title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In Australia, shifting sand dunes covered half the continent, while the Chaco and Pampas in South America became similarly dry. Present-day subtropical regions also lost most of their forest cover, notably in eastern Australia, the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, and southern China, where open woodland became dominant due to drier conditions. In northern China – unglaciated despite its cold climate – a mixture of grassland and tundra prevailed, and even here, the northern limit of tree growth was at least 20° farther south than today.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In the period before the Last Glacial Maximum, many areas that became completely barren desert were wetter than they are today, notably in southern Australia, where Aboriginal occupation is believed to coincide with a wet period between 40,000 and 60,000 years Before Present (BP, a formal measurement of uncalibrated radiocarbon years, counted from 1950 CE).


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In New Zealand and neighbouring regions of the Pacific, temperatures may have been further depressed during part of the Last Glacial Maximum by the world's most recent supervolcanic eruption, the Oruanui eruption, approximately 28,500 years BP.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: However, it is estimated that during the Last Glacial Maximum, low-to-mid latitude land surfaces at low elevation cooled on average by 5.8 °C relative to their present day temperatures, based on an analysis of noble gases dissolved in groundwater rather than examinations of species abundances that have been used in the past.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: During the Last Glacial Maximum, much of the world was cold, dry, and inhospitable, with frequent storms and a dust-laden atmosphere. The dustiness of the atmosphere is a prominent feature in ice cores; dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than now. This was probably due to a number of factors: reduced vegetation, stronger global winds, and less precipitation to clear dust from the atmosphere. The massive sheets of ice locked away water, lowering the sea level, exposing continental shelves, joining land masses together, and creating extensive coastal plains. During the last glacial maximum, 21,000 years ago, the sea level was about 125 meters (about 410 feet) lower than it is today.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In Africa and the Middle East, many smaller mountain glaciers formed, and the Sahara and other sandy deserts were greatly expanded in extent.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: The Persian Gulf averages about 35 metres in depth and the seabed between Abu Dhabi and Qatar is even shallower, being mostly less than 15 metres deep. For thousands of years the Ur-Shatt (a confluence of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers) provided fresh water to the Gulf, as it flowed through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Bathymetric data suggests there were two palaeo-basins in the Persian Gulf. The central basin may have approached an area of 20,000 km, comparable at its fullest extent to lakes such as Lake Malawi in Africa. Between 12,000 and 9,000 years ago much of the Gulf's floor was not covered by water, only being flooded by the sea after 8,000 years ago.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: It is estimated that annual average temperatures in Southern Africa were 6 °C lower than at present during the Last Glacial Maximum. This alone would however not have been enough to create a widespread glaciation or permafrost in the Drakensberg Mountains or the Lesotho Highlands. Seasonal freezing of the ground in the Lesotho Highlands might have reached depths of 2 meter or more below the surface. A few small glaciers did however develop during the Last Glacial Maximum, in particular in south-facing slopes. In the Hex River Mountains, in the Western Cape, block streams and terraces found near the summit of Matroosberg evidences past periglacial activity which likely occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: There were ice sheets in modern Tibet (although scientists continue to debate the extent to which the Tibetan Plateau was covered with ice) as well as in Baltistan and Ladakh. In Southeast Asia, many smaller mountain glaciers formed, and permafrost covered Asia as far south as Beijing. Because of lowered sea levels, many of today's islands were joined to the continents: the Indonesian islands as far east as Borneo and Bali were connected to the Asian continent in a landmass called Sundaland. Palawan was also part of Sundaland, while the rest of the Philippine Islands formed one large island separated from the continent only by the Sibutu Passage and the Mindoro Strait.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: The Australian mainland, New Guinea, Tasmania and many smaller islands comprised a single land mass. This continent is now referred to sometimes as Sahul.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Between Sahul and Sundaland – a peninsula of South East Asia that comprised present-day Malaysia and western and northern Indonesia – there remained an archipelago of islands known as Wallacea. The water gaps between these islands, Sahul and Sundaland were considerably narrower and fewer in number.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: The two main islands of New Zealand, along with associated smaller islands, were joined as one landmass. Virtually all of the Southern Alps were under permanent ice, with glaciers extending into much of the surrounding high country.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Northern Europe was largely covered by ice, with the southern boundary of the ice sheets passing through Germany and Poland. This ice extended northward to cover Svalbard and Franz Josef Land and northeastward to occupy the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and Novaya Zemlya, ending at the Taymyr Peninsula in what is now northwestern Siberia.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In northwestern Russia, the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet reached its LGM extent approximately 17,000 years ago, about five thousand years later than in Denmark, Germany and Western Poland. Outside the Baltic Shield, and in Russia in particular, the LGM ice margin of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet was highly lobate. The main LGM lobes of Russia followed the Dvina, Vologda and Rybinsk basins respectively. Lobes originated as result of ice following shallow topographic depressions filled with a soft sediment substrate.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Permafrost covered Europe south of the ice sheet down to as far south as present-day Szeged in Southern Hungary. Ice covered the whole of Iceland. In addition, ice covered Ireland and almost all of Wales, with the southern boundary of the ice sheet running approximately from the current location of Cardiff north-north-east to Middlesbrough, and then across the now submerged land of Doggerland to Denmark.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In the Cantabrian Mountains of the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, which in the present day have no permanent glaciers, the LGM led to a local glacial recession as a result of increased aridity caused by the growth of other ice sheets farther to the east and north, which drastically limited annual snowfall over the mountains of northwestern Spain. The Cantabrian alpine glaciers had previously expanded between approximately 60,000 and 40,000 years ago during a local glacial maximum in the region.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In North America, the Laurentide Ice Sheet grew rapidly at the onset of the LGM until it covered essentially all of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains and extended roughly to the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, and eastward to Manhattan, reaching a total maximum volume of around 26.5 to 37 million cubic kilometres. In addition to the large Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Canada and Montana, alpine glaciers advanced and (in some locations) ice caps covered much of the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains further south. Latitudinal gradients were so sharp that permafrost did not reach far south of the ice sheets except at high elevations. Glaciers forced the early human populations who had originally migrated from northeast Siberia into refugia, reshaping their genetic variation by mutation and drift. This phenomenon established the older haplogroups found among Native Americans, and later migrations are responsible for northern North American haplogroups.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: On the Island of Hawaii, geologists have long recognized deposits formed by glaciers on Mauna Kea during recent ice ages. The latest work indicates that deposits of three glacial episodes since 150,000 to 200,000 years ago are preserved on the volcano. Glacial moraines on the volcano formed about 70,000 years ago and from about 40,000 to 13,000 years ago. If glacial deposits were formed on Mauna Loa, they have long since been buried by younger lava flows.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: During the Last Glacial Maximum valley glaciers in the southern Andes (38–43° S) merged and descended from the Andes occupying lacustrine and marine basins where they spread out forming large piedmont glacier lobes. Glaciers extended about 7 km west of the modern Llanquihue Lake, but not more than 2 to 3 km south of it. Nahuel Huapi Lake in Argentina was also glaciated by the same time. Over most of the Chiloé Archipelago, glacier advance peaked in 26,000 years BP, forming a long north–south moraine system along the eastern coast of Chiloé Island (41.5–43° S). By that time the glaciation at the latitude of Chiloé was of ice sheet type contrasting to the valley glaciation found further north in Chile.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Despite glacier advances much of the area west of Llanquihue Lake was still ice-free during the Last Glacial Maximum. During the coldest period of the Last Glacial Maximum vegetation at this location was dominated by Alpine herbs in wide open surfaces. The global warming that followed caused a slow change in vegetation towards a sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by "Nothofagus" species. Within this parkland vegetation Magellanic moorland alternated with "Nothofagus" forest, and as warming progressed even warm-climate trees began to grow in the area. It is estimated that the tree line was depressed about 1,000 m relative to present day elevations during the coldest period, but it rose gradually until 19,300 years BP. At that time a cold reversal caused a replacement of much of the arboreal vegetation with Magellanic moorland and Alpine species.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Little is known about the extent of glaciers during Last Glacial Maximum north of the Chilean Lake District. To the north, in the dry Andes of Central and the Last Glacial Maximum is associated with increased humidity and the verified advance of at least some mountain glaciers.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered the whole southern third of Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina. On the western side of the Andes the ice sheet reached sea level as far north as in the 41 degrees south at Chacao Channel. The western coast of Patagonia was largely glaciated, but some authors have pointed out the possible existence of ice-free refugia for some plant species. On the eastern side of the Andes, glacier lobes occupied the depressions of Seno Skyring, Seno Otway, Inútil Bay, and Beagle Channel. On the Straits of Magellan, ice reached as far as Segunda Angostura.


title: Last Glacial Maximum

text: Evidence from sediment cores in the Scotia Sea suggests the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was weaker during the last glaciation than during the Holocene.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Alfred E. Neuman is the fictitious mascot and cover boy of the American humor magazine "Mad". The character's distinct smiling face, parted red hair, gap-tooth smile, freckles, protruding nose, and scrawny body, first emerged in U.S. iconography decades prior to his association with the magazine, appearing in late nineteenth-century advertisements for painless dentistry the origin of his "What, me worry?" motto. However, he first appeared in advertisements for an 1894 play, called "The New Boy", which portrayed a variation of him with the quote, "Whats the good of anything? Nothing!". He also appeared in the early 1930s, on a presidential campaign postcard with the caption "Sure I'm for Roosevelt". The magazine's editor Harvey Kurtzman claimed the character in 1954, and he was named "Alfred E. Neuman" by "Mad"s second editor, Al Feldstein, in 1956. Since his debut in "Mad", Neuman's likeness has appeared on the cover of all but a handful of the magazine's over 550 issues. Rarely seen in profile, Neuman has almost always been recognizable in front view, silhouette, or directly from behind.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Harvey Kurtzman first spotted the image on a postcard pinned to the office bulletin board of Ballantine Books editor Bernard Shir-Cliff. "It was a face that didn't have a care in the world, except mischief", recalled Kurtzman. Shir-Cliff was later a contributor to various magazines created by Kurtzman.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In November 1954, Neuman made his "Mad" debut on the front cover of Ballantine's "The Mad Reader", a paperback collection of reprints from the first two years of "Mad". The character's first appearance in the comic book was on the cover of "Mad" #21 (March 1955), in a tiny image as part of a mock advertisement. A rubber mask bearing his likeness with "idiot" written underneath was offered for $1.29 ().


