during the Premier League era. Upon winning the league, Liverpool claimed the unusual achievement of winning the Premier League earlier than any other team by games played (with seven remaining) and later than any other team by date (being the only team to clinch the title in June).


title: 2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Over the season, Liverpool set a number of other English top-flight records, including the most consecutive home wins (24; of which 7 were carried over from the previous season) and the biggest point lead at any time (25). They also matched the Premier League records for the most wins (32) the most home wins (18), and the most consecutive wins (18). Beginning the season prior, Liverpool enjoyed a 44-match unbeaten run in the league, the second-longest streak in top-flight history, behind Arsenal's run of 49 games between May 2003 to October 2004. The team remained unbeaten at home in the league for the third season in a row and finished the season with 99 points, the club's record and the second highest in English top-flight history after Manchester City's 100 two years prior. Liverpool also recorded the best ever start to a season in the history of the top 5 leagues in Europe (as they stood in 2020), picking up 20 wins and 1 draw for a total of 61 points out of a possible of 63; they eventually extended that record to 26 wins and 1 draw for a total of 79 points out of a possible 81 before suffering their first league defeat on 29 February 2020.


title: Find My Friends

text: Find My Friends (called "Find Friends" on the SpringBoard) was a mobile phone tracking app and service for iOS devices developed by Apple Inc. Both Find My iPhone and Find My Friends were combined into the app Find My in iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 in 2019.


title: Find My Friends

text: The app allowed a person approved by the user, who also had to have an Apple device, to access the GPS location of the user's Apple mobile device. The app could be used to track children, family, and friends, besides others such as employees, without them being notified that they are being tracked. The app could also track the location of a person as a safety measure.


title: Find My Friends

text: The Find My Friends app enabled a person approved by a user to follow and track them with their iOS device(s). Users could also share their location with people they choose. According to Apple, there was a maximum of 100 trackers ("friends").


title: Find My Friends

text: The tracker could also receive notifications when the user left or arrived at a new place. Location was determined using GPS in the iOS device when Location Services were turned on. The apps required that the device's Location Services be turned on for the app. Modified software allowed notifications to appear when a user requested a tracker to see where they are or was turned on through the message application. It could also be accepted through Facebook sharing options. The feature could be turned on and off at any time.


title: Find My Friends

text: Like many iOS applications that used Location Services, parental controls were available. Find My Friends synchronized with other applications such as Maps and Contacts. The app was supported on the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Apple Watch, or on iCloud.com on Windows. A friend's location could be viewed in OS X 10.10 as well, by clicking "Details" in the top right corner of the Messages App.


title: Find My Friends

text: The app raised potential privacy issues arising from the tracking of a user's exact location, without users being notified that they are being tracked. Several safety features allowed a user to share their location only with people they choose and turn off the permission at any time. "Friends" could only track users who had accepted their access request. The user could remove them from access at any time or only make the tracking temporary.


title: Find My Friends

text: Another way to turn the tracking off was to turn Location Services off. This was done by going to Settings > Privacy > Location Services, selecting the app in the list and selecting the "Never" option. Tracking could be turned back on by selecting the "While Using the App" option. Location services and hence location tracking did not operate when a device was in "Airplane mode".


title: Find My Friends

text: Find My Friends was announced on October 4, 2011, the day before Steve Jobs’ death, and released on October 12, 2011, several hours before the actual release of iOS 5.


title: Find My Friends

text: Between iOS 9 (released in September 2015) and iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 (released in September 2019), the app was bundled with iOS and installed automatically. Users running on iOS 8 could download the app from the App Store free of charge.


title: Find My Friends

text: As of iOS 13 and macOS Catalina, Find My Friends was discontinued with its function merged with Find My iPhone for iOS and Find My Mac for macOS into a new app called Find My.


title: Whirlpool

text: A whirlpool is a body of rotating water produced by opposing currents or a current running into an obstacle. Small whirlpools form when a bath or a sink is draining. More powerful ones formed in seas or oceans may be called maelstroms ( ). "Vortex" is the proper term for a whirlpool that has a downdraft.


title: Whirlpool

text: In narrow ocean straits with fast flowing water, whirlpools are often caused by tides. Many stories tell of ships being sucked into a maelstrom, although only smaller craft are actually in danger. Smaller whirlpools appear at river rapids and can be observed downstream of artificial structures such as weirs and dams. Large cataracts, such as Niagara Falls, produce strong whirlpools.


title: Whirlpool

text: Saltstraumen is a narrow strait located close to the Arctic Circle, south-east of the city of Bodø, Norway.


title: Whirlpool

text: It has one of the strongest tidal currents in the world. Whirlpools up to in diameter and in depth are formed when the current is at its strongest.


title: Whirlpool

text: Moskstraumen or Moske-stroom is an unusual system of whirlpools in the open seas in the Lofoten Islands off the Norwegian coast. It is the second strongest whirlpool in the world with flow currents reaching speeds as high as . This is supposedly the whirlpool depicted in Olaus Magnus's map, labeled as "Horrenda Caribdis" (Charybdis).


title: Whirlpool

text: The Moskstraumen is formed by the combination of powerful semi-diurnal tides and the unusual shape of the seabed, with a shallow ridge between the Moskenesøya and Værøy islands which amplifies and whirls the tidal currents.


title: Whirlpool

text: The fictional depictions of the Moskstraumen by Edgar Allan Poe, Jules Verne, and Cixin Liu describe it as a gigantic circular vortex that reaches the bottom of the ocean, when in fact it is a set of currents and crosscurrents with a rate of . Poe described this phenomenon in his short story "A Descent into the Maelström", which in 1841 was the first to use the word "maelstrom" in the English language; in this story related to the Lofoten Maelstrom, two fishermen are swallowed by the maelstrom while one survives.


title: Whirlpool

text: The Corryvreckan is a narrow strait between the islands of Jura and Scarba, in Argyll and Bute, on the northern side of the Gulf of Corryvreckan, Scotland. It is the third-largest whirlpool in the world. Flood tides and inflow from the Firth of Lorne to the west can drive the waters of Corryvreckan to waves of more than , and the roar of the resulting maelstrom, which reaches speeds of , can be heard away. Though it was classified initially as non-navigable by the Royal Navy it was later categorized as "extremely dangerous".


title: Whirlpool

text: A documentary team from Scottish independent producers Northlight Productions once threw a mannequin into the Corryvreckan ("the Hag") with a high-visibility vest and depth gauge. The mannequin was swallowed and spat up far down current with a depth gauge reading of with evidence of being dragged along the bottom for a great distance.


title: Whirlpool

text: Old Sow whirlpool is located between Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada, and Moose Island, Eastport, Maine, USA. It is given the epithet "pig-like" as it makes a screeching noise when the vortex is at its full fury and reaches speeds of as much as . The smaller whirlpools around this Old Sow are known as "Piglets".


title: Whirlpool

text: The Naruto whirlpools are located in the Naruto Strait near Awaji Island in Japan, which have speeds of .


title: Whirlpool

text: Skookumchuck Narrows is a tidal rapids that develops whirlpools, on the Sunshine Coast, Canada with speeds of the current exceeding .


title: Whirlpool

text: French Pass () is a narrow and treacherous stretch of water that separates D'Urville Island from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. In 2000 a whirlpool there caught student divers, resulting in fatalities.


