title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 2015, former Grêmio player Roger Machado was hired as the new manager. A short lived but initially successful run, Machado's time with Grêmio saw them qualify for the 2016 Copa Libertadores with a finish in the Campeonato Brasileiro in 3rd place. Machado oversaw a famous victory over beat bitter rivals Internacional with a 5–0 drubbing in "Grenal" No. 407. Nonetheless, towards the end of the year, the team began to show a lack of organization, especially in its defensive system. As fan support dwindled, Roger announced his resignation after a 3–0 loss against Ponte Preta in September 2016. Renato Portaluppi replaced him and under his guidance a resurgent Grêmio became champions of the Copa do Brasil against Atlético Mineiro in a 4–2 aggregate score, making them the Brazilian club with the most titles in this tournament (5). After this historic feat, fans affectionately nicknamed Grêmio the "Rei de Copas" (King of Cups).


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 2017, Grêmio won their third Libertadores, after defeating Club Atlético Lanús 1–0 at Arena do Grêmio, followed by a 2–1 victory in Estadio Ciudad de Lanús. Luan was named the player of the tournament, while goalkeeper Marcelo Grohe performed spectacularly with a heroic, almost impossible save in the semi-final match against Barcelona Sporting Club. They became the third Brazilian club to win a third Copa Libertadores, after São Paulo and Santos.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: The club went on to represent CONMEBOL at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup, held in the United Arab Emirates. Grêmio beat Pachuca 1–0 in a tight semi-final, the goal coming from Everton in extra-time. They were beaten 0–1 by Real Madrid in the final.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Grêmio once again finished 4th in the 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro securing a place in the Copa Libertadores de América


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: having been knocked out in the semi-final of the tournament on goal-difference in 2018 by a late River Plate goal to end the match 2–2. The goal was scored from a penalty, given on review of a handball by the VAR from Matheus Bressan in the 95th minute. Bressan was subsequently transferred. In the hours following the match it was revealed that River Plate manager Marcelo Gallardo had broken the rules of his touchline ban at half-time by entering the River dressing room. Grêmio appealed the result within 24 hours of the final whistle based on this information. It took CONMEBOL 2 days to deliberate, deciding that the result should stand, with Gallardo receiving a $50,000 fine and a 4-match suspension (1 from the Bombonera Stadium for the first leg of the Libertadores final against Boca Juniors and 3 subsequent touchline bans). River Plate would go on to win the Copa Libertadores de América after further controversy.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: According to the club, the gold star represents the victory in the World Club Championship; the silver represents the three South American competition victories; and the bronze one represents the National competitions. There is also a gold star in Grêmio's flag that represents a player, Everaldo, the sole Grêmio player in the 1970 Brazilian World Cup winning team.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: The first club flag was unveiled by the club during the opening ceremony for the Baixada stadium. At that time, it had a horizontal stripe of blue, black and white, with a medallion on the left top corner.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Grêmio's anthem is one of the most critically acclaimed in all of Brazilian football, other than the anthems of the clubs from Rio de Janeiro (all composed by Lamartine Babo), it is the only football anthem composed by a renowned composer, Lupicínio Rodrigues. Featuring a vivid melody in the style of a march, the anthem features the famous verses: "Até a pé nós iremos / para o que der e vier / mas o certo é que nós estaremos / com o Grêmio onde o Grêmio estiver" (Even on foot we will go / against all obstacles / but we sure will be / with Grêmio wherever Grêmio may be). Grêmio supporters boast that Grêmio, as the anthem hints, has never played without supporters anywhere in the world.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Eurico Lara, a goalkeeper who played for the club in the 1920s and in the 1930s, is mentioned in the anthem, where he is called the "immortal idol" (or "craque imortal", in Portuguese).


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Grêmio tricolour scheme is made up of blue, black and white, an unusual colour combination for football shirts. The first Grêmio kit was inspired by English club Exeter City. At the time, the original kit included a black cap, striped shirt in blue and havana (a variation of brown), white tie, white shorts and black socks. Subsequently, the uniform was changed to blue and black due to the lack of havana fabric. Soon after, vertical white stripes were included in the kit creating a pattern that is used to the present day. The Grêmio colors are set in the club statute as so;


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: It was in the early 1980s that Grêmio received its first official sponsor, with the Brazilian Olympikus providing sports equipment. The partnership lasted until early 1983, when, on account of the brilliant moment that had been living in your history, the Grêmio has signed a contract with a German Adidas to supply. However, the partnership was short-lived, as in 1985, with the end of the contract with Adidas,a new supplier emerged, returning to the national level with Penalty. In 1987, for the first time in its history the Grêmio signed a sponsorship agreement for stamping the shirt, with Coca-Cola. This turn in their campaigns unprecedentedly exchanged their traditional red logo for black, because this color belongs to International, its biggest rival, and be vetoed at Grêmio.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Sponsorship of Penalty and Coca-Cola persisted with Grêmio for nearly a decade until, in 1995, the soft drink brand left the main sponsor of the shirts, which was assumed by Tintas Renner, until 1997. In 1998, General Motors assumed this position, exposing numerous names of vehicles throughout the partnership. At the beginning of the 21st century, Penalty left the club, with the Italian Kappa providing sports equipment.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 2001, for the payment of debts, Grêmio closed an agreement with the state government of Rio Grande do Sul, exposing Banrisul banking mark on his shirt. However, after payment, it was Banrisul who assumed the payments and became the master sponsor of the club. In 2005 the contract with Kappa came to an end, after this, kits were the responsibility of another German in club history, Puma. Also from this era, Grêmio opened more spaces for smaller sponsors, with the first being Tramontina, Unimed, TIM and the return of Coca-Cola. In 2011, once again changing the supplier of sports equipment occurs, this time taking the Brazilian Topper, under the value of €4.8 million per season, which operates in the South American market, with a contract until the end of 2014. Beginning in 2015 season, the British company Umbro supplied sports equipment of Grêmio, paying the value of €6 million per year.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Grêmio's original stadium was the Estádio Olímpico Monumental, as it is called today. It was inaugurated on 19 September 1954 as Estádio Olímpico. At the time it was the largest private stadium in Brazil. Estádio Olímpico's first game was between Grêmio and Nacional from Uruguay; Grêmio won by a score of 2–0, with both goals scored by Vítor.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 1980 a second tier was added to the Olímpico, and the stadium was renamed the Olímpico Monumental. The first game at the renamed Olímpico Monumental was played on 21 June 1980, when Grêmio beat Vasco da Gama by a score of 1–0.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Estádio Olímpico Monumental has an attendance record of 98,421 people for the game against Ponte Preta on 26 April 1981.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Estádio Olímpico Monumental has 40 luxury booths which hold 10 people, and 5 booths which hold 20 people. It also has 140 places in a Tribune of Honor. It has 28 seats reserved for handicapped fans, 22 of which have space for people accompanying them.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 2012, Grêmio moved into their new stadium, Arena do Grêmio, a big multi-use stadium in Porto Alegre. Its capacity is 55,225 and is one of the most modern venues in South America.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: The first location for training used by Grêmio was the additional field built next door of Estádio Olímpico Monumental. However, it can not be exactly characterized as a training centre. In 2000 the construction of the first training centre of the club, the CT Hélio Dourado, in Eldorado do Sul, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre was completed, but, because of it being located quite far away, it ended up being used for club's Academy.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 2014,the construction of the new training center of Grêmio, the CT Luiz Carvalho, located next to the Arena do Grêmio, in Porto Alegre was finished. It is adjacent to the Guaíba River, and has one of the most beautiful views of the city with the stadium and a cable-stayed bridge in the background.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Grêmio has around 8 million fans in the country, meaning that, in terms of ranking, the club is the 6th most supporters in the Brazil. Grêmio associates 92,000 people.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: The largest group of Grêmio supporters is Geral do Grêmio, the first and largest Brazilian "barra brava", movement similar to European ultras, but with unique characteristics of Latin America. The group was created during the year 2001 with Grêmio fans watching games from the seats behind the southern goal at Estádio Olímpico Monumental (an area of the stands called "Geral", as in "general", where tickets had lower costs). Over the following years, more people joined the movement, and they decided to collectively call themselves by the name of the area from where they watched the games. A unique and traditional feature of the crowd is running down the stand (a movement called the "avalanche"), pressing against the fence when a goal is scored as a way to also embrace the players in celebration.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: Being a "barra brava", the Geral do Grêmio has differences with the ultras. On games they bring a band consisting of percussion and blowing instruments, dictating the rhythm of the chants throughout the game, never stopping or sitting. Banners and flags are exhibited in the length of the sector in which they are located inside the stadium, bringing a unique identity to their supporters. Also, wherever possible, they use flare, smoke bombs, fire extinguishers, among other materials to encourage the team on the field. In the Arena do Grêmio, which opened in December 2012, the lower northern stand was built with no chairs, with the Geral crowd and its "avalanche" celebration in mind. Later the avalanche celebration was made impossible by the addition of security metal bars.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: As the years went on, Grêmio and another important Brazilian football club, Internacional, started to form a rivalry. Soon the games between these two clubs got their own name, Grenal, and resulted in record attendance. Now the games fill the streets of Porto Alegre with football-crazed fans.


title: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

text: In 1935, Eurico Lara, who was Grêmio's goalie, conceded a penalty kick. When the Internacional player was about to kick it, Lara's brother stopped the game and reminded him of his doctor's recommendation that he didn't overexert himself. He didn't listen. Soon the Internacional player took the shot. Lara caught it, but as soon as he did he fell sideways and didn't move. He was substituted after the wondrous save, and Grêmio won the game. But unfortunately he died two months later as a result of the fatigue from that game. Lara has been immortalized in the club anthem.


