title: Inna

text: Inna's sixth single, "Sun Is Up", was released in October 2010 and peaked at number two on the Romanian Top 100. It did well in a number of other European countries, earning Gold in Switzerland and Italy and Silver in the United Kingdom. "Sun Is Up" won the Eurodanceweb Award in 2010, the first time Romania had won the award. That year, Inna also received a career award at the Zece Pentru România Awards. She released her second studio album, "I Am the Club Rocker", in September 2011, which also included the single "Club Rocker" that received a remix with American rapper Flo Rida. Featuring europop, dance-pop, techno and house music, the record was honored as one of the year's best albums by her label Roton and was certified Gold in Poland. The album was promoted by the I Am the Club Rocker Tour (2011–12) of Europe and the United States. During Mexican dates, Inna did several interviews and radio appearances. She had her first major Romanian concert at the Arenele Romane (Roman Arena) in Bucharest, where she arrived by helicopter "like a diva".


title: Inna

text: Titled "Club Rocker" (2011), the second single from "I Am the Club Rocker" was moderately successful. It was the subject of a lawsuit when Spanish singer Robert Ramirez sued Play & Win for copying the refrain of his song, "A Minute of Life"; Play & Win won the court case in 2018. Three subsequent singles, "Un Momento" (2011), "Endless" (2011) and "Wow" (2012), were released from the album. "Endless" peaked at number five on the Romanian Top 100, while "Wow" reached the top ten. According to "Libertatea", Inna became the highest-paid Romanian and Eastern European artist in 2011.


title: Inna

text: Televiziunea Română (TVR) approached Inna in early 2012 to represent Romania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, but she turned the offer down due to scheduling conflicts. In the same year, she released the single "Caliente", which she dedicated to her Mexican fans, and "Tu și eu", which received heavy airplay in Romania and peaked at number five there. This was followed by another top ten hit, "Inndia" (2012). On New Year's Eve, Inna presented a concert at Meydan Racecourse in Dubai.


title: Inna

text: She released her third studio album, "Party Never Ends", in March 2013, featuring the commercially successful singles "More than Friends" (2013) with Daddy Yankee and "In Your Eyes" (2013) with Yandel. "More than Friends" was controversial, since its writers were accused of plagiarizing Pitbull, Akon and David Rush's "Everybody Fucks" (2012). "Party Never Ends" peaked at number ten in Mexico, and was nominated for Best Album at the 2013 and 2014 Romanian Music Awards. In March 2013, Inna was the guest singer on "P.O.H.U.I." by the Moldovan music project Carla's Dreams, which reached number three in Romania and was honored as the year's best song at the Romanian Top Hits Awards. In late 2013, Inna contributed to Pitbull's "All the Things" on his EP, "Meltdown".


title: Inna

text: "Cola Song", a collaboration with J Balvin released under Atlantic Records in April 2014, was successful in Europe, and was certified Platinum by Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE). It promoted the FIFA World Cup 2014, and was used in the dance video game "Just Dance 2017". In 2014, Inna collaborated a second time with Pitbull on "Good Time", and was featured on Romanian rapper Puya's "Strigă!", which peaked at number two in Romania. She released her fourth, eponymous studio album in October 2015. Another version of the album, "Body and the Sun", was released in Japan in July 2015. One of the singles released from the record was "Diggy Down" (2014), her third number-one hit in Romania. Based on airplay, it won the Best Dance award at the Media Music Awards. Inna's next single, "Bop Bop" (2015), peaked at number two in Romania, and "Rendez Vous" (2016) was certified Gold in Poland. Also in 2015, Inna was the Best Romanian Act and was nominated for Best European Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards. Alexandra Stan's "We Wanna", with Inna and Daddy Yankee, was a moderate hit. Inna also contributed uncredited vocals to Carla's Dreams "Te rog", which went on to reach number one in Romania.


title: Inna

text: In August 2016, Inna was the opening act at the Untold Festival. She also became a member of the supergroup G Girls, with whom she released two singles ("Call the Police" and "Milk and Honey"). In early 2017, Inna was announced as a coach on "Vocea României Junior" with Andra and Marius Moga, and in the May of the same year her YouTube channel surpassed two billion total views. The singer's fifth studio album, "Nirvana", was released in December 2017. Singles featured on the record included "Gimme Gimme" (2017), "Ruleta" (2017) and "Nirvana" (2017), which attained commercial success in several European countries including Romania and Turkey. "Ruleta" and "Nirvana" peaked at numbers three and two in her native country, respectively. Another pair of top ten singles in Romania, "Nota de plată" and "Pentru că", followed in late 2017 and 2018 with Moldovan group the Motans.


title: Inna

text: Inna released her sixth studio album, "Yo", in May 2019. Containing songs written solely in Spanish, Inna took entire creative control over the record and worked extensively with Romanian producer David Ciente. She described "Yo" material as experimental and gypsy-influenced, a departure from her previous work. "Ra" was released as the record's lead single in September 2018. It was promoted by several public appearances in Mexico and the United States—including the 2018 Telehit Awards and 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards—as well as by Inna's inclusion in magazines such as "Rolling Stone" and "Vogue México y Latinoamérica". The singer also signed a record deal with Jay-Z's record label Roc Nation. "Iguana", her follow-up single, went on to reach number four in Romania. In August, Inna launched her digital magazine titled InnaMag.


title: Inna

text: The non-album release "Bebe" with Ugandan artist Vinka peaked at number one on the native Airplay 100 in March 2020, and was the first in a string of singles that sonically returned to a more EDM sound but also encompassed deep house influences. As of 2020, Inna has been a juror for Pro TV's "The Masked Singer Romania" show. The singer released her seventh studio album, "Heartbreaker", on 27 November 2020, which she created during a three-week period with Romanian songwriters and producers such as Sebastian Barac, Marcel Botezan, Ciente and Alexandru Cotoi at a mansion from which she uploaded daily YouTube vlogs to document the progress made; the vlogs constituted the first season of Inna's Dance Queen's House series. In January 2021, Inna's single "Read My Lips" (2020) featuring Colombian singer Farina reached number ten in Romania, and by May, "Heartbreaker" lead single "Flashbacks" had peaked at number one in Russia and within the top ten in Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria and the Commonwealth of Independent States. "Cool Me Down" with Gromee, and "It Don't Matter" with Alok and Sofi Tukker also became hits in selected territories. Inna participated as Alok's special guest at the Untold Festival in September 2021, held at Cluj Arena.


title: Inna

text: In October 2021, Inna released the non-album single "Up", whose chart success in countries such as Bulgaria, Poland and Russia peaked in early 2022. The track, eventually receiving a remix with Jamaican rapper Sean Paul, also became Inna's fifth number-one in Romania, topping Uniunea Producătorilor de Fonograme din România's (UPFR) airplay ranking. "Champagne Problems", the singer's eighth studio album, was issued in two parts in January and March 2022, as the result of the second season of Dance Queen's House. In June 2022, Inna's single "Tare" with the Motans reached the summit of the Romanian airplay chart.


title: Inna

text: In late November 2011, Inna joined the anti-domestic violence campaign "Durerea nu este iubire" (Pain is Not Love) empowering women to stand up to abuse, and signed a petition asking the Romanian government to strengthen a domestic violence law. An activist for children's rights in Romania, she endorsed the 2012 UNICEF No More Invisible Children campaign. Inna began the Bring the Sun Into My Life campaign to increase public awareness of violence against women. She also recorded "Tu tens la força" ("You Have the Power"), a Catalan language cover version of Gala's "Freed from Desire" (1996), for the 2015 Marató de TV3 telethon. Inna participated in Cartoon Network Romania's anti-bullying CN Clubul Prieteniei (CN Friendship Club) in 2016, and recorded a new opening theme for the Romanian-language version of "The Powerpuff Girls".


title: Inna

text: That year, she and other Romanian celebrities signed an open letter supporting the LGBT community in response to a Romanian Orthodox Church-backed action to amend the constitutional definition of a family. This had been criticized by Romanian and international human-rights groups as curtailing LGBT rights. In March 2022, Inna performed at the We Are One benefit concert in Bucharest, whose aim was to raise funds for Ukraine upon its 2022 invasion by Russia.


title: Inna

text: Inna was called "one of Romania's biggest exports" by "The Guardian", based on her sales and popularity. She has also received a number of awards and nominations, including five Balkan Music Awards, a European Border Breakers Award, three MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Romanian Act and thirteen Romanian Music Awards. By March 2016, Inna had sold four million copies of her first three studio albums. In 2015, "Antena 3" reported that Inna was Romania's best-selling artist abroad.