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: "Mad" switched to a magazine format starting with issue #24, and Neuman's face appeared in the top, central position of the illustrated border used on the covers, with his now-familiar signature phrase "What, me worry?" written underneath. Initially, the phrase was rendered "What? Me worry?" These borders were used for five more issues, through "Mad" #30 (December 1956).


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: The character was also shown on page 7 of Mad #24 as "Melvin Coznowski" and on page 63 as "Melvin Sturdley". In later issues he appeared as "Melvin Cowsnofsky" or "Mel Haney". In "Mad" #25, the face and name were shown together on separate pages as both Neuman and Mel Haney. The crowded cover shot on "Mad" #27 marked Neuman's first color appearance.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Mingo's defining portrait was used on the cover of "Mad" #30 in late 1956 as a supposed write-in candidate for the Presidency, and fixed his identity and appearance into the version that has been used ever since. In November 2008, Mingo's original cover art featuring this first official portrait of Neuman sold at auction for $203,150. Mingo painted seven more Neuman covers through 1957, and later returned to become the magazine's signature cover artist throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Mingo produced 97 "Mad" covers in total, and also illustrated dozens of additional cover images for "Mad"'s many reprint Specials and its line of paperbacks.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: During Mingo's absence, Frank Kelly Freas rendered Neuman for "Mad" from 1958 to 1962. Mingo's total surpassed Freas' in 1965, and his leading status endured until 2016, when current contributor Mark Fredrickson became the most prolific "Mad" cover artist with his 98th cover.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman has appeared in one form or another on the cover of nearly every issue of "Mad" and its spinoffs since that issue and continuing to the present day, with a small handful of exceptions. Two such departures were "Mad" #233 (September 1982) which replaced Neuman's image with that of Pac-Man, and "Mad" #195 (December 1977) which instead featured the message "Pssst! Keep This Issue Out of the Hands of Your Parents! (Make 'Em Buy Their Own Copy!)". Even when Neuman is not part of the cover gag, or when the cover is entirely text-based, his disembodied head generally appears in miniature form. The most notorious Neuman-free cover was #166 (April 1974), which featured a human hand giving the profane "middle finger" gesture while declaring "Mad" to be "The Number One Ecch Magazine". Some newsstands that normally carried "Mad" chose not to display or sell this issue.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Conversely, the two covers that featured Neuman the most times were #502 (January 2010), and #400 (December 2000). #502 featured a human hand giving the "thumbs down" signal, while wearing a silver-spangled glove in the style of singer Michael Jackson. Each individual spangle, more than 300 in all, was a tiny Alfred E. Neuman face. The cover of issue #400 was a photomosaic of Neuman's face, composed of more than 2,700 images of previous "Mad" covers.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's ubiquity as a grinning cover boy grew as the magazine's circulation quadrupled, but the single highest-selling issue of "Mad" depicted only his feet. The cover image of issue #161, spoofing the 1972 film "The Poseidon Adventure", showed Neuman floating upside-down inside a life preserver. The original art for this cover was purchased at auction in 1992 for $2,200 by Annie Gaines, the widow of "Mad" founder and publisher William Gaines, and subsequently given on permanent loan to "Mad" writer Dick DeBartolo. The image was copied in 1998 for issue #369 by famed illustrator Mick McGinty, spoofing the hit film "Titanic".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: A female version of Neuman, named "Moxie Cowznofski", appeared briefly during the late 1950s, occasionally described in editorial text as Neuman's "girlfriend". Neuman and Moxie were sometimes depicted side-by-side, defeating any speculation that Moxie was possibly Neuman in female guise. Her name was inspired by Moxie, a soft drink manufactured in Portland, Maine, which was sold nationwide in the 1950s and whose logo appeared as a running visual gag in many early issues of "Mad".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In late 1959, "Mad" released a 45 rpm single entitled "WhatMe Worry?" (ABC-Paramount 10013), by "Alfred E. Neuman and His Furshlugginer Five", featuring an uncredited voice actor singing as Neuman. (The B-side of the single, "Potrzebie", is an instrumental.)


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: "Mad" routinely portrays Neuman in the guise of another character or inanimate object for its cover images.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Since his initial unsuccessful run in 1956, Neuman has periodically been re-offered as a candidate for President with the slogan, "You could do worse... and always have!"


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Along with his face, "Mad" also includes a short humorous quotation credited to Neuman with every issue's table of contents. (Example: ""It takes one to know one... and vice versa!"") Some of these quotations were collected in the 1997 book "Mad: The Half-Wit and Wisdom of Alfred E. Neuman", which was illustrated by Sergio Aragonés.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman is now used exclusively as a mascot and iconic symbol of the magazine, but before this status was codified, he was referenced in several early articles. In one, Neuman answered a letter from a suicidal reader by giving "expert advice" on the best technique for tying a hangman's knot. Other articles featured the school newspaper of "Neuman High School", and a bulletin from "Alfred E. Neuman University". An article entitled "Alfred E. Neuman's Family Tree" depicted historical versions of Neuman from various eras. Since then, Neuman has appeared only occasionally inside the magazine's articles. A recurring article titled "Alfred's Poor Almanac" (a parody of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack") showed his face atop the page, but otherwise the character had no role in the text. In a 1968 article, Neuman's face was assembled, feature by feature, from parts of photographs of well-known politicos, including then-President Lyndon B. Johnson (left ear), Richard Nixon (nose), Oregon Governor Mark Hatfield (eyes), and Ronald Reagan (hair). The gap in his teeth (which was otherwise the grin of Dwight D. Eisenhower) came from "The 'Credibility Gap' Created by Practically All Politicians".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's famous motto is the intellectually incurious "What, me worry?" This was changed for one issue to "Yes, me worry!" after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. On the cover of current printings of the paperback "The Ides of Mad", as rendered by long-time cover artist Norman Mingo, Neuman is portrayed as a Roman bust with his catch phrase engraved on the base, translated into Dog Latin"Quid, Me Anxius Sum?"


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's most prominent physical feature is his gap-toothed grin, with a few notable exceptions. On the cover of issue #236 (January 1983), Neuman was featured with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The cover showed E.T. using his famous "healing finger" to touch Neuman's mouth and cause the missing tooth to appear. The cover of issue #411 (November 2001), the first to be produced following the 9/11 attacks in the United States, showed a close-up of Neuman's face, but his gap was now filled with an American flag. A text gag on the cover of issue #263 (June 1986) claimed that the UPC was really a "Close-up Photograph of Neuman's Missing Tooth".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman also appeared as himself in a political cartoon, after "Newsweek" had been criticized for using computer graphics to retouch the teeth of Bobbi McCaughey. The cartoon was rendered in the form of a split-screen comparison, in which Neuman was featured on the cover of "Mad" with his usual gap-toothed grin, then also featured on the cover of "Newsweek", but with a perfect smile.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Despite the primacy of Neuman's incomplete smile, his other facial features have occasionally attracted notice. Artist Andy Warhol said that seeing Neuman taught him to love people with big ears.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In 1958, "Mad" published letters from several readers noting the resemblance between Neuman and England's Prince Charles, then nine years old. Shortly thereafter, an angry letter under a Buckingham Palace letterhead arrived at the "Mad" offices: "Dear Sirs No it isn't a bitnot the least little bit like me. So jolly well stow it! See! Charles. P." The letter was authenticated as having been written on triple-cream laid royal stationery bearing an official copper-engraved crest. The postmark indicated it had been mailed from a post office within a short walking distance of Buckingham Palace. Unfortunately, the original disappeared years ago while on loan to another magazine and has never been recovered.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: For many years, "Mad" sold prints of the official portrait of Neuman through a small house ad on the letters page of the magazine. In the early years, the price was one for 25 cents; three for 50 cents; nine for a dollar; or 27 for two dollars. The ad stated that the prints could also be used for wrapping fish.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In 1965, the origins and copyright of Neuman made it all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: A live-action version of Neumanan uncredited actor wearing a maskappears briefly in the 1980 film "Up the Academy" which was originally released to theaters as "Mad Magazine Presents Up the Academy". "Mad" later pulled its support from the film, and all footage of the Neuman character was excised from North American home video and television releases, although it was reinstated for the 2006 DVD release.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman appeared occasionally in the early seasons of "MADtv" during sketches and interstitials, and briefly appeared in the animated TV series "Mad".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: "Cowznofski" was a related running gag pertaining to Alfred E. Neuman within "Mad", but other times used independently. "Melvin", or occasionally "Lance" or "Irving." Its Eastern European feel was a perfect fit for the New York City Jewish style of the magazine. It is also one of the units in the magazine's joke Potrzebie unit system created by Donald E. Knuth, in which it is the equivalent of a year.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: A character similar to Alfred E. Neuman named Melvin Cowznofski – a tall man with a large, broad nose, receding hair, glasses, and an obvious small brain – appeared a number of times in the magazine in the 1950s. In one issue he is described as an editor of "Collier's" Magazine, and manufacturer of souvenirs for the Brooklyn Dodgers. (Both "Collier's" and the Brooklyn Dodgers were defunct by then.) He was said to be "barred from 48 states (and Alaska will be voting any minute)"; Hawaii had not yet achieved statehood. Still, he "held a high position in our country, living atop Mt. Whitney."


