title: Iqra Aziz

text: In 2016 she was seen in a leading role in "Socha Na Tha" and "Deewana." In the later"," she played the character of Mehar Sultana (Mehru) who befriends the mischievous but loving Jinn Falak (Shehroz Sabzwari) and eventually falls in love with him. Aziz subsequently did a supporting role of Marina Zaman in Ahmed Bhatti's directorial "Kisay Chahoon" and a parallel lead role of Mannat Chaudhary in "Laaj". Her on-screen chemistry with Shehzad Sheikh in "Choti Si Zindagi" was praised and both received a nomination for Best Onscreen Couple. The series also garnered her a nomination for Best Actress at Hum Awards.


title: Iqra Aziz

text: Aziz then starred in "Gustakh Ishq" opposite Zahid Ahmed and did a guest appearance in 2017 series "Dil-e-Jaanam". She appeared in "Ghairat" (series based on Honour Killing) along with Syed Jibran and Muneeb Butt and in romantic drama "Khamoshi" opposite Zara Noor Abbas, Affan Waheed and Bilal Khan. The later of which was a critically and commercial hit. In "Khamoshi", Aziz played the character of Naeema, an arrogant, greedy and career-driven girl. Her role as antagonist was praised. A reviewer from "Mangobaaz" wrote, "The way she has portrayed Naeema’s character so well that you can’t help but hate her". Aziz walked the ramp for designer Aisha Farid's collection Crystalline on Hum TV's Bridal Couture Week. In early January 2018, she wrapped up the shooting of an Urdu music video "O Jaana" with Hamza Malik and Rahat Fateh Ali Khan which was released in July 2018. and did a special appearance in Asim Azhar's music video "Jo Tu Na Mila".


title: Iqra Aziz

text: The following year, Aziz collaborated with Shehzad Sheikh for the second time, (alongside Bilal Abbas Khan and Omair Rana) in Idream Entertainment's "Qurban". She appeared as Heer, a bubbly and bright girl hailing from a rich household and was seen in a love triangle opposite Sheikh and Khan. She portrayed the role of Ajiya Nazakat (Jiya) in "Suno Chanda" which was a finite series during Ramadan 2018. She was paired opposite Farhan Saeed. Aziz and Saeed were praised for their on-screen chemistry. The series received mix reviews and earned her a nomination for Best Television Actress at Lux Style Awards. In an interview, Aziz said that she was overwhelmed and was not expect the series to be the massive hit. She played the role of Tabeer in Hum TV's "Tabeer". Ahmed Sarym of "The Express Tribune" states, "At such a young age, Aziz has already proven her mettle through a wide range of characters from the exuberant Jiya to a vampish Naeema in Khamoshi and the titular character of Tabeer".


title: Iqra Aziz

text: She then appeared in Faiza Iftikhar's "Ranjha Ranjha Kardi." Her role as Noori belongs to the lower cast of Untouchables was praised by critics. Buraq Shabbir of "The News International" stated, "Popularly known as the feisty Jia from Suno Chanda and now the equally fiery Noori in Ranjha Ranjha Kardi, has spark". Her other projects included the second season of "Suno Chanda" which is an Ahson Talish directorial and produced by MD Productions. It aired in 2019 on Hum TV.


title: Iqra Aziz

text: Iqra has also appeared as a guest in serials and talkshows. Her first guest appearance was in "Jago Pakistan Jago" in 2015. In 2018 she appeared as a Guest in "The After Moon Show" a comedy-talkshow and "Tonite with HSY". In May 2018, Aziz became a victim of news after breaching contract with the Citrus talent. Fahad Hussain, Head of Citrus Talent states, Aziz breached an agreement that states the latter has to solely work in projects approved by the talent agency. She has, however signed contract and deal with another PR agency, despite being reminded of the first contract. In response Aziz denies the allegations saying, "Fahad never provided her with a copy of the agreement that she breached and used to delay her rightful payments for many months". Later the dispute was solved by their lawyers on which both said,


title: Iqra Aziz

text: In September 2018, she won the Most Stylish TV actor Award at the Hum TV Style Awards. She also performed on Hum Style Awards along with Farhan Saeed. She serves as an ambassador for a number of brands such as 7up, Nestle, Cadbury, and National Foods. In November 2018 she paired with model Hasnain Lehri to launch OPPO's A7 in Pakistan. She was also the brand ambassador for the same. She was named in the Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women List by "Eastern Eye" and most searched people of Google Pakistan in 2018. After the success of "Ranjha Ranjha Kardi" and "Suno Chanda", she was cited by The News International as playing an inspirational female character on Pakistani television. In July 2019, controversy arose after few pictures of Iqra's vacation in Thailand circa 2018 wherein she was dressed in beach-styled minimal clothing. The photos garnered negative reaction on social media and her sister, Sidra Aziz, took to Twitter to express her discomfort over the negative comments.


title: Iqra Aziz

text: On 7 July 2019, at the 18th Lux Style Awards, Aziz became engaged to Yasir Hussain publicly. On 28 December 2019, she married Yasir Hussain. In July 2021, Aziz gave birth to their son.


title: Rutracker.org

text: Rutracker.org (torrents.ru until 2010) is the biggest Russian BitTorrent tracker. As of March 2022, it had 13.74 million registered users, 2.141 million of torrents (1.975 million of them were active), and the total volume of all torrents were 4.653 Petabytes.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra University is a private university in Hempstead, New York. It is Long Island's largest private university. Hofstra originated in 1935 as an extension of New York University (NYU) under the name Nassau College – Hofstra Memorial of New York University. It became an independent Hofstra College in 1939 and gained university status in 1963. Comprising ten schools, including the Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Deane School of Law, Hofstra has hosted a series of prominent presidential conferences and several United States presidential debates.


title: Hofstra University

text: The college was founded in 1935 on the estate of namesake William S. Hofstra (1861–1932), a lumber entrepreneur of Dutch ancestry, and his second wife Kate Mason (1854–1933). It began as an extension of New York University (NYU) under the name Nassau College – Hofstra Memorial of New York University. It became the fourth and most recent American college or university named after a Dutch American, and the only one that occurred in the 20th century.


title: Hofstra University

text: The extension had been proposed by a Hempstead resident, Truesdel Peck Calkins, who had been superintendent of schools for Hempstead. In her will, Kate Mason provided the bulk of their property and estate to be used for a charitable, scientific or humanitarian purpose, to be named in honor of her husband. In the spring of 1934, the estate was offered to be converted into a sanitarium for those suffering with polio by the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, specifically offering to President Franklin Roosevelt, but nothing had materialized from it. Two friends, Howard Brower and James Barnard, were asked to decide what to do with the estate. Calkins remarked to Brower that he had been looking for a site to start an institution of higher education, and the three men agreed it would be an appropriate use of the estate. Calkins approached the administration at New York University, and they expressed interest.


title: Hofstra University

text: The college was founded as a coeducational, commuter institution with day and evening classes. The first day of classes at Nassau-Hofstra Memorial College was September 23, 1935, with 150 students enrolled and an equal divide between men and women. The first class of students was made up of 159 day and 621 evening students. The tuition fee for the year was $375. The college obtained provisional charter status, and its official name was changed to Hofstra College on January 16, 1937.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra College separated from New York University on July 1, 1939, and was granted an absolute charter on February 16, 1940.


title: Hofstra University

text: In 1939, Hofstra celebrated its first four-year commencement, graduating a class of 83 students. The first graduates had strong feelings for the new institution. When they were allowed to choose whether they would receive degrees from New York University or Hofstra, they overwhelmingly chose Hofstra degrees. Academic recognition of Hofstra was affirmed when the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools accepted Hofstra for membership on November 22, 1940. Early in 1941 the college was elected to membership in the American Association of Colleges.


title: Hofstra University

text: In 1950, Calkins Gymnasium was the site of the first Shakespeare Festival. It was performed on a five-sixths-sized replica of the Globe Theatre. The festival is now performed on the Globe Stage, the most accurate Globe Theatre replica in the United States.


title: Hofstra University

text: With the approval of the New York State Board of Regents, Hofstra became Long Island's first private university on March 1, 1963, thus becoming Hofstra University. Also in that year, the Board of Trustees resolved to make Hofstra architecturally barrier-free for individuals with physical disabilities, stating that all students should have access to higher education. This later became federal law, and Hofstra was subsequently recognized as a pioneer. Other forward-thinking programs and events followed, including the New Opportunities at Hofstra (NOAH) program, which was established the following year. NOAH is Hofstra's Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program.


title: Hofstra University

text: In 1963, Mitchel Air Force Base was closed by the military and declared surplus property. The university asked for part of the area to be used for educational purposes, and was subsequently granted . Remnants of the concrete runways from the Air Force base are now parking lots for Hofstra's North Campus. The Hofstra University Museum was also established that year.


title: Hofstra University

text: In 1968, a three-bank Aeolian pipe organ was donated to Hofstra by John T. Ricks and Jane Ricks King, in the name of their late parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Ricks. The organ was originally located in the former Ricks estate, Chanticlare, in Flower Hill, New York. Jesse Ricks was the former president and chairman of Union Carbide, and Mrs. Ricks was a volunteer church organist who often held organ performances at the estate for friends on Sundays. The organ was scheduled to be installed in the Hofstra Playhouse the following fall, and enabled organ music majors at Hofstra to practice on-campus - as opposed to at the nearby Episcopal Cathedral of the Incarnation.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra Stadium served as the site of the first-ever NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship game in 1971.


title: Hofstra University

text: The university reorganized its divisions into “schools” in the 1960s. Hofstra was authorized by the Board of Regents to offer its first doctoral degrees in 1966. In 1968, the Hofstra Stadium became the first to install Astroturf outdoors in the East, and the New York Jets began holding their summer training camp to the North Campus, until 2008, when the Jets moved to Florham Park, New Jersey.


