title: Dan Severn

text: On January 28, 1994, Severn began to wrestle for All American Pro Wrestling (AAPW) and faced Shinobi in a winning effort. One day later he beat his former trainer, Al Snow on an AAPW show. Severn began to branch out to other promotions such as Border City Wrestling (BCW) and Continental Championship Wrestling (CCW). On August 13, 1993, in UWF-I, Severn and Gary Albright defeated Kiyoshi Tamura and Nobuhiko Takada. This was Severn's first tag team match, thus beginning his tag team career. 1993 was the first year that Severn made the Pro Wrestling Illustrated 500, at No. 389.


title: Dan Severn

text: During his time with the Union Of Professional Wrestling Force International, Severn participated in the "Best Of The World 1994 tournament", Dan finished before the semi-finals.


title: Dan Severn

text: On January 6, 1995, at NWA Sabu, Severn defeated Johnny Johnson in a "Wrestling vs Boxer" match. On February 18, 1995, Severn was the number one contender against Bruiser Bedlam for Midwest Territorial Wrestling Heavyweight Championship at a MTW show. However the match ended in a no contest thus saw Bedlam retain the title.


title: Dan Severn

text: He entered the National Wrestling Alliance in 1995, and defeated Chris Candido for his first NWA World Heavyweight Championship on a Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) card. Severn went on to win the UFC 5 tournament Championship that year, making him the first and only man to hold an MMA and a professional wrestling championship simultaneously. Severn held the NWA Championship for four years, the longest reign in over two decades and as of currently the third-longest reign in the belt's history. Severn defended the title on various NWA promotions such as NWA New Jersey and Outaia Pro Wrestling.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn was ranked No. 4 for the "most inspirational wrestler" award and No. 35 on the PWI 500 by Pro Wrestling Illustrated in 1995.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn paid tribute by defending the NWA title on the following shows: On April 12, 1997, on the NWA 2nd Annual Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl, Dan Severn fought Dory Funk Jr. and the match ended in a double count-out for Severn to retain the NWA world heavyweight title. On February 28, 1998, on the NWA 3rd Annual Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl, Dan Severn defeated Franz Schuhmann to retain the NWA world heavyweight title.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn made his first appearance in the WWF with the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship on June 23, 1997, to join the color commentary team. Severn had not signed a contract with WWF by this point. He commentated on Ken Shamrock's match against Rockabilly (Billy Gunn). Ken won the match with a belly-to-belly suplex followed by an ankle lock. After the match, the two had a stare down and eventually shook hands.


title: Dan Severn

text: As NWA champion, Severn debuted in the World Wrestling Federation in 1998 during a story line where the NWA invaded the WWF. Severn also wrestled on NWA territories at the same time during his tenure with the WWF. Severn was first seen attacking The Headbangers when they were feuding with Bob Holly and Bart Gunn, who were a part of the NWA invasion. In his debut match, he defeated Flash Funk in quick fashion. He was briefly managed by Jim Cornette who commentated during his matches and helped "get him over". During his entrance, he and Jim carried his titles consisting of UFC/MMA championship belts and the NWA world's heavyweight title. Cornette stated that "He has so many titles he keeps some at home because he can't take them in the airport", which is why Dan brought his most prestigious championships. His character was portrayed as a heel (villain). Like Flash Funk, he defeated multiple opponents afterwards, the likes of Savio Vega and Mosh, in quick fashion and by showing some of his Mixed Martial style and ability. This led to a winning streak. The NWA invasion was brief and saw the debut of The Midnight Express and a repackaged Jeff Jarrett. Barry Windham was also a member. Severn would tag team with these members from the stable. Severn would then leave the stable soon after to continue further singles competition on his own.


title: Dan Severn

text: He feuded with old MMA rival Ken Shamrock, where the WWF played up their history in UFC. During his one-year tenure, he competed in the Brawl for All tournament, (a legitimate shoot boxing competition) beating The Godfather in the first round. However, he withdrew prior to the quarterfinals, allowing The Godfather to advance by default. He would also take part in the 1998 King of the Ring tournament, defeating D'Lo Brown and Owen Hart before losing to The Rock in the semi-finals.


title: Dan Severn

text: Dan made his WWF Shotgun Saturday night debut in the opening match against G.I Will in a squash match. On the June 8, 1998, episode of Monday Night Raw, Severn would (kayfabe) injure Brown's rib cage via the bow and arrow submission hold, causing him to wear a chest protector for the next few months. On July 28, 1998, Severn competed against D'Lo Brown for the WWF European Championship. He would win the match by disqualification, meaning Brown retained the championship.


title: Dan Severn

text: Later that year he was involved in a storyline with Owen Hart, where Hart caused an (kayfabe) injury to the neck of Severn, via a piledriver. He was part of the 1999 Royal Rumble, being the 8th entrant and lasting almost 6 minutes before being eliminated by Mabel. He left the WWF due to creative differences. His last match was on the following Raw, where Steve Blackman defeated Severn via disqualification. In house shows leading up to this, Blackman would defeat Severn every time.


title: Dan Severn

text: According to Severn, shortly before the 1999 Royal Rumble WWF asked to him to tattoo "666" on his forehead ("the mark of the beast") and become an Undertaker disciple, presumably as part of his Ministry of Darkness stable forming during that time. Severn refused to do this, telling the company that he was uncomfortable with the nature of the storyline. When the company responded by telling Severn that they would bury his character if he declined to do as they asked, Severn countered by threatening to use his legitimate wrestling and fighting skills to shoot on his coworkers and make them “look silly” in the process. This caused the WWF to back off on the idea, but Severn still asked for and received a release not too long after.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn, in a recorded interview stated that the talent of the locker room was scared of him. He said he noticed this when they referred to him as "Mr. Severn" and thought it was a "rib" (joke) as well as wrestlers avoiding him. He asked one of the talent and they responded saying "You scare us. We're afraid that you're going to wig out in one of our matches."


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn appeared in 2000 in the short-lived WXO promotion. In 2002, he again won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, this time from Shinya Hashimoto in Japan. This title reign was controversial and short-lived, as the title was stripped from Severn when he was unable to appear on the inaugural NWA-TNA pay-per-view to defend his title; the belt was won that evening by Ken Shamrock.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn founded Price of Glory Wrestling with Mark Pennington, based out of Coldwater, Michigan in June 2004. Utilizing the many students at his pro wrestling school Michigan Sports Camps, they created the now popular promotion running on a monthly basis. Severn has competed many times on Price of Glory Wrestling against the likes of Jimmy Jacobs, N8 Mattson, CJ Otis, Jack Thriller and more. He was a referee for Price of Glory 17: Merry Massacre in 2005.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2006 Severn wrestled on "AWE", the television series which had 1 season and 7 episodes on the fight network. After this, the AWE folded due to financial issues.


title: Dan Severn

text: On June 21, 2009 on Price of Glory wrestling (PoG), Severn and Johnny Dynamo had a career vs career match in which the loser has to end their career. Both competitors cut a promo on each other, Dan worked as the face meanwhile Johnny worked as a heel. Johnny, who had the Price of Glory heavyweight championship defended the title in this match. After a technical match-up, Severn came out as the victor and won the Price of Glory Heavyweight championship. The show ended with the two wrestlers showing respect to each other and the roster coming out in respect of the end of Dynamos career.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2015, on Great North Wrestling (GNW) Dan faced Hannibal for the Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship in a losing effort.


title: Dan Severn

text: In May 2016, Dan signed with AIW for a promotional deal. He was put into a championship tournament named the "JT Lightning Invitational Tournament 2016" Severn advanced by defeating Colin Delaney. Severn was knocked out of the tournament in the semi finals in a fatal four-way match when Raymond Rowe was the victor against Dan, Tim Donst and Tracey Williams.


title: Dan Severn

text: On May 12, 2017, Dan Severn competed at Gladiator Championship Wrestling against Brent Myers in a winning effort via his Beast Choker finishing submission move. Then on June 3, Dan returned to Price of Glory Wrestling where he defeated "so fine" Frank Isaac Anderson, who Severn trained to become a professional wrestler.


title: Dan Severn

text: On March 17, 2019, Josh Barnett announced via Twitter that Severn would be participating in Game Changer Wrestling's (GCW) "Bloodsport" event, an event that features worked matches presented in a shoot style. Severn is set to take on former UFC Heavyweight champion Frank Mir in Mir's professional wrestling debut on April 4.


title: Dan Severn

text: On April 5, 2019, Severn appeared for Major League Wrestling at their second Battle Riot event. He competed in the titular match, entering at number two and was eventually eliminated by Minoru Tanaka.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn has starred in various movies and television series, starting in 1993 with "Rudy", in which he played a football player. The movie is a sports/drama film directed by David Anspaugh.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2005, he played a police captain in "Swamp Zombies", an action/horror film directed by Len Kabasinski.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2010, Severn acted as an applicant for the movie "Minor League: A Football Story" directed by Clenet Verdi-Rose. The movie is a sport/comedy/drama about a struggling minor league football team that is not doing well and as their newly signed coach, Severn gives the team a second chance to change things around.


title: Dan Severn

text: Also in 2010, Severn acted as "The Beast" in the action movie called "Kill Factor" directed and written by Leo Fong. The plot is about a detective on the track of a serial killer in L.A.


title: Dan Severn

text: In late 2010, Severn played himself in "Tetherball: The Movie" directed by Chris Nickin. It is a sports/comedy movie and the plot of the movie is that three friends decide to start a tetherball league and wind up becoming amateur athletes and have "more booze, babes, and balls than they can handle."


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2012, Severn acted in the amateur wrestling movie "Win by Fall" directed by Chris Nickin, as the character called Coach Winters. The movie is about a wrestler named Scott Reynolds, who is the state's best 152-pound wrestler. The team's 171-pound wrestler breaks his leg and coach Winters (played by Severn) moves Scott up to the 171-pound division. If Scott wants to go to college and earn a scholarship, he must win in his new weight class.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2014, Severn acted in "College Fright Night" which is a comedy/horror movie directed by Brad Leo Lyon. Severn plays as a police officer.


title: Dan Severn

text: In 2016, Severn acted as a referee in "Beyond the Game" which is an action movie directed by Erken Ialgashev and written by J. Stephen Maunder and David Mitchell. The plot summary is contestants in a reality show have to fight to survive.


title: Dan Severn

text: Also in 2016, Severn starred as the character Rich Chandler in "The Fight Within", which is a sport/action/romance movie directed by Michael William Gordon. The movie is based on Logan Chandler, an MMA fighter.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn is featured on the front covers of many martial arts magazines such as the "Tae Kwon Do Times" and "Karate Kung-fu".


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn was born in Coldwater, Michigan, and went to high school at Hill McCloy HS located in Montrose, Michigan. He has four brothers, all of whom were All-American wrestlers in high school and college. Severn has five children. His son, David Severn, is a professional and amateur wrestler. He has won two state championships in his home state of Michigan.


title: Dan Severn

text: Severn has an autobiography published named "The Realest Guy in the Room: The Life and Times of Dan Severn". It was co-authored by Ian Douglass and was originally published on July 7, 2016. It includes a foreword from Jim Cornette, who managed Severn during his WWF run.


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: Ashley Zukerman (born 30 December 1983) is an Australian-American actor known for playing Dr. Charlie Isaacs on WGN America's "Manhattan", Senior Constable Michael Sandrelli in Australian drama series "Rush", and Jesse Banks in the Australian political thriller "The Code", for which he received an AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama in 2014. He also played a recurring role in "Succession". In 2021, he portrayed Robert Langdon in the TV series adaptation of Dan Brown's "The Lost Symbol".


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: Zukerman was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of Ingrid and Moshe Zukerman, and moved to Melbourne with his family when he was two years old. His family is Jewish; his father is from Israel and his mother is from Peru. His parents spoke Hebrew during his childhood. He is the older brother of "Science Vs." podcaster Wendy Zukerman. Zukerman attended Wesley College at the Glen Waverley campus and began a degree in Science and Engineering at Monash University before being accepted into the Victorian College of the Arts.


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: Graduating from the VCA in 2006, he began his professional career in the theatre. He had a critically acclaimed role in "The History Boys", directed by Peter Evans for the Melbourne Theatre Company. He then appeared in HBO's war miniseries "The Pacific", which premiered 14 March 2010 and also in "Lowdown" created by Adam Zwar and Amanda Brotchie. His Australian break came when he played Constable Michael Sandrelli on the series "Rush" for which he was nominated for a Logie award in the Most Outstanding New Talent category. In 2011, after his time on "Rush", Zukerman joined the cast of the short-lived Steven Spielberg–produced sci-fi television series "Terra Nova".


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: Zukerman then returned to the theatre working with director Eamon Flack at the Belvoir Theatre Company in "As You Like It" playing Orlando, and then two years later in "Angels in America" playing Joe Pitt. "Angels in America" won Best Play at the 2014 Helpmann Awards.


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: He played socially dysfunctional genius hacker Jesse Banks opposite Dan Spielman in the Australian political thriller "The Code" created by Shelley Birse. The show received huge national and international acclaim and 10 AACTA Award nominations, out of which it won six including Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama for Zukerman.


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: Early in 2014, Zukerman won the role of ambitious wunderkind Dr. Charlie Isaacs in the WGN America original drama "Manhattan" created by filmmaker Sam Shaw and directed by Thomas Schlamme. In 2016, Zukerman was cast in the recurring role of Peter MacLeish on the ABC political drama series "Designated Survivor", which premiered in the autumn of the same year.


title: Ashley Zukerman

text: In 2018, Zukerman had a recurring role on the HBO series "Succession", and in 2020, appeared as the title character's husband on the Hulu miniseries "A Teacher". In 2021, he stars in the "Fear Street" horror trilogy that streams on Netflix, beginning with "". It was announced in March 2020 that Zukerman has also been cast to portray Robert Langdon in the NBC drama pilot "Langdon", which is based on Dan Brown's 2009 thriller novel "The Lost Symbol".


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: Koninklijke Ahold Delhaize N.V. (in Dutch literally "Royal Ahold Delhaize"), commonly known as Ahold Delhaize, is a Dutch multinational retail and wholesaling company. Its name comes from a merger between Ahold (Dutch) and Delhaize Group (Belgian), the two predecessor companies that merged to form the present-day Ahold Delhaize. Its business format includes supermarkets, convenience stores, hypermarkets, online grocery, online non-food, drugstores, and liquor stores. Its 21 local brands employ 375,000 people at 6,500 stores in 11 countries, predominantly the Netherlands and Belgium.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: Ahold Delhaize's international headquarters is in Zaandam, Netherlands; it is the former headquarters of the predecessor company Ahold. Its brands are active in the Netherlands, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Greece, Luxembourg, Romania, Serbia, and the United States. It also participates in joint ventures in Indonesia and Portugal.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: Ahold Delhaize shares are listed on Euronext Amsterdam and Brussels (ticker: AD). Ahold's former CEO, Dick Boer, was the CEO of Ahold Delhaize until his retirement in 2018, and Frans Muller, former CEO of Delhaize Group, became CEO after previously having served as the deputy CEO, chief integration officer and acting chief operations officer ("ad interim") of Delhaize America. Operating more than 2,000 stores across 23 states, Ahold Delhaize is among the largest food and consumables retailers in the United States via their subsidiaries.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: Ahold Delhaize was formed in July 2016, from the merger of Ahold and Delhaize Group. Delhaize Group dates back to 1867, when the Delhaize brothers opened a wholesale grocery business in Charleroi, Belgium. Ahold started in 1887, when Albert Heijn opened a first store in the Dutch town of Oostzaan.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: In 2018, the company experienced significant growth in the United States (Food Lion), the Netherlands, and online. Growth in Belgium has been minimal.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: With around 380,000 employees in almost 7,000 stores, the company achieved a turnover of 66 billion euros in 2019.


title: Ahold Delhaize

text: Beginning in June of 2020, Ahold Delhaize implemented a partnership with Instacart to provide home delivery from more than 750 stores operated under the Hannaford, Food Lion, Giant Food, and Stop & Shop brands. The company further expanded in the United States with the acquisition of a majority stake in FreshDirect, an online grocer. As of 2021, Ahold Delhaize has plans to establish Ship2Me, an online marketplace featuring food and merchandise items, in the second half of the year.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: Luke Magnus Nicolson (born 8 July 2000), known by the moniker Francis Bourgeois, is a British trainspotter and social media personality. He is most known for his videos posted on TikTok and Instagram on the topic of trains. As of January 2022, he has over 2,600,000 TikTok followers and 1,300,000 Instagram followers.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: Bourgeois is often characterised as recording himself through the fisheye lens of a GoPro mounted in front of his face. He is also known for his penchant for scootering, which he frequently incorporates into his videos and other public appearances.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: Bourgeois was born in Harlesden, North West London. His mother works for the National Health Service and his father is a photography teacher. He also has one brother named Ben. No one in Bourgeois' family has a background in trains or engineering.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: He developed an interest in trains during his early childhood and received a Hornby model railway set at the age of four. In his youth, he frequently watched trains at Willesden Junction railway station, which he "lived around the corner from," and drew from memory the trains he had seen there. At the age of seven, he moved to rural Frome, Somerset near a limestone quarry, which continued to pique his interest and evolve his passion for freight trains.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: During his childhood, Bourgeois was mocked by peers for his hobby. When he entered secondary school at the age of 15, he suppressed his interest in trains as a means to better fit in and sold his railway sets. In his adolescence, his hobbies consisted of BMX, mountain biking, and going to the skate park. “Being a train enthusiast at secondary school is difficult,” he explained. “Gym memberships and trendy clothes took precedence at that point, regrettably."


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Nottingham, expressing a desire to pursue industrial engineering and "create new railways or revitalize older lines" as a civil engineer. He was hired by Rolls-Royce and briefly worked at a car factory in Portsmouth, but resigned in November 2021 following his social media growth.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bourgeois began to post videos on TikTok about trainspotting with the help of his brother.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In the first year of his social media presence, it was widely believed that Bourgeois had borrowed his moniker from the 18th-century court painter of the same name; however, it was revealed in an interview that "Bourgeois" was inspired by a visit to an art exhibition by Louise Bourgeois at the Tate Gallery, and the name "Francis" was chosen because "he likes France and the way they do trains." In another instance, Bourgeois named the Hauser & Wirth gallery in Somerset as the site of the exhibition.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: "I was applying for my fourth-year work placement and the university staff told me potential employers might search my name," he told "The Guardian", "I didn't want to have to worry about that." Given the perception amongst his school peers that trainspotting was uncool, he explained that his pseudonym allowed him to "feel a bit more protected" when making videos. Furthermore, he believed "Francis Bourgeois" to have "a bit more of a ring to it" than "Luke Nicolson."


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In October 2021, two of his videos went viral, the first featuring him at Gatwick Airport railway station reacting to a GB Class 73/9 locomotive and the name it was given. Another features his reaction to the arrival of a British Rail Class 377 train travelling from Littlehampton to Southampton Central, during which he waves at the train driver and then proceeds to fall out of his chair. The video has garnered over six million views. Later that month, Bourgeois appeared on the ITV daytime magazine programme "This Morning" to discuss the success of his TikTok videos.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In late November 2021, Bourgeois registered Francis Bourgeois Limited as a private limited company. In January 2022, he signed with the Books division of YMU, an international talent management company, and he became a brand ambassador for GB Railfreight.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In January 2022, Joe Jonas reached out to Bourgeois and the two went trainspotting together. Shortly after, he began posting other collaborations to social media alongside Rosalía, Thierry Henry, and Sam Fender. In April 2022, he featured in a segment of Amelia Dimoldenberg's web series "Amelia's Cooking Show". In May 2022, Bourgeois appeared at the British Book Awards to present Cressida Cowell with her award. He also shot a series of promotional videos alongside British rapper Aitch for Spotify UK's "#SpotifySmallTalks" segment. On 8 May, 2022, Bourgeois was sponsored by Williams Racing to attend the 2022 Miami Grand Prix, meeting Alex Albon and Lando Norris. In mid-July 2022, Bourgeois helped to promote British family film "The Railway Children Return". He also partnered with TikTok for Business to advise users on growing their brands. In late July 2022, he participated in Ben Ainslie's safety training at the Great Britain Sail Grand Prix.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: On 27 October, 2022, Bourgeois' autobiography "The Trainspotter's Notebook" was published. An audiobook was also recorded, with narrations by Bourgeois. Throughout October and November 2022, Channel 4 released the five-episode digital series "Trainspotting with Francis Bourgeois", featuring Aisling Bea, Chloe Burrows, Jesse Lingard, Sam Ryder, and AJ Tracey. On 18 November 2022, Trainline launched a social campaign featuring Bourgeois and Craig David to raise awareness of the environmental benefits of traveling by train. On November 24, 2022, he uploaded the first episode of his series "Scooting & Chatting", which he co-directs alongside Alex Thompson, to his new YouTube channel. The first episode features Louis Theroux; in turn, he was interviewed by Theroux for BBC.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: Before signing with talent management company YMU's Books division, Bourgeois was represented by Brother modelling agency. In January 2022, he was featured in the second chapter of a partnership between Gucci and The North Face. In the photographs and a promotional film by Highsnobiety, he features as a train conductor travelling the Swiss Alps.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: Bourgeois has named the Class 43 HST as his favourite train and the Class 170 as his least favourite. In a BBC Radio 1 interview, he demonstrated his ability to identify the make and model of a train by its horn sound.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: He also harbors an interest in electronic music, favoring artists like Aphex Twin and Squarepusher. Bourgeois likens the sound of dance music to the industrial sounds produced by locomotives and diesel engines. In 2020, he self-released a song called "Whatley Quarry" under the alias Boggy Can, inspired by the quarry of the same name he grew up near in Frome, Somerset.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In November 2021, Bourgeois was invited by Sacha Lord to visit Manchester’s Warehouse Project. In mid-December 2021, he was alleged of donning a persona after photographs of his adolescence emerged, as well as videos of him raving. His response to the accusations was well-received.


title: Francis Bourgeois (trainspotter)

text: In March 2022, Bourgeois attended the BandLab NME Awards 2022. In April 2022, he performed a tailwhip on stage during a Sam Fender concert, who he met at the NME Awards a month prior. In June 2022, he made cameo appearances in a music video for South London rapper Pinty's song "Flex/On My Own."


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below is the fifth studio album by American hip hop duo Outkast. It was released on September 23, 2003, by Arista Records. Issued as a double album, its length of over two hours is spread across solo albums from both of the group's members. Big Boi's "Speakerboxxx" is a Southern hip hop album with a P-Funk influence, while André 3000's "The Love Below" features psychedelic, pop, funk, electro, and jazz styles.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" was supported with the hit singles "Hey Ya!" and "The Way You Move", which both reached 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and the top-10 hit "Roses". The album debuted at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 510,000 copies in its first week. It eventually amassed a total of seven non-consecutive weeks at the top of the chart and 24 weeks in the Top 10. It has been certified diamond and 11 times platinum by the RIAA (each disc in the double album counted as a separate unit for certification). As of March 2012, it has sold 5.7 million units in the United States.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" received widespread acclaim from music critics, who praised the consistency of Big Boi's "Speakerboxxx" and the eclectic musical style of André 3000's "The Love Below". It topped "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop critics poll, and won Album of the Year and Best Rap Album at the 46th Grammy Awards, while "Hey Ya!" won Best Urban/Alternative Performance. The album has been acclaimed as one of the greatest albums of the 2000s and was ranked 290th in "Rolling Stone’s" 2020 edition of their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: Following the release of Outkast's fourth studio album "Stankonia" (2000), André 3000 felt urged to do something different from his previous projects and moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. He was relatively unsuccessful, landing a minor role in "Hollywood Homicide" (2003) and a one-episode appearance in the drama series "The Shield". He returned to music and recorded a solo album that was different from the material he had recorded as part of Outkast. The output was a blend of pop, jazz and funk with live instruments and singing instead of rapping. When writing songs, he used a microcassette recorder in order to "record melodic ideas and lyrics, then build the melody around the lyrics".


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: The CD artwork is designed so that the "Speakerboxxx" artwork is on the front of the case, whereas the "Love Below" artwork is on the back of the case. These images are merged on the artwork displayed on online stores (Front cover on left, back cover on right). The CD booklet and the credits printed within is also divided in half and the back cover is printed on both sides, allowing fans to customize who appears on both the front and back covers.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: The recording of "The Love Below" began at André 3000's Los Angeles home, using Pro Tools software, in addition to a drum machine, keyboards and various synthesizers. He enjoyed the atmosphere of recording at home instead of a studio, saying to "XXL", "it didn't start in the studio because if you have a bunch of people around, they're coming from the party and I'm in there singing falsetto ... those vibes didn't match." His initial sessions were hampered by his inexperience with Pro Tools and, unaware how to edit his recordings, he opted to record songs such as "Pink & Blue" in their entirety. Other gear used included an Avalon VT737 SP and AD2055 EQ and AD2044 compressors for his vocals. After creating five songs, he informed Big Boi of the solo project he had been working on.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: Big Boi had already recorded some songs when André 3000 had contacted him, but after their conversation he decided his next project would be "Speakerboxxx". Describing his approach in the studio, Big Boi later commented to "XXL", "the idea was just to keep it funky, keep it jamming, it's always bass-heavy. And lyricism, it's all about lyrics, taking pride in your pen and your pad." His favorite song to record was "Unhappy". He spent several days working on "Unhappy"'s hook before driving to his mother's home and playing the song in her driveway, to which she responded enthusiastically. At some point in the recording, the project moved to OutKast's Stankonia Studios in downtown Atlanta, which had been used to record OutKast's previous release and namesake. John Frye, the studio manager and an engineer, would later recognise that much of the media attention surrounding the album's recording was concerned with André 3000 and Big Boi's working relationship and why they had chosen to record separately. He concedes that both enjoyed working solo and were doing so more frequently, but they continued to share and critique each other's music.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: John Frye also describes how the format of the projects changed rapidly. Initially intended as two separate solo releases, they decided to merge their work and create a soundtrack album as André 3000 had initially intended. The duo then began preparing to work on a motion picture, but reconsidered and compromised by interpolating background noise into songs, such as the slamming of car doors and footsteps. They eventually settled on releasing a double album. Frye noted the end of the recording sessions as particularly stressful for André 3000, who he described as drained from working at four studios simultaneously. In total, an estimated 120 songs were recorded for "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below".


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" is a two-disc set that features 39 tracks, including several interludes and a postlude. It is a concept album with the intention of each disc delivering each member's individual perspective and sound. "The Love Below" is substantially longer than Big Boi's "Speakerboxxx", clocking in at almost 78 minutes, compared to 56 minutes for "Speakerboxxx". Featured guests on "Speakerboxxx" include Sleepy Brown, Jazze Pha, Jay-Z, CeeLo Green, Killer Mike, Goodie Mob, Lil Jon and Ludacris. Guests on "The Love Below" include Rosario Dawson, Norah Jones, Kelis, and Fonzworth Bentley.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: According to music journalist Roni Sarig, "Speakerboxxx" features Southern hip hop with more social awareness than "The Love Below", exploring themes of family, philosophy, religion, politics and "a wider emotional terrain ... from melancholy to outrage to expression."


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: By contrast, "The Love Below" is identified by Sarig as showcasing "jazzy pop-funk" comparable to the music of Prince. Marcello Carlin of "Uncut" magazine calls it "an avant-soul concept album". The disc's abounding theme is love, examining the emotions one experiences when falling in love and loving oneself. Sarig suggests that André 3000's break-up with neo soul singer Erykah Badu had influenced much of the lyrical content on the album, which he sees as concerned with the search for true love.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 91, based on 26 reviews.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: Reviewing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called both discs "visionary, imaginative listens, providing some of the best music of 2003, regardless of genre". Will Hermes wrote in "Entertainment Weekly" that the album's "ambition flies so far beyond that of anyone doing rap right now (or pop, or rock, or R&B)". "Blender" magazine's Kris Ex felt that it "holds an explosion of creativity that couldn't have been contained in just one LP". "The Guardian"s Dorian Lynskey described both discs as "sublime ... hip-hop's "Sign o' the Times" or "The White Album": a career-defining masterpiece of breathtaking ambition". According to Andy Gill of "The Independent", the album set "a new benchmark not just for hip hop, but for pop in general", featuring "so many musical tributaries coursing into both Big Boi's progressive-rap pyrotechnics and Dre's freaky jazz-funk love odyssey that even their old tag of 'psychedelic hip-hop soul' starts to look restrictive". "Stylus Magazine"s Nick Southall called it "a series of spectacular moments and memorable events". "NME" magazine's John Mulvey described its two discs as "two Technicolor explosions of creativity that people will be exploring, analysing and partying to for years". Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" wrote that it is "greater than the sum of its parts, and this kind of expertly crafted pop and deftly executed funk rarely happen at the same time—not since "Stankonia", at least."


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: Less enthusiastic were "Rolling Stone" magazine's Jon Caramanica, particularly about André 3000 expressing his "right to be peculiar in a hip-hop context", and "Pitchfork"s Brent DiCrescenzo, who said "The Love Below" does not sustain "consistent brilliance and emotional complexity throughout" like "Speakerboxxx". In "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau said the double album could have been "the classic P-Funk rip it ain't quite" had "Speakerboxxx" alone been issued with "Roses", "Spread", "Hey Ya!", and "an oddity of [André 3000's] choosing". He nonetheless commended what he described as "commercial ebullience, creative confidence, and wretched excess, blessed excess, impressive excess". In "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" (2004), Roni Sarig wrote that, "for sheer breadth, ambition, and musical vision, there's little doubt "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" is a classic."


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" was voted as the best album of the year in "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop critics poll. In Australia, "Hey Ya!" was voted No. 2 on the 2003 Triple J Hottest 100, the country's biggest alternative music poll of its type. The album was nominated for six Grammy Awards, winning three (Album of the Year, Best Urban/Alternative Performance for "Hey Ya!" and Best Rap Album). OutKast's other nominations were for Producer of the Year, Best Short-Form Music Video, and Record of the Year, the latter two both for "Hey Ya!".


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: In 2009, "NME" ranked "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" No. 44 on its list of the top 100 greatest albums of the decade, while "Newsweek" ranked the album No. 1 on its list of the ten best albums of the decade.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: The jazz periodical "Down Beat" chose it as the best "beyond" album. In 2012 "Complex" named the album one of the classic albums of the last decade. In 2013, "NME" ranked "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" at No. 183 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". In Rolling Stone's Top 500 Albums of All-Time, it was ranked No. 290 in the 2020 edition.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: After having had three No. 2 albums on the US "Billboard" 200, OutKast enjoyed their first chart-topping album with "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below". The album debuted at No. 1 during the week of October 11, 2003, selling more than 510,000 copies in its first week. It became the second-biggest debut for a double album during the SoundScan-era (beginning in 1991). The album sold 235,000 copies in its second week, holding its position atop the "Billboard" chart. "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" spent the next three weeks in the top 5 before returning to the top spot for one more week. Sales remained strong, and the album would spend another four weeks at No. 1 between January and February 2004. In all, "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" amassed a total of seven weeks at No. 1, 24 weeks in the Top 10, and 56 weeks on the Billboard 200. "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" has been certified diamond and 11 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping more than 11 million units (in this case, 5.5 million double album sets, which are double-counted by the RIAA).


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: The single "Hey Ya!" went to No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, topping the charts there for nine weeks. It was the act's second No. 1 single, following 2000's "Ms. Jackson". "Hey Ya!" also topped the singles charts in Canada and Australia and charted in 28 countries around the world. "Hey Ya!" was also the first platinum download on iTunes. Follow-up single "The Way You Move" knocked "Hey Ya!" off the top of the charts in the US in February 2004, just the seventh time a recording act replaced itself at No. 1. "The Way You Move" topped the singles chart for one week. The third single released from the album was "Roses" from "The Love Below," which reached No. 9. The fourth and fifth singles released, "Prototype ("The Love Below")" and "GhettoMusick ("Speakerboxxx")", did not chart.


title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

text: All tracks are written by André Benjamin, except where noted. All tracks produced by André 3000, except "Roses" produced by Dojo5 and André 3000.


title: 2003 in film

text: "" grossed more than $1.14  billion, making it the highest-grossing film in 2003 worldwide and in North America and the second-highest-grossing film up to that time. It was also the second film to surpass the billion-dollar milestone after "Titanic" in 1997.


title: 2003 in film

text: "Finding Nemo" was the highest-grossing animated movie of all time until being overtaken by "Shrek 2" in 2004.


title: James Earl Jones on screen and stage

text: American actor James Earl Jones has had an extensive career in various film, television, and theatre. He started out in film by appearing in the 1964 political satire film "Dr. Strangelove" as Lt. Lothar Zogg. He then went on to star in the 1970 film "The Great White Hope" as Jack Jefferson, a role he first played in the Broadway production of the same name. The film role earned him two Golden Globe nominations, one for Best Actor and winning one for New Star of the Year. He also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. His other work in the 1970s included playing the title character in "Malcolm X" (1972), Johnny Williams in "The River Niger" (1976), Nick Debrett in "Swashbuckler" (1976), Malcolm X again in "The Greatest" (1977), and "The Bushido Blade" with Richard Boone (1979).


title: James Earl Jones on screen and stage

text: Jones has notably voiced the antagonist Darth Vader in the "Star Wars" franchise, first in the trilogy films - "Star Wars" (1977), "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980), "Return of the Jedi" (1983) then again in the first installment of the "Star Wars" anthology series - "Rogue One" (2016), and the third installment of the sequel trilogy, "". He is also notable for voicing the Disney character Mufasa, first in the 1994 animated film "The Lion King", its sequel "" (1998), and the 2019 photorealistic computer-animated remake of the same name.


title: James Earl Jones on screen and stage

text: In the 1980s, Jones had co-starring roles in the films "Conan the Barbarian" with Arnold Schwarzenegger (1982), "Soul Man" with C. Thomas Howell (1986), "Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold" with Richard Chamberlain (1987), "Matewan" with Chris Cooper (1987), "Coming to America" with Eddie Murphy (1988) and "Field of Dreams" with Kevin Costner (1989). In 1990, Jones was first cast as the role of Admiral James Greer in the action thriller film "The Hunt for Red October", a film based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. He reprised the role again in "Patriot Games" (1992) and "Clear and Present Danger" (1994), both films he co-starred with Harrison Ford, who was also in the first three "Star Wars" franchise films. He also played Mr. Mertle in "The Sandlot" (1993), a role he reprised again in "The Sandlot 2" (2005). His later roles include "Gimme Shelter" with Rosario Dawson (2013), and "The Angriest Man in Brooklyn" with Robin Williams (2014), one of Williams' last films before his death. In 2008 and 2011, Jones won the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and Academy Honorary Award respectively for his career in film.


title: James Earl Jones on screen and stage

text: Jones' television work includes playing Woodrow Paris in the series "Paris" between 1979 and 1980. He voiced various characters on the animated series "The Simpsons" in three separate seasons (1990, 1994, 1998). He then was cast as Gabriel Bird, the lead role in the series "Gabriel's Fire" which aired from 1990 to 1991. For that role, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and was nominated for his fourth Golden Globe Award, this time for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama. He played Bird again in the series "Pros and Cons" with ran from 1991 to 1992, that earned him his fifth and final Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama. He then had small appearances in the series "Law & Order" (1993), "Picket Fences" (1994), "Mad About You" (1997), "Touched by an Angel" (1997), "Frasier" (1997). His role in "Picket Fences" earned him another Primetime Emmy Award nomination, one for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. His later television work includes small roles in "Everwood" (2003–2004), "Two and a Half Men" (2008), "House" (2009), and "The Big Bang Theory" (2014).


title: James Earl Jones on screen and stage

text: Jones' theatre work includes numerous Broadway plays, including "Sunrise at Campobello" (19581959), "Danton's Death" (1965), "The Iceman Cometh" (19731974), "Of Mice and Men" (19741975), "Othello" (1982), "On Golden Pond" (2005), "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (2008) and "You Can't Take It with You" (20142015). He was also in various off Broadway productions and Shakespeare stage adaptations such as "The Merchant of Venice" (1962), "The Winter's Tale" (1963), "Othello" (19641965), "Coriolanus" (1965), "Hamlet" (1972), and "King Lear" (1973). His roles in "The Great White Hope" (1969) and "Fences" (1987) earned him two Tony Awards, both for Best Leading Actor in a Play.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus). Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, refers specifically to aquaculture practiced in seawater habitats and lagoons, opposed to in freshwater aquaculture. Pisciculture is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain fish products as food.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture can also be defined as the breeding, growing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic plants, also known as farming in water. It is an environmental source of food and commercial product which help to improve healthier habitats and used to reconstruct population of endangered aquatic species. Technology has increased the growth of fish in coastal marine waters and open oceans due to the increased demand for seafood.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture can be conducted in completely artificial facilities built on land (onshore aquaculture), as in the case of fish tank, ponds, aquaponics or raceways, where the living conditions rely on human control such as water quality (oxygen), feed, temperature. Alternatively, they can be conducted on well-sheltered shallow waters nearshore of a body of water (inshore aquaculture), where the cultivated species are subjected to a relatively more naturalistic environments; or on fenced/enclosed sections of open water away from the shore (offshore aquaculture), where the species are either cultured in cages, racks or bags, and are exposed to more diverse natural conditions such as water currents (such as ocean currents), diel vertical migration and nutrient cycles.


title: Aquaculture

text: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated." The reported output from global aquaculture operations in 2019 was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion. However, there are issues about the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several kilograms of wild fish are used to produce one kilogram of a piscivorous fish like salmon. Plant and insect-based feeds are also being developed to help reduce wild fish been used for aquaculture feed.


title: Aquaculture

text: Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, mariculture, pisciculture, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both of which integrate fish farming and aquatic plant farming. The FAO describes aquaculture as one of the industries most directly affected by climate change and its impacts. Some forms of aquaculture have negative impacts on the environment, such as through nutrient pollution or disease transfer to wild populations.


title: Aquaculture

text: Harvest stagnation in wild fisheries and overexploitation of popular marine species, combined with a growing demand for high-quality protein, encouraged aquaculturists to domesticate other marine species. At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "Blue Revolution" could take place in aquaculture, just as the Green Revolution of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture. Although land animals had long been domesticated, most seafood species were still caught from the wild. Concerned about the impact of growing demand for seafood on the world's oceans, prominent ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau wrote in 1973: "With earth's burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology."


title: Aquaculture

text: About 430 (97%) of the species cultured were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture, to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research. Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals, including diseases such as smallpox and diphtheria, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human pathogens of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.


title: Aquaculture

text: Biological control methods to manage parasites are already being used, such as cleaner fish (e.g. lumpsuckers and wrasse) to control sea lice populations in salmon farming. Models are being used to help with spatial planning and siting of fish farms in order to minimize impact.


title: Aquaculture

text: The decline in wild fish stocks has increased the demand for farmed fish. However, finding alternative sources of protein and oil for fish feed is necessary so the aquaculture industry can grow sustainably; otherwise, it represents a great risk for the over-exploitation of forage fish.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture production now exceeds capture fishery production and together the relative GDP contribution has ranged from 0.01 to 10%. Singling out aquaculture's relative contribution to GDP, however, is not easily derived due to lack of data.


title: Aquaculture

text: Another recent issue following the banning in 2008 of organotins by the International Maritime Organization is the need to find environmentally friendly, but still effective, compounds with antifouling effects.


title: Aquaculture

text: Many new natural compounds are discovered every year, but producing them on a large enough scale for commercial purposes is almost impossible.


title: Aquaculture

text: It is highly probable that future developments in this field will rely on microorganisms, but greater funding and further research is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge in this field.


title: Aquaculture

text: Microalgae, also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae, constitute the majority of cultivated algae. Macroalgae commonly known as seaweed also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and specific requirements, they are not easily cultivated on a large scale and are most often taken in the wild.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 2016, aquaculture was the source of 96.5 percent by volume of the total 31.2 million tonnes of wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants combined. Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016.


title: Aquaculture

text: The farming of fish is the most common form of aquaculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks, fish ponds, or ocean enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, carp, salmon, tilapia, and catfish.


title: Aquaculture

text: In the Mediterranean, young bluefin tuna are netted at sea and towed slowly towards the shore. They are then interned in offshore pens (sometimes made from floating HDPE pipe) where they are further grown for the market. In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked tanks. Southern bluefin tuna are also caught in the wild and fattened in grow-out sea cages in southern Spencer Gulf, South Australia.


title: Aquaculture

text: A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons. An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a hatchery for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured.


title: Aquaculture

text: Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply thereafter. Global production reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, worth about US$9 billion. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. Thailand is the largest exporter.


title: Aquaculture

text: Shrimp farming has changed from its traditional, small-scale form in Southeast Asia into a global industry. Technological advances have led to ever higher densities per unit area, and broodstock is shipped worldwide. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (i.e., shrimp of the family Penaeidae), and just two species of shrimp, the Pacific white shrimp and the giant tiger prawn, account for about 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to disease, which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Increasing ecological problems, repeated disease outbreaks, and pressure and criticism from both nongovernmental organizations and consumer countries led to changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulations. In 1999, governments, industry representatives, and environmental organizations initiated a program aimed at developing and promoting more sustainable farming practices through the Seafood Watch program.


title: Aquaculture

text: Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, including many problems with, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental lifecycle of the main species, the giant river prawn.


title: Aquaculture

text: The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding crayfish and crabs) in 2007 was about 460,000 tonnes, exceeding 1.86 billion dollars. Additionally, China produced about 370,000 tonnes of Chinese river crab.


title: Aquaculture

text: In addition astaciculture is the freshwater farming of crayfish (mostly in the US, Australia, and Europe).


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquacultured shellfish include various oyster, mussel, and clam species. These bivalves are filter and/or deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production rather than inputs of fish or other feed. As such, shellfish aquaculture is generally perceived as benign or even beneficial.


title: Aquaculture

text: Depending on the species and local conditions, bivalve molluscs are either grown on the beach, on longlines, or suspended from rafts and harvested by hand or by dredging. In May 2017 a Belgian consortium installed the first of two trial mussel farms on a wind farm in the North Sea.


title: Aquaculture

text: Abalone farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful. Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies most abalone meat. Sustainably farmed molluscs can be certified by Seafood Watch and other organizations, including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). WWF initiated the "Aquaculture Dialogues" in 2004 to develop measurable and performance-based standards for responsibly farmed seafood. In 2009, WWF co-founded the Aquaculture Stewardship Council with the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative to manage the global standards and certification programs.


title: Aquaculture

text: After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in Flinders Bay, Western Australia, to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5000 () separate concrete units called "abitats" (abalone habitats). The 900 kg abitats can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that has grown naturally on the habitats, with the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also resulting in growing numbers of dhufish, pink snapper, wrasse, and Samson fish, among other species.


title: Aquaculture

text: Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore-based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves."


title: Aquaculture

text: Other groups include aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and miscellaneous invertebrates, such as echinoderms and jellyfish. They are separately graphed at the top right of this section, since they do not contribute enough volume to show clearly on the main graph.


title: Aquaculture

text: Commercially harvested echinoderms include sea cucumbers and sea urchins. In China, sea cucumbers are farmed in artificial ponds as large as .


title: Aquaculture

text: Global fish production peaked at about 171 million tonnes in 2016, with aquaculture representing 47 percent of the total and 53 percent if non-food uses (including reduction to fishmeal and fish oil) are excluded. With capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing growth in the supply of fish for human consumption. Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at US$244 billion. Three years later, in 2019 the reported output from global aquaculture operations was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion.


title: Aquaculture

text: The contribution of aquaculture to the global production of capture fisheries and aquaculture combined has risen continuously, reaching 46.8 percent in 2016, up from 25.7 percent in 2000. With 5.8 percent annual growth rate during the period 2001–2016, aquaculture continues to grow faster than other major food production sectors, but it no longer has the high annual growth rates experienced in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 2012, the total world production of fisheries was 158 million tonnes, of which aquaculture contributed 66.6 million tonnes, about 42%. The growth rate of worldwide aquaculture has been sustained and rapid, averaging about 8% per year for over 30 years, while the take from wild fisheries has been essentially flat for the last decade. The aquaculture market reached $86 billion in 2009.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture is an especially important economic activity in China. Between 1980 and 1997, the Chinese Bureau of Fisheries reports, aquaculture harvests grew at an annual rate of 16.7%, jumping from 1.9 million tonnes to nearly 23 million tonnes. In 2005, China accounted for 70% of world production. Aquaculture is also currently one of the fastest-growing areas of food production in the U.S.


title: Aquaculture

text: About 90% of all U.S. shrimp consumption is farmed and imported. In recent years, salmon aquaculture has become a major export in southern Chile, especially in Puerto Montt, Chile's fastest-growing city.


title: Aquaculture

text: A United Nations report titled "The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture" released in May 2014 maintained fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of some 60 million people in Asia and Africa. FAO estimates that in 2016, overall, women accounted for nearly 14 percent of all people directly engaged in the fisheries and aquaculture primary sector.


title: Aquaculture

text: China overwhelmingly dominates the world in reported aquaculture output, reporting a total output which is double that of the rest of the world put together. However, there are some historical issues with the accuracy of China's returns.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 2001, scientists Reg Watson and Daniel Pauly expressed concerns that China was over reporting its catch from wild fisheries in the 1990s. They said that made it appear that the global catch since 1988 was increasing annually by 300,000 tonnes, whereas it was really shrinking annually by 350,000 tonnes. Watson and Pauly suggested this may be have been related to Chinese policies where state entities that monitored the economy were also tasked with increasing output. Also, until more recently, the promotion of Chinese officials was based on production increases from their own areas.


title: Aquaculture

text: China disputed this claim. The official Xinhua News Agency quoted Yang Jian, director general of the Agriculture Ministry's Bureau of Fisheries, as saying that China's figures were "basically correct". However, the FAO accepted there were issues with the reliability of China's statistical returns, and for a period treated data from China, including the aquaculture data, apart from the rest of the world.


title: Aquaculture

text: Mariculture refers to the cultivation of marine organisms in seawater, usually in sheltered coastal or offshore waters. The farming of marine fish is an example of mariculture, and so also is the farming of marine crustaceans (such as shrimp), mollusks (such as oysters), and seaweed. Channel catfish ("Ictalurus punctatus"), hard clams ("Mercenaria mercenaria") and Atlantic salmon ("Salmo salar") are prominent in the U.S. mariculture.


title: Aquaculture

text: Mariculture may consist of raising the organisms on or in artificial enclosures such as in floating netted enclosures for salmon and on racks for oysters. In the case of enclosed salmon, they are fed by the operators; oysters on racks filter feed on naturally available food. Abalone have been farmed on an artificial reef consuming seaweed which grows naturally on the reef units.


title: Aquaculture

text: Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the byproducts (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (for example, fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive and organic extractive (for example, shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).


title: Aquaculture

text: "Multi-trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few synergistic benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the ecosystem. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a greater diversity of species, occupying several niches, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved ecosystem health, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short-term period.


title: Aquaculture

text: Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept.


title: Aquaculture

text: Various materials, including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, plastic-coated welded wire, rubber, patented rope products (Spectra, Thorn-D, Dyneema), galvanized steel and copper are used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world. All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons, including design feasibility, material strength, cost, and corrosion resistance.


title: Aquaculture

text: Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes) and they therefore prevent biofouling (i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive.


title: Aquaculture

text: If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damage than wild fisheries, though with less waste produced per kg on a global scale. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of antibiotics, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of invasive plant and animal species, or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable carnivorous fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce exotic plants or animals with disastrous effects. Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in the 1990s and 2000s .


title: Aquaculture

text: Fish waste is organic and composed of nutrients necessary in all components of aquatic food webs. In-ocean aquaculture often produces much higher than normal fish waste concentrations. The waste collects on the ocean bottom, damaging or eliminating bottom-dwelling life. Waste can also decrease dissolved oxygen levels in the water column, putting further pressure on wild animals. An alternative model to food being added to the ecosystem, is the installation of artificial reef structures to increase the habitat niches available, without the need to add any more than ambient feed and nutrient. This has been used in the "ranching" of abalone in Western Australia.


title: Aquaculture

text: Some carnivorous and omnivorous farmed fish species are fed wild forage fish. Although carnivorous farmed fish represented only 13 percent of aquaculture production by weight in 2000, they represented 34 percent of aquaculture production by value.


title: Aquaculture

text: Farming of carnivorous species like salmon and shrimp leads to a high demand for forage fish to match the nutrition they get in the wild. Fish do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them from either consuming microalgae that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like herring and sardines, or, as is the case with fatty predatory fish, like salmon, by eating prey fish that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50 percent of the world fish oil production is fed to farmed salmon.


title: Aquaculture

text: Farmed salmon consume more wild fish than they generate as a final product, although the efficiency of production is improving. To produce one kilograms of farmed salmon, products from several kilograms of wild fish are fed to them – this can be described as the "fish-in-fish-out" (FIFO) ratio. In 1995, salmon had a FIFO ratio of 7.5 (meaning 7.5 kilograms of wild fish feed were required to produce one kilogram of salmon); by 2006 the ratio had fallen to 4.9. Additionally, a growing share of fish oil and fishmeal come from residues (byproducts of fish processing), rather than dedicated whole fish. In 2012, 34 percent of fish oil and 28 percent of fishmeal came from residues. However, fishmeal and oil from residues instead of whole fish have a different composition with more ash and less protein, which may limit its potential use for aquaculture.


title: Aquaculture

text: As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more wild forage fish for feed, at a time when seventy-five percent of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their maximum sustainable yield. The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming then impacts the survivability of the wild predator fish who rely on them for food. An important step in reducing the impact of aquaculture on wild fish is shifting carnivorous species to plant-based feeds. Salmon feeds, for example, have gone from containing only fishmeal and oil to containing 40 percent plant protein. The USDA has also experimented with using grain-based feeds for farmed trout. When properly formulated (and often mixed with fishmeal or oil), plant-based feeds can provide proper nutrition and similar growth rates in carnivorous farmed fish.


title: Aquaculture

text: Another impact aquaculture production can have on wild fish is the risk of fish escaping from coastal pens, where they can interbreed with their wild counterparts, diluting wild genetic stocks. Escaped fish can become invasive, out-competing native species.


title: Aquaculture

text: As with the farming of terrestrial animals, social attitudes influence the need for humane practices and regulations in farmed marine animals. Under the guidelines advised by the Farm Animal Welfare Council good animal welfare means both fitness and a sense of well-being in the animal's physical and mental state. This can be defined by the Five Freedoms:


title: Aquaculture

text: However, the controversial issue in aquaculture is whether fish and farmed marine invertebrates are actually sentient, or have the perception and awareness to experience suffering. Although no evidence of this has been found in marine invertebrates, recent studies conclude that fish do have the necessary receptors (nociceptors) to sense noxious stimuli and so are likely to experience states of pain, fear and stress. Consequently, welfare in aquaculture is directed at vertebrates, finfish in particular.


title: Aquaculture

text: Welfare in aquaculture can be impacted by a number of issues such as stocking densities, behavioural interactions, disease and parasitism. A major problem in determining the cause of impaired welfare is that these issues are often all interrelated and influence each other at different times.


title: Aquaculture

text: Optimal stocking density is often defined by the carrying capacity of the stocked environment and the amount of individual space needed by the fish, which is very species specific. Although behavioural interactions such as shoaling may mean that high stocking densities are beneficial to some species, in many cultured species high stocking densities may be of concern. Crowding can constrain normal swimming behaviour, as well as increase aggressive and competitive behaviours such as cannibalism, feed competition, territoriality and dominance/subordination hierarchies. This potentially increases the risk of tissue damage due to abrasion from fish-to-fish contact or fish-to-cage contact. Fish can suffer reductions in food intake and food conversion efficiency. In addition, high stocking densities can result in water flow being insufficient, creating inadequate oxygen supply and waste product removal. Dissolved oxygen is essential for fish respiration and concentrations below critical levels can induce stress and even lead to asphyxiation. Ammonia, a nitrogen excretion product, is highly toxic to fish at accumulated levels, particularly when oxygen concentrations are low.


title: Aquaculture

text: Many of these interactions and effects cause stress in the fish, which can be a major factor in facilitating fish disease. For many parasites, infestation depends on the host's degree of mobility, the density of the host population and vulnerability of the host's defence system. Sea lice are the primary parasitic problem for finfish in aquaculture, high numbers causing widespread skin erosion and haemorrhaging, gill congestion, and increased mucus production. There are also a number of prominent viral and bacterial pathogens that can have severe effects on internal organs and nervous systems.


title: Aquaculture

text: The key to improving welfare of marine cultured organisms is to reduce stress to a minimum, as prolonged or repeated stress can cause a range of adverse effects. Attempts to minimise stress can occur throughout the culture process. Understanding and providing required environmental enrichment can be vital for reducing stress and benefit aquaculture objects such as improved growth body condition and reduced damage from aggression. During grow-out it is important to keep stocking densities at appropriate levels specific to each species, as well as separating size classes and grading to reduce aggressive behavioural interactions. Keeping nets and cages clean can assist positive water flow to reduce the risk of water degradation.


title: Aquaculture

text: Not surprisingly disease and parasitism can have a major effect on fish welfare and it is important for farmers not only to manage infected stock but also to apply disease prevention measures. However, prevention methods, such as vaccination, can also induce stress because of the extra handling and injection. Other methods include adding antibiotics to feed, adding chemicals into water for treatment baths and biological control, such as using cleaner wrasse to remove lice from farmed salmon.


title: Aquaculture

text: Many steps are involved in transport, including capture, food deprivation to reduce faecal contamination of transport water, transfer to transport vehicle via nets or pumps, plus transport and transfer to the delivery location. During transport water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with regulated temperature, sufficient oxygen and minimal waste products. In some cases anaesthetics may be used in small doses to calm fish before transport.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture is becoming a significant threat to coastal ecosystems. About 20 percent of mangrove forests have been destroyed since 1980, partly due to shrimp farming. An extended cost–benefit analysis of the total economic value of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the external costs were much higher than the external benefits. Over four decades, of Indonesian mangroves have been converted to shrimp farms. Most of these farms are abandoned within a decade because of the toxin build-up and nutrient loss.


title: Aquaculture

text: Salmon farms are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and pesticides." There is also an accumulation of heavy metals on the benthos (seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 2016, mass fish kill events impacted salmon farmers along Chile's coast and the wider ecology. Increases in aquaculture production and its associated effluent were considered to be possible contributing factors to fish and molluscan mortality.


title: Aquaculture

text: Sea cage aquaculture is responsible for nutrient enrichment of the waters in which they are established. This results from fish wastes and uneaten feed inputs. Elements of most concern are nitrogen and phosphorus which can promote algal growth, including harmful algal blooms which can be toxic to fish. Flushing times, current speeds, distance from the shore and water depth are important considerations when locating sea cages in order to minimize the impacts of nutrient enrichment on coastal ecosystems.


title: Aquaculture

text: The extent of the effects of pollution from sea-cage aquaculture varies depending on where the cages are located, which species are kept, how densely cages are stocked and what the fish are fed. Important species-specific variables include the species' food conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogen retention.


title: Aquaculture

text: Whole-lake experiments carried out at the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario, Canada, have displayed the potential for cage aquaculture to source numerous changes in freshwater ecosystems. Following the initiation of an experimental rainbow trout cage farm in a small boreal lake, dramatic reductions in mysis concentrations associated with a decrease in dissolved oxygen were observed. Significant increases in ammonium and total phosphorus, a driver for eutrophication in freshwater systems, were measured in the hypolimnion of the lake. Annual phosphorus inputs from aquaculture waste exceeded that of natural inputs from atmospheric deposition and inflows, and phytoplankton biomass has had a fourfold annual increase following the initiation of the experimental farm.


title: Aquaculture

text: A type of salmon called the AquAdvantage salmon has been genetically modified for faster growth, although it has not been approved for commercial use, due to controversy. The altered salmon incorporates a growth hormone from a Chinook salmon that allows it to reach full size in 16–28 months, instead of the normal 36 months for Atlantic salmon, and while consuming 25 percent less feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed the AquAdvantage salmon in a draft environmental assessment and determined that it "would not have a significant impact (FONSI) on the U.S. environment."


title: Aquaculture

text: A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread disease. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, shrimp farming has caused the destruction of important mangrove forests throughout southeast Asia.


title: Aquaculture

text: In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed Farrer's scallop and white shrimp and required their replacement by other species.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture has an average annual growth rate of 9.2%, however, the success and continued expansion of the fish farming sector is highly dependent on the control of fish pathogens including a wide range of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In 2014, it was estimated that these parasites cost the global salmon farming industry up to 400 million Euros. This represents 6–10% of the production value of the affected countries, but it can go up to 20% (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). Since pathogens quickly spread within a population of cultured fish, their control is vital for the sector.


title: Aquaculture

text: Historically, the use of antibiotics was against bacterial epizootics but the production of animal proteins has to be sustainable, which means that preventive measures that are acceptable from a biological and environmental point of view should be used to keep disease problems in aquaculture at an acceptable level. So, this added to the efficiency of vaccines resulted in an immediate and permanent reduction in the use of antibiotics in the 90s. In the beginning, there were fish immersion vaccines efficient against the vibriosis but proved ineffective against the furunculosis, hence the arrival of injectable vaccines: first water-based and after oil-based, much more efficient (Sommerset, 2005).


title: Aquaculture

text: It is the important mortality in cages among farmed fish, the debates around DNA injection vaccines, although effective, their safety and their side effects but also societal expectations for cleaner fish and security, lead research on new vaccine vectors. Several initiatives are financed by the European Union to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach to using bacteria in feed to make vaccines, in particular thanks to lactic bacteria whose DNA is modified (Boudinot, 2006). In fact, vaccinating farmed fish by injection is time-consuming and costly, so vaccines can be administered orally or by immersion by being added to feed or directly into water. This allows vaccinating many individuals at the same time while limiting the associated handling and stress.


title: Aquaculture

text: Indeed, many tests are necessary because the antigens of the vaccines must be adapted to each species or not present a certain level of variability or they will not have any effect. For example, tests have been done with two species: "Lepeophtheirus salmonis" (from which the antigens were collected) and "Caligus rogercresseyi" (which was vaccinated with the antigens), although the homology between the two species is important, the level of variability made the protection ineffective (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014).


title: Aquaculture

text: There are 24 vaccines available and one for lobsters. The first vaccine was used in the USA against enteric red mouth in 1976. However, there are 19 companies and some small stakeholders are producing vaccines for aquaculture nowadays. The novel approaches are a way forward to prevent the loss of 10% of aquaculture through disease. Genetically modified vaccines are not being used in the EU due to societal concerns and regulations. Meanwhile, DNA vaccines are now authorised in the EU.


title: Aquaculture

text: There are challenges in fish vaccine development, immune response due to lack of potent adjScientists are considering microdose application in future. But there are also exciting opportunities in aquaculture vaccinology due to the low cost of technology, regulations change and novel antigen expression and delivery systems.


title: Aquaculture

text: In Norway subunit vaccine (VP2 peptide) against infectious pancreatic necrosis is being used. In Canada, a licensed DNA vaccine against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis has been launched for industry use.


title: Aquaculture

text: Fish have large mucosal surfaces, so the preferred route is immersion, intraperitoneal and oral respectively. Nanoparticles are in progress for delivery purposes. The common antibodies produced are IgM and IgT. Normally booster is not required ifn Fish because more memory cells are produced in response to the booster rather than an increased level of antibodies.


title: Aquaculture

text: mRNA vaccines are alternative to DNA vaccines because they are more safe, stable, easily producible at a large scale and mass immunization potential. Recently these are used in cancer prevention and therapeutics. Studies in rabies has shown that efficacy depends on dose and route of administration. These are still in infancy.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 2014, the aquaculture produced fish overtook wild caught fish, in supply for human food. This means there is a huge demand for vaccines, in prevention of diseases. The reported annual loss fish, calculates to >10 billion USD. This is from approximately 10% of all fishes dying from infectious diseases.


title: Aquaculture

text: The high annual losses increases the demand for vaccines. Even though there are about 24 traditionally used vaccines, there is still demand for more vaccines. The breakthrough of DNA-vaccines has sunk the cost of vaccines.


title: Aquaculture

text: The alternative to vaccines would be antibiotics and chemotherapy, which are more expensive and with bigger drawbacks. DNA-vaccines have become the most cost-efficient method of preventing infectious diseases. This bouts well for DNA-vaccines becoming the new standard both in fish vaccines, and in general vaccines.


title: Aquaculture

text: Sediment from abandoned aquaculture farms can remain hypersaline, acidic and eroded. This material can remain unusable for aquaculture purposes for long periods thereafter. Various chemical treatments, such as adding lime, can aggravate the problem by modify the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture produces a range of marine debris, depending on the product and location. The most frequently documented type of plastic is expanded polystyrene (EPS), used extensively in floats and sea cage collars (MEPC 2020). Other common waste items include cage nets and plastic harvest bins. A review of aquaculture as a source of marine litter in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas identified 64 different items, 19 of which were unique to aquaculture . Estimates of the amount of aquaculture waste entering the oceans vary widely, depending on the methodologies used. For example, in the European Economic Area loss estimates have varied from a low of 3,000 tonnes to 41,000 tonnes per year.


title: Aquaculture

text: While some forms of aquaculture can be devastating to ecosystems, such as shrimp farming in mangroves, other forms can be beneficial. Shellfish aquaculture adds substantial filter feeding capacity to an environment which can significantly improve water quality. A single oyster can filter 15 gallons of water a day, removing microscopic algal cells. By removing these cells, shellfish are removing nitrogen and other nutrients from the system and either retaining it or releasing it as waste which sinks to the bottom. By harvesting these shellfish, the nitrogen they retained is completely removed from the system. Raising and harvesting kelp and other macroalgae directly remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Repackaging these nutrients can relieve eutrophic, or nutrient-rich, conditions known for their low dissolved oxygen which can decimate species diversity and abundance of marine life. Removing algal cells from the water also increases light penetration, allowing plants such as eelgrass to reestablish themselves and further increase oxygen levels.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture in an area can provide for crucial ecological functions for the inhabitants. Shellfish beds or cages can provide habitat structure. This structure can be used as shelter by invertebrates, small fish or crustaceans to potentially increase their abundance and maintain biodiversity. Increased shelter raises stocks of prey fish and small crustaceans by increasing recruitment opportunities in turn providing more prey for higher trophic levels. One study estimated that 10 square meters of oyster reef could enhance an ecosystem's biomass by 2.57 kg Herbivore shellfish will also be preyed on. This moves energy directly from primary producers to higher trophic levels potentially skipping out on multiple energetically costly trophic jumps which would increase biomass in the ecosystem.


title: Aquaculture

text: Seaweed farming is a carbon negative crop, with a high potential for climate change mitigation. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic. Regenerative ocean farming is a polyculture farming system that grows a mix of seaweeds and shellfish while sequestering carbon, decreasing nitrogen in the water and increasing oxygen, helping to regenerate and restore local habitat like reef ecosystems.


title: Aquaculture

text: Global wild fisheries are in decline, with valuable habitat such as estuaries in critical condition. The aquaculture or farming of piscivorous fish, like salmon, does not help the problem because they need to eat products from other fish, such as fish meal and fish oil. Studies have shown that salmon farming has major negative impacts on wild salmon, as well as the forage fish that need to be caught to feed them. Fish that are higher on the food chain are less efficient sources of food energy.


title: Aquaculture

text: Apart from fish and shrimp, some aquaculture undertakings, such as seaweed and filter-feeding bivalve mollusks like oysters, clams, mussels and scallops, are relatively benign and even environmentally restorative. Filter-feeders filter pollutants as well as nutrients from the water, improving water quality. Seaweeds extract nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus directly from the water, and filter-feeding mollusks can extract nutrients as they feed on particulates, such as phytoplankton and detritus.


title: Aquaculture

text: Some profitable aquaculture cooperatives promote sustainable practices. New methods lessen the risk of biological and chemical pollution through minimizing fish stress, fallowing netpens, and applying integrated pest management. Vaccines are being used more and more to reduce antibiotic use for disease control.


title: Aquaculture

text: Onshore recirculating aquaculture systems, facilities using polyculture techniques, and properly sited facilities (for example, offshore areas with strong currents) are examples of ways to manage negative environmental effects.


title: Aquaculture

text: Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) recycle water by circulating it through filters to remove fish waste and food and then recirculating it back into the tanks. This saves water and the waste gathered can be used in compost or, in some cases, could even be treated and used on land. While RAS was developed with freshwater fish in mind, scientists associated with the Agricultural Research Service have found a way to rear saltwater fish using RAS in low-salinity waters. Although saltwater fish are raised in off-shore cages or caught with nets in water that typically has a salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt), scientists were able to produce healthy pompano, a saltwater fish, in tanks with a salinity of only 5 ppt. Commercializing low-salinity RAS are predicted to have positive environmental and economical effects. Unwanted nutrients from the fish food would not be added to the ocean and the risk of transmitting diseases between wild and farm-raised fish would greatly be reduced. The price of expensive saltwater fish, such as the pompano and cobia used in the experiments, would be reduced. However, before any of this can be done researchers must study every aspect of the fish's lifecycle, including the amount of ammonia and nitrate the fish will tolerate in the water, what to feed the fish during each stage of its lifecycle, the stocking rate that will produce the healthiest fish, etc.


title: Aquaculture

text: Some 16 countries now use geothermal energy for aquaculture, including China, Israel, and the United States. In California, for example, 15 fish farms produce tilapia, bass, and catfish with warm water from underground. This warmer water enables fish to grow all year round and mature more quickly. Collectively these California farms produce 4.5 million kilograms of fish each year.


title: Aquaculture

text: The UN Sustainable Development Goal 14 ("life below water"), Target 14.7 includes aquaculture: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism". Aquaculture's contribution to GDP is not included in SDG Target 14.7 but methods for quantifying this have been explored by FAO.


title: Aquaculture

text: Laws governing aquaculture practices vary greatly by country and are often not closely regulated or easily traceable.


title: Aquaculture

text: In the United States, land-based and nearshore aquaculture is regulated at the federal and state levels; however, no national laws govern offshore aquaculture in U.S. exclusive economic zone waters. In June 2011, the Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released national aquaculture policies to address this issue and "to meet the growing demand for healthy seafood, to create jobs in coastal communities, and restore vital ecosystems." Large aquaculture facilities (i.e. those producing per year) which discharge wastewater are required to obtain permits pursuant to the Clean Water Act. Facilities that produce at least of fish, molluscs or crustaceans a year are subject to specific national discharge standards. Other permitted facilities are subject to effluent limitations that are developed on a case-by-case basis.


title: Aquaculture

text: The Gunditjmara, the local Aboriginal Australian people in south-western Victoria, Australia, may have raised short-finned eels as early as about 4,580 BCE. Evidence indicates they developed about of volcanic floodplains in the vicinity of Lake Condah into a complex of channels and dams, and used woven traps to capture eels, and preserve them to eat all year round. The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, a World Heritage Site, is thought to be one of the oldest aquaculture sites in the world.


title: Aquaculture

text: Oral tradition in China tells of the culture of the common carp, "Cyprinus carpio", as long ago as 2000–2100 BCE (around 4,000 years BP), but the earliest significant evidence lies in the literature, in the earliest monograph on fish culture called "The Classic of Fish Culture", by Fan Li, written around 475 BCE ( BP). Another ancient Chinese guide to aquaculture was by Yang Yu Jing, written around 460 BCE, showing that carp farming was becoming more sophisticated. The Jiahu site in China has circumstantial archeological evidence as possibly the oldest aquaculture locations, dating from 6200BCE (about 8,200 years BP), but this is speculative. When the waters subsided after river floods, some fish, mainly carp, were trapped in lakes. Early aquaculturists fed their brood using nymphs and silkworm faeces, and ate them.


title: Aquaculture

text: Ancient Egyptians might have farmed fish (especially gilt-head bream) from Lake Bardawil about 1,500 BCE (about 3,500 BP), and they traded them with Canaan.


title: Aquaculture

text: "Gim" cultivation is the oldest aquaculture in Korea. Early cultivation methods used bamboo or oak sticks, which were replaced by newer methods that utilized nets in the 19th century. Floating rafts have been used for mass production since the 1920s.


title: Aquaculture

text: Japanese cultivated seaweed by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets and oyster shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for spores.


title: Aquaculture

text: In central Europe, early Christian monasteries adopted Roman aquacultural practices. Aquaculture spread in Europe during the Middle Ages since away from the seacoasts and the big rivers, fish had to be salted so they did not rot. Improvements in transportation during the 19th century made fresh fish easily available and inexpensive, even in inland areas, making aquaculture less popular. The 15th-century fishponds of the Trebon Basin in the Czech Republic are maintained as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Aquaculture

text: Hawaiians constructed oceanic fish ponds. A remarkable example is the "Menehune" fishpond dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend says that it was constructed by the mythical Menehune dwarf people.


title: Aquaculture

text: In the first half of the 18th century, German experimented with external fertilization of brown trouts and salmon. He wrote an article ""Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse"" ("On the Artificial Production of Trout and Salmon") summarizing his findings, and is regarded as the founder of artificial fish rearing in Europe. By the latter decades of the 18th century, oyster farming had begun in estuaries along the Atlantic Coast of North America.


title: Aquaculture

text: The word aquaculture appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference to the harvesting of ice. It also appeared in descriptions of the terrestrial agricultural practise of sub-irrigation in the late 19th century before becoming associated primarily with the cultivation of aquatic plant and animal species.


title: Aquaculture

text: In 1859, Stephen Ainsworth of West Bloomfield, New York, began experiments with brook trout. By 1864, Seth Green had established a commercial fish-hatching operation at Caledonia Springs, near Rochester, New York. By 1866, with the involvement of Dr. W. W. Fletcher of Concord, Massachusetts, artificial fish hatcheries were underway in both Canada and the United States. When the Dildo Island fish hatchery opened in Newfoundland in 1889, it was the largest and most advanced in the world. The word aquaculture was used in descriptions of the hatcheries experiments with cod and lobster in 1890.