title: Inna

text: Inna dated her manager Lucian Ștefan for ten years until 2013. In the same year, she began a relationship with the American photographer John Perez, with whom she collaborated on several occasions. As of 2020, Inna is dating Romanian rapper . As of March 2017, Inna resided with her mother and grandmother in a villa she bought in Bucharest. She also lives in Barcelona. In May 2018, the singer was hospitalized after collapsing on an unstable stage during her tour in Turkey; the tour was not affected by the event. Inna is multilingual, speaking Romanian, English, Spanish, "a little bit of French" and "a few words in Italian, Arabic, and Russian"; she added that it "help[s] connect easily to different countries and people. It's amazing how music brings us together."


title: Light skin

text: Light skin is a human skin color that has a base level of eumelanin pigmentation that has adapted to environments of low UV radiation. Light skin is most commonly found amongst the native populations of Europe and East Asia as measured through skin reflectance. People with light skin pigmentation are often referred to as "white" or "fair", although these usages can be ambiguous in some countries where they are used to refer specifically to certain ethnic groups or populations.


title: Light skin

text: As populations migrated away from the tropics into areas of low UV radiation, they developed light skin pigmentation as an evolutionary selection acting against vitamin D depletion.


title: Light skin

text: Humans with light skin pigmentation have skin with low amounts of eumelanin, and possess fewer melanosomes than humans with dark skin pigmentation. Light skin provides better absorption qualities of ultraviolet radiation. This helps the body to synthesize higher amounts of vitamin D for bodily processes such as calcium development. Light-skinned people who live near the equator with high sunlight are at an increased risk of folate depletion. As a consequence of folate depletion, they are at a higher risk of DNA damage, birth defects, and numerous types of cancers, especially skin cancer. Humans with darker skin who live further from the tropics have low vitamin D levels, which also can lead to health complications.


title: Light skin

text: The distribution of light-skinned populations is highly correlated with the low ultraviolet radiation levels of the regions inhabited by them. Historically, light-skinned populations almost exclusively lived far from the equator, in high latitude areas with low sunlight intensity. Due to colonization, imperialism, and increased mobility of people between geographical regions in recent centuries, light-skinned populations today are found all over the world.


title: Light skin

text: It is generally accepted that dark skin evolved as a protection against the effect of UV radiation; eumelanin protects against both folate depletion and direct damage to DNA. This accounts for the dark skin pigmentation of Homo sapiens during their development in Africa; the major migrations out of Africa to colonize the rest of the world were also dark-skinned. It is widely supposed that light skin pigmentation developed due to the importance of maintaining vitamin D3 production in the skin. Strong selective pressure would be expected for the evolution of light skin in areas of low UV radiation.


title: Light skin

text: Lighter skin tones evolved independently in ancestral populations of north-west and north-east Eurasia, with the two populations diverging around 40,000 years ago. Studies have suggested that the two genes most associated with lighter skin colour in modern Europeans originated in the Middle East and the Caucasus about 22,000 to 28,000 years ago, and were present in Anatolia by 9,000 years ago, where their carriers became associated with the Neolithic Revolution and the spread of Neolithic farming across Europe. Lighter skin and blond hair also evolved in the Ancient North Eurasian population.


title: Light skin

text: A further wave of lighter-skinned populations across Europe (and elsewhere) is associated with the Yamnaya culture and the Indo-European migrations bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry and the KITLG allele for blond hair. Furthermore, the SLC24A5 gene linked with light pigmentation in Europeans was introduced into East Africa from Europe over five thousand years ago. These alleles can now be found in the San, Ethiopians, and Tanzanian populations with Afro-Asiatic ancestry. In the San people, it was acquired from interactions with Eastern African pastoralists. Meanwhile, in the case of north-east Asia and the Americas, a variation of the MFSD12 gene is responsible for lighter skin colour. The modern association between skin tone and latitude is thus a relatively recent development.


title: Light skin

text: In the 1960s, biochemist W. Farnsworth Loomis suggested that skin colour is related to the body's need for vitamin D. The major positive effect of UV radiation in land-living vertebrates is the ability to synthesize vitamin D3 from it. A certain amount of vitamin D helps the body to absorb more calcium which is essential for building and maintaining bones, especially for developing embryos. Vitamin D production depends on exposure to sunlight. Humans living at latitudes far from the equator developed light skin in order to help absorb more vitamin D. People with light (type II) skin can produce previtamin D3 in their skin at rates 5–10 times faster than dark-skinned (type V) people.


title: Light skin

text: In 1998, anthropologist Nina Jablonski and her husband George Chaplin collected spectrometer data to measure UV radiation levels around the world and compared it to published information on the skin color of indigenous populations of more than 50 countries. The results showed a very high correlation between UV radiation and skin color; the weaker the sunlight was in a geographic region, the lighter the indigenous people's skin tended to be. Jablonski points out that people living above the latitudes of 50 degrees have the highest chance of developing vitamin D deficiency. She suggests that people living far from the equator developed light skin to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D during winter with low levels of UV radiation. Genetic studies suggest that light-skinned humans have been selected for multiple times.


title: Light skin

text: Polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere receive little UV radiation, and even less vitamin D-producing UVB, for most of the year. These regions were uninhabited by humans until about 12,000 years ago. (In northern Fennoscandia at least, human populations arrived soon after deglaciation.) Areas like Scandinavia and Siberia have very low concentrations of ultraviolet radiation, and indigenous populations are all light-skinned.


title: Light skin

text: However, dietary factors may allow vitamin D sufficiency even in dark skinned populations. Many indigenous populations across Eurasia survive by consuming reindeer, which they follow and herd. Reindeer meat, organs, and fat contain large amounts of vitamin D which the reindeer get from eating substantial amounts of lichen. Some people of the polar regions, like the Inuit (Eskimos), retained their dark skin; they ate Vitamin D-rich seafood, such as fish and sea mammal blubber.


title: Light skin

text: Furthermore, these people have been living in the far north for less than 7,000 years. As their founding populations lacked alleles for light skin colour, they may have had insufficient time for significantly lower melanin production to have been selected for by nature. "This was one of the last barriers in the history of human settlement," Jablonski states. "Only after humans learned fishing, and therefore had access to food rich in vitamin D, could they settle regions of high latitude." Additionally, in the spring, Inuit would receive high levels of UV radiation as reflection from the snow, and their relatively darker skin then protects them from the sunlight.


title: Light skin

text: Two other main hypotheses have been put forward to explain the development of light skin pigmentation: resistance to cold injury, and genetic drift; now both of them are considered unlikely to be the main mechanism behind the evolution of light skin.


title: Light skin

text: The resistance to cold injury hypothesis claimed that dark skin was selected against in cold climates far from the equator and in higher altitudes as dark skin was more affected by frostbite. It has been found that reaction of the skin to extreme cold climates has actually more to do with other aspects, such as the distribution of connective tissue and distribution of fat, and with the responsiveness of peripheral capillaries to differences in temperature, and not with pigmentation.


title: Light skin

text: The supposition that dark skin evolved in the absence of selective pressure was put forward by the "probable mutation effect" hypothesis. The main factor initiating the development of light skin was seen as a consequence of genetic mutation without an evolutionary selective pressure. The subsequent spread of light skin was thought to be caused by assortive mating and sexual selection contributed to an even lighter pigmentation in females. Doubt has been cast on this hypothesis, as more random patterns of skin coloration would be expected in contrast to the observed structural light skin pigmentation in areas of low UV radiation. The clinal (gradual) distribution of skin pigmentation observable in the Eastern hemisphere, and to a lesser extent in the Western hemisphere, is one of the most significant characteristics of human skin pigmentation. Increasingly lighter skinned populations are distributed across areas with incrementally lower levels of UV radiation.


title: Light skin

text: Variations in the "KITL" gene have been positively associated with about 20% of melanin concentration differences between African and non-African populations. One of the alleles of the gene has an 80% occurrence rate in Eurasian populations. The "ASIP" gene has a 75–80% variation rate among Eurasian populations compared to 20–25% in African populations. Variations in the "SLC24A5" gene account for 20–25% of the variation between dark and light skinned populations of Africa, and appear to have arisen as recently as within the last 10,000 years. The Ala111Thr or rs1426654 polymorphism in the coding region of the SLC24A5 gene reaches fixation in Europe, but is found across the globe, particularly among populations in Northern Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.


title: Light skin

text: Melanin is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Eumelanin is the dominant form of melanin found in human skin. Eumelanin protects tissues and DNA from radiation damage by UV light. Melanin is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes, which are found in the lowest level of the epidermis. Melanin is produced inside small membrane-bound packages called melanosomes. Humans with naturally occurring light skin have varied amounts of smaller and sparsely distributed eumelanin and its lighter-coloured relative, pheomelanin. The concentration of pheomelanin varies highly within populations from individual to individual, but it is more commonly found among lightly pigmented Europeans, East Asians, and Native Americans.


title: Light skin

text: For the same body region, individuals, independently of skin colour, have the same amount of melanocytes (however variation between different body parts is substantial), but organelles which contain pigments, called melanosomes, are smaller and less numerous in light-skinned humans.


title: Light skin

text: For people with very light skin, the skin gets most of its colour from the bluish-white connective tissue in the dermis and from the haemoglobin associated blood cells circulating in the capillaries of the dermis. The colour associated with the circulating haemoglobin becomes more obvious, especially in the face, when arterioles dilate and become tumefied with blood as a result of prolonged physical exercise or stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (usually embarrassment or anger). Up to 50% of UVA can penetrate deeply into the dermis in persons with light skin pigmentation with little protective melanin pigment.


title: Light skin

text: The characteristic of fair skin, red hair, and freckling is associated with high amount of pheomelanin, little amounts of eumelanin. This phenotype is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. However, variations in the MC1R gene sequence only have considerable influence on pigmentation in populations where red hair and extremely fair skin is prevalent. The gene variation's primary effect is to promote eumelanin synthesis at the expense of pheomelanin synthesis, although this contributes to very little variation in skin reflectance between different ethnic groups. Melanocytes from light skin cells cocultured with keratinocytes give rise to a distribution pattern characteristic of light skin.


title: Light skin

text: Freckles usually only occur in people with very lightly pigmented skin. They vary from very dark to brown in colour and develop a random pattern on the skin of the individual. Solar lentigines, the other types of freckles, occur among old people regardless of skin colour. People with very light skin (types I and II) make very little melanin in their melanocytes, and have very little or no ability to produce melanin in the stimulus of UV radiation. This can result in frequent sunburns and a more dangerous, but invisible, damage done to connective tissue and DNA underlying the skin. This can contribute to premature aging and skin cancer. The strongly red appearance of lightly pigmented skin as a response to high UV radiation levels is caused by the increased diameter, number, and blood flow of the capillaries.


title: Light skin

text: People with moderately pigmented skin (Types III-IV) are able to produce melanin in their skin in response to UVR. Normal tanning is usually delayed as it takes time for the melanins to move up in the epidermis. Heavy tanning does not approach the photoprotective effect against UVR-induced DNA damage compared to naturally occurring dark skin, however it offers great protection against seasonal variations in UVR. Gradually developed tan in the spring prevents sunburns in the summer. This mechanism is almost certainly the evolutionary reason behind the development of tanning behaviour.


title: Light skin

text: Skin pigmentation is an evolutionary adaptation to the various UV radiation levels around the world. There are health implications of light-skinned people living in environments of high UV radiation. Various cultural practices increase problems related to health conditions of light skin, for example sunbathing among the light-skinned.


title: Light skin

text: Humans with light skin pigmentation living in low sunlight environments experience increased vitamin D synthesis compared to humans with dark skin pigmentation due to the ability to absorb more sunlight. Almost every part of the human body, including the skeleton, the immune system, and brain requires vitamin D. Vitamin D production in the skin begins when UV radiation penetrates the skin and interacts with a cholesterol-like molecule produce pre-vitamin D3. This reaction only occurs in the presence of medium length UVR, UVB. Most of the UVB and UVC rays are destroyed or reflected by ozone, oxygen, and dust in the atmosphere. UVB reaches the Earth's surface in the highest amounts when its path is straight and goes through a little layer of atmosphere.


title: Light skin

text: The farther a place is from the equator, the less UVB is received, and the potential to produce of vitamin D is diminished. Some regions far from the equator do not receive UVB radiation at all between autumn and spring. Vitamin D deficiency does not kill its victims quickly, and generally does not kill at all. Rather it weakens the immune system, the bones, and compromises the body's ability to fight uncontrolled cell division which results in cancer. A form of vitamin D is a potent cell growth inhibitor; thus chronic deficiencies of vitamin D seem to be associated with higher risk of certain cancers. This is an active topic of cancer research and is still debated.


title: Light skin

text: With the increase of vitamin D synthesis, there is a decreased incidence of conditions that are related to common vitamin D deficiency conditions of people with dark skin pigmentation living in environments of low UV radiation: rickets, osteoporosis, numerous cancer types (including colon and breast cancer), and immune system malfunctioning. Vitamin D promotes the production of cathelicidin, which helps to defend humans' bodies against fungal, bacterial, and viral infections, including flu. When exposed to UVB, the entire exposed area of body's skin of a relatively light skinned person is able to produce between 10 and 20000 IU of vitamin D.


title: Light skin

text: Light-skinned people living in high sunlight environments are more susceptible to the harmful UV rays of sunlight because of the lack of melanin produced in the skin. The most common risk that comes with high exposure to sunlight is the increased risk of sunburns. This increased risk has come along with the cultural practice of sunbathing, which is popular among light-skinned populations. This cultural practice to gain tanned skin if not regulated properly can lead to sunburn, especially among very lightly-skinned humans. The overexposure to sunlight also can lead to basal cell carcinoma, which is a common form of skin cancer.


title: Light skin

text: Another health implication is the depletion of folate within the body, where the overexposure to UV light can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Folate deficiency in pregnant women can be detrimental to the health of their newborn babies in the form of neural tube defects, miscarriages, and spina bifida, a birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth. The peak of neural tube defect occurrences is the highest in the May–June period in the Northern Hemisphere. Folate is needed for DNA replication in dividing cells and deficiency can lead to failures of normal embryogenesis and spermatogenesis.


title: Light skin

text: Individuals with lightly pigmented skin who are repeatedly exposed to strong UV radiation, experience faster aging of the skin, which shows in increased wrinkling and anomalies of pigmentation. Oxidative damage causes the degradation of protective tissue in the dermis, which confers the strength of the skin. It has been postulated that white women may develop wrinkles faster after menopause than black women because they are more susceptible to the lifetime damage of the sun throughout life. Dr. Hugh S. Taylor, of Yale School of Medicine, concluded that the study could not prove the findings but they suspect the underlying cause. Light-coloured skin has been suspected to be one of the contributing factors that promote wrinkling.


title: 2004 NFL Draft

text: The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 24–25, 2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City. No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year.


title: 2004 NFL Draft

text: The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days. The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection. Due to his refusal to play for the Chargers, Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection, fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State. There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams, with the Eagles, Rams, and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks. The draft set several records, including the most wide receivers selected in the first round, with seven. Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round, with twenty-eight trades. The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with six, which would be tied by Alabama in 2021. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Manning his second in 2011).


title: 2004 NFL Draft

text: As of the 2022 season, Arizona Cardinals punter Andy Lee is the only remaining selection on an NFL roster. Dallas Cowboys offensive lineman Jason Peters also remains active from this draft class, but he was not selected during the draft.


title: 2004 NFL Draft

text: In the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2004 Draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: The Rhythm Section is a 2020 action thriller film directed by Reed Morano and with a screenplay by Mark Burnell based on his novel of the same name. "The Rhythm Section" stars Blake Lively, Jude Law and Sterling K. Brown, and follows a grieving woman who sets out for revenge after discovering that the plane crash that killed her family was a terrorist attack.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: "The Rhythm Section" was released in the United States on January 31, 2020, by Paramount Pictures. It received mixed reviews from critics, who generally praised Lively’s performance but were critical toward the plot. The film was a box-office bomb, having the worst wide-opening weekend of all time for a film playing on over 3,000 screens and, two weeks later, the biggest drop in screens ever when it was pulled from 2,955 of those, with Paramount projected to lose $30–40 million.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Three years after her family's death in a plane crash, Stephanie Patrick has become a drug-addicted prostitute in a London brothel. She is approached by journalist Keith Proctor, who believes the plane crash was a terrorist attack that was covered up by the government. Stephanie leaves the brothel to live with Proctor and studies his research on the crash, which suggests that it was caused by a bomb made by a postgraduate engineering student named Reza, who attends university in London. Stephanie buys a black market gun and finds Reza in the university cafeteria, but cannot bring herself to shoot him. He mocks her and leaves, while also stealing her bag, which contains documents linked to Proctor. Hours later, she finds Proctor murdered in his apartment.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Through Proctor's notes, she discovers his source is disgraced MI6 agent Iain Boyd, whom she finds living in seclusion in Scotland. Boyd says Reza has vanished after her confrontation with him, and he reluctantly agrees to train her to hunt him down. Boyd says Reza is a bombmaker hired by a terrorist known as U-17, who carried out the bombing at the behest of an Islamist cleric who was later killed in a drone strike. The plane was downed to assassinate liberal Muslim reformer Abdul Kaif; Kaif's father Suleman funded Proctor's investigation into the crash. Stephanie assumes the identity of Petra Reuter, an assassin killed by Boyd whose body was never found.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Boyd sends her to Madrid to meet ex-CIA agent Marc Serra, who seemingly agrees to help. Stephanie asks Suleman to finance her mission, promising to avenge their son; he refuses, being unaware of Proctor's death and believing Proctor had extorted them. Kaif's mother Alia offers her the money. Stephanie assassinates several of the bombing conspirators. Serra tells her that U-17 is Reza himself. She tracks Reza to the South of France where he is preparing a bus bombing and, after a struggle on the bus, she leaves him to die as his own bomb explodes. She realizes that Serra has been U-17 all along and had been using her to kill all connections to him. She kills Serra with a syringe at his home, before visiting Alia to report her mission a success.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Boyd meets Stephanie in London and warns her to disappear, as MI6 have offered to take him back if he can eliminate the newly resurgent "Petra". Stephanie, having found peace, walks away.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: The film was originally to be made by Stuart Ford, who had championed the film, EON Productions's Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, longtime collaborators of Ford's and producers of the "James Bond" films. In mid-2016, he suddenly sold his production company, IM Global, to Donald Tang. It became harder to get financing in place due to complicated Chinese rules that Tang's company had to follow, especially after Ford left a year later. Around that time, it was reported that Paramount Pictures had acquired the rights to the project. It had a production budget of around $50 million. The change in studio and financial delays meant that problems with Burnell's adaptation of his novel were never fully resolved.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Principal photography on the film began in December 2017 in Dublin, Ireland. Production was halted for six months after Lively broke her knuckle on the film set; insurance covered the extra costs this delay created. Sterling K. Brown joined the cast, as production resumed in Spain in mid-2018. In July 2018, filming took place in Almería with Law and Lively.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Steve Mazzaro composed the film score, with additional music provided by Lisa Gerrard, and Hans Zimmer serves as score producer to the film. Remote Control Publishing has released the soundtrack.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: During post-production, Broccoli and Wilson clashed with Morano and Lively over what kind of film they wanted "The Rhythm Section" to be. Because of EON's involvement, Paramount had expected a Bond-type movie with a female lead, which the director and star wanted, while EON sought to make a more character-focused, slower Euro-noir film like "La Femme Nikita". Ultimately, the latter won.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: The film remained on the shelf for a long time. In late 2018, Paramount did a test screening in Sherman Oaks, which reportedly returned some of the worst results in the studio's history. The studio accordingly cut the film's advertising budget and scheduled it for release in late February 2019. That date was again postponed, as the studio left any material from the film out of its preview of upcoming releases at CinemaCon, seen by observers as a sign Paramount had drastically reduced its expectations for "The Rhythm Section". The new November release date was postponed again to its final January 2020 date, so that Lively would be available to promote the film, following the birth of her third child.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "Gretel & Hansel", and was originally projected to gross $9–12 million from 3,049 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making just $1.2 million on its first day (including $235,000 from Thursday night previews), projections were lowered to $3 million. It went on to debut to $2.8 million, marking the worst opening weekend ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters. It is estimated the film would lose the studio $30–40 million. The film made $1 million in its second weekend, and then its third weekend made $25,602. It was pulled from 2,955 theaters (97.5%, 3,049 to 94), marking the largest third-weekend theater drop in history, beating "The Darkest Minds" record of 2,679.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads: "Blake Lively delivers an impressive lead performance, but "The Rhythm Section" plods predictably through a story that could have used some flashier riffs." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported it received 2.5 out of 5 stars in their polling, with 35% of people saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: The Rhythm Section

text: Peter DeBruge, writing on the film in "Variety", noted that Stephanie — unlike the female assassin protagonists in "Atomic Blonde", "Red Sparrow" and "La Femme Nikita" — displayed a realistic "near-incompetence in the face of danger [that] makes her relatable in ways very few cinematic assassins have ever been." Richard Newby of "The Hollywood Reporter" agreed: "Stephanie's training gives her just enough to get by, and her fighting skills are unrefined and ugly ... the film's car chase is one of collateral damage, close calls, and not a single smooth turn in sight. Even Stephanie's missions are largely botched incidents she barely makes it out of alive." He bemoaned the fact that a film that, despite its flaws, offered a fresher, more realistic take on the genre — "the "Blue Ruin" of espionage films" — along with a heroine not from a comic-book franchise, had been so thoroughly rejected by the audiences and critics that regularly demanded something that defied conventions.


title: Google Public DNS

text: Google Public DNS is a Domain Name System (DNS) service offered to Internet users worldwide by Google. It functions as a recursive name server.


title: Google Public DNS

text: Google Public DNS was announced on December 3, 2009, in an effort described as "making the web faster and more secure." As of 2018, it is the largest public DNS service in the world, handling over a trillion queries per day. Google Public DNS is not related to Google Cloud DNS, which is a DNS hosting service.


title: Google Public DNS

text: The Google Public DNS service operates recursive name servers for public use at the following four IP addresses. The addresses are mapped to the nearest operational server by anycast routing.


title: Google Public DNS

text: The service does not use conventional DNS name server software, such as BIND, instead relying on a custom-designed implementation, conforming to the DNS standards set forth by the IETF. It fully supports the DNSSEC protocol since 19 March 2013. Previously, Google Public DNS accepted and forwarded DNSSEC-formatted messages but did not perform validation.


title: Google Public DNS

text: Some DNS providers practice DNS hijacking while processing queries, redirecting web browsers to an advertisement site operated by the provider when a nonexistent domain name is queried. The Google service correctly replies with a non-existent domain (NXDOMAIN) response.


title: Google Public DNS

text: The Google service also addresses DNS security. A common attack vector is to interfere with a DNS service to achieve redirection of web pages from legitimate to malicious servers. Google documents efforts to be resistant to DNS cache poisoning, including “Kaminsky Flaw” attacks as well as denial-of-service attacks.


title: Google Public DNS

text: The Google Public DNS64 service operates recursive name servers for public use at the following two IP addresses for use with NAT64. These servers are compatible with DNS over HTTPS.


title: Google Public DNS

text: Google stated that for the purposes of performance and security, the querying IP address will be deleted after 24–48 hours, but Internet service provider (ISP) and location information are stored permanently on their servers.


title: Google Public DNS

text: In December 2009, Google Public DNS was launched with its announcement on the Official Google Blog by product manager Prem Ramaswami, with an additional post on the Google Code blog.


title: Google Public DNS

text: At the launch of Google Public DNS, it did not directly support DNSSEC. Although RRSIG records could be queried, the AD (Authenticated Data) flag was not set in the launch version, meaning the server was unable to validate signatures for all of the data. This was upgraded on 28 January 2013, when Google's DNS servers silently started providing DNSSEC validation information, but only if the client explicitly set the DNSSEC OK (DO) flag on its query. This service requiring a client-side flag was replaced on 6 May 2013 with full DNSSEC validation by default, meaning all queries will be validated unless clients explicitly opt-out.


title: Google Public DNS

text: Since June 2014, Google Public DNS automatically detects nameservers that support EDNS Client Subnet (ECS) options as defined in the IETF draft (by probing name servers at a low rate with ECS queries and caching the ECS capability), and will send queries with ECS options to such name servers automatically.


title: Google Public DNS

text: In March 2014, use of Google Public DNS was blocked in Turkey after it was used to circumvent the blocking of Twitter, which took effect on 20 March 2014 under court order. The block was the result of earlier remarks by Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan who vowed to "wipe out Twitter" following damaging allegations of corruption in his inner circle. The method became popular after it was determined that a simple domain name block was used to enforce the ban, which would easily be bypassed by using an alternate DNS resolver. Activists distributed information on how to use the service, and spray-painted the IP addresses used by the service as graffiti on buildings. Following the discovery of this method, Google Public DNS was blocked entirely.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: The Secret: Dare to Dream is a 2020 American drama film based on the 2006 self-help book "The Secret" by Rhonda Byrne. Directed by Andy Tennant, from a screenplay he wrote with Bekah Brunstetter and Rick Parks, it stars Katie Holmes, Josh Lucas, Jerry O'Connell, and Celia Weston.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: The film was released in the United States through video on demand, and theatrically in several countries, on July 31, 2020, by Lionsgate, Roadside Attractions and Gravitas Ventures.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: Miranda Wells is a hard-working young widow struggling to raise three children while managing in her boyfriend Tucker's seafood restaurant in New Orleans. Bray Johnson is an engineering professor from Vanderbilt University looking to meet Miranda to deliver an envelope.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: After Bray misses Miranda on his first try going to her house, they inadvertently meet when she rearends his truck with her car. He offers to fix Miranda's broken bumper, so she gives him a ride to her home and invites him to stay for dinner. Until they drive back he doesn't realize she is the same Miranda he came looking for. Bray and Greg fix the car bumper together.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: Miranda's kids, Bess, Greg and Missy, want pizza for dinner, which Miranda cannot afford. Bray stresses the power of positive thinking just as a delivery person appears at the door with pizza. As Bray has never found the moment to give the envelope to Miranda, before departing, he leaves it in the mailbox.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: A hurricane hits that night, washing away the mailbox and causing a tree to fall through the roof. Bray comes back to check on them, sees the mailbox is missing, and offers to fix the roof as best as he can. Miranda and the kids leave with the kids' grandmother, Matt's mother Bobbi, to stay over at her place while the house is fixed.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: The next day, Tucker proposes to Miranda publicly at the restaurant's reopening, which she reluctantly accepts. Bobbi offers to stay with the kids that night so Tucker and Miranda can be alone.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: The day after, at Missy's 16th birthday party, Bobbi shows Miranda a news article about an invention with Bray's photo. The invention was also something her late husband Matt was linked to. Bobby assumes that Bray stole it from her son, so Miranda confronts Bray. He explains that he and Matt were working on it together but in the fateful plane crash he died and Bray survived. He tries to explain that his sole purpose in coming was to give her a copy of the patent. Miranda doesn't believe him and asks him to leave.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: Bray sends another copy of the patent to Miranda, who realise the money from it would solve their family's problems. They family finds the old mailbox with the original copy of the patent, confirming that Bray was telling the truth. Miranda calls off her engagement with Tucker knowing she does not truly love him.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: A few days later, Miranda ends up at Bray's house to clear the air and meets his sister, who exclaims that Bray has gone to Miranda's. They meet at a Waffle House, embracing with warmth and genuine affection.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: In August 2017, it was announced Katie Holmes had joined the cast of the film, with Andy Tennant directing from a screenplay he wrote alongside Bekah Brunstetter and Rick Parks, based on the 2006 self-help book "The Secret" by Rhonda Byrne. The book has been translated into 50 languages and appeared on the "New York Times" bestseller list for 190 weeks. In September 2018, Josh Lucas joined the cast of the film. In November 2018, Jerry O'Connell and Celia Weston joined the cast of the film.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: In November 2019, Roadside Attractions and Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film. It was scheduled to be released on April 17, 2020, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was pulled from the schedule. Roadside Attractions originally stated that it would announce a new theatrical release "[o]nce clarity for a safe and comfortable moviegoing experience is established", but the film's theatrical release was eventually cancelled. Instead, it debuted through video on demand on July 31, 2020.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: In its debut weekend, "The Secret: Dare to Dream" was the top-rented film on FandangoNow, second at Apple TV, seventh on the iTunes Store, and 10th on Spectrum. In its second weekend the film finished second on FandangoNow's weekly rental chart, and placed on two others.


title: The Secret: Dare to Dream

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "For those who "Dare to Dream" of a worthy dramatic adaptation of "The Secret", this sodden romance will prove a disappointment too painful to visualize." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Fault (geology)

text: In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as the megathrust faults of subduction zones or transform faults. Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes. Faults may also displace slowly, by aseismic creep.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A "fault plane" is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault. A "fault trace" or "fault line" is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on geologic maps to represent a fault.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A fault zone is a cluster of parallel faults. However, the term is also used for the zone of crushed rock along a single fault. Prolonged motion along closely spaced faults can blur the distinction, as the rock between the faults is converted to fault-bound lenses of rock and then progressively crushed.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Owing to friction and the rigidity of the constituent rocks, the two sides of a fault cannot always glide or flow past each other easily, and so occasionally all movement stops. The regions of higher friction along a fault plane, where it becomes locked, are called "asperities". Stress builds up when a fault is locked, and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strength threshold, the fault ruptures and the accumulated strain energy is released in part as seismic waves, forming an earthquake.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Strain occurs accumulatively or instantaneously, depending on the liquid state of the rock; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulate deformation gradually via shearing, whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture – instantaneous stress release – resulting in motion along the fault. A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great.


title: Fault (geology)

text: "Slip" is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane. A fault's "sense of slip" is defined as the relative motion of the rock on each side of the fault concerning the other side. In measuring the horizontal or vertical separation, the "throw" of the fault is the vertical component of the separation and the "heave" of the fault is the horizontal component, as in "Throw up and heave out".


title: Fault (geology)

text: The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed by studying any drag folding of strata, which may be visible on either side of the fault. Drag folding is a zone of folding close to a fault that likely arises from frictional resistance to movement on the fault. The direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of the fault (called a piercing point). In practice, it is usually only possible to find the slip direction of faults, and an approximation of the heave and throw vector.


title: Fault (geology)

text: The two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the "hanging wall" and "footwall". The hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the footwall occurs below it. This terminology comes from mining: when working a tabular ore body, the miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with the hanging wall above him. These terms are important for distinguishing different dip-slip fault types: reverse faults and normal faults. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall displaces upward, while in a normal fault the hanging wall displaces downward. Distinguishing between these two fault types is important for determining the stress regime of the fault movement.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Faults are mainly classified in terms of the angle that the fault plane makes with the earth's surface, known as the dip, and the direction of slip along the fault plane.


title: Fault (geology)

text: In a strike-slip fault (also known as a "wrench fault", "tear fault" or "transcurrent fault"), the fault surface (plane) is usually near vertical, and the footwall moves laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are also known as "sinistral" faults and those with right-lateral motion as "dextral" faults. Each is defined by the direction of movement of the ground as would be seen by an observer on the opposite side of the fault.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A special class of strike-slip fault is the "transform fault" when it forms a plate boundary. This class is related to an offset in a spreading center, such as a mid-ocean ridge, or, less common, within continental lithosphere, such as the Dead Sea Transform in the Middle East or the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. Transform faults are also referred to as "conservative" plate boundaries since the lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed.


title: Fault (geology)

text: In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben. An upthrown block between two normal faults dipping away from each other is a horst. The dip of most normal faults is at least 60 degrees but some normal faults dip at less than 45 degrees. Low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance may be designated detachment faults.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault—the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of the crust. The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from coal mining in England, where normal faults are the most common.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A "thrust fault" has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45°. Thrust faults typically form ramps, flats and fault-bend (hanging wall and footwall) folds.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Flat segments of thrust fault planes are known as "flats", and inclined sections of the thrust are known as "ramps". Typically, thrust faults move "within" formations by forming flats and climb up sections with ramps.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Fault-bend folds are formed by the movement of the hanging wall over a non-planar fault surface and are found associated with both extensional and thrust faults.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Faults may be reactivated at a later time with the movement in the opposite direction to the original movement (fault inversion). A normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Thrust faults form nappes and klippen in the large thrust belts. Subduction zones are a special class of thrusts that form the largest faults on Earth and give rise to the largest earthquakes.


title: Fault (geology)

text: A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed an oblique-slip fault. Nearly all faults have some component of both dip-slip and strike-slip; hence, defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to be measurable and significant. Some oblique faults occur within transtensional and transpressional regimes, and others occur where the direction of extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults remain active.


title: Fault (geology)

text: The "hade" angle is defined as the complement of the dip angle; it is the angle between the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Listric faults are similar to normal faults but the fault plane curves, the dip being steeper near the surface, then shallower with increased depth. The dip may flatten into a sub-horizontal décollement, resulting in a horizontal slip on a horizontal plane. The illustration shows slumping of the hanging wall along a listric fault. Where the hanging wall is absent (such as on a cliff) the footwall may slump in a manner that creates multiple listric faults.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Ring faults, also known as caldera faults, are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic calderas and the sites of bolide strikes, such as the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Ring faults are the result of a series of overlapping normal faults, forming a circular outline. Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by ring dikes.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Synthetic and antithetic are terms used to describe minor faults associated with a major fault. Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the major fault while the antithetic faults dip in the opposite direction. These faults may be accompanied by rollover anticlines (e.g. the Niger Delta Structural Style).


title: Fault (geology)

text: All faults have a measurable thickness, made up of deformed rock characteristic of the level in the crust where the faulting happened, of the rock types affected by the fault and of the presence and nature of any mineralising fluids. Fault rocks are classified by their textures and the implied mechanism of deformation. A fault that passes through different levels of the lithosphere will have many different types of fault rock developed along its surface. Continued dip-slip displacement tends to juxtapose fault rocks characteristic of different crustal levels, with varying degrees of overprinting. This effect is particularly clear in the case of detachment faults and major thrust faults.


title: Fault (geology)

text: In geotechnical engineering, a fault often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.


title: Fault (geology)

text: The level of a fault's activity can be critical for (1) locating buildings, tanks, and pipelines and (2) assessing the seismic shaking and tsunami hazard to infrastructure and people in the vicinity. In California, for example, new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years) of the Earth's geological history. Also, faults that have shown movement during the Holocene plus Pleistocene Epochs (the last 2.6 million years) may receive consideration, especially for critical structures such as power plants, dams, hospitals, and schools. Geologists assess a fault's age by studying soil features seen in shallow excavations and geomorphology seen in aerial photographs. Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to carbonate nodules, eroded clay, and iron oxide mineralization, in the case of older soil, and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil. Radiocarbon dating of organic material buried next to or over a fault shear is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults. From such relationships, paleoseismologists can estimate the sizes of past earthquakes over the past several hundred years, and develop rough projections of future fault activity.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Many ore deposits lie on or are associated with faults. This is because the fractured rock associated with fault zones allow for magma ascent or the circulation of mineral-bearing fluids. Intersections of near-vertical faults are often locations of significant ore deposits.


title: Fault (geology)

text: An example of a fault hosting valuable porphyry copper deposits is northern Chile's Domeyko Fault with deposits at Chuquicamata, Collahuasi, El Abra, El Salvador, La Escondida and Potrerillos. Further south in Chile Los Bronces and El Teniente porphyry copper deposit lie each at the intersection of two fault systems.


title: Fault (geology)

text: Faults may not always act as conduits to surface. It has been proposed that deep-seated "misoriented" faults may instead be zones where magmas forming porphyry copper stagnate achieving the right time for—and type of—igneous differentiation. At a given time differentiated magmas would burst violently out of the fault-traps and head to shallower places in the crust where porphyry copper deposits would be formed.


title: Rust Valley Restorers

text: Rust Valley Restorers is a Canadian documentary series produced by Mayhem Entertainment for History in association with Corus Entertainment. Reruns of the series air on DTour (formerly Prime and TVTropolis).


title: Rust Valley Restorers

text: In the United States seasons 1 & 2 are distributed by Netflix, while seasons 3 & 4 are distributed by Motor Trend On Demand (although are referred to as seasons 4 & 5, respectively). However, internationally the series is distributed by Netflix and shown as a Netflix original series.


title: Rust Valley Restorers

text: The series takes place in the South Shuswap, an area in Tappen, British Columbia, also called as "Rust Valley", which is known for its unique car community and junkyards. It is shot at a vintage automobile restoration shop run by skilled craftsmen who restore, trade and sell classic cars into collectible vehicles.


title: Rust Valley Restorers

text: In December 2018, "Rust Valley Restorers" premiered on the History Canadian Channel, and on August 23, 2019 the series was released to Netflix. A second season was ordered and a trailer was released on October 22, 2019 with the season premiering on November 21, 2019. The second season was released to Netflix on May 8, 2020. The second season was split into two parts for the Netflix release with each part consisting of six episodes.


title: MacArthur Fellows Program

text: The MacArthur Fellows Program, also known as the MacArthur Fellowship and commonly but unofficially known as the "Genius Grant", is a prize awarded annually by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation typically to between 20 and 30 individuals, working in any field, who have shown "extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction" and are citizens or residents of the United States.


title: MacArthur Fellows Program

text: According to the foundation's website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential," but it also says such potential is "based on a track record of significant accomplishments." The current prize is $800,000 paid over five years in quarterly installments. Previously it was $625,000. This figure was increased from $500,000 in 2013 with the release of a review of the MacArthur Fellows Program. Since 1981, 1,111 people have been named MacArthur Fellows, ranging in age from 18 to 82. The award has been called "one of the most significant awards that is truly 'no strings attached'".


title: MacArthur Fellows Program

text: The program does not accept applications. Anonymous and confidential nominations are invited by the foundation and reviewed by an anonymous and confidential selection committee of about a dozen people. The committee reviews all nominees and recommends recipients to the president and board of directors. Most new fellows first learn of their nomination and award upon receiving a congratulatory phone call. MacArthur Fellow Jim Collins described this experience in an editorial column of "The New York Times".


title: MacArthur Fellows Program

text: Since the inaugural class of 1981, the program has awarded 1,111 fellowships. Alumni of Harvard University account for 175 fellowships, followed by the alumni of Yale University (93), University of California, Berkeley (75), Princeton University (68), and Columbia University (54). The following ten universities have the most alumni fellows.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Betty Lynn Buckley (born July 3, 1947) is an American actress and singer. Buckley is the winner of a Tony Award, and was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and an Olivier Award. In 2012, she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley won the 1983 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Grizabella in the original Broadway production of "Cats". She went on to play Norma Desmond in "Sunset Boulevard" (1994–96) in both London and New York, receiving a 1995 Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical, and was nominated for the 1997 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for "Triumph of Love". Her other Broadway credits include "1776" (1969), "Pippin" (1973), and "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" (1985). From September 2018-August 2019 she starred as the title role in the U.S. national tour of "Hello, Dolly".


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley starred in the TV series "Eight Is Enough" from 1977 to 1981 and played gym teacher Miss Collins in the 1976 film "Carrie", before going on to star in the short-lived Broadway musical version of "Carrie" in 1988, playing Carrie White's mother, Margaret. Her other film roles include Dixie Scott in "Tender Mercies" (1983), Sondra Walker in "Frantic" (1988), Kathy in "Another Woman" (1988) and Mrs. Jones in "The Happening" (2008). She received a Saturn Award nomination for her role as Dr. Karen Fletcher in the 2016 film "Split". Her other television credits include the series "Oz" (2001–03), and the series "Preacher" (2018).


title: Betty Buckley

text: Betty Lynn Buckley was born in Big Spring, Texas, and raised in Fort Worth, Texas, the daughter of Betty Bob (née Diltz), a dancer and journalist, and Ernest Lynn Buckley, a retired lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force, former dean of engineering at South Dakota State University, and Architectural Structures professor at the University of Texas - Arlington. She is the oldest of their four children. She has three brothers—Norman Buckley is a film editor and TV director, while Patrick and Michael (died November 21, 2020) trained as engineers. While a student at Texas Christian University, she was a member of Zeta Tau Alpha. She was crowned "Miss Fort Worth" in 1966 and was runner-up in the Miss Texas competition. Buckley was then invited to perform at the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City, where she was spotted by a talent scout. After returning to TCU to earn her college degree, she toured Asia to visit soldiers wounded in the Vietnam War. Then she worked for a time as a reporter for the Fort Worth Press, but went to New York City in 1969, where she landed the role of Martha Jefferson in "1776" her first day in town.


title: Betty Buckley

text: She is known for the 1977–81 TV dramedy "Eight Is Enough". She joined the show in its second season when the original star, Diana Hyland, died after the first four episodes of season one, and her character Joan Bradford died as well. Buckley was cast as the widower's new romantic interest, Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott, who became stepmother of the eight children to which the series' title refers.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley appeared in the original movie version of "Carrie" in 1976, playing Miss Collins, Carrie's gym teacher. In 1977, she recorded an uncredited solo on the song "Walking in Space", in the movie "Hair".


title: Betty Buckley

text: On television, she received two Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Program/Special, for "NBC Special Treat - Bobby and Sarah" (1984) and "ABC Afterschool Special - Taking a Stand" (1989).


title: Betty Buckley

text: Her screen roles during the 1980s include Bruce Beresford's film "Tender Mercies", where she played a country music singer and sang the Academy Award-nominated song "Over You". She also appeared in the Woody Allen film "Another Woman" (1988), Roman Polanski's "Frantic" (1988), Lawrence's Kasden's "Wyatt Earp" (1994).


title: Betty Buckley

text: She also has guest-starred in a number of television series, including "Without a Trace", "", and "Monk". She guest-starred in a Christmas special of the TV series "Remember WENN", in which she sang "You Make It Christmas". She appeared as Marion Leckie, mother of Robert Leckie in the HBO series "The Pacific", which aired in 2010.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Also in 2010, she appeared in the 18th episode of "Melrose Place" as a food critic cast by her brother Norman Buckley, who directed the episode. She also guest-starred in an episode of the Fox series "The Chicago Code". She was a recurring guest star on "Pretty Little Liars" as Regina Marin, also directed by her brother Norman. In 2008, Buckley played Mrs. Jones in M. Night Shyamalan's "The Happening". In 2017, Buckley was one of the stars of M. Night Shyamalan's "Split", the number-one film at the box office for three weeks.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Her other television credits include guest-starring as Meg's mother in "The Leftovers" on November 30, 2015, appearing in five episodes of the 2017-2021 series "Supergirl." Buckley is also cast in season three of the series "Preacher" in 2018.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley made her Broadway debut in 1969 in the original production of the musical "1776"; she has been called "The Voice of Broadway" by "New York" magazine.


title: Betty Buckley

text: In 1982, Buckley starred as Grizabella in the original Broadway production of the musical "Cats", which features the song "Memory". She stayed with the production for 18 months. For this role, she won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley starred in both London (1994) and New York (1995) as Norma Desmond in the musical "Sunset Boulevard". For her role in the London production, she received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical.


title: Betty Buckley

text: In 1997, she starred as Hesione in the Broadway musical "Triumph of Love" and received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley sang "Memory" from "Cats" at the Kennedy Center Honors in December 2006 as part of the tribute to Andrew Lloyd Webber. In 2007, Buckley appeared with Quintessence at Lincoln Center in its Great American Songbook series.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley participated in a reading of the musical "Ruthless!" in September, 2010, playing the role of Sylvia St. Croix/Ruth DelMarco. She then played Mrs. White in the off-Broadway comedy "White's Lies" from March–May 2010. In 2011, Buckley starred in the Dallas Theater Center production of "Arsenic and Old Lace" by Joseph Kesselring with Tovah Feldshuh.


title: Betty Buckley

text: In 1988, Buckley starred as Margaret White in Carrie: The Musical. This musical is infamous for its short-lived life on Broadway, and has been a discussion among many musical fans for decades. In 2012, Carrie came back to the stage in an off-broadway version with many revisions.


title: Betty Buckley

text: On January 28, 2013, she was inducted into The American Theater Hall of Fame. From January–March 2013, she starred in the London Premiere of Jerry Herman's "Dear World", receiving rave reviews. The musical was directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, with whom Buckley had previously worked on "Cats".


title: Betty Buckley

text: In September 2013, she starred in the world premiere of Horton Foote's "The Old Friends" at the Signature Theatre off-Broadway. She repeated her performance in 2014 at Houston's famed Alley Theatre.


title: Betty Buckley

text: In May 2015, it was announced that Buckley would appear as Big Edie in the musical, "Grey Gardens" at Bay Street Theater in Sag Harbor, NY. The production ran August 4, 2015, through August 30, 2015. She reprised the role from July 13, to August 14, 2016, at the Ahmanson Theater in Los Angeles.


title: Betty Buckley

text: On February 12, 2018, it was announced that Buckley would portray the title role in the first national tour of the 2017 Broadway revival of "Hello, Dolly!", beginning performances in October 2018 in the Connor Palace at Cleveland's Playhouse Square. The cast included Lewis J. Stadlen as Horace Vandergelder, Nic Rouleau as Cornelius, Analisa Leaning as Irene Molloy, Jess LeProtto as Barnaby, Kristen Hahn as Minnie Fay, Colin LeMoine as Ambrose Kemper, Morgan Kirner, as Ermengarde, and Jessica Sheridan as Ernestina. Ms. Buckley finished her leg of the tour in September 2019 and is now preparing concerts scheduled in early 2020 at the Cafe Carlyle in NYC and other venues.


title: Betty Buckley

text: "Hope", Buckley's 18th solo album, was released on June 8, 2018, and she continues to appear in concert across the U.S. each year. She is also a composer; her first recording contains mostly songs she wrote. She is also featured on many Broadway compilation recordings, and on the original cast recording of "1776;" the original Broadway recording of "Cats;" the London recording of "Promises, Promises;" "Triumph of Love" and "The Mystery of Edwin Drood".


title: Betty Buckley

text: In 2002, Buckley was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Category, for her album "Stars and the Moon: Live at the Donmar", which was recorded at the Donmar Warehouse Theatre in London. This was her second Grammy nomination; she had previously been nominated in 2000, in the Best Spoken Word Album category for "The Diaries of Adam and Eve".


title: Betty Buckley

text: Her albums "Quintessence" and "1967" were released by Playbill Records in February 2008. "Quintessence" features jazz arrangements of standards by her former collaborator, jazz pianist Kenny Werner; while "1967" is a recording produced by T-Bone Burnett, and made when Buckley was just 19.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Her album "Bootleg: Boardmixes From the Road" was released in 2010, and her recording of her hit show at Feinstein's at the Regency with pianist/collaborator Christian Jacob, entitled "Ah, Men: The Boys of Broadway" debuted on 28 August 2012.


title: Betty Buckley

text: She lives on a ranch in Texas with two horses, a donkey, several rescued cats, and three dogs, and, as an accomplished horsewoman, participated in NCHA cutting horse competitions for several years while continuing to appear in films, television and theater and to sing concerts in a wide variety of venues.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley has also taught song interpretation and scene study for over 40 years. She conducts master classes in Fort Worth, New York City, Los Angeles, Denver and other cities around the country. In 2020, she has continued to hold her classes online due to the COVID-19 pandemic from her home.


title: Betty Buckley

text: Buckley's official website contains her concert and theater schedule, a detailed biography and timeline, and summaries of her singing and acting accomplishments.


title: Betty Buckley

text: She has received two Honorary Doctorates for her contribution to the Musical Theater from The Boston Conservatory and Marymount Manhattan College.


title: Jodhi May

text: Jodhi Tania May ("née" Hakim-Edwards; 8 May 1975) is a British actress. She remains the youngest recipient of the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival, for "A World Apart" (1988). Her other film appearances include "The Last of the Mohicans" (1992), "Sister My Sister" (1994), and "A Quiet Passion" (2016).


title: Jodhi May

text: May was born Jodhi Tania Hakim-Edwards in 1975 in Camden Town, London. Her name was later legally changed to Jodhi Tania May.


title: Jodhi May

text: Her mother, Jocelyn Hakim, is an art teacher of French-Turkish descent who as a student arranged to marry artist-designer Malcolm McLaren to obtain citizenship, paying him £50 to marry her in a Lewisham register office in 1972. They later divorced, a move that cost McLaren's grandmother £2,000. May has not publicly identified her father, besides stating he is German. She was educated at Camden School for Girls.


title: Jodhi May

text: May first acted at the age of 12 for "A World Apart" (1988). For the role she received a Best Actress award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, shared with her co-stars Barbara Hershey and Linda Mvusi.


title: Jodhi May

text: Other than a brief lull while studying English at Wadham College, Oxford, she has had near constant work since her debut, and can regularly be seen on film, television and the British stage.


title: Jodhi May

text: Notable roles have included Alice Munro in Michael Mann's "The Last of the Mohicans", Lea Papin in "Sister My Sister", Lady Sarah Lennox in "Aristocrats", Florence Banner in "Tipping the Velvet", Anne Boleyn in the first adaptation of "The Other Boleyn Girl", and Sabina Spielrein in the play "The Talking Cure". In 2002, May wrote and directed a short film called "Spyhole".


title: Jodhi May

text: In August 2005, May appeared in "Blackbird" by David Harrower alongside Roger Allam at the Edinburgh Festival in a production by German director Peter Stein. The play transferred to the Albery Theatre, London in February 2006 and won a best new play award.


title: Jodhi May

text: May played Janet Stone in the 2011 noir thriller "I, Anna", alongside Gabriel Byrne, Charlotte Rampling, Eddie Marsan, and Honor Blackman.


title: Jodhi May

text: In 2019, she played Queen Calanthe in The Witcher, Netflix's live-action adaptation of Andrzej Sapkowski's popular book series.


title: Jodhi May

text: In 2020, alongside Valentina Cervi, Francesco Scianna, Filippo Timi, she was in the cast of Marco Simon Puccioni's film "The Invisible Thread", produced by Netflix and likely to be released in 2022.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (; – 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defence minister under Joseph Stalin.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Bulganin was born in 1895 in Nizhny Novgorod. The son of an office worker, he was of Russian ethnicity. He joined the Bolshevik Party in March 1917 and was recruited in 1918 into the Cheka, the Bolshevik regime's political police, where he served until 1922. During the summer of 1918, he worked with Lazar Kaganovich, the local communist leader, in imposing the Red Terror in Nizhny Novgorod. He worked with Kaganovich again in Turkestan in 1920. After the Russian Civil War (1917-1923), Bulganin became an industrial manager and worked in the electricity administration until 1927. He was the director of the Moscow electricity supply from 1927 to 1931. From 1931 to 1937, he served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Soviet (the equivalent of mayor). He came into office soon after Kaganovich had been put in charge of the Moscow party organisation.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: In 1934, the 17th Congress of the Communist Party elected Bulganin as a candidate member of the Central Committee. A loyal Stalinist, he was promoted rapidly as other leaders fell victim to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in 1937 and 1938. In July 1937, Bulganin was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (the equivalent of Prime Minister) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) after the arrest of the previous incumbent, Daniil Sulimov. Bulganin beecame a full member of the Central Committee later that year. In September 1938, he became Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union and head of the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank).