title: Hofstra University

text: The university's founder, William S. Hofstra, was proud of his Dutch roots and that is reflected throughout Hofstra University's campus.


title: Hofstra University

text: It is one of three major American universities named after Dutch Americans, after Rutgers University for Henry Rutgers and Vanderbilt University for Cornelius Vanderbilt.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra's original logo was a seal created by Professor of Art Constant van de Wall in 1937. The insignia was derived from the official seal of the reigning house of the Netherlands, the House of Orange-Nassau. Used with the permission of the monarch of the Netherlands, the seal also included the Dutch national motto "Je Maintiendrai", meaning “I stand steadfast” (literally “I shall maintain”) in French.Hofstra's flag is modeled after the Netherlands' Prince's Flag, and its orange, white and blue pattern was altered to feature the school's colors of gold and navy blue. In 1939, the Dutch ambassador to the United States left behind a flag of the Netherlands before he returned to his country for World War II, which influenced Hofstra's school colors, university seal and coat of arms.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra also pays homage to its Dutch heritage with a miniature windmill structure near the admissions building and the planting of thousands of tulips in the springtime. In 1985, the commissioner to the Queen of the Netherlands presented the university with the Hofstra University Tulip, a flower hybrid named after the school. It is a focal point of Hofstra's annual springtime Dutch Festival.


title: Hofstra University

text: An on-campus housing complex is known as "the Netherlands" and features residence halls named after Dutch cities, including Delft, Groningen, Hague, Leiden, Rotterdam, Tilburg, Utrecht, Breukelen and Amsterdam.


title: Hofstra University

text: The Arboretum and Bird Sanctuary at Hofstra University has a collection of diverse trees and reflecting its Dutch origin, and displays an array of rare and colorful tulips in the Spring.


title: Hofstra University

text: The campus has approximately 117 buildings on . The part of the campus located south of Hempstead Turnpike (NY Route 24) and west of California Avenue is located in the Village of Hempstead. The part of the campus north of Hempstead Turnpike and east of California Avenue is located in Uniondale and East Garden City. Hofstra also offers an MBA program as well as other classes in New York City from a center in Manhattan. The campus is roughly from the Borough of Queens in New York City, and you can see the entire New York City skyline from the 10th floor of the library.


title: Hofstra University

text: The campus is located across the street from the "Nassau Hub" and Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, former home of the New York Islanders, Long Island Nets, New York Riptide, and New York Open.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra University is accredited in 28 academic areas and 32 total areas. Hofstra University offers 160 undergraduate and 170 graduate program options.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra was ranked tied for 160th among national universities and named the 92nd 'best value school' by "U.S. News & World Report" for 2020, with its undergraduate engineering program ranked tied for 33rd among schools where doctorates are not offered. "U.S. News" also rated the part-time MBA program tied for 154th and the graduate programs in education as 133rd, among others.


title: Hofstra University

text: The Hofstra University Honors College, whose admissions policy is more selective than that of the university as a whole, offers rigorous educational opportunities for high-achieving students. The School for University Studies provides a program for students whose abilities are not reflected in standardized test scores; while New Opportunities at Hofstra (NOAH) is designed for students whose educational progress to date has been restricted by limited educational opportunities or economic status.


title: Hofstra University

text: In the fall of 2011, the university welcomed the first class of students in its new Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine. In 2012, it established its School of Engineering and Applied Science, featuring programs that partner with regional industry leaders, and its School of Health Sciences and Human Services, housing a new master of public health program. In August 2017, after a $61 million donation to the school, it was renamed the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell.


title: Hofstra University

text: The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell was ranked No. 55 in primary care and No. 71 in research, according to U.S. News & World Report, despite only being 2 years since its first class graduated.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra University hosted the third and final (between Barack Obama and John McCain) on October 15, 2008. The debate, the first presidential debate in New York since the 1960 debate between John F. Kennedy and then Vice-president Richard M. Nixon, focused on economic policy and domestic issues. It is remembered for McCain's introduction and frequent references to "Joe the Plumber".


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra's successful bid to host this presidential debate in 2008 provided the springboard for a broad, campus-wide program called "Educate '08," featuring a year of free lectures, conferences and other events about politics and public policy. The program featured national media and political figures as guest speakers, including George Stephanopoulos, Maureen Dowd, Ari Fleischer, James Carville and Mary Matalin. "Educate '08" gave way to "Define '09", a program which brought to campus various speakers to examine the impact of the historic election of the nation's first African-American president and the policy challenges facing the Obama Administration.


title: Hofstra University

text: In September 2009, Hofstra University President Stuart Rabinowitz announced the appointment of two senior presidential fellows at the university's Peter S. Kalikow Center for the Study of the American Presidency: Republican strategist and former presidential advisor Edward J. Rollins and former Vermont governor, presidential candidate and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean. In October 2011, the Commission on Presidential Debates announced it had chosen Hofstra for its second on October 16, 2012, the "town hall" debate (between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney). Hofstra University hosted the first 2016 presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton on September 26, 2016.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra University teams were nicknamed the Flying Dutchmen from 1935 until 2001. The school's official team name became "The Pride" in 2001, referring to a pair of lions which became the school's athletic mascots in the late 1980s. The Pride nickname evolved from the Hofstra Pride on- and off-campus image campaign that began in 1987, during the university's dramatic recovery and growth. This followed a financial crisis in the 1970s that forced the layoff of more than 100 employees. In 1977 Hofstra wrestler Nick Gallo won the 126 lb weight class at the NCAA National Championship and was a member of the 1976 and 1980 U.S. Olympic Freestyle Wrestling teams, he was also given the title "Most Outstanding Wrestler" in the 1977 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships. The school's revival was credited in large part to the man who led the university from 1976 to 2001—educator, government official and former Hofstra football star Dr. James M. Shuart. Hofstra Stadium, the school's main outdoor athletic facility, has been named James M. Shuart Stadium since 2002.


title: Hofstra University

text: Prior to 2008, the New York Jets held summer training camp at their on-campus headquarters before moving to their new headquarters in Florham Park, New Jersey. The area has since been used for the construction of the medical school building, which was completed in 2015.


title: Hofstra University

text: On December 3, 2009, the university announced it was terminating the football program. Under NCAA rules, any football players who chose to transfer to other schools were eligible to play immediately, and not subjected to normal residency waiting periods. Scholarship-holders who wished to stay at Hofstra were permitted to keep their scholarships. Funds previously used for the football program went into the creation of the medical school, and enhancing a variety of programs, including hard sciences and engineering.


title: Hofstra University

text: Hofstra Stadium was home to the New York Lizards, a professional lacrosse team in the Major League Lacrosse (MLL) that played prior to the merger with Premier Lacrosse League in 2020.


title: Hofstra University

text: On February 26, 2011, Hofstra Senior Day, the university retired the basketball jersey number 22 to honor senior Charles Jenkins before the end of the season. Jenkins, the school's all-time leading scorer, ranked fifth in the nation at 23.3 points per game last season () and was the front-runner to win Colonial Athletic Association Player of the Year honors. "I think it's very rare," head coach Mo Cassara said by phone to reporter Jeff Eisenberg. "We have 25 other athletes that have had their numbers retired here at Hofstra, but none of them have ever been retired while they were still here at their last games. He's been such an integral part of this university on so many levels that we thought that was the highest honor we could give him." No other Hofstra athlete in any sport has received the same honor.


title: Hofstra University

text: The Hofstra University Pride Wrestling team competes in the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, as wrestling is not supported by the Colonial Athletic Association.


title: Hofstra University

text: "The Hofstra Chronicle" is the only student newspaper at Hofstra University. Established in 1935 and supported by the student activity fee and advertising, it is published in tabloid format every Tuesday evening each semester, with additional content available online.


title: Hofstra University

text: The university operates Long Island's oldest public radio station, WRHU-FM (88.7). The non-commercial station was founded in 1950 as WHCH, a campus-limited station, and received its broadcast license on June 9, 1959, using the call letters WVHC. The station became WRHU (for Radio Hofstra University) in 1983. WRHU currently serves as the radio home of the Long Island Nets and New York Islanders, producing over 675 NHL broadcasts since 2010. It is the only student-run radio station to receive four Marconi Awards from the National Association of Broadcasters.


title: Soy boy

text: Soy boy is a pejorative term sometimes used in online communities to describe men perceived to be lacking masculine characteristics. The term bears many similarities and has been compared to the slang terms "cuck" (derived from cuckold), "nu-male" and "low-T" ("low testosterone") terms sometimes used as an insult for male femininity by online communities.


title: Soy boy

text: The term is based on the presence of the phytoestrogen isoflavone in soybeans, which has led some to claim that soy products feminize men who consume them, although there is no correlation between consumption of soy phytoestrogens and testosterone or estrogen levels or sperm quality.


title: Soy boy

text: Soy products contain high amounts of phytoestrogens. As they are structurally similar to estradiol (the major female sex hormone) and have activity at the estrogen receptor, concerns have been raised that it may act as an endocrine disruptor that adversely affects health. While there is some evidence that phytoestrogens may affect male fertility, "further investigation is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn". Several review studies have not found any effect of phytoestrogens on sperm quality or reproductive hormone levels.


title: Soy boy

text: The term is often used as an epithet by internet trolls. It is often targeted at perceived social justice warriors, vegans, liberals, and similar groups. The term has also been used in online debates about the fashion appeal of cargo shorts.


title: Soy boy

text: Soy boys are often depicted as feminized and unathletic, with glasses and a poorly-groomed beard, and having a characteristic open-mouthed smile called a "soy face" or "soylent grin."


title: Soy boy

text: After in September 2020, UFC fighter Colby Covington made disparaging reference to Nate Diaz's "soy boy diet"; Diaz is a vegan.


title: Ron Glass

text: Ronald Earle Glass (July 10, 1945 – November 25, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as literary Det. Ron Harris in the television sitcom "Barney Miller" (1975–1982), and as the spiritual shepherd, Shepherd Book, in the science fiction series "Firefly" (2002) and its sequel film "Serenity" (2005).


title: Ron Glass

text: After graduating from St. Francis Seminary in 1964, Glass attended the University of Evansville, where he received a Bachelor of Arts, double majoring in drama and literature. Years later, the university awarded him its Medal of Honor. Glass said in 2007 he knew while he was in college that he wanted to act. With a teacher's encouragement, he performed in a play and went on to an acting career.


title: Ron Glass

text: Glass made his stage debut at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, before moving to Hollywood. His earliest TV appearances include episodes of "Sanford and Son" in 1972, an episode of "Hawaii Five-O" in 1973, an episode of "Maude" in 1973, an episode of "All in the Family" in 1973, an episode of "The Bob Newhart Show", and episodes of "Good Times" in 1974. In 1975, he landed the role of Det. Ron Harris in "Barney Miller", which ran until 1982.


title: Ron Glass

text: The following season, Glass co-starred with Demond Wilson on television in a remake of "The Odd Couple", called "The New Odd Couple". On December 13, 1985, he played a soul-collecting devil opposite Sherman Hemsley's mathematics professor in an episode of the revived "Twilight Zone" series. In 1992, he co-starred in the sitcom "Rhythm and Blues", a kind of "black "WKRP", playing "the fifth Top" opposite Roger Kabler.


title: Ron Glass

text: In 1996, Glass was cast as uptight history teacher Roland Felcher in NBC sitcom "Mr. Rhodes" opposite comedian Tom Rhodes. In 1999, he appeared in two episodes of NBC sitcom "Friends" as Ross Geller's divorce lawyer, Russell.


title: Ron Glass

text: After that, Glass appeared in dozens of television series, including sitcoms such as "Family Matters" and the series "Teen Angel", where he played God's cousin Rod. He had a guest appearance in the "" episode "". He was a series regular in the science fiction series "Firefly" (2002) and the sequel film "Serenity" (2005), in which he played Derrial Book, a Christian "Shepherd" with a mysterious past. Glass provided the voice of Randy Carmichael for the Nickelodeon series "All Grown Up!" and "Rugrats", and the character Garth in the video game "Fable II". In 2008 he appeared in the film "Lakeview Terrace" alongside Samuel L. Jackson and starred in the 2010 version of "Death at a Funeral" as Duncan.


title: Ron Glass

text: Glass never married, was a devout Buddhist, and a member of Soka Gakkai International. He died of respiratory failure on November 25, 2016, at the age of 71. He is interred at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.


title: Frederic Forrest

text: Frederic Fenimore Forrest Jr. (born December 23, 1936) is an American actor. Forrest came to public attention for his performance in "When the Legends Die" (1972), which earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. He went on to receive Academy and Golden Globe Award nominations in the Best Supporting Actor category for his portrayal of Huston Dyer in musical drama "The Rose" (1979).


title: Frederic Forrest

text: Forrest portrayed Jay "Chef" Hicks in Francis Ford Coppola's epic war film "Apocalypse Now" (1979), and collaborated with Coppola on four other films: "The Conversation" (1974), "One from the Heart" (1982), "Hammett" (1982) and "" (1988). Other credits include "The Missouri Breaks" (1976), "The Two Jakes" (1990) and "Falling Down" (1993), along with the television series "21 Jump Street", "Lonesome Dove" and "Die Kinder".


title: Frederic Forrest

text: Forrest was born in Waxahachie, Texas, the son of Virginia Allie (née McSpadden) and Frederic Fenimore Forrest, a furniture store owner whose greenhouses provided plants for sale in retail stores.


title: Frederic Forrest

text: In 1966, Forrest began acting on stage in an off-Broadway production of "Viet Rock". His film debut was in "When the Legends Die" (1973).


title: Frederic Forrest

text: Forrest is known for his roles as Chef in "Apocalypse Now", the neo-Nazi surplus store owner in "Falling Down", and Dashiell Hammett in "Hammett" (1982) and "Citizen Cohn" (1992). He had a role as the Native American bandit Blue Duck in the 1989 miniseries, "Lonesome Dove". He was Academy Award-nominated in the Supporting Actor category for his role in "The Rose". He was married to Marilu Henner from 1980 to 1982.


title: Frederic Forrest

text: He also appeared in "Valley Girl", "The Two Jakes", "The Stone Boy", "The Missouri Breaks", "The Deliberate Stranger" (TV), "Promise Him Anything" (TV) and horror maestro Dario Argento's first American film, "Trauma".


title: Frederic Forrest

text: On television, he played Captain Richard Jenko on the first season of the Fox Television series "21 Jump Street", in 1987. Forrest was subsequently replaced by actor Steven Williams, who played Captain Adam Fuller for the remainder of the series. In 1990, he appeared as private investigator Lomax in the BBC miniseries "Die Kinder". He played Sgt. McSpadden in the Civil War-themed movie "Andersonville" and real-life U.S. Army General Earle Wheeler in 2002's "Path to War", the final film of director John Frankenheimer.


title: Proselytism

text: Proselytism () is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs. Proselytism is illegal in some countries.


title: Proselytism

text: Some draw distinctions between "evangelism" or "Da‘wah" and proselytism regarding proselytism as involuntary or coerced but it can also be understood to merely be a synonym.


title: Proselytism

text: The English-language word "proselytize" derives from the Greek language prefix (, "toward") and the verb (, "I come") in the form of (, "newcomer"). Historically, in the Koine Greek Septuagint and New Testament, the word "proselyte" denoted a Gentile who was considering conversion to Judaism. Although the word "proselytism" originally referred to converting to Judaism (and earlier related to Gentiles such as God-fearers), it now implies an attempt of any religion or religious individuals to convert people to their belief.


title: Proselytism

text: Arthur J. Serratelli, the Catholic Bishop of Paterson, New Jersey, observed that the meaning of the word "proselytism" has changed over time.


title: Proselytism

text: [O]riginally, the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament passed the word 'proselyte' into modern languages with a neutral meaning. It simply meant a convert, someone who changed his or her opinion or religion. And, proselytism meant the attempt to persuade someone to make such a change. But, today proselytism is almost universally seen as a sinister activity when it comes to religious beliefs.


title: Proselytism

text: The World Council of Churches has indicated that, when used pejoratively, "proselytism" refers to attempts at conversion by "unjust means that violate the conscience of the human person", such as by coercion or bribery.


title: Proselytism

text: The right to change religion and to manifest religion is protected under Article 18 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Limitations and regulations on proselytism are considered by some as infringements on freedom of religion and freedom of speech.


title: Proselytism

text: Some countries such as Greece prohibited all proselytism until 1994 when Jehovah's Witnesses were legally recognized as a religion and allowed to preach. Some countries such as Morocco prohibit it except for Islam. Some restrict it in various ways such as prohibiting attempts to convert children or prohibit offering physical benefits to new converts.


title: Proselytism

text: Religious groups also draw lines between what they are willing to do or not do to convert people. For instance the Catholic Church in "Ad gentes" states that "The Church strictly forbids forcing anyone to embrace the Faith, or alluring or enticing people by worrisome wiles."


title: Proselytism

text: The World Council of Churches in "The Challenge of Proselytism and the Calling to Common Witness" states the following:


title: Proselytism

text: 19. Proselytism as described in this document stands in opposition to all ecumenical effort. It includes certain activities which often aim at having people change their church affiliation and which we believe must be avoided, such as the following:


title: Proselytism

text: Proselytism is illegal or severely regulated in Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Western Sahara, and Yemen.


title: Proselytism

text: Proselytism is somewhat regulated in Botswana, Bulgaria, Chad, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Georgia, Guyana, Honduras, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Libya, Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Nicaragua, Niger, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, and Tuvalu.


title: Proselytism

text: In the writings of the Baháʼí Faith, the endeavour to attract people to the religion is strongly emphasized. The process of attracting people to the religion is referred to as teaching. The term "proselytism" is given the connotation of aggressively teaching the religion to others – as such, Bahaʼi proselytism is prohibited.


title: Proselytism

text: Every Bahaʼi has the obligation of teaching their religion, as it is seen as the path toward bringing peace and justice to the world. Some Bahaʼis become pioneers, moving to countries or cities where there are a small number of Bahaʼis, with the aim of helping to spread the religion. Some other Bahaʼis move from place to place in a process called travel teaching. When moving or travelling to other countries, Bahaʼis are encouraged to integrate into their new society and apply Bahaʼis principles in living and working with their neighbours. In total, however, only a small minority of Bahaʼis are directly teaching their religion to others. Despite this, as of 2010, the religion had grown "at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region" over the previous 100 years.


title: Proselytism

text: Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahaʼi Faith, wrote that those who would be teaching his religion should emphasize the importance of ethics and wisdom, and he counselled Bahaʼis to be unrestrained and put their trust in God. At the same time he stated that Bahaʼis should exercise moderation, tact and wisdom and not be too aggressive in their teaching. In sharing their faith with others, Bahaʼis are cautioned to make sure the person they are proposing to teach is open to hearing what they have to say. In most countries becoming a Bahaʼi is a simple matter of filling out a card stating a declaration of belief. This includes acknowledgement of Bahá'u'llah as the messenger of God for this age, awareness and acceptance of his teachings, and intention to be obedient to the institutions and laws he established. It does not involve negating one's previous beliefs, due to the Bahaʼi belief in progressive revelation.


title: Proselytism

text: Many Christians consider it their obligation to follow what is often termed the Great Commission in the final verses of the Gospel of Matthew: "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen." The Acts of the Apostles and other sources contain several accounts of early Christians following this directive by engaging in individual conversations and mass sermons to spread the Good News.


title: Proselytism

text: Most self-described Christian groups have organizations devoted to missionary work which in whole or in part includes proselytism of the non-religious and people of other faiths (including sometimes other variants of Christianity). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are known in particular for their doctrinal emphasis on proselytizing.


title: Proselytism

text: The Moscow Patriarchate has repeatedly strongly condemned what it describes as Catholic proselytism of Orthodox Christians within Russia and has therefore opposed a Catholic construction project in an area of Russia where the Catholic community is small. The Catholic Church claims that it is supporting the existing Catholic community within Russia and is not proselytizing. In 1993 the Balamand declaration on proselytism was released between the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches.


title: Proselytism

text: The Muggletonians, founded by John Reeve and Lodowick Muggleton in mid-17th century London, believed that if a person were exposed to the full tenets of their faith and rejected it they would be irretrievably damned. This risk tempered proselytization: they hesitated to expose people to loss of salvation which may explain their low numbers. In the mid-19th century two wealthy Muggletonians, Joseph and Isaac Frost, broke with this cautious approach and published several books about the faith.


title: Proselytism

text: Proselytisation is alien to Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism given that they are pluralistic. Due to an understanding of justice fundamentally based upon metaphysically cyclical concepts such as karma and rebirth, the Indic religions have diametrically been opposed to the type of exclusivism and proselytizing seen in Abrahamic religions as it, theologically speaking, would both be unnecessary and serve as a distraction towards the teaching most accustomed to the personal individual's "sādhanā" (spiritual practice) and "samskaras" (intrinsic qualities).


title: Proselytism

text: Buddhism does not have an accepted or strong proselytism tradition, with the Buddha having taught his followers to respect other religions and the clergy. Emperor Ashoka, however, sent royal missionaries to various kingdoms and sent his son and daughter as missionaries to Sri Lanka following his conversion to Buddhism. Aggressive proselytizing is discouraged in the major Buddhist schools and Buddhists do not engage in the practice of proselytisation.


title: Proselytism

text: The Dalai Lama has critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that "It’s very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don’t think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it’s not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others." In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization." The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasized that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures." In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."


title: Proselytism

text: Hinduism lacks a proselytism tradition. Classical Hinduism represents a diversity of views and theology. Its followers are free to follow any among the theistic, non-theistic or other traditions within Hinduism. Followers can pick or change to any philosophy or belief they fancy and worship any personal god or goddess in a manner they deem fit, given an unspoken but loud understanding that all paths are equally valid in their purest form. In the modern era, religious conversion from and to Hinduism has been a controversial subject. Many state the concept of missionary activity and proselytism is anathema to the precepts of Hinduism.


title: Proselytism

text: While proselytism is not a part of the Hindu tradition, religious conversion to and between various traditions within Hinduism such as Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism has a long history. However, these traditions of conversion did not have to do with an idea which was more objectively valid, or the potential consequences of false ideas in the afterlife, but which was more conducive in understanding the unknowable Brahman as well as promoting righteousness throughout society.


title: Proselytism

text: The debate on proselytization and religious conversion between Christianity, Islam and Hinduism is more recent, and started in the 19th century. Religious leaders of some Hindu reform movements such as the Arya Samaj launched the "Shuddhi" movement to proselytize and reconvert Muslims and Christians back to Hinduism, while those such as the Brahmo Samaj suggested Hinduism to be a non-missionary religion. All these sects of Hinduism have welcomed new members to their group, while other leaders of Hinduism's diverse schools have stated that given the intensive proselytization activities from missionary Islam and Christianity, this "there is no such thing as proselytism in Hinduism" view must be re-examined.


title: Proselytism

text: One group that takes in willing converts in Hinduism is the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as Hare Krishnas. Devotees have no codified rituals of conversion, but promote recitation of the Hare Krishna mantra as a means to achieve a mature stage of love of God. ISKCON adherents view Krishna as the supreme deity that those of other faith traditions worship. A commonly accepted notion among devotees is that ISKCON allows one to recognize the primacy of the supreme deity, Krishna, in the practices and traditions of other faiths. ISKCON promotes the concept of Sanatana-Dharma (Hinduism), the 'eternal law' that other faiths can uncover.


title: Proselytism

text: Mahavira (599–527 BC), the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, developed an early philosophy regarding relativism and subjectivism known as "Anekantavada". As a result of this acceptance of alternate religious practices, the phenomenon of proselytisation is largely absent in these religions but not unknown. Converts are welcome to the Jain faith.


title: Proselytism

text: Sikhism is not a proselytizing religion and proselytism is largely discouraged "through force or inducement" out of the belief that each person has a fundamental right to practice their religion freely.


title: Proselytism

text: The operative phrase /lā ikrāha fī d-dīni/ literally translates as "within the religion there is no hate-mongering", which makes more difficult to relate this ayah to the topic of proselytism. Muslim scholars consider this passage to mean that force is not to be used to convert someone to Islam. Muslims consider inviting others to Islam to be the mission originally carried out by the prophets of Allah and is now a collective duty of Muslims. The Quran states,


title: Proselytism

text: Here the operative phrase /udʿu ilà sabīli rabbika/ "Invite (command to a single male subject) to the way of your Lord" expresses the element direction /ilà/ "to" that is missing in 'The Cow', 2:256.


title: Proselytism

text: An important tenet of Judaism is that God's will is for people to exercise free will. As such, proselytizing is generally regarded as offensive in Judaism. Consequently, Judaism generally does not proselytize non-Jews. Instead, non-Jews are encouraged to follow Noahide Law, assuring a place in the world to come. In ancient times, these observant non-Jews could become "geirim toshvim", a term still sometimes used informally to refer to those who strive to follow these laws and who will join the Jewish people in the world to come. A non-Jew who follows Noahide law is considered to believe in Noahidism; for this end, there is some minor outreach by Orthodox Jewish organizations.


title: Proselytism

text: Generally, Jews expect any convert to Judaism to come through their own accord. A common source of converts are those who have married a Jew, although there are also many people who join for spiritual or other personal reasons; these people are called "Jews by choice". Rabbis will often discourage new members from joining, although they may provide guidance through seminars or personal meetings for those who are truly interested. Orthodox Judaism in theory neither encourages nor discourages conversion. Standards for conversion can be very challenging, but rabbis will acquiesce to persistent and sincere requests for conversion. Much emphasis is placed on gaining a Jewish identity.


title: Proselytism

text: Sects of some religions, such as the Druze, Yazidis, Zoroastrians, and Yarsans, do not accept converts at all.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: Jaffrey was born in New York City, the youngest daughter of Indian-born parents, actress and food and travel writer Madhur Jaffrey, and actor Saeed Jaffrey. Her parents divorced when she was three years old, and she grew up estranged from her father, who subsequently moved to the United Kingdom.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: She grew up in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan where she attended PS 41. Later she attended the Nightingale-Bamford School in the Upper East Side.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: Jaffrey picked up her love of Chinese culture from her elder sister, Meera. She graduated from Vassar College in 1984, with a major in Chinese Language and Literature at the college, originally planning to be a translator before she became an actress.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: At the age of 17, Jaffrey made her professional acting debut in the play "Marie and Bruce" by Wallace Shawn at the Public Theatre in New York City.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: She appeared with her father in the film "Masala" (1991) and with her mother in "The Perfect Murder" (1988). In 2002, she appeared in "The Truth About Charlie" starring Mark Wahlberg. Her children Cassius and Jamila appear with her in "Raising Helen" (2004) and in "The Ode" (2008).


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: She starred as Linda Vasquez, the White House Chief of Staff, in the Netflix series "House of Cards" (2013). In 2014, it was announced that she would be appearing in the second season of Fox's television series "Sleepy Hollow" as Leena Reyes, the new sheriff.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: From 2016 to 2018, she had a starring role in the NBC television series "Timeless" as Homeland Security Agent Denise Christopher.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: She also starred as Malini Soni in "The Meyerowitz Stories", a 2017 comedy-drama film directed by Noah Baumbach and costarring Dustin Hoffman and Adam Sandler.


title: Sakina Jaffrey

text: Jaffrey lives in suburban New York City with her husband, Francis Wilkinson, a journalist, and their two children, Cassius and Jamila.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: "The Vampire Diaries" is an American supernatural horror romance television series created by Kevin Williamson based on the novels of the same name by author L. J. Smith. It was officially picked up for the 2009–10 season on May 19, 2009. It premiered on September 10, 2009, on The CW and received the highest ratings for a series premiere in the network's history at that point, scoring 4.91million live viewers.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: The series focuses on the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, that is charged with supernatural history. It follows Elena Gilbert portrayed by Nina Dobrev as she begins to get over her parents' death, when two vampires pull her into a world she didn't know before, Stefan and Damon Salvatore, portrayed by Paul Wesley and Ian Somerhalder, respectively. Kayla Ewell portrayed Vicki Donovan for the first seven episodes until her character was killed off. Matt Davis was later cast as a history teacher in a recurring role to fill the void. He was later upgraded to series regular status. The season concluded on May 13, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: On February 6, 2009, "Variety" announced that The CW had greenlit the pilot for "The Vampire Diaries" with Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers. On May 19, 2009, the series was officially ordered for the 2009–2010 season.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: The pilot was filmed in Vancouver, but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington, Georgia (which doubles as the fictional small town of Mystic Falls, Virginia) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta. The series was given a full, 22-episode order on October 31, 2009, after strong ratings for the first half of the season.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: The season begins after the deaths of Elena and Jeremy Gilbert's parents. Both are put in their Aunt Jenna's custody. Jeremy has become a loner and Elena starts dating a boy named Stefan Salvatore. It is soon revealed that Stefan is a vampire and his brother Damon shows up in Mystic Falls and kills people at random.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Another supernatural revelation occurs when Elena's friend Bonnie Bennett discovers she is born into a line of witches and is a witch herself. She gets help from her grandmother to use her powers. Elena's friends and acquaintances also become involved such as Tyler Lockwood, son of the mayor, and Matt Donovan, Elena's ex-boyfriend and Caroline Forbes, daughter of the sheriff. It also turns out that Elena is the doppelganger of Katherine Pierce, a woman who, centuries ago, seduced the Salvatore brothers and turned them into vampires, turning their vampire hunting father against them, though Stefan ends up killing him. Katherine was presumably trapped in a tomb beneath the church and Damon is planning on releasing her. Lexi, a friend of Stefan's shows up and befriends Elena, but is killed by Damon, driving a wedge between brothers.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Jeremy falls in love with Vicki Donovan, Matt's sister, who uses drugs like him, but she was dating Tyler and starts a rivalry between the boys. Vicki breaks up with Tyler for Jeremy. She is later turned into a vampire by Damon, but her bloodlust was out of control and she is killed by Stefan. Jeremy witnesses this and Elena asks Damon to make Jeremy forget this to spare him the pain. Matt on the other hand is devastated.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: After the history teacher is killed, a man named Alaric is hired to take his place. Alaric came to town to kill Damon, believing him to have killed his wife, Isobel. Damon tries to kill him in self-defense, but Alaric wears a ring that keeps him from dying at supernatural hands. It is revealed Damon didn't kill Isobel, but turned her into a vampire on her own account. Later, Alaric and Damon become friends.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: At one point, Damon finds the tomb under the church, and has Bonnie and her grandmother help open it to find Katherine. During the search, a number of vampires escape, and it is discovered Katherine already escaped long ago. The tomb vampires are led by a female vampire named Pearl and her daughter Anna. Bonnie's grand mother dies and Bonnie begins to resent vampires. It also turns out a group called the Founder's Council know of the vampires and wish to kill them. The council is led by Tyler's abusive father, Richard Lockwood. Caroline's mother, Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes is also a member, despite being friends with Damon, unknown that he is a vampire. Anna also starts a relationship with Jeremy. Jenna also starts dating a man named Logan, who cheated on her in the past. Soon, Logan is turned into a vampire by Anna, and is killed by Alaric, who tells her he left town. From that point Jenna starts dating Alaric.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: It is not long before Elena and Jeremy's uncle John, who they grew up hating shows up. John is working for the council. The Council wish to use the Gilbert device to kill all vampires in Mystic Falls. Damon tries to kill John, but he is wearing a ring similar to Alaric's. It is revealed that John and Isobel, Alaric's vampire wife, are Elena's biological parents, they had Elena adopted by John's brother for her protection. It turns out they are also working for Katherine, and are using Mayor Lockwood and the others as pawns, although Isobel tells Elena their unofficial goal is to protect her.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: In the seasons climax, during Founders day, Richard and John execute their plan to kill the vampires, both willing to use innocent people as collateral damage. Sheriff Forbes tries to oppose their plan, but is knocked out by John and chained up. John uses the local police who are in on the scheme as foot soldiers. The device is activated and the vampires are neutralized and taken away to be burnt in a basement, but Tyler is affected by the device as he had supernatural genes himself (later revealed to be werewolf); since Richard has these genes, the deputies think he is a vampire and lock him in the basement where he is burnt alive and killed by the vampires. Richard's wife, Carol goes to the station to rescue the sheriff but they are unable to save Richard. John also kills Anna, so Jeremy, not wanting to deal with the pain tries to become a vampire via Anna's blood. During the fiasco, Caroline is in a car accident, Elena also confronts John with the knowledge that he's her father and Bonnie rescues the Salvatore brothers, letting them off with a warning so Damon doesn't kill anyone innocent.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Sheriff Forbes finds her daughter has been injured and goes to the hospital where she is comforted by Damon. John heads home and finds Katherine, who is posing as Elena. Katherine stabs John several times and severs his ring finger and leaves him to die. As Katherine leaves, Elena comes in and finds her father injured.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Based on 28 reviews, the 1st season currently holds a 71% on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.91 out of 10. The site's critics consensus reads, "It's not particularly innovative and there's a lot of angsty brooding going on, but there's a self-referential cheekiness in "The Vampire Diaries" that will appeal directly to its target audience."


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: The initial reception of the show was mixed, "Entertainment Weekly" gave the pilot a B+, stating that the show "signals a welcome return to form for writer-producer Kevin Williamson". They end by saying that ""Diaries" promises us a season of sharp-tongued amusement." Metacritic gave the show a score of 50/100 based on 22 critical reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Many critics felt that the series improved with each episode. Sarah Hughes of "The Independent" says "The Vampire Diaries" turns into "a well-crafted, interestingly developed series" despite a poor opening episode. The "New York Post" also praised the portrayal of Elena, finding the character to be a strong-minded woman who doesn't allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her. "The San Diego Union-Tribune" said: "The supernatural drama is a first-class production, featuring an insanely gorgeous cast, sharp scripts and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist." Mike Hale of "The New York Times" gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: "The Vampire Diaries" premiered on September 10, 2009, and gave The CW its biggest series premiere ratings in its network history scoring 4.9 million viewers. Adding in DVR numbers, the ratings for the premiere increased to 5.7 million viewers. Although ratings decreased as the season went on, it reached a series high in adults 18–34 (2.3/7) on October 29, with the broadcast of its Halloween episode. Including DVR ratings the second episode brought in 4.7 million viewers, the third 4.6 million, the fourth 4.3 million, the fifth 4.4 million, the sixth 4.6 million, the ninth 4.9 million, and 4.3 million viewers for the fifteenth episode.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Vampire Diaries Season 1 aired in Urdu Language in Pakistan on FILMAX. The series was the No. 1 show on The CW for the 2009–10 season averaging 3.60 million viewers weekly, thus becoming the first show to overtake America's Next Top Model which had been The CW's No. 1 show since the network began in 2006.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: For its first season "The Vampire Diaries" won seven Teen Choice Awards and one People's Choice Award.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)

text: Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, webisodes, and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith's "The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening". It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23, 2010. Following that release, Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31, 2010, and Region 4 on September 1, 2010. In Region A, it was released on Blu-ray on August 31, 2010. Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 23, 2010, Brazil on August 26, 2010, and Australia on September 1, 2010.


title: Porsche 930

text: The Porsche 930 is a sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche between 1975 and 1989, known to the public as the 911 Turbo. It was the maker's top-of-the-range 911 model for its entire production duration and, at the time of its introduction, was the fastest production car available in Germany.


title: Porsche 930

text: Porsche began experimenting with turbocharging technology on their race cars during the late 1960s, and in 1972 began development on a turbocharged version of the 911. Porsche originally needed to produce the car in order to comply with homologation regulations and had intended on marketing it as a street legal race vehicle like the 1973 Carrera 2.7 RS. The FIA's Appendix "J” rules upon which the 911 Turbo Carrera RSR 2.1 was entered into competition in 1974 changed in 1975 and 1976. The FIA announced that cars for Group 4 and Group 5 had to be production cars and be available for sale to individual purchasers through manufacturer dealer networks. For the 1976 season, new FIA regulations required manufacturers to produce 400 cars within a twenty-four-month period to gain approval for Group 4. Group 5 would require the car to be derived from a homologated model in Group 3 or 4. Porsche's Group 4 entry was the 934, homologated on 6 December 1975. For Group 5, Porsche would develop one of the most successful racing cars of the time, the 935. The 911 Turbo was put into production in 1975. While the original purpose of the 911 Turbo was to gain homologation for the 1976 racing season, it quickly became popular among car enthusiasts. Four hundred cars were produced by the end of 1975. Since Porsche wanted to compete in the 1976 season, they gained FIA homologation for the Porsche Turbo for Group 4 in Nr. 645 on 6 December 1975 and the 1,000th 911 Turbo was completed on 5 May 1976.


title: Porsche 930

text: Ernst Fuhrmann adapted the turbo-technology originally developed for the 917/30 CAN-AM car and applied it to the 3.0 litre flat-six used in Carrera RS 3.0, thus creating what Porsche internally dubbed as the 930. The car utilises a single KKK turbocharger.


title: Porsche 930

text: Total power output from the engine was at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm, much more than the standard Carrera it was based on. The engine has a compression ratio of 6.5:1. In order to ensure that the platform could make the most of the higher power output, a revised suspension, larger brakes and a stronger gearbox became part of the package, although some consumers were unhappy with Porsche's use of a four-speed transmission whilst a five-speed manual transmission was available in the "lower trim" Carrera. A "whale tail" rear spoiler was installed to help vent more air to the engine and to create more downforce at the rear of the vehicle, and wider rear wheels with upgraded tyres combined with flared wheel arches were implemented in order to increase the car's width and grip, making it more stable.


title: Porsche 930

text: Porsche badged the vehicle simply as "Turbo" (although early U.S. units were badged as "Turbo Carrera") and introduced the vehicle at the Paris Auto Show in October 1974 before putting it on sale in the spring of 1975; export to the United States began in 1976.


title: Porsche 930

text: The 930 proved very fast but also very demanding to drive, and due to its short wheelbase and rear engine layout, was prone to oversteer and turbo-lag. It acquired the nickname "the Widowmaker" after several crashes and deaths attributed to its handling characteristics, which were unfamiliar to many drivers. Under certain conditions, applying too much throttle would cause the heavy rear end of the car to swing outward like a pendulum, causing the car to spin out. To this day, Porsche corporate employees who drive 911 Turbo models for testing or for business reasons are mandated to undergo "Turbo Training", despite the fact that newer 911 Turbo models are generally safer and easier to drive.


title: Porsche 930

text: Porsche made its first and most significant changes to the 930 for 1978 model year, enlarging the engine bore by to a total displacement of and adding an air-to-air intercooler. By cooling the pressurised air charge, the intercooler helped increase power output to at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm (DIN); the rear 'whale tail' spoiler was re-profiled and raised slightly to make room for the intercooler and the spoiler was now infamously called the 'tea tray' spoiler by the enthusiasts. The suspension benefitted from new anti-roll bars, firmer shock absorbers and larger diameter rear torsion bars. Porsche also upgraded the brakes to units similar to those used on the 917 race car. While the increase in displacement and addition of an intercooler increased power output and torque, these changes also increased the weight of the vehicle, especially the engine, which contributed to a substantial change in the handling and character of the car compared to the earlier 3.0-litre models.


title: Porsche 930

text: Changing emissions regulations in Japan and the United States forced Porsche to withdraw the 930 from those markets in 1980. It however remained available in Canada. Envisioning the luxurious 928 gran turismo eventually replacing the 911 as the top of the Porsche model lineup, Fuhrmann cut back further development on the model, and it was not until his resignation that the company finally committed the financing to update the car's emissions systems, and recertify the 930 for sale in all markets.


title: Porsche 930

text: The 930 remained available in Europe, and for 1983 a at 5750 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm performance option became available on a build-to-order basis from Porsche. With the so-called "Werksleistungssteigerung" (WLS, "Works Performance Increase") add-on came a quad-pipe exhaust system and an additional oil-cooler requiring a remodelled front spoiler and units bearing the add-on often featured additional ventilation holes in the rear fenders and modified rockers.


title: Porsche 930

text: By the 1985 model year, 928 sales had risen slightly, but the question remained as to whether it would supersede the 911 as the company's premier model. Porsche reintroduced the 930 to the Japanese and U.S. markets in 1986 with an emission-controlled engine having a power output of at 5500 rpm and at 4000 rpm of torque. At the same time Porsche introduced targa and cabriolet variants, both of which proved popular.


title: Porsche 930

text: Porsche discontinued the 930 after the 1989 model year when its underlying "G-Series" platform was being replaced by the 964. The 1989 models were the first and last versions of the 930 to feature the Getrag G50 five-speed manual transmission. A turbocharged variant of the 964 officially succeeded the 930 in 1991 with a modified version of the same 3.3-litre flat-six engine and a five-speed transmission.


title: Porsche 930

text: Kremer Racing had originally begun offering conversion kits for 930 Turbo models which included front bodywork like the famous 935 race car in 1981. In 1982, TAG Heuer co-owner Mansour Ojjeh commissioned Porsche to develop a road-legal version of the 935 race car. The final product was developed using a body shell of the 930 and fitting fabricated 935 body panels to it. The one-off also had the suspension and brakes shared with the 935 race car. Other special features of the car included special paintwork called Brilliant Red by the manufacturer, BBS wheels and the use of the 3.3-litre turbocharged flat-6 engine of the 934 race car. The car proved very popular among enthusiasts and prospective buyers began to demand a similar car as a factory offering. Porsche offered a ""Flachbau"" ("flatnose" or "slantnose") 930 under the "Sonderwunschprogramm" (special order program) from 1986 model year, an otherwise normal 930 with a 935-style slantnose instead of the normal 911 front end with the replacement of the famous "bug eye" headlamps with pop-up units.


title: Porsche 930

text: Each "Flachbau" unit was handcrafted by remodeling the front fenders (option code M505 for the US and M506 elsewhere). A limited number of units were produced due to the fact that the package commanded a high premium price, an initial premium of up to 60 per cent (highly individualised cars requiring even more) over the standard price. 948 units were built in total with 160 of them being imported to the US. The Flachbau units delivered in Europe usually featured the WLS performance kit. The flat nose greatly contributed to the aerodynamics of the car and enabled it to accelerate from 0–97 km/h in 4.85 seconds and attain a top speed of (figures with the performance kit).


title: Porsche 930

text: "Car and Driver" recorded a 0–60 mph acceleration time of 4.9 seconds for both the 1975 and 1978 Porsche 911 Turbo, they shared first place in the magazine's "quickest cars of the 1970s" ranking with a 0.4-second lead.


title: Porsche 930

text: In the 1980s, Porsche built twin-turbocharged 1.5-litre V6 engines for the McLaren Formula One team. The engine was given the code "TTE P01" and was fitted in the McLaren MP4/2 and MP4/3 generating depending on track conditions.


title: Porsche 930

text: The engine was financed by Luxembourgian holdings company Techniques d'Avant Garde (TAG), leading to the engine being branded as the TAG Turbo. A Porsche 930 Turbo was used as a test mule by McLaren in order to test the engine's capability. The car was exterior-wise similar to the standard 930 Turbo but featured Ruf sourced wheels instead of the standard Fuchs units, a taller whale tail rear spoiler in order to accommodate a large pair of intercoolers and a new front bumper. The changes to the interior consisted of racing bucket seats and a new TAG branded tachometer with a 10,000 rpm redline. English tuning company Lanzante introduced a new model based on the same principle at the RennSport Reunion VI. The company obtained permission from McLaren in order to produce the model and bought 11 of those engines originally installed in the F1 cars for this purpose from the manufacturer. Cosworth is tasked to restore the engines. Each of the 11 cars fitted with the engines would come with a plaque signifying the engine's race history, engine number and the car's production number. The Lanzante display car's engine was originally fitted in 1984 to Niki Lauda's MP4/2 in which he won the British GP.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The Cirrus Vision SF50, also known as the Vision Jet, is a single-engine very light jet designed and produced by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota, United States.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: After receiving deposits starting in 2006, Cirrus unveiled an aircraft mock-up on 28 June 2007 and a prototype on 26 June 2008. It made its maiden flight on 3 July 2008. Development slowed in 2009 due to lack of funding. In 2011, Cirrus was bought by CAIGA, a Chinese enterprise that funded the project a year later. The first conforming prototype subsequently flew on 24 March 2014, followed by two other prototypes that same year. The test flying program resulted in the US Federal Aviation Administration awarding a type certificate on 28 October 2016. Deliveries started on 19 December 2016, and by July 2020, 200 jets had been delivered. From 2018 through 2021, it has been the most-delivered business jet.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Powered by a Williams FJ33 turbofan, the all-carbon fiber, low-wing, seven-seat Vision SF50 is pressurized, cruises at and has a range of over . For emergency uses, it has both a whole-airframe ballistic parachute and autoland system.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Reviews have compared its performance to high-performance single-turboprop aircraft. In 2018, the Vision Jet was awarded the Collier Trophy for the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" during the preceding year, being the first certified single-engine civilian jet.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: From June 2006 to July 2008, the design was developed under the project name "The Jet", or "The-Jet by Cirrus". On 9 July 2008, Cirrus announced the marketing name of "Vision SJ50", with "V" for the V-tail and "SJ" for "single-jet". By March 2009, the aircraft was re-designated as the "Vision SF50", as it uses a single-fanjet engine.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By April 2016, Cirrus was calling it the "Vision Jet" and on 28 October 2016, it was certified as the "Model SF50".


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The company began initial development on the jet in 2003 at an offsite Duluth, Minnesota location it called the "Moose Works”, a parody on Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs dubbed the "Skunk Works".


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: At the October 2006 NBAA Convention, Cirrus detailed its single jet program to solicit US$100,000 deposits from potential customers, targeting a price below $1 million and a 2010 certification, for a cruise speed around with a Williams FJ33 and a whole-airplane parachute recovery system.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In early 2007 the company gave deposit holders a drawing of the aircraft in the form of a jigsaw puzzle, one piece at a time. On 27 June 2007, the puzzle was completed and the aircraft mock-up was unveiled the following day. Starting at this time it became described as a "personal jet".


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 27 December, Cirrus Design leased a former Northwest Airlines hangar at Duluth International Airport in which to build the design.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The prototype was first shown publicly at the annual Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association "Cirrus Migration" on 26 June 2008.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The Vision Jet was first flown on 3 July 2008 at the Duluth airport. It was then flown at AirVenture Oshkosh later that month.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By 3 December, the prototype had flown 120 hours, exploring the whole center of gravity envelope, testing engine in-flight shut-down and restart and aerodynamic stall characteristics. The right side door was replaced by an emergency egress hatch to save weight on production aircraft. Based on test flights and computer models, the aerodynamic design was modified to increase performance and improve the engine thrust angle. The production aircraft was planned to have a more pointed nose, larger belly section, redesigned wing-root fairing, reduced tail sweep and a larger or dual ventral fin.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The aircraft's payload was planned to be with full fuel, based on owners often flying long trips solo. Range was targeted for and maximum cruise speed for . An FAA type certificate was to be applied for by mid-December 2008, but EASA certification was postponed due to the higher fees involved. It was decided by the company that pilot training would be required in the aircraft type certificate, like the Eclipse 500. However, this was not written into the final type certificate. The aircraft's base price was US$1 million in 2008 and its equipped price was anticipated to be US$1.25 million for 2011 deliveries.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 31 March 2009, Cirrus confirmed that the Garmin G1000 avionics had been selected for the SF50 production aircraft. In mid June 2009, L-3 Communications sued Cirrus for US$18M over the cancellation of its previously selected avionics.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In 2009, during the height of the Great Recession, progress on the program slowed significantly. By the end of June, Cirrus co-founder and former CEO Alan Klapmeier proposed buying the project from the company and its major shareholder Arcapita, to speed up development and produce it under a new company, which would be advised by Merrill Lynch.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 26 July, Alan's brother and fellow Cirrus co-founder Dale Klapmeier came out in support of his efforts and said that Alan was the only person Cirrus would consider letting take over the jet program.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Cirrus stated that financing the project was necessary to complete certification and commence production, either at the company or with Alan Klapmeier.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: However, on 31 July, Alan announced that the offer did not meet Arcapita's or Cirrus’ expectations. In August, he left the company while Dale remained, effectively ending the formal 25-year business partnership between the Klapmeier brothers.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By July 2009, 200 hours of flight tests had been completed and the resulting design changes had been incorporated, including an X-tail, simpler and lighter flaps, and handling changes to induce a pitch up when applying thrust. Although some deposits had been refunded during the economic recession, Cirrus still had nearly 400 orders and anticipated first deliveries in 2012, subject to capital funding. On 2 September, Cirrus announced its price: US$1.39M for deposit holders, equipped similar to a Cirrus SR22 GTS, US$1.55M with a US$100,000 deposit before the end of the year, and US$1.72M after that, with a US$50,000 deposit. In November 2009, following additional test flights, development slowed again due to the lack of capital, delaying deliveries past 2012. Cirrus’ leased space in the ex-Northwest hangar in Duluth closed around this time as well, caused by shrinking sales.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By January 2010, the prototype had accumulated 236 hours, while the certification and delivery timeline was reliant on cash flow, as 428 orders were backlogged and growing by one or two per week. By early June, the then-US$1.72M jet had 431 orders, with deposits becoming non-refundable at the beginning of that year. A conforming prototype was expected to be completed by the end of 2010 and fly by the end of 2011, targeting a mid-2013 certification date, while developing the "high-risk" full-aircraft parachute system.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In April 2012, Cirrus's new owner CAIGA invested enough in the project to secure its development, previously estimated at $150 million. By July 2012, the prototype had flown 600 hours in almost 600 flights and the company was ready to build the composite construction tooling required for a conforming prototype, expected to fly in late 2013 for type certification testing.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By February 2013 the company was hiring staff to produce the aircraft, now priced at US$1.96M. In April, the new prototype roll-out date was announced for 2013. Certification flight testing was scheduled to start in 2014. In October 2013, three test aircraft were under construction, the first deliveries were scheduled for 2015 and the order book now held 500 deposits. By then the first conforming aircraft was to fly in early 2014.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By February 2014, 800 hours of test flying had been completed. On 24 March 2014, the first conforming prototype flew. The prototype was displayed at the Oshkosh Airshow that summer. Pre-orders of the $1.96 million jet then numbered 550 and Cirrus intended to produce up to 125 aircraft per year. The second conforming test aircraft flew in November 2014. The third and final conforming test aircraft made its first flight on 20 December 2014.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In February 2015 the city of Duluth, Minnesota committed US$6M and had asked the state of Minnesota to contribute US$4M to build a US$10M factory that would be leased to Cirrus to produce the jet, to avoid the company moving the manufacturing operation elsewhere. In April 2015, confident the certification would be on schedule and no modifications needed, Cirrus started production of the first of its 550 orders for the design. In September, the Cirrus Perspective Touch glass cockpit by Garmin was finalized, featuring one primary flight display and one multi-function display, with three smaller touchscreen controllers located underneath.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By January 2016, certification had been delayed from 2015 to the first half of 2016 due to inflight ballistic parachute testing. In March, it was announced that in-flight parachute deployment tests were not required by the Federal Aviation Administration for certification.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 5 May 2016, the first production aircraft flew and certification was then forecast for June. The Williams FJ33-5A engine was approved by the FAA on 6 June 2016. Certification was then planned for the end of the same month. By July, the SF50 had over 600 orders, the four flight test aircraft had flown more than 1,700 hours and certification had been delayed to the fourth quarter of the year.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 28 October, after a ten-year development process marked with myriad technical and financial challenges, the SF50 earned its type certificate from the FAA. The design became the first civilian, single-engine jet to be type certified.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The first customer Vision SF50 was delivered on 19 December 2016, against 600 outstanding orders. The first customer delivery ceremony was held in the new $16 million, finishing center in Duluth, where Cirrus employs more than 750 people.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By April 2017, Cirrus planned to deliver 25 to 50 aircraft that year and 75 to 125 in 2018. A production certificate was awarded on 2 May, to produce more with no individual inspections. As 15% of its orders are intended for the European market, Cirrus received EASA certification at the May 2017 EBACE. A video of the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS) being tested inflight with a piloted SF50 prototype was published by "Business Insider" in May 2017. By July 2017, seven customer aircraft had been delivered and one per week were being produced.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On 19 December 2018, Dale Klapmeier announced that he would leave his position as CEO of the company in the first half of 2019.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By the end of 2018, 88 aircraft had been delivered, including 63 that year, while 540 orders were backlogged.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: By October 2019, the US market represented 85% of deliveries, but that was predicted to drop to 75% in 2020, as the number of international deliveries continues to grow.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Since August 2020, Cirrus has offered an optional emergency autoland system by Garmin, which the company introduced in October 2019. It initiates at the push of a button and is built into the G3000 integrated avionics for the new G2 model. The system is the 3rd certified in general aviation (and 1st ever on a jet), along with the Piper M600 and Socata TBM 940. Cirrus calls the technology "Safe Return".


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The Vision SF50 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a single Williams FJ33-4A-19 turbofan, producing , mounted above the rear fuselage. It has a V-tail and retractable tricycle landing gear. The design is made entirely of composite material, a first for a production jet. The enclosed cabin is 5.1 ft (1.56 m) wide and 4.1 ft (1.24 m) high. It can seat up to seven occupants. The cockpit, second and third rows each seats two and an extra seat slides between the second and third row, but the third row is only large enough to accommodate children.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Access to the cabin is through a clamshell door on the left hand side of the fuselage. The SF50 is designed for a life limit of 12,000 flight hours. This is not a type certification limit.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The SF50 is the first jet to come with a whole-aircraft ballistic parachute, the company's CAPS, deploying from the aircraft's nose.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The SF50 is intended to be a step-up aircraft for pilots who have flown the Cirrus SR20, SR22 and other high-performance light aircraft, and was developed initially for personal use and not for the corporate or air taxi industries. However, by 2019, the jet was FAR part 135 approved for air taxi operators.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Early versions were certified for and later ones to . The design has urethane deicing boots and an optional lavatory, a single-piece carbon shell will contain cabin pressurization and it should fit in a usual US Tee hangar.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: The wing spar is made of pure pre-preg carbon fiber plies, cured in a high-pressure, high-temperature autoclave, while most of the other major airframe parts are made of low-pressure, low-temperature cured carbon fiber sandwich construction, around a honeycomb core, including hand layup of outer pre-preg carbon fiber plies. High-strength metal alloys are used for the landing gear and other concentrated stress areas, while the primary flight control surfaces and wing flaps are aluminum, with mechanical flight controls. The stall speed at MTOW with landing gear and flaps down is IAS, while the Vso is IAS at the max landing weight, with Vref at IAS or lower, similar to an SR22. The aircraft has a 14.7:1 glide ratio, allowing it to glide from its FL 310 ceiling to sea level.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In August 2020, the Vision SF50 received FAA approval for the installation of its Safe Return autoland system by Garmin, the first jet aircraft to do so. The system is activated with a cabin-ceiling switch and will determine the nearest safe airport, navigate to it, complete a landing and stop, all without human input.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: "AVweb" describes the Vision Jet as both a great airplane and a significant one by how well "the design resonates with the intended buyer". At FL270 and ISA +15 °C it cruises at and consumes .


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: At the same FL270, ISA +15 °C, a review in Flightglobal reported a fuel consumption of at Mach 0.46, and at Mach 0.38 and a long-range cruise speed.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: "Aviation Week & Space Technology" notes Cirrus has succeeded in producing the “lowest, slowest and least expensive” jet and noted that high-lift airfoils emphasize low-speed performance over top-end speed with a turboprop-like V of IAS or a 0.53 and a FL280 ceiling. This review reported a /h - /h fuel burn at its TAS maximum cruise speed (at , FL280, ISA+6 °C) and /h fuel burn at . Like an early 1970s Citation 500, aerodynamic drag limits it to V in a descents, for which it is held at max continuous thrust, unlike most current jets. The publication also states that the large wraparound windshields and sloping nose provide excellent forward visibility and a spacious cabin, although the engine noise is quite prominent, requiring active noise-cancelling headphones for all occupants. Approach speeds are reported to be comparable to the single-engine turboprops, but cruise and range are below some of them. The FJ33's FADEC lessens pilot workload, but changing thrust produces considerable pitch coupling, due to the engine's location.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Aviation International News reported a /h fuel burn at TAS (FL280, ISA +12 °C). The author reported that it can carry two people and baggage over at TAS (NBAA IFR range). Upgrading from a single-engine piston aircraft meant either a piston twin, like the Beechcraft Baron or Piper Seneca; a Piper Meridian, SOCATA TBM or Pilatus PC-12 high-performance single-engine turboprops; or a very light jet. The $2.3 million typically-equipped SF50 benefits from its operating simplicity and roomy cabin compared to the $2.25 million Piper M500/M600, the fast TBMs and the Epic E1000, or the nearly $5 million, larger capacity aircraft, such as the Pilatus PC-12 or Cessna Denali.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In April 2018, the design was named the 2017 winner of the Robert J. Collier Trophy for the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" in the past year. The trophy was awarded for "designing, certifying, and entering-into-service the Vision Jet — the world's first single-engine general aviation personal jet aircraft with a whole airframe parachute system".


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Other accolades received by the aircraft include: the "Flying" Editors' Choice Award 2017, "" Best Plane of the Year 2017, "Plane & Pilot" Plane of the Year 2017, "Popular Science" 100 Greatest Innovations of 2017, and "Flying's" Innovation Award 2018.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On April 16, 2019, Cirrus issued a mandatory Service Bulletin to replace the angle of attack (AOA) vane within five flight hours after three reported incidents where stall warnings and stick shakers were activated by automated systems in normal flight. After similar problems led to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, the FAA felt that this was serious enough to issue an Airworthiness Directive grounding the entire SF50 fleet on April 18. Unlike the 737 MAX, the electronic stability control system in the Vision Jet could be overridden with pilot inputs, and all three reported incidents resulted in safe landings. On April 22, Cirrus was shipping new corrected AOA hardware sensors to operators for replacement. The screws securing the potentiometer shaft to the AoA vane shaft were not properly torqued, and by May 2019, the fleet of over 100 had been returned to service.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Cirrus again issued a mandatory service bulletin on 7 February 2020 and the FAA grounded all SF50 jets on 14 February, after a cabin fire occurred on the ramp of Santa Monica Airport on 27 December 2019. Cirrus determined that the fire's probable cause came from one of the plane's 12 audio amplifier circuit cards overheating. No injuries were reported and the issue had already been addressed with 97% of the fleet of over 170 at the time of the grounding.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On January 8, 2019, the improved was announced, adding RVSM allowing a ceiling of and improving range to over , or allowing more payload over . It is fitted with an autothrottle, an updated flight deck and upgrades to the aircraft cabin. The cruise speed is increased from and its base price is raised to $2.38 million, reaching $2.75 million with options.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: On July 20, 2021, Cirrus announced the G2+ variant of the Vision Jet, with a 20-percent increase in takeoff performance and Gogo Inflight WiFi. The model also has a slightly longer range and increased payload. In 2022, its equipped price was $2.98M.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: In July 2008, SATSair, an air taxi company that was 25% owned by Cirrus, ordered five Cirrus Vision SF50s, intending to add them to its fleet of Cirrus SR22 piston aircraft. SATSair subsequently ceased operations on 24 October 2009, prior to taking delivery of any SF50s. Florida-based charter company Verijet operates a fleet of ten G2 Vision Jets, with a total of 25 SF50s expected by the end of 2022.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: Other air taxi operators have expressed an interest in potentially using the Vision SF50 and some industry experts have suggested that the jet could help revive the air taxi industry.


title: Cirrus Vision SF50

text: there had been two SF50 Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS) deployments, resulting in ground impacts and three survivors; one person with no injuries, two with minor injuries and a third person with serious though "non-life-threatening" injuries.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The Élysée Palace (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. Completed in 1722, it was built for nobleman and army officer Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, who had been appointed Governor of Île-de-France in 1719. It is located on the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré near the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, the name Élysée deriving from the Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology. Important foreign visitors are hosted at the nearby Hôtel de Marigny, a palatial residence.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The palace has been the home of personalities such as Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), Nicolas Beaujon (1718–1786), Bathilde d'Orléans (1750–1822), Joachim Murat (1767–1815) and Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (1778–1820). On 12 December 1848 under the Second Republic the French Parliament passed a law declaring the building the official residence of the President of France. The Élysée Palace, which contains the presidential office and residency, is also the meeting place of the Council of Ministers, the weekly meeting of the Government of France presided over by the President of the Republic.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The architect Armand-Claude Mollet possessed a property fronting on the road to the village of Roule, west of Paris (now the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré), and backing onto royal property, the "Grand Cours" through the Champs-Élysées. He sold this in 1718 to Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Count of Évreux (families: Dukes and Princes of Bouillon and Sedan: La Marck | von der Marck), with the agreement that Mollet would construct an "hôtel particulier" for the count, fronted by an entrance court and backed by a garden. The Hôtel d'Évreux was finished and decorated by 1722, and though it has undergone many modifications since, it remains a fine example of the French neo-classical style. At the time of his death in 1753, Évreux was the owner of one of the most widely admired houses in Paris, and it was bought by King Louis XV as a residence for the Marquise de Pompadour, and his mistress. Opponents showed their distaste for the regime by hanging signs on the gates that read: "Home of the King's whore". After her death, it reverted to the crown.


title: Élysée Palace

text: In 1773, it was purchased by Nicolas Beaujon, banker to the Court and one of the richest men in France, who needed a suitably sumptuous "country house" (for the city of Paris did not yet extend this far) to house his fabulous collection of great masters paintings. To this end, he hired the architect Étienne-Louis Boullée to make substantial alterations to the buildings (as well as design an English-style garden). Soon on display there were such well-known masterpieces as Holbein's "The Ambassadors" (now in the National Gallery in London), and Frans Hals' "Bohemian" (now at the Louvre). His architectural alterations and art galleries gave this residence international renown as "one of the premier houses of Paris".


title: Élysée Palace

text: The palace and gardens were purchased from Beaujon by Bathilde d'Orléans, Duchess of Bourbon in 1787 for 1,300,000 "livres". It was the Duchess who named it the "Élysée". She also built a group of cottages in the gardens which she named the Hameau de Chantilly, after the Hameau at her father-in-law's Château de Chantilly. With the French Revolution, the Duchess fled the country and the Élysée was confiscated and leased out. The gardens were used for eating, drinking, and dancing, under the name Hameau de Chantilly, and the rooms became gambling houses.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The Élysée was sold to Joachim and Caroline Murat in 1805, who administered major renovations that made the building more grand and "imperial". Later, the house was transferred to Caroline's brother, Emperor Napoleon, in 1808; it became known as the Élysée-Napoléon. After the Battle of Waterloo, Napoléon returned to the Élysée and signed his abdication there on 22 June 1815. He left the Élysée three days later.


title: Élysée Palace

text: Russian Cossacks camped at the Élysée when they occupied Paris in 1814. The property was then returned to its previous owner, the Duchesse de Bourbon, who then sold it to her royal cousin, Louis XVIII, in 1816. Between 1820 and 1848, the palace was primarily used to host guests of the royal family.


title: Élysée Palace

text: Following the French Revolution of 1848 and the abdication of Louis Philippe I, the provisional government of the Second Republic took over the palace. It was initially used to host musical performances and lectures before being renamed the Élysée National designated the official residence of the President of the Republic under the administration of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. The President also has the use of several other official residences, including the Château de Rambouillet, forty-five kilometres southwest of Paris, as well as the Fort de Brégançon near Toulon.


title: Élysée Palace

text: In 1853, following his coup d'état that ended the Second Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, now Napoleon III, tasked architect Joseph-Eugène Lacroix with renovations; meanwhile he moved to the nearby Tuileries Palace, but kept the Élysée as a discreet place to meet his mistresses, moving between the two palaces through a secret underground passage that has since been demolished. Since Lacroix completed his work in 1867, the essential look of the Palais de l'Élysée has remained the same.


title: Élysée Palace

text: In 1873, during the Third Republic, the Élysée became the official presidential residence. In 1899, Félix Faure became the only officeholder to die in the palace.


title: Élysée Palace

text: In 1917, a chimpanzee escaped from a nearby "ménagerie", entered the palace and was said to have tried to haul the wife of President Raymond Poincaré into a tree only to be foiled by Élysée guards. President Paul Deschanel, who resigned in 1920 because of mental illness, was said to have been so impressed by the chimpanzee's feat that, to the alarm of his guests, he took to jumping into trees during state receptions.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The Élysée Palace was closed in June 1940 and remained empty during World War II. It was reoccupied only in 1946 by Vincent Auriol, President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, then first President of the Fourth Republic from 1947 to 1954. From 1959 to 1969, the Élysée was occupied by Charles de Gaulle, the first President of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle did not like its lack of privacy and oversaw the purchase of the luxurious Hôtel de Marigny to lodge foreign state officials in visits to France, saying, "I do not like the idea of meeting Kings walking around my corridors in their pyjamas."


title: Élysée Palace

text: In the 1970s, President Georges Pompidou had some of the original rooms in the palace redesigned by Pierre Paulin in the modern style, of which only the Salle à Manger Paulin survives.


title: Élysée Palace

text: Socialist President François Mitterrand, who governed from 1981 to 1995, is said to have seldom used its private apartments, preferring the privacy of his own home on the more bohemian Rive Gauche. A discreet flat in the nearby presidential annexe Palais de l'Alma housed his mistress Anne Pingeot, mother of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine Pingeot.


title: Élysée Palace

text: By contrast, his successor Jacques Chirac lived throughout his two terms in office (1995–2007) in the Élysée apartments with his wife Bernadette. Chirac increased the Palace's budget by 105% to 90 million euros per year, according to the book "L'argent caché de l'Élysée". One million euros per year is spent on drinks alone for the guests invited to the Élysée Palace, 6.9 million euros per year on bonuses for presidential staff and 6.1 million euros per year on the 145 extra employees Chirac hired after he was elected in 1995.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The Élysée has gardens, in which presidents hosted parties on the afternoon of Bastille Day until 2010. That year, then-President Nicolas Sarkozy decided to stop organising this event because of France's high debt and the economic crisis.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The heavily guarded mansion and grounds are situated at 55 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré at its intersection with . A monumental gate with four Ionic order columns, flanked by walls topped by a balustrade, opens onto a large rounded courtyard. The majestic ceremonial courtyard imparts a degree of grandeur to the house. The main residence is constructed in the French neo-classical style. An entrance vestibule is aligned with the ceremonial courtyard and gardens. There is a long central building, a great — or State — apartment divided in the middle by a large salon that opens into the garden. This building also has a central three-storey section, and two single-floor wings: the Appartement des Bains to the right, and the Petit Appartement (private apartments) to the left. The French-style garden has a central path aligned with the central building, patterned flowerbeds and alleys of chestnut trees edged with hedgerows.


title: Élysée Palace

text: The Vestibule d'Honneur (Hall of Honour) is the room which the main entrance to the palace leads into. In this room the President of France meets visiting officials, world leaders and spiritual leaders.