title: Whirlpool

text: A short-lived whirlpool sucked in a portion of the Lake Peigneur in Louisiana, United States after a drilling mishap on November 20, 1980. This was not a naturally occurring whirlpool, but a disaster caused by underwater drillers breaking through the roof of a salt mine. The lake then drained into the mine until the mine filled and the water levels equalized, but the formerly deep lake was now deep. This mishap resulted in the destruction of five houses, the loss of nineteen barges and eight tug boats, oil rigs, a mobile home, trees, acres of land, and most of a botanical garden. The adjacent settlement of Jefferson Island was reduced in area by 10%. A crater across was left behind. Nine of the barges, which had sunk, later resurfaced after the whirlpool subsided.


title: Whirlpool

text: A more recent example of an artificial whirlpool that received significant media coverage occurred in early June 2015, when an intake vortex formed in Lake Texoma, on the Oklahoma–Texas border, near the floodgates of the dam that forms the lake. At the time of the whirlpool's formation, the lake was being drained after reaching its highest level ever. The Army Corps of Engineers, which operates the dam and lake, expected that the whirlpool would last until the lake reached normal seasonal levels by late July.


title: Whirlpool

text: Powerful whirlpools have killed unlucky seafarers, but their power tends to be exaggerated by laymen. One of the few reports of large ships ever being sucked into a whirlpool is from the fourteenth-century Mali Empire ruler Mansa Musa, as reported by a contemporary, Al-Umari:


title: Whirlpool

text: However, temporary whirlpools caused by major engineering disasters, such as the Lake Peigneur disaster, have been recorded as capable of submerging medium-sized watercraft such as barges and tugboats.


title: Whirlpool

text: Besides Poe and Verne, another literary source is of the 1500s, Olaus Magnus, a Swedish bishop, who had stated that a maelstrom more powerful than the one written about in the "Odyssey" sucked in ships, which sank to the bottom of the sea, and even whales were pulled in. Pytheas, the Greek historian, also mentioned that maelstroms swallowed ships and threw them up again.


title: Whirlpool

text: The monster Charybdis of Greek mythology was later rationalized as a whirlpool, which sucked entire ships into its fold in the narrow coast of Sicily, a disaster faced by navigators.


title: Whirlpool

text: During the 8th century, Paul the Deacon, who had lived among the Belgii, described tidal bores and the maelstrom for a Mediterranean audience unused to such violent tidal surges:


title: Whirlpool

text: Three of the most notable literary references to the Lofoten Maelstrom date from the nineteenth century. The first is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe named "A Descent into the Maelström" (1841). The second is "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" (1870), a novel by Jules Verne. At the end of this novel, Captain Nemo seems to commit suicide, sending his "Nautilus" submarine into the Maelstrom (although in Verne's sequel Nemo and the "Nautilus" were seen to have survived). The "Norway maelstrom" is also mentioned in Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick".


title: Whirlpool

text: In the "Life of St Columba", the author, Adomnan of Iona, attributes to the saint miraculous knowledge of a particular bishop who sailed into a whirlpool off the coast of Ireland. In Adomnan's narrative, he quotes Columba saying


title: Whirlpool

text: The Corryvreckan whirlpool plays a key role in the 1945 Powell and Pressburger film "I Know Where I'm Going!". Joan Webster (Wendy Hiller) is determined to get to the fictional Isle of Kiloran and marry her fiancé. Dangerous weather delays her crossing, and her determination becomes desperation when she realizes that she is falling in love with Torquil MacNeil (Roger Livesey). Against the advice of experienced folk, she offers a young fisherman a huge sum of money to take her over. At the last moment, Torquil steps into the boat, and after a squall knocks the engine out of commission, they face the whirlpool. Torquil manages to repair the engine before the tide turns, and they return to the mainland. This part of the picture uses footage Powell filmed, while tied to a mast to leave both hands free for the camera, at Corryvreckan, incorporated into scenes shot in a huge tank at the studio.


title: Whirlpool

text: In the movie "", the final battle between the "Black Pearl" and the "Flying Dutchman" takes place with both ships sailing inside a giant whirlpool which appears to be over a kilometer wide and several hundred meters deep.


title: Whirlpool

text: One of the earliest uses in English of the Scandinavian word "malström" or "malstrøm" was by Edgar Allan Poe in his short story "A Descent into the Maelström" (1841). The Nordic word itself is derived from the Dutch word "maelstrom" (; modern spelling ), from "malen" ('to mill' or 'to grind') and "stroom" ('stream'), to form the meaning 'grinding current' or literally 'mill-stream', in the sense of milling (grinding) grain.


title: Turquoise (color)

text: Turquoise ( ) is a blue-green color, based on the mineral of the same name. The word "turquoise" dates to the 17th century and is derived from the French , meaning 'Turkish', because the mineral was first brought to Europe through Turkey from mines in the historical Khorasan province of Iran (Persia) and Afghanistan. The first recorded use of "turquoise" as a color name in English was in 1573.


title: Turquoise (color)

text: Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl(PO)(OH)·4HO. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue.


title: Turquoise (color)

text: In many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. The oldest evidence for this claim was found in ancient Egypt, where grave furnishings with turquoise inlay were discovered, dating from approximately 3000 BCE. In the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. If they changed color, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom. Meanwhile, it has been discovered that turquoise can change color. The change can be caused by light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust, or the acidity of the skin.


title: Turquoise (color)

text: Turquoise is a stone and color that is strongly associated with the domes and interiors of large mosques in Iran, Central Asia, and Russia.


title: Jim Bridger

text: James Felix "Jim" Bridger (March 17, 1804 – July 17, 1881) was an American mountain man, trapper, Army scout, and wilderness guide who explored and trapped in the Western United States in the first half of the 19th century. He was known as Old Gabe in his later years. He was from the Bridger family of Virginia, English immigrants who had been in North America since the early colonial period.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Bridger was part of the second generation of American mountain men and pathfinders who followed the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 and became well known for participating in numerous early expeditions into the western interior as well as mediating between Native American tribes and westward-migrating European-American settlers. By the end of his life, he had earned a reputation as one of the foremost frontiersmen in the American Old West. He was described as having a strong constitution that allowed him to survive the extreme conditions he encountered while exploring the Rocky Mountains from what would become southern Colorado to the Canadian border. He had conversational knowledge of French, Spanish, and several indigenous languages.


title: Jim Bridger

text: In 1830, Bridger and several associates purchased a fur company from Jedediah Smith and others, which they named the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.


title: Jim Bridger

text: James Felix Bridger was born on March 17, 1804, in Richmond, Virginia. His parents were James Bridger, an innkeeper in Richmond, and his wife Chloe. About 1812, the family moved near St. Louis at the eastern edge of America's vast new western frontier. At age 13, Bridger was orphaned; he had no formal education, was unable to read or write, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith. He was illiterate the whole of his life. On March 20, 1822, at age 18, he left his apprenticeship after responding to an advertisement in a St. Louis newspaper, the "Missouri Republican", and joined General William Henry Ashley's fur trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River. The party included Jedediah Smith and many others who would later become famous mountain men. For the next 20 years, he repeatedly traversed the continental interior between the Canada–U.S. border and the southern boundary of present-day Colorado, and from the Missouri River westward to Idaho and Utah, either as an employee of or a partner in the fur trade.