title: Terrace House

text: The first series, subtitled "", originally aired on Fuji Television's "Cool TV" segment from October 12, 2012, to September 29, 2014, after which the 2015 standalone film was released as a conclusion to the show. Subsequent series were produced as Fuji TV and Netflix co-productions, internationally premiering as a Netflix Original while also airing on Fuji Television within Japan. The second series, subtitled "," aired from September 2, 2015, to September 27, 2016, and moved the setting from the Shōnan area to central Tokyo. For the third series the show moved from Japan to Hawaii, airing from November 1, 2016, to August 29, 2017, under the subtitle "." The fourth series, subtitled as "", moved the show back to Japan in Nagano prefecture and aired from December 19, 2017, to February 12, 2019. The fifth and most recent series, "", began airing on May 14, 2019, and aired its last episode on May 19, 2020, when it was cancelled following the suicide of cast member Hana Kimura.


title: Terrace House

text: "Terrace House" is a reality television show that follows six strangers who move in together as they build friendships and relationships. The group is composed of three women and three men aged from their teens to their 30s. While not explicitly described as a dating show, "Terrace House" has been labeled as such by several reviewers. Viewing drama comes from watching members pursue romance and deal with the differences in their personalities, morals, hopes, and dreams.


title: Terrace House

text: The show provides access to a furnished house and two cars, all of which are equipped with cameras, in a fly on the wall style. While in "Terrace House", members keep their day jobs and are allowed to go about their daily lives as they please. Occasionally, the cameras will also provide insight into the members' personal lives, their workplace, friends, and family, but heavily focuses on capturing dates between housemates and meaningful group events. Should one of the housemates decide to permanently leave the show, a new member of the same gender is invited to join upon the previous housemate's departure.


title: Terrace House

text: A group of studio commentators introduce each episode and watch along with the viewer, providing real-time commentary. At regular intervals, the show cuts to the panel as they analyze conversations, decipher members' body language, and joke about the last 10 minutes of footage.


title: Terrace House

text: In a December 2017 interview with "Metropolis", former "Aloha State" castmate Lauren Tsai referred to "Terrace House" as "probably the least real reality show." She claimed that the film crew only showed up a few hours a day (and not even every day) or when there was a notable excursion, like a date or group outing, and that the housemates were told not to talk for the remaining 20 or so hours of the day. Although confirming it is unscripted, Tsai said the crew told them in general what topics to talk about and through editing told a story; "they don't tell us exactly what to say, but they know what kind of story they want to edit in their minds, so they force the content to be created." "Metropolis" later deleted these parts of the online article.


title: Terrace House

text: Following the death of Hana Kimura in May 2020, "The New York Times" reported that all "Terrace House" cast members sign non-disclosure agreements barring them from talking about what happens behind the scenes. Three former housemates interviewed by the "Times" alleged staff manipulation of events. However, at least two others said they never received any specific instructions, with one explaining that the cast members themselves would often behave differently for the cameras. Hana's mother, Kyoko Kimura, alleged that "Terrace House" producers pressured her daughter to act violently on camera. "The Japan Times" reported that Fuji TV admitted that cast members sign an agreement with a provision in which they "have to agree to all instructions and decisions regarding scheduling and the way the scenes are shot," including how these are edited afterward, but that there was "no coercion" and the producers did not give any instructions to cast members that would have "manipulated them emotionally." They also said that the production team "did not demand the cast fully comply with all of its instructions," but if a cast member was found to violate the terms of the agreement and affect production of the show, they would have to pay for damages incurred.


title: Terrace House

text: "Terrace House" received praise for bringing reality back to reality television, with the lack of drama making the show distinctive, relaxing, and addictive. "GQ" magazine described the show as "the reality show for people who hate reality shows," adding it will take over your life as you become heavily invested in minute happenings.


title: Terrace House

text: Troy Patterson of the "New Yorker" praised the slow-burning action which is "sparked by the honest friction of minor personality flaws and conflicting personal needs," commenting that the show is closer to a nature documentary than to the exploitation films that people now expect from reality television: "If the producers massage their interactions with an eye toward creating conflict, they do so with the subtlest hand the genre has ever seen." In Justin McElroy's review for "Polygon", he lauded the show as infinitely fascinating: "In a reality TV landscape cluttered by fame-hungry pseudo-human caricatures, "Terrace House" stands alone by simply letting actual humans be delightfully, heartbreakingly human." Andrew Ridker, writing for "The New York Times Magazine", described the show as staggeringly banal yet capable of genuine literary excellence. On the compelling nature of the housemates Ridker stated, "I found myself identifying with the housemates in a powerful way. Their lives are just so "real"." In "The Guardian"s review titled ""Terrace House": the must-watch Japanese reality show in which nothing happens", Rachel Aroesti describes the show as a sleeper hit and attributed its success to the comforting viewing experience, describing it as meditative in nature. Aroesti went on to describe the show as an example of truth being more compelling than fiction, "For everybody who has been consistently disappointed with the gulf between the principles of reality TV and the actual reality, "Terrace House" might be the genre’s saving grace." Writing for BBC News, Yvette Tan suggests the success of "Terrace House" is due to its mutedness: "It's quiet and calm on the eyes. It's got soothing colours, the people are nice and speak in more muted tones." Tan suggests this contrast against other "neon" reality TV, which shouts for attention with bright colours and loud contestants, is part of "Terrace House's" appeal as a reality TV antidote.


title: Terrace House

text: "Terrace House"s studio commentators have been cited as a highlight of the show and for setting it apart from other reality TV series. Reviewers also note how they provide international viewers with context on Japanese cultural nuances. Lindsey Weber of "Elle" wrote that "by watching 'with' you and reacting alongside, the gang amplifies the awkward, funny, and (their description, not mine) utterly Japanese moments" and proves that every reality show should have a panel of commentators. The Ringer's Nicole Bae noted that the commentators also "provide a level of consistency to anchor the show. For a series as staid as "Terrace House", the hosts offer a dose of wit to keep the proceedings lively."


title: Terrace House

text: The show was described by Clio Chang in "Esquire" as "the perfect show to watch with your mum" due to its PG approach to dating. Chang comments the shows tensions ultimately revolve around small differences in each character’s personality and morals, which makes "Terrace House" "just the right level of drama to dissect with your mother after dinner."


title: Terrace House

text: On the success of "Terrace House's" seemingly drama free approach to reality TV, Dr Griseldis Kirsch, senior lecturer in contemporary Japanese culture at the School of Oriental and African Studies commented "I think one reason why the show might be so appealing is that we're able to relate more to the people in the show. You're able to imagine yourself in their shoes."


title: Terrace House

text: Judy Berman of "Time" listed "Terrace House: Opening New Doors" at number six on a list of the best TV shows of 2018.


title: Terrace House

text: During the initial run of "Boys × Girls Next Door" on Fuji Television audience share increased from an average of 5.5% at the start of the series to 6.9% at the end. Episode 74 had the highest viewing figures with an audience share of 9.1%. While Netflix doesn’t publicly release its viewer data, Netflix Japan content manager Kaata Sakamoto told Buzzfeed News the show had exceeded their expectations in terms of international viewership.


title: Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan

text: It was founded in October 2017 as a split from the Democratic Party ahead of the 2017 general election. In late 2020, the party was re-founded following a merger with majorities of the Democratic Party for the People and the Social Democratic Party as well as some independent lawmakers. As of 2021, the CDP is considered the primary opposition party in Japan and is the second largest party in the National Diet behind the ruling Liberal Democratic Party.


text: The party was formed in the run up to the 2017 general election from a split of the centre-left wing of the opposition Democratic Party (DP). Prior to the election on 28 September 2017, the DP House of Representatives caucus dissolved in order for party members to stand as candidates for Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike's Party of Hope or as independents in the upcoming election.


text: The new party was launched on 2 October 2017 by DP deputy leader Yukio Edano at a press conference in Tokyo for liberals and left-leaning members of the DP who do not wish to, or were rejected for, contesting the election as candidates for the Party of Hope.


text: On 3 October 2017, it was announced that the new party would not contest seats where former Democrats were running as Party of Hope candidates, a gesture which was not returned when the Party of Hope ran a candidate in Edano's incumbent district. The Japanese Communist Party (JCP), in turn, pulled their own candidate from running in Edano's district so as to not take away votes from him. The party won a total of 55 seats, becoming the leading opposition party and leading the pacifist bloc (including the JCP and Social Democratic Party) to become the largest opposition bloc.


text: On 19 August 2020, the CDP announced that it would merge with the majority of the Democratic Party for the People (DPP) as well as some independent Diet members in September of that year.


text: On 10 September 2020, the new party elected Edano as leader and also voted to retain the CDP name. Following the merger, the new CDP had a total of 149 members and held 107 seats in the House of Representatives, compared to 156 members and 96 seats held by the Democratic Party in 2016. The independents who joined the CDP in this merger included former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. Several conservative DPP members, including DPP president Yuichiro Tamaki, did not join the CDP and instead formed their own party.


text: On 14 November 2020, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) voted to agree to a merger arrangement with the CDP, allowing SDP members to leave the party and join the CDP. However, SDP leader Mizuho Fukushima was opposed to the merger agreement and as a result remains in the Social Democratic Party.


text: The CDP contested the 2021 general election in an electoral pact co-operating with the JCP, Reiwa Shinsengumi and continuing DPP and SDP parties in fielding single opposition candidates in single-seat constituencies. Edano resigned as party leader following the election on 2 November 2021, due to poorer than expected electoral results in which the CDP fell from 110 to 96 seats.


text: Kenta Izumi was elected as the leader of the CDP in the 2021 Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan leadership election on 30 November 2021. Formerly a member of the Democratic Party for the People he said that the two parties are regarded by the public as "close" and "thought to be like brothers" and "expressed support for a tie-up" between the two.


text: The CDP has been described as liberal and social-liberal, and in favour of constitutionalism. The party has also been described as progressive and centre-left, and following its enlargement in 2020 has variously been described as centrist or centre-left. Within the CDP, there are conservative politicians, as well as social-democratic politicians.


text: At launch in 2017, the CDP opposed the proposed revision of Article 9 of Japan's postwar constitution. The party supports the phasing out of nuclear energy in Japan, and government investment in renewable energy. The party does not support the legalization and maintenance of casinos. The party also supports "building a society that supports each other and makes full use of individuality and creativity." In their 2017 political programme, the party expressed support for grassroots democracy and diplomatic pacifism.


text: In 2019, the party pledged to support LGBT rights and the legalization of same-sex marriage in Japan.


text: The party supported a freeze in the increase of the consumption tax as of 2017, and supports a temporary consumption tax cut as of 2020, along with higher taxes on corporations and wealthy individuals. In the run-up to the 2021 general election, party leader Edano stated his party's support for redistribution of wealth. The 2021 election platform also offered support for progressive taxation, a pledge for additional welfare payments for citizens on low incomes, and raising the capital gains tax rate to 25% by 2023.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Juan Ronel Toscano-Anderson (born April 10, 1993) is a Mexican-American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Marquette Golden Eagles. He won the NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in 2022.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Born in East Oakland, California, Toscano-Anderson's father is African-American, and his mother is Mexican-American; his maternal grandfather immigrated to the U.S. from Michoacán in the 1960s. Toscano-Anderson grew up speaking Spanish and celebrating Mexican holidays as well as American holidays since he was born and raised in the United States. His current jersey number of 95 is a tribute to his boyhood home on Oakland's 95th Avenue.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: During his high school and college years, Toscano-Anderson self identified as Juan Anderson for simplicity reasons. As a senior, he led Castro Valley High School to a record-setting campaign in the 2010-11 season, posting the program's most wins in a season with a record of 30-2 and claimed its first league and North Coast Section titles. The team also advanced to the Northern California Division I title game. Toscano-Anderson averaged 16.6 points, 7.0 rebounds, and 5.0 assists per game during the season and was subsequently named first team all-league, all-metro, and third team all-state. Toscano-Anderson was ranked 61st in the country by Rivals.com among all 2011 basketball recruits.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson began playing for Marquette in the 2011-12 NCAA season. He was inactive for Marquette's first three games of the regular season due to an NCAA suspension, and he made his collegiate debut against Mississippi on November 20, 2011. During a game versus Wisconsin, Toscano-Anderson made his first collegiate field goal during seven minutes off the bench, while adding five rebounds and an assist in a win. Toscano-Anderson missed a game against Green Bay scheduled on December 10 due to a shoulder injury. Toscano-Anderson picked up his first collegiate steal and scored two points versus St. John's on January 11, 2012. Toscano-Anderson played a then career-high 10 minutes versus Rutgers on February 22, contributing two points, two rebounds, two steals and his first collegiate blocked shot. Against West Virginia on February 24, Toscano-Anderson picked up three defensive rebounds in just 11 minutes of playing time.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson played 21 minutes in the season-opener versus Colgate on November 11, 2012 and contributed nine points and nine rebounds, which were career-highs. He made his first collegiate start versus Butler on November 19 during the 2012 Maui Invitational Tournament, pitching in five points and six rebounds in a then career-high 22 minutes. Toscano-Anderson blocked a career-high two blocks and added three rebounds against Green Bay on December 19, 2012. Toscano-Anderson scored a season-high nine points versus North Carolina Central on December 29, scoring three field goals and three free throws, which both were career-highs. During a game versus Providence on January 26, 2013, Toscano-Anderson shot 75% from the field, including a career-best two 3-pointers to score nine points while collecting a game-high three steals. While playing a game versus DePaul on February 9, Toscano-Anderson grabbed four rebounds and collected one block. Toscano-Anderson started the game versus Davidson during the second round of the 2013 NCAA tournament, seeing 16 minutes of action, grabbing a pair of rebounds in Marquette's 59-58 over Davidson on March 23. Toscano-Anderson subsequently received the Darius Johnson-Odom "Sacrifice For The String" Award during team's postseason banquet.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson shot 4-of-6 from the field and had a career-high 11 points and five assists in just 16 minutes of action versus Grambling State on November 12, 2013. During the game versus New Hampshire on November 21, Toscano-Anderson got 5 rebounds, with four of his five rebounds coming on the offensive glass while simultaneously adding three steals and three assists. Toscano-Anderson played a career-high 26 minutes at Wisconsin on December 7, 2013, matching his career-high with four field goals, finishing with eight points, six rebounds and a steal. Toscano-Anderson scored 10 points while matching a career-high with a team-best nine rebounds versus George Washington on December 29.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson scored 16 points and also led the team with seven rebounds and a game-high four steals versus UT Martin on November 14, 2014. He scored a career-high 23 points on 11-of-15 shooting from the field versus Omaha on November 22, leading the team in rebounds (8), blocks (2), and steals (3), while adding four assists. Toscano-Anderson matched a career-high 9 rebounds while registering a game-high 20 points, including a career-best 8-of-13 free throws versus NJIT on November 24. During the Orlando Classic, playing against Georgia Tech on November 27, Toscano-Anderson posted 12 points, 6 rebounds, and 2 steals in the win. He also set a career-high 7 assists in a win over Arizona State on December 16 and a career-high 13 rebounds against North Dakota on December 22. Toscano-Anderson recorded 12 points and seven boards, four of which were offensive, in 38 minutes versus Butler on January 31, 2015. Toscano-Anderson was inactive for the first time all year versus Villanova on February 21, but returned to play limited minutes in the next three games, culminating with a return to the starting lineup on senior day to help the Golden Eagles win over DePaul on March 7. Toscano-Anderson went 3-of-3 for regular field goals, grabbing five boards, and passing for two assists as Marquette won against Seton Hall, 78-56 during the first round action of the 2015 Big East tournament on March 11. Toscano-Anderson subsequently concluded the 2014-15 NCAA season as the team's leading rebounder at 5.7 per game, second leading amount of blocks with 12, and ranked third in the team for steals at 35. His overall field goal percentage of 49 percent placed him second on the team, but the most of any Marquette player that attempted a 3-pointer throughout the season.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: After going undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft, on September 2, 2015, Toscano-Anderson was reported to have joined Soles de Mexicali of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP).


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson appeared on the Venezuelan basketball team Bucaneros de La Guaira of the Liga Profesional de Baloncesto (LPB). In his first game with Bucaneros, he recorded 15 points, 3 rebounds, and 3 assists in a 68–91 losing effort to the Marinos B.B.C.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson was reported to be playing for Fuerza Regia de Monterrey in his second professional basketball season.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On October 22, 2018, Toscano-Anderson was included in the training camp roster of the Santa Cruz Warriors via local tryout. On November 1, 2018, he was included in the opening night roster of the Santa Cruz Warriors. He re-joined the Santa Cruz Warriors for the 2019–20 season.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On February 6, 2020, Toscano-Anderson signed a three year deal with the Golden State Warriors. On February 23, 2020, Toscano-Anderson recorded an NBA career high 16 points against the Pelicans.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On December 19, 2020, the Warriors released Toscano-Anderson. However, they re-signed him to a two-way contract on December 22. On February 9, 2021, Toscano-Anderson was awarded the 2019-20 NBA G League’s Community Assist Award for his continued commitment to positively impacting the lives of children and families throughout the 2019-20 season.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On February 19, 2022, Toscano-Anderson participated in the Slam Dunk Contest; he was the first NBA player of Mexican descent to do so.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On June 16, 2022, Toscano-Anderson won the 2022 NBA Finals with the Golden State Warriors of the NBA. He became the second basketball player of Mexican descent to win an NBA championship ring as a member of the Warriors in 2022. (He was preceded by Mark Aguirre, who won with the Detroit Pistons in 1989.)


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: On July 1, 2022, Toscano-Anderson signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. Upon his return to Golden State as an opponent on July 3, 2022, Toscano-Anderson received a standing ovation from the Bay Area crowd.


title: Juan Toscano-Anderson

text: Toscano-Anderson was a member of the Mexico national basketball team at the 2016 FIBA World Olympic qualifying tournament in Turin, Italy. On the Mexico national team, he played as Juan Toscano because that was the name on his Mexican passport and jersey.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: The mask of Tutankhamun is a gold mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun (reigned 1334–1325 BC). It was discovered by Howard Carter in 1925 in tomb KV62 in the Valley of the Kings, and is now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The death mask is one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Bearing the likeness of Osiris, Egyptian god of the afterlife, it is tall, weighs over or 321.5 troy ounces, and is decorated with semi-precious stones. An ancient spell from the "Book of the Dead" is inscribed in hieroglyphs on the mask's shoulders. The mask had to be restored in 2015 after its plaited beard fell off and was hastily glued back on by museum workers.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: According to the Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves, the mask is "not only the quintessential image from Tutankhamun's tomb, it is perhaps the best-known object from ancient Egypt itself." Since 2001, some Egyptologists have suggested that it may originally have been intended for Queen Neferneferuaten.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Tutankhamun's burial chamber was found at the Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 and opened in 1923. It would be another two years before the excavation team, led by the English archaeologist Howard Carter, was able to open the heavy sarcophagus containing Tutankhamun's mummy. On 28 October 1925, they opened the innermost of three coffins to reveal the gold mask, seen for the first time in approximately 3,250 years. Carter wrote in his diary:


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed – a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: The mask is tall, wide and deep. It is fashioned from two layers of high-karat gold, varying from in thickness, and weighing . X-ray crystallography conducted in 2007 revealed that the mask is primarily made of copper-alloyed 23 karat gold to facilitate the cold working used to shape the mask. The surface of the mask is covered in a very thin layer (approximately 30 nanometres) of two different alloys of gold: a lighter 18.4 karat shade for the face and neck, and 22.5 karat gold for the rest of the mask.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: The face represents the pharaoh's standard image, and the same image was found by excavators elsewhere in the tomb, in particular in the guardian statues. He wears a nemes headcloth, topped by the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture (Nekhbet), symbolising Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt respectively. The ears are pierced to hold earrings, a feature that appears to have been reserved for queens and children in almost all surviving ancient Egyptian works of art. The Egyptologist Zahi Hawass, a former Egyptian Minister of Antiquities, told "Al-Monitor" that the "theory about the ear piercing is unfounded because all the 18th Dynasty's rulers wore earrings during their period of rule."


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: The mask is inlaid with coloured glass and gemstones, including lapis lazuli (the eye surrounds and eyebrows), quartz (the eyes), obsidian (the pupils), carnelian, amazonite, turquoise, and faience.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: When it was discovered in 1925, the narrow gold beard, inlaid with blue glass, giving it a plaited effect, had become separated from the mask, but it was reattached to the chin using a wooden dowel in 1944.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: In August 2014, the beard fell off when the mask was taken out of its display case for cleaning. The museum workers responsible used quick-drying epoxy in an attempt to fix it, leaving the beard off-center. The damage was noticed in January 2015 and has been repaired by a German-Egyptian team who reattached it using beeswax, a natural material used by the ancient Egyptians.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: In January 2016, it was announced that eight employees of the Egyptian Museum were fined and faced discipline for allegedly ignoring scientific and professional methods of restoration and causing permanent damage to the mask. A former director of the museum and a former director of restoration were among those facing discipline.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: A protective spell is inscribed with Egyptian hieroglyphs on the back and shoulders in ten vertical and two horizontal lines. The spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom, 500 years before Tutankhamun, and was used in Chapter 151 of the "Book of the Dead".


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Thy right eye is the night bark (of the sun-god), thy left eye is the day-bark, thy eyebrows are (those of) the Ennead of the Gods, thy forehead is (that of) Anubis, the nape of thy neck is (that of) Horus, thy locks of hair are (those of) Ptah-Sokar. (Thou art) in front of the Osiris (Tutankhamun). He sees thanks to thee, thou guidest him to the goodly ways, thou smitest for him the confederates of Seth so that he may overthrow thine enemies before the Ennead of the Gods in the great Castle of the Prince, which is in Heliopolis … the Osiris, the King of Upper Egypt Nebkheperure [Tutankhamun's throne-name], deceased, given life by Re.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Osiris was the Egyptian god of the afterlife. Ancient Egyptians believed that kings preserved in the likeness of Osiris would rule the Kingdom of the Dead. It never totally replaced the older cult of the sun, in which dead kings were thought to be reanimated as the sun-god Re, whose body was made of gold and lapis lazuli. This confluence of old and new beliefs resulted in a mixture of emblems inside Tutankhamun's sarcophagus and tomb.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Although it is usually removed when the mask is on display, it has a triple-string necklace of gold and blue faience disc-beads with lotus flower terminals and uraeus clasps.


title: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Several of the objects in Tutankhamun's tomb are thought to have been adapted for Tutankhamun's use after originally being made for either of two pharaohs whose short reigns preceded his: Neferneferuaten, who was probably Nefertiti, and Smenkhkare. Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves argues that the mask was one of these objects. He says that the pierced ears indicate that the mask was intended for a female pharaoh, which Neferneferuaten was; that the slightly different composition of the underlying alloy of the face (23.2 karats) suggests it was made independently from the rest of the mask (23.5 karat alloy); and that the cartouches on the mask show signs of being altered from Neferneferuaten's name to Tutankhamun's. Reeves argues that the nemes-headcloth, collar, and ears of the mask were made for Neferneferuaten but that the face, which was made as a separate piece of metal and matches other portrayals of Tutankhamun, was added later, replacing an original face that presumably represented Neferneferuaten. However, Christian Eckmann, the metal conservation expert who carried out the restoration in 2015, says there are no signs that the face is composed of a different gold than the rest of the mask or that the cartouches have been altered.


title: Henry's law

text: In physical chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henry's law constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the early 19th century.


title: Henry's law

text: An example where Henry's law is at play is in the depth-dependent dissolution of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood of underwater divers that changes during decompression, leading to decompression sickness. An everyday example is given by one's experience with carbonated soft drinks, which contain dissolved carbon dioxide. Before opening, the gas above the drink in its container is almost pure carbon dioxide, at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. After the bottle is opened, this gas escapes, moving the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above the liquid to be much lower, resulting in degassing as the dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of the solution.


title: Henry's law

text: In his 1803 publication about the quantity of gases absorbed by water, William Henry described the results of his experiments:


title: Henry's law

text: Charles Coulston Gillispie states that John Dalton "supposed that the separation of gas particles one from another in the vapor phase bears the ratio of a small whole number to their interatomic distance in solution. Henry's law follows as a consequence if this ratio is a constant for each gas at a given temperature."


title: Henry's law

text: Under high pressure, solubility of increases. On opening the bottle to atmospheric pressure, solubility decreases and the gas bubbles are released from the liquid.


title: Henry's law

text: It is often noted that beer served by gravity (that is, directly from a tap in the cask) is less heavily carbonated than the same beer served via a hand-pump (or beer-engine). This is because beer is pressured on its way to the point of service by the action of the beer engine, which causes carbon dioxide to dissolve in the beer. This then comes out of solution once the beer has left the pump, causing a higher level of perceptible 'condition' in the beer.


title: Henry's law

text: Concentration of in the blood and tissues is so low that they feel weak and are unable to think properly, a condition called hypoxia.


title: Henry's law

text: In underwater diving, gas is breathed at the ambient pressure which increases with depth due to the hydrostatic pressure. Solubility of gases increase at depth in accordance with Henry's law, so the body tissues take on more gas over time until saturated for the depth and vice versa. When ascending the diver is decompressed and the solubility of the gases dissolved in the tissues decreases accordingly. If the supersaturation is too great, bubbles may form and grow, and the presence of these bubbles can cause blockages in capillaries, or distortion in the more solid tissues which can cause damage known as decompression sickness. To avoid this injury the diver must ascend slow enough that the excess dissolved gas is carried away by the blood and released into the lung gas.


title: Henry's law

text: There are many ways to define the proportionality constant of Henry's law, which can be subdivided into two fundamental types: One possibility is to put the aqueous phase into the numerator and the gaseous phase into the denominator ("aq/gas"). This results in the Henry's law solubility constant formula_1. Its value increases with increased solubility. Alternatively, numerator and denominator can be switched ("gas/aq"), which results in the Henry's law volatility constant formula_2. The value of formula_2 decreases with increased solubility. IUPAC describes several variants of both fundamental types. This results from the multiplicity of quantities that can be chosen to describe the composition of the two phases. Typical choices for the aqueous phase are molar concentration (formula_4), molality (formula_5), and molar mixing ratio (formula_6). For the gas phase, molar concentration (formula_7) and partial pressure (formula_8) are often used. It is not possible to use the gas-phase mixing ratio (formula_9) because at a given gas-phase mixing ratio, the aqueous-phase concentration formula_4 depends on the total pressure and thus the ratio formula_11 is not a constant. To specify the exact variant of the Henry's law constant, two superscripts are used. They refer to the numerator and the denominator of the definition. For example, formula_12 refers to the Henry solubility defined as formula_13.


title: Henry's law

text: Here formula_15 is the concentration of a species in the aqueous phase, and formula_8 is the partial pressure of that species in the gas phase under equilibrium conditions.


title: Henry's law

text: The SI unit for formula_12 is mol/(m·Pa); however, often the unit M/atm is used, since formula_15 is usually expressed in M (1M = 1 mol/dm) and formula_8 in atm (1atm = 101325Pa).


title: Henry's law

text: The Henry solubility can also be expressed as the dimensionless ratio between the aqueous-phase concentration formula_15 of a species and its gas-phase concentration formula_21:


title: Henry's law

text: Sometimes, this dimensionless constant is called the "water–air partitioning coefficient" formula_26. It is closely related to the various, slightly different definitions of the "Ostwald coefficient" formula_27, as discussed by Battino (1984).