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: During World War II, Bulganin played a leading role in the government and Red Army, although he was never a front-line commander. His first posting was as chief political commissar on the Western Front, which was commanded by Marshal Timoshenko. He held similar posts until July 1944, when he was appointed the Soviet representative on the Polish Committee of National Liberation. On 18 November 1944, he was given the rank of General, and three days later he replaced Marshal Voroshilov on the State Defence Committee. He was also appointed USSR Deputy Minister for Defence, the Minister being Joseph Stalin.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: In March 1946, Bulganin became a candidate member of the 18th Politburo of the Communist Party. Later in March 1947, he succeeded Stalin as Minister for the Armed Forces, and was again Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, under Stalin, from 1947 to 1950. In November 1947, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. By February 1948, he became a full member of the 18th Politburo.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Bulganin reached the highest rank in the Red Army, despite only having served as political officer. His role was to ensure that none of the genuine wartime commanders, particularly Marshal Zhukov, became powerful enough to threaten Stalin. Pavel Sudoplatov, who participated in conferences in the Kremlin with him, wrote contemptuously about how Bulganin failed to understand elementary military concepts. Sudoplatov added:


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: In March 1949, Bulganin was replaced as Minister for Defence by a career soldier, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, and then was responsible for the arms industry.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Conversely, a 1955 report from the US Central Intelligence Agency suggests that Bulganin's tenure at the State Bank demonstrated high intelligence and his ability to learn quickly:


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: After Stalin's death in March 1953, Bulganin moved into sixth place in the Soviet leadership, when he was reappointed to the post of Defense Minister, but with Marshal Zhukov as his deputy. He was an ally of Nikita Khrushchev during his power struggle with Georgy Malenkov, and in February 1955 he succeeded Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. He was generally seen as a supporter of Khrushchev's reforms and destalinisation. In July 1955, he attended the Geneva Summit, with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, French Prime Minister Edgar Faure, and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden. He and Khrushchev travelled together to India, Yugoslavia and in April 1956 to Britain, where they were known in the press as "the B and K show" or "Bulge and Crush". In his memoirs, however, Khrushchev recounted that he believed that he "couldn't rely on [Bulganin] fully."


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: During the Suez Crisis of October–November 1956, Bulganin sent letters to the governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel threatening rocket attacks on London, Paris, and Tel Aviv if they did not withdraw their forces from Egypt. In a letter to Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion, Bulganin wrote, "Israel is playing with the fate of peace, with the fate of its own people, in a criminal and irresponsible manner; [...] which will place a question [mark] upon the very existence of Israel as a State." Khrushchev, in his memoirs, admitted the threat was designed simply to divide Western opinion, especially since at the time he did not have enough ICBMs to launch the rockets, and in any case he had no intention of going to war in 1956.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: By 1957, however, Bulganin had come to share the doubts held about Khrushchev's policies by the opposition group (which Khrushchev and his supporters labelled the "Anti-Party Group") led by Vyacheslav Molotov. In June, when the dissenters tried to remove Khrushchev from power at a meeting of the Politburo, Bulganin vacillated between the two camps. When the dissenters were defeated and removed from power, Bulganin held on to his position for a while, but in March 1958, at a session of the Supreme Soviet, Khrushchev forced his resignation.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Bulganin was appointed Chairman of the Soviet State Bank, a job he had held two decades before, but in August was dispatched to Stavropol as Chairman of the Regional Economic Council, a token position, and on 12 November he was expelled from the Presidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee. In September he was removed from the Central Committee and deprived of the title of Marshal, and in February 1960 he was retired on a pension.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: His wife was Elena Mikhailovna Korovina, an English teacher from a Moscow school. The couple had two children: son Leo and daughter Vera. Vera married the son of Admiral Nikolai Kuznetsov.


title: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Bulganin died on February 24, 1975 after a long illness at the age 79 and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Xavier Samuel (born 10 December 1983) is an Australian film and theatre actor. He has appeared in leading roles in the feature films "Adore", "September", "Further We Search", "Newcastle", "The Loved Ones", "Frankenstein", "A Few Best Men", and played Riley Biers in "", and Billy in "Spin Out". He also starred as Cass Chaplin in Blonde.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Samuel was born in Hamilton, Victoria, the son of Maree and Clifford Samuel. He grew up in Adelaide, South Australia, and graduated from Rostrevor College in 2001 where he boarded. When Samuel was 13, his family spent a year in Darwin due to his parents' teaching jobs.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: He has a younger brother, Benedict, a writer, producer and actor, as well as an older sister, Bridget, a stage manager.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Despite completing his senior secondary years at Rostrevor College, Samuel undertook final year drama at Christian Brothers College, where he played the part of Tom Snout (the wall) in Rostrevor College's production of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" as well as playing Belvile in CBC's production of Aphra Behn's "The Rover" ("The Banished Cavaliers").


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Samuel made his debut on the Australian TV show "McLeod's Daughters" in 2003. He starred in the Australian horror movie "Road Train" as Marcus, and also acted in the Australian movie "Drowning" with "Elephant Princess" star Miles Szanto, directed by Craig Boreham.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Alongside Mia Wasikowska, Samuel was in 2007 the Australian film September, set in 1968 where two young boys who share a passion for boxing are friends.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2009, Samuel was cast as Brent in the Australian horror/thriller movie "The Loved Ones" in the lead role opposite Robin McLeavy.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In early 2010, Samuel was cast as Riley Biers in "". The film was Samuel's first high-profile film. Samuel was nominated for, and won, his first film award at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards. In an interview with "GQ Australia" in November 2010, Samuel described the process of his shock "Twilight" casting. "I sent off the audition tape from Sydney, which landed in a big pile on someone's desk. So then to actually hear something back was kind of unusual. I guess I was a bit of a gamble, but it's bizarre and wonderful."


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2012 Samuel played a lead role in "A Few Best Men" with other notable stars, Rebel Wilson and Olivia Newton-John. The film is about a wedding.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Eventually forming a relationship with co-star Phoebe Tonkin, Samuel was cast in 3D feature "Bait", released in September 2012.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2013 he played Ian in "Adore" beside Robin Wright and Naomi Watts, which is based on Doris Lessing's book and directed by Anne Fontaine. The film is about two middle-aged mothers who become the lovers of each other's sons. Anne Fontaine coaxed Samuel through rehearsals of the love scenes in a hotel room using a paid actress who stood in for Wright. The film was shot in Seal Rocks in New South Wales and premiered at the Sundance Film Festival under its original name of Two Mothers.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Alongside Hugo Weaving and an owl, Samuel was cast in the movie "Healing" in 2014. The film is about a prison program where the inmates rehabilitate birds. When speaking about Doris the owl, Samuel stated that he grew rather fond of her as she was easy to play with and was a real diva.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2014, Samuel was cast alongside Brad Pitt and Shia LaBeouf in the $80 million blockbuster "Fury", about a group of Americans in Nazi Germany at the end of World War II.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2016, Samuel played the titular character in "The Death and Life of Otto Bloom", with Rachel Ward and her daughter, Matilda Brown.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In the same year, Samuel performed alongside Kate Beckinsale, Chloe Sevigny, Stephen Fry, and James Fleet in the critically-acclaimed film "Love and Friendship", adapted from Jane Austin novel "Lady Susan".


title: Xavier Samuel

text: Starring alongside Hugo Weaving yet again, Samuel played the role of Simon Heywood in the Australian TV series, Seven Types of Ambiguity in 2017. The series was based on "Seven Types of Ambiguity", a 2003 novel by Australian writer Elliot Perlman.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: In 2022, he starred in the Marilyn Monroe bio-pic "Blonde", written and directed by Andrew Dominik and adapted from the 2000 novel of the same name by Joyce Carol Oates. It stars Ana de Armas as Marilyn Monroe, Adrien Brody, Bobby Cannavale, Julianne Nicholson, and Evan Williams. The film is produced by Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, and Jeremy Kleiner. It premieres on Netflix in September 2022.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: As a child, Samuel wanted to be an Australian rules football star like his hero Tony Modra, and is a supporter of the Adelaide Football Club.


title: Xavier Samuel

text: From 2010 to 2011 Samuel dated German model Shermine Shahrivar. In 2012, Samuel dated his "Bait 3D" co-star, Phoebe Tonkin. From 2012 to 2015, Samuel dated his Plush co-star Emily Browning. Model Jessica Gomes was in a relationship for two years with Samuel that started in 2016. In 2018, Samuel and actress Marianna Palka started dating.


title: Police dog

text: A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers. Their duties include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting people, and attacking criminals who are fleeing from or attacking police officers. The most commonly used breeds are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and the retriever family. In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size. While German Shepherds are prone to health issues such as hip dysplasia, cancer, and eye problems, a well-bred working line German Shepherd is just as successful as a Malinois. German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement.


title: Police dog

text: Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes, often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures. Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose. Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training. In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense.


title: Police dog

text: In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone upon the word "canine".


title: Police dog

text: Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages. Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws. The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St. Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers. By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this. Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities.


title: Police dog

text: The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness. In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime. Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals.


title: Police dog

text: One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer. He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them.


title: Police dog

text: It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899. These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide. In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit. The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals.


title: Police dog

text: In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds.


title: Police dog

text: Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel.


title: Police dog

text: Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler. The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability. First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit. This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement. However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens.


title: Police dog

text: For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course. They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation. This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect. Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language. Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands. This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer.


title: Police dog

text: Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose". Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking. Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical. Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics. Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics. When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i.e. bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states.


title: Police dog

text: In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay.


title: Police dog

text: Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working. Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years.


title: Police dog

text: However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing. In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler.


title: Police dog

text: In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners.