title: John Frankenheimer

text: "The Extraordinary Seaman", based on a screenplay and story by Phillip Rock, is a spoof of war-time conventions and clichés which integrates newsreel clips from the period for comic effect.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer engages in a mock-heroic burlesque, titling the film's episodes “Grand Alliance”, “The Gathering Storm”, “Their Finest Hour”, The Hinge of Fate” and “Triumph and Tragedy”, borrowed from Winston Churchill's post-war memoirs.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Filmed during the Vietnam War, film historian Gerald Pratley discerns “a strong thematic relationship” between Frankenheimer's opposition to US invasion of Indo-China and "The Extraordinary Seaman". Frankenheimer recalls that he and screenwriter Phillip Rock “decided we could really use this premise [of a ghostly naval officer] to make an anti-war statement. I think we did, and it terrified MGM."


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer delayed the release of the film for two years, reportedly due its poor response among critics and “dismal screenings”, though Frankenheimer attributes the delay to legalities obtaining release of historic newsreel footage. The studio made only perfunctory efforts to promote and exhibit the film after "The Extraordinary Seaman"’s poor critical reviews and weak box-office response.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer approached his film adaption of Bernard Malamud's "The Fixer" with alacrity, obtaining the galleys for the 1966 novel in advance of its publication. The Fixer is based on the 1913 persecution and trial of the Jewish peasant Menahem Mendel Beilis, accused of Blood Libel during the reign of Czar Nicholas II


title: John Frankenheimer

text: "The Fixer" was widely praised by movie critics for Frankenhiemer's success in eliciting outstanding performances from Alan Bates as the brutalized Yakov Shepsovitch Bok, Dirk Bogarde as Boris Bibikov, his humane court appointed defense attorney, and David Warner as Count Odoevsky. Minister of Justice. Bates received his only Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in this role. Renata Adler of the New York Times observed “the direction, by John Frankenheimer, is powerful and discreet. It averts its eyes at the easy, ugly consummations of violence...and gives you credit for imagining the result.” This, despite Frankenheimer's admission that “there is a very violent scene in "The Fixer"”:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Whereas Frankenheimer was deeply gratified with his cinematic handling of Malamud's Pulitzer Prize winning work, declaring “I feel better about "The Fixer" than anything I’ve ever done in my life”, a number of movie critics registered severe critiques. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Ebert adds “What were needed were fewer self-conscious humanistic speeches... Frankenheimer should have shown us his hero's suffering, and the Kafkaesque legal tortures of the state, without commenting on them.”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Film critic Renata Adler singles out screenwriter and blacklist victim Dalton Trumbo for disparagement:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Adler concludes “it is not enough to put [Bok-Bates] in a few cliché predicaments...[the dialogue] becomes demeaning and vulgar when drawn out with hack-plot fiction approximations of eloquence.” Biographer Charles Higham dismisses the film, writing that “since the commercial failure of "Seconds" (1966), Frankenheimer's films have been mediocre, ranging from "The Fixer" (1968) to "The Horsemen" (1971).”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer became a close friend of Senator Robert F. Kennedy during the making of "The Manchurian Candidate" in 1962. In 1968, Kennedy asked Frankenheimer to make some commercials for use in the presidential campaign, at which he hoped to become the Democratic candidate. On the night he was assassinated in June 1968, it was Frankenheimer who had driven Kennedy from Los Angeles Airport to the Ambassador Hotel for his acceptance speech.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: "The Gypsy Moths" was a romantic drama about a troupe of barnstorming skydivers and their impact on a small midwestern town. The celebration of Americana starred Frankenheimer regular Lancaster, reuniting him with "From Here to Eternity" co-star Deborah Kerr, and it also featured Gene Hackman. The film failed to find an audience, but Frankenheimer claimed it was one of his favorites.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer followed this with "I Walk the Line" in 1970. The film, starring Gregory Peck and Tuesday Weld, about a Tennessee sheriff who falls in love with a moonshiner's daughter, was set to songs by Johnny Cash. Frankenheimer's next project took him to Afghanistan. "The Horseman" focused on the relationship between a father and son, played by Jack Palance and Omar Sharif. Sharif's character, an expert horseman, played the Afghan national sport of buzkashi.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: "Impossible Object", also known as "Story of a Love Story", suffered distribution difficulties and was not widely released. Next came a four-hour film of O'Neill's "The Iceman Cometh", in 1973, starring Lee Marvin, and the decidedly offbeat "99 and 44/100% Dead", a crime black comedy starring Richard Harris.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: With his fluent French and knowledge of French culture, Frankenheimer was asked to direct "French Connection II", set entirely in Marseille. With Hackman reprising his role as New York cop Popeye Doyle, the film was a success and got Frankenheimer his next job. "Black Sunday", based on author Thomas Harris's only non-Hannibal Lecter novel, involves an Israeli Mossad agent (Robert Shaw) chasing a pro-Palestinian terrorist (Marthe Keller) and a PTSD-afflicted Vietnam vet (Bruce Dern), who plan a spectacular mass-murder involving the Goodyear Blimp which flies over the Super Bowl. It was shot on location at the actual Super Bowl X in January 1976 in Miami, with the use of a real Goodyear Blimp. The film tested very highly, and Paramount and Frankenheimer had high expectations for it, but it was not a hit (with Paramount blaming the failure on the special effects work in the climax, and Universal Studios releasing the similarly themed thriller "Two-Minute Warning" only six months prior).


title: John Frankenheimer

text: In 1977, Carter DeHaven hired Frankenheimer to direct William Sackheim and Michael Kozoll's screenplay for "First Blood". After considering Michael Douglas, Powers Boothe, and Nick Nolte for the role of John Rambo Frankenheimer cast Brad Davis. He also cast George C. Scott as Colonel Trautman. However, the production was abandoned after Orion Pictures acquired its distributor Filmways, and Sackheim and Kozoll's script would be rewritten by Sylvester Stallone as the basis for Ted Kotcheff's 1982 film.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer is quoted in Champlin's biography as saying that his alcohol problem caused him to do work that was below his own standards on "Prophecy" (1979), an ecological monster movie about a mutant grizzly bear terrorizing a forest in Maine.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: In 1981, Frankenheimer travelled to Japan to shoot the cult martial-arts action film "The Challenge", with Scott Glenn and Japanese actor Toshiro Mifune. He told Champlin that his drinking became so severe while shooting in Japan that he actually drank on set, which he had never done before, and as a result he entered rehab on returning to America. The film was released in 1982, along with his HBO television adaptation of the acclaimed play "The Rainmaker".


title: John Frankenheimer

text: In 1985, Frankenheimer directed an adaptation of the Robert Ludlum bestseller "The Holcroft Covenant", starring Michael Caine. That was followed the next year with another adaptation, "52 Pick-Up", from the novel by Elmore Leonard. "Dead Bang" (1989) followed Don Johnson as he infiltrated a group of white supremacists. In 1990, he returned to the Cold War political thriller genre with "The Fourth War" with Roy Scheider (with whom Frankenheimer had worked previously on "52 Pick-Up") as a loose cannon Army colonel drawn into a dangerous personal war with a Soviet officer. It was not a commercial success.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Most of his 1980s films were less than successful, both critically and financially, but Frankenheimer was able to make a comeback in the 1990s by returning to his roots in television. He directed two films for HBO in 1994: "Against the Wall" and "The Burning Season" that won him several awards and renewed acclaim. The director also helmed two films for Turner Network Television, "Andersonville" (1996) and "George Wallace" (1997), that were highly praised.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer's 1996 film "The Island of Doctor Moreau", which he took over after the firing of original director Richard Stanley, was the cause of countless stories of production woes and personality clashes and received scathing reviews. Frankenheimer was said to be unable to stand Val Kilmer, the young co-star of the film and whose disruption had reportedly led to the removal of Stanley half a week into production. When Kilmer's last scene was completed, Frankenheimer reportedly said, "Now get that bastard off my set." He also stated, “There are two things I will never ever do in my whole life: I will never climb Mt. Everest and I will never work with Val Kilmer ever again.” The veteran director also professed that "Will Rogers never met Val Kilmer". In an interview, Frankenheimer refused to discuss the film, saying only that he had a miserable time making it.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: However, his next film, 1998's "Ronin", starring Robert De Niro, was a return to form, featuring Frankenheimer's now trademark elaborate car chases woven into a labyrinthine espionage plot. Co-starring an international cast including Jean Reno and Jonathan Pryce, it was a critical and box-office success. As the 1990s drew to a close, he even had a rare acting role, appearing in a cameo as a U.S. general in "The General's Daughter" (1999). He earlier had an uncredited cameo as a TV director in his 1977 film "Black Sunday".


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer's last theatrical film, 2000's "Reindeer Games", starring Ben Affleck, underperformed. But then came his final film, "Path to War" for HBO in 2002, which brought him back to his strengths – political machinations, 1960s America and character-based drama, and was nominated for numerous awards. A look back at the Vietnam War, it starred Michael Gambon as President Lyndon Johnson along with Alec Baldwin and Donald Sutherland. One of Frankenheimer's last projects was the 2001 BMW action short-film "Ambush" for the promotional series "The Hire", starring Clive Owen.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer was scheduled to direct "", but it was announced before filming started that he was withdrawing, citing health concerns. Paul Schrader replaced him. About a month later he died suddenly in Los Angeles, California, from a stroke due to complications following spinal surgery at the age of 72.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer was born into a politically conservative family and attended a Catholic military academy. He served as a junior officer in the US Air Force during the Korean War. In his youth, he briefly considered entering the priesthood.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: He came of age during the height of the Red Scare and the Anti-Communist House Un-American Activities Committee investigations during the early 1950s, a period that saw the blacklisting of left-wing filmmakers and screenwriters by the Hollywood studios. Frankenheimer's early liberal political sensibilities first manifested themselves in disputes with his conservative father, a stockbroker:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer's “liberal sensibility” emerged professionally when he began his apprenticeship in the early TV industry:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Film critic David Walsh notes that “any medium which emerged as the profit-driven property of large American corporations and under the close scrutiny of the US authorities in the midst of the Cold War, with its anticommunism, conformism and generally stagnant intellectual climate, would inevitably be deformed by those processes...Frankenheimer worked and apparently thrived within this overall artistic and ideological framework.”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: In a 1998 interview with film critic Alex Simon, Frankenheimer recalled that his first contact with Kennedy family politics occurred during the 1960 presidential campaigns:


title: John Frankenheimer

text: In light of Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, Frankenheimer lamented, "Then he was killed, and I'd always felt guilty about not having done that work for him early on."


title: John Frankenheimer

text: During his filming of "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962), Frankenheimer reports that he and producer/screenwriter George Axelrod were anxious that the Kennedy administration might object to the plot, which graphically depicts an assassination attempt on a liberal presidential candidate by a right-wing conspiracy. When cast member Frank Sinatra, a personal friend of Kennedy, was sent to sound out his reaction to the film, Kennedy (who had read the Richard Condon novel) responded enthusiastically: "I love The Manchurian Candidate. Who's going to play the mother?"


title: John Frankenheimer

text: When Frankenheimer began pre-production on his political thriller "Seven Days in May" (1964) in the summer of 1963, he approached Kennedy's press secretary, Pierre Salinger, to arrange to film a segment on location in vicinity of the White House. The story concerns a political coup organized by a fascistic Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (played by Burt Lancaster) to depose the liberal president (played by Fredric March) and install a military dictatorship. Kennedy approved the picture and accommodated Frankenheimer by withdrawing to his home in Hyannisport for the weekend during the White House shoot.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: As to whether Frankenheimer ever met Kennedy, the director offered contradictory versions. To biographer Gerald Pratley in 1968, Frankenheimer said, "I never had the pleasure of meeting [JFK] personally" but noted that Kennedy had fully supported the production of "Seven Days in May". In 1998, during an interview with film critic Alex Simon, Frankenheimer recalled that Kennedy purportedly said to Salinger, "if it's John Frankenheimer [directing "Seven Days in May"] I want to meet him." Frankenheimer adds, “So I met him, went to a press conference with him. He was wonderful to me.”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer regarded Kennedy's assassination as a profound calamity for America: “I think we lost our innocence as a country with John F. Kennedy's death.”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Film critics Joanne Laurier and David Walsh observe that “The Kennedy assassination marked a historical turning point. One of its aims, in which it ultimately succeeded, was to shift US government policies to the right and intimidate political opposition.”


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer's most significant bond with the Kennedys was his political and personal relationship with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, to whom he quickly committed his services during the 1968 presidential campaign: “When [Robert Kennedy] declared his candidacy in '68, I immediately called [campaign manager] Pierre Salinger and said ‘Pierre, I want to be part of this.’"


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer reports that he filmed Robert Kennedy's campaign appearances and coached the senator on improving his political persona, providing this support for Kennedy over three months in the spring of 1968.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Frankenheimer was devastated by RFK's assassination in June 1968, due in part to his proximity to the event. He had first been scheduled to accompany Kennedy through the Ambassador Hotel after the candidate's victory speech in the California primaries. Early news reports listed Frankenheimer as one of the wounded in Kennedy's entourage. Frankenheimer and spouse Evans Evans were waiting at a side entrance of the Ambassador Hotel to pick up Kennedy when he emerged from the press conference and drive him to their home. According to Frankenheimer, they witnessed police removing Sirhan Sirhan, later convicted of the shooting, from the premises, then discovered Kennedy had been mortally wounded.


title: John Frankenheimer

text: Traumatized by the event, Frankenheimer withdrew from politics, and after completing "The Gypsy Moths" (1969) moved to France to study the culinary arts. He recalled in 1998: “Yeah. I managed to finish one film, "The Gypsy Moths", but I just felt like 'What's the point? What does any of this really matter?' I mean, when you're a part of something like that and then all of the sudden it's taken away with just one bullet [snaps fingers]. It really makes you take stock in what's important...That's when I went to France, and that's when I went to Le Cordon Bleu, because I just had to do something else with my life, and I really couldn't go near politics for a long time after that.” Walsh comments:


title: Illeism

text: Illeism (from Latin "ille" meaning "he, that") is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person. It is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real-life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances.


title: Illeism

text: Early literature such as Julius Caesar's "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" or Xenophon's "Anabasis", both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity.


title: Illeism

text: In an essay, theologian Richard B. Hays challenged earlier findings that he disagrees with: "These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length."


title: Illeism

text: Illeism may also be used to show idiocy, as with the character Mongo in "Blazing Saddles", e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life"; though it may also show innocent simplicity, as it does with Harry Potter's Dobby the Elf ("Dobby has come to protect, even if he does have to shut his ears in the oven door"). The childlike Sesame Street character Elmo almost exclusively speaks in the third person.


title: Illeism

text: In the Babylonian Talmud and related texts, illeism is used extensively, often taking the form of the speaker utilizing the expression "hahu gavra" ("that man") when referring to himself.


title: Illeism

text: In different contexts, illeism can be used to reinforce self-promotion, as used to sometimes comic effect by Bob Dole throughout his political career ("When the president is ready to deploy, Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor", Bob Dole speaking about the Strategic Defense Initiative at the NCPAC convention, 1987). This was particularly made notable during the United States presidential election of 1996 and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards. Deepanjana Pal of "Firstpost" noted that speaking in the third person "is a classic technique used by generations of Bollywood scriptwriters to establish a character's aristocracy, power and gravitas".


title: Illeism

text: On the other hand, third person self-referral can be associated with self-deprecation, irony, and not taking oneself too seriously (since the excessive use of pronoun "I" is often seen as a sign of narcissism and egocentrism), as well as with eccentricity in general. Psychological studies show that thinking and speaking of oneself in the third person increases wisdom and has a positive effect on one's mental state because an individual who does so is more intellectually humble, more capable of empathy and understanding the perspectives of others, and is able to distance emotionally from one's own problems.


title: Illeism

text: Accordingly, in certain Eastern religions, like Hinduism, illeism is sometimes seen as a sign of enlightenment, since through it, an individual detaches their eternal self (atman) from their bodily form; in particular, Jnana yoga encourages its practitioners to refer to themselves in the third person. Known illeists of that sort include Swami Ramdas, Ma Yoga Laxmi, Anandamayi Ma, and Mata Amritanandamayi.


title: Illeism

text: A number of celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe, Alice Cooper, and Deanna Durbin, referred to themselves in the third person to distance their public persona from their actual self.


title: Illeism

text: Some parents use illeism (refer to themselves as "Daddy" or "Mommy") because very young children may not yet understand that the pronouns "I" and "you" refer to different people based on context. Toddlers acquiring speech often refer to themselves in third person before learning proper usage of the pronoun "I", and their speech evolves past using illeism once they develop a strong sense of self-recognition, often before age two.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Clint Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. He has eight known children by six women, only half of whom were contemporaneously acknowledged. Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring, and there have been wide discrepancies in the media regarding the number. His biographer, Patrick McGilligan, has stated on camera that Eastwood's total number of children is unclear and that "one was when he was still in high school."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood's first marriage was to manufacturing secretary Margaret Neville Johnson in December 1953, having met her on a blind date the previous May. During the courtship, he had an affair that resulted in his daughter, Laurie (born 1954), who was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle. While the identity of Laurie's biological mother is not public record, McGilligan said the mother belonged to a theatre group Eastwood participated in. Eastwood continued having affairs while married to Johnson, including a 1959 to 1973 liaison with stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis that produced a daughter, Kimber (born 1964).


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Johnson tolerated the open marriage with Eastwood, and eventually they had two children, Kyle (born 1968) and Alison (born 1972). In 1975, Eastwood and married actress-director Sondra Locke began living together; she had been in a marriage of convenience since 1967 with Gordon Anderson, an unemployed homosexual. Locke claimed that Eastwood sang "She made me monogamous" to her and confided he had "never been in love before." Nine years into their cohabitation, Eastwood officially divorced Johnson; Locke, however, remained married to Anderson until her death in 2018.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In an unpublicized affair, Eastwood sired two legally fatherless children, Scott (born 1986) and Kathryn (born 1988) with Jacelyn Reeves, a flight attendant. When Locke and Eastwood separated in 1989, Locke filed a palimony lawsuit and later sued for fraud, reaching a settlement in both cases.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: During the early-to-mid-1990s, Eastwood had a relationship with actress Frances Fisher that produced a daughter, Francesca (born 1993). Eastwood was married for the second time in 1996 to news anchor Dina Ruiz, who gave birth to their daughter Morgan that same year. Ruiz and Eastwood's marriage lasted until 2014. He has been seen with other women since then.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In a 2013 statement to "People", Eastwood's longtime manager, Leonard Hirshan, professed to have no knowledge of his client's personal life.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: During an interview for his sole authorized biography, Eastwood told film historian Richard Schickel that he lost his virginity to a neighbor when he was 14 years old. At age 19, Eastwood dated a schoolteacher in her 20s who stalked him and threatened to commit suicide after he broke up with her. Reflecting upon this relationship, Eastwood told "US Weekly" in 1987: "There was just a little misinterpretation about how serious the whole thing was."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In early 1953, Eastwood met Margaret Neville "Maggie" Johnson, a secretary for auto-parts suppliers Industria Americana, on a blind date in the San Francisco area. Johnson was scheduled to graduate from U.C. Berkeley that June. In the meantime, Eastwood left for Seattle, where "to please a girl he dug, he joined a Little Theatre group." According to Eastwood biographer Patrick McGilligan, the unnamed young woman became pregnant by Eastwood and gave their child, a girl, up for adoption. Daughter Laurie Murray (born February 11, 1954) was widely covered in the media at the December 2018 premiere of Eastwood's film "The Mule", the first time she was publicly identified as his daughter. Laurie was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle. According to her son Lowell Thomas Murray IV, Laurie's biological mother—whose identity is not publicly known—"never told Eastwood she was pregnant or spoke to him again.” On the contrary, McGilligan said that Eastwood discussed the woman's pregnancy with family and friends, then "handed money over to the woman and left for L.A."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Meanwhile, Johnson announced her engagement to Eastwood in October 1953. They married on December 19 in Pasadena, less than eight weeks before his Seattle girlfriend gave birth to Laurie.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Their marriage had problems. Schickel wrote, "He thought they were too young, not well enough established." Actress Mamie Van Doren later reported she had an affair with Eastwood while working on the film "Star in the Dust" in 1955. She starred and he played an uncredited bit role.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In 1959 during the second season of "Rawhide", Eastwood began a long-lasting affair (reportedly 14 years) with dancer and stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis. She was also married yet separated. Their relationship resulted in Eastwood's earliest legal child, daughter Kimber Eastwood (born Kimber Tunis; June 17, 1964). Kimber's existence was kept secret from the public until July 1989, when the "National Enquirer" revealed her identity. Her birth certificate does list Eastwood as the father, however.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Biographer Marc Eliot wrote that Eastwood's wife Johnson may not have known about the baby at the time: "It is difficult to say for sure that she actually knew about the baby, although it would have been nearly impossible for her not to. Everyone on the set knew ... and it is simply too difficult to keep a secret like that when the mother and the illegitimate child live in the same small town, especially when that small town is Hollywood." The source for the 1989 "Enquirer" article that originally broke the story claimed Johnson was aware of Kimber's existence at all times and even met Roxanne Tunis in person when making an unannounced visit to the set of "Breezy" in 1972. Actress Barbara Eden, a onetime "Rawhide" guest star and witness to the affair with Tunis, said Eastwood and Johnson "...conducted a somewhat open marriage." Eastwood hinted as much in a 1971 interview, telling reporter Tim Chadwick: "We don't believe in togetherness."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In 1992, Johnson granted a rare interview with biographer Douglas Thompson, talking generally about her ex-husband and his career, but had "no comment" when asked about Tunis. Neither Tunis nor any of her nine siblings have ever spoken to the media. However, sources close to the Tunis family agreed to be interviewed anonymously for McGilligan's book in the late 1990s. According to them, "Clint wanted to have a baby with his mistress. [...] When she became pregnant, Clint was ecstatic." This directly contradicts the earlier Schickel biography of 1996, which spun the tale that Eastwood didn't even realize Tunis was pregnant until after Kimber had been born.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Ria Brown, the biographer of competitive swimmer Anita Lhoest, claims Lhoest terminated a pregnancy by Eastwood without consulting him at one point during their late 1950s to early 1960s affair. Restaurant critic Gael Greene described an affair with Eastwood that started when she was assigned to interview him on the set of 1970's "Two Mules for Sister Sara". A fling with French model Cathy Reghin around the same time was one of his few extramarital involvements to receive press coverage of any kind during the fact. Another French model, Danielle Cotet, claimed a two-year relationship with Eastwood and got a walk-on role in "Paint Your Wagon", unbeknownst to the film's lead actress Jean Seberg, with whom Eastwood began an on-set affair that lasted about five months. According to McGilligan, Eastwood had many other affairs, including with co-stars Inger Stevens ("Hang 'Em High") and Jo Ann Harris ("The Beguiled"), as well as actresses Jill Banner, Catherine Deneuve and Susan St. James, columnist Bridget Byrne, socialite Joan Lundberg Hitchcock and singer Keely Smith while married to Johnson, who, after a trial separation and a lingering bout of hepatitis during the mid-1960s, expressed desire to reconcile and start a family. They had two children together: Kyle Eastwood (born May 19, 1968) and Alison Eastwood (born May 22, 1972).


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In 1972, Eastwood met married actress (later director) Sondra Locke at a meeting set up by mutual friend Jo Heims on the Universal Studios Lot. Her lifestyle was congruent to his, as she had married for societal purposes while conducting a succession of affairs that were withheld from public view. The two began living together during the production of "The Outlaw Josey Wales" in Page, Arizona, in October 1975, by which time, according to Locke, "He had told me that there was no real relationship left between him and Maggie." Locke wrote in her autobiography, "Clint seemed astonished at his need for me, even admitting that he'd never been faithful to one woman — because he'd "never been in love before," he confided. He even made up a song about it: 'She made me monogamous'. That flattered and delighted me. I would never doubt his faithfulness and his love for me."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: After "Josey" wrapped, Locke moved into the Sherman Oaks house Eastwood had once shared with Johnson (who by then lived full-time in Pebble Beach), but felt uncomfortable there because "psychologically, it would always be Maggie's." "Finally I told Clint that I couldn't live there any longer," wrote Locke. The couple moved to Bel-Air in a fixer-upper that took three years to renovate. In the interim they shuttled between homes in Tiburon, California and Sun Valley, Idaho, as well as the Rising River Ranch which Eastwood bought from Bing Crosby's estate. Locke had two abortions and then a tubal ligation during the late 1970s. She was quite reluctant to have the second abortion. She later said, "I couldn't help but think that that baby, with both Clint's and my best qualities, would be extraordinary.". Johnson made no secret of her dislike for Locke, even though the two women never met. "Maggie placed severe rules on my relationship with the kids. Apparently, she never forgave me. [...] After she learned that Clint had taken me onto her property to show me a baby deer that had just been born there, she laid down a rule that I was never to be allowed there again. I was not even allowed to phone the Pebble Beach house."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In late 1978, Johnson hired an attorney to file for legal separation from Eastwood. Earlier that year she had finally accepted the fact that Locke "was not like any of his affairs of their past." Divorce papers, however, would not be filed until May 18, 1984. The divorce was finalized on November 19, with Johnson receiving a straight cash payment reported to be between $25 and $30 million.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: For her part, Locke never divorced Gordon Anderson, her lawful husband since 1967. Anderson, a sculptor and former stage actor, was gay and resided with his partner in a West Hollywood home purchased by Eastwood. The Locke/Anderson union had always been a marriage of convenience only and was never consummated, according to court testimony. Locke said of the unorthodox arrangement: "I truly believed that Clint and I did not need papers to validate the commitments we had made to each other."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood and Locke reteamed onscreen for "The Gauntlet", "Every Which Way but Loose", "Bronco Billy", "Any Which Way You Can" and "Sudden Impact". According to former longtime associate Fritz Manes, Eastwood was devoted to her between 1976 and 1980 at the least, but discreetly kept up several "maintenance relationships" (such as with Tunis) during that period. "I marveled at it. It was absolute total, blind love," Manes said. According to Schickel, the relationship began to disintegrate when Locke chose to remain married to Anderson after Eastwood had divorced Johnson. Locke said she would've been willing to divorce Anderson if Eastwood agreed to go to couples therapy with her, but he refused.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: McGilligan claims Eastwood returned to his "habitual womanizing" in the early 1980s, becoming involved with story analyst Megan Rose, actress Jamie Rose (who played a bit part in "Tightrope"), animal rights activist Jane Brolin (who had intermittent liaisons with Eastwood between the early 1960s and late 1980s), and stewardess Jacelyn Reeves.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood was still cohabiting with Locke when he conceived two children with Reeves: son Scott Eastwood (born Scott Reeves; March 21, 1986) and daughter Kathryn Eastwood (born Kathryn Reeves; February 2, 1988). The birth certificates for both children read "father declined." Eastwood's affair with Reeves was not reported anywhere until an exposé article was published in the "Star" tabloid in 1990. Reeves reportedly stated, "Some family members tell me to file a paternity suit against Clint, but I don't want to." The children's existence continued to be ignored by mainstream news sources through the mid-2000s.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood's relationship with Locke (at the time, unaware of his infidelities) ended acrimoniously in April 1989, and the post-breakup litigation dragged on for a decade. Locke filed a palimony lawsuit against him after he changed the locks on their home and moved her possessions into storage when she was at work filming her second directorial feature, "Impulse". In court, Eastwood downplayed the intensity of their relationship. He described Locke as a "roommate" before quickly redescribing her as a "part-time roommate." Bill Brown, publisher of the "Carmel Pine Cone" newspaper and a golfing pal of Eastwood's, said despite the public animosity, "Clint told me not too long ago that Sondra was the love of his life." Locke's estranged half-brother Donald told "The Tennessean" that Eastwood still truly loved her, but could no longer take her "addiction" to husband Gordon Anderson.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Anticipating that Eastwood was going to misrepresent the marriage, Locke asked Anderson to surrender all claims on any of her assets that as her legal spouse he was entitled to. "In an extraordinary gesture of love and faith in me, Gordon signed away everything without hesitation." During the proceedings, an investigative journalist contacted Locke and informed her of Eastwood's other family. "I spoke with the nurse in the delivery room, and she confirmed that they are Clint's children. I'll send copies of the birth certificates to you and a photo of Jacelyn, if you want them," Locke quoted the informant. "My mind was still searching to get all his actions lined up. For at least the last four years, Clint had been living this double life, going between me and this other woman, and "having children with her". Two babies had been born during the last three years of our relationship, and they weren't mine."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: As the case progressed, Locke developed breast cancer and said the treatments sapped her will to fight. She dropped her suit in November 1990 in exchange for a settlement package that included a lump sum plus monthly payments from Eastwood and a $1.5 million directing deal at Warner Bros., but sued him again for fraud in 1995 when she became convinced the deal was a sham, finally settling out of court in September 1996.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood was listed as a material witness for Locke's separate pending action against Warner Bros., which alleged that the studio conspired with him to sabotage her directorial career, but in May 1999 that lawsuit too was settled, ending the legal saga. Over the following years, Locke made discrediting comments about Eastwood. She died in 2018, aged 74. At the time of her death, Locke had been legally married to Anderson for 51 years, leaving an estate worth $20 million.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Immediately following his split from Locke, Eastwood dated Barbra Streisand. Other female companions during 1989 included "White Hunter, Black Heart" co-star Marisa Berenson, Carmel mayor Jean Grace, actress Dani Crayne and model Barbara Minty, widow of Steve McQueen.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Eastwood's next major relationship was with Frances Fisher, an actress he had met on the set of "Pink Cadillac" in October 1988. The two quietly enjoyed a non-exclusive, intermittent affair for two years before going public with their romance in late 1990. Fisher retrospectively said of dating Eastwood: "I simply felt that this was it, the big one. I had no idea that every woman he meets probably feels as I did." They co-starred in "Unforgiven", and had a daughter, Francesca Eastwood (born Francesca Fisher-Eastwood; August 7, 1993), on the anniversary of that film's release. The birth of Francesca marked the first time Eastwood was present for one of his children's birth. Nevertheless, he made Fisher keep her pregnancy a secret until her last trimester, reasoning, "I don't want that kinda thing taking attention away from my Oscar race!"


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Despite being legally free to wed, the couple did not marry. About a month before their daughter was born, according to McGilligan, Eastwood was confronted with the claims of a 39-year-old woman from Kent, Washington who had researched her adoption and ascertained that he was her biological father. Eastwood has never responded to the story. Another strain on the relationship came when Fisher found out—not through him—about yet another secret brood with Jacelyn Reeves. Eastwood and Fisher ended their relationship in January 1995.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: In 2018, Francesca gave birth to a son named Titan Wraith. While Eastwood is a grandfather several times over, Titan is his first grandchild whose birth was announced.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Before Fisher had moved out of Eastwood's home, he was reportedly already dating Dina Ruiz, a television news anchor 35 years his junior whom he first met when she interviewed him in April 1993. It is not clear when exactly the two started seeing each other romantically. Eastwood took Ruiz to two high-profile golf tournaments in February 1995 without ever announcing that he and Fisher had broken up. Ruiz announced her engagement to Eastwood in January 1996.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: They married on March 31, when Eastwood surprised her with a private ceremony at a home on the Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. The marriage was noted for the fact that it was only Eastwood's second legal union in spite of his many long-term romances over the decades. Eastwood said of his bride, "I'm proud to make this lady my wife. She's the one I've been waiting for." Ruiz commented, "The fact that I'm only the second woman he has married really touches me." The couple has one daughter, Morgan Eastwood (born December 12, 1996).


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Ruiz made cameos in two of Eastwood's films: "Blood Work" and "True Crime" (in which Fisher even appeared). In the summer of 2012, Dina, Morgan and Francesca starred with the band Overtone in a reality show for the "E!" network titled "Mrs. Eastwood & Company", on which Clint appeared only occasionally. Also featured in the series was Dina's sister-in-law Jade Berti, granddaughter of comedy legend Groucho Marx. (By sheer coincidence, Marx's handprint square at Grauman's Chinese Theatre touches corners with Mr. Eastwood's; Berti viewed this as a sign of her relationship with Dina's brother, special effects coordinator Dominic Ruiz, being written "in stone and in the stars.") While promoting the show on "Chelsea Lately", Dina said jokingly: "I hope we're still married when this is over!" – a reference to the apparent trend that many marriages on reality TV end in divorce.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: On August 28, 2013, Dina Eastwood announced that she and her husband had been living separately for an undisclosed length of time. By fall, Eastwood's wife filed for divorce after she withdrew her request for legal separation, citing irreconcilable differences. She asked for full custody of their 16-year-old daughter, Morgan, as well as spousal support. The divorce was finalized on December 22, 2014.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Since his split from Ruiz, Eastwood has been linked publicly with photographer Erica Tomlinson-Fisher (no relation to Frances), 41 years his junior, and restaurant hostess Christina Sandera, 33 years his junior. He and Sandera went public with their relationship at the 87th Academy Awards in February 2015.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Laurie Murray, Kimber Tunis, and Scott and Kathryn Reeves are omitted from the Eastwood episode of A&E's "Biography" series, which first aired on October 5, 2003. The UK edition of "Clint: The Life and Legend" (1999) was the first publication to report Laurie's existence, although her name was not revealed, and she was not acknowledged by any media outlet until 2018.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Some sources, including a now-defunct website launched in 2006 by his cousin Steve, cite another child named Lesly (born February 13, 1959) by Rosina Mary Glen.


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: Publicly, Eastwood has been silent on claims of other offspring. "We don't know how many children Clint has had with how many women," McGilligan stated on-camera in the 2012 French documentary "L'album secret de Clint Eastwood". "One was when he was still in high school. [...] I heard of other possibilities." "Playboy" notes that "the number is unconfirmed and Eastwood is reticent about the issue."


title: Personal life of Clint Eastwood

text: When Steve Kroft asked Eastwood how many children he has in a 1997 "60 Minutes" interview, he replied, without further elaboration, "I have a few."


title: Demodex

text: Demodex is a genus of tiny mites that live in or near hair follicles of mammals. Around 65 species of "Demodex" are known. Two species live on humans: "Demodex folliculorum" and "Demodex brevis", both frequently referred to as eyelash mites, alternatively face mites or skin mites. Different species of animals host different species of "Demodex". "Demodex canis" lives on the domestic dog. The presence of "Demodex" species on mammals is common and usually does not cause any symptoms, although occasionally some skin diseases can be caused by the mites. "Demodex" is derived from Greek δημός "dēmos" "fat" and δήξ "dēx", "woodworm".


title: Demodex

text: "D. folliculorum" and "D. brevis" are typically found on humans. "D. folliculorum" was first described in 1842 by Simon; "D. brevis" was identified as separate in 1963 by Akbulatova. "D. folliculorum" is found in hair follicles, while "D. brevis" lives in sebaceous glands connected to hair follicles. Both species are primarily found in the face near the nose, the eyelashes, and eyebrows but also occur elsewhere on the body. "D. folliculorum" is occasionally found as a cause of folliculitis, although most people with "D. folliculorum" mites have no obvious ill effects.


title: Demodex

text: The adult mites are long, with "D. brevis" slightly shorter than "D. folliculorum". Each has a semitransparent, elongated body that consists of two fused segments. Eight short, segmented legs are attached to the first body segment. The body is covered with scales for anchoring itself in the hair follicle, and the mite has pin-like mouthparts for eating skin cells and oils that accumulate in the hair follicles. The mites can leave the follicles and slowly walk around on the skin, at a speed of per hour, especially at night, as they try to avoid light. The mites are transferred between hosts through contact with hair, eyebrows, and the sebaceous glands of the face.


title: Demodex

text: Females of "D. folliculorum" are larger and rounder than males. Both male and female "Demodex" mites have a genital opening, and fertilization is internal. Mating takes place in the follicle opening, and eggs are laid inside the hair follicles or sebaceous glands. The six-legged larvae hatch after 3–4 days, and the larvae develop into adults in about 7 days. The total lifespan of a "Demodex" mite is several weeks.


title: Demodex

text: Older people are much more likely to carry face mites; about a third of children and young adults, half of adults, and two-thirds of elderly people carry them. The lower rate in children may be because children produce less sebum, or simply have had less time to acquire the mite. A 2014 study of 29 people in North Carolina, USA, found that all of the adults (19) carried mites, and that 70% of those under 18 years of age carried mites. This study (using a DNA-detection method, more sensitive than traditional sampling and observation by microscope), along with several studies of cadavers, suggests that previous work might have underestimated the mites' prevalence. The small sample size and small geographical area involved prevent drawing broad conclusions from these data.


title: Demodex

text: The natural host of "D. canis" is the domestic dog. "D. canis" mites can survive on immunosuppressed human skin and human mites can infect immunosuppressed dogs, although reported cases are rare. Ivermectin is used for demodex mites requiring up to four treatments to eradicate in humans; although only one treatment is usually given to dogs to reduce mite count. Naturally, the "D. canis" mite has a commensal relationship with the dog, and under normal conditions does not produce any clinical signs or disease. The escalation of a commensal "D. canis" infestation into one requiring clinical attention usually involves complex immune factors. Under normal health conditions, the mite can live within the dermis of the dog without causing any harm to the animal. However, whenever an immunosuppressive condition is present and the dog's immune system (which normally ensures that the mite population cannot escalate to an infestation that can damage the dermis of the host) is compromised, it allows the mites to proliferate. As they continue to infest the host, clinical signs begin to become apparent and demodicosis/demodectic mange/red mange is diagnosed.


title: Demodex

text: Since "D. canis" is a part of the natural fauna on a canine's skin, the mite is not considered to be contagious. Many dogs receive an initial exposure from their mothers while nursing, during the first few days of life. The immune system of the healthy animal keeps the population of the mite in check, so subsequent exposure to dogs possessing clinical demodectic mange does not increase an animal's chance of developing demodicosis. Subsequent infestations after treatment can occur.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Anthony Patrick Hadley (born 2 June 1960) is an English pop singer. He rose to fame in the 1980s as the lead singer of the New Romantic band Spandau Ballet and launched a solo career following the group's split in 1990. Hadley returned to the band in 2009 but left again in 2017. Hadley is known for his "expressive voice" and "vocal range".


title: Tony Hadley

text: Anthony Patrick Hadley was born the first of three children at the Royal Free Hospital in Islington, North London. He has a sister, Lee, and a brother, Steve. His father, Patrick Hadley, worked as an electrical engineer for the "Daily Mail", and his mother, Josephine, worked for the local health authority.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley co-founded Spandau Ballet in 1976 as The Cut, with Gary Kemp, Steve Norman, John Keeble and Michael Ellison, all of whom were students at Dame Alice Owen's Grammar School. As a member of Spandau Ballet, Hadley went on to enjoy international success in the 1980s, including hits such as "True", "Gold" and "Through the Barricades", as well as appearing at Live Aid in 1985.


title: Tony Hadley

text: As the lead singer of Spandau Ballet, Hadley became known for his suave image, as well as his powerful voice, which has been described by AllMusic as a "dramatic warble". In his book on the New Romantics, music journalist and author Dave Rimmer described his voice as "like a foghorn—if a foghorn could be imagined trying to emulate both [Frank] Sinatra and [David] Bowie". His Spandau Ballet bandmate Steve Norman described him as having "a massive vocal range". According to Tim Rice, Hadley had a "strong and expressive voice that few of his contemporaries came near to matching".


title: Tony Hadley

text: Spandau Ballet disbanded in 1990 after their final studio album, "Heart Like a Sky", failed to live up to the critical and commercial success of their earlier albums, such as "True" and "Parade", and was not released in the United States.


title: Tony Hadley

text: In April 1999, Hadley, along with fellow band members Steve Norman and John Keeble, failed in their attempt to sue Gary Kemp, the band's songwriter, for a share of his royalties. On 25 March 2009, it was confirmed that the band had reformed with Hadley and were embarking on a tour of the UK and Ireland in October 2009. Hadley remained a member of the band intermittently until 2017, when he announced his permanent departure. He later said in 2020: "I'd rather be happy on my own than be in that band again."


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 1991, the Spandau Ballet song "True" was sampled by the American hip hop act P.M. Dawn for their song "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss". It achieved immediate commercial success, hitting number one the week of 30 November 1991 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, while also reaching No. 3 in the United Kingdom. Hadley also made a cameo appearance in the music video for the song.


title: Tony Hadley

text: After Spandau Ballet disbanded, Hadley pursued a solo career, signing to EMI and recording his first album, "The State of Play", in 1992. The album spawned three singles, but neither it nor any of the singles achieved any kind of chart success, and after one final single, "Absolution", released in the summer of 1993, Hadley was subsequently dropped. After leaving EMI, Hadley formed his own record company, SlipStream Records, and his first release was the single "Build Me Up", from the soundtrack of the film "When Saturday Comes".


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 1996, Hadley performed in a BBC Radio 2 live performance of "Jesus Christ Superstar", playing the title role opposite Roger Daltrey's Judas. In December 1996, Hadley embarked on an orchestral tour of Europe, along with Joe Cocker, Paul Michiels, Dani Klein and Guo Yue.


title: Tony Hadley

text: On his return from that tour, Hadley collaborated with Tin Tin Out on their hit "Dance With Me", which reached #35 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the first in a series of electronic, dance and house collaborations over the course of the next three years. In May 1997, Hadley signed a joint deal with PolyGram TV, and released his next eponymous solo album, which included covers and songs that were chosen to match his voice. The album also featured some of his own self-penned songs, such as "She", which he wrote for daughter Toni. The album spawned three singles, but neither the album nor the singles achieved any chart success, and Hadley was once again dropped.


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 1999, Alan Parsons chose Hadley as the lead singer for the track "Out of the Blue" on his album "The Time Machine". This led to collaborations with the likes of Eddie Lock, Marc et Claude, Regi Penxten (Milk Inc.) and the Disco Bros, and saw Hadley pursue an altogether different style of music: Euro-House.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Following a number of successful collaborations with other house artists and DJs, Hadley became the subject of some newfound respect in the 2000s, rooted in an "ironic" appreciation for Spandau Ballet. This saw him begin work on album of solo euro-house material, which remains unreleased, after signing a deal with European label Frontera Recordings. Two singles from the project were released to markets in continental Europe, with "Will U Take Me" being released in November 2000 and "Sweet Surrender" in March 2002, neither of which sparked enough interest for the album to be released.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Back on home soil, fearing that the project was too far removed from his origins with Spandau Ballet, Hadley released an EP of four new songs, "Get So Lonely", on his own label, Blueprint Recordings, in the summer of 2001. Meanwhile, "Debut" and "Obsession", two live albums featuring recordings taken from a performance in Cologne in 1992 and Ronnie Scott's in 1999 respectively, were released in limited numbers by small-budget labels. The summer of 2002 saw Hadley reunite with former band members John Keeble and Steve Norman for a tour entitled "An Evening of Gold", under the moniker Hadley, Norman and Keeble.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Although a collaboration with Marc et Claude followed in April 2002, no further singles from the house album were released; and by the autumn of 2002, Hadley had signed up to partake in the new ITV reality series "Reborn in the USA". Competing against the likes of Peter Cox, Hadley beat ten other artists to win the prize of a recording contract with Universal Music. The resulting album was "True Ballads", a compilation of three re-recorded hits from the Spandau Ballet days, ten tracks from his 1997 self-titled album and two new songs: "I Can't Make You Love Me", which he performed on the show, and "After All This Time", the theme song from the BBC drama series "Down to Earth", which ran from 2000 until 2005.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Following his success on the show, Hadley continued with a busy performing schedule, and co-headlined a tour with Cox, performing songs from both the


title: Tony Hadley

text: Go West and Spandau Ballet back catalogues, as well as number of covers. The tour spawned a live album and DVD, both of which were released in 2004. The following year, Hadley co-headlined another tour, this time with Martin Fry of ABC, in very much the same vein; performing both ABC and Spandau Ballet songs. A live album and DVD of this tour was released in 2005.