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: For a period in the 1950s, there was also a female character Moxie Cowznofski, named for a popular soft drink of the times, who may or may not have been related to Melvin.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's precise origin is shrouded in mystery and may never be fully known. A collection of early Neumanesque images can be found in Maria Reidelbach's comprehensive work, "Completely Mad: A History of the Comic Book and Magazine" (Little, Brown, 1991). "Mad" publisher Bill Gaines gave Reidelbach total access to the magazine's own files, including the collection of Neuman-related images that had been assembled for a 1965 copyright infringement lawsuit.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: The earliest image cited in Reidelbach's book is from an advertisement for Atmore's Mince Meat, Genuine English Plum Pudding. She wrote that, "[d]ating from 1895, this is the oldest verified image of the boy... The kid's features are fully developed and unmistakable, and the image was very likely taken from an older archetype..." After the publication of the book, an older "archetype" was discovered in an advertisement for the comical stage play, "The New Boy", which debuted on Broadway in 1894. The image is nearly identical to what later appears in the Atmore's ads.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: A description of the stage play's advertisement was published in the December 2, 1894, "Los Angeles Herald". Using words that could easily be describing the character of Alfred E. Neuman, the paper reported that the "comic red-headed urchin with a joyous grin all over his freckled face, whose phiz [face] is the trademark of the comedy, is so expressive of the rollicking and ridiculous that the New York Herald and the Evening Telegram have applied it to political cartoon purposes." Elements of the plot of the play explain why the character has adult and childlike features, why the character is dressed as he is, and how he may have lost his teeth. The original "New Boy" image was published with a two-part phrase that is similar in tone to Neuman's, "What? Me Worry?" catch phrase: "What's the good of anything?Nothing!"


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: The "New Boy" advertising image was copied widely in advertising for "painless" dentistry and other products. It is also possible that the image influenced the look of The Yellow Kid, the 1890s character from Richard F. Outcault's strip "Hogan's Alley". The image was used for a variety of purposes nearly continuously until it was adopted by "Mad".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Similar faces turned up in advertising for "painless" dentistry. According to Gaines, 'Alfie' has his origin in Topeka with the Painless Romine Topeka Dental College, actually a dental group at 704 Kansas Avenue, at the office of Dr. William Romineoften misspelled as Romainea dentist who resided and practiced in Wichita. A face virtually identical to Neuman's appears in the 1923 issue of the University of Minnesota humor magazine "The Guffer" above the caption "Medic After Passing Con Exam in P. Chem." Another identical face shows up in the logo for Happy Jack Beverages, a soda drink produced by the A. B. Cook company in 1939. An almost-identical image appeared as "nose art" on an American World War II bomber, over the motto "Me Worry?" (this painted face was sometimes referred to as "The Jolly Boy").


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's image was also used negatively, as a "supporter" of rival political candidates, with the idea that only an idiot would vote for them. In 1940, those opposing Franklin Delano Roosevelt's third-term reelection bid distributed postcards with a similar caricature bearing the caption, "Sure I'm for Roosevelt". In some instances, there was also the implication that the "idiot" was in fact a Jewish caricature. Carl Djerassi's autobiography claims that in Vienna after the Anschluss, he saw posters with a similar face and the caption "Tod den Juden" ("Death to Jews").


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: The EC editors grew up listening to radio, and this was frequently reflected in their stories, names and references. The name "Alfred E. Neuman" derived from comedian Henry Morgan's "Here's Morgan" radio series on Mutual, ABC and NBC. One character on his show had a name that was a reference to composer Alfred Newman, who scored many films and also composed the familiar fanfare that accompanies 20th Century Fox's opening film logo. The possible inspiration for Henry Morgan was that Laird Cregar portrayed Sir Henry Morgan in "The Black Swan" (1942) with Tyrone Power, and the Oscar-nominated score for that film was by Newman. Listening to the sarcastic Morgan's brash broadcasts, the "Mad" staff took note and reworked the name into Neuman, as later recalled by Kurtzman:


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: When "Mad" was sued for copyright infringement by a woman claiming to hold the rights to the image, the magazine argued that it had copied the picture from various materials dating back to 1911 (which pre-dated the plaintiff's own claim). The lawsuit was unsuccessful, and the boy's face is now permanently associated with "Mad" so much so, in fact, that according to "Mad" writer Frank Jacobs, the US Post Office once delivered a letter to the "Mad" offices bearing only a picture of Neuman, without any other address or identifying features.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In 2008, Eastern Michigan University held an exhibit and symposium on the evolution of Neuman images, dating back to 1877.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Several pre–"New Boy" images that bear some resemblance to Neuman have also been identified. A number may be seen on John Adcock's "Mysteries of Melvin" blog-posting and another at leconcombre.com. The earlier images, however, do not share the missing teeth/tooth or the head-and-shoulders framing and head-on pose.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Over the decades, Neuman has frequently been referenced in outside media. Such use has extended internationally. In Chris Marker's 1958 ethnographic essay-documentary film "Lettre de Sibérie", an image of Neuman is featured behind an owl puppet and a breakfast cereal box for Arcady's Horn Flakes (a parody of Kellogg's Corn Flakes) in a pseudo television advertisement extolling the virtues of reindeer. He is also listed in the film's closing credits. His face has often appeared in political cartoons as a shorthand for unquestioning stupidity.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Freas painted the August 1971 cover of "National Lampoon" which merged Neuman's features with those of the court-martialed Vietnam War murderer William Calley, complete with the phrase, 'What, My Lai?" However, Neuman's motto has also been referenced in a non-pejorative fashion, as at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969. Jimi Hendrix spoke to the audience about the various changes of personnel in his band, and their lack of rehearsal time, while saying "What, me worry?" Hendrix later name-dropped Neuman himself as a band member ("We got Alfred E. Neuman over on page 27!") while introducing his Band Of Gypsys bandmates at their disastrous Madison Square Garden concert. The tenth "American Idol" winner, Scotty McCreery, has a striking resemblance to Neuman. When judge Steven Tyler pointed this out on the show, McCreery replied, "What, me worry?"


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In an extended sequence of the comic strip "Peanuts" from 1973 (later recreated in the 1983 TV special "It's An Adventure, Charlie Brown"), Charlie Brown becomes so obsessed with baseball that everything round starts looking like a baseball to him. Soon his own round head develops a rash that makes the back of his skull look like a baseball, and he starts wearing a paper bag on his head to hide it. Ironically, at the same time, his popularity and respect increase. He is referred to by the other campers as "Mr. Sack" or "Sack", but is also voted camp president and is widely admired. The rash eventually fades from his head, but Charlie Brown still fears that the next round thing he expects to see a sunrise may continue to look like a baseball. When the sun does rise, it instead looks like Neuman, with a halo reading: "What! Me Worry?"!


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman also appeared as a sight gag in the March 27, 1967, installment of the comic strip "Beetle Bailey", as an inspector general. He can also be spotted in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #300, helping Peter Parker and Mary Jane move into their new house, while saying, "Darn! I'm missing the Nets game! That makes me Mad!" Similarly, when, in 1959's "Superman" #126, Superman decides to test Lois Lane by removing a rubber Superman mask in order to reveal his "real" identity, his identity is none other than Neuman. DC Comics' "Emperor Joker" storyline includes a cult that worships a deity named Alfred E.; the high priest of this cult wears a mask identical to Neuman's face.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman and "Mad" have been referenced several times on the animated series "The Simpsons". In the episode "Marge in Chains", Marge is arrested and in prison she meets an inmate called Tattoo Annie who has a fold-in tattoo that reveals Neuman with the text: "What me Worry?". The original phrase was "What kind of slime would I marry?". In the episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", Bart comes into contact with Neuman during a visit to the "Mad" offices. Neuman demands to see "Kaputnik and Fonebone" (which are references to deceased long-time "Mad" artists Dave Berg and Don Martin, respectively) for their work on "New Kids on the Blecch" (which would later become the title of another episode), and requests some "furshlugginer pastrami sandwiches". An awestruck Bart announces that he will "never wash these eyes again". In the episode "New Kids on the Blecch", Bart's boy band is booked to play a gig on an aircraft carrier, but their band manager plots to use the craft's weaponry to destroy the "Mad" offices when he discovers the magazine plans to publish a defamatory article about the band. "Mad"'s New York headquarters were depicted as a skyscraper similar to the Chrysler Building with a giant three-dimensional replica of Neuman's head mounted on the roof. In the episode "Father Knows Worst", Homer and Bart visit a hobby shop that includes an Aurora model-style kit of Neuman holding several protest signs.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: In a segment of his 1958 television special, Fred Astaire danced while wearing a rubber Neuman mask. "Mystery Science Theater 3000" made multiple references to Neuman, including episode #602 featuring "Invasion U.S.A." Upon seeing director Alfred E. Green's name in the film's opening credits, Crow T. Robot, in a slightly idiotic tone, riffs "What? Me direct?" An animated 1996 sketch on "MADtv" combining "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" with "The Godfather" was credited to "Alfred E. Puzo" and "Francis E. Neuman".


