title: Booting

text: The boot process can be considered complete when the computer is ready to interact with the user, or the operating system is capable of running system programs or application programs.


title: Booting

text: Many embedded systems must boot immediately. For example, waiting a minute for a digital television or a GPS navigation device to start is generally unacceptable. Therefore, such devices have software systems in ROM or flash memory so the device can begin functioning immediately; little or no loading is necessary, because the loading can be precomputed and stored on the ROM when the device is made.


title: Booting

text: Large and complex systems may have boot procedures that proceed in multiple phases until finally the operating system and other programs are loaded and ready to execute. Because operating systems are designed as if they never start or stop, a boot loader might load the operating system, configure itself as a mere process within that system, and then irrevocably transfer control to the operating system. The boot loader then terminates normally as any other process would.


title: Booting

text: Most computers are also capable of booting over a computer network. In this scenario, the operating system is stored on the disk of a server, and certain parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol such as the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). After these parts have been transferred, the operating system takes over the control of the booting process.


title: Booting

text: As with the second-stage boot loader, network booting begins by using generic network access methods provided by the network interface's boot ROM, which typically contains a Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) image. No drivers are required, but the system functionality is limited until the operating system kernel and drivers are transferred and started. As a result, once the ROM-based booting has completed it is entirely possible to network boot into an operating system that itself does not have the ability to use the network interface.


title: Booting

text: The boot device is the device from which the operating system is loaded. A modern PC's UEFI or BIOS firmware supports booting from various devices, typically a local solid state drive or hard disk drive via the GPT or Master Boot Record (MBR) on such a drive or disk, an optical disc drive (using El Torito), a USB mass storage device (FTL-based flash drive, SD card or multi-media card slot, USB hard disk drive, USB optical disc drive, etc.), or a network interface card (using PXE). Older, less common BIOS-bootable devices include floppy disk drives, Zip drives, and LS-120 drives.


title: Booting

text: Typically, the system firmware (UEFI or BIOS) will allow the user to configure a "boot order". If the boot order is set to "first, the DVD drive; second, the hard disk drive", then the firmware will try to boot from the DVD drive, and if this fails (e.g. because there is no DVD in the drive), it will try to boot from the local hard disk drive.


title: Booting

text: For example, on a PC with Windows installed on the hard drive, the user could set the boot order to the one given above, and then insert a Linux Live CD in order to try out Linux without having to install an operating system onto the hard drive. This is an example of dual booting, in which the user chooses which operating system to start after the computer has performed its Power-on self-test (POST). In this example of dual booting, the user chooses by inserting or removing the DVD from the computer, but it is more common to choose which operating system to boot by selecting from a boot manager menu on the selected device, by using the computer keyboard to select from a BIOS or UEFI Boot Menu, or both; the Boot Menu is typically entered by pressing or keys during the POST; the BIOS Setup is typically entered by pressing or keys during the POST.


title: Booting

text: Several devices are available that enable the user to "quick-boot" into what is usually a variant of Linux for various simple tasks such as Internet access; examples are Splashtop and Latitude ON.


title: Booting

text: Upon starting, an IBM-compatible personal computer's x86 CPU, executes in real mode, the instruction located at reset vector (the physical memory address on 16-bit x86 processors and on 32-bit and 64-bit x86 processors), usually pointing to the firmware (UEFI or BIOS) entry point inside the ROM. This memory location typically contains a jump instruction that transfers execution to the location of the firmware (UEFI or BIOS) start-up program. This program runs a power-on self-test (POST) to check and initialize required devices such as main memory (DRAM), the PCI bus and the PCI devices (including running embedded Option ROMs). One of the most involved steps is setting up DRAM over SPD, further complicated by the fact that at this point memory is very limited.


title: Booting

text: After initializing required hardware, the firmware (UEFI or BIOS) goes through a pre-configured list of non-volatile storage devices ("boot device sequence") until it finds one that is bootable. A bootable MBR device is defined as one that can be read from, and where the last two bytes of the first sector contain the little-endian word , found as byte sequence , on disk (also known as the MBR boot signature), or where it is otherwise established that the code inside the sector is executable on x86 PCs.


title: Booting

text: Once the BIOS has found a bootable device it loads the boot sector to linear address (usually segment:offset :, but some BIOSes erroneously use :) and transfers execution to the boot code. In the case of a hard disk, this is referred to as the Master Boot Record (MBR). The conventional MBR code checks the MBR's partition table for a partition set as "bootable" (the one with "active" flag set). If an active partition is found, the MBR code loads the boot sector code from that partition, known as Volume Boot Record (VBR), and executes it. The MBR boot code is often operating-system specific.


title: Booting

text: The boot sector code is the first-stage boot loader. It is located on fixed disks and removable drives, and must fit into the first 446 bytes of the Master Boot Record in order to leave room for the default 64-byte partition table with four partition entries and the two-byte boot signature, which the BIOS requires for a proper boot loader — or even less, when additional features like more than four partition entries (up to 16 with 16 bytes each), a disk signature (6 bytes), a disk timestamp (6 bytes), an Advanced Active Partition (18 bytes) or special multi-boot loaders have to be supported as well in some environments. In floppy and superfloppy Volume Boot Records, up to 59 bytes are occupied for the Extended BIOS Parameter Block on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes since DOS 4.0, whereas the FAT32 EBPB introduced with DOS 7.1 requires even 87 bytes, leaving only 423 bytes for the boot loader when assuming a sector size of 512 bytes. Microsoft boot sectors therefore traditionally imposed certain restrictions on the boot process, for example, the boot file had to be located at a fixed position in the root directory of the file system and stored as consecutive sectors, conditions taken care of by the codice_1 command and slightly relaxed in later versions of DOS. The boot loader was then able to load the first three sectors of the file into memory, which happened to contain another embedded boot loader able to load the remainder of the file into memory. When Microsoft added LBA and FAT32 support, they even switched to a boot loader reaching over "two" physical sectors and using 386 instructions for size reasons. At the same time other vendors managed to squeeze much more functionality into a single boot sector without relaxing the original constraints on only minimal available memory (32 KB) and processor support (). For example, DR-DOS boot sectors are able to locate the boot file in the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file system, and load it into memory as a whole via CHS or LBA, even if the file is not stored in a fixed location and in consecutive sectors.


title: Booting

text: The VBR is often OS-specific; however, its main function is to load and execute the operating system boot loader file (such as codice_2 or codice_3), which is the second-stage boot loader, from an active partition. Then the boot loader loads the OS kernel from the storage device.


title: Booting

text: If there is no active partition, or the active partition's boot sector is invalid, the MBR may load a secondary boot loader which will select a partition (often via user input) and load its boot sector, which usually loads the corresponding operating system kernel. In some cases, the MBR may also attempt to load secondary boot loaders before trying to boot the active partition. If all else fails, it should issue an INT 18h BIOS interrupt call (followed by an INT 19h just in case INT 18h would return) in order to give back control to the BIOS, which would then attempt to boot off other devices, attempt a remote boot via network.


title: Booting

text: Unlike BIOS, UEFI (not Legacy boot via CSM) does not rely on boot sectors, UEFI system loads the boot loader (EFI application file in USB disk or in the EFI System Partition) directly, and the OS kernel is loaded by the boot loader.


title: Booting

text: Many modern CPUs, SoCs and microcontrollers (for example, TI OMAP) or sometimes even digital signal processors (DSPs) may have boot ROM integrated directly into their silicon, so such a processor can perform a simple boot sequence on its own and load boot programs (firmware or software) from boot sources such as NAND flash or eMMC. It is difficult to hardwire all the required logic for handling such devices, so an integrated boot ROM is used instead in such scenarios. Also, a boot ROM may be able to load a boot loader or diagnostic program via serial interfaces like UART, SPI, USB and so on. This feature is often used for system recovery purposes, or it could also be used for initial non-volatile memory programming when there is no software available in the non-volatile memory yet. Many modern microcontrollers (e.g. flash memory controller on some USB flash drives) have firmware ROM integrated directly into their silicon.


title: Booting

text: Some embedded system designs may also include an intermediary boot sequence step. For example, Das U-Boot may be split into two stages: the platform would load a small SPL (Secondary Program Loader), which is a stripped-down version of U-Boot, and the SPL would do some initial hardware configuration (e.g. DRAM initialization using CPU cache as RAM) and load the larger, fully featured version of U-Boot.


title: Booting

text: It is also possible to take control of a system by using a hardware debug interface such as JTAG. Such an interface may be used to write the boot loader program into bootable non-volatile memory (e.g. flash) by instructing the processor core to perform the necessary actions to program non-volatile memory. Alternatively, the debug interface may be used to upload some diagnostic or boot code into RAM, and then to start the processor core and instruct it to execute the uploaded code. This allows, for example, the recovery of embedded systems where no software remains on any supported boot device, and where the processor does not have any integrated boot ROM. JTAG is a standard and popular interface; many CPUs, microcontrollers and other devices are manufactured with JTAG interfaces (as of 2009).


title: Booting

text: Some microcontrollers provide special hardware interfaces which cannot be used to take arbitrary control of a system or directly run code, but instead they allow the insertion of boot code into bootable non-volatile memory (like flash memory) via simple protocols. Then at the manufacturing phase, such interfaces are used to inject boot code (and possibly other code) into non-volatile memory. After system reset, the microcontroller begins to execute code programmed into its non-volatile memory, just like usual processors are using ROMs for booting. Most notably this technique is used by Atmel AVR microcontrollers, and by others as well. In many cases such interfaces are implemented by hardwired logic. In other cases such interfaces could be created by software running in integrated on-chip boot ROM from GPIO pins.


title: Booting

text: Most DSPs have a serial mode boot, and a parallel mode boot, such as the host port interface (HPI boot).


title: Booting

text: In case of DSPs there is often a second microprocessor or microcontroller present in the system design, and this is responsible for overall system behavior, interrupt handling, dealing with external events, user interface, etc. while the DSP is dedicated to signal processing tasks only. In such systems the DSP could be booted by another processor which is sometimes referred as the "host processor" (giving name to a Host Port). Such a processor is also sometimes referred as the "master", since it usually boots first from its own memories and then controls overall system behavior, including booting of the DSP, and then further controlling the DSP's behavior. The DSP often lacks its own boot memories and relies on the host processor to supply the required code instead. The most notable systems with such a design are cell phones, modems, audio and video players and so on, where a DSP and a CPU/microcontroller are co-existing.


title: Booting

text: Many FPGA chips load their configuration from an external serial EEPROM ("configuration ROM") on power-up.


title: Dickson Poon

text: Sir Dickson Poon (; born 19 June 1956) is a Hong Kong businessman in the luxury goods retailing sector. Poon is the executive chairman of his Hong Kong based and listed company Dickson Concepts (DCIL), which owns companies including Harvey Nichols and S. T. Dupont. Through trusts, he controls 40.13% of the voting capital of DCIL as of 31 March 2008.


title: Dickson Poon

text: Along with Sammo Hung, Poon founded D&B Films Co., Ltd which released action and martial arts motion pictures such as the "In the Line of Duty" series, "Hong Kong 1941", "Legacy of Rage" and more than 50 other titles. The company's last production, "Black Cat II: Assassination of President Yeltsin" (Hei mao zhi ci sha Ye Li Qin), was in 1992.


title: Dickson Poon

text: Poon's first marriage was to Marjorie Yang, daughter of Hong Kong textile magnate Y. L. Yang (), and chairwoman of the Esquel Group. They have a daughter, Dee Poon Chu-ying ().


title: Dickson Poon

text: In 1984, Poon's company signed the then-21-year-old Miss Malaysia, Michelle Yeoh, to appear in a television ad opposite Jackie Chan. That appearance, with Poon's help, subsequently helped to launch Yeoh's motion picture career with the 1985 martial arts film "Yes, Madam". Four years later, in February 1988, Yeoh suspended her movie career to marry Poon. She resumed it three-and-a-half years later when the couple separated in 1991.


title: Dickson Poon

text: He married his third wife Kwai-chu "Pearl" Yu in 1992. They have four children, daughters Daryl and Dana and sons Pearson () and Dexter. Pearson, a Cambridge graduate, was appointed as an Executive Director of Dickson Concepts on 14 December 2018.


title: Dickson Poon

text: In November 2010 Poon donated 10 million to St Hugh's College, Oxford for the construction of the Dickson Poon China Centre, which will bring together, for the first time, academics from a range of research interests related to China, provide accommodation for the college's postgraduate students, and house the Chinese Collection of the Bodleian Library.


title: Dickson Poon

text: Poon's donation to St. Hugh's College was followed two years later by a 20 million GBP donation to King's College London to fund the existing law faculty. It was the largest donation by an individual to the University in its history. In recognition of his donation, the law school at King's College London was renamed The Dickson Poon School of Law.


title: Dickson Poon

text: Dickson Poon was knighted in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to business and charity, especially higher education.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Joseph Edmund Johnson, Baron Johnson of Marylebone, (born 23 December 1971) is a British politician who was Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation from July to September 2019, as well as previously from 2015 to 2018. A member of the Conservative Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Orpington from 2010 to 2019. He currently sits in the House of Lords. His older brother, Boris Johnson, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom between 2019 and 2022.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson was appointed Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit in 2013 by Prime Minister David Cameron. He became Minister of State for the Cabinet Office in 2014 and Universities Minister in 2015. Following the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle, Johnson served as Minister of State for Transport and Minister for London; he resigned in November the same year, citing the failure of the Brexit negotiations to achieve what had been promised by the Vote Leave campaign and his wish to campaign for a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement. In July 2019, he became part of his brother's Cabinet, again as Minister of State for Universities. Johnson and his brother became the third set of brothers to have served simultaneously in Cabinet – following Edward and Oliver Stanley in 1938, and David and Ed Miliband in 2007 – with Johnson being the first to serve as the brother of an incumbent prime minister.


title: Jo Johnson

text: In September 2019, he resigned from the Cabinet and announced that he would stand down as an MP at the next United Kingdom general election. In July 2020, he was elevated to the House of Lords in the 2019 Dissolution Honours.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Since retiring from politics, Johnson has become non-executive chairman at "Tes". He is also a senior fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, and President's Professorial Fellow at King's College London. He has since returned to his work as a journalist at outlets including the "Financial Times".


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson was born in London. He is the youngest of four children of former Conservative MEP Stanley Johnson and artist Charlotte Johnson Wahl (née Fawcett), the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a barrister and president of the European Commission of Human Rights from 1972 to 1981. Johnson is the brother of Boris Johnson, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Conservative MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip; Rachel, a journalist; and Leo, an entrepreneur, filmmaker and partner at the professional services firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson first attended the European School in Uccle, before attending The Hall School in Hampstead, London, Ashdown House School in East Sussex, and then Eton College. In 1991, he went to Balliol College, Oxford, to read Modern History. He was a Scholar at Balliol, edited "Isis", the Oxford University student magazine, and was awarded a First Class degree in both Honour Moderations (June 1992) and Finals (Honour School, June 1994).


title: Jo Johnson

text: While at Oxford, he was a member of the Bullingdon Club together with Harry Mount, Nat Rothschild and George Osborne, with whom he remains a close friend.


title: Jo Johnson

text: After graduating from the Université libre de Bruxelles, in 1995 Johnson joined Deutsche Bank as an investment banker.


title: Jo Johnson

text: In 1997, he switched career paths and joined the "Financial Times". After a sabbatical in 1999/2000 during which he gained an MBA from INSEAD, he returned to become Paris correspondent (2001–05), and then as South Asia bureau chief based in New Delhi (2005–08). On return to London he became an associate editor of the "Financial Times" and head of the Lex Column, one of the most influential positions in British financial journalism.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Previous 'Heads of Lex' include Nigel Lawson, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Martin Taylor, former chief executive of Barclays Bank, and Richard Lambert, director-general of the Confederation of British Industry. Johnson left the Lex column in April 2010. He received awards for his journalism from a range of organisations, including the Foreign Press Association, the Society of Publishers in Asia and "The Indian Express"s Excellence in Journalism Awards.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson's books include the co-authored "The Man Who Tried To Buy the World" (Penguin, 2003), about the French businessman Jean-Marie Messier. This was serialised in "The Guardian" and published in France as "Une faillite française" by Albin Michel in 2002. He co-edited, with Rajiv Kumar (secretary general, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) "Reconnecting Britain and India: Ideas for an Enhanced Partnership" (Academic Foundation 2011).


title: Jo Johnson

text: He commentated on radio and television, and spoke in public on the rise of India, as well as on the UK political economy and financial affairs.


title: Jo Johnson

text: In 2009, he was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for the safe seat of Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley from a shortlist of six contenders. At the 2010 general election, he retained the seat for the Conservatives, tripling the majority of his predecessor John Horam to over 17,000. His majority increased again in the general election of 2015, to 19,979.


title: Jo Johnson

text: He increased the Conservative share of the vote in the constituency by 5.5% points to 62.9% at the general election in June 2017, although his majority declined to 19,453.


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 25 April 2013, he was appointed head of the Number 10 Policy Unit by David Cameron to help develop the 2015 Conservative manifesto.


title: Jo Johnson

text: As a junior Cabinet Office minister, he headed the Policy Unit in the Prime Minister's Office, and also chaired a newly created Conservative Parliamentary advisory board, known as the Prime Minister's Policy Board, consisting of Conservative MPs.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson's appointment to head up the Downing Street policy unit was viewed as surprising by "The Guardian" as he was perceived as being more pro-European and left-leaning than most Conservatives.


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 11 May 2015, it was announced that Johnson had been appointed Minister for Universities and Science at the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). Writing about Johnson's appointment for "Times Higher Education", John Morgan said: "Mr Johnson's reputation as a pro-European is likely to please vice-chancellors, many of whom are concerned by the Tories' pledge to hold an in-out referendum on EU membership by 2017. Universities UK pointed out that British higher education institutions benefit from around £1.2 billion in European research funding each year."


title: Jo Johnson

text: In this role, Johnson introduced the Higher Education and Research Act 2017, which the Times Higher Education described as the most significant legislation in 25 years. This overhauled the regulatory framework for English universities, replaced the Higher Education Funding Council for England with a new regulator, the Office for Students, and established mechanisms to hold universities more accountable for the quality of teaching and student outcomes. The Act also created a new single national strategic research body, UK Research and Innovation, bringing together the UK's fragmented research funding bodies.


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 9 January 2018, Johnson left his role as Minister for Universities and accepted a new position as Minister of Transport and Minister for London.


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 9 November 2018, Johnson resigned his position, citing disillusionment with the government's Brexit strategy and called for a fresh vote on Brexit with an option to remain. Johnson argued that Britain was "on the brink of the greatest crisis" since World War Two and claimed that what was on offer was not "anything like what was promised".


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson called on his Conservative Party MPs to vote down Theresa May's Brexit deal on 11 December 2018, stating that it was 'half baked' and the 'worst of both worlds'. Johnson resigned as a minister in December 2018 because he wanted to be free to endorse a proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement.


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 24 July 2019, it was announced that Jo Johnson was appointed Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation – this position would mean he would be attending the meetings of the cabinet. He was appointed to the privy council the next day. On 5 September, Johnson resigned as a Minister and announced he would stand down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest". He stood down at the next general election rather than resigning, therefore minimising any potential political embarrassment for his brother, the prime minister. A Downing Street spokesman said: "The prime minister would like to thank Jo Johnson for his service... The constituents of Orpington could not have asked for a better representative."


title: Jo Johnson

text: On 31 July 2020, the announcement was made of Johnson's elevation to the House of Lords as part of the 2019 Dissolution Honours. It was his older brother Boris Johnson that established his peerage. He was created Baron Johnson of Marylebone, of Marylebone in the City of Westminster, on 12 October. He delivered his maiden speech on the afternoon of Thursday 4 March 2021.


title: Jo Johnson

text: Johnson lives in London with his wife, Amelia Gentleman, a journalist for "The Guardian", the daughter of artist and designer David Gentleman. The couple have two children.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: Jeffrey Allen Townes (born January 22, 1965), known professionally as DJ Jazzy Jeff (or simply Jazz), is an American disc jockey (DJ) and music producer. He was a member of DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince with Will Smith. He is credited, along with DJs Spinbad and Cash Money, with making the transformer scratch famous.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: Townes was born on January 22, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Early on, he developed a reputation and a following as a school and block party DJ.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: He was ten years old when he first became interested in being a DJ. He told author Paul Stenning, "At summer time block parties I wouldn't be the one dancing, I sat where the DJ was set up, watching him. Even when I would go to other block parties in other neighborhoods I was still infatuated with the DJ. He was the guy that played music that everyone in the neighborhood loved. You might not have known his face, you might not have known his name but he was the guy that made everyone move."


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: He took the stage name DJ Jazzy Jeff. He was one half of the duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, along with Will Smith. The group received the first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance in 1989 for "Parents Just Don't Understand", though their most successful single was "Summertime" which earned the group their second Grammy and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: When Smith branched out into television with the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," Jazzy Jeff played a character named Jazz, Smith's best friend on the show. Jazzy Jeff was initially a recurring character in the first season, but became a regular shortly thereafter. In the early seasons, the two characters always greeted each other with their signature handshake (swinging mid-five, point-back, snap with both characters saying "Pssh!"). A running joke throughout the show's run involved the character being physically ejected from the house by Uncle Phil (James Avery), most often using the same footage for comedic effect, but sometimes filming new footage instead. Jazz had an unrequited crush on Hillary Banks (played by Karyn Parsons).


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: One of the first records DJ Jazzy Jeff ever appeared on was with the Korner Boyz (Street Artz Records) and their songs "Bust the Move" and "The Saga of Roxanne", which featured legendary Philadelphia rappers MC Parry P and Grand Tone. The instrumental was called "Jazzy Jeff Scratch" (1985).


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: As a duo, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince had several gold and platinum-selling albums and singles in the late 1980s and early 1990s, earning them the first rap Grammy Award ever presented in 1989 for "Parents Just Don't Understand".


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: At the time of winning the Grammy Award, DJ Jazzy Jeff came home crying as he had just $500 in the bank.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: After DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince broke up, Townes went on to become a prominent R&B, soul, and neo soul record producer, establishing the A Touch of Jazz production company in his native Philadelphia. Among the artists that Jazzy Jeff has helped develop are Eric Roberson, Jill Scott, Musiq Soulchild, Eminem, the Roots, Raheem DeVaughn, Darius Rucker, Talib Kweli, Floetry, Rhymefest, and many more. Despite separating from Will Smith as a music partner, they remain close friends and occasionally work together.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: Some songs by Smith were produced by Townes, and he has performed on some songs by Smith such as "So Fresh" and "Potnas". In addition, he appeared in several of Smith's music videos such as "Will2K" and "Freakin' It". On some occasions, he made appearances with Smith at live concerts, producing DJ scratches. On July 2, 2005, DJ Jazzy Jeff performed with Smith at the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia. Moreover, Smith acknowledges him in his music such as "Comin' to the Stage" from the album "Lost and Found" and "Potnas" from his album "Willennium".


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: His 2007 release "The Return of the Magnificent" featured numerous collaborations with old school and new school artists including CL Smooth, Big Daddy Kane, Pos from De La Soul, Method Man, Peedi Peedi (a remake of "Brand New Funk"), Rhymefest, and Raheem DeVaughn. In 2007, he appeared with Rhymefest in a video directed by Konee Rok, in which he makes music in his home recording studio with Rhymefest.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: In 2009, he made a mixtape titled "He's the King...I'm the DJ" in honor of the late entertainer Michael Jackson. Townes was featured in the video game "DJ Hero" as a playable character. He also has some original mixes in the game.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: In 2010, DJ Jazzy Jeff and Mick (formerly known as Mick Boogie) teamed up to release the "Summertime: The Mixtape" series. The mixes are released every summer.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: In 2013, DJ Jazzy Jeff performed with Will Smith on "The Graham Norton Show". Also that same year, DJ Jazzy Jeff released "Vinyl Destination", a web series documenting his hundred plus DJ shows from all around the world. He also appeared as the lead interview in Paul Stenning's book "Success – By Those Who've Made It".


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: In August 2017, DJ Jazzy Jeff and Will Smith performed two shows in Europe: MTV Summerblast Music Festival in Croatia and the Livewire Festival in Blackpool.


title: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: He has four children: two sons from a previous relationship including actor Amir Mitchell-Townes, and a son and daughter with Lynette.


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: The 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season was the 76th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), its 60th in the San Francisco Bay Area, and its third season at the Chase Center. After failing to make the playoffs the previous two seasons, the Warriors beat the Boston Celtics 4–2 in the Finals. It was the Warriors' fourth championship in eight years, and seventh overall. With the win, many analysts claimed the Warriors as one of the greatest dynasties in NBA history.


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: On December 14, Stephen Curry hit five three-pointers against the New York Knicks to reach 2,977, which surpassed Ray Allen's career total of 2,973 for most three-pointers made in NBA history in the regular season. Earlier in the season against the Chicago Bulls, Curry hit nine three-pointers to reach 3,366 which broke Allen's record of 3,358 for most three-pointers made in NBA history, regular season, and postseason combined. Curry also became the first player in NBA history to surpass 500 three-pointers in the play-offs, finishing with 561.


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: On January 9, Klay Thompson made his season debut against the Cleveland Cavaliers after missing the 2019–20 season with a left ACL tear, and the 2020–21 season with a right Achilles tendon tear. He recorded 17 points and 3 rebounds in a 96–82 win.


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: Stephen Curry, Andrew Wiggins, and Draymond Green were named to the 2022 NBA All-Star Game; however, Green was injured and did not play in the game. On February 20, Team LeBron defeated Team Durant in the All-Star Game and Curry, playing for Team LeBron, was named the All-Star Game MVP. This is the fifth time that a Warriors player has won the award. He scored 50 points, and set numerous All-Star Game records, including most three-pointers made (16), and most all-time three-pointers made in the All-Star Game (47).


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: The Warriors had a record in February, then went 7–16 in an injury-plagued stretch of 23 games, and then won the final 5 games of the season. They clinched a playoff berth for the first time since 2018–19 season after a 111–107 win over the Utah Jazz on April 2. They finished third in the Western Conference, with a record of . In the first round of the playoffs, the Warriors defeated the Denver Nuggets in five games. In the second round, the Warriors upset the second-seed Memphis Grizzlies in six games. They went on to defeat the Dallas Mavericks in five games, winning the Western Conference for the seventh time in their history, and the sixth time in the last eight years. The last team to win six championships in eight years was the 1990–98 Chicago Bulls in the Eastern Conference. The Warriors under Steve Kerr have never lost a Western Conference playoff series, going 18–0 during this span, tied with the 1959–67 Boston Celtics for the longest playoff winning streak in NBA history against their conference opponents. Golden State met the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals in a rematch of the 1964 Finals, in which the Celtics defeated the then–San Francisco Warriors in five games. The Warriors defeated the Celtics four games to two to win their fourth championship in eight years, seventh overall, and first since 2018. After the series, many analysts claimed that the Warriors were one of the greatest dynasties in NBA history. During the championship run, the Warriors won at least one road game in all four playoff series, thus extending their NBA record for consecutives playoff series with at least one road win at 27, a record that is "beyond compare" in NBA history.


title: 2021–22 Golden State Warriors season

text: The Warriors had two first-round picks entering the draft. The seventh pick was given from the Timberwolves following the Andrew Wiggins trade from the 2019–20 season.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, taken from her fifth studio album "1989" (2014). Swift wrote the song with its producers Max Martin and Shellback. The album track is a pop song with stomping drums. A hip hop remix of "Bad Blood", featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar and additional production by Ilya, was released as the fourth single from "1989" on May 17, 2015, by Big Machine and Republic Records.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The lyrics are about feelings of betrayal by a close friend. Upon the album's release, critics expressed mixed opinions about "Bad Blood", with some complimenting Swift's defiant attitude and dubbing it an album highlight, while others criticized its production and lyrics. The remixed single was praised for the reworked instrumentation and Lamar's verses, which some considered out of place on a pop song. Media outlets speculated that American singer Katy Perry is the subject of the song. The remix received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" was supported by a high-budget music video directed by Joseph Kahn and produced by Swift. It featured an ensemble cast consisting of many singers, actresses and fashion models, which received wide media coverage. Critics praised the video for its cinematic and futuristic visuals inspired by neo-noir styles. It won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, and two MTV Video Music Awards for the Video of the Year and Best Collaboration. Commercially, "Bad Blood" reached number one in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Scotland, as well as the United States, where it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100, Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts. It has been certified triple platinum in Australia and Canada, and 6× platinum in the US.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Taylor Swift's fifth studio album, "1989", was inspired by 1980s synth-pop. The album's electronic production using synthesizers, programmed drums, and processed backing vocals marked a departure from the country styles of her previous releases. On "1989", Swift and Swedish producer Max Martin served as executive producers. Martin and his frequent collaborator Shellback produced seven out of thirteen songs on the album's standard edition, including "Bad Blood". The album was released in October 2014 to commercial success, selling over one million copies within a week.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" was released as the fourth single from "1989". The remix version featuring rapper Kendrick Lamar was released on May 17, 2015, for digital download by Big Machine Records. The single release was supported by the premiere of its music video at the 2015 "Billboard" Music Awards. "Bad Blood" impacted US contemporary hit radio on May 19, 2015, under Big Machine and Republic Records imprint. The song was released to Italian contemporary hit radio on June 12, 2015, through Universal Music Group.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Swift wrote "Bad Blood" about an undisclosed female musician. She revealed in a 2014 interview with "Rolling Stone" that this female peer, whom she had thought of as a close friend of hers, attempted to sabotage one of her concert tours by hiring people who worked for her. Upon the release of "1989", various publications speculated that Katy Perry was the subject of the song; Perry and Swift were involved in a heavily publicized feud that received widespread media coverage. Several publications including "Time" and "The Washington Post" noted parallels between the lyric "If you live like that, you live with ghosts" in "Bad Blood" and the title of "Ghost", a song from Perry's 2013 album "Prism". Some critics initially interpreted "Bad Blood" to be about lost romance, which is the central theme of "1989". According to several media outlets, Perry's 2017 single "Swish Swish" is a diss track responding to "Bad Blood".


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" was recorded by Sam Holland at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles, and by Michael Ilbert at MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound Studio in New York. It is a pop track featuring heavy, stomping drums. Jem Aswad of "Billboard" compared its stomping beats to those of Gwen Stefani's 2005 single "Hollaback Girl", while "The Observer" Kitty Empire likened the production to that of English singer Charli XCX. The chorus consists of repetitive phrases, "Now we got bad blood / You know it used to be mad love," sung by Swift with tense vocals over surging keyboard tones. Swift resents her former friend for having betrayed her, through lyrics such as "These kinda wounds, they last and they last," and "Band-aids don't fix bullet holes / You say sorry just for show."


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The single version incorporates elements of hip hop. It includes two verses written and performed by Lamar. According to Britton Luke of "NME", the revamped version resembles the production and structure of Rihanna's 2010 single "Rude Boy". Lamar finished his verses in a few takes with Swift during a studio session in Los Angeles, recalling that their collaboration went smoothly because "the vibe was right". He told "Rolling Stone" in 2017 that he was unaware of the publicized feud between Swift and Perry, saying, "That's far beyond my concern. I have to stay away from that, for sure." The remix saw additional production from Ilya Salmanzadeh, who incorporated a deeper bass.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The album version of "Bad Blood" was met with mixed reviews from critics, many of whom singled it out as the weakest song on "1989". Mike Diver from "Clash" described the song as "a litany of diary-page break-up clichés set to directionless thumps and fuzzes". Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" considered "Bad Blood" a generic song where Swift fails to showcase herself as a distinctive artist, felt the song's beat is similar to Perry's 2013 single "Roar". "Spin" Andrew Unterberger called the song "disappointingly bland" as it fails to showcase Swift's traditionally vivid songwriting. Writing for "Vulture", Lindsay Zoladz felt that the song represented "brainless, evil pop" that Swift had disdained.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: On a more positive side, "The Quietus" writer Amy Pettifier considered "Bad Blood" one of the songs on "1989" that are "crammed with merit", calling it "all sass and bile". "Entertainment Weekly" Adam Markovitz said that the track had potentials to become a chart success and listed it as one of the best songs on the album. "Consequence" reviewer Sasha Geffen applauded the song's heavy hip hop beats and deep basslines resulting in a defiant tune that represented Swift's new attitude, calling its production "the tightest turns Swift has ever cut". Robert Leedham from "Drowned in Sound" highlighted the song's "proud defiance" that recalled "iconic hardcore bands you've probably never heard of".


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The remix version received praise for Lamar's guest verses and the reworked instrumental. Meanwhile, some critics felt that Lamar's radio-friendly verses were unusual of his well-known aggressive flow. Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" dubbed the single "a masterstroke" with "potent and effective" verses from Lamar and an "even more anthemic" chorus compared to the album version.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Retrospectively, critics have considered "Bad Blood" one of Swift's weakest songs in her repertoire. Rankings by "Rolling Stone" Rob Sheffield, "Paste" Jane Song, and "Vulture" Nate Jones all ranked "Bad Blood" among the worst songs Swift had released. Nevertheless, "Bad Blood" featured on lists of the best songs of 2015 by "NME" (11th) and "PopMatters" (sixth).


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" first charted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for two weeks in November 2014 and January 2015 as an album cut from "1989", peaking at number 78. Upon its single release, the remix version entered the Hot 100 at number 53 and the Digital Songs chart at number 26, selling 47,000 digital copies. The following week, the song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated May 24, 2015, earning 385,000 digital copies in sales, 18.1 million streams, and 57 million radio impressions. Jumping 52 positions to the number-one spot, it marked one of the largest jumps to the top in "Billboard" chart history. "Bad Blood" was Swift's fourth Hot 100 number one and "1989" third, making Swift the first artist since Adele with her 2011 album "21" to yield three chart toppers from the same album. It was Lamar's first number one and second top-10 entry.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" dropped to number two after spending a week at number one. It spent five consecutive weeks at number two, blocked from the top by "See You Again by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth. On "Billboard"'s airplay charts, "Bad Blood" reached number one on the Pop Songs (Mainstream Top 40) chart, a pop-focused airplay chart, in its fifth charting week. It was the fastest song to top the chart since Nelly's "Over and Over" (2004) featuring Tim McGraw, which spent three weeks before ascending to the number-one spot. In the week ending July 12, 2015, "Bad Blood" broke the record for the most single-week plays in the Pop Songs chart's 22-year history, besting the previous record by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth's "See You Again". The single additionally peaked atop the Adult Top 40 chart. "Bad Blood" was the 10th-best-selling song of 2015 in the US, selling 2.584 million digital copies. The single has been certified 6× Platinum, based on sales and on-demand streams, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). By July 2019, it had sold 3.2 million digital copies in the US.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The single also topped the charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Scotland. It peaked within the top five on charts of South Africa (two), Lebanon (four), and the United Kingdom (four). "Bad Blood" has received multi-platinum certifications in Australia (3× Platinum) and Canada (3× Platinum), platinum certification in the United Kingdom, and gold in New Zealand.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" was supported by a high-budget music video directed by Joseph Kahn and produced by Swift. It was filmed in Los Angeles on April 12, 2015, and premiered at the 2015 "Billboard" Music Awards on May 17, 2015. The video features an ensemble cast consisting of singers and fashion models, whose public appearances with Swift during the subsequent 1989 World Tour led the media to call them Swift's "squad". Each member of the cast chose her character's name. The cast include (in order of appearance): Catastrophe (Swift), Arsyn (Selena Gomez), Welvin da Great (Lamar), Lucky Fiori (Lena Dunham), The Trinity (Hailee Steinfeld), Dilemma (Serayah), Slay-Z (Gigi Hadid), Destructa X (Ellie Goulding), Homeslice (Martha Hunt), Mother Chucker (Cara Delevingne), Cut Throat (Zendaya), The Crimson Curse (Hayley Williams), Frostbyte (Lily Aldridge), Knockout (Karlie Kloss), Domino (Jessica Alba), Justice (Mariska Hargitay), Luna (Ellen Pompeo), and Headmistress (Cindy Crawford).


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Set in a fictional London, the music video starts with Catastrophe (Swift) and her partner, Arsyn (Gomez), fighting off a group of men in a corporate office for a mysterious briefcase. When all of the men are defeated, Arsyn double crosses Catastrophe by stealing the briefcase in her hand and kicking her out of a window. The song begins with Catastrophe lying on a broken car, as Welvin da Great begins his rap verse and Lucky Fiori smokes a cigar. Catastrophe is shown being nursed back to health by a trio of girls called The Trinity, and after some time, she is ready to start training for her revenge. When her training is complete, Catastrophe and her friends strike out to exact their revenge on Arsyn and her masked henchwomen. The two teams approach each other in what seems to be slow motion while an enormous explosion goes off in the background, blotting out the London skyline, and the video ends with Catastrophe and Arsyn simultaneously striking each other in the face.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The video received positive feedback regarding its production and styling, with comments pointing out several references to action movies. "Rolling Stone" described it as a "futuristic neo-noir" video. Daniel D'Addario of "Time" called it Swift's "most elaborate" music video yet, and compared its visuals to those of "Sin City". "Slate" agreed and found other film inspirations: "Along the way, they pay homage to countless films. Besides the video's "Robocop" premise, there's its "Sin City" aesthetic, its nod to" Tron"'s light cycles, and its ""-like fight in the snow." "Billboard" drew parallels between the video and the music videos of Britney Spears's "Toxic" and "Womanizer", which were both directed by Kahn. The video broke Vevo's 24-hour viewing record by accumulating 20.1 million views in its first day of release, which was later broken by Adele's "Hello" in October 2015, with 27.7 million views in the first 24 hours.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The video's content, allegedly to be about Swift's feud with Katy Perry, drew criticism from some commentators regarding its allegedly anti-feminist message contradicting Swift's feminist identity. Jennifer Gannon from "The Irish Times" observed that Swift's celebrity friends were a tool for her to build a cult of personality rather than female empowerment, writing: "Her intentions may be honourable but tangled up within this complicated web of victimhood and tired gossip is her own form of girl power." "The Atlantic" Spencer Kornharber defended the video, describing it as Swift's effort to counterattack "old stereotypes about women as inherently catty ... and that females must necessarily compete for the top spot in arenas from music to dating". Hannelore Roth, a literature professor, acknowledged Swift's feminist identity, but argued that the cast featured in the video implied that feminism is only accessible to rich and attractive women. Roth also noted that, since Welvin da Great (Lamar's character) appears to be the ringleader behind these women, the video proves to be "just a violent, pre-modern copy of the patriarchal structures at the office". In a retrospective review, "Consequence" critic Mary Siroky dubbed the "Bad Blood" video "The Avengers" of music videos.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Bad Blood" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, and won Best Music Video at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards in 2016. At the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, the music video for "Bad Blood" received eight nominations and won two: Video of the Year and Best Collaboration. The song was one of the awarded songs at the 2016 ASCAP Pop Music Awards and the 2016 BMI Awards, where Swift became the first woman to win a prize named after its recipient, the Taylor Swift Award.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The song received accolades at fan-voted awards such as Teen Choice Awards (including Choice Music - Collaboration), MTV Europe Music Awards, Radio Disney Music Awards and the Philippines' Myx Music Award. It received nominations at the American Music Awards (for Collaboration of the Year), People's Choice Awards, Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and iHeartRadio Music Awards. Its music video won accolades at the UK Music Video Awards, Mexico's Telehit Awards and France's NRJ Music Award.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: At the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, Swift performed "Bad Blood" in a joint performance with Nicki Minaj; the two also performed "Trini Dem Girls" and "The Night Is Still Young", taken from Minaj's album "The Pinkprint" (2014). Swift included "Bad Blood" on the set list of the 1989 World Tour, which was launched in support of "1989" and ran through 2015. She also included the song on the set list for her 2018 Reputation Stadium Tour, where she performed it as part of a medley with her previous single "Should've Said No" (2008).


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: The song has been featured in several occasions. English rock band Drenge covered the song for BBC Radio 1's live session on June 23, 2015. The animated web series "How It Should Have Ended" released a parody video based on "Bad Blood", titled "Bat Blood", in September 2015. "Bat Blood" parodies the marketing of the 2015 film "". Anthony Rizzo of the New York Yankees used "Bad Blood" as one of his walk-up songs during his time as a member of the Chicago Cubs in the 2015 and 2016 seasons. Canadian rapper-singer Drake included the song in his advertisement for Apple Music in November 2016.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Rock singer Ryan Adams covered "Bad Blood" as part of his track-by-track interpretation of Swift's "1989". Adams's version is a guitar-driven alt-country song, as opposed to the original's electronic production. He released "Bad Blood" as a single preceding the release of his "1989" cover on September 17, 2015, through Apple Music's Beats 1 radio. Andrew Unterberger from "Spin" preferred Adams's stripped-down version to Swift's original song, and Annie Zaleski of "The A.V. Club" called it "the quintessential Adams-style alt-country shuffle." Adams's "Bad Blood" peaked at number 25 on the Ultratop chart of Belgian Wallonia, and number 36 on "Billboard" Rock Airplay chart.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: A snippet of the re-recorded version of "Bad Blood", titled "Bad Blood (Taylor's Version)", is featured in the 2022 animated film "DC League of Super-Pets". The song is a part of the re-recorded music from Swift following the dispute over the ownership of the masters of her older discography.


title: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)

text: Credits for the album version are adapted from liner notes of "1989", and credits for the remix version are adapted from Tidal.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The prime minister of New Zealand () is the head of government of New Zealand. The prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The prime minister (informally abbreviated to PM) ranks as the most senior government minister. They are responsible for chairing meetings of Cabinet; allocating posts to ministers within the government; acting as the spokesperson for the government; and providing advice to the sovereign or the sovereign's representative, the governor-general. They also have ministerial responsibility for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The office exists by a long-established convention, which originated in New Zealand's former colonial power, the then United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The convention stipulates that the governor-general must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the support, or confidence, of the House of Representatives. This individual is typically the parliamentary leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that house. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their actions to the governor-general, to the House of Representatives, to their political party, and ultimately to the national electorate.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Originally the head of government was titled "colonial secretary" or "first minister". This was changed in 1869 to "premier". That title remained in use for more than 30 years, until Richard Seddon informally changed it to "prime minister" in 1901 during his tenure in the office. Following the declaration of New Zealand as a Dominion in 1907, the term prime minister has been used exclusively in English. In Māori, the title "", meaning "premier", continues to be used. New Zealand prime ministers are styled as "The Right Honourable", a privilege they retain for life.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The governor-general appoints a prime minister, like other ministerial positions, on behalf of the monarch. By the conventions of responsible government, the governor-general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the elected members of parliament (MPs). In making this appointment, convention requires the governor-general to act on the outcome of the electoral process and subsequent discussions between political parties by which the person who will lead the government as prime minister is identified. In practice, the position typically falls to an MP who is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party among those forming the government. The prime minister may lead a coalition government and/or a minority government dependent on support from smaller parties during confidence-and-supply votes.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Once appointed and sworn in by the governor-general, the prime minister remains in the post until dismissal, resignation, or death in office. They, like all ministers, hold office "during the pleasure of the Governor-General", so theoretically, the governor-general can dismiss a prime minister at any time; however, convention heavily circumscribes the power to do so. The governor-general retains reserve powers to dismiss a prime minister in certain circumstances, such as those pertaining to a no-confidence motion against the government in the House of Representatives.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Where a prime minister, and by extension the government, can no longer command the confidence of the house, either by losing a confidence vote or as the result of an election, convention dictates that they should tender their resignation to the governor-general. As the Constitution Act 1986 requires general elections every 3 years, this is the maximum period of time that a prime minister can serve without their mandate being renewed.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The office of prime minister is not defined by codified laws, but by unwritten customs known as constitutional conventions which developed in Britain and which New Zealand replicated. These conventions depend for the most part on the underlying principle that the prime minister and fellow ministers must not lose the confidence of the democratically elected component of parliament, the House of Representatives. The prime minister is leader of the Cabinet (itself a body existing by convention), and takes a coordinating role.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: By constitutional convention, the prime minister holds formal power to advise the sovereign. This means that as long as the prime minister has the confidence of parliament, they alone may advise the monarch on:


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Convention regards the prime minister as "first among equals". A prime minister does hold the most senior post in government, but must also adhere to any decisions taken by Cabinet, as per the convention of collective ministerial responsibility. The actual ability of a prime minister to give direct orders is largely limited; most of the position's power comes about through other means, such as:


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Since the 1996 introduction of the MMP electoral system, the role of the prime minister in negotiating and maintaining relationships with support parties has increased, placing some constraints on prime-ministerial abilities.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Prime ministers also take on additional portfolios (to prioritise policy areas). Historically, 19th-century premiers looked after the colonial-secretary and finance portfolios. As New Zealand developed, the role of minister of finance became too big; Prime Minister Sir Robert Muldoon came under criticism for taking on the finance portfolio during his time in office (1975–1984), as it resulted in a large concentration of power in the hands of one individual.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Before 1987 it was common for prime ministers to take the role of minister of foreign affairs, so they could represent New Zealand on the international stage. More recent prime ministers have taken portfolios relevant to their interests, or to promote specific areas they saw as important. For example, David Lange took the education portfolio in his second term; Helen Clark took the role of minister for arts, culture and heritage; John Key served as minister for tourism; and Jacinda Ardern became minister for child-poverty reduction.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Although no longer likely to be the minister of foreign affairs, the prime minister remains responsible for welcoming foreign heads of government, visiting leaders overseas, and attending Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Conventionally, the prime minister is the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC; founded in 1990), which has the task of supporting the policy agenda of Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programmes.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: During the Fifth National Government (2008–2017) the DPMC expanded to give prime ministers greater supervision of security and intelligence. Until 2014 Prime Minister John Key also held ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security and Intelligence Service (NZSIS) and for the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB).


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Under the Remuneration Authority Act 1977, and the Members of Parliament (Remuneration and Services) Act 2013, a prime minister's salary is determined annually by the Remuneration Authority, an independent body established by parliament to set salaries for members of parliament and other government officials. MPs' salaries have been temporarily reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand—the prime minister's salary is NZ$471,049. In addition, like all other ministers and MPs, the prime minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the prime minister's spouse and children.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The incumbent prime minister's official residence is Premier House, Tinakori Road, Wellington. There the prime minister hosts receptions and events for New Zealand and overseas guests. Unlike the residences of certain other heads of government (e.g. the White House and 10 Downing Street), Premier House does not serve as the government headquarters; the location of the prime minister's office is the Beehive, in the parliament precinct a short distance away. The prime minister's governmental work is supported by the non-partisan Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The separate Private Office of the Prime Minister provides advice and support on political party matters.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The style of "The Right Honourable" (abbreviated to "The Rt Hon") is always granted to the prime minister upon taking office. Former prime ministers retain this style for the remainder of their lives. The written form of address for the head of government should use their full parliamentary title as applicable: "The Right Honourable [name], [post-nominal letters], Prime Minister of New Zealand". It is also traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on prime ministers after they leave office, and two prime ministers were knighted while still in office (namely Sir Keith Holyoake in 1970, and Sir Robert Muldoon in 1983).


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The Diplomatic Protection Service (DPS) is a special branch of the New Zealand Police that is charged with protecting the prime minister (and their family) and other senior government officials, as well as diplomats.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The DPS provides the prime minister with transport; they are driven in the BMW 7 Series 730LD and 750LI, the latter of which is armoured. Although usually flown domestically on regularly scheduled Air New Zealand flights, the prime minister also makes use of Royal New Zealand Air Force aircraft, most notably is a Boeing 757. The 757 aircraft, which are used for international travel, have been upgraded with work stations, internal air stairs, and military communications capabilities. The 757 fleet is set to be replaced by 2028.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Former officeholders are entitled to annuity and travel payments for the rest of their lives. Former prime ministers who held the office for no less than 2 years are entitled to a yearly rate of $10,900 for each complete year the person held office, with a maximum of $54,500 payable annually. Former prime ministers, when travelling within New Zealand, are eligible to be paid if the travel is for the purpose of fulfilling commitments related to her or his role as a former prime minister.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Should a serving or former prime minister die, they are accorded a state funeral (subject to the approval of the family). Two prime ministers who died in office were buried in mausoleums: William Massey (died 1925) in the Massey Memorial in Wellington, and Michael Joseph Savage (died 1940) in the Savage Memorial at Bastion Point in Auckland.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Assuming that Henry Sewell is counted as the first prime minister, 40 individuals have held the office since it was established. Some of these people have held it on several occasions, with the record for maximum number of times being shared between William Fox and Harry Atkinson (both of whom served four times). The longest that anyone has served in the office is 13 years, a record set by Richard Seddon. The first holder of the office, Henry Sewell, led the country for the shortest total time; his only term lasted just 13 days. The shortest term belonged to Harry Atkinson, whose third term lasted only seven days, but Atkinson served longer in total than did Sewell. The youngest was Edward Stafford, who was appointed premier in 1856, at 37 years, 40 days old. The oldest was Walter Nash, who was 78 years old when he left office in 1960 (and 75 upon taking office in 1957).


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: It is regarded that all New Zealand prime ministers thus far have been Pākehā (New Zealand European), and mostly of British and Irish descent. There was persistent speculation during his lifetime that Norman Kirk (Prime Minister from 1972 to 1974) was Māori and had Kāi Tahu ancestry; he never publicly identified himself as such, and there is no substantial evidence for the claim.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: New Zealand is one of the few countries in the world to have had three female heads of government, and one of only three countries to have had a female head of government directly succeed another. The first female prime minister was Jenny Shipley of the National Party, who replaced Jim Bolger in late 1997; Shipley was succeeded by Helen Clark in 1999. Jacinda Ardern, the second female leader of the Labour Party after Clark, became prime minister in 2017.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: On becoming the Colony of New Zealand in 1841, New Zealand was directly governed by a governor, appointed by the Colonial Office in Britain. Self-government was established in 1853, following the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, and the First Parliament met on 24 May 1854.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The origins of the office of prime minister are disputed. Use of the words "prime minister" as a descriptive term date back to the First Parliament, where they are applied to James FitzGerald and Thomas Forsaith. FitzGerald and Forsaith had no official titles, however, and New Zealand had not yet obtained self-government. As such, they are not usually considered prime ministers in any substantive sense.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The first person to be formally appointed to a position of executive leadership was Henry Sewell, who formed a brief ministry in April 1856, at the beginning of the Second Parliament. Despite his formal leadership role, however, his only actual title was "colonial secretary", a position comparable to a minister of internal affairs. His successor, William Fox, was also given a formal leadership role, but was not colonial secretary. When Frederick Weld became the sixth person appointed to formal leadership, a substantive leadership title, "premier", appeared. Weld's successor, Edward Stafford, briefly changed the title to "first minister", but it was soon restored to premier during the second tenure of Fox. From that point, the title "premier" was used almost exclusively for the remainder of the 19th century. Nevertheless, in the Schedule of the Civil List of 1873, provision was made for the salary of the head of government, referred to as the "Prime Minister".


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Initially, premiers acted as mere advisers to the governor—with the governor at times a very active partner. This began to change during the first tenure of Edward Stafford. Stafford met with his ministers and made decisions outside of the Executive Council (which was chaired by the governor), thus establishing the modern convention of cabinet government. Stafford also clashed with the governor over control of native affairs, which was eventually to fall within the premier's powers.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The political position of the premier was enhanced by the development of modern political parties; premier John Ballance organised the first formal party in New Zealand, forming the Liberal Government in 1891. (Subsequent governments were led by prime ministers from the Reform, United, Labour and National parties). Although not every government would have a large majority, the party system and tight control of party members by whips helped heads of government to direct the passage of legislation in the House of Representatives. In 1893, the premier gained the ability to restrict the term of appointments to the Legislative Council.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The title of "prime minister" was used by Richard Seddon after 1901, following New Zealand's self-exclusion from the Federation of Australia. Seddon's immediate successor, William Hall-Jones, was the first to be sworn in as "prime minister", in 1906.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The expanding power of the prime minister was kept in check by the need to build consensus with other leading members of Cabinet and of the governing party, including those who represented various ideological wings of the party. Other institutions, including Parliament itself and the wider state bureaucracy, also acted as limits on prime ministerial power; in 1912 Thomas Mackenzie was the last prime minister to lose power through an unsuccessful confidence motion in the House of Representatives.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: One change brought about by the First World War was direct participation in governing the British Empire. Previously, New Zealand prime ministers had attended occasional colonial and imperial conferences, but they otherwise communicated with London through the governor (a position then appointed by the British government). In 1917 British prime minister David Lloyd George offered the New Zealand prime minister a seat in the Imperial War Cabinet, the British Empire's wartime coordinating body. In 1919, Bill Massey signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of New Zealand, signalling the independence of New Zealand within the Empire, although Massey downplayed the event as an ardent imperialist.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Constitutional conventions adopted in 1930, following the Imperial Conference held that year, increased the domestic and international prestige of the prime minister. The Statute of Westminster 1931 confirmed that Dominions had exclusive power to make their laws. New Zealand initially resisted greater autonomy and did not adopt the statute until 1947. Increasingly New Zealand began to act independently in foreign affairs. During the 1940s the prime minister's profile rose as New Zealand signed a number of international treaties. In 1967, Keith Holyoake became the first New Zealand prime minister to select candidates for the position of governor-general without any involvement of the British government. Holyoake advised the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to appoint Sir Arthur Porritt, the first New Zealand-born governor-general.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: After the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system was introduced in 1996, prime ministers have had to manage minority governments. The skill of MMP management was exemplified by Helen Clark's nine years as prime minister (1999–2008), when her Labour government remained in power thanks to a range of confidence-and-supply agreements with five smaller parties.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Until the premiership of Helen Clark, it was customary for senior members of the legislature, executive and judiciary—including the prime minister—to be appointed to the British Privy Council, granting them the style "Right Honourable". This practice was discontinued at the same time as the abolition of knighthoods and damehoods in 2000 from the New Zealand royal honours system. National's John Key became prime minister in 2008 and moved to restore titular honours, but did not resume appointments to the Privy Council, meaning Key was styled "The Honourable". On 3 August 2010 the Queen granted the prime minister, along with the governor-general, speaker of the House of Representatives and chief justice, the style "Right Honourable" upon appointment.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: On 21 June 2018, Labour's Jacinda Ardern became the first prime minister of New Zealand (and second elected head of government in the world) to give birth while in office. From 2020, Ardern is also the first prime minister to lead a single-party majority government since the introduction of MMP.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: The most recent death of a former prime minister was Mike Moore (served 1990) on 2 February 2020, aged 71.


title: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: An office titled "deputy prime minister" has existed since 1949. The deputy typically holds important ministerial portfolios and, by convention, becomes acting prime minister in the absence or incapacity of the prime minister. The deputy is commonly a member of the same party as the prime minister, but not necessarily so; in coalition governments the parliamentary leader of a junior party may be offered the post. Grant Robertson has been deputy prime minister since November 2020, and minister of finance.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: In zoology, deep-sea gigantism or abyssal gigantism is the tendency for species of invertebrates and other deep-sea dwelling animals to be larger than their shallower-water relatives across a large taxonomic range. Proposed explanations for this type of gigantism include colder temperature, food scarcity, reduced predation pressure and increased dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deep sea. The inaccessibility of abyssal habitats has hindered the study of this topic.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: In marine crustaceans, the trend of increasing size with depth has been observed in mysids, euphausiids, decapods, isopods and amphipods. Non-arthropods in which deep-sea gigantism has been observed are cephalopods, cnidarians, and eels from the order Anguilliformes.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Examples of deep-sea gigantism include the big red jellyfish, the giant isopod, giant ostracod, the giant sea spider, the giant amphipod, the Japanese spider crab, the giant oarfish, the deepwater stingray, the seven-arm octopus, and a number of squid species: the colossal squid (up to 14 m in length), the giant squid (up to 12 m), "Onykia robusta", "Taningia danae", "Galiteuthis phyllura", "Kondakovia longimana", and the bigfin squid.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Deep-sea gigantism is not generally observed in the meiofauna (organisms that pass through a 1 mm mesh), which actually exhibit the reverse trend of decreasing size with depth.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: In crustaceans, it has been proposed that the explanation for the increase in size with depth is similar to that for the increase in size with latitude (Bergmann's rule): both trends involve increasing size with decreasing temperature. The trend with latitude has been observed in some of the same groups, both in comparisons of related species, as well as within widely distributed species. Decreasing temperature is thought to result in increased cell size and increased life span (the latter also being associated with delayed sexual maturity), both of which lead to an increase in maximum body size (continued growth throughout life is characteristic of crustaceans). In Arctic and Antarctic seas where there is a reduced vertical temperature gradient, there is also a reduced trend towards increased body size with depth, arguing against hydrostatic pressure being an important parameter.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Temperature does not appear to have a similar role in influencing the size of giant tube worms. "Riftia pachyptila", which lives in hydrothermal vent communities at ambient temperatures of 2–30 °C, reaches lengths of 2.7 m, comparable to those of "Lamellibrachia luymesi", which lives in cold seeps. The former, however, has rapid growth rates and short life spans of about 2 years, while the latter is slow growing and may live over 250 years.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Food scarcity at depths greater than 400 m is also thought to be a factor, since larger body size can improve ability to forage for widely scattered resources. In organisms with planktonic eggs or larvae, another possible advantage is that larger offspring, with greater initial stored food reserves, can drift for greater distances. As an example of adaptations to this situation, giant isopods gorge on food when available, distending their bodies to the point of compromising ability to locomote; they can also survive 5 years without food in captivity.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: According to Kleiber's law, the larger an animal gets, the more efficient its metabolism becomes; i.e., an animal's basal metabolic rate scales to roughly the ¾ power of its mass. Under conditions of limited food supply, this may provide additional benefit to large size.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: An additional possible influence is reduced predation pressure in deeper waters. A study of brachiopods found that predation was nearly an order of magnitude less frequent at the greatest depths than in shallow waters.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Dissolved oxygen levels are also thought to play a role in deep-sea gigantism. A 1999 study of benthic amphipod crustaceans found that maximum potential organism size directly correlates with increased dissolved oxygen levels of deeper waters. The solubility of dissolved oxygen in the oceans is known to increase with depth because of increasing pressure, decreasing salinity levels and temperature.


title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: The proposed theory behind this trend is that deep-sea gigantism could be an adaptive trait to combat asphyxiation in ocean waters. Larger organisms are able to intake more dissolved oxygen within the ocean, allowing for sufficient respiration. However, this increased absorption of oxygen runs the risk of toxicity poisoning where an organism can have oxygen levels that are so high that they become harmful and poisonous.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Maajid Usman Nawaz (; born 2 November 1977) is a British activist and former radio presenter. He was the founding chairman of Quilliam. Until January 2022, he was the host of an LBC radio show on Saturdays and Sundays.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, to a British Pakistani family, Nawaz is a former member of the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir which led to his December 2001 arrest in Egypt, where he remained imprisoned until 2006. While there, he read books about human rights and made contact with Amnesty International who adopted him as a prisoner of conscience. He left Hizb-ut-Tahrir in 2007, renounced his Islamist past, and called for a "secular Islam". Later, Nawaz would co-found Quilliam with former Islamists, including Ed Husain. In 2012, he published an autobiography, "" and has since become a prominent critic of Islamism in the United Kingdom.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: His second book, "Islam and the Future of Tolerance" (2015), co-authored with atheist author Sam Harris, was published in October 2015. He was the Liberal Democrat parliamentary candidate for London's Hampstead and Kilburn constituency in the 2015 general election.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz was born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, to parents of Pakistani origin. His mother, Abi, moved to Southend with her family when she was nine. His father, Mo, is an electrical engineer who had worked for the Pakistan Navy but had to leave on medical grounds after he contracted tuberculosis. After moving to the UK, Mo worked for an oil company in Libya, and moved between Libya and the UK until his retirement. Nawaz has an elder brother and a younger sister. In his memoir, "Radical", he uses the pseudonym Osman to refer to his brother.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys, a grammar school in Westcliff-on-Sea, a suburb of Southend. Later he studied Law and Arabic at SOAS, University of London, and earned his master's degree in political theory from the London School of Economics.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz says racism from classmates, C18 gangs and police, and feeling divided between his Pakistani and British heritage meant he struggled to find his own identity growing up.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: His elder brother, referred to pseudonymously as Osman, was recruited into Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) by Nasim Ghani, who would later become the UK leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir. Osman subsequently persuaded Nawaz to attend HT meetings held in Southend homes. At those meetings, recruits were shown videos of Bosnian Muslims being massacred. Watching these videos eventually resulted in Nawaz's formal recruitment in the HT.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: While a student at Newham College, and then at SOAS, Nawaz quickly rose through the ranks. By the age of 17, he was recruiting students from Cambridge University, and by 19, he was on the national leadership of HT in the United Kingdom. He became a national speaker and an international recruiter for Hizb ut-Tahrir, travelling to Pakistan and Denmark to further the party's ideology and set up organisational cells.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: As part of his bachelor's degree in Law and Arabic, Nawaz spent a compulsory year abroad in Egypt, arriving just one day before the 9/11 attacks took place. Since political Islamist organisations like Hizb ut-Tahrir were banned in Egypt, Nawaz was arrested and interrogated in Alexandria by the Egyptian security agency Aman al-Dawlah. Like most foreign prisoners, he was not subjected to torture, but faced the threat of torture during interrogation and witnessed other prisoners being tortured. He was then transferred to Tora Prison and put on trial. Represented by Sadiq Khan, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. During the trial, he was adopted by Amnesty International as a prisoner of conscience, who helped to secure his return to London.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: While imprisoned in Tora Prison, Nawaz came across a wide spectrum of Muslims with varying ideological leanings: Jihadists, Islamists, Islamic scholars and liberal Muslims.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Among the Jihadists were the members of the terrorist organisation al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, and the assassins of former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He met Islamist Dr Essam el-Erian, the spokesman of the Muslim Brotherhood, and Mohammed Badie, who in his youth had smuggled the manuscripts of Syed Qutb's Islamist manual "Milestones" out of prison, and had it published. Among the Islamic scholars, Nawaz continued his studies sitting with graduates of Cairo's Al-Azhar University and Dar al-'Ulum. He specialised in the Arabic language whilst studying historical Muslim scholastics, sources of Islamic jurisprudence, Hadith historiography and the art of "Qur'anic" recitation. He also committed half of the "Qur'an" to memory. On the liberal end of the spectrum, he befriended author and sociologist Saad Eddin Ibrahim. He also benefited from the company of imprisoned Egyptian politician Ayman Nour who was the head of the centre-liberal Tomorrow Party and a runner-up to the 2005 Presidential Elections.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: By 2007, Nawaz had renounced his Islamist past and called for a "secular Islam". In an interview with American broadcaster National Public Radio, Nawaz explained how, other than the interactions in prison, George Orwell's novel "Animal Farm" played a major role in his turnaround.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: After completing his prison term in Egypt, Nawaz returned to the UK in 2006. In 2007, he resigned from Hizb-ut-Tahrir and resumed his bachelor's degree at SOAS. He then founded the Quilliam Foundation, a counter-extremism think tank. He addressed the US Senate's Homeland Security Committee on the subject of Islamist extremism. He also spoke at the "Sovereign Challenge" conference organised by United States Special Operations Command where he advocated the need to move beyond hard power, and look at new counter-radicalisation strategies.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz played a major role in Tommy Robinson's exit from the far-right English Defence League (EDL), of which Robinson was the founder. He met Robinson in 2013 during the filming of a BBC documentary "When Tommy met Mo", and subsequently met the EDL's co-leader, Kevin Carroll. Nawaz's personal story of turning back from Islamist extremism, and his counter-extremism work at Quilliam Foundation, encouraged Robinson and Carroll to quit the EDL. Later, Robinson also apologised to Muslims for the fear caused by his EDL activism. The move was hailed by Quilliam as "a huge success in community relations in the United Kingdom", and a continuation of combating all kinds of extremism, including Islamism and Neo-Nazism.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz has co-founded an activist group in Pakistan, Khudi, which aims to combat extremism. In 2009, with a BBC "Newsnight" crew and security team, Nawaz embarked on a counter-extremism tour, speaking at over 22 universities and recruiting students all over Pakistan.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz was selected in July 2013 to stand as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the marginal north London constituency of Hampstead and Kilburn, in which he came third.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: With the delegation of Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel he visited both sides of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In September 2013, Nawaz and his Camden District team was given the "Dadabhai Naoroji Award" for support and promotion of BAME (Black, Asian Minority Ethnic groups) party members. The award was presented by party MP Tim Farron. In the same year, he was included in "The Daily Telegraph"s list of 50 most influential Liberal Democrats.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: In 2014, Nawaz received death threats after tweeting a Jesus and Mo cartoon alluding to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Nawaz decided to tweet the cartoon after a BBC programme censored two audience members' shirts displaying cartoons of the prophet Muhammad. Respect Party politician George Galloway called on Muslims, via a tweet, not to vote for the Liberal Democrats while Nawaz is one of their candidates. By 24 January, a petition to the Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg demanding that Nawaz should be removed as a parliamentary candidate for the party had received 20,000 signatures. Petition organisers denied a connection to its alleged originator, Liberal Democrat member Mohammed Shafiq, and condemned the incitement to murder. On 26 January, Clegg defended Nawaz's right to free expression and said that the death threats were "unacceptable".


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: From September 2016 to January 2022, Nawaz hosted an LBC radio show on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. On 7 January 2022, LBC announced on Twitter that Nawaz would no longer present at LBC "with immediate effect". In response, he told his Twitter followers to subscribe to his Substack, telling them the show was his family's "only source of income".


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: In October 2016, the U.S. Southern Poverty Law Center accused Nawaz of being an "anti-Muslim extremist", for which it was subsequently criticised by various media outlets, and Nawaz himself. The Lantos Foundation for Human Rights & Justice wrote a public letter to the SPLC urging it to retract the listing. Nawaz announced his intention to file a defamation lawsuit against the SPLC on the 23 June 2017 episode of "Real Time with Bill Maher". The SPLC deleted the HTML version of its list in April 2018. In June 2018, the SPLC apologised and paid $3.375 million to Nawaz and Quilliam "to fund their work to fight anti-Muslim bigotry and extremism".


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: As part of the settlement, SPLC president Richard Cohen made a video apology, and released the following statement about Nawaz and the Quilliam Foundation:


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: "The Southern Poverty Law Center was wrong to include Maajid Nawaz and the Quilliam Foundation in our Field Guide to Anti-Muslim Extremists. Since we published the Field Guide, we have taken the time to do more research and have consulted with human rights advocates we respect. We've found that Mr. Nawaz and Quilliam have made valuable and important contributions to public discourse, including by promoting pluralism and condemning both anti-Muslim bigotry and Islamist extremism. Although we may have our differences with some of the positions that Mr. Nawaz and Quilliam have taken, they are most certainly not anti-Muslim extremists. We would like to extend our sincerest apologies to Mr. Nawaz, Quilliam, and our readers for the error, and we wish Mr. Nawaz and Quilliam all the best."


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: The agreement stipulated that the SPLC's apology was to be prominently displayed on various pages on their website, as well as distributed to every email address and mailing address on the SPLC mailing list.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz has criticized what he terms as the regressive left which he describes as left-leaning people who—in his opinion—pander to Islamism, which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law". He has also used the term "control left" (which he argues is the left-wing equivalent to the alt-right) to describe groups or individuals who support "post factual behaviour, violence being seen as an option and prioritising group identity over individual rights" and "they want to control our lives, control what we think, control how we even feel." Nawaz has also been critical of multiculturalism and criticises what he describes as "failed" 1990s policies on multiculturalism in Britain and Europe. He has argued that multiculturalism has failed ethnic minorities by not promoting integration, inhibiting social mobility in employment and gender inequality in Muslim communities, and has encouraged bigotry of low expectations. Nawaz has instead argued in favour of what he terms "omniculturalism" and integration, stating that both are more culturally and economically beneficial to minority communities.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz voted "Remain" and was opposed to Brexit during the 2016 EU membership referendum. Following the referendum, he argued that other Remain supporters needed to accept the result and that the outcome was "not all good news, but it's also not all bad news." Nawaz opined that Brexit could enable the UK to participate in a CANZUK agreement and forge an era of new alliances to counter the influence of China on the West. Nawaz maintained that while he is pro-immigration and supports accepting refugees, he also opined that the open border policy pursued by German Chancellor Angela Merkel was a mistake in terms of national security, social integration and fueling support for the far-right in Europe, and it had contributed to the Brexit result.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz opposes Scottish independence. In a 2020 article for "UnHerd", he described the Scottish National Party as presenting a progressive image but using xenophobic sentiments. He also accused the party of "whitewashing" history over British colonialism to make Scotland appear as if it was colonized by England and played no role in the building of the British Empire.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz has expressed opposition to demolishing statues and references to British historical figures in public spaces over past historical comments. In 2018, he criticized students from his alma-mater, SOAS University of London who protested against a Winston Churchill themed café in London, arguing that while Churchill may have expressed controversial opinions, they should not be judged by modern standards and argued "if we can't celebrate him, who can we celebrate?" In response to the Black Lives Matter protests in the UK in which statues of historical figures were pulled over, Nawaz expressed agreement with Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick that "community consultation" should be adopted as to whether the statues remain, arguing that the removal of statues "shouldn't be done unilaterally and it certainly shouldn't be done by the mob."


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz criticized Donald Trump over his proposal for a temporary ban on entry of Muslims into the United States during his 2016 presidential campaign. Following Trump's victory in the 2016 United States Presidential election, Nawaz argued that the result came in part because of the left's failure to acknowledge white working class voters who are statistically underrepresented in universities or employment, claiming "Trump won because the hard left has abandoned the facts almost as quickly as the hard right." After Trump assumed the presidency, Nawaz praised elements of the administration's policies including attempts to negotiate peace talks with Kim Jong Un and attempts to sort out financial issues in NATO. He claimed that political liberals had been hypocritical in their criticisms of Trump compared to previous presidents. After the 2020 United States Presidential election, Nawaz argued that the public should "evaluate the policies and not the personality" when discussing Trump's legacy. Nawaz had stated that he views the 2020 United States Presidential election result as rigged, and that the January 6 United States Capitol attack was organised by anti-fascist organisations rather than supporters of Donald Trump.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Following the murder of George Floyd, Nawaz expressed support for peaceful demonstrations against racism drawing upon his own experiences of racial prejudice growing up, but argued against using violent tactics. He furthermore blamed rioting and damage to businesses on the "uniformed, masked, majority-white, far-left" and "spoiled-brat, privileged, gentrifying, Antifa-clad, anarchist rioters." He argued that violence and damage caused by white rioters would lead to over-policing of black neighborhoods.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz has opposed racial profiling of Muslims, extrajudicial detention of terror suspects, torture, targeted killings and drone strikes. Nawaz also opposed the Terrorism Act 2000, under which he was himself once detained, and called for the universal right to legal representation and right to silence in all cases, and for all suspects. In a talk given at George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, he suggested a revisit of the UK Government's historical approach to dealing with terrorism, and called for a more nuanced response to tackling the ideology of Islamism without breaching fundamental liberties of citizens. According to him, security should never debase citizens of their civil liberties.


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: Nawaz was among the 12 advisers to UK Government who, in 2009, wrote an open letter to the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown asking him to hold Israel accountable for its attacks on Gaza. He also opposes Hamas, which he considers a terrorist organisation. However, Nawaz has also expressed support for Israel in his commentary and criticized those who use anti-Zionism to promote antisemitic beliefs. He has also opined that opposition to Israel is “the mother of all virtue-signals.” In 2021, he was shortlisted as a contender for the "Times of Israel" “communal ally of the year” of non-Jews "who has used their voice to fight anti-Semitism or delegitimization of Israel or has simply supported the community in the media, in politics or elsewhere over the last two years.”


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: In the aftermath of the 2015 San Bernardino attack, during which a debate about profiling occurred, Nawaz said that racial or religious profiling was a "terrible measure" that "does not prevent terrorism".


title: Maajid Nawaz

text: In a 2017 essay for "The Wall Street Journal", Nawaz stated that Jihadists of all types seek to create discord by "pitting Muslims against non-Muslims in the West and Sunni Muslims against Shiite Muslims in the East". He argues that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is out to provoke a Clash of Civilisations, and we can avoid this clash by calling out the underlying Islamist ideology and isolating Jihadists from ordinary Muslims. He also took exception to Pope Francis's characterisation of the Paris attacks as the start of "World War 3", noting that we are not facing another World War but a Global Jihadist insurgency. According to him, an insurgency is different from a conventional war in that insurgents rely on some level of support from the communities they recruit from. And since it is an insurgency, the counter-insurgency strategy should have messaging and psychological warfare as its critical parts, with the aim of isolating insurgents from their target host communities. On a physical level, he supported the idea of an international coalition against ISIL, fronted by Sunni Arab forces and backed by international special forces.