title: Jim Bridger

text: The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of Hugh Glass has been repeated by many. Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the Grand River in present-day Perkins County, South Dakota. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave. Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died. It is plausible that 'Bridges' was in fact Jim Bridger.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Bridger was among the first mountain men to explore the natural wonders of the Yellowstone region. In the fall of 1824, Bridger explored the Great Salt Lake region, reaching it by bull boat. He was one of the first European people to explore Yellowstone's springs and geysers. He also shared that the creek split in two, with one side going to the Pacific Ocean and the other side to the Atlantic Ocean. Bridger took a raft on the rapids at the Big Horn River; he was the only man known to have done this.


title: Jim Bridger

text: In 1843, Bridger and Louis Vasquez established Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River along the Oregon Trail.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Bridger had explored, trapped, hunted, and blazed new trails in the West since 1822 and later worked as a wilderness guide in these areas. He could reportedly assess any wagon train or group, their interests in travel, and give them expert advice on any and all aspects of heading West, over any and all trails, and to any destination the party had in mind if the leaders sought his advice. In 1846, the Donner Party came to Fort Bridger and were assured by Bridger and Vasquez that Lansford Hastings' proposed shortcut ahead was "a fine, level road, with plenty of water and grass, with the exception before stated (a forty-mile waterless stretch)." The 40-mile stretch was in fact 80 miles, and the "fine level road" was difficult enough to slow the Donner Party, who become trapped in the Sierra Nevada in the winter.


title: Jim Bridger

text: From 16 July 1857 until July 1858, Bridger was employed as a guide during the Utah War. In 1859, Bridger was paid to be the chief guide on the Yellowstone-bound Raynolds Expedition, led by Captain William F. Raynolds. Though unsuccessful in reaching Yellowstone, because of deep snow, the expedition explored Jackson Hole and Pierre's Hole. In 1861, Bridger was a guide for Edward L. Berthoud. From October 1863 until April 1864, Bridger was employed as a guide at Fort Laramie.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Bridger then served as a scout under Colonel Henry B. Carrington during Red Cloud's War. Bridger was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny during the Fetterman Fight, and the Wagon Box Fight. Bridger was discharged on 21 July 1868.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Suffering from goiter and rheumatism, Bridger returned to Missouri in 1868. He was unsuccessful in collecting back rent from the government for the lease on Fort Bridger. By 1875, he was blind.


title: Jim Bridger

text: In 1850, while guiding the Stansbury Expedition on its return from Utah, Bridger discovered what would eventually become known as Bridger Pass, an alternate overland route which bypassed South Pass and shortened the Oregon Trail by 61 miles. Bridger Pass, in what is now south-central Wyoming, would later become the chosen route across the Continental Divide, for the Overland Stage, Pony Express, the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Route, and Interstate 80.


title: Jim Bridger

text: In 1864, Bridger blazed the Bridger Trail, an alternative route from Wyoming to the gold fields of Montana that avoided the dangerous Bozeman Trail. In 1865, he served as Chief of Scouts during the Powder River Expedition.


title: Jim Bridger

text: In 1835, Bridger married a woman from the Flathead tribe, whom he named "Emma", with whom he had three children. After she died in 1846 from fever, he married the daughter of a Shoshone chief, who died in childbirth three years later. In 1850, he married Shoshone Chief Washakie's daughter Mary Washakie Bridger and they raised two children. Some of his children were sent back east to be educated. His firstborn Mary Ann, while being tutored, was captured by a band of Cayuse during the Whitman Massacre and died soon after being released. His son Felix, who fought with the Missouri Artillery, died of sickness on Bridger's farm. His daughter Josephine, who married Jim Baker, also died, leaving his daughter Virginia as his only living child. In 1867, while in his early sixties, his eyesight had already begun failing to the point where "he could not shoot very good." By the early 1870s, he was living under the care of his daughter Virginia and could no longer recognize people unless they spoke. Jim Bridger was totally blind by 1875.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Bridger is remembered as one of the most colorful and widely traveled mountain men of the era. In addition to his explorations and his service as a guide and adviser, he was known for his storytelling. His stories about the geysers at Yellowstone, for example, proved to be true. Others were grossly exaggerated or clearly intended to amuse: one of Bridger's stories involved a petrified forest in which there were "petrified birds" singing "petrified songs" (though he may have seen the petrified trees in the Tower Junction area of what is now Yellowstone National Park). Over the years, Bridger became so associated with telling tall tales that many stories invented by others were attributed to him.


title: Jim Bridger

text: Supposedly one of Bridger's favorite yarns to weave to greenhorns told of his pursuit by one hundred Cheyenne warriors. After being chased for several miles, Bridger found himself at the end of a box canyon, with the Indians bearing down on him. At this point, Bridger would go silent, prompting his listener to ask, "What happened then, Mr. Bridger?" Bridger would then reply, "They killed me."


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, also known as Professor Time, is a fictional character from the American animated television series "Phineas and Ferb". He was created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, and is voiced by Povenmire. He was originally depicted as an incompetent and forgetful evil scientist intent on conquering the "entire Tri-State Area" by creating obscure but nefarious inventions, despite not technically being a true villain; Doofenshmirtz is shown to have a good side on some occasions. By the end of the series, the character is redeemed, using his inventions for the good of the world and looking after his daughter Vanessa. Dr. Doofenshmirtz speaks with a caricature of a German accent and is from the fictional European country Drusselstein.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces, including a book series and a video game. He later made an appearance in the "Milo Murphy's Law" season one episode "Fungus Among Us". Following his house being destroyed in the second season premiere, he begins to live in the Murphys' house, and subsequently becomes a major supporting character throughout the rest of the series.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Doofenshmirtz in the show is a bumbling, dimwitted evil genius. His goal throughout most of the show is to take over the "entire tri-state area". He claims to be a doctor but actually purchased his doctorate online.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: A typical episode features Doofenshmirtz hatching an evil scheme or invention that he often links to a "back story" from his youth in the fictional village of Gimmelshtump, Drusselstein. Drusselstein is loosely based on countries in Western-Central Europe like Germany and Austria, evidenced by buildings with Fachwerkhäuser architecture, the citizens speaking German in grammatical form or how the food, dresses and carnivals are similar to that of Fasching or even Oktoberfest. As a child, his parents were abusive and neglectful to him in many ways, including forcing him to be a lawn gnome, forcing him to dress as a girl, favouring his brother Roger over him, and failing to attend his birth. Doofenshmirtz monologues often and displays acts of "cartoonish" physical violence towards Perry the Platypus. Often his inventions achieve a single successful shot before being destroyed. This shot usually serves to get rid of Phineas and Ferb's invention for that episode, preventing their sister, Candace, from "busting" them by showing their creations to their mother. According to his own life story, he was a bratwurst salesman, before being ruined by the hot dog industry; only then did he become an evil scientist.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: In "", a more intelligent and successful version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz (from an alternate reality) appears, with the regular Dr. Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character. The alternate Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel, "Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension".