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Another homage to the name was "Al Freddy Newham", as used on the cover of the April 1967 issue of the amateur radio enthusiast's "73 Magazine", preparing to ineptly solder the frayed cord of a soldering gun with the same damaged gun. Neuman appears briefly, in clay animated form, in Jimmy Picker's 1983 stop motion animated film, "Sundae in New York". He also makes a cameo in the 1988 Daffy Duck cartoon "The Night of the Living Duck". A doodle of Neuman appears on a soldier's helmet in Oliver Stone's 1986 Vietnam film "Platoon". Lyrically, Neuman is invoked by the Beastie Boys on their song "Shadrach". A 1980 "Password Plus" episode featured Neuman's name as an answer, using the clues "Freckles", "Mad", "Magazine", "Cover", and "Kid". (Elaine Joyce solved the puzzle after "Cover"). He can be glimpsed holding a fish on the cover of the album "Slow Motion" by Man. The title of Portugal. The Man's song "What, Me Worry?" references Neuman's motto.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: During the administration of United States President George W. Bush, Neuman's features were frequently merged with those of Bush by editorial cartoonists such as Mike Luckovich and Tom Tomorrow. The image has also appeared on magazine covers, notably "The Nation". A large Bush/Neuman poster was part of the Washington protests that accompanied Bush's 2001 inauguration. The alleged resemblance between the two has been noted more than once by Hillary Clinton. On July 10, 2005, speaking at the Aspen Institute's Ideas Festival, she said, "I sometimes feel that Alfred E. Neuman is in charge in Washington," referring to Bush's purported "What, me worry?" attitude. At the October 2008 Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, then-Presidential candidate Barack Obama joked, "It's often been said that I share the politics of Alfred E. Smith. And the ears of Alfred E. Neuman."


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: During an interview on May 10, 2019, President Donald Trump said "Alfred E. Neuman cannot become president of the United States", in reference to presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg. After Buttigieg said he didn't know who Neuman was, "Mad" magazine subsequently referenced Pete Buttigieg on social media.


title: Alfred E. Neuman

text: Neuman's features have also been compared to others in the public eye, including Charles III, Rick Astley, Ted Koppel, Oliver North and David Letterman. German weekly "Der Spiegel" merged Neuman's likeness with that of then candidate for British Conservative Party leadership Boris Johnson for their July 20, 2019, issue.


title: Love and Leashes

text: Love and Leashes () is a 2022 South Korean romantic comedy film, based on the webtoon "Moral Sense" by Gyeoul. The film directed by Park Hyun-jin and starring Seohyun and Lee Jun-young, depicts a romance between Ji-hoo, who has everything perfect but has secret BDSM desires, and Ji-woo, a competent public relations team member who finds out about his secret. It was released on Netflix on February 11, 2022, to coincide with Valentine's Day.


title: Love and Leashes

text: In February 2021, at the Netflix content road show 'See What's Next Korea 2021', they announced the production of a romance film tentatively titled as "Moral Sense".


title: Love and Leashes

text: On March 21, 2021, Netflix confirmed through a press release that it would distribute another Korean original film "Moral Sense", based on webtoon of the same name. It further revealed that the romance film would be directed by Park Hyun-jin, and have Seohyun and Lee Jun-young as main leads.


title: Love and Leashes

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 80% approval rating, based on 5 reviews with an average rating of 6.20/10.


title: Love and Leashes

text: Kim Junmo writing for "OhmyNews" stated that the film has a message and the attributes of a romantic comedy. Kim wrote, "as it is a story about the minority taste of BDSM, the difference between likes and dislikes is a limitation of this film." Kim opined, "the barrier to entry is high. Above all, scenes containing BDSM's actions are the core of sympathy between the two main characters, but it is difficult to universally provide emotional pleasure, catharsis, and excitement." Kate Sánchez rated the film with 8.5 out of 10 and wrote, ""Love and Leashes" is sweet and sensual. It's a wholesome look at boundaries and love while also taking time to explore kink in a context that doesn't treat it as something dangerous or abnormal... one of the best representations of kink I've seen in a film." Ricardo Gallegos of "La Estatuilla" praised the performances of Seohyun and direction stating, "Park Hyun-jin does a good job of weaving the threads of the story together and adding a touch of respectful humor to the story's development." Concluding Gallegos wrote, "Although "Amarrados al amor" manages to use classic and conventional elements of the romantic comedy genre, it stands out thanks to its sweet handling of the central relationship, the sensuality that it transmits in its exploration of sexual freedom and its honest intentions to inform and break taboos."


title: Love and Leashes

text: James Marsh of the "South China Morning Post" rated the film with 3 out of 5 stars and praised the performances of lead pair writing, "Seohyun and Lee Jun-young deliver sweet and wholesome performances". Marsh opined that the film has made "efforts to normalise BDSM and erase its stigma," and it has come out as "a sweet and well-meaning workplace romance". March concluded ""Love and Leashes" is a commendable effort to lift the blindfold on a stigmatised subculture, albeit without the reward of any lasting gratification."


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Marcus James Jordan (born December 24, 1990) is an American former college basketball player who played for the UCF Knights men's basketball team. He is the second oldest son of retired Hall of Fame basketball player Michael Jordan.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Jordan was born December 24, 1990, to Michael Jordan and Juanita Vanoy. He has an older brother, Jeffrey, a younger sister Jasmine and younger paternal twin half-sisters Ysabel and Victoria. Marcus grew up in Highland Park, Illinois.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: In 2010, while a college sophomore and underage, Jordan tweeted about spending approximately $50,000 at nightclubs in Las Vegas, prompting an investigation by the Nevada Gaming Control Board. In 2012, Jordan was arrested after a drunken argument with two women outside a hotel in Omaha. He was charged with disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, and obstructing justice, then released. Jordan later pled no contest to disturbing the peace and paid a fine of $250 plus court costs.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Jordan opened a high-end sneaker store named the "Trophy Room" in May of 2016. Located in the Disney Springs retail area of Disney World in Orlando, Florida, the store closed and the business transitioned to online-only sales three years later.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Marcus Jordan originally played high school basketball with his older brother Jeffrey Jordan at Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois. In Marcus's sophomore year, the pair led the school to the conference championships and the best season in school history.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Jordan transferred to Whitney Young Magnet High School in Chicago for his junior and senior seasons. He led the Whitney Young Dolphins to the Illinois 4A Championship in 2009, scoring a game-high 19 points in a 69–66 victory over Waukegan. He also was named the state tournament's most valuable player. Upon his 2009 graduation, Jordan was rated by ESPNU as the 60th-best high school senior shooting guard in the country, averaging 10.0 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 3.2 assists per game.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Marcus Jordan played college basketball at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. During his freshman year, UCF was in the final year of a five-year contract with Adidas, but Jordan insisted on wearing Nike Air Jordan shoes out of loyalty to his father. This eventually prompted Adidas to terminate its sponsorship deal with UCF.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: Jordan scored 8.0 points per game in his true freshman year in 2009–10 and scored 1152 points in his college career.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: On November 12, 2010, the opening game of the 2010–11 season, Jordan led UCF to victory against University of West Florida scoring a career high 28 points on 8–11 field-goal shooting and 5–7 from the 3-point line. He also had a team-high 18 points in upsetting number-16 ranked Florida on December 1, 2010.


title: Marcus Jordan

text: In August 2012, Jordan left the UCF basketball team, following in the footsteps of his brother, Jeffrey, who departed the team in January of the same year, but he continued to take classes at the school. He graduated in 2013 with a degree in hospitality management.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: Ann Cleeves (born 1954) is a British mystery crime writer. She wrote the Vera Stanhope, Jimmy Perez, and Matthew Venn series, all three of which have been adapted into TV shows. In 2006 she won the Duncan Lawrie Dagger for her novel "Raven Black", the first novel in the Jimmy Perez series.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: Cleeves was born in Herefordshire and brought up in north Devon where she attended Barnstaple Grammar School; she studied English at the University of Sussex but dropped out and then took up various jobs including cook at the Fair Isle bird observatory, auxiliary coastguard, probation officer, library outreach worker and child care officer.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: In 2006 she won the Duncan Lawrie Dagger for her novel "Raven Black". In 2014 Cleeves was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Sunderland. In 2015, Cleeves was the Programming Chair for the Theakstons Old Peculier Crime Writing Festival & the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award. In 2015, she was shortlisted for the Dagger in the Library UK Crime Writers' Association award for an author's body of work in British libraries (UK).


title: Ann Cleeves

text: Cleeves was chosen as the 2017 recipient of the Cartier Diamond Dagger from the Crime Writers' Association for "sustained excellence" in crime fiction. In February 2019 Ann Cleeves appeared on Desert Island Discs. Cleeves was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to reading and libraries.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: In July 2022, Cleeves was awarded an honorary D.Litt. from Newcastle University for services to reading and libraries.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: These novels, except for "The Glass Room", have been dramatized in the television series "Vera" on ITV, which stars Brenda Blethyn in the title role. The programme premiered in May 2011.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: In 2013, "Red Bones" was dramatised by David Kane for BBC television as the first episode of the series "Shetland", which stars Douglas Henshall as Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez. Episodes broadcast in 2014 were based on "Raven Black", "Dead Water", and "Blue Lightning".


title: Ann Cleeves

text: A Shetland Island series novella following the above non-fiction "Shetland" and preceding "Cold Earth".


title: Ann Cleeves

text: The first book is the adaptive basis for "The Long Call" ITV series starring Ben Aldridge as DI Matthew Venn.


title: Ann Cleeves

text: The Vera Stanhope novels have been dramatised as the TV detective series "Vera"; the Jimmy Perez novels as the TV series "Shetland"; and the Matthew Venn novel "The Long Call" (from Cleeves' "Two Rivers" book series) as the TV series "The Long Call" (premiered autumn 2021).


title: Lich

text: Various works of fantasy fiction, such as Clark Ashton Smith's "The Empire of the Necromancers" (1932), had used "lich" as a general term for any corpse, animated or inanimate, before the term's specific use in fantasy role-playing games. The more recent use of the term "lich" for a specific type of undead creature originates from the 1976 "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game booklet "Greyhawk", written by Gary Gygax and Rob Kuntz.