title: Tony Hadley

text: 2006 saw the release of Hadley's first solo album in nine years, a jazz-swing album entitled "Passing Strangers". The album consisted of eighteen tracks, both covers and original songs, and was laid out in the format of a vinyl album, described by Hadley as being a "nod" to the good old days. In support of the album, Hadley headlined a "By Request" tour from March to May 2006, llowed by a big band tour later in the year.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley performed a set with several other 1980s acts at the "Retro Fest" on 1 September 2007 at Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland, which saw him reunite with Fry and Cox for a special rendition of "Addicted to Love", with Fry and Cox.


title: Tony Hadley

text: In February 2008, Hadley took part in the Italian Sanremo Festival, where he duetted in both English and Italian with contestant Paolo Meneguzzi on Meneguzzi's song, "Grande" (""Big""), during the third day of the contest, where all contestants re-interpreted their songs with guest artists. On 22 February 2008, he performed as an interval act at the semi-final of Dora 2008, the selection of the Croatian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest. By the summer of 2008, rumours of a Spandau Ballet reunion had reached the press and in the summer of 2009, a reunion tour with the original line-up was announced.


title: Tony Hadley

text: After two successful years touring, Spandau Ballet once again entered hiatus in June 2010. In 2011, Hadley stated that his solo career has been more financially rewarding than his period at the top of the charts with Spandau Ballet. He stated that 2008 was his best-ever earning year, having performed in over 220 shows. In 2012, Hadley recorded a career-spanning set of hits from Metropolis Studios, which was released in a limited edition CD/DVD box set the following year. In 2013, Hadley and 1980s chart peers Kim Wilde, Bananarama and Go West set a new world record for Comic Relief when they performed the highest ever gig, singing on a Boeing 767 aeroplane at 43,000 ft (13,000 m).


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 2014, Hadley took part in the prime-time RAI TV show "" as team leader of the Tacco 10 female dance troupe. Over the course of the competition, Hadley performed both Spandau Ballet's "Gold", as well as "Rio", originally a hit for rival band Duran Duran. The summer of 2014 saw the release of a new solo single, "Take Back Everything", before a further tour with Spandau Ballet to celebrate the band's 35th Anniversary was confirmed for the summer of 2015. Although recorded several years before, an unreleased album of Christmas songs was released on 27 November 2015, shortly after the conclusion of the tour.


title: Tony Hadley

text: On 3 July 2017, Hadley announced on Twitter that due to circumstances beyond his control, he was no longer a member of Spandau Ballet. Towards the end of 2017, Hadley duetted with Jane McDonald on the song "I See It in Your Eyes", from her album "Hold the Covers Back", and went on to perform on her television Christmas special later that year. "Talking to the Moon", Hadley's first album of original solo material since "Passing Strangers", was released in the summer of 2018, backed by the single "Tonight Belongs to Us", and also including "Take Back Everything", despite it having been released four years earlier. A tour in support of the album followed in the autumn. Subsequently, work on a follow up album began in early 2020, with "Obvious", the first single recorded for the project, being released on 12 June.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Later in the year, Hadley was one of the featured vocalists on the single "The Best Christmas (in Lockdown)", a charity assemble of around one-hundred celebrities recording for the Hertfordshire-based Electric Umbrella organisation. In 2021, Hadley appeared alongside Marcella Detroit, Jools Holland and Glen Matlock on a charity version of the Robbie Williams song "Angels", recorded in tribute to the producer Steve Brown and with funds going to the late producer's COVID-19 charity.


title: Tony Hadley

text: On 18 February 2022, Hadley released his first solo single in over two years, "Because of You", an up-tempo number that marks a distinct change in his sound from previous solo material. During March and May 2022, Hadley will embark on a 40-date tour of the United Kingdom to celebrate his 40th Anniversary in the music business. The tour was scheduled for 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The set includes a number of Spandau Ballet's big hits, a series of carefully selected covers, as well as several new tracks from Hadley's upcoming seventh solo album, including "Because of You", "Obvious" and the yet-to-be released "Mad About You". The tour will conclude with four special additional dates in October 2022, which will see Hadley backed by a full orchestra.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley worked as a radio presenter with Virgin Radio, taking over the "Friday Night Virgin Party Classics" show from Suggs (of the band Madness) in August 2007. In January 2008, he was given the "Saturday Night Virgin Party Classics" show as well. He left both shows in September 2008. In 2015 he was listed as a presenter for Absolute Radio and presented Tony Hadley's 80's Party on a Saturday night from 6.00 – 8.00pm on Absolute 80s until December 2019.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley appeared, sang and gave advice in "Pinoy Dream Academy", a singing reality show in the Philippines. He also appeared in "RocKwiz", an Australian TV programme that aired in November 2008.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley also appeared in the British short movie "Shoot The DJ", in which he plays Eddie Richards. The film also featured Hadley's daughter, Toni.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley took part in the 2015 series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", beginning on 10 November 2015. He was eliminated on 4 December, finishing in sixth place.


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 2019, Hadley started presenting the Sunday Mid Morning Show on BBC Three Counties Radio. He also performed alongside Arisa in the fourth show of the Sanremo Music Festival 2019.


title: Tony Hadley

text: He is a patron of the UK Huntington's Disease Association, Shooting Star Chase and The Lowe Syndrome Trust. In December 2019 it was announced that he had been awarded an MBE in the New Year Honours for charitable services to Shooting Star Chase Children's Hospice Care.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley has three children with his first wife, Leonie Lawson: Tom, Toni and Mackenzie. Hadley split from Lawson in 2003, after 20 years of marriage, and married Alison Evers in July 2009 at Cliveden House. They live in Buckinghamshire with their two children: Zara (born 21 December 2006) and Genevieve (born 6 February 2012).


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley stated on the television show "Loose Women" (22 February 2007) that he is and . He is proud of his work ethic, which he states was instilled into him from a young age by his parents, and he says he has never claimed benefits.


title: Tony Hadley

text: In 2006, Hadley became a co-owner of the Red Rat Craft Brewery, which produced Hadley's Golden Ale and Hadley's Crazy Dog Stout. The business closed in 2013, after which Hadley became associated with The Great Yorkshire Brewery, which issued a lager called "Gold" and a pale ale called "Moonstone IPA". This association has now ended.


title: Tony Hadley

text: Hadley is a supporter of the Conservative Party and an admirer of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. He has attended the party's annual conference and was reported in 2008 to be interested in standing as an MP. In 2012 the "New Statesman" described Hadley as one of the few openly right-wing rock stars.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: The Stepford Wives is a 1975 American satirical psychological thriller film directed by Bryan Forbes. It was written by William Goldman, who based his screenplay on Ira Levin's 1972 novel of the same name. The film stars Katharine Ross as a woman who relocates with her husband (Peter Masterson) and children from New York City to the Connecticut community of Stepford, where she comes to find the women live unwaveringly subservient lives to their husbands.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Filmed in Connecticut in 1974, "The Stepford Wives" premiered theatrically in February 1975. It grossed $4 million at the U.S. box office, though it received mixed reviews from critics. Reaction from feminist activists was also divided at the time of its release; Betty Friedan dismissed it as a "rip-off of the women's movement" and discouraged women from seeing it, though others such as Gael Greene and Eleanor Perry defended the film.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: "The Stepford Wives" has grown in stature as a cult film over the years, and the term "Stepford" or "Stepford wife" has become a popular science fiction concept. Several sequels to the film were made, as well as a big-budget remake in 2004 that used the same title.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Joanna Eberhart is a young wife and aspiring photographer who moves with her husband Walter and their two daughters from Manhattan to Stepford, Connecticut. She finds that the women in town all look flawless and are obsessed with housework, but lack intellectual interests. The men all belong to the exclusionary Men's Association, which Walter joins to Joanna's dismay. Joanna is also bewildered by her neighbor Carol Van Sant's sexual submissiveness to her husband Ted, and her odd, repetitive behavior after a car accident.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Joanna subsequently befriends Bobbie Markowe, with whom she finds common interests and shared ideas. Along with trophy wife Charmaine Wimperis, the three organize a women's liberation meeting, but the gathering is a failure when the other wives continually divert the discussion to cleaning products. Joanna is also unimpressed by the boorish Men's Association members, including the intimidating president Dale “Diz” Coba. Stealthily, the Men's Association collects information on Joanna including her picture, her voice, and other personal details. When Charmaine returns from a weekend trip with her husband as a devoted wife who has fired her maid and destroyed her tennis court, Joanna and Bobbie start investigating, with ever-increasing concern, the reason behind the submissive and bland behavior of the other wives. Their fear reaches its pinnacle when they discover that all the women were once strong, assertive, independent, and staunch advocates of liberal social policies, with word of an African American couple moving to Stepford. Bobbie speculates that industries in or nearby Stepford are contaminating the local water to make the women submissive, which is later disproven.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Bobbie and Joanna start house hunting in other towns. Later, Joanna wins a prestigious contract with a photo gallery. When she goes to tell Bobbie, Joanna is shocked to find that the former has abruptly become another clean conformist housewife with no intention of moving. She panics and visits a psychiatrist, to whom she voices her belief that the men in the town are in a conspiracy that involves altering the psyches of the women. The psychiatrist recommends that she leave town until she feels safe. After leaving the psychiatrist's office, Joanna returns home to pick up her children only to find out that her children are missing and Walter is evasive about their whereabouts. The two get in a physical scuffle when she refuses her husband’s demands to lie down in her bed. Joanna locks herself in the bedroom, then sneaks out to Bobbie's house after Walter leaves her alone, but grows frustrated when Bobbie refuses to engage with her in a meaningful way. Desperate and disturbed, Joanna cuts her hand before stabbing Bobbie with a kitchen knife. Bobbie does not bleed, but instead malfunctions, revealing that the real Bobbie has been replaced by a robot.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Joanna later returns home and bludgeons Walter with a firepoker, demanding to know where their children were taken. He tells Joanna that the kids are at the Men's Association, after which Walter loses consciousness. Despite sensing that she will be the latest victim, Joanna sneaks into the mansion that houses the Men's Association, in hopes of finding her children. However, she is confronted by Coba, the operation’s mastermind. Coba tells Joanna that her children are really with Charmaine. He remotely locks the front door and asks her if she desires a flawless husband, explaining that the men of Stepford replace their wives because they "can", and that it's "perfect" for both the husband and the wife. Dale then takes the poker away from her, at which point she screams and flees, eventually coming upon her own active but unfinished robot replica. Joanna is shocked into near paralysis when she witnesses its black, empty eyes. The Joanna-replica smiles as it brandishes a nylon stocking and calmly approaches Joanna to strangle her as Dale looks on.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Some time later, the artificial Joanna placidly peruses the local supermarket amongst the other glamorously dressed wives. As they make their way through the store, they each vacantly greet one another. Meanwhile, in the same store, an African American couple argues with each other. During the end credits, photographs show a smiling Walter driving the family car and picking up his new "Stepford Wife" from the supermarket with their children in the backseat.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Film scholar John Kenneth Muir interprets "The Stepford Wives" as "a film essay about what it means to be part of an unspoken 'underclass.'"


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Producer Edgar Scherick recruited English director Bryan Forbes to direct the film. Brian De Palma was initially going to direct but William Goldman didn’t want him to.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: For the lead role of Joanna Eberhart, Forbes initially met with Diane Keaton, whom he said turned it down because her analyst did not like the script. Jean Seberg declined the part; Tuesday Weld initially accepted but cancelled before filming began. The part eventually went to Katharine Ross.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Joanna Cassidy was cast as Joanna's friend and ally Bobbie but was fired after a few weeks of production and replaced by Paula Prentiss.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Mary Stuart Masterson (daughter of Peter Masterson), Dee Wallace and Franklin Cover appear in supporting roles. Tina Louise - the original Ginger Grant from "Gilligan's Island"- was cast as a 'wife' along with her TV character's replacement Judith Baldwin.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: No exterior sets were built for the film, which was shot on location in several Connecticut towns. The climax was filmed at the Lockwood-Mathews Mansion in Norwalk. Forbes purposefully chose white and bright colors, attempting to make a "thriller in sunlight". With the exception of the stormy night finale, it is almost over-saturated to emphasize bright lights and cheerful-looking settings.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Tension developed between Forbes and screenwriter Goldman over the casting of Nanette Newman (Forbes' wife) as one of the wives. Goldman felt that the 40 year old Newman's appearance did not match the young provocatively-dressed model-like women he'd scripted for. Forbes responded by instituting contemporary prairie-style dress, complete with frilly aprons, for all the wives. Goldman was also unhappy with re-writes by Forbes - in particular, the ending - which Nanette Newman claimed Forbes had deliberately filmed "in an unreal way, so they were almost like a ballet moving in and out, up and down the aisle." Additional stresses were caused when


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: actor Peter Masterson secretly called his friend Goldman for input on scenes. Goldman later claimed the film "could have been very strong, but it was rewritten and altered, and I don't think happily."


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: "The Stepford Wives" premiered theatrically in the United States on February 12, 1975. The film grossed approximately $4 million in North America.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: "The Stepford Wives" has a rating of 68% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus states: ""The Stepford Wives"s inherent satire is ill-served by Bryan Forbes' stately direction, but William Goldman's script excels as a damning critique of a misogynistic society." Some critics deride its leisurely pace. Most applaud the "quiet, domestic" thrills the film delivers in the final third and earlier sections as "clever, witty, and delightfully offbeat". As for the satire in the film, Roger Ebert wrote "[The actresses] have absorbed enough TV, or have such an instinctive feeling for those phony, perfect women in the ads, that they manage all by themselves to bring a certain comic edge to their cooking, their cleaning, their gossiping and their living deaths."


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Jerry Oster of the "New York Daily News" awarded the film a middling two out of four stars, describing the screenplay as a "tedious" and "padded" adaptation of the source material.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: "Variety" summarized the film as "a quietly freaky suspense-horror story" and praised Ross's performance as "excellent and assured." John Seymour of the "Santa Maria Times" also gave the film a favorable review, deeming it an "epic nightmare" boasting "gripping drama."


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Devan Coggan of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that the finale was "deeply divisive" and the actress for Joanna stated retrospectively that if she was to revise the ending she would have Joanna "fight harder".


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Initial reaction to the film by feminist groups was not favorable, with one studio screening for feminist activists being met with "hisses, groans, and guffaws." Cast and crew disagreed with the perceived anti-woman interpretations, with Newman recalling "Bryan [Forbes] always used to say, ‘If anything, it’s anti-men!'" Despite Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" being a major influence on the original novel upon which the film was based, Friedan's response to the film was highly critical, calling it "a rip-off of the women's movement." Friedan commented that women should boycott the film and attempt to diminish any publicity for it.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Writer Gael Greene, however, lauded the film, commenting: "I loved it—those men were like a lot of men I've known in my life." Feminist screenwriter Eleanor Perry came to the film's defense, stating that it "presses buttons that make you furious—the fact that all the Stepford men wanted were big breasts, big bottoms, a clean house, fresh-perked coffee and sex."


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment issued "The Stepford Wives" on VHS on March 10, 1997; they subsequently released a non-anamorphic DVD edition on December 3, 1997. In 2001, Anchor Bay reissued the film in a "Silver Anniversary" edition, featuring an anamorphic transfer as well as bonus interviews with cast and crew. In 2004, Paramount Home Entertainment re-released the "Silver Anniversary" edition, which featured the same bonus materials and screen menus.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: Film scholar John Kenneth Muir considers "The Stepford Wives" one of the best horror films of the 1970s. In a writer's roundtable with The Hollywood Reporter, Jordan Peele listed the film as one of the inspirations behind his directorial debut "Get Out".


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: A line delivered by Paula Prentiss, as Bobby Markowe, after becoming a Stepford Wife; "Yes.. this.. it's wonderful!", was legally sampled on the song, "Hey Music Lover", by British dance act, S-Express, becoming a big international hit in 1989.


title: The Stepford Wives (1975 film)

text: The film influenced the development of the character Bree Van de Kamp in the successful series, "Desperate Housewives" (2004–12), played by Marcia Cross. The character was often referred to as a "Stepford Wife" by other characters, due to her somewhat uptight personality, immaculately presented home, beautifully pruned red roses, and her love of baking cakes. She also dressed in a Midwestern, traditional style, echoing, but modernizing, the look of the original "Stepford Wives", as seen in the film.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger (, , , ) is a city and municipality in Norway. It is the fourth largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighboring Sandnes) and the administrative center of Rogaland county. The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed. Stavanger's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. This has caused the town center and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses, and has contributed significantly to spreading the city's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger.


title: Stavanger

text: The city's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway's booming offshore oil industry. Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway. Norwegian energy company Equinor, the largest company in the Nordic region, has its headquarters in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger.


title: Stavanger

text: Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, including the NATO Joint Warfare Centre. Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. Immigrants make up 22.1% of Stavanger's population. Stavanger has, since the early 2000s, consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the Norwegian and European average. In 2011, the unemployment rate was less than 2%. The city is also among those that frequent various lists of most expensive cities in the world, and Stavanger has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indices.


title: Stavanger

text: The climate of the city is very mild by Nordic standards due to a strong maritime influence. As a result, winter usually remains above freezing whereas heat waves are rare and seldom long. Rainfall is common, although less so than in areas further north on the coastline.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola, which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was named most punctual European regional airport in 2010.


title: Stavanger

text: Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool.


title: Stavanger

text: The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North-Jæren was an economic and military center as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at the Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral ("Stavanger domkirke") around 1100. It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation.


title: Stavanger

text: With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1867, a small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953, a final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861).


title: Stavanger

text: The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping, shipbuilding, the fish canning industry and associated subcontractors.


title: Stavanger

text: After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.


title: Stavanger

text: On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Finnøy and Rennesøy merged with Stavanger to form a new, larger municipality.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger is one of Norway's oldest cities. It emerged in the 12th century during a period of population growth and increasing urbanisation throughout northern Europe. The archaeological and historical sources about the first city development are sparse. Therefore, there is much we do not know about the first city development. It stands out as an important area from early times, as a desirable foothold for the monarchy and the church, as both needed a strong foothold in the South West coast area. In North Jæren, rich archaeological material suggests that the chiefs held considerable power from the early Iron Age. Stavanger had a natural harbor and was, with Jæren in the south, strategically important to the county of the East as well as to the shipping route along the western coast and the fertile Ryfylke Islands in the north.


title: Stavanger

text: The earliest Christian impulses in Norway came to Stavanger region through trade connections with Continental Europe and Great Britain. This flourished during the Viking era. In the mid 10th century, traditional Norse burial customs ceased in the Stavanger area, at the same time as the first Christian priests began their work. Big stone crosses are visible memorials of this early Christian age (including the Tjora and Kvitsøy). On the overland approach to Stavanger, a memorial cross of HERS and lendmann Erling Skjalgsson was erected after his fall in 1028. Erling controlled power over the South West coast, and the location of the cross indicates that he had a special connection to Stavanger. The inscription on the cross shows a priest was responsible for the inscription, and he may have performed an early service at a church on site.


title: Stavanger

text: Archaeological investigations in the current downtown and in the crypt of the Cathedral show that the great fire of 1272 probably left large parts of the city and the cathedral in ruins, including the Romanesque chancel of the cathedral. The reconstruction after the fire led to the cathedral's Western Front being replaced with a vestibule, as well as to the construction (or reconstruction) of St. Mary's Church, Bishop's Chapel, the Gothic cathedral and the expansion of the stone cellar at Kongsberg.


title: Stavanger

text: Stavanger has a long history of education in Western Europe. It was the monastery here that first saw the need to train new employees through education. The first organized teaching in the city probably took place at a Benedictine monastery in the town, either Olav's Monastery or Monastery of people from the mid-12th century.


title: Stavanger

text: One of the most important events in Stavanger's city history was the gift letter that King Magnus Erlingsson gave to Stavanger Bishop Eirik Ivarsson in the second half of the 1100s. Exactly when the king made this gift letter, and under what circumstances it happened, is unknown. It may have been in 1163–1164, in connection with the King Magnus's coronation, but could also have been around 1181–1184, in connection with the support Stavanger Bishop Erik gave King Magnus at the end of the king's fight against the late King Sverre.


title: Stavanger

text: It is undoubtedly correct to characterize Stavanger as a church city throughout the Middle Ages, up to the Reformation. The Reformation, however, dealt a hard blow to the Church in specific and Stavanger in general. The cathedral, the bishop and canons of the monastery had been large landowners. Recession of the city began with the loss of people in rural areas, as a result of which the revenues of the cathedral and the bishop fell dramatically due to reduced rental income. In 1537 the bishop's and the monastery's estate and property was confiscated by the king. Kongsberg was plundered by Christoffer Trondsen in 1539, at which time St. Swithun's casket disappeared and Bishop Hoskuld Hoskuldsson may have been executed.


title: Stavanger

text: In a prelude to the invasion, on 8 April, the German freighter (6,780 grt.) anchored by Ulsnes. "Roda" was reportedly loaded with coke, but customs officials and police authorities became suspicious about other cargo when they observed that the ship was not riding deep in the water. The ship was boarded and was ordered to move to Riska. However, "Roda" did not move, and the captain of the , Niels Larsen Bruun, decided on his own initiative to sink the ship. After sending the crew off in lifeboats, "Æger" used 25 shots with Bofors guns to sink "Roda".


title: Stavanger

text: Early on the morning of 9 April 1940, explosions and bomb blasts from Sola-edge and news bulletins on radio announced the German attack on Norway. Sola Airport was the Germans' first target on North Jæren. The airport was attacked by six German Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters at around 8 am. The airport had been built in 1937, and in April 1940 fortifications round the airport were not yet complete. Fortifications consisted of a concrete bunker still under construction and several open shooting positions. Armament consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft machine guns, three heavy machine guns configured for ground targets, and some light machine guns at the disposal of the approximately 80 soldiers who defended the airport. The bomber wing was transferred to Sola Airport in 1939, but the planes, a total of six Fokker and three Caproni aircraft, were old and outdated. Shortly after the attack began, however, they took off.


title: Stavanger

text: The German air attack increased in intensity. The bombardment lasted for about an hour before 10 slow Ju 52 transport aircraft arrived over the airport. They had taken off from the airport at Hamburg a few hours earlier. In a parachute assault, the transport planes first dropped yellow containers containing weapons and equipment, then between 10 and 12 paratroopers from each plane. This was only the second ever wartime parachute assault; the first had occurred only three hours earlier, when a bridge south of Denmark was captured in the same way. At the Sola airport, the concrete bunker held out longest, but was eventually put out of action with a hand grenade. While Norwegian soldiers were badly injured in the attempted defense, there were no fatalities; in contrast, the Germans lost several. Lieutenant Thor Tang, who led the Norwegian defense of the airport, capitulated at 10:00, and the Germans immediately began landing troops, fuel and other supplies. In all, 200 to 300 transport aircraft arrived in Sola during invasion day, and by evening several hundred soldiers and large quantities of materiel had been moved from Germany to Sola.


title: Stavanger

text: By around 12:30 on 9 April, the first German troops advanced into Stavanger without resistance. The police station, telephone office, telegraph center, post office, port office, customs house and the gas company were the most important places, and now came under control of the Germans. The city was conquered without conflict, but the first sparks of resistance had been ignited, and several men left the city and made their way to the Norwegian troops inside Gjesdal, there to join the armed struggle against the enemy.


title: Stavanger

text: The Germans had placed a high priority to have a good railway connection between the air base at Sola – Stavanger district, and the rest of the country. However, it was not until 29 April 1944, that the Southern Railway was completed to Stavanger. In 1940, the Germans had envisioned it to be completed no later than 1 November 1941.


title: Stavanger

text: After Hitler's death in 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz took over leadership of the German forces, and on 9 May 1945, gave the head of the German armed forces in Norway, General Franz Böhme, orders that "Reichskommissar" in Norway, Josef Terboven, was deposed and that all his duties were transferred to Böhme. To Böhme, in turn, he gave the task of how the capitulation of Festung Norwegen was to be implemented. There were around 15,000 German soldiers in Rogaland in 1945, and it was there where the commander of 274 Infantry Division, General Weckman, gave the formal German surrender.


title: Stavanger

text: Before repatriation, the Germans were required to remain and clean up after five years of occupation. There were 180 German minefields in Rogaland, with a total of 480,000 mines, all of which the German Wehrmacht were required to clear. Sixty-two Germans were killed and 94 were injured during mine clearance in Rogaland. Mines from this period continue to be uncovered.


title: Stavanger

text: In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year a similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark. It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in a defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about southwest of Stavanger.


title: Stavanger

text: Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry, was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated from 1591. It shows a branch of vine ("Vitis vinifera"). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of the vine remains unknown.


title: Stavanger

text: The Old Norse form of the name was "Stafangr". The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay.


title: Stavanger

text: The first element of the name is "stafr" meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of the inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget ("Staven" meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is "angr" meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea, Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea.


title: Stavanger

text: All municipalities in Norway, including Stavanger, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.


title: Stavanger

text: The municipal council () of Stavanger is made up of 67 representatives who are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:


title: Stavanger

text: The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low-Jæren, a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in the south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet, and Mosvatnet) and three fjords (Hafrsfjorden, Byfjorden, and Gandsfjorden); sea and water form the landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife.


title: Stavanger

text: The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than above sea level, While 7% of the land is at . Stavanger's highest point is the tall Bandåsen.


title: Stavanger

text: The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from the bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbour into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms.


title: Stavanger

text: The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy, Buøy, Engøy, Grasholmen, Hellesøy, Hundvåg, Kalvøy, Lindøy, Sølyst, and Vassøy. It also includes the eastern half of the island of Åmøy.


title: Stavanger

text: There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland's house at the time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration, a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States, commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America.


title: Stavanger

text: Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger, is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall, and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honour of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbour, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39. Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien the theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park.


title: Stavanger

text: Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to the large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used the walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is long. In the lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water.


title: Stavanger

text: Situated on the south west coast of Norway, Stavanger's climate is greatly influenced by the temperate water in the North Sea, and Atlantic lows giving mild westerlies also in winter. This creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at similar latitudes, and also gives plentiful precipitation in the form of rain, especially in late autumn and winter.