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Despite nearly failing in almost all of his schemes, there are a few times when Doofenshmirtz actually succeeds. One example is in the episode "Candace Disconnected", where he builds a Pick 'Em Up-Inator to successfully pick up his daughter from her school and bring her home in a couple of seconds. Another time is in the , when he built an Otherdimension-Inator that involves traveling to alternate dimensions; this is done with help from Phineas and Ferb, much to Perry's distress. In the episode "Cranius Maximus", Doofenshmirtz builds a Key-Find-Inator to successfully steal the Key to the City, something which Perry failed to stop. Another example, which is perhaps the most famous, is in the 2014 special "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer", when Doofenshmirtz builds an -inator that uses the mass of the planet Jupiter to move the Earth away from the Sun into an early autumn. Despite being beaten by Perry with a mop, Doofenshmirtz manages to succeed in moving the Earth anyway, much to Perry's dismay. It also may have allowed him to briefly take over the Tri-State Area, as the change in weather caused civil unrest and allowed Doofenshmirtz and his fellow villains to take over City Hall.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: In the series finale "Last Day of Summer", Doofenshmirtz built an -inator that involves building a Tri-Governor's Mansion to Danville so that he can be elected as the first Tri-Governor of the Tri-State Area. Through a series of time loops (caused by his Do-Over-Inator, which was activated by Candace), Doofenshmirtz anticipates Perry's every move and defeats him in a series of traps before proceeding with his scheme, which became a complete success. He even took the opportunity to write up a law forbidding Perry and his agents from thwarting him until his term is over, which left Perry very depressed and admitting defeat. Despite succeeding in his lifelong goal, Doof learns that Vanessa wants to have an internship at O.W.C.A. and that his job as Tri-Governor is preventing her from joining the internship, leaving her depressed as well. Deciding that her happiness is more important than his evil ways, Doof decides to give them up, change for the better and allow Vanessa to have the internship. Following this, Doof also becomes a member of O.W.C.A.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz is a part of various running gags in "Phineas and Ferb". One is his redundant naming of inventions, which almost always end with the suffix "inator". Furthermore, Dr. Doofenshmirtz only recognizes the fedora-wearing version of Perry. During every introduction of Dr. Doofenshmirtz in the episodes, the audience (and sometimes the characters), hears the jingle of Doofenshmirtz, typically with the words "Doofenshmirtz Evil Incorporated", and is almost always sung by a quartet. Habitually, Doofenshmirtz's daily encounters with Perry follow a chain of events that routinely begins with a backstory told by Doofenshmirtz and ends with Doofenshmirtz yelling his catchphrase, "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!", with his failure often caused by the self-destruct buttons he installs on almost everything he owns. The residents of the town of Danville often mistake Doofenshmirtz for a pharmacist because he is always wearing a white lab coat. This theme was featured in a two-part 2014 Halloween episode entitled "Night of the Living Pharmacists".


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz makes a cameo appearance in the ending cliffhanger of the season finale of "Milo Murphy's Law", and becomes a regular character throughout the second season. In the episode "The Phineas and Ferb Effect", he and the other characters had a mission to stop the Pistachions. After all turns back to normal, the Murphy's Law causes Doofenshmirtz's building to collapse, leaving Doofenshmirtz to become Milo's houseguest, living ever since in the shed in the Murphys' garden.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Leaving his evil days behind, he often tries to be a good guy, but usually causing trouble, mainly with his Inators. After "Sick Day", when he discovers that the O.W.C.A. paid Perry to watch over him, Doofenshmirtz felt hurt, saying occasionally that he is angry with him, and losing his relationship with Perry, he searches for a new adventure buddy, bonding with Dakota in "Look At This Ship" after he too lost his partner Cavendish, and investigating his disappearance together ever since.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: In January 2013, Disney launched the webseries "Doof's Daily Dirt" on YouTube. In it, the character comments on various Internet memes and pop culture trends, usually long after the subject is no longer of interest or relevance. Subjects have included Facebook, internet scronyms, Lolcatz, bacon-infused products, Psy's "Gangnam Style", One Direction, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe", Honey Boo-Boo, the Kardashians and the Mayan apocalypse. The webisode series had an original run of 13 episodes and was renewed for a second season, but ultimately ended along with the end of the main series. Disney also started a Twitter account that posts frequently in the character's voice.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: The character also appeared in the season finale for the reality TV series "Shark Tank" to "pitch his latest invention".


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: When Jeff "Swampy" Marsh and Dan Povenmire worked on the Nickelodeon animated series "Rocko's Modern Life," they always included a song/musical number and an action/chase scene. They wanted to incorporate this trait in "Phineas and Ferb", and used a platypus secret agent, due to its interesting appearance and role as a continuous nemesis that viewers could become familiar with. "Dr. Meddleshmirtz," which later changed to Doofenshmirtz, was created in the same vein.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Every main character of the series was designed using the geometric shapes of Tex Avery's "Looney Tunes" graphic style in mind - Doofenshmirtz appears to be an oval. The simplicity of the drawings were intended to allow child viewers to copy them easily. Each one was designed to be recognizable from a distance or, as Povenmire notes as a reference to Matt Groening and "The Simpsons," by silhouette.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Co-creator and executive producer Dan Povenmire voices Doofenshmirtz. He describes the voice he uses as "Eastern European" and is one he used at the age of fifteen while having pillow fights with his five-year-old sister. To this day, his sister recognizes the voice and asks him to do it frequently. During recording sessions, Povenmire is easily able to ad-lib and improvise; the writers can change his lines without throwing him off. Povenmire sometimes even adds his own lines or alters his enunciation, and is usually asked to perform the voice in interviews.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: Despite a negative review of "Phineas and Ferb" on "Toon Zone", Maxie Zeus notes that Povenmire's performance as Doofenshmirtz is a strong point of the series. Zeus writes, "Dan Povenmire voices him with such energy, and with such perfect timing, that you'll laugh out loud even at the stuff that isn't even "supposed" to be funny." Zeus also says that the Doofenshmirtz subplot would have made a "fine bit of sketch writing" if trimmed down.


title: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz

text: In 2009, Josh Jackson, editor-in-chief for "Paste Magazine," wrote in a blog that "Phineas and Ferb" was "the best kids show on TV" and gave Doofenshmirtz a large amount of praise. Jackson calls his inventions "awesomely designated devices of pure evil" and his complex relationship with his nemesis Perry the Platypus as "pitch-perfect."


title: Mission: Impossible

text: Mission: Impossible is a multimedia franchise based on a fictional secret espionage agency known as the Impossible Missions Force (IMF). The ran for seven seasons and was for two seasons. It inspired a starring Tom Cruise beginning in 1996. By 2011, the franchise generated over $4 billion in revenue making "Mission: Impossible" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. As of 2022, the latest item released in the franchise was the action-drama "", which premiered in Paris, France on July 12, 2018.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: Hemlock Grove is an American horror streaming television series produced by Eli Roth and developed by Brian McGreevy and Lee Shipman. It is a production of Gaumont International Television. The series is based on McGreevy's 2012 novel of the same name. The series premiered on Netflix on April 19, 2013, with all 13 episodes made immediately available for online viewing.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The show examines the strange happenings in Hemlock Grove, a fictional town in Pennsylvania. Roman Godfrey, heir to the town's wealthy Godfrey family, befriends the town's newcomer, Peter Rumancek. Recent brutal murders in the town have stirred up rumors, and the two work together to shed light on the case while also hiding their own dark secrets.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: On June 19, 2013, Netflix renewed "Hemlock Grove" for a second season of 10 episodes, to air in 2014. On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online-only streaming television at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013. Three of its online original series—"Arrested Development", "Hemlock Grove", and "House of Cards"—earned nominations.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The second season premiered on July 11, 2014. On September 2, 2014, Netflix renewed it for a third and final 10-episode season, which premiered on October 23, 2015.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: Netflix announced on September 21, 2022 that all three seasons of "Hemlock Grove" will be removed from the service on October 22, 2022.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The series is set in the town of Hemlock Grove, Pennsylvania. The town is a mixture of extreme wealth and poverty, as the closing of the town's steel mill many years earlier caused many to lose their jobs. The town's main sources of employment are now the Godfrey Institute for Biomedical Technologies and Hemlock Acres Hospital. Heading the Institute—which is rumored to conduct sinister experiments on a daily basis—is the imposing Olivia Godfrey (Famke Janssen), while Hemlock Acres' lead psychiatrist is Olivia's dead husband's brother, Dr. Norman Godfrey (Dougray Scott).


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: As season one opens, the town's rumor mill turns even more twisted, as two teenage girls are brutally killed and their bodies left for unsuspecting people to find the next day. Peter Rumancek (Landon Liboiron) a 17-year-old Romani boy, is suspected of the crimes by some of the townsfolk; he is also rumored to be a werewolf. Secretly, he is, in fact, a werewolf, and, he sets out to solve the mystery of the murders along with the heir to the Godfrey estate, the troubled Roman Godfrey (Bill Skarsgård).


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: Rounding out the main cast of characters of the first season are Norman's daughter (and Roman's cousin), the beautiful Letha Godfrey (Penelope Mitchell) who claims the father of her unborn child is an angel from Heaven, and Christina Wendall (Freya Tingley), a lonely girl who becomes interested in Peter.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: For season two, two former supporting characters were promoted to the main cast of characters: Peter's con-artist older cousin Destiny (Tiio Horn), who makes her living as a psychic medium, and Dr. Johann Pryce (Joel de la Fuente), the lead scientist of the Godfrey Institute, a brilliant but ruthless man of science, gifted with super-strength. A cult has arisen that is bent on destroying the supernatural creatures in Hemlock Grove by any means necessary. To make matters worse, both Peter and Roman struggle with their nature, as Peter risks becoming the same killer from the first season and Roman, after his full immersion with his true nature in the first season, has developed an insatiable hunger to kill. As they fight their enemies and deal with their situations, they must also deal with the monsters they are becoming, or have already become.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: In December 2011, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Netflix and Gaumont International Television were finalizing a deal for a 13-episode series order for "Hemlock Grove". The project was officially announced in March 2012. Eli Roth serves as an executive producer and will direct the pilot, "Jellyfish In the Sky". Deran Sarafian, who signed on in mid-March as an executive producer/series director, directed six episodes.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: After McGreevy pushed for the series to be filmed in the Pittsburgh area, production was expected to start in early June 2012 and last until November. In mid May, Gaumont International Television pulled out of Pennsylvania in favor of production at the Cinespace Film Studios in Toronto. The move came about after Gaumont management had a misunderstanding on how the Pennsylvania Film Tax Credit program works. Filming began on July 13, 2012 in Port Perry, Ontario; a small town about 40 miles (63 km) northeast of Toronto that has been transformed to look like Hemlock Grove, the fictional Western Pennsylvania town the series is set in.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: Filming took place in Toronto at St Clair and Yonge at the Deer Park United Church and in Hamilton, Ontario at Hamilton Cemetery. Hemlock Grove High School was filmed at Ursula Franklin Academy/ Western Technical Commercial School in Toronto. It was also filmed in Oshawa at the Parkwood Estate; the opening scene of Season 1, Episode 1 is on Queen Street in Port Perry, Ontario.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: In March, Netflix announced that Famke Janssen and Bill Skarsgård would star in the series, Janssen as Olivia Godfrey and Skarsgård as her son, Roman Godfrey. In early April 2012, it was revealed that Peter Rumancek would be portrayed by Landon Liboiron. On April 4, Penelope Mitchell was cast as Roman's cousin, Letha Godfrey. Freya Tingley was cast as Christina Wendall on April 10. On April 12, Dougray Scott was announced as Dr. Norman Godfrey, Olivia's brother-in-law and Letha's father. On July 2, Lili Taylor was cast as Peter Rumancek's mother, and Kandyse McClure was cast as Dr. Chasseur. Aaron Douglas was cast as Sheriff Sworn on July 8. In late July 2012, Kaniehtiio Horn joined the cast as Destiny Rumancek.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The music for seasons 1 and 2 was composed by Nathan Barr. In October 2015, it was announced that Todd Haberman would join Barr to score season 3.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: After its opening weekend, Netflix announced that ""Hemlock Grove" was viewed by more members globally in its first weekend than "House of Cards"."


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The first season of "Hemlock Grove" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to Metacritic, with a score of 45 out of 100. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 26%, based on 34 reviews, and the average rating is 4.68/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Hemlock Grove" is an ugly, unpleasant affair that throws crazy ideas together without much forethought."


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: The second season received "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to Metacritic, with a score of 37 out of 100. Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 55%, based on 11 reviews, and the average rating is 5.29/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Hemlock Grove" jettisons some of its most grating qualities while doubling down on its splashy gore, making for a more engaging second season – but the series frustratingly remains a shoddy amalgamation of gothic tropes."


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" called "Hemlock Grove" "terrible", and Alison Willmore of IndieWire, "a mess". Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the series an F, calling it "a shockingly inane misstep, a ponderous mess." Dante D'Orazio of "The Verge" said the show was "universally panned" on account of its "poor acting, slow plot development, and ... style that's off-key." Patrick Smith of "The Daily Telegraph" said that "Hemlock Grove" was "corny and emphatically less profound than it thinks it is", giving it two out of five stars overall. James Poniewozik of "Time" listed the series as one of the worst ten things on television in 2013.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: On the other hand, David Hiltbrand of the "Philadelphia Inquirer" said that the show "manages to be lush, gross, frightening, and ridiculous--all at the same time." Tom Gliatto of "People Weekly" reviewed the series positively, with a score of 75 out of 100: "The acting is good, especially Bill Skarsgard and Landon Liboiron... I like the show's languid, dreamlike beauty, but horror fans may be less patient." Jessica Shaw of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the series a B+.


title: Hemlock Grove (TV series)

text: "Hemlock Grove" received two nominations for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, but lost to "Da Vinci's Demons" and "Game of Thrones", respectively.


title: David Perdue

text: David Alfred Perdue Jr. (; born December 10, 1949) is an American politician and business executive who served as a United States senator from Georgia from 2015 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, Perdue was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Georgia in 2022.


title: David Perdue

text: After 12 years as a management consultant, Perdue became the senior vice president for Reebok, eventually becoming CEO. He later joined PillowTex, a North Carolina textile company; the company went bankrupt and folded shortly after his departure in 2003. He subsequently became CEO of Dollar General.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue first ran for the U.S. Senate in 2014, defeating Democratic nominee Michelle Nunn, daughter of former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn. Perdue ran for reelection in 2020, losing to Democrat Jon Ossoff, a former investigative journalist and filmmaker, in a January 5, 2021, runoff election. After the November 2020 presidential election, Perdue called for the resignation of Georgia's top elections official and claimed that there were unspecified "failures" in the election. He later supported a lawsuit by Trump allies seeking to overturn the election results, and falsely claimed during his 2022 gubernatorial election campaign that his 2020 Senate election was "stolen."


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue was linked to the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal for allegations of STOCK Act violations. The basis was stocks he sold before the 2020 stock market crash allegedly using knowledge from a closed Senate meeting. The U.S. Department of Justice closed its inquiry in mid-2020 without bringing charges.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue sought the Republican nomination in the 2022 Georgia gubernatorial election against incumbent Brian Kemp, and was endorsed by former President Donald Trump. Perdue lost the primary to Kemp in a landslide.


title: David Perdue

text: David Perdue was born in Macon, Georgia, the son of David Alfred Perdue Sr., and the former Gervaise Wynn, both schoolteachers. His father, a Democrat, was the elected superintendent of schools for Houston County, Georgia, from 1961 to 1980, where he oversaw the desegregation of the school system.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue was raised in Warner Robins, Georgia, and graduated from Northside High School in 1968, where he was an excellent student, a varsity athlete, and class president. He went to college for one year at the United States Air Force Academy starting in June 1968, after receiving an appointment from Congressman Jack Brinkley of Georgia, but dropped out after earning low grades. In 1969 Perdue wrote to Congressman Brinkley that he wanted to quit the Air Force Academy writing, "I have made a mistake and I do not want this type of career.”


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue later transferred to Georgia Tech, where he earned a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering in 1972, and a master's degree in operations research in 1975.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue is the first cousin of former Governor of Georgia and former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue began his career in 1972 at Kurt Salmon Associates, an international consulting firm, where he worked for 12 years as a management consultant, leaving in 1984. From 1991 to 1992, Perdue was a managing director at international clothing company Gitano Group Inc. in Singapore. In 1992, Perdue took a position as senior vice president of Asia operations for Sara Lee Corporation. During his tenure, Perdue was involved in sourcing suppliers in China and Hong Kong while the company closed dozens of plants in the U.S., four of them in Georgia. Two years later, Perdue became senior vice president of operations at Haggar Clothing, increasing international production in lower-cost countries to 75 percent of the company's operations.


title: David Perdue

text: In 1998, Perdue joined Reebok as a senior vice president, eventually rising to president and CEO of the Reebok Brand. He is credited with rejuvenating its sneaker line. Perdue negotiated a contract with the National Football League that a former Reebok executive called "revolutionary" for repositioning the company's shoe brand.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue left Reebok in June 2002 to become the CEO of PillowTex, a North Carolina textile company. The company had recently emerged from bankruptcy with a heavy debt load and an underfunded pension liability. Unable to obtain additional funding from the company's investors or find a buyer for the company, he left the company in 2003 after nine months on the job and $1.7 million in compensation. An internal auditor noted that Perdue's long absences from its North Carolina Headquarters was "terrible for morale. We felt he'd given up." In July 2003, Pillowtex announced it would go out of business, leaving 7,650 workers out of work nationwide.


title: David Perdue

text: After leaving Pillowtex, Perdue became CEO of Dollar General. Before he joined the company, it had recently overstated profits by $100 million and paid $162 million to settle shareholder lawsuits. Perdue overhauled the company's inventory line and logistics network and updated its marketing strategy. After initially closing hundreds of stores, the company doubled its stock price and opened 2,600 new stores. During his four years as CEO, almost 2,500 individual employment cases were filed in federal court against the company, compared to 76 in the prior four years.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue is credited for arranging the sale of Dollar General in 2007 to private equity investors KKR. In 2007 and 2008, he received $42 million in compensation from Dollar General. After the sale to KKR, Dollar General faced shareholder lawsuits alleging that Perdue and other executives undersold shareholders; it paid $40 million to settle those lawsuits.


title: David Perdue

text: From 2007 to 2009, Perdue worked as a senior consultant for Indian chemical and textile conglomerate Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd. In July 2010, his cousin, then-governor Sonny Perdue, appointed him as a director of the Georgia Ports Authority. In April 2011, he started Perdue Partners, an Atlanta-based global trading firm, with his cousin, whose term had ended in January 2011, and two former state officials.


title: David Perdue

text: In December 2012, Perdue Partners acquired Benton Express, an Atlanta-based logistics company, and renamed it Benton Global. In February 2013, Benton Global began hauling cargo directly from the port, rather than contracting out for trucking services. Perdue left the ports board in mid-2013. Benton Global closed abruptly in 2015.


title: David Perdue

text: From 2010 to 2014, Perdue served on the board of directors of the data marketing firm Cardlytics. He acquired 75,000 shares in compensation for his board service. When Cardlytics became publicly owned, Perdue made $6 million from the shares.


title: David Perdue

text: "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" has described Perdue as having a "mixed" business record, but says that he was "known on Wall Street as a turnaround specialist who helps revive brands and reap rewards for investors." Most of his jobs involved outsourcing jobs overseas, and he said in a deposition, "I spent most of my career doing that."


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue touted his business experience, and particularly his experience at Dollar General, in running for political office as a Republican candidate. According to Perdue, "We added about 2,200 stores, created almost 20,000 jobs and doubled the value of that company in a very short period of time. Not because of me, but because we listened to our customers and employees." He was endorsed by the National Federation of Independent Business.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue's political opponents targeted his business career during the campaign, specifically for outsourcing work offshore. He said he was "proud of" finding lower-cost labor for some companies. Critics noted that he had contributed to a total of thousands of jobs lost following the final closure of Pillowtex, while Perdue left the company after nine months with a nearly $2 million buyout.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue's campaign paid a $30,000 fine due to violations in fundraising reports from the 2014 election. The penalty came after an FEC auditor found the 2014 campaign received at least $117,000 in prohibited contributions and more than $325,000 that exceeded legal limits on campaign donations. Perdue's campaign had raised nearly $14 million, setting records for funds raised in a Georgia Senate election.


title: David Perdue

text: The race was considered competitive. Perdue defeated Democratic nominee Michelle Nunn 52.89% to 45.21%.


title: David Perdue

text: In June 2016, at the Faith and Freedom Coalition's Road to Majority conference, Perdue said, "We should pray for Barack Obama. But I think we need to be very specific about how we pray. We should pray like Psalms 109:8 says. It says, 'Let his days be few, and let another have his office'". In a statement, Perdue's office clarified: "He in no way wishes harm to our president and everyone in the room understood that".


title: David Perdue

text: On October 13, 2018, Perdue visited the Georgia Tech campus to campaign for gubernatorial candidate Brian Kemp. During his visit, a Georgia Tech student approached Perdue and asked him a question about voter suppression. Perdue snatched away the student's phone, which was recording the exchange. The student filed civil suit, alleging unlawful battery.


title: David Perdue

text: With a net worth of $15.8 million, as calculated by "Roll Call" based on financial disclosures, Perdue was one of the wealthiest members of the Senate .


title: David Perdue

text: In 2019, Perdue wrote Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin a letter expressing concern that owners of professional sports teams could not take advantage of certain tax breaks. Sports team owners and their family members have donated over $425,000 to Perdue's political campaigns. Perdue requested Mnuchin change the regulation to benefit the owners, but Mnuchin made no change. Perdue's 2020 campaign attributed the request to Perdue's history of having a leadership position in a sportswear company such as Reebok.


title: David Perdue

text: In 2019, Perdue sold his Washington house for $1.8 million to a governor of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, which the Senate Banking Committee that Perdue sits on oversees and FINRA lobbies. According to one agent, the sale was about $140,000 above market price. The buyer disputed the agent's claim that Perdue received an "above market price" with an appraisal that determined that Perdue actually sold for slightly under market value. Also, a fifth expert stated that the price Perdue received was "squarely fair market value". And finally, Perdue used a real estate agent and had no interaction with the FIRA official, does not know the individual, and has never spoken to the individual.


title: David Perdue

text: During his time in office, Perdue was the Senate's most prolific trader of stocks, funds or shares, making almost one third of all trades among members, roughly equivalent to the combined sum of trades conducted by the second- to sixth-most active traders in the Senate. Many trades were in companies with interests in the committees Perdue sat on, including banks, cybersecurity firms, and defense firms. For example, as part of the Senate Banking Committee, he regularly traded in stock of the Regions Financial bank in 2017 and early 2018. During that period, Perdue co-sponsored a Senate bill that would reduce financial regulations on medium-sized banks such as Regions. His proposed deregulations became law in May 2018, and Region's stock had risen by 35% since Perdue bought its shares. Perdue's office maintains that all of his stock trading activities were conducted independently through his broker.


title: David Perdue

text: In January and February 2016, Perdue invested in Halyard stocks shortly before and after the Senate first held a hearing on the opioid epidemic in the United States. Halyard sold medical devices that could assist in providing alternatives to opioids. The stock was worth up to $150,000. Perdue sold the stock around seven months later, profiting between 33% to 54%. Perdue reiterated that his broker operated independently from him.


title: David Perdue

text: In February 2017, Perdue attempted to remove regulations the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had imposed on the prepaid debit card industry. The regulations were not removed, but they were scaled down, with Perdue taking credit in May 2017 for having solicited "significant concessions". From June 2017 to April 2019, he actively invested in card processor First Data, which held major interests and power in the prepaid debit card industry. "The Daily Beast" reported that Perdue's transactions of First Data stocks "coincided with both policy announcements affecting the company and a major merger that sent its stock price soaring." Perdue’s office said that the transactions were done by his financial advisers, and that they operated independently from him. His office also denied that he knew of the merger before it happened.


title: David Perdue

text: Shortly before becoming chairman of the Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower in January 2019, with jurisdiction over the Navy, Perdue bought $190,000 of stock in BWX Technologies, which builds nuclear power components for submarines. Later, Perdue secured almost $5 billion in the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act to build Virginia-class nuclear submarines built with BWX parts. He profited between $15,000 and $50,000 (according to his financial filings) when he sold the shares while writing the bill. His office reiterated that he was not personally involved in the stock-trading decisions.


title: David Perdue

text: On January 23, 2020, Perdue directed his financial advisers to sell over $1 million in stock of the finance firm Cardlytics weeks before its shares fell significantly. Two days before the sale, Cardlytics's CEO sent Perdue an email mentioning "upcoming changes", then later said he had sent the email to the wrong person. The Department of Justice investigated this incident, and concluded that Perdue had not engaged in insider trading. After Cardlytics' shares fell, he bought between $200,000 and $500,000 of their shares in March; these shares more than quadrupled their value by November 2020.


title: David Perdue

text: On January 24, 2020, Perdue bought around $65,000 of stock in DuPont, a company that makes personal protective equipment, on the same day as a private Senate briefing on the spread of COVID-19. Over the next few months, he bought and sold around $5.8 million and $5.6 million worth of stocks, respectively. Perdue bought up to $245,000 in stocks of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, and sold up to $165,000 in stocks of the casino Caesars Entertainment, which closed its doors during the pandemic. His stock-trading activity sharply increased in March 2020. In May 2020, after his portfolio was scrutinized, Perdue announced that his financial advisers would no longer buy and sell individual stocks. He was criticized for his stock-trading during the coronavirus pandemic, with allegations of insider trading. Perdue has said advisers made the trades without his influence.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue has asserted that the Senate Ethics Committee investigated the incident and in June 2020 privately concluded that it "did not find evidence that [Perdue's] actions violated federal law, Senate Rules, or standards of conduct". But as of December 2020, the Ethics Committee has not disclosed such an investigation.


title: David Perdue

text: In late March 2020, regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, Perdue urged the public to "follow the advice of public health officials: stay home if you are sick; wash your hands frequently with soap and water; keep a safe distance from others. If you are experiencing symptoms, call your health care provider right away." In May, June and July 2020, he called for Americans to wear masks to manage the outbreak. With regard to pandemic's effects, Perdue has assisted small businesses by joining the Paycheck Protection Program.


title: David Perdue

text: In May 2020, Perdue argued that the United States "had ordinary flu seasons with more deaths" than the COVID-19 outbreak in the country. At the time, there were over 80,000 deaths due to COVID-19 in the country, while the average deaths for flu over the previous 10 years was under 40,000 deaths per year, with 61,000 deaths in 2017–2018. As predicted by medical experts, COVID-19 is much deadlier than the flu, as the death toll in the United States rose above 240,000 within the year.


title: David Perdue

text: Also in May 2020, when medical experts criticized Georgia for ending lockdowns too early, Perdue declared support for the end of the lockdown: "We've got to get this economy open again. We're on the back side of the cycle." Georgia experienced a spike in COVID-19 cases in July and August 2020.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue has praised Trump's response to the pandemic. Asked why he criticized Obama for his response to the Ebola outbreak in 2014 (with four cases and two deaths in the country) but praised Trump's response to the coronavirus in 2020, he said, "It's a totally different situation." In September 2020, after the release of recordings from February and March in which Trump admitted he intentionally downplayed the severity of the coronavirus threat, Perdue said Trump was "trying to manage the psyche of the country" and to "look at what he did."


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue ran for reelection to the U.S. Senate in the 2020 election. During the campaign, he repeatedly made false claims that his Democratic opponent, Jon Ossoff, is "endorsed" by the Communist Party of the United States. Perdue also ran an ad in which Ossoff's nose was enlarged; the apparent use of an anti-Semitic trope was criticized as a dog-whistle reference to Ossoff's Jewish heritage. The ad featured Ossoff's image next to that of Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer, who is also Jewish, and said Democrats are trying to "buy Georgia," with a link to raise funds for Perdue's campaign. His campaign pulled the ad after receiving criticism, saying it was an "inadvertent error" and that his design firm had applied a filter that distorted the image.


title: David Perdue

text: In October 2020, Perdue mocked Democratic vice presidential nominee Kamala Harris by repeatedly mispronouncing her name during a campaign event. Perdue called Harris "Kah-mah-la or Kah-ma-la or Kamamboamamla". Some commentators noted that Perdue, who had been serving with Harris in the Senate since 2017, undoubtedly knows how to pronounce her name, and some said he deliberately pretended otherwise to appeal to a largely white audience. A spokesman for Perdue responded to the criticism, saying "Senator Perdue simply mispronounced Senator Harris's name, and he didn't mean anything by it."


title: David Perdue

text: During an October 28 debate, Ossoff accused Perdue of "downplaying the threat of the coronavirus pandemic" while simultaneously "buying stocks in health care companies and selling shares in travel-related industries". "The Hill" noted that video of the exchange was viewed nearly 10 million times in the following day. Perdue boycotted the final debate against Ossoff.


title: David Perdue

text: No candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the November 3 election, resulting in a January 2021 runoff between Perdue and Ossoff. After failing to get more than 50% of the vote in the November election, Perdue claimed without evidence that there had been "failures" in the election, and called for Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger's resignation. Raffensperger is a Republican for whom Perdue campaigned in the 2018 Georgia Secretary of State race. In December 2020, Perdue supported a lawsuit by Trump allies seeking to overturn the election results. On December 6, Perdue was absent from the Georgia Senate runoff debate against Ossoff. In January 2021, after an audio recording captured Trump pressuring Raffensperger to overturn Georgia's presidential election results and "find" enough votes for him to win, Perdue responded by criticizing Raffensperger for recording the conversation, while Perdue downplayed the significance of Trump pressuring Raffensperger.


title: David Perdue

text: On November 13, Perdue attended a packed campaign event in Cumming, Georgia, alongside Senators Rick Scott and Kelly Loeffler, both of whom later tested positive for COVID-19. On November 20, Perdue and Loeffler held a campaign event with Vice President Mike Pence in Canton, Georgia.


title: David Perdue

text: As of the start of December 2020, outside groups had spent $84.2 million supporting Perdue in the election, compared to $44.4 million supporting Ossoff. On December 31, Perdue and his wife announced they were quarantining after being exposed to the virus. Both tested negative the day before, and they said they were unsure how long the quarantine would last. On January 1, 2021, Perdue absented himself from the override of Trump's veto of the defense spending bill.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue's term expired on January 3, 2021, leaving the seat vacant pending the runoff's outcome. On January 5, Perdue lost the runoff and Ossoff was declared the winner. Perdue initially seemed reluctant to accept the outcome with his campaign sending out a message saying that once every legal vote was counted Perdue would win. However, Perdue did later acknowledge his defeat and concede to Ossoff, two days after the election.


title: David Perdue

text: In February 2021, Perdue filed paperwork to run against incumbent Democrat Raphael Warnock in the 2022 election. However, a few days later, he declined to enter the race.


title: David Perdue

text: Recruited and endorsed by former President Donald Trump, Perdue officially announced his challenge against Brian Kemp in the 2022 Georgia gubernatorial election Republican primary on December 6, 2021. That same month, Perdue said he would not have certified the 2020 elections if he had been governor at the time, and he filed a lawsuit that recycled false claims of fraud about the 2020 election. He also pledged to create a new separate police unit for investigating electoral fraud and electoral crimes and to abolish the state income tax. He faced criticism from Governor Kemp around his prior history of outsourcing jobs in the companies he has run. Perdue lost the May 24th primary election to incumbent Governor Kemp in a landslide, being defeated by over a 2:1 margin.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He had criticized the Environmental Protection Agency and supported Trump's appointment of Scott Pruitt as EPA administrator, saying in 2017, "Outside of eliminating the EPA altogether, Scott Pruitt is the next best thing." Perdue was one of 22 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump urging him to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement. As of 2020, Perdue lives in a private beachfront community that is building sea walls to combat sea level rise, a known effect of climate change.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue had been a close ally of Trump while in the Senate. Some of Perdue's only public criticism of Trump centered on tariffs. Perdue was initially reluctant to support Trump's proposed tariffs on foreign steel and aluminum, but came to support them.


title: David Perdue

text: On January 11, 2018, Perdue attended a meeting at the White House at which, according to people with direct knowledge of the conversation, Trump called Haiti, El Salvador and African countries "shithole nations" and said the United States should not take in immigrants from them. Perdue said he did not recall Trump making those statements. Three days later, on ABC's "This Week", Perdue changed his position, saying definitively that Trump "did not use that word", and that the accusation was "a gross misrepresentation". Three White House officials told "the Washington Post" that Perdue privately expressed belief that Trump had said "shithouse", not "shithole". On January 1, 2021, Perdue absented himself from the override of Trump's veto of the defense spending bill.


title: David Perdue

text: In December 2017, Perdue voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. He voted for the 2017 budget, which could add as much as $1.5 trillion to deficits over ten years, because he said the tax cuts could lead to more revenue due to the economic growth they would encourage.


title: David Perdue

text: In September 2018, Perdue was one of six Republican senators (along with Jeff Flake, Mike Lee, Rand Paul, Ben Sasse, and Pat Toomey), as well as Bernie Sanders, who voted against a $854 billion spending bill for the Defense, Health and Human Services, Labor and Education departments, meant to avoid a government shutdown.


title: David Perdue

text: Purdue opposed a proposed Rivian electric vehicle factory near Atlanta, criticizing the company during the 2022 primaries as a "George Soros-owned woke corporation" that is "seemingly inconsistent with Georgia values" (citing COVID-19 vaccine mandates, and diversity and inclusion policies), and a package of $1.5 billion in taxpayer incentives he claimed were the "worst deal" he had ever seen.


title: David Perdue

text: In March 2017, Perdue co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act, a bill that would make it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government.


title: David Perdue

text: In April 2018, Perdue signed a letter asking the Trump administration to respond to revelations that North Korea was supplying some components of chemical weapons in Syria.


title: David Perdue

text: In November 2019, at the White House’s request, Perdue blocked a vote on recognizing the Armenian genocide.


title: David Perdue

text: In January 2020, Perdue expressed support for the US military's assassination of Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani by drone strike at the Baghdad International Airport.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and voted to repeal it. In 2017, he supported replacing Obamacare with the Better Care Reconciliation Act. The Congressional Budget Office projected that 22 million fewer Americans would be insured by 2026 with this bill than if Obamacare remained. The Urban Institute projected that the Better Care Reconciliation Act would have resulted in 376,000 more Georgians lacking health insurance. Ultimately, no measure to replace Obamacare in 2017 succeeded.


title: David Perdue

text: During his 2020 reelection campaign, Perdue said he "always believed in protections for Americans with preexisting conditions", and that "health insurance should always cover preexisting conditions. For anyone." "PolitiFact" rated this claim "false", noting Perdue's opposition to Obamacare and support of policies that would allow insurers not to cover all preexisting conditions. Perdue co-sponsored the PROTECT Act (which was not voted on in the Senate), which would have allowed insurers to refuse coverage if they "will not have the capacity to deliver services adequately." In 2018, Perdue also supported longer extensions for short-term health insurance plans, which can exclude coverage for preexisting conditions. A spokesperson for Perdue said that "PolitiFact" "cherry-picked select information to draw a misleading conclusion".


title: David Perdue

text: In 2017, Perdue and Tom Cotton co-sponsored the RAISE Act, an immigration reductionist proposal that would cut legal immigration to the United States by 50% over 10 years, restrict the family reunification part of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, eliminate the diversity visa lottery, and create a points-based immigration system that would favor skilled immigrants.


title: David Perdue

text: In June 2019, Perdue supported Trump's decision to place tariffs on Mexico unless illegal immigration from Mexico stopped. Perdue said, "He has to use a hammer. We're being invaded right now."


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue opposed the Common Core plan, which Georgia Republican leaders adopted in 2010, and then turned against. Perdue said he supported "the original intent" of Common Core but took issue with "the details" and "how it's going to be administered," saying "Common Core has become overreaching and should be abandoned."


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue opposed same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional in 2015, he co-sponsored legislation to allow federal contractors and employees to oppose same-sex marriage on the grounds of moral or religious convictions.


title: David Perdue

text: Perdue married Bonnie Dunn in August 1972. The couple lives in Sea Island, Georgia. They had a daughter who died in infancy and two sons, David A. Perdue III and Blake Perdue, as well as three grandchildren.


title: Chi Cheng (musician)

text: Chi Ling Dai Cheng (July 15, 1970 – April 13, 2013) was an American musician and poet, best known as the bassist and backing vocalist for the American alternative metal band Deftones. He joined the band in 1990, and stayed with them until his career ended in 2008, when he was involved in a serious automobile crash in Santa Clara, California. After the crash, he remained in a semi-comatose state before dying of cardiac arrest in April 2013. After Cheng's hospitalization, a friend of the band, Sergio Vega, became the band's full-time bassist until 2022, having previously filled in for Cheng.