title: Henry's law

text: Here formula_6 is the molar mixing ratio in the aqueous phase. For a dilute aqueous solution the conversion between formula_6 and formula_15 is:


title: Henry's law

text: It can be advantageous to describe the aqueous phase in terms of molality instead of concentration. The molality of a solution does not change with formula_25, since it refers to the "mass" of the solvent. In contrast, the concentration formula_38 does change with formula_25, since the density of a solution and thus its volume are temperature-dependent. Defining the aqueous-phase composition via molality has the advantage that any temperature dependence of the Henry's law constant is a true solubility phenomenon and not introduced indirectly via a density change of the solution. Using molality, the Henry solubility can be defined as


title: Henry's law

text: Here formula_5 is used as the symbol for molality (instead of formula_42) to avoid confusion with the symbol formula_42 for mass. The SI unit for formula_44 is mol/(kg·Pa). There is no simple way to calculate formula_12 from formula_44, since the conversion between concentration formula_15 and molality formula_5 involves "all" solutes of a solution. For a solution with a total of formula_49 solutes with indices formula_50, the conversion is:


title: Henry's law

text: where formula_52 is the density of the solution, and formula_53 are the molar masses. Here formula_5 is identical to one of the formula_55 in the denominator. If there is only one solute, the equation simplifies to


title: Henry's law

text: Henry's law is only valid for dilute solutions where formula_57 and formula_58. In this case the conversion reduces further to


title: Henry's law

text: According to Sazonov and Shaw, the dimensionless Bunsen coefficient formula_61 is defined as "the volume of saturating gas, V1, reduced to T° = 273.15 K, p° = 1 bar, which is absorbed by unit volume V* of pure solvent at the temperature of measurement and partial pressure of 1 bar." If the gas is ideal, the pressure cancels out, and the conversion to formula_12 is simply


title: Henry's law

text: with formula_64 = 273.15K. Note, that according to this definition, the conversion factor is "not" temperature-dependent. Independent of the temperature that the Bunsen coefficient refers to, 273.15K is always used for the conversion. The Bunsen coefficient, which is named after Robert Bunsen, has been used mainly in the older literature, and IUPAC considers it to be obsolete.


title: Henry's law

text: According to Sazonov and Shaw, the Kuenen coefficient formula_65 is defined as "the volume of saturating gas V(g), reduced to T° = 273.15 K, p° = bar, which is dissolved by unit mass of pure solvent at the temperature of measurement and partial pressure 1 bar." If the gas is ideal, the relation to formula_12 is


title: Henry's law

text: where formula_52 is the density of the solvent, and formula_64 = 273.15 K. The SI unit for formula_65 is m/kg. The Kuenen coefficient, which is named after Johannes Kuenen, has been used mainly in the older literature, and IUPAC considers it to be obsolete.


title: Henry's law

text: A common way to define a Henry volatility is dividing the partial pressure by the aqueous-phase concentration:


title: Henry's law

text: The Henry volatility can also be expressed as the dimensionless ratio between the gas-phase concentration formula_21 of a species and its aqueous-phase concentration


title: Henry's law

text: In chemical engineering and environmental chemistry, this dimensionless constant is often called the "air–water partitioning coefficient"


title: Henry's law

text: A large compilation of Henry's law constants has been published by Sander (2015). A few selected values are shown in the table below:


title: Henry's law

text: When the temperature of a system changes, the Henry constant also changes. The temperature dependence of equilibrium constants can generally be described with the van 't Hoff equation, which also applies to Henry's law constants:


title: Henry's law

text: where formula_78 is the enthalpy of dissolution. Note that the letter formula_79 in the symbol formula_78 refers to enthalpy and is not related to the letter formula_79 for Henry's law constants. Integrating the above equation and creating an expression based on formula_82 at the reference temperature formula_83 = 298.15 K yields:


title: Henry's law

text: The van 't Hoff equation in this form is only valid for a limited temperature range in which formula_78 does not change much with temperature (around 20K of variations).


title: Henry's law

text: Solubility of permanent gases usually decreases with increasing temperature at around room temperature. However, for aqueous solutions, the Henry's law solubility constant for many species goes through a minimum. For most permanent gases, the minimum is below 120 °C. Often, the smaller the gas molecule (and the lower the gas solubility in water), the lower the temperature of the maximum of the Henry's law constant. Thus, the maximum is at about 30 °C for helium, 92 to 93 °C for argon, nitrogen and oxygen, and 114 °C for xenon.


title: Henry's law

text: The Henry's law constants mentioned so far do not consider any chemical equilibria in the aqueous phase. This type is called the "intrinsic", or "physical", Henry's law constant. For example, the intrinsic Henry's law solubility constant of formaldehyde can be defined as


title: Henry's law

text: For acids and bases, the effective Henry's law constant is not a useful quantity because it depends on the pH of the solution. In order to obtain a pH-independent constant, the product of the intrinsic Henry's law constant formula_90 and the acidity constant formula_91 is often used for strong acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl):


title: Henry's law

text: Although formula_93 is usually also called a Henry's law constant, it is a different quantity and it has different units than formula_90.


title: Henry's law

text: Values of Henry's law constants for aqueous solutions depend on the composition of the solution, i.e., on its ionic strength and on dissolved organics. In general, the solubility of a gas decreases with increasing salinity ("salting out"). However, a "salting in" effect has also been observed, for example for the effective Henry's law constant of glyoxal. The effect can be described with the Sechenov equation, named after the Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov (sometimes the German transliteration "Setschenow" of the Cyrillic name Се́ченов is used). There are many alternative ways to define the Sechenov equation, depending on how the aqueous-phase composition is described (based on concentration, molality, or molar fraction) and which variant of the Henry's law constant is used. Describing the solution in terms of molality is preferred because molality is invariant to temperature and to the addition of dry salt to the solution. Thus, the Sechenov equation can be written as


title: Henry's law

text: where formula_96 is the Henry's law constant in pure water, formula_44 is the Henry's law constant in the salt solution, formula_98 is the molality-based Sechenov constant, and formula_99 is the molality of the salt.


title: Henry's law

text: Henry's law has been shown to apply to a wide range of solutes in the limit of "infinite dilution" ("x" → 0), including non-volatile substances such as sucrose. In these cases, it is necessary to state the law in terms of chemical potentials. For a solute in an ideal dilute solution, the chemical potential depends only on the concentration. For non-ideal solutions, the activity coefficients of the components must be taken into account:


title: Henry's law

text: For non-ideal solutions, the infinite dilution activity coefficient "γ" depends on the concentration and must be determined at the concentration of interest. The activity coefficient can also be obtained for non-volatile solutes, where the vapor pressure of the pure substance is negligible, by using the Gibbs-Duhem relation:


title: Henry's law

text: By measuring the change in vapor pressure (and hence chemical potential) of the solvent, the chemical potential of the solute can be deduced.


title: Henry's law

text: The standard state for a dilute solution is also defined in terms of infinite-dilution behavior. Although the standard concentration "c"° is taken to be 1 mol/L by convention, the standard state is a hypothetical solution of 1 mol/L in which the solute has its limiting infinite-dilution properties. This has the effect that all non-ideal behavior is described by the activity coefficient: the activity coefficient at 1 mol/L is not necessarily unity (and is frequently quite different from unity).


title: Henry's law

text: All the relations above can also be expressed in terms of molalities "b" rather than concentrations, e.g.:


title: Henry's law

text: The standard chemical potential "μ"°, the activity coefficient "γ" and the Henry's law constant "H" all have different numerical values when molalities are used in place of concentrations.


title: Henry's law

text: Henry's law solubility constant formula_105 for a gas 2 in a mixture M of two solvents 1 and 3 depends on the individual constants for each solvent, formula_106 and formula_107 according to:


title: Henry's law

text: Where formula_109, formula_110 are the molar ratios of each solvent in the mixture and a is the interaction parameter of the solvents from Wohl expansion of the excess chemical potential of the ternary mixtures.


title: Henry's law

text: A similar relationship can be found for the volatility constant formula_111, by remembering that formula_112 and that, both being positive real numbers, formula_113, thus:


title: Henry's law

text: For a water-ethanol mixture, the interaction parameter a has values around formula_115 for ethanol concentrations (volume/volume) between 5% and 25%.


title: Henry's law

text: In geochemistry, a version of Henry's law applies to the solubility of a noble gas in contact with silicate melt. One equation used is


title: Henry's law

text: Henry's law is a limiting law that only applies for "sufficiently dilute" solutions, while Raoult's law is generally valid when the liquid phase is almost pure or for mixtures of similar substances. The range of concentrations in which Henry's law applies becomes narrower the more the system diverges from ideal behavior. Roughly speaking, that is the more chemically "different" the solute is from the solvent.


title: Henry's law

text: For a dilute solution, the concentration of the solute is approximately proportional to its mole fraction "x", and Henry's law can be written as


title: Henry's law

text: At first sight, Raoult's law appears to be a special case of Henry's law, where "H" = "p"*. This is true for pairs of closely related substances, such as benzene and toluene, which obey Raoult's law over the entire composition range: such mixtures are called ideal mixtures.


title: Henry's law

text: The general case is that both laws are limit laws, and they apply at opposite ends of the composition range. The vapor pressure of the component in large excess, such as the solvent for a dilute solution, is proportional to its mole fraction, and the constant of proportionality is the vapor pressure of the pure substance (Raoult's law). The vapor pressure of the solute is also proportional to the solute's mole fraction, but the constant of proportionality is different and must be determined experimentally (Henry's law). In mathematical terms:


title: Cuckquean

text: A cuckquean is the wife of an adulterous husband (or partner for unmarried companions), and the gender-opposite of a cuckold. In evolutionary biology, the term is also applied to females who are investing parental effort in offspring that are not genetically their own. Similar prying within a family is called "wittoldry". The term is derived from Early Modern English dating back to AD 1562.


title: Cuckquean

text: A cuckquean fetishist is aware of her partner's activity, sometimes actively encouraging it, and derives sexual pleasure from it. Among some fetishists, the cuckquean's humiliation or victimization is a major element of the paraphilia.


title: Cuckquean

text: In the fetish cuckqueaning subculture, the male takes on the role of being sexually dominant, while the female takes on a submissive role. The wife usually only becomes involved with the man or his lover when he permits it—sometimes remaining altogether celibate.


title: Cuckquean

text: Cuckqueanry (and cuckolding) is commonly depicted as a heteronormative sexual fantasy and/or activity played out between a husband and wife, but can involve any number of gender and sexual orientations When the fetish is simply androphilic or heterosexual, the wife has sex only with her husband; when it is bi-sexual, the wife has sex with both her husband and the other woman, or only with the other woman.


title: Cuckquean

text: The fetish specifics can range wildly. Sometimes the husband and his lovers can treat the cuckquean lovingly; sometimes it involves nothing but swinging, swapping husbands or sharing a lover. But when it goes beyond this, the fetish can require that the cuckquean be humiliated or debased. Sometimes this may be accidental or incidental (e.g., the parties involved are too aroused to stop), but at other times the humiliation may be intentional, and the husband and his lovers act out a story or perform a ritual in which they force the cuckquean to perform humiliating acts, or enter into circumstances that debase her.


title: Cuckquean

text: Lehmiller (2020) differentiates between fantasies about watching one's partner have sex with someone else as "voyeuristic cuckolding" and fantasies about having sex with someone else while one's partner watches as "exhibitionistic cuckolding," with women more likely to fantasize about exhibitionistic cuckolding than to fantasize about voyeuristic cuckolding"."


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter is a Christian young Earth creationist theme park that opened in Williamstown, Kentucky, United States in 2016. The centerpiece of the park is a large representation of Noah's Ark, based on the Genesis flood narrative contained in the Bible. It is long, wide, and high.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter is operated by Answers in Genesis (AiG), a young Earth creationist (YEC) organization that also operates the Creation Museum away in Petersburg, Kentucky. Ken Ham, an Australian creationist and CEO of AiG founded the park. The theme park promotes pseudoscientific young Earth creationist beliefs about the age of the universe, age of the Earth, and co-existence of humans and non-avian dinosaurs.


title: Ark Encounter

text: After feasibility studies projected that the park would be a boon to the state's tourism industry, Ark Encounter received tax incentives from the city, county, and state to induce its construction. This drew criticism from groups concerned with the separation of church and state. A dispute over AiG's hiring practices was adjudicated in U.S. federal court, which found in 2016 that the organization could require Ark Encounter employees to sign a statement of faith as a condition of their employment, prompting criticism of the park's discriminatory hiring practices.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The ark contains 132 bays, each standing about high, arranged into three decks. Visitors enter on the lowest deck and move between decks on ramps constructed through the center of the ark. Bays on the first deck contain models of some animals that AiG believes could have been on the ark; there are no live animals within the exhibit, though there is a petting zoo on the grounds. The models are meant to represent "kinds" of animals, which AiG says gave rise to modern animals after the flood. Prior to the Ark's opening, media outlets reported it would feature models of dinosaurs and "Biblical unicorns".


title: Ark Encounter

text: The second deck contains more animal models, along with dioramas of Noah's workshop and a blacksmith. Bays on the third deck contain displays presenting what AiG believes might have happened inside and outside the ark during the flood. Displays in three of the bays include artifacts from the Green Collection and promote the Museum of the Bible, a Washington, D.C. attraction constructed by the Green family, who donated to the Ark Encounter's construction.


title: Ark Encounter

text: RoadsideAmerica.com rated the displays depicting the sinful state of the world before the flood, including a priest sacrificing an infant to an unnamed snake god and people fighting a giant and a dinosaur in a gladiatorial arena, as among the most memorable exhibits in the attraction.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The ark is held off the ground by a series of concrete towers. The starboard side of the hull merges into three masonry towers containing stairwells, elevators, and restrooms.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Besides the Ark Encounter itself, there are a handful of other attractions within the theme park, including Emzara's Kitchen, a two-story, buffet-style restaurant with a capacity of 1,500 guests, making it one of the largest restaurants in the world. Also featured are ziplining, a virtual reality theater, and the Ararat Ridge zoo, which features a petting zoo and a variety of wild animals such as kangaroos and camels.


title: Ark Encounter

text: On December 1, 2010, the young Earth creationism group Answers in Genesis (AiG) and the for-profit corporation Ark Encounter, LLC announced that they would partner to build a theme park called Ark Encounter that, as they claimed, would "lend credence to the biblical account of a catastrophic flood and to dispel doubts that Noah could have fit two of every kind of animal onto a 500-foot-long ark". The partners projected that the fully completed park would cost $150 million, which they intended to raise privately.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Under a program enacted by the Kentucky General Assembly in 2010, Ark Encounter investors applied for Economic Development Incentives that would allow them to recoup 25 percent of the project's construction costs by keeping a portion of the park's sales taxes during its first ten years of operation. Receipt of the incentives would be contingent upon Ark Encounter meeting established performance goals upon opening. A press release from Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear's office cited a feasibility study commissioned by Ark Encounter, LLC and conducted by consumer research corporation America's Research Group Limited, Inc.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The company had also conducted the feasibility study for AiG's Ark Encounter and an attitudinal survey included in Ken Ham's book "Already Gone"; ARC founder C. Britt Beemer was credited as a co-author of the book. This projected the park could employ 900 people, attract as many as 1.6 million visitors in its first year of operation, and generate a $214 million economic impact for the region. The group selected an parcel near Interstate 75 in Grant County, Kentucky, near the city of Williamstown and about from AiG's Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The city of Williamstown designated a radius around the Ark Encounter site as a tax increment financing district, meaning 75 percent of sales and property taxes collected in the district would return to Ark Encounter for a period of 30 years. Employees working in the district would also pay a 2 percent employment tax over the same time frame that would go to the Ark Encounter.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The Grant County Industrial Development Authority paid Ark Encounter, LLC $195,000 to compensate the corporation for the fact that word of their interest in building the attraction in Grant County had leaked early, causing land prices to double in the area. Further, the Grant County Fiscal Court discounted the sale price of of the site to influence the final selection.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Citing the proffered incentives, Ark Encounter, LLC made the Grant County site their final selection and scheduled groundbreaking for August 2011. Plans for additional phases of the park include a model of the Tower of Babel, along with replicas of an ancient walled city and a first-century Middle Eastern village.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter, LLC finalized the purchase of the entire Ark Encounter site in February 2012. At that time, AiG announced the decision to construct the park in phases, saying it had raised only $5 million of the $24 million needed to begin construction. The first phase included a full-scale model of Noah's Ark and a petting zoo. Plans for five subsequent phases included replicas of an ancient walled city, a first-century Middle Eastern village, and the Tower of Babel; an aviary; and a 500-seat special effects theater.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In December 2013, the city of Williamstown offered $62 million using tax increment financing of bonds to jump-start construction on the Ark Encounter. The unrated bonds were backed by the Ark Encounter's projected future revenues, but the city was not liable for repaying them in the event that the revenues did not materialize. At the time of the offering, Ark Encounter, LLC had raised approximately $14 million toward construction of the park.


title: Ark Encounter

text: A group of atheist objectors to the Ark Encounter attempted to disrupt the offering by registering for the sale themselves and conducting a public relations campaign against the bonds. In early January 2014, only $26.5 million in bonds had been sold; if at least $55 million in bonds were not sold by February 6, all of the bonds would be automatically redeemed.


title: Ark Encounter

text: On February 27, 2014, AiG founder Ken Ham announced that his February 4 debate on the viability of creationism with TV personality Bill Nye "the Science Guy" had spurred bond sales, and that the Ark Encounter had raised enough money to begin construction. AiG officials said the final cost of the park at its opening exceeded $100 million, including $62 million from the Williamstown bond offering and $36 million from individual donations. The second phase of the park construction was projected to commence in 2018 or 2019.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The 2014 Kentucky General Assembly allocated $1.15 million to Grant County for road improvements to accommodate the heavier traffic expected to be generated by the Ark Encounter. The Assembly also projected the need for $9.1 million in 2017 to improve the Interstate 75 interchange at Williamstown, but this allocation was beyond the scope of the state's two-year road funding plan. The 2016 General Assembly allocated $10 million to create a new interchange between Kentucky Route 36 (KY 36) and Interstate 75.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Until the improvements are completed, AiG is paying for workers to direct traffic on KY 36 near the Ark Encounter. After the initial allocation by the state, AiG invested $500,000 of its own money into improving KY 36; this, and better-than-expected traffic flow, led to the Kentucky Department of Transportation scaling back the proposed improvements, awarding a $3.5 million contract in December 2017. The project was projected to be completed November 2, 2018.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In July 2014, with the approved tax incentives set to expire if work on the park had not begun, Ark Encounter withdrew the approved application and filed a new one to receive incentives on the $73 million first phase. The new application required a new feasibility study to be conducted. AiG paid for the study, again conducted by Hunden Strategic Partners, which projected a more conservative 400,000 visitors a year, 787 new jobs, and a $40 million economic impact.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Shortly after the application was given preliminary approval by the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority, Kentucky House Speaker Greg Stumbo said he believed the incentives to be unconstitutional. He added that he expected the state to be sued and lose a costly lawsuit over the issue.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Cary Summers, who headed Herschend Family Entertainment from 1992 to 1998, was hired as the lead consultant for the Ark Encounter. Patrick Marsh, who helped design exhibits for the Creation Museum and previously designed attractions for Universal Studios Florida, was part of the planning and design team. The Troyer Group, a construction firm in Mishawaka, Indiana, was contracted to oversee construction of the ark, which was constructed by Amish builders using traditional timber framing techniques. In total, over 1,000 craftsmen were employed in the ark's construction. As possible, board pulling was used rather than steaming. Steel nails were used to conform with building code regulations.


title: Ark Encounter

text: While the builders originally planned to hold the ark together with wooden pegs, modern building codes required the builders to use steel fasteners, thus 95 tons of metal plates and bolts were used to connect the wood together. The electric lighting inside was designed to look like oil lamps. According to AiG, the Ark Encounter is the largest timber frame structure in the United States.


title: Ark Encounter

text: AiG considered twelve different possible lengths for the biblical cubit, and AiG chose to use a length of ; this produced plans for an ark measuring long, wide, and high. The Ark Encounter consists of approximately of wood. The framing of the ark consists mostly of Engelmann spruce, while the exterior is made of pine; some of the logs were as long as long and in diameter.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The park's structures and infrastructure were constructed using environmentally friendly Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified methods, including geothermal heating, rainwater capture, active and passive solar heating. "The Washington Post" wrote that the decision to use such techniques was exemplary of "a fundamental shift in how religiously conservative Christians think of two basic biblical ideas: dominion and stewardship".


title: Ark Encounter

text: Construction crews began clearing timber from the site late in 2012 in order to remove the shagbark hickory trees before the endangered Indiana bats migrated to the area to nest in them. Much of the wood used to build the Ark Encounter was sourced from renewable forests or trees infested by beetles. During construction, former President Jimmy Carter toured the Ark Encounter, accepting an invitation from LeRoy Troyer, president of the Troyer Group.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter opened on July 7, 2016, a date (7/7) chosen to correspond with Genesis 7:7: "And Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives entered the ark to escape the waters of the flood." AiG also announced that, for the first 40 days and 40 nights of Ark Encounter's operation – an allusion to the inundation period (rain and subterranean hydrological eruptions) of the biblical flood – it would extend its hours of operation, offering day and evening tickets. On July 5, AiG held a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Ark Encounter, during which members of the media and an estimated 7,000 donors to the project were given an early tour of the ark. According to the park's publicists, there were 30,000 visitors in its first six days of operation (an average of 5,000 per day).


title: Ark Encounter

text: Tri-State Freethinkers planned to protest the Ark Encounter's opening with a nearby billboard depicting people drowning around Noah's Ark with the caption "Genocide and Incest Park: Celebrating 2,000 years of myths", but billboard companies Lamar Advertising Company and Event Advertising and Promotions LLC rejected the design. "The Courier-Journal" reported that approximately 150 opponents of the Ark Encounter gathered near the highway exit to protest the park on its opening day. Eric Hovind of Creation Today led a counter-protest during which he offered to pay for any of the ark protesters to tour the ark; the "Northern Kentucky Tribune" reported that 21 anti-ark protesters accepted Hovind's offer.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The next day, popular science communicator Bill Nye accepted Ken Ham's invitation to tour the Ark Encounter, and they had an informal debate as they toured the structure. Nye stated, "It's all very troubling. You have hundreds of school kids there who have already been indoctrinated and who have been brainwashed. (...) This is about the absolutely wrong idea that the Earth is 6,000 years old that's alarming to me." Earlier in the debate, Ham stated, "My biggest concern is you're teaching generations of young people that they're just animals." Footage from Nye's visit was subsequently included in the documentary film "", which was released in 2017.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The Freedom From Religion Foundation, an organization that advocates for the separation of church and state, sent letters to over 1,000 public school districts in Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana and West Virginia warning them not to organize field trips to the Ark Encounter, arguing that such trips would "expose children to religious proselytizing in violation of the constitutional separation of church and state."


title: Ark Encounter

text: Grant County, Kentucky Education Commissioner Stephen Pruitt responded that approval of field trips is a decision of local school boards but that such trips should be directly related to curriculum. He said it is not appropriate for "outside third parties to dictate field trip selections." Contending that FFRF was incorrect in their assertion, Ham posted on his blog that he would encourage public school groups to visit the ark by offering admission of $1 per child and no charge for accompanying teachers for the remainder of 2016.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The Tri-State Freethinkers has protested annually at the Ark Encounter on the anniversary of its opening, citing its hiring practices, anti-evolution teachings, and acceptance of state tax incentives as causes for protestors' concerns. Local media coverage estimated the size of the 2018 protest to be between 120 and 200 people.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In December 2016, for the holiday season, AiG lit the Ark with rainbow colors, the purpose being to "reclaim the symbol from the gay rights movement" and remind viewers of the Noahic covenant. In February 2017, Ken Ham announced AiG would permanently continue the rainbow lighting. Permanent lights were installed in July 2017. AiG also plans to open a "Rainbow Garden" near the petting zoo where flowers create a rainbow display.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In November 2017, construction began on a 2,500-seat theater on the park's grounds. The theater was originally projected to be completed in time to host the "Equipping Families to Stand" conference, scheduled for July 18, 2018, but construction has been delayed, and the building was subsequently projected to open before the end of 2018. AiG also announced a new children's play area scheduled to open in spring 2019 and an expansion to the petting zoo, projected to open by mid-2019.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The Ark Encounter's dispute with the FFRF that began upon the former's opening continued, with the latter sending letters to 1,000 school districts surrounding the attraction after AiG offered free admission to school trips.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In May 2019, Ark Encounter filed a federal lawsuit against its five insurance carriers for not covering nearly $1 million in damages from roadway failure subsequent to rain. According to the lawsuit, an access road was damaged by heavy rains in 2017 and 2018, which caused a landslide. Insurance companies cited an exclusion for correcting design deficiencies or faulty workmanship. The suit asked for compensatory and punitive damages. The ark itself was not damaged in the incident, and the attraction remained open to visitors. The insurance company, Allied World, applied to separate the "breach-of-contract" claims from the "bad-faith claims" but the court rejected the request. The case was settled in August 2020 when lawyers for both sides requested that the case be dismissed. Settlement details were not made public.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Pursuant to an executive order from Kentucky governor Andy Beshear closing all non-essential businesses in the state, Ark Encounter was temporarily closed on March 17, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the closure, AiG staff conducted events on Facebook Live, but no visitors were allowed in the park, and many of its staff members were temporarily laid off. After Beshear lit the governor's mansion with green lights as a show of solidarity and compassion for the victims of COVID-19, AiG lit the Ark Encounter green as well. Upon reopening on June 8, AiG limited the number of visitors allowed in the park to one-third of its capacity to facilitate social distancing and observed other sanitation guidelines recommended by the Commonwealth of Kentucky.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In August 2020, Ark Encounter officials announced it would host a Christian music festival the following year that would last "40 days and 40 nights." Also in August 2020, Ark Encounter opened a new $3 million virtual reality experience called the "Truth Traveler".


title: Ark Encounter

text: In July 2021, Ark Encounter announced expansion plans. These plans included a Tower of Babel attraction, an indoor scale model of what Jerusalem may have looked like during the time of Jesus, and a themed carousel. According to Ham, the Tower of Babel attraction is intended to confront racism by showing that humanity is descended from a common ancestor (monogenism).


title: Ark Encounter

text: On October 22, 2016, the Ark Encounter hosted the premiere of evangelist Ray Comfort's film "The Atheist Delusion".


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ozzy Osbourne and his son, Jack, visited the Ark Encounter in April 2017 to film an episode of their reality television series "Ozzy & Jack's World Detour". The episode, entitled "Kentucky Fried Osbournes", aired on A&E on November 29, 2017.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter was designated the "Sight of the Week" for January 1–7, 2018, by Doug Kirby's RoadsideAmerica.com. The site gave Ark Encounter its highest rating ("The Best"), noting, "the Ark is an attraction that should be visited -- if only because it's unlikely that you'll ever visit anything else like it." The review characterized the ark as "a very nuts-and-bolts "American" Ark, with Noah and his clan in the mold of self-sufficient Pilgrims and innovative pioneers" (emphasis in original).


title: Ark Encounter

text: On February 17, 2020, PBS aired a documentary about the Ark Encounter entitled "We Believe in Dinosaurs". The filmmakers stated that their intention was to produce "a non-judgmental look at the Ark Encounter and its history", but upon release, Ken Ham called the film "an agenda-driven propaganda piece that does not rise to the level of a real documentary". Filmmakers Monica Long Ross and Clayton Brown followed the story line of a "religious organization creating their own alternative science in a legitimate looking museum."


title: Ark Encounter

text: The Ark Encounter was chosen as the Best Religious Museum in the 2020 USA Today/10Best.com Readers Choice Awards; its sister attraction, the Creation Museum, was ranked second.


title: Ark Encounter

text: AiG initially predicted yearly attendance for the attraction of 1.4–2.2 million people. After a year of operation, AiG reported attendance of about 1 million, attributing the lower number to opening in the middle of tourist season.


title: Ark Encounter

text: On February 24, 2017, Executive Director of the Grant County Chamber of Commerce Jamie Baker stated that the Ark had drawn additional tourism to the area, and that the challenge now was to expand accommodation and other local amenities in order to convert this into economic growth for the county. In March, the Northern Kentucky Convention and Visitors Bureau presented the Ark Encounter with its Star of Tourism award for 2016.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Bureau President Eric Summe reported a $23 million increase in visitor spending in nearby Boone, Kenton, and Campbell counties in 2016 over 2015, the year that the region hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game; Summe attributed a large part of the increase in spending and hotel occupancy to the opening of the Ark Encounter and an expansion of its sister attraction, AiG's Creation Museum. In June 2017, Mayor Jim Wells of Dry Ridge, Kentucky stated that the Ark Encounter had a positive effect on the town, with hotel occupancy rates increasing from 60 to 98 percent since the opening of the attraction.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In July 2018, Nashville-based Athena Hospitality Group broke ground on a hotel and restaurant development in Dry Ridge, citing the need for more accommodations for Ark Encounter visitors as the motivation. The planned development will accommodate three hotels and three restaurants, with the first hotel, an 80-room Comfort Suites projected to open in the third quarter of 2019.


title: Ark Encounter

text: At the end of Ark Encounter's second year, July 2017 to June 2018, AiG reported an attendance of 1 million visitors for the year. County tax revenue (called "safety assessment") from paid ticket sales reflected approximately 860,000 paid admissions. The balance were young children and people with long-term passes, who did not require paid ticket entry. Because the city of Williamstown based their annual budget on AiG's attendance projections, the city was forced to readjust its budget downward when the number of paying guests fell short of 1 million.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In 2020, Williamstown Mayor Rick Skinner noted that Ark attendance had been averaging about ten percent higher than the city had forecast until its temporary closure due to COVID-19. At the end of the fiscal year, revenue from the safety assessment fell twenty percent short of projections.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In 2021, Ark Encounter returned to its 2019 attendance numbers and set record attendance numbers for certain days during the summer. Local businesses were booming as a result of increased tourism to Ark Encounter and Creation Museum. In April 2021, the Ark Encounter and Creation Museum were preparing to welcome their 10 millionth visitor altogether.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Organizations dedicated to supporting the separation of church and state were divided on the question of providing tax incentives for the Ark Encounter. Barry W. Lynn of Americans United for Separation of Church and State opined that "The government should not be giving tax incentives for religious projects. Religion should be supported by voluntary donations, not the government." Bill Sharp, the staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, replied that "Courts have found that giving such tax exemptions on a nondiscriminatory basis does not violate the establishment clause, even when the tax exemption goes to a religious purpose."


title: Ark Encounter

text: Edwin Kagin of American Atheists brought up the difficulty of litigating against the incentives provided by state laws, saying, "The legislation is so drafted that they will give this incentive to any organization that is going to increase tourism in Kentucky, and there's no question whatsoever that this group will." The editorial board of the "Lexington Herald-Leader" wrote that "Ark Encounters is a private company seeking to make a profit off of a biblical theme. As such, it seems as entitled to apply for incentives from promised profits as any other private, for-profit company in Kentucky." Still, the board was critical of using the incentives to attract low-paying jobs and to facilitate construction of an attraction it characterized as hostile "to science, knowledge and education", which could be off-putting to "the kind of employers that will provide good-paying jobs with a future".


title: Ark Encounter

text: Governor Beshear favored the incentives, stating "The people of Kentucky didn't elect me governor to debate religion. They elected me governor to create jobs," Beshear said, adding, "There's nothing even remotely unconstitutional about a for-profit organization coming in and investing $150 million to create jobs in Kentucky and bring tourism to Kentucky." Responding to an open records request by the "Lexington Herald-Leader", Beshear's office later admitted it had not seen the feasibility study cited in its press release, and an administration representative said that the state tourism department would have to conduct its own study in order for the park to be eligible for the incentives.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The state-commissioned study by Hunden Strategic Partners and paid for by Ark Encounter, LLC, projected that the park would draw nearly 1.4 million visitors a year, but could require the state to widen the Interstate 75 interchange at Williamstown, at an additional cost to the state of about $11 million. In an editorial in late December 2010, "The Courier-Journal" questioned the potential cost to the state government of the project, including highway upgrades and the likelihood that increases to hospitality industry infrastructure would seek further subsidies. In May 2011, the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority voted unanimously to grant incentives of up to $43.1 million to Ark Encounter, LLC. for the project, by then projected to cost $172 million.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In June 2017, Grant County Judge Executive Stephen P. Wood told the "Lexington Herald-Leader" that the tax incentives offered to the Ark Encounter were "a really bad deal for taxpayers". Although the valuation of the property within Ark Encounter's tax increment financing district increased from $1.3 million in 2011 to $55 million in 2017, under the terms of its deal with Ark Encounter, the county only retained $63,000 of the $250,000 in property taxes collected within the district, with the rest returning to the park. School taxes were exempted from the deal, and Grant County Schools saw a 58% increase in property tax revenue from 2016 to 2017.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In April 2017, the city of Williamstown implemented a "safety assessment" of 50 cents per ticket sold at the Ark Encounter, the Williamstown Family Fun Park, and Main Street Gardens to upgrade the city's emergency equipment to sufficiently serve the attractions. AiG maintained that, as the largest of the three attractions, the assessment placed an undue share of the cost on Ark Encounter. After Williamstown officials rejected AiG's request to cap its share of the cost, first at $350,000 and later at $500,000, Ark Encounter LLC sold the main parcel of land for the attraction to its non-profit affiliate, Crosswater Canyon, for $10 and requested an exemption from the fee based on their status as a religious entity. County officials rejected that request.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In 2020, the "Grant County News and Express" reported that the Williamstown Family Fun Park had closed, and Main Street Gardens had become non-profit, exempting it from paying the safety assessment and leaving the Ark Encounter as the only business impacted. The assessment generated $432,776 in revenue for the city in the 2018–19 fiscal year, equaling 865,553 paid tickets for the fiscal year. The "News and Express" noted that this figure excluded children under 5 years old and lifetime members of the Ark Encounter, since neither group requires a paid ticket to enter.


title: Ark Encounter

text: The paper also noted that, in 2020, the Ark Encounter changed its pricing to allow free admission to children under 10 who visit the attraction with a paying adult; Williamstown Mayor Rick Skinner said that he believed this would attract more visitors to the park, offsetting any potential loss in city revenue from tickets that would have been sold to children between 6 and 10 years old.


title: Ark Encounter

text: On July 18, 2017, the state of Kentucky notified Ark Encounter that the sale of the property to Crosswater Canyon put them in breach of their agreement for $18 million in tax incentives. Three days later, Crosswater Canyon reversed the sale, transferring the land back to Ark Encounter, LLC for $10. On July 25, Ark Encounter said they would pay the safety assessment and had been collecting it on tickets sold beginning July 1.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In a public statement, AiG spokesman Mark Looy said, "The filing for an exemption as a religious non-profit (as permitted in the ordinance), was done in an attempt to get the county to change the wording as it currently stands, which would exempt the Ark Encounter. It was not to avoid paying its fair share, as some articles have suggested." AiG gave no official explanation for the transfer of land to or from Crosswater Canyon, which Williamstown officials had feared could be an attempt to avoid paying property taxes. The "Grant County News and Express" reported in December 2017 that the safety assessment had generated approximately $213,000 for the city in four months, with less than $500 of that amount being paid by attractions other than Ark Encounter.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In its first year of operation, Ark Encounter generated over $2.28 million in sales taxes for the state of Kentucky, a figure which excluded the period during which the attraction was owned by Crosswater Canyon. Ark Encounter received a rebate of $1.8 million of the collected taxes, the maximum amount allowed for the year under terms of its agreement with the state.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Americans United for the Separation of Church and State petitioned the Kentucky Tourism Development Finance Authority in August 2014 to withdraw its preliminary approval of tax incentives for the Ark Encounter because of AiG's hiring practices, which required all applicants to profess Christianity and sign a statement of faith attesting to their beliefs in young Earth creationism and that homosexuality is sinful among other requirements. Zovath countered that the Ark Encounter's hiring policies had not been written yet and that the hiring policies of AiG should not be a factor because Ark Encounter, LLC was the entity receiving the incentives.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In response to Americans United's petition, a spokesman for the Kentucky Tourism, Arts and Heritage Cabinet said, "As a condition of any incentive program, all projects must follow all state and federal laws, including all laws related to hiring." Following Americans United's petition, the "Lexington Herald-Leader" editorial board also called for the incentives to be rescinded.


title: Ark Encounter

text: In October, Kentucky Tourism Arts and Heritage Cabinet Secretary Bob Stewart wrote to AiG requesting "express written assurance from Ark Encounter that it will not discriminate in any way on the basis of religion in hiring for the project". Citing the Supreme Court's decision in "Burwell v. Hobby Lobby", which found that individuals had the right "to run their businesses as for-profit corporations in the manner required by their religious beliefs", AiG refused, insisting that Ark Encounter had the right to "include religion as a criteria in its future hiring decisions".


title: Ark Encounter

text: In December 2014, Stewart announced that the incentives would be withdrawn, because the facility was to be used for religious indoctrination instead of as a tourist attraction, and because of complaints of hiring discrimination. During the Christmas holidays, AiG conducted a billboard public relations campaign in support of the project in several metropolitan areas in Kentucky and a digital billboard in New York City's Times Square.


title: Ark Encounter

text: Ark Encounter LLC, filed a religious discrimination lawsuit against the state in February 2015. Freedom Guard chief counsel Mike Johnson represented AiG for free in the suit, which alleged the state of Kentucky violated Ark Encounter's First Amendment free speech rights by denying the incentives. AiG officials maintained that the incentives, potentially worth $18 million, were not necessary to complete construction of the ark, but they would accelerate the timeline for constructing additional phases of the Ark Encounter. After conservative Matt Bevin was elected to succeed Steve Beshear as governor in November 2015, Kentucky Senate Majority Leader Damon Thayer said he would encourage the new governor's administration to restore the tax incentives and render AiG's lawsuit moot, but Ham insisted that AiG preferred to have the matter adjudicated to set a legal precedent.


title: Ark Encounter

text: On January 25, 2016, Federal Judge Gregory F. Van Tatenhove of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky ruled in favor of AiG in the case of "Ark Encounter LLC et al. vs. Bob Stewart et al.", ordering the state to commence processing the application for the tax rebate incentives that would become available once the Ark Encounter opened. Bevin announced that the state would not appeal Van Tatenhove's decision, and later replaced four of the nine members on the Tourism Development Finance Authority. Ark Encounter began advertising to fill 300 to 400 jobs in the park in April 2016; applicants were required to sign a statement of faith before being hired. Two weeks later, the Tourism Development Finance Authority approved the incentives.


title: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.