title: Lich

text: Often such a creature is the result of a willful transformation, as a powerful wizard skilled in necromancy who seeks eternal life uses rare substances in a magical ritual to become undead. Unlike zombies, which are often depicted as mindless, liches are sapient, retaining their previous intelligence and magical abilities. Liches are often depicted as holding power over lesser undead soldiers and servants.


title: Lich

text: "Lich" is an archaic English word for "corpse"; the gate at the lowest end of the cemetery where the coffin and funerary procession usually entered was commonly referred to as the lich gate. This gate was quite often covered by a small roof where part of the funerary service could be carried out. Liches are sometimes depicted using a magical device called a "phylactery" to anchor their souls to the physical world so that if their body is destroyed they can rise again over and over, as long as the phylactery remains intact.


title: Lich

text: The lich developed from monsters found in earlier classic sword and sorcery fiction, which is filled with powerful sorcerers who use their magic to triumph over death. Many of Clark Ashton Smith's short stories feature powerful wizards whose magic enables them to return from the dead. Several stories by Robert E. Howard, such as the novella "Skull-Face" (1929) and the short story "Scarlet Tears", feature undying sorcerers who retain a semblance of life through mystical means, their bodies reduced to shriveled husks with which they manage to maintain inhuman mobility and active thought. Gary Gygax, one of the co-creators of "Dungeons & Dragons", stated that he based the description of a lich included in the game on the short story "The Sword of the Sorcerer" (1969) by Gardner Fox. The term "lich", used as an archaic word for corpse (or body), is commonly used in these stories. Ambrose Bierce's tale of possession "" features the word in its introduction, referring to a corpse. H. P. Lovecraft also used the word in "The Thing on the Doorstep" (published 1937) where the narrator refers to the corpse of his friend possessed by a sorcerer. Other imagery surrounding demiliches, in particular that of a jeweled skull, is drawn from the early Fritz Leiber story "Thieves' House".


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The Volkswagen New Beetle is a compact car, introduced by Volkswagen in 1997, drawing heavy inspiration from the exterior design of the original Beetle. Unlike the original Beetle, the New Beetle has its engine in the front, driving the front wheels, with luggage storage in the rear. Many special editions have been released, such as the Malibu Barbie New Beetle.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: In 2011 for the 2012 model year, a new Beetle model, the Beetle (A5), replaced the New Beetle. It is often referred to as the "New Beetle" as well. Various versions of this model continued to be made in Puebla, Mexico, until the final car left the assembly line on 10 July 2019.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: At the 1994 North American International Auto Show, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a "retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Volkswagen Beetle. Designed by J Mays and Freeman Thomas at the company's California design studio, the concept car was based on the platform of the Volkswagen Polo. A red cabriolet concept was featured at the Geneva Motor Show, also in 1994.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: Production design approval was reached in mid-1995, with a design freeze resulting in 22 months of development time for production. In October 1995, the Volkswagen Concept Two was shown at the Tokyo Motor Show, essentially an early preview of the production model due in early 1998.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: Strong public reaction to the Concept One convinced the company that it should develop a production version which was launched as the New Beetle in 1997 for the 1998 model-year, based on the Golf IV's larger PQ34 platform. The New Beetle is related to the original only in name and appearance (including the absence of a car emblem script with the exception of the VW logo). For the 1998 model year, only the TDI compression-ignition engine was turbocharged; the spark-ignition engines were only naturally aspirated. In June 1999, Volkswagen introduced the 1.8T, which was the first turbocharged spark-ignition engine offered for the New Beetle. Volkswagen created a web site dedicated specifically to the 1.8T. A convertible was added for the 2003 model-year to replace the Volkswagen Cabrio. However, the New Beetle Convertible was never offered with a compression-ignition engine in North America. The third-generation Beetle Convertible, the successor to the New Beetle Convertible, was offered with the TDI compression-ignition engine in the USA but not in Canada, though, making it possibly the only diesel convertible car offered in North America.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The New Beetle carries many design similarities with the original VW Beetle: separate fenders, vestigial running boards, sloping headlamps, and large round taillights, as well as a high rounded roofline. It was assembled in VW's Puebla factory in Mexico.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The New Beetle achieved five stars in the 2011 Euro NCAP tests compared to four stars in the 2000 Euro NCAP tests scoring 25 points (33 to reach five stars).


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the New Beetle a "Good" overall score in their frontal crash test. 2004 models come standard with side airbags; however, the IIHS rated the Beetle "Poor" in their side impact test.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: Engine choices include the 2.0 L inline-four for the base model, the 1.9 L TDI turbodiesel inline-four (discontinued after the 2006 model year due to more stringent emissions requirements), and the 1.8 L turbo inline-four for the Turbo and Sport models.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The Turbo S model (sold 2002–2004) included the 1.8 L turbo but with . It also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias, and bigger wheels and tires. A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept. This limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping, and wheel opening inserts color-matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year. It came standard with the 1.8 turbo gasoline engine, 5-speed manual gearbox, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: All 1.8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a retractable rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9 L TDI inline-4, 2.0 L inline-four and 2.5 L inline-five models.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: For the 2006 model, the exterior was slightly redesigned with more angular bumpers and wheel wells, and these models were fitted with the 2.5 L 5-cylinder engine with which was also fitted on the Rabbit and Jetta, later becoming the sole engine option. The New Beetle would not be given the upgraded 2.5 L engine (engine code CBTA/CBUA) that 2008 and later Jettas and Rabbits received.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The "RSi" is a limited 250 unit version of the New Beetle. It included a 3.2-litre VR6 engine, a 6-speed gearbox, and Volkswagen's four-wheel drive system 4motion, Remus twin-pipe exhaust. It was rumored Porsche tuned the suspension but the suspension tuning was actually carried out in-house at VW Individual. The suspension was greatly altered at the rear, with geometry more geared to the race track and a rear cross brace behind the rear seats, wider fenders, unique front and rear bumpers, a rear diffuser, large rear wing, and 18x9 OZ Superturismo wheels with 235/40ZR-18 tires. Inside, it was trimmed in carbon fiber, billet aluminum, and bright orange leather. The front seats were Recaro racing buckets. Notable disadvantages found were loud cabin noise and shorter rear tire life.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: At the 2005 North American International Auto Show, the Volkswagen New Beetle Ragster concept car was introduced. It was supposed to be a preview of the future design of the New Beetle. The base of the Ragster (the name denoting a cross between a "ragtop" and a speedster) was a New Beetle Convertible modified with a new roof, giving it a much lower roofline, and a unique paint job with silver double stripes. The interior differs from the original New Beetle, being a 2+2, and having distinctive control dials. The Ragster's rear-view mirror is mounted on its dashboard, a retro feature, reminiscent of the first Type 1s.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The Wolfsburg edition was first released in 2000 with a limited supply being distributed to a select few countries, including the USA, England, Australia, and Japan. These came in a limited color choice of white, black, and silver, all sporting a black roof and older styled alloy mag wheels styled off the original beetle steel wheels. They all came in the 2.0L 5-speed manual only, no automatic option was available. They also had the VW emblem in chrome on black which is similar to what was already being used in the USA, although other countries had chrome and blue VW emblems. They were priced at a higher price point than the standard (approx $3000 more depending on the country) which did not buy a lot of value other than a more stylish look. This model was soon dropped and later replaced with an unlimited IQ model in white and black.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The Blush is a limited New Beetle convertible with a special "white gold" exterior paint and "Bordeaux red" convertible top, with burgundy leather seats matching the convertible top color. Neither the white gold exterior nor interior colors were available on other 2009 New Beetle convertibles. 1500 New Beetle Blush convertibles were produced.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: Announced at the 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show, the 2010 Final Edition New Beetle features Aquarius Blue paintwork, with the hardtop receiving a black painted roof and the convertible sporting Campanella White painted side panels. In addition to unique 17-inch wheels, both models will be powered by a 2.5-liter engine mated to an automatic "Tiptronic" transmission. Other additions include sports suspension and "Final Edition" badging inside and out. Both models arrive with integrated fog lights and Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) as standard.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The "Final Edition" marked the end of production of the New Beetle. It was succeeded in 2011 by the Beetle (A5).


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: In 2010, Volkswagen Australia offered a final limited edition variant named as BlackOrange Edition. Two-color combinations are available: Black gloss exterior with silver mirrors, silver alloy wheels and silver decals for the lower flanks of the body, or Red Rock metallic exterior with black roof/mirrors, black alloy wheels and black decals for the lower flanks. All these BlackOrange Edition came with 17-inch alloy wheels, sports suspension, leatherette seat upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, tinted rear side/rear windows, aluminium pedals and leather-bound steering wheel/gear knob.


title: Volkswagen New Beetle

text: The factory in Puebla, Mexico manufactured 3000 Final Edition versions. They were available as a coupe and as a convertible. "The Final Edition beetle features a special Aquarius Blue paint with a painted black roof on the coupe, and a two-tone Aquarius Blue and Campanella White paint scheme with a white top on the convertible. Both the coupe and the convertible have a full sport suspension and special 17-inch alloy wheels."


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: USS "Nautilus" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Her initial commanding officer was Eugene "Dennis" Wilkinson, a widely respected naval officer who set the stage for many of the protocols of today's Nuclear Navy of the US, and who had a storied career during military service and afterwards.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Sharing a name with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's classic 1870 science fiction novel "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" and the that served with distinction in World War II, the new nuclear-powered "Nautilus" was authorized in 1951. Construction began in 1952, and the boat was launched in January 1954, sponsored by Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States, wife of 34th President Dwight D. Eisenhower; it was commissioned the following September into the United States Navy. "Nautilus" was delivered to the Navy in 1955.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Because her nuclear propulsion allowed her to remain submerged far longer than diesel-electric submarines, she broke many records in her first years of operation and traveled to locations previously beyond the limits of submarines. In operation, she revealed a number of limitations in her design and construction. This information was used to improve subsequent submarines.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" was decommissioned in 1980 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. The submarine has been preserved as a museum ship at the Submarine Force Library and Museum in Groton, Connecticut, where the vessel receives around 250,000 visitors per year.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: The conceptual design of the first nuclear submarine began in March 1950 as project SCB 64. In July 1951, the United States Congress authorized the construction of a nuclear-powered submarine for the U.S. Navy, which was planned and personally supervised by Captain (later Admiral) Hyman G. Rickover, USN, known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy." On 12 December 1951, the US Department of the Navy announced that the submarine would be called "Nautilus", the fourth U.S. Navy vessel officially so named. The boat carried the hull number SSN-571. She benefited from the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power (GUPPY) improvements to the American "Gato"-, "Balao"-, and "Tench"-class submarines.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus"s keel was laid at General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division in Groton, Connecticut, by Harry S. Truman on 14 June 1952. She was christened on 21 January 1954 and launched into the Thames River, sponsored by Mamie Eisenhower. "Nautilus" was commissioned on 30 September 1954, under the command of Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, USN.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" was powered by the Submarine Thermal Reactor (STR), later redesignated the S2W reactor, a pressurized water reactor produced for the US Navy by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, operated by Westinghouse, developed the basic reactor plant design used in "Nautilus" after being given the assignment on 31 December 1947 to design a nuclear power plant for a submarine. Nuclear power had a crucial advantage in submarine propulsion because it is a zero-emission process that consumes no air. This design is the basis for nearly all of the US nuclear-powered submarine and surface combat ships, and was adapted by other countries for naval nuclear propulsion. The first actual prototype (for "Nautilus") was constructed and tested by the Argonne National Laboratory in 1953 at S1W at the Naval Reactors Facility, part of the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus"' ship's patch was designed by The Walt Disney Company, and her wardroom currently displays a set of tableware made of zirconium, as the nuclear fuel cladding was partly made of zirconium.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Following her commissioning, "Nautilus" remained dockside for further construction and testing. On the morning of 17 January 1955, at 11 am EST, "Nautilus" first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway on nuclear power." On 10 May, she headed south for shakedown. Submerged throughout, she traveled from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico and covered in less than ninety hours. At the time, this was the longest submerged cruise by a submarine and at the highest sustained speed (for at least one hour) ever recorded.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: From 1955 to 1957, "Nautilus" continued to be used to investigate the effects of increased submerged speeds and endurance. These improvements rendered the progress made in anti-submarine warfare during World War II virtually obsolete. Radar and anti-submarine aircraft, which had proved crucial in defeating submarines during the war, proved ineffective against a vessel able to move quickly out of an area, change depth quickly and stay submerged for very long periods.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: On 4 February 1957, "Nautilus" logged her 60,000th nautical mile (), matching the endurance of her namesake, the fictional "Nautilus" described in Jules Verne's novel "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea". In May, she departed for the Pacific Coast to participate in coastal exercises and the fleet exercise, operation "Home Run," which acquainted units of the Pacific Fleet with the capabilities of nuclear submarines.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" returned to New London, Connecticut, on 21 July and departed again on 19 August for her first voyage of under the polar pack ice. Thereafter, she headed for the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London on 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: In response to the nuclear ICBM threat posed by Sputnik, President Eisenhower ordered the U.S. Navy to attempt a submarine transit of the North Pole to gain credibility for the soon-to-come SLBM weapons system. On 25 April 1958, "Nautilus" was underway again for the West Coast, now commanded by Commander William R. Anderson, USN. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle, she began her history-making polar transit, "Operation Sunshine", as she departed the latter port on 9 June. On 19 June, she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep drift ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June, she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: By 23 July, her wait was over, and she set a course northward. She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 hrs. EDT she became the first watercraft to reach the geographic North Pole. The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes without surfacing was enabled by the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System, a naval modification of the N6A used in the Navaho cruise missile; it had been installed on "Nautilus" and after initial sea trials on in 1957. From the North Pole, she continued and after 96 hours and under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied "Nautilus" as chief scientist and ice pilot.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Navigation beneath the arctic ice sheet was difficult. Above 85°N both magnetic compasses and normal gyrocompasses become inaccurate. A special gyrocompass built by Sperry Rand was installed shortly before the journey. There was a risk that the submarine would become disoriented beneath the ice and that the crew would have to play "longitude roulette". Commander Anderson had considered using torpedoes to blow a hole in the ice if the submarine needed to surface.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: The most difficult part of the journey was in the Bering Strait. The ice extended as much as below sea level. During the initial attempt to go through the Bering Strait, there was insufficient room between the ice and the sea bottom. During the second, successful attempt to pass through the Bering passage, the submarine passed through a known channel close to Alaska (this was not the first choice, as the submarine wanted to avoid detection).


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: The trip beneath the ice cap was an important boost for America as the Soviets had recently launched Sputnik, but had no nuclear submarine of their own. During the address announcing the journey, the president mentioned that one day nuclear cargo submarines might use that route for trade.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: As "Nautilus" proceeded south from Greenland, a helicopter airlifted Commander Anderson to connect with transport to Washington, D.C. At a White House ceremony on 8 August, President Eisenhower presented him with the Legion of Merit and announced that the crew had earned a Presidential Unit Citation.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: At her next port of call, the Isle of Portland, England, she received the Unit Citation, the first ever issued in peace time, from American Ambassador JH Whitney, and then crossed the Atlantic reaching New London, Connecticut, on 29 October. For the remainder of the year, "Nautilus" operated from her home port of New London.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Following fleet exercises in early 1959, "Nautilus" entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for her first complete overhaul (28 May 1959 – 15 August 1960). Overhaul was followed by refresher training and on 24 October she departed New London for her first deployment with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to her home-port on 16 December.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" spent most of her career assigned to Submarine Squadron 10 (SUBRON 10) at State Pier in New London, Connecticut. "Nautilus" and other submarines in the squadron made their home tied up alongside the tender, where they received preventive maintenance, and if necessary, repairs, from the well-equipped submarine tender USS "Fulton" (AS-11) and her crew of machinists, millwrights, and other craftsmen.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" operated in the Atlantic, conducting evaluation tests for ASW improvements, participating in NATO exercises, and during October 1962, in the naval quarantine of Cuba, until she headed east again for a two-month Mediterranean tour in August 1963. On her return she joined in fleet exercises until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for her second overhaul on 17 January 1964.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: On 2 May 1966, "Nautilus "returned to her homeport to resume operations with the Atlantic Fleet, and at some point during that month, logged her 300,000th nautical mile () underway. For the next year and a quarter she conducted special operations for ComSubLant and then in August 1967, returned to Portsmouth, for another year's stay. During an exercise in 1966 she collided with the aircraft carrier on 10 November, while at shallow depth. Following repairs in Portsmouth she conducted exercises off the southeastern seaboard. She returned to New London in December 1968 and operated as a unit of Submarine Squadron 10 for most of the remainder of her career.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: On 9 April 1979, "Nautilus" set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage under the command of Richard A. Riddell. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard of Vallejo, California on 26 May 1979, her last day underway. She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 3 March 1980.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Toward the end of her service, the hull and sail of "Nautilus" vibrated sufficiently that sonar became ineffective at more than speed. As noise generation is extremely undesirable in submarines, this made the vessel vulnerable to sonar detection. Lessons learned from this problem were applied to later nuclear submarines.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole, all "Nautilus" crewmembers who made the voyage may wear a Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a gold block letter N (image above).


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior on 20 May 1982.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: She was named as the official state ship of Connecticut in 1983. Following an extensive conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, "Nautilus" was towed back to Groton, under the command of Captain John Almon, arriving on 6 July 1985. On 11 April 1986, "Nautilus" opened to the public as part of the Submarine Force Library and Museum.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" now serves as a museum of submarine history operated by the Naval History and Heritage Command. The ship underwent a five-month preservation in 2002 at Electric Boat, at a cost of approximately $4.7 million. "Nautilus" attracts some 250,000 visitors annually to her present berth near Naval Submarine Base New London.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: "Nautilus" celebrated the 50th anniversary of her commissioning on 30 September 2004 with a ceremony that included a speech from Vice Admiral Eugene P. Wilkinson, her first Commanding Officer, and a designation of the ship as an American Nuclear Society National Nuclear Landmark.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: Visitors may tour the forward two compartments, with guidance from an automated system. Despite similar alterations to exhibit the engineering spaces, tours aft of the control room are not permitted due to safety and security concerns.


title: USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

text: In March of 2022, "Nautilus" began a restoration process that was expected to last 6 to 8 months. Included in the work: blasting and painting of the hull, installation of new top decks, as well as upgraded interior lighting and electrical. The restoration was completed at a cost of US$36 million.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark is a British fitness apparel and accessories brand, manufacturer and retailer headquartered in Solihull, England. Founded in June 2012, Gymshark creates and distributes its own range of fitness wear.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2020, the company was valued at over £1 billion. Ben Francis is the majority owner of the company. In October 2022, it opened its first retail store, on London's Regent Street.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark was founded by school friends Ben Francis and Lewis Morgan in 2012. Both aged 20, they set up the brand while studying at university. Francis studied at Aston University before dropping out, and worked as a delivery driver for Pizza Hut when he first established the company.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark started drop shipping bodybuilding supplements through its website. In 2013, it began designing and manufacturing its own fitness apparel.


title: Gymshark

text: Initially Francis manufactured the garments in his parents' garage on a made-to-sell basis using a sewing machine and screen printer he purchased with £1,000 of savings. During the first year, Gymshark made £500 in sales per day.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2013, the company exhibited at the BodyPower fitness trade show at the NEC arena in Birmingham where it sold out of all its stock in the first day. After the show, Gymshark's Luxe tracksuit went viral on Facebook, generating £30,000 of sales within 30 minutes.


title: Gymshark

text: When the company's revenue reached £250,000, Francis and Morgan both left university to focus on Gymshark full time.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2016, Morgan partially exited the business retaining 20% of the company, to focus on his other ventures, property development company Ernest Cole and fashion label Maniere De Voir.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2018, Gymshark moved from its office in Redditch to a new 42,000 square foot headquarters on Blythe Valley Business Park. In the same year, Gymshark made sales of £100 million.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2019, the company opened a new 8,000 square foot office in Hong Kong. In September that year, Gymshark launched the Gymshark Lifting Club, a gym and innovation hub, on the same site as its headquarters in Birmingham.


title: Gymshark

text: In August 2020, US private equity firm General Atlantic purchased a 21% stake in the company which valued the company in excess of £1 billion. The company said it would use the funding to further expand globally.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark's products are sold directly to consumers in 180 countries via websites in 13 languages. The company employs 499 people globally.


title: Gymshark

text: In 2019, Gymshark made sales of £175.2 million with profit of £18.6 million. Around half of its turnover was generated in the USA. The company reported a 68% growth in sales in 2021 to £437.6 million, up from £260.7 million a year earlier.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark's head office is at Blythe Valley Park in Shirley, West Midlands. Based on the park is also GSIQ, the company's innovation centre and the Gymshark Lifting Club (GSLC)


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark also has offices in London, Hong Kong, Mauritius and in 2019 the company opened its North American office in downtown Denver.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark sells fitness apparel for men and women including workout vests, hoodies, t-shirts and leggings. While the brand was initially aimed at men, by 2020 approximately two thirds of sales were to women.


title: Gymshark

text: Gymshark was one of the first brands to make extensive use of influencer marketing by partnering with social media influencers, including YouTube body builders Nikki Blackketter and Lex Griffin. The company continues to market its product range through social media influencers. As of 2020, the company was paying 125 influencers to market the brand on social media.


title: Gymshark

text: The company does not rely substantially on brick-and-mortar stores, but did open its first pop-up shop in London's Covent Garden in February 2020. In 2022, Gymshark opened its first permanent store in Regent Street in London.


title: Stevie Young

text: Stephen Crawford Young Jr. (born 11 December 1956) is an Australian musician, and the rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist for the Australian rock & roll band AC/DC. He joined the band in April 2014, to record the group's "Rock or Bust" album, but was not announced as an official member of the band until September of that year. He replaced his uncle, Malcolm Young who retired due to dementia. He had previously filled in for Malcolm on AC/DC's 1988 US tour.


title: Stevie Young

text: Young is the son of Stephen Crawford Young Sr. (1933–1989), who was the eldest brother of Angus, Malcolm, George, and Alex Young.


title: Stevie Young

text: He emigrated with his family from Scotland to Sydney in 1963. The family settled in Concord, New South Wales.


title: Stevie Young

text: After his first bands, The Stabbers, Prowler and Tantrum formed in the Scottish Borders town of Hawick in the late 1970s, Young made two albums in the 1980s with his rock band Starfighters, formed 1980 in Birmingham. Starfighters were chosen as support for AC/DC's Back in Black UK Tour in 1980. Starfighters also opened several dates for Ozzy Osbourne in 1982.


title: Stevie Young

text: Starfighters split in 1983 before coming back together in 1987 for another shot. When that did not work out, Young formed Little Big Horn whose demo tape was produced by Malcolm Young. They soon broke up after a lack of success in signing a record deal, although not before they had recorded a session for Tommy Vance's Friday Rock Show on BBC Radio 1. Young later formed Up Rising, a band that also split up.


title: Stevie Young

text: When Starfighters bassist Doug Dennis died in 2011, the remaining Starfighters reformed to play at his wake with Young's son Angus on bass.


title: Stevie Young

text: From July 2013 Young and Pat Hambly from the Starfighters performed in a blues trio with singer Martin Wood called Blue Murda.


title: Stevie Young

text: Blue Murda were later joined on guitar by Young's son, Angus, and John Malan on bass guitar. Angus is the grand-nephew of AC/DC's Angus Young and was briefly a member of AC/DC tribute band AC/DC UK.


title: Stevie Young

text: The connection to AC/DC goes back to the 1960s where Young, Angus, and Malcolm attended the same school while growing up in Sydney. Coincidentally, Starfighters was also the name of a Dutch band of AC/DC co-producer Harry Vanda, before his family moved to Australia.


title: Stevie Young

text: During the late 1970s Young and his brother Fraser occasionally travelled with AC/DC on tour; both were photographed with Angus and Malcolm backstage at Wembley in 1979 during the Highway to Hell Tour.


title: Stevie Young

text: During the 1988 US tour for AC/DC's album "Blow Up Your Video", which started on 3 May 1988, Young filled in for Malcolm on rhythm guitar, while Malcolm left to deal with a growing alcohol dependency. Many fans were not even aware that Malcolm had been replaced, because Young bore a physical resemblance (at the time) to him. Malcolm overcame his drinking problem and returned to the band, staying until his retirement in 2014.


title: Stevie Young

text: In July 2014, AC/DC's Brian Johnson confirmed that Young had recorded with the band for their upcoming album "Rock or Bust", again replacing his ill uncle Malcolm. In September it was confirmed that Young would replace Malcolm on a permanent basis. It was revealed in a "Rolling Stone" interview that Young had been recruited by Angus as far back as January 2014, before contact had been made with other band members.


title: Stevie Young

text: Young has played a selection of Gretsch Jet Firebirds throughout his career. His first was a black, left-handed Firebird which was modified with an additional set of half-moon fret inlays on the fingerboard, and had the neck pick-up removed. It had an additional jack slot fitted, and a Burns tailpiece. This Firebird was inherited from Malcolm Young, and was used to record with Starfighters in the early 1980s.


title: Stevie Young

text: Young also inherited another Firebird from Malcolm Young; this one was almost exactly the same as Malcolm's main Gretsch, with the neck pick-up removed, a third pick-up cavity, and the finish removed to leave clear maple. It has a Burns tailpiece, and was Young's no. 1 guitar on AC/DC's Rock Or Bust World tour.


title: Stevie Young

text: Young uses 0.011 gauge strings for his high E string, although when playing AC/DC material he retains Malcolm's string gauge of 0.012" with a wound G string.


title: Stevie Young

text: For the Rock or Bust tour, Young used Marshall Amplifiers with Celestion Creamback and Classic Lead 80 speakers as part of his touring set-up.


title: Stevie Young

text: Young has three children: Lewis, Angus, and Stevie (III). Stevie (III) has a reggae band called Young Culture which also features Young's brother Gus "Goose" on keyboards. Goose also plays in various tribute bands.


title: Pickling

text: Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called a "pickle", or, to prevent ambiguity, prefaced with "pickled". Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, dairy and eggs.


title: Pickling

text: Pickling solutions that are typically highly acidic, with a pH of 4.6 or lower, and high in salt, prevent enzymes from working and micro-organisms from multiplying. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months. Antimicrobial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added. If the food contains sufficient moisture, a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt. For example, sauerkraut and Korean kimchi are produced by salting the vegetables to draw out excess water. Natural fermentation at room temperature, by lactic acid bacteria, produces the required acidity. Other pickles are made by placing vegetables in vinegar. Like the canning process, pickling (which includes fermentation) does not require that the food be completely sterile before it is sealed. The acidity or salinity of the solution, the temperature of fermentation, and the exclusion of oxygen determine which microorganisms dominate, and determine the flavor of the end product.


title: Pickling

text: When both salt concentration and temperature are low, "Leuconostoc mesenteroides" dominates, producing a mix of acids, alcohol, and aroma compounds. At higher temperatures "Lactobacillus plantarum" dominates, which produces primarily lactic acid. Many pickles start with "Leuconostoc", and change to "Lactobacillus" with higher acidity.


title: Pickling

text: Pickling with vinegar likely originated in ancient Mesopotamia around 2400 BCE. There is archaeological evidence of cucumbers being pickled in the Tigris Valley in 2030 BCE. Pickling vegetables in vinegar continued to develop in the Middle East region before spreading to the Maghreb, to Sicily and to Spain. From Spain it spread to the Americas. On the other hand, fermented salt pickling reportedly has its origins in China, where the earliest mention of pickled vegetables appears in a Chinese manuscript over 9,000 years old.


title: Pickling

text: Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria.


title: Pickling

text: The English term "pickle" first appears around 1400. It is from Middle English pikel, a spicy sauce served with meat or fish, borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German ("brine") but later referred to preserving brine or vinegar.


title: Pickling

text: South Asia has a large variety of pickles (known as "achar" (अचार, اچار) in Nepali, Assamese, Bengali, Hindi (अचार), Punjabi, Gujarati, Urdu (اچار) "uppinakaayi" in Kannada, "lonacha" (लोणचं) in Marathi, "uppilittathu" or "achar" in Malayalam, "oorukai" in Tamil, pacchadi or "ooragaya" in Telugu, which are mainly made from varieties of mango, lemon, lime, gongura (a sour leafy shrub), tamarind, Indian gooseberry (amla), and chilli. Vegetables such as eggplant, carrots, cauliflower, tomato, bitter gourd, green tamarind, ginger, garlic, onion, and citron are also occasionally used. These fruits and vegetables are mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils. The pickling process is completed by placing filled jars in the sun where they mature in the sun. The sun's heat destroys moulds and microbes which could spoil the pickles.


title: Pickling

text: In Pakistan, pickles are known locally as "achaar" (in Urdu اچار) and come in a variety of flavours. A popular item is the traditional mixed Hyderabadi pickle, a common delicacy prepared from an assortment of fruits (most notably mangoes) and vegetables blended with selected spices. Although the origin of the word is ambiguous, the word āchār is widely considered to be of Persian origin. Āchār in Persian is defined as ‘powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, sugar or syrup.'


title: Pickling

text: In Sri Lanka, a date and shallot pickle "achcharu" is traditionally prepared from carrots, chilli powder, shallots and ground dates dates mixed with garlic, crushed fresh ginger, green chilis, mustard seeds and vinegar, and left to sit in a clay pot.


title: Pickling

text: Indian pickles are mostly prepared in three ways: salt/brine, oil, and vinegar, with mango pickle being most popular among all.


title: Pickling

text: Singapore, Indonesian and Malaysian pickles, called "acar" are typically made out of cucumber, carrot, bird's eye chilies, and shallots, these items being seasoned with vinegar, sugar and salt. Fruits, such as papaya and pineapple, are also sometimes pickled.


title: Pickling

text: In the Philippines, "pickling" is a common method of preserving food, with many commonly eaten foods pickled, traditionally done using large earthen jars. The process is known as "buro" or "binuro". Pickling was a common method of preserving a large variety of foods like fish throughout the archipelago before the advent of refrigeration, but its popularity is now confined to vegetables and fruits. "Atchara" is primarily made out of julienned green papaya, carrots, and shallots, seasoned with cloves of garlic and vinegar; but could include ginger, bell peppers, white radishes, cucumbers or bamboo shoots. Pickled unripe mangoes or "burong mangga", unripe tomatoes, guavas, jicama, bitter gourd and other fruit and vegetables still retain their appeal. Siling labuyo, sometimes with garlic and red onions, is also pickled in bottled vinegar and is a staple condiment in Filipino cuisine.


title: Pickling

text: In Vietnamese cuisine, vegetable pickles are called ("salted vegetables") or ("sour vegetables"). or is made from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including , eggplant, Napa cabbage, kohlrabi, carrots, radishes, papaya, cauliflower, and . made from carrots and radishes are commonly added to sandwiches. is made by pressing and sun-drying vegetables such as and bok choy. is a specialty of Nghệ An and Hã Tĩnh provinces made from jackfruit.


title: Pickling

text: A wide variety of foods are pickled throughout East Asia. The pickles are often sweet, salty, and/or spicy and preserved in sweetened solutions or oil.


title: Pickling

text: China is home to a huge variety of pickled vegetables, including radish, "baicai" (Chinese cabbage, notably "suan cai", "pao cai", and Tianjin preserved vegetable), "zha cai", chili pepper (e.g. "duo jiao"), and cucumbers, among many others.


title: Pickling

text: Japanese "tsukemono" (pickled foods) include "takuan" (daikon), "umeboshi" (ume plum), "tataki gobo" (burdock root), "gari" & "beni shōga" (ginger), turnip, cucumber, and Chinese cabbage.


title: Pickling

text: The Korean staple kimchi is usually made from pickled napa cabbage and radish, but is also made from green onions, garlic stems, chives and a host of other vegetables. Jangajji is another banchan consisting of pickled vegetables.


title: Pickling

text: In Iran, Turkey, Arab countries, the Balkans, and the South Caucasus, pickles (called torshi in Persian, "turşu" in Turkish language and "mekhallel" in Arabic) are commonly made from turnips, peppers, carrots, green olives, cucumbers, eggplants, cabbage, green tomatoes, lemons, and cauliflower.


title: Pickling

text: Sauerkraut, as well as cabbage pickled in vinegar, with carrot and other vegetables is commonly consumed as a kosher dish in Israel and is considered pareve, meaning that it contains no meat or dairy so it can be consumed with either.


title: Pickling

text: In Hungary, the main meal "(lunch)" usually includes some kind of pickles "(savanyúság)", but pickles are also commonly consumed at other times of the day. The most commonly consumed pickles are sauerkraut "(savanyú káposzta)", pickled cucumbers and peppers, and "csalamádé", but tomatoes, carrots, beetroot, baby corn, onions, garlic, certain squashes and melons, and a few fruits like plums and apples are used to make pickles too. Stuffed pickles are specialties, usually made of peppers or melons pickled after being stuffed with a cabbage filling. Pickled plum stuffed with garlic is a unique Hungarian type of pickle just like "csalamádé" and leavened cucumber "(kovászos uborka)". "Csalamádé" is a type of mixed pickle made of cabbage, cucumber, paprika, onion, carrot, tomatoes, and bay leaf mixed up with vinegar as the fermenting agent. Leavened cucumber, unlike other types of pickled cucumbers that are around all year long, is rather a seasonal pickle produced in the summer. Cucumbers, spices, herbs, and slices of bread are put in a glass jar with salt water and kept in direct sunlight for a few days. The yeast from the bread, along with other pickling agents and spices fermented under the hot sun, give the cucumbers a unique flavor, texture, and slight carbonation. Its juice can be used instead of carbonated water to make a special type of spritzer "('Újházy fröccs')".


title: Pickling

text: It is common for Hungarian households to produce their own pickles. Different regions or towns have their special recipes unique to them. Among them all, the Vecsési sauerkraut "(Vecsési savanyú káposzta)" is the most famous.


title: Pickling

text: Romanian pickles (murături) are made out of beetroot, cucumbers, green tomatoes ("gogonele"), carrots, cabbage, garlic, sauerkraut (bell peppers stuffed with cabbage), bell peppers, melons, mushrooms, turnips, celery and cauliflower. Meat, like pork, can also be preserved in salt and lard.


title: Pickling

text: Polish, Czech and Slovak traditional pickles are cucumbers, sauerkraut, peppers, beetroot, tomatoes, but other pickled fruits and vegetables, including plums, pumpkins and mushrooms are also common.


title: Pickling

text: North Caucasian, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian pickled items include beets, mushrooms, tomatoes, sauerkraut, cucumbers, ramsons, garlic, eggplant (which is typically stuffed with julienned carrots), custard squash, and watermelon. Garden produce is commonly pickled using salt, dill, blackcurrant leaves, bay leaves and garlic and is stored in a cool, dark place. The leftover brine (called "rassol" (рассол) in Russian) has a number of culinary uses in these countries, especially for cooking traditional soups, such as shchi, rassolnik, and solyanka. "Rassol", especially cucumber or sauerkraut rassol, is also a favorite traditional remedy against morning hangover.


title: Pickling

text: An Italian pickled vegetable dish is giardiniera, which includes onions, carrots, celery and cauliflower. Many places in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily, pickle eggplants and hot peppers.


title: Pickling

text: In Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and Turkey, mixed pickles, known as "turshi", "tursija" or "turshu" form popular appetizers, which are typically eaten with "rakia". Pickled green tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, bell peppers, peppers, eggplants, and sauerkraut are also popular.


title: Pickling

text: Turkish pickles, called "turşu", are made out of vegetables, roots, and fruits such as peppers, cucumber, Armenian cucumber, cabbage, tomato, eggplant (aubergine), carrot, turnip, beetroot, green almond, baby watermelon, baby cantaloupe, garlic, cauliflower, bean and green plum. A mixture of spices flavor the pickles.


title: Pickling

text: In Greece, pickles, called "τουρσί(α)", are made out of carrots, celery, eggplants stuffed with diced carrots, cauliflower, tomatoes, and peppers.


title: Pickling

text: In Spain, pickles, known as "encurtidos", are mainly made with olives, cucumbers, onions and green peppers ("guindillas" or "piparras"). "Banderillas" are small pieces of pickled cucumber and green pepper, along with olives and anchovies, mounted into toothpicks, and are very popular as Tapas.


title: Pickling

text: In Britain, pickled onions and pickled eggs are often sold in pubs and fish and chip shops. Pickled beetroot, walnuts, and gherkins, and condiments such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pies and cold meats, sandwiches or a ploughman's lunch. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled mussels, cockles, red cabbage, mango chutney, sauerkraut, and olives. Rollmops are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK.


title: Pickling

text: Pickled herring, rollmops, and salmon are popular in Scandinavia. Pickled cucumbers and red garden beets are important as condiments for several traditional dishes. Pickled capers are also common in Scandinavian cuisine.


title: Pickling

text: In the United States and Canada, pickled cucumbers (most often referred to simply as "pickles"), olives, and sauerkraut are most commonly seen, although pickles common in other nations are also very widely available. In Canada and the US, there may be a distinction made between gherkins (usually smaller), and pickles (larger pickled cucumbers).


title: Pickling

text: Sweet pickles made with fruit are more common in the Cuisine of the American South. The pickling "syrup" is made with vinegar, brown sugar, and whole spices cinnamon sticks, allspice and cloves. Fruit pickles can be made with an assortment of fruits including watermelon, cantaloupe, Concord grapes and peaches.


title: Pickling

text: Canadian pickling is similar to that of Britain. Through the winter, pickling is an important method of food preservation. Pickled cucumbers, onions, and eggs are common. Pickled egg and pickled sausage make popular pub snacks in much of English Canada. Chow-chow is a tart vegetable mix popular in the Maritime Provinces and the Southern United States, similar to piccalilli. Pickled fish is commonly seen, as in Scotland, and kippers may be seen for breakfast, as well as plentiful smoked salmon. Meat is often also pickled or preserved in different brines throughout the winter, most prominently in the harsh climate of Newfoundland.


title: Pickling

text: Pickled eggs are common in many regions of the United States. Pickled herring is available in the Upper Midwest. Giardiniera, a mixture of pickled peppers, celery and olives, is a popular condiment in Chicago and other Midwestern cities with large Italian-American populations, and is often consumed with Italian beef sandwiches.


title: Pickling

text: Pennsylvania Dutch Country has a strong tradition of pickled foods, including chow-chow and red beet eggs. In the Southern United States, pickled okra and watermelon rind are popular, as are deep-fried pickles and pickled pig's feet, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage.


title: Pickling

